National Inventory Report 2024 by cca-tw

Executive Summary

ES.1 Background Information on National Greenhouse Gas Inventory

The guidelines in Article 4 1 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Article 13 2 of the Paris Agreement, and Article 5 of the Kyoto Protocol state that each party shall submit information of National Inventory Report (NIR) in response to climate change to the UNFCCC Convention of the Parties for review 3 . Although Taiwan is not a UNFCCC party, it has long been committed to fulﬁlling its responsibility as a member of the global community by endeavoring to take initiatives to help slow down global warming. The establishment of a national GHG inventory report and the estimation of GHG emission and sequestration are the fundamental obligation of a country to UNFCCC as well as one of the essential steps in reducing global warming.

Decision 18 /CMA. 1 of United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 24) has stated that in order to implement the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) 4 . Relevant reports submitted by UNFCCC Annex I Parties must comply with the requirements of Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines (MPGs), and the National Inventory Report (NIR) electronically reports national greenhouses in the Common Reporting Tables (CRT) every year showing greenhouse gas inventory preparation procedures, emission trend description, statistics of various departments, recalculations, etc. In addition, it is required to adopt the GWP of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) from 2024

Since 1998, Taiwan has taken initiatives to prepare the national GHG inventory. According to Decision 15/ CP.175 of the 17th Convention of the Parties (COP17) of the United Nations Framework Convention on

1 UNFCCC, ST/AI/189/ADD.9/REV.2, 1987.

2 UNFCCC, FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1, 2015.

3 UNFCCC, FCCC/CP/2002/8, 2002

4 UNFCCC, FCCC/PA/CMA/2018/3/Add.2, 2018

5 UNFCCC, FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.2, 2011

Climate Change and the 7th Session of the Conference of the Parties (CMP 7 ) to the Kyoto Protocol held in Durban, requesting developed countries to submit an Annual National Inventory Report starting from 2015 in accordance with the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines (2006 IPCC Guidelines) for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2006

However, science and other technologies have continued to advance and improve since 2006, the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2019 IPCC Refinement Guidelines) was released by IPCC to support the compilation and continuous improvement of national greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks as the latest scientific basis applicable to all Parties after 2020 to the Paris Agreement. The 2019 IPCC Reﬁnement Guidelines are the most detailed and professional greenhouse gas inventory guidelines to date and need to be used together with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines

The Report also carried out the statistics and compilation in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the 2019 IPCC Refinement Guidelines, where the Reﬁnement methodology are more applicable, to actively demonstrate the efforts and resolution to abide by the convention. Today, Taiwan has established a greenhouse gas inventory database covering the period from 1990 to 2022 . The database provides an overview on greenhouse gas inventory statistics to reflect the GHG trends in Taiwan. It also aims to quantify future greenhouse gas emissions and provide an overview of Taiwan's greenhouse gas statistics, thereby receiving comments from all fields for the continuous improvement on the quality of national greenhouse gas inventories.

ES.2 Summary of National Emission and Absorption Related Trends

Taiwan's total GHG emissions (excluding land use, land use change and forestry, the following report abbreviated as LULUCF) decreased from 291 , 183 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2005 to 285,967 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2022 , with a 1.79% decrease and a negative average annual growth rate of -0.11%. To further analyze the composition of total GHG emissions in 2022, the proportion of carbon dioxide emissions is 95.70%, a decrease of 3.51% over the previous year, and that of non-carbon dioxide is 4.30%, which was also an decrease of 9.43% over last year, as shown in Figure ES2.1.

Further comparison of statistics on various greenhouse gas emissions shows that carbon dioxide accounts for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions (excluding LULUCF) in Taiwan in 2005 , accounting for 91 . 66 %, followed by methane ( 3 . 90 %), ﬂuorinated greenhouse gas ( 3 . 18 %),and nitrous oxide ( 1 . 26 %); however, carbon dioxide was still the largest of proportion ( 95 . 70 %) in 2022 , followed by methane

(1.60%), then ﬂuorinated greenhouse gas (1 .37%), and nitrous oxide (1.33%), as shown in Figure ES2.2.

