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For citation purposes, researchers and students should use the following format: Joseph Jones and Nykia Greene-Young. Georgia Legislative Review 2024. (Atlanta: W.E.B. Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy, 2024 www.cauduboispolicycenter.org/glr2024
Executive Summary
The 2023-2024 Georgia Legislative Review by the W E B Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy at Clark Atlanta University addresses vital issues and legislative actions affecting African American communities in Georgia The report focuses on public policy regarding redistricting, public education, voter suppression, healthcare, housing, criminal justice, budget, and taxes, among other concerns.
Significant updates mark this year ’ s report. First, the report’s length has been condensed from over 100 pages to approximately 30, providing a more accessible, concise analysis of policy issues for the broader public. Secondly, a shift from a rating system to a grading system for evaluating elected officials’ voting records has been implemented, offering more precise insights into their support for Black communities Lastly, contributors were instructed to assess the potential impact of each bill, focusing on how these policies either benefit or harm Black Georgians
The report begins with an examination of the special session on redistricting Following the 2020 census, Georgia faced challenges with gerrymandering and voter suppression. Republican lawmakers, leveraging the weakened Voting Rights Act post-Shelby v. Holder, created maps favoring their interests. Despite the state’s significant Black population growth, these maps inadequately represented Black voters, leading to lawsuits. A federal judge found the maps diluted Black voting power, prompting a special session to redraw them. While a new majority-Black congressional district was established, the redistricting disadvantaged many Democratic incumbents, enabling Republicans to maintain control The struggle for fair representation continues
The report evaluates bills in public education focusing on funding, staffing, equity and access, special education, standardized testing, and early childhood education The Georgia Department of Education’s 2024 priorities aimed to enhance instructional support, increase student access and safety, recruit and retain quality teachers, and boost K-12 funding. Key legislative actions impacting African American communities included funding bills targeting resource disparities in underserved areas and school safety improvements to create secure learning environments. However, the Promise Scholarship (SB 233) raised concerns about diverting public funds to private education, potentially worsening inequities. While progress in funding and safety was noted, continued advocacy is needed to ensure equitable resource distribution for African American students
Georgia’s housing crisis, characterized by a significant gap between wages and housing costs, disproportionately affects low-income and Black residents The report evaluates 15 housing-related bills from the 2023-2024 session, grading their impact on affordability, supply, and equity. Key measures included enhancing renters’ rights, preventing discrimination, and supporting affordable housing construction. Despite promising steps, a multifaceted approach is necessary to increase affordable housing, address racial disparities, and ensure accessibility for all income levels, promoting economic growth and stability.
Voter suppression remains a critical issue The enactment of SB 189 and HB 1207, based on unfounded voter fraud claims, poses risks to African American communities SB 189 introduces measures such as removing the Secretary of State from the State Election Board and expanding ballot access for presidential candidates At the same time, HB 1207 mandates U S citizenship for election workers and extends candidate qualification periods. These provisions could disproportionately affect African American voters by creating additional hurdles and reducing voting resources in their neighborhoods. Policymakers must ensure these laws do not perpetuate systemic inequities.
In criminal justice, SB 63, enacted on July 1, 2024, tightens bail policies by expanding the list of crimes requiring cash bail and limiting the use of charitable organizations for bail, prioritizing professional bail bond services This shift undermines previous reform efforts, exacerbating economic disparities and increasing taxpayer burden. It disproportionately impacts low-income individuals, particularly African Americans, emphasizing a “tough on crime” stance that perpetuates systemic inequalities.
Legislative actions significantly impact healthcare access, behavioral health, and maternal and child health. Historical and current laws have created barriers to essential services, with the lack of Medicaid expansion leaving 192,000 Georgians, primarily Black, uninsured Recent bills to improve healthcare access and maternal health outcomes have seen mixed success Policymakers must prioritize equitable legislation to address these systemic issues and improve health outcomes for Black Georgians
Tax policies affecting economic empowerment and social equity also shape Georgia's legislative landscape. House Bill 915, establishing the Georgia Equity and Fairness Commission, aims to institutionalize equity, but its effectiveness depends on its empowerment and funding. Senate Bill 366, enhancing tax expenditure transparency, promises more informed and equitable tax policies. House Bill 1021, increasing dependent exemptions, was signed into law. The success of these measures in promoting economic equity and social justice will depend on effective implementation, adequate funding, and a genuine commitment to addressing systemic inequities
Several proposed bills in Georgia aim to address critical issues impacting African Americans, particularly in education, healthcare, and economic disparity. House Bill 3 sought to support impoverished students by providing necessary resources, thus improving their educational outcomes. House Bills 38 and State Bills 17 and 24 attempted to expand Medicaid to cover more citizens, addressing the healthcare crisis exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. House Bill 79 attempted to target economic inequities by providing tax incentives for lower and middle-income families. None of these policies were signed into law, thus diminishing the quality of life for African Americans in Georgia and reducing greater inequity and instability within the state
At the W E B Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy at Clark Atlanta University, our mission is to analyze and assess legislative actions to determine their potential impact on Black communities in Georgia We have evaluated fifteen bills recently passed by the Georgia Legislative Session and signed into law by Governor Brian Kemp. Our analysis highlights the direct effects of these laws on the daily lives and prospects of Black Georgians, aiming to inform and empower community engagement in the policy-making process. Additionally, we have graded each legislator based on their voting record on these policies, reflecting their alignment with our advocacy for the interests and needs of Black communities.
In conclusion, this report is our attempt to educate the public on whether policy making in the Georgia Legislative Assembly positively or negatively impacts Black communities in Georgia Our hope is that this report will be used to educate the general public so that they can make informed decisions on who to vote for and what policies significantly impact African Americans in Georgia
Joseph L. Jones, Ph.D.
