Notes 1. In total, the federal government funds 45 programs that provide or support early-learning and child-care services. Of these, Head Start, the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) are by far the three major federal funding streams, together expending close to $15 billion for services to young children in 2014. See Kay E. Brown, Early Learning and Child Care: Federal Funds Support Multiple Programs with Similar Goals, US Government Accountability Office, February 5, 2014, www.gao.gov/products/GAO-14-325T. 2. US General Accounting Office, Early Childhood Programs: Multiple Programs and Overlapping Target Groups, October 1994, www.gao.gov/assets/90/89793.pdf; US Government Accountability Office, Early Education and Care: Overlap Indicates Need to Assess Crosscutting Programs, April 2000, www.gao.gov/products/HEHS-00-78; and US Government Accountability Office, Early Learning and Child Care: Federal Funds Support Multiple Programs with Similar Goals, February 2014, www.gao. gov/products/GAO-14-325T. 3. Frank Hobbs and Nicole Stoops, Demographic Trends in the 20th Century: Census 2000 Special Reports, US Census Bureau, November 2002, Table 5, www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/censr-4.pdf. 4. US Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, Part I, September 1975, www.census. gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf. 5. Those cities, in order of size, were New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston, Baltimore, Cleveland, Buffalo, San Francisco, and Cincinnati. See Hobbs and Stoops, Demographic Trends in the 20th Century, Table 4. 6. Social Security Board, “Why Social Security?” 1937, www.ssa.gov/history/whybook.html. 7. Ibid. 8. Online Etymology Dictionary, s.v. “unemployment,” http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/unemployment. 9. Social Security Board, “Why Social Security?” 10. Ibid. 11. Hon. Herbert Parsons, “Establishment of a National Children’s Bureau,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 34, no. 1 (July 1909): 49. 12. Herbert Hoover, “Address to the White House Conference on Child Health and Protection,” American Presidency Project, November 19, 1930, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=22442. 13. US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Children’s Bureau, The Story of the White House Conferences on Children and Youth, 1967, http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED078896.pdf. 14. Marvin Olasky, American Orphanages: How We Used to Care for Children, Philanthropy, Culture, and Society, May 1996, www.heartland.org/sites/all/modules/custom/heartland_migration/files/pdfs/1599.pdf. 15. Ibid., 1. 16. Of these, 37,094 were in New York State. In New York City alone, 39 institutions housed 25,397 children: 691 in Jewish, 5,794 in Protestant, and 15,912 in Catholic institutions. New York State Adjutant-General’s Office, “Report of the AdjutantGeneral’s Department to Governor Charles S. Whitman, September 1, 1918,” 1918, 91. 17. Marshall B. Jones, “Decline of the American Orphanage, 1941–1980,” Social Service Review 67, no. 3 (September 1993): 459–80. 18. Ibid. 19. A. E. Winship, ed., Journal of Education 71, no. 9 (1910): 245.
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