Between 2005 and 2022, carbon dioxide emissions grew by 2 55 % with an average annual growth rate of 0 15 %; carbon dioxide sequestration decreased by 2 04 % with a negative average annual growth rate of - 0 12 %; methane emissions decreased by 59 91 % with a negative average annual growth rate of -5 24%; nitrous oxide emissions increased by 3 90 % with an annual growth rate of 0 23 %; ﬂuorinated greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 57 62 % with a negative average annual growth rate of - 4 92 %, as shown in Figure ES2 3 and Table ES2 1

1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions

The energy sector, industrial process and product use (IPPU)sector, agriculture sector, and waste sector are the main emission sources of carbon dioxide in Taiwan, as shown in Table ES 2 2 . In 2005 , Taiwan’s carbon dioxide emissions amounted to 266,888 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents. In 2022, that ﬁgure was 273,683 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents, with an 2 55% increase and an average annual growth rate of

(a) Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions (excluding LULUCF)

(b) Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions (including LULUCF)

(a) 2005 (excluding LULUCF) (b) 2022 (excluding LULUCF)

1.60%

1.37%

1.48%

Figure ES2 2 Percentage of Various Types of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Taiwan:(a).2005(excluding LULUCF); (b).2022(excluding LULUCF); (c).2005(including LULUCF);(d).2022(including LULUCF).

Figure ES2.3 1990-2022 Trends in Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sequestration by Type in Taiwan

Sequestration

Note: 1. Global Warming Potential (hereinafter referred to as GWP) is cited from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 2. NE (not estimated) refers to the exclusion of estimation on existing emissions and sequestration.

Table ES2 2 1990-2022 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Sequestration in Taiwan

2.D Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use

0 . 15 %. In 2022 , carbon dioxide emissions accounted for 95.70% of total GHG emissions. The energy sector accounted for 94 . 25 %, the industrial process and product use (IPPU)sector 5.40%, the agriculture sector 0 . 01 %, and the waste sector 0 . 34 %. Compared with 2021, the emissions in 2022 decreased by 3.51% mainly because of the 3 . 40 % decrease in the energy sector, the 5 . 70 % decrease in the IPPU sector, the 15 . 93 %

decrease in the agriculture sector, the 0.08% decrease in the LULUCF sector and the 2 . 50 % increase in the waste sector.

2. Methane Emissions

Methane emissions in Taiwan mainly come from the agriculture sector, waste sector, and energy sector, as shown in Table ES 2 3 . In 2005 , the total methane

Table ES2 3 1990-2022 Methane Emissions in Taiwan

emission in Taiwan was 11,386 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents. In 2022 , the total methane emission was 4,564 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents, down by 59 . 91 % compared with 2005 , with a negative average annual growth rate of -5.24%. In 2022, methane emissions accounted for 1 . 60 % of the total GHG emissions. In particular, the agriculture sector was the largest source of methane emissions, which accounted for 44.97%, followed by the waste sector (36.23%), energy sector (18.27%), and IPPU sector (0.53%).

Compared to 2021, the methane emission in 2022 was down by 4 35%, with the energy sector up by 1 34%,

the IPPU sector down by 17.21%, the agriculture sector down by 2.96%, and the waste sector down by 8.36%.

3. Nitrous oxide emissions

Nitrous oxide emissions in Taiwan are mainly from the IPPU sector, the agriculture sector, and energy sector with minor emissions from the waste sector, as shown in Table ES2 4. In 2005, the total nitrous oxide emission in Taiwan was 3,657 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents. In 2022, the total nitrous oxide emission was 3,800 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents, up by 3.90% with an average growth rate of 0.23%. In 2022, nitrous oxide emissions accounted for 1.33% of the total GHG

Table ES2 4 1990-2022 Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Taiwan

emissions. In particular, the IPPU sector accounted for 40.15%, followed by the agriculture sector (29.04%), the energy sector (27.81%), and the waste sector (2.99%).

Compared to 2021 , the nitrous oxide emission in 2022 down by 16 90%, with the energy sector down by 2 45%, the IPPU sector down by 31 50%, the agriculture sector down by 3 31%, and the waste sector down by 5 69%.