Georgia Redistricting & Special Session 2024
Nykia Greene-Young
Georgia has had major issues with redistricting, gerrymandering, and voter suppression. The state has been a hotbed for these issues, which have become a national topic time and time again, especially for voter suppression tactics. The redistricting process occurs every ten years after the national census Republican lawmakers control the process of redistricting in the Georgia General Assembly because they are the majority and, therefore, hold control of the Legislature
This redistricting process occurred after the Shelby v. Holder case that gutted major provisions such as preclearance and preapproval of the Voting Rights Act (VRA). Therefore, Georgia Republican lawmakers did not have to gain preapproval or preclearance before implementing the maps into law. In 2021, Republican lawmakers enacted congressional and legislative maps to reflect and represent the 2020 census results for the state However, Georgia’s Republicans drew the maps in favor of themselves to remain in control through further gerrymandering
Georgia has seen major growth in population, but the maps drawn do not reflect that growth. The state’s population grew by 10.5 percent from 2010 to 2020. The population growth included upward of 500,000 Blacks who had migrated to Georgia. This population increase made Blacks a third of the state’s overall population This spurred in hopes of improving their political power Therefore, after the passing of the maps, lawsuits were filed by Black citizens and organizations of the state challenging the maps Lawsuits stated that the maps diluted the Black vote and violated the Voting Rights Act. Three lawsuits were brought forth: Pendergrass v. Raffensperger, seeking a new majorityBlack congressional district; Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc. v. Raffensperger, seeking new maps that do not dilute the Black vote; and Grant v. Raffensperger, seeking five.
Black majority districts are in the State House, and three are in the State Senate A federal judge forced a redo of the district maps that would ensure Black representation and reflect the huge growth in the Black population, especially in Atlanta’s metropolitan area It was concluded after the lawsuits and trial that Blacks had suffered significant harm from the maps drawn by Republican lawmakers, and their political representation was reduced. Governor Kemp called a special session for lawmakers who needed a new majority-Black congressional district on the west side of the Atlanta metropolitan area Also, there would need to be seven new legislative seats drawn in the State legislature with Black majorities
After the special session, the maps were redrawn and upheld by the courts. However, while the Black majority congressional district was drawn, other districts were redrawn, and many Democrat incumbents were pitted against each other. This caused some to drop out and others to run against each other in major races. The Republicans held on to their 9-5 Congressional control by favoring the 7th district for themselves and ousting Representative Lucy McBath, who decided to run in the newly formed Black majority 6th district and recently won the Democrat primary Blacks gained a major victory in gaining a congressional district that is majority Black Blacks do not benefit much from the other districts drawn and, in turn, will continue to lose political power in Georgia.
Education
Joseph Jones
Introduction
Public education in Georgia faces numerous challenges, including funding, staffing, equity and access, special education, standardized testing, the digital divide, and early childhood education. The Georgia Department of Education’s 2024 legislative priorities aimed to tackle these issues by focusing on instructional support and development, increasing student access and school safety, recruiting and retaining high-quality teachers, and boosting K-12 education funding This brief review of key legislative actions from the 2024 session, particularly analyzing the impact on African American communities in Georgia
Bill Overviews
Many funding bills were introduced in the Georgia General Assembly to address disparities in educational resources. Key House Bills included HB 81, HB 185, HB 249, HB 668, HB 1124, HB 941, HB 900, HB 935, HB 1122, and HB 916. These bills aimed to increase financial support for schools, particularly in underserved areas predominantly populated by African Americans. Enhanced funding is critical for addressing disparities in educational quality, resources, and opportunities, disproportionately affecting African American students
Similar efforts were reflected in bills such as SB 233, SB 360, SB 476, and SB 464 in the Senate These legislative efforts ensured that financial resources were allocated equitably, providing schools with the necessary tools to improve educational outcomes. For African American students, who often face systemic barriers to quality education, these funding initiatives are a step towards leveling the playing field.
School safety was another critical issue addressed in the legislative session. House Bills such as HB 142, HB 147, HB 935, HB 1126, and HB 916, along with Senate Bills SB 351 and SB 169, were introduced to improve safety protocols and infrastructure These measures are vital for African American students, who often attend schools in areas with higher crime rates Improved safety can create a more conducive learning environment, fostering better academic outcomes and reducing student stress and absenteeism.
Several bills to enhance curriculum and instruction were introduced, including HB 538, HB 282, HB 982, and SB 440. These legislative efforts focused on improving instructional quality and raising standardized test scores. Access to high-quality instruction and culturally relevant curriculum is essential for African American students. Such measures can help bridge the achievement gap, ensuring that African American students receive an education that is both equitable and empowering
Additional bills, such as HB 365, HB 318, HB 1328, HB 409, and HB 1183, addressed various issues, from school reform and staffing to workforce development and student debt relief These initiatives are crucial for creating a holistic approach to education reform. For African American communities, these measures can help build a robust support system that addresses educational inequities from multiple angles, providing pathways to higher education and stable employment.
SB 233, the Promise Scholarship, was the only education policy passed by the House and Senate to make its way to the Governor's desk and be passed into law The law allows for $6500 a year for parents to use towards private school tuition, homeschooling materials, or transportation costs for their children. To qualify for this scholarship, students must attend a school ranked at the bottom quarter of the Georgia Department of Education’s College and Career Readiness Performance Index for two consecutive years.
Although this bill was designed to provide a choice for low-performing students, it continues to support the conservative agenda of diverting public tax dollars to private institutions Although there may be a few hundred students who may benefit from this scholarship, the vast majority of African American students will once again be deprived of critical funding that should be allocated to public schools that are in desperate need.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the 2024 legislative session in Georgia witnessed significant efforts to address public education's multifaceted challenges, particularly in African American communities. The introduction and passage of numerous bills aimed at increasing funding, enhancing school safety, and improving instructional quality mark important steps toward educational equity. As seen in both House and Senate bills, enhanced financial support is critical for bridging the resource gap that disproportionately affects African American students, providing them with better opportunities and resources
School safety measures introduced during the session are especially vital for African American students, who often attend schools in higher crime areas. These bills aim to create a more secure and conducive learning environment by improving safety protocols and infrastructure, which is essential for academic success and student well-being.