4. Fluoride-Containing Gas Emissions

In Taiwan, the majority of fluorinated greenhouse gases come from industries critical to economic development, namely the semiconductor, optoelectronics, power facilities, and magnesium alloy industries, all of which are emission-heavy industries. The fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions are shown in Table ES2.5. In particular, Taiwan’s hydroﬂuorocarbons (HFCs) emission increased from 633 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 1993 to 1,555 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in

Kilotons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalents))

2.F Alternatives to Ozone-depleting

Note: 1. NO (not happened) means that the emission source is not produced or used.

2. NE (Not Estimated) means that there is no estimate for existing GHG emission source or sink.

Table ES2.5 1990-2022 Fluoride-Containing Gas Emissions in Taiwan

2022. The perfluorocarbons (PFCs) emission increased from 2 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 1999 to 1,250 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2022, while the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emission increased from 120 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 1999 to 660 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2022. The nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) emission increased from 10 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 1999 to 455 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2022.

For the total emission of fluorinated greenhouse gases, it decreased from 9 , 251 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2005 (about 3 18 % of the total greenhouse gas emissions in 2005 ) to 3 , 921 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2022 (about 1 37 % of the total greenhouse gas emissions in 2021), down by 57 62% with a negative average annual growth rate of - 4 92 %. Compared to 2021 , the emission in 2022 decreased by 7 10%.

ES.3 Emission Estimation and Trends Overview for Emission Source and Sinks Classiﬁcation

Of all the sectors, the energy sector has long been the one accounting for the largest total greenhouse gas emission in Taiwan over the years. In 2005 and 2022 , greenhouse gas emissions (excluding LULUCF) from energy sectors were responsible for approximately 85 . 79 % and 90 . 87 % of the total emissions, while the IPPU sector accounted for 9 . 70 % and 7 . 08 %, the agricultural sector accounted for 1.38% and 1.11%, and the waste sector accounted for 3 . 13 % and 0 . 94 %, as shown in Figure ES3.1.

The GHG emission and trends for Taiwan from 1990 to 2022 by sector are shown in Figure ES3 2 and Table ES 3 1 . The total greenhouse gas emission in Taiwan in 2022 decreased by 3 78 % compared with 2021 . In particular, the GHG emission from the energy sector was down by 3 38%, the IPPU sector was down by 8 58%, the

Figure ES3 1 Percentage of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (excluding LULUCF) by Sectors in Taiwan in (a) 2005 and (b) 2022

agriculture sector was down by 3.19%, and the waste sector was down by 4 . 76 %. Additionally, the carbon dioxide sequestration of the LULUCF sector was down by 0.08%.

Compared to 2005(Base year), the emission in 2022 decreased by 1 79 %. In particular, the GHG emission from the energy sector was up by 4 03 %, the IPPU sector was down by 28 37%, the agriculture sector was down by 21 05 %, and the waste sector was down by 70 36%. Additionally, the carbon dioxide sequestration of the LULUCF sector was down by 2 04%, as shown in Figure ES3 3

1. Energy sector

The total greenhouse gas emission from the energy sector in 2005 was 249,792 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents and increased to 259,849 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2022 with a growth of 4.03% and an annual average growth of 0.23%, as shown in Table ES3.2. During this period, the greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector showed a downward trend in 2008 for the ﬁrst time and declined again in 2009 and 2012, followed by more reduction in 2018 to 2020 period. Compared with 2021, the greenhouse gas emissions in 2022 decreased by 3 . 38 %. The total greenhouse gas

Figure ES3 3 Changes in Greenhouse Gas

Note: 1. NO (not happened) means that

since 2001

emission from the energy sector in 2022 accounted for 90.87% of the total greenhouse gas emission in Taiwan. In particular, 1 .A. 1 “energy industry” was responsible for 182 , 243 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents, accounting for 70 . 14 % of the total greenhouse gas emission from the energy sector; 1.A.2 “manufacturing and construction industry” was responsible for 32,400 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents (accounting for 12 . 47 %); 1 .A. 3 “transportation” was responsible for 35 , 451 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents (accounting for 13.64%); 1.A.4 “other sectors (including service industry, residential and agriculture, forestry, fishery and husbandry)” was responsible for 9 , 417

kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents (accounting for 3 . 62 %); 1 .B. 2 “oil and gas” was responsible for 337 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents (accounting for 0.13%), as shown in Figure ES3.4.