Curriculum and instructional improvements also play a crucial role in addressing educational disparities. The legislative focus on high-quality instruction and culturally relevant curricula can help close the achievement gap, ensuring that African American students receive an equitable and empowering education.
However, the passage of SB 233, the Promise Scholarship, highlights the ongoing debate over allocating public funds to private education While intended to provide more educational choices for low-performing students, this policy risks diverting necessary resources from public schools in dire need of support. For many African American students, diverting funds to private institutions could exacerbate existing inequities in public education.
Overall, the 2024 legislative actions represent a mixed outcome for African American communities in Georgia While there are positive strides towards addressing funding disparities, improving school safety, and enhancing instructional quality, the potential negative impact of policies like SB 233 underscores the need for continued advocacy and vigilance to ensure that public education resources are equitably distributed and that all students have the opportunity to succeed.
Housing
Cecilia Cheeks
Introduction
The state of Georgia is currently facing a housing crisis. Despite experiencing significant economic growth and attracting new residents, housing production has not kept up with the demand This has resulted in a shortage of housing options and increased prices for both homebuyers and renters in Georgia Particularly troubling is the widening gap between working wages and home prices, making it increasingly difficult for low-income and Black residents to find stable and affordable housing.
Legislation and public policy are critical in shaping communities and determining access to opportunity. As the housing crisis has widened the disparities faced by marginalized groups, supportive laws and programs are needed now more than ever to ensure all residents, regardless of background, have a stable and affordable place to call home The workers who run our economy from childcare providers to construction crews deserve stable housing in amenity-rich neighborhoods like all citizens.
This section of the report aims to assess the legislation’s effectiveness in addressing the housing crisis and its potential impact on Georgians, especially African Americans, who are vital to our shared prosperity
Bill Analysis
One significant legislative effort was SB125 Rental Housing, which aimed to repeal restrictions on local rent control to address rising rent costs. Although it failed, it demonstrated the potential to significantly impact rental affordability Another important bill, SB364 Homeownership, proposes capping home value assessment fluctuations and protecting homestead exemptions to make homeownership more affordable This bill had the potential to provide substantial relief to homeowners.
The successful passage of HB404 Rental Housing, the Habitability/Safe Home Act, establishes firm habitability standards to protect renters from substandard living conditions. This bill strongly supports renters' rights and its commitment to ensuring safe living conditions HB1416 Rental Housing relates to landlords and tenants requiring a landlord to provide for a duty of habitability in certain rental agreements This bill was tabled by the Senate Similarly, HB514 Construction aims for reasonable reforms to zoning processes to boost affordable housing construction. It also has the potential to increase the housing supply significantly. However, it did not make it out of committee. HB1266 Construction, Housing zoning density/CHOICE Act, which aims to incentivize densification and could help expand the affordable housing stock over time
HB830 Housing introduces explicit protections against housing discrimination, promoting equitable access and earning, and significantly positively impacts housing equity. Further support for homeowners facing foreclosure came from HB1051 Homeownership, which provides additional support for at-risk homeowners and preventive measures against displacement. The passage of HB1410 Housing ensures Public Housing Authority (PHA) transparency, accountability, performance, and commitment to better serve communities needing housing This bill establishes a housing trust fund for the homeless and a dedicated funding stream for homeless housing, and services are urgently needed This bill passed
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HB1108 Public Housing addresses establishing PHAs as political subdivisions While clarifying PHA's legal status may help, it does not directly increase the affordable housing supply This bill did not make it out of committee. HB1182 Construction aims to preserve tax credits, which are important for incentivizing more affordable rental development, and this bill aims to reduce the current dollar-for-dollar match of federal funds at the state level to $.50-.80 state funds for every federal dollar. This bill did not pass. HB1359 Housing aims for homelessness prevention & protection This bill will allow property owners to secure a refund of their property taxes if they can prove a loss in market value because of negligent law enforcement of the homeless population
This bill did not make it out of committee. HR1418 Housing is a house resolution that studies the use of local fees to support affordable housing. It aims to study alternative local funding models further, focusing on affordable housing options. The resolution remained in the House committee. HR1115 Housing is a resolution to explore the development of a low-income housing tax. This proposal aimed to protect existing LIHTC property taxes and incentivize more affordable rental development through a new tax policy for LIHTC It remained in the House committee
Conclusion
The broader analysis of housing issues in Georgia reveals that economic disparities are a primary factor in the housing crisis The growing gap between wages and housing costs means many households spend over 50% of their income on housing, leaving little for other essential expenses and increasing the risk of housing instability This burden is disproportionately borne by Black households, who face higher rates of cost burden and housing instability than their White counterparts.
The lack of affordable housing also hinders workforce and economic development. Workers earning entry-level wages struggle to afford homes, creating barriers for businesses seeking to attract and retain employees This issue underscores the urgent need for affordable workforce housing across the state
Addressing Georgia’s housing crisis requires a multifaceted approach that includes increasing affordable housing production, addressing racial disparities in housing burdens, and ensuring accessible housing options for workers of all income levels By doing so, the state can promote housing stability, support economic growth, and improve the overall well-being of its residents Investing in affordable workforce housing promotes housing stability, supports economic growth, and improves the overall well-being of Georgia's residents. By centering the needs of AfricanAmerican communities, Georgia can move towards a more equitable and prosperous future for all its citizens.
Voting & Elections
Khalil Jackson
Introduction
The unsubstantiated claims of voter fraud following the 2020 presidential election have catalyzed the enactment of two pieces of legislation in Georgia in 2024: SB 189 and HB 1207. Proponents of these bills argue that they enhance the integrity of the voting process by preventing potential fraud and inefficiency. However, these provisions are based on claims lacking credible evidence and could pose significant risks to the voting rights of African American communities in Georgia.
Historical Context
Following former President Donald Trump's defeat in the 2020 election, many supporters attributed his loss to widespread voter fraud, particularly through absentee ballots. These claims suggested that deceased individuals voted via absentee ballots and that ballots were electronically altered. Despite extensive research showing voter fraud occurs at an infinitesimal rate (0 0003%) and no evidence of fraud in Georgia’s 2020 election, these allegations have persisted, influencing state legislation
In response to these baseless claims, Georgia enacted SB 202 in 2021, introducing measures restricting mail-in ballots, limiting voting drop boxes, and curtailing early voting hours. These changes disproportionately affected African American voters, reminiscent of the voter suppression tactics used during the Jim Crow era.
SB 189: Key Provisions and Implications
SB 189 introduces several significant changes to the electoral process. One major change is removing the Secretary of State from the State Election Board, which aims to reduce the influence of a single office on election oversight. The bill also expands ballot access for presidential candidates in at least 20 states, allowing them to appear on Georgia ballots without additional qualifications This provision could potentially diversify political representation
Another significant provision in SB 189 is allowing citizens to challenge the voting eligibility of others based on criteria such as deceased status or nonresidential addresses. This could be weaponized against marginalized communities, particularly African Americans, creating barriers and administrative burdens. Furthermore, the bill mandates a strict chain of custody for absentee ballots to prevent alleged tampering, although no evidence supports the need for such measures
HB 1207: Key Provisions and Implications
HB 1207 focuses on several aspects of the electoral process. It includes requiring all election workers to be U.S. citizens and addressing unfounded fears of undocumented immigrants influencing elections. The bill also allows for extended qualification periods if no candidates meet the initial deadline, potentially increasing electoral participation
Another provision gives election superintendents greater discretion in determining the number of voting booths needed, which could lead to insufficient resources in predominantly African American precincts. Finally, the bill criminalizes threats against poll watchers and allows them to observe election activities closely. While this could increase transparency, it also creates opportunities for voter intimidation
Impact on African American Communities
SB 189 and HB 1207 have profound implications for African American voters in Georgia. The provision allowing citizens to challenge the voting status of others could disproportionately target African Americans, creating additional hurdles and deterring voter participation. The discretionary power given to superintendents in allocating voting booths could lead to fewer resources in African American neighborhoods, exacerbating existing disparities in voting access Furthermore, a significant proportion of Atlanta’s homeless population is African American SB 189’s provision for homeless voters to use registrar offices as mailing addresses poses logistical challenges, effectively disenfranchising this vulnerable group.
Conclusion
The enactment of SB 189 and HB 1207, driven by unfounded claims of voter fraud, poses significant risks to the voting rights of African American communities in Georgia These legislative measures echo historical efforts to disenfranchise Black voters under the guise of protecting electoral integrity. Policymakers must critically evaluate the implications of these laws to ensure they do not perpetuate systemic inequities and voter suppression. Protecting the voting rights of African American citizens is paramount to fostering a truly democratic and inclusive electoral process in Georgia.
Criminal Justice
Celeste White
Introduction
On July 1, 2024, Georgia Senate Bill 63 (SB 63) became law, marking a significant shift in the state’s approach to bail and pretrial detention Governor Brian Kemp signed the legislation sponsored by Republicans Randy Robertson, Steve Gooch, Matt Brass, Jason Anavitarte, John F Kennedy, and Frank Ginn. This bill amends Chapter 6 of Title 17 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated (O.C.G.A.), expanding the list of bail-restrictive acts by adding 30 more crimes that require cash bail. This analysis examines SB 63, its implications for the African American community in Georgia, and its divergence from prior bail reform efforts to address financial hardships in the justice system.
Bill Analysis
SB 63 consists of eleven sections, with the first four most pertinent to this analysis. These sections highlight significant changes to bail policies, emphasizing a shift towards stricter pretrial detention measures.
Section 1 introduces new language that affects local bail policies by removing judicial discretion and reinforcing reliance on cash bail This change contradicts the reform-oriented policies of former Governor Nathan Deal and former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms, who sought to reduce pretrial detention for minor, non-violent offenses through measures like Ordinance 18-O-1045. The ordinance addressed the financial burdens of cash bail on low-income individuals, aligning with national bail reform trends. In contrast, SB 63 mandates that no bail schedule or local policy shall mandate releasing an accused on unsecured judicial release before appearing before a judge, thus reverting to more rigid pretrial detention practices
Section 2 restricts the use of charitable organizations to secure bail, prioritizing professional bail bond services. Professional bondsmen, defined as entities that provide bail bonds for a fee, now hold a privileged position in securing pretrial release. This shift limits the ability of community groups and established charitable organizations to assist individuals in need, thereby reinforcing the bail bond industry's dominance By prioritizing professional bondsmen, the bill ensures that those with financial resources have a distinct advantage in securing their release
Section 3 lists the additional crimes now requiring cash bail, including many minor offenses previously categorized as misdemeanors. Distracting distinctions between felonies and misdemeanors complicates the legal landscape and may lead to disproportionate pretrial detention for minor infractions This section further reinforces the role of professional bondsmen and sheriffs as arbiters of bail, emphasizing a system that favors those who can afford to pay
Section 4 imposes limits on legal entities, including charitable organizations, restricting them to posting bail no more than three times per year. This restriction criminalizes excessive use of charitable bail funds, making it a misdemeanor offense, and broadens the prosecutorial reach of state and local authorities. By imposing such limits, SB 63 curtails community-led efforts to mitigate the impact of cash bail on low-income individuals
Conclusion
The passage of SB 63 represents a step backward in bail reform, particularly affecting African American communities in Georgia. Economic disparities mean that many individuals cannot afford cash bail, leading to prolonged pretrial detention This legislation ignores the insights of the previous reforms that considered an individual’s ability to pay alongside other factors, aiming to reduce the burdens of over-incarceration
The misalignment of bail practices with constitutional and state guarantees has been documented extensively Former ACLU Staff Attorney Andrea Woods highlighted the persistent issues with excessive pretrial detention in Georgia, noting that many low-income individuals remain incarcerated simply because they cannot afford bail This problem is exacerbated by the limitations imposed by SB 63, which fails to address the broader systemic issues within the criminal justice system.