2. Industrial Process and Product Use (IPPU) Sector

The greenhouse gas emission from the IPPU sector in 2005 was 28 , 257 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents and decreased to 20, 240 kilotons in 2022, down by 28.37% with a negative average annual growth rate of -1.75%, as shown in Table ES3.3. Compared with 2021, the greenhouse gas emissions in 2022 decreased by 8.58%. The total greenhouse gas emission in 2022

Figure ES3 4 Percentage of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Energy Sectors in

1.A.3.

Table ES3 3 1990-2022 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Produced by Industrial Process and Product Use Sector (IPPU) in Taiwan

Note: 1. NE (Not Estimated) means that there is no estimate for existing GHG emission source or sink.

2. NO (not happened) means that the emission source is not produced or used. For example, HCFC-22 has been put into production since 1993 and was discontinued in 2005

accounted for 7 08 % of the total greenhouse gas emission in Taiwan. In particular, 2.C “metal process” was responsible for 7 , 047 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents, accounting for 34 82 % (the majority) of the greenhouse gases from the IPPU sector, followed by 2 .A “mining industry (non-metal process)” , which

was responsible for 6 , 464 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents (accounting for 31 94 %), 2 .E “electronics industry”, which was responsible for 3,209 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents (accounting for 15 85%), 2.B “chemical industry”, which was responsible for 1 , 974 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents (accounting

for 9 . 75 %), 2 .F “alternatives to ozone-depleting substances”, which was responsible for 1,405 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents (accounting for 6.94%), 2.G. “manufacturing and use of other products”, which was responsible for 127 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents (accounting for 0 . 63 %), 2 .H. “others”, which was responsible for 15 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents (accounting for 0.07%) and 2.D. “Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use”, which was responsible for 0 . 00006 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents (accounting for 0.0000003%), as shown in Figure ES3.5.

3. Agriculture Sector

In 2022 , the greenhouse gas emissions from the agriculture sector totaled 3 , 178 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents, accounting for 1.11% of the total greenhouse gas emission in Taiwan, approximately down by 21.05% compared to 4,026 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2005 , with a negative average annual growth rate of -1.38%, as shown in Table ES3.4. Compared to 2021, the greenhouse gas emissions from the agriculture sector in 2022 slightly fall by 3 . 19 %. In particular, greenhouse gas emissions from 3 .D

2.A. Mining Industry (Non-metal Products) 39.84%

2.B. Chemical Industry 9.29%

2.C. Metal Industry 21.63%

2.D. Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 0.00%

2.E. Electronics Industry 22.91%

2.F. Alternatives to Ozone-depleting Substances 0.78%

2.G. Manufacturing and Use of Other Products 5.48%

2.H. Others 0.07%

2.A. Mining Industry (Non-metal Products) 31.94%

2.B. Chemical Industry 9.75%

2.C. Metal Industry 34.82%

2.D. Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 0.00%

2.E. Electronics Industry 15.85%

2.F. Alternatives to Ozone-depleting Substances 6.94%

2.G. Manufacturing and Use of Other Products 0.63%

2.H. Others 0.07%

Figure ES3 5 Percentage of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Industrial Process and Product Use Sectors in Taiwan in (a) 2005 and (b) 2022

Table ES3.4 1990-2022 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Produced by Agriculture Sector in Taiwan

“agricultural soil” accounted for 30 . 61 %, greenhouse gas emissions from 3 .B “livestock waste treatment” accounted for 29.92%, greenhouse gas emissions from 3.A “livestock gastrointestinal fermentation” accounted for 20.60%, greenhouse gas emissions from 3.C “rice culturing” accounted for 18 . 13 %, greenhouse gas emissions from 3 .H “urea use” accounted for 0 . 71 %, and greenhouse gas emissions from 3.F “ﬁeld burning of agricultural residues” accounted for 0.03%, as shown in Figure ES3.6.