Moreover, SB 63 imposes additional financial burdens on taxpayers. The costs associated with continued incarceration policies are significant, and African American communities, as both taxpayers and the most affected by these policies, bear a disproportionate share of these costs. The legislation prioritizes the bail bond industry over community-based solutions, further entrenching economic inequalities
In conclusion, SB 63 reverses progressive bail reform efforts and imposes harsher pretrial detention measures, disproportionately affecting African American communities in Georgia. By prioritizing cash bail and restricting community-based interventions, the legislation exacerbates existing disparities and undermines the principles of fairness and equity in the criminal justice system. Future reforms should consider the economic realities of low-income individuals and prioritize alternatives to incarceration that uphold constitutional guarantees and promote social justice.
The Character of Our Community
On a final note, SB 63 further criminalizes African American people Including protests and social movements in this bill presumes that the protections of the First Amendment only apply to select groups. African American communities have historically used their voices to oppose oppressive actions and policies, and now, under this legislation, the act is punishable by arrest and bail requirements.“The right of assembly means that the government of the United States generally cannot prohibit people from gathering together and /or protesting. Some restrictions may apply to this right, but citizens are constitutionally guaranteed the freedom to protest.”
Georgia’s legislation suggests that the historical protests against police violence should result in pretrial jail time despite participating in well-organized and peaceful assembly efforts SB 63 reduces the character of those who participate in protests, for example Black Lives Matter campaigns, are not upstanding citizens with admirable values and beliefs, but instead are ill-intended rogue groups intending to cause harm This thinking centers on criminalizing behaviors of those committed to serving as a voice for their communities. We are reminded that fatalities as a result of police interactions have occurred in the spaces of Black communities. Exercising the right of assembly is not only cut down for those who engage but also met with force and opposition to this right. This author contends that SB 63 overreaches government authority in suppressing the voices of those who oppose government acts, policies, and mandates as criminal persons. To appreciate the impact of SB 63 on the historic and consistent voices of African American participation in democratic decision-making in Georgia and elsewhere, we must think about our role in social movements through sit-ins and peaceful rallies BEFORE leaping to view all voices of opposition as engaging in violent protests
With SB 63, the character of the African American community is at stake, and additional roads to incarceration and threatening democracy for all.
Health & Human Services
Nykia Greene-Young
Introduction
The measure of a healthy society can be seen through how well citizens rate their health and wellbeing and affordable access to critical healthcare and human services, particularly those impacting social determinants of health. Georgia’s legislative history with passing bills to ease access to essential services has been complex, significantly affecting Black Americans. This impact is evident through various measures of health and social determinants of health outcomes. Data reveals that 18% of Georgians consider themselves in fair or poor health compared to 14% nationwide. One prominent issue in Georgia is maternal and child health, with pregnancy-related deaths in Georgia at 33 9 per 100,000 persons, compared to 23 5 nationwide This statistic is even worse for Black Georgians, with Black persons giving birth being three times more likely to die from pregnancy-related complications than white persons giving birth
Bill Analysis
Healthcare Access Legislation
Medicaid expansion is crucial for increasing healthcare access for uninsured Georgians. HB 1077's defeat in March highlights the ongoing debate, but other avenues for Medicaid expansion are being explored through House Bills 38 and 62 and Senate Bills 17 and 24 However, none of these bills were passed or made it out of committee or even to a vote These bills aimed to authorize the Department of Community Health to obtain federal funds, create the Georgia Health and Economic Livelihood Partnership (HELP), provide premium assistance for healthcare coverage, and obtain federal financial participation for Medicaid expansion under the ACA. The lack of Medicaid expansion has led to a coverage gap for 192,000 Georgians, the majority of whom are Black.
Behavioral Healthcare Legislation
Five bills introduced in this session aimed to impact behavioral healthcare outcomes Only two passed: HB 1409, which limits liability for mental health care providers, and SB 395, which increases access to naloxone in schools and government buildings HB 1170 and HB 1104, which had significant potential to address opioid harm reduction and mental health risks for student-athletes, failed due to last-minute amendments Georgia ranks 48th in access to mental healthcare, with half of Georgia adults reporting unmet mental health treatment needs, citing cost as the reason they did not receive care. Increases in access to opioid antagonists, such as naloxone, have been shown to decrease opioid deaths, which have significantly increased for Black men since 2015.
Maternal and Child Health Legislation
Four bills potentially impacting maternal and child health outcomes were introduced HB 1010 passed, which increases parental leave for state and public employees HB 1, the Georgia Pro-Birth Accountability Act, and SB 283, the Pregnancy Protection Act, did not make it to a vote or out of committee HB 565, which sought to extend Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), did not crossover during sine die. Legislation related to healthcare access, behavioral health outcomes, and maternal and child health outcomes is critically important due to the high disparities in these areas for Black Georgians.
Conclusion
The legislative actions in Georgia have profound effects on health and human services, particularly for Black Georgians. Systemic racism and barriers to advancement have contributed to inequities that targeted legislation can address. Expansion of Medicaid would benefit Georgia through increased use of preventative care, improved maternal and child health outcomes, improved mental health outcomes, prevention of premature deaths, and, crucially for Black Georgians, a reduction in healthcare coverage inequities However, any criminal justice reform laws must be carefully considered. The ACLU of Georgia strongly opposes HB 932, a bill seeking to add a third type of murder, which would be labeled drug-induced homicide. The ACLU highlighted that similar laws in other states have increased overdose deaths, contributed to family and community deterioration, and deepened racial disparities. The bill failed to make it to a vote. Policymakers must consider the historical and current legislative landscape to create equitable health and human services policies, ensuring they address the unique challenges Black Georgians face to improve overall health outcomes and reduce disparities
Budget & Taxes
Joseph Jones
Introduction:
The legislative landscape in Georgia is undergoing significant shifts with the introduction of various bills aimed at reforming the state’s tax policies and socio-economic framework Each bill presents proposals that could substantially impact African American communities, particularly economic empowerment and social equity. This policy analysis reviews and critiques several key bills, assessing their potential benefits and limitations for Black communities in Georgia.
Bill Analysis
House Bill 915: Establishing the Georgia Equity and Fairness Commission
House Bill 915 proposes the creation of the Georgia Equity and Fairness Commission, a commendable step toward institutionalizing equity within state governance. The bill aims to ensure that policies are scrutinized through fairness and inclusivity by establishing a commission dedicated to equity For African Americans in Georgia, such a commission could address systemic inequities and advocate for policies that promote social justice The bill was passed and signed into legislation However, the bill’s effectiveness will hinge on the composition of the commission and its actual influence on legislative processes. The risk lies in the possibility of the commission being symbolic without real power to effect change unless it is adequately empowered and funded.
Senate Bill 366: Tax Expenditures Transparency Act of 2024
Senate Bill 366 seeks to enhance the transparency and accountability of tax expenditures This bill is crucial for African American communities as it aims to shed light on how tax policies affect various demographics. The bill promises a more informed and equitable tax policy-making process by mandating economic analyses and establishing the Joint Committee on Taxation and Economic Development. This transparency could lead to more equitable distribution of resources and bettertargeted tax relief measures This bill was also passed and signed into legislation Nonetheless, the challenge will be ensuring that the economic analyses are thorough and unbiased and that the findings are translated into actionable policy changes
House
Bill 79/Senate Bill
118: Enhancing Earned Income and Child Tax Credits
House Bill 79/Senate Bill 118 introduces a state-level Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and enhances the Child and Dependent Tax Credit These provisions are particularly beneficial for African American families, many of whom are disproportionately affected by economic hardships A fully refundable EITC at 25% of the federal level can provide significant financial relief to low-income families, promoting economic stability and reducing poverty. Similarly, increasing the Child and Dependent Tax Credit to 100% of the federal level can alleviate the financial burden on working parents. While these measures are commendable, the effectiveness of these credits will depend on outreach and accessibility, ensuring that eligible families are aware of and can easily claim these benefits However, neither bill passed
House Bill 1019: Increasing the Homestead Exemption
House Bill 1019 proposes increasing the statewide homestead exemption from ad valorem taxes. This bill could provide much-needed property tax relief to homeowners, including African Americans who have historically faced barriers to homeownership. By reducing the tax burden, this exemption can enhance home affordability and financial stability for families. However, the overall valuation of properties may limit the benefit, and additional measures might be needed to address housing affordability comprehensively This bill did pass but was vetoed by Governor Kemp
House Bill 1090: Expanding Tax Credits for Foster Child Support
House Bill 1090 sought to expand tax credits for contributions to foster child support organizations, including services for justice-involved youth. This expansion is crucial for addressing African American youth's challenges in the justice system, providing support and mentorship that can foster rehabilitation and integration into society The bill’s focus on wraparound services is important for creating a supportive environment for vulnerable youth The success of HB 1090 will depend on the effective implementation and coordination of these services. However, the bill did not pass.
House Bill 1182 and House Bill 1021: Revising Housing and Dependent Tax Credits
House Bill 1182 focuses on revising low-income housing tax credits, while House Bill 1021 increases dependent exemptions HB 1182’s reduction of certain tax credits could potentially limit affordable housing projects, posing a challenge for low-income African American families. However, the Senate tabled this bill. In contrast, HB 1021, passed and signed into legislation, increases dependent exemptions and offers modest tax relief, but the actual financial impact may be minimal.
Conclusion
The proposed bills present a mix of opportunities and challenges for African American communities in Georgia. Only three of these bills were passed into legislation. While many of these bills aim to promote economic equity and social justice, their success will depend on effective implementation, adequate funding, and genuine commitment to addressing systemic inequities. Policymakers must ensure that these measures are enacted, actively monitored, and adjusted to meet the evolving needs of these communities By doing so, Georgia can make significant strides toward achieving a more equitable and inclusive society
Other Issues
Tiffany Williams
Introduction
Addressing the persistent issues of poverty, healthcare, and economic disparity in Georgia, especially within the African American community, requires comprehensive policy interventions Several bills introduced in the Georgia State Legislature aim to address these critical challenges, offering hope for substantial improvements in the quality of life for those most affected. This policy brief examines House Bill 3, House Bill 38, State Bills 17 and 24, and House Bill 79, evaluating their potential impacts and emphasizing their importance for the African American community in Georgia.
Bill Analysis
House Bill 3: Education Support for Students in Poverty
House Bill 3 was introduced to support students living in poverty in Georgia, underscoring the urgency of addressing the rising living costs and inflation rates of 3.2 to 3.4% for essential items like food and energy These economic challenges significantly impact students from kindergarten through higher education, leading to high dropout rates, low test scores, and an overall failing school system In Atlanta and its rapidly gentrifying metro areas, the prevalence of student poverty is becoming increasingly normalized. This bill aims to give a voice to students who live well below the state median income of $26,496 for a family of four and face daily struggles with food, housing, and healthcare inequities.