4 .Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector

The main greenhouse gas sequestrated by the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector is carbon dioxide, while the change in the annual sequestration does not vary much with the exception of trends in minor ﬂuctuations for the sequestration in the past. It is mainly because of the increased sequestration from the annual growth of forest resources while the sequestration reduced from the increased sequestration of forestation and the forest interference is less. The greenhouse gas emission from land use and forestry sector in Taiwan from 1990 to 2022 (mainly consisting of carbon dioxide sequestration by forestry resources) is shown in Table ES3 5

The carbon dioxide sequestration by forestry sector in 2005 was 22,290 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents. The carbon dioxide sequestration between 2005 and 2022 decreased by 2.04% with a negative average annual growth rate of -0.12%. The sequestration in 2022 was 21,834 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents, down by 0.08% compared with 2021.

5. Waste sector

In 2005 , the greenhouse gas emissions by waste sector were 9,109 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents. The emissions from the waste sector in 2022 were 2,700 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalents, approximately accounting for 0 . 94 % of the total greenhouse gas emission in Taiwan, down by 70 . 36 % compared with 2005 , with a negative average annual growth rate of -6.90% (as shown in Table ES3.6). Compared to 2021, the greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector in 2022 dropped by 4.76%. Among the waste sector’s emissions in 2022, greenhouse gas emissions from 5.D “wastewater treatment and discharge” accounted for 38.82%, followed by greenhouse gas emissions from 5.C “waste incineration and opening burning”, accounting for 34.87%, greenhouse gas emissions from 5.A “solid waste disposal", accounting for 24 . 56 %, greenhouse

2005 2022

3.A.

3.D.

Figure ES3 6 Percentage of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Agriculture Sectors in Taiwan in (a) 2005 and (b)

4.A.1 Forests

Maintaining Forests

4.A.2 Other Lands

Turned to Forests

Table ES3 5 1990-2022 Changes in Carbon Sequestration by LULUCF Sector in Taiwan

Biomass Carbon Sequestration (△CO2G) -

Biomass Carbon Sequestration (△CO2G)

Total Carbon Sequestration from LULUCF Sector

Biomass Carbon Sequestration (△CO

4.A.1 Forests

Maintaining Forests

4.A.2 Other Lands Turned to Forests

Biomass Carbon Sequestration (△CO

Carbon Sequestration from LULUCF Sector (△CO

4.A.1 Forests

Maintaining Forests

Biomass Carbon Sequestration (△CO2G)

4.A.2 Other Lands

Turned to Forests

Biomass Carbon Sequestration (△CO2

Total Carbon Sequestration from LULUCF Sector (△CO2) -21,

Note:

a. In 1991, a forest ﬁre broke out in Xinyi Township, Nantou County and Tataga District, Alishan Township, Chiayi County, and it was extended to more than 300 square meters, causing large losses in volume of wood.

b. In addition to the five forest fires that occurred in Takivatan, Lishan Mountain, East Peak of Mt. Shei, and Yangmingshan National Park, there were 59 breaking out of small ﬁre in 2001, and the ﬁre damaged area up to 395 square meters, causing heavy loss of forest resources.

c. In 2009, the typhoon Morakot caused severe disasters in central and southern Taiwan, especially in Kaohsiung and parts of Pingtung, dropped more than 2,500 millimeters of rain and produced about 1.25 million tons of driftwood, causing large losses in volume of wood.

Table ES3.6 1990-2022 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Taiwan by Waste Sector (Unit: Kilotons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalents)

Note: NO (not happened) means that the emission source is not produced or used. For example, Wastewater Treatment and Discharge have been included in industrial wastewater inventory data since 2015

gas emissions from 5 .B “waste biological disposal“, accounting for 1 75%, as shown in Figure ES3 7

ES.4 Other Information

In accordance with the “Climate Change Response Act”, Taiwan established a Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions report and management system complying with Taiwan’s national conditions, the work division, and the hierarchical management of database. Accordingly, the relevant competent authorities will calculate GHG emissions subject to their departments and bring together experts and scholars to review the statistical

2005

data, methodology, and improvement plans. The results will be submitted to Environmental Protection Administration for compilation annually. After the crossministerial discussions, editing and proofreading, the National Inventory Report (NIR) will be established. Besides, Taiwan’s National GHG Registry has been established since 2013 , allowing the competent authorities to submit their statistical data online. Furthermore, since 2015, the 2006 IPPC Guidelines has been applied for the compilation of annual NIR, the mission done in compliance with UNFCCC requirements.