The grant funding from federal and state sources proposed in this bill could create programs that have lasting impacts on education policy Such programs include providing food, transportation, and clothing and enhancing the educational experience. Additionally, support for students transitioning in and out of the foster care system and programs complementing K-12 curriculums, such as tutoring, sports, and STEAM, could be funded under HB 3. These grant dollars could assist many Black students in navigating their educational journey while coping with impoverished circumstances.
House Bills 38, State Bills 17, and 24: Expanding Medicaid
House Bills 38, State Bills 17, and 24, introduced by Democratic lawmakers, aim to expand Medicaid options across Georgia. These bills consider age and income levels to extend coverage to citizens without affordable healthcare options. The rise in medical costs since the COVID-19 pandemic has left many aging citizens unable to work, with significantly reduced incomes, making it difficult to afford medical insurance even when offered by employers Although the Affordable Care Act extended coverage to persons up to age 26, no similar legislation exists for those aged 60-72, who often depend on their children for care. This gap makes the expansion of Medicare in Georgia crucial, especially as the state ranks 48th in healthcare coverage for individuals aged 55-64.
The public health crisis has intensified with more Americans experiencing long-lasting health issues post-COVID-19 Currently, individuals must pay upfront to be seen at urgent care facilities, wait for hours in overcrowded emergency rooms, or burden family members with out-of-pocket medical expenses These bills could alleviate financial burdens associated with caring for children with chronic health issues or family members requiring daily healthcare assistance but cannot afford open-access market plans. Rising daycare costs further strain families, forcing one parent to stay home and limit household income, jeopardizing their access to affordable healthcare. The statewide adoption of federal Medicaid funding would improve overall health and reduce hospitalization needs, addressing the healthcare crisis and financial challenges impacting the quality of life for Georgia's Black community SB 24 currently has 21 legislators' support, indicating strong momentum for these critical healthcare expansions
House Bill 79: Economic Support through Tax Incentives
House Bill 79 addresses the economic struggles of families in Georgia, where the median income ranks 42nd at $61,497, and the minimum hourly wage remains at $7.25 per hour. This bill seeks to rectify income tax distribution disparities that exacerbate wealth gaps. Income taxes fund fundamental state needs like infrastructure, education, and housing, but those at or below the median income level often face higher tax burdens, reducing their annual income This instability affects lower to middle-class working families, who struggle with high costs for fuel, shelter, utilities, and other necessities The bill aims to provide tax incentives for minimum wage earners, families with more dependents than earners, and those who have lost income during the year.
Tax incentives are crucial for lower wage earners to meet their needs and support their dependents, particularly amidst job market challenges and economic stagnation. The current tax structure disproportionately impacts Black families in Georgia, contributing to economic depression and widening inequities in labor and education Expanding HB 79 to increase tax incentives would provide much-needed relief and support for Black families, helping to bridge economic divides and promote equity across the state.
Conclusion
The proposed House and Senate bills represent significant steps toward addressing the urgent issues of Georgia's poverty, healthcare, and economic disparity House Bill 3 focuses on alleviating educational inequities by supporting impoverished students. House Bills 38, State Bills 17, and 24 aim to expand Medicaid and provide critical healthcare coverage to those in need, especially in the postCOVID-19 era. House Bill 79 seeks to correct income tax disparities and support lower- and middleincome families economically. Together, these bills have the potential to significantly improve the quality of life for African Americans in Georgia, promoting greater equity and stability across the state Implementing these policies would address immediate needs and lay the groundwork for a more just and equitable future for all Georgians However, none of these bills made it to a vote, leaving economic disparity, poverty, and access to healthcare major issues for the African American population in Georgia.
Legislative Grading Section
Joseph Jones Lakeshia Jones
At the W E B Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy at Clark Atlanta University, our mission is to analyze and assess legislative actions to determine their potential impact on Black communities in Georgia In this comprehensive review, we have evaluated fifteen bills recently passed by the Georgia Legislative Session and signed into law by Governor Brian Kemp. Our positions on these bills are rooted in a commitment to advocating for policies that foster equity, justice, and prosperity within Black communities. By examining the nuances of each bill, we aim to provide a clear understanding of how these laws could influence the lives of Black Georgians, either positively or negatively
We take these positions to emphasize the importance of legislative accountability and to highlight the direct implications these laws have on the daily lives and prospects of Black residents in our state. Understanding the broader socio-economic and political contexts in which these laws operate is crucial. By shedding light on both the potential benefits and harms, we strive to ensure that our communities are well-informed and empowered to engage in policy-making, advocating for changes that support their well-being and advancement
In addition, we graded each legislator based on their voting record on all fifteen of these policies. Legislators are assessed on how their votes align with our justifications for each bill, reflecting their commitment to the interests and needs of Black communities in Georgia. This grading system aims to hold elected officials accountable and to inform the public of their representatives’ actions in the legislative process, promoting transparency and responsiveness in governance
Therefore, assigning letter grades to each legislator is designed to help Georgia citizens see the clear contrast between Republican and Democratic state legislators' voting records regarding improving the quality of life for Black Georgians. Moreover, the Du Bois Policy Center has taken positions on each of the fifteen bills passed into law, and below are the justifications for each for and against stance.
For Bills
1 SB366 Joint Committee on Taxation and Economic Development Justification: This bill will significantly benefit Black communities in Georgia by fostering economic growth and creating job opportunities. Establishing a Joint Committee on Taxation and Economic Development ensures a focused and strategic approach to economic policies that can help uplift Black communities through targeted development projects and fairer tax laws.
2. SB533 Mental Incompetency Justification: Implementing jail-based competency restoration programs can benefit Black people who are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system This bill ensures that those with mental health issues receive appropriate treatment, potentially reducing recidivism and improving their chances of rehabilitation
3. HB1010 Paid Parental Leave Justification: Expanding paid parental leave for public employees, including those in local education agencies, can significantly support Black families It provides crucial support for new parents, helping them to balance work and family life, which can improve overall family health and stability.
4. HB916 Appropriations Bill 2024-2025 Justification: Proper appropriations ensure that state-funded programs, which often include education, healthcare, and social services, receive the necessary funding This is particularly beneficial for Black communities who rely on these services for better quality of life and equal opportunities
5. HB1021 Increase of Dependent Exemptions Justification: Increasing the number of dependent exemptions can directly reduce the tax burden on Black families, providing them with more disposable income to invest in education, healthcare, and other essential needs, thereby improving their economic stability
6 HB404 Safe at Home Act Justification: Ensuring a duty of habitability and regulating rental agreements can protect Black tenants from substandard living conditions and unfair landlord practices. This bill supports housing security and fair treatment, essential for stable and healthy living environments.
7 HB1410 Housing Accountability Program Justification: Establishing a stable housing accountability program can address homelessness and housing instability, disproportionately affecting Black communities This bill can improve housing conditions and access to safe, affordable housing by setting minimum standards and ensuring the effective use of funds.
8. HB926 Expulsion and Pardon Bill Justification: Providing certificates of rehabilitation and good moral character can help formerly incarcerated Black people reintegrate into society This can reduce barriers to employment and housing, fostering a second chance for a better life
Against Bills
1. SB63 Cash Bail Bill Justification: Expanding the list of offenses requiring cash bail can disproportionately harm Black people who are more likely to face economic hardships. Cash bail systems often lead to extended pretrial detention for those unable to afford bail, exacerbating racial disparities in the criminal justice system
2. SB189 Ballot Scanner Bill Justification: Changing the method of vote counting to rely on text or bubbles rather than QR codes can introduce new complexities and potential for errors, which might disproportionately affect Black voters. Ensuring the integrity and simplicity of the voting process is crucial to protect their voting rights.
3 SB233 Promise Scholarship Justification: While the bill aims to provide scholarships, it may inadvertently divert funds from public schools that serve predominantly Black communities. This can lead to reduced resources and quality of education for students who rely on public education.
4. SB332 Prosecuting Attorneys Qualifications Commission Justification: Changes in the oversight and qualifications of prosecuting attorneys might impact how justice is administered If the changes reduce accountability or transparency, it could lead to biases and unfair practices that disproportionately harm Black defendants
5. SB362 Labor Bill Rebuking Incentives for Companies Justification: Reducing incentives for companies to comply with labor organization representation requirements can weaken protections for Black workers. Labor unions often advocate for better wages and working conditions, crucial for economic equity
6 HB1207 Ballot Review Justification: Allowing candidates to review and verify ballot information might slow down the election process and introduce opportunities for manipulation or intimidation, disproportionately affecting Black voters and candidates
7. HB974 Voting State-Wide System for Posting Scanned Paper Ballots Justification: Mandating a state-wide system for posting scanned paper ballots could lead to privacy concerns and potential misuse of voting data. This might deter Black voters from participating fully in the electoral process, fearing their votes could be compromised.
Methodology for Organizing and Analyzing the Data
The 2024 Georgia legislative session voting records analysis began with collecting data from the official final voting records from Georgia state legislators from the Georgia General Assembly website 2107 bills were introduced, and only 16 were passed into law The Du Bois Policy Center is only interested in bills directly impacting the Black community. As a result, bill HB 30 was discarded, resulting in 15 bills being used for this analysis. The raw data included each bill number, the final vote date, and each legislator’s name, political party, and position on each bill.
The records were manually entered into Excel and organized into four worksheets, labeled “Senator (R) Scores,” “Senator (D) Scores,” “House (R) Scores,” and “House (D) Scores,” where R and D stand for Republican and Democrat, respectively The data was then organized into DataFrames, with each DataFrame corresponding to one of the worksheets The columns were standardized to ensure consistency in the dataset To this end, only elected officials who voted on at least 80% (12 of 15) of the bills were considered in the grading process This criterion ensured that the analysis reflected the voting behavior of actively participating legislators.
To provide a numerical overview of the voting behavior and performance across different legislative groups, we coded affirmative votes for bills supported by the Du Bois Policy Center as “1” and dissenting votes for bills supported by the Du Bois Policy Center as “0”. Likewise, affirmative votes for bills not supported by the Du Bois Policy Center were coded as “0,” and dissenting votes for bills not supported by the Du Bois Policy Center were “1”
The resulting columns in each DataFrame included “Name,” “Bill Number,” “Number of Votes in Alignment with the Du Bois Policy Center,” “Total Number of Votes Cast,” and “Grade Average ” The grade average was calculated by dividing the votes in alignment with the Du Bois Policy Center by the total number of votes cast. Grade averages were used as a proxy for overall Du Bois Policy Center alignment, with higher grades indicating more substantial alignment.
The findings from the analysis were synthesized into the following narrative report, emphasizing the implications of voting patterns for Black citizens in Georgia. Differences between Republican and Democratic legislators were highlighted, focusing on their support or lack thereof for key policies The conclusion drawn from the analysis provided insights into the legislative dynamics within the Georgia General Assembly, emphasizing the importance of Du Bois Policy Center alignment in promoting equity and justice for Black citizens in Georgia
Summary Narrative Report for Georgia Legislative Voting Records 2024
The 2024 Georgia legislative session’s voting records reveal significant insights into how legislators align with their parties and how their votes potentially impact Black citizens in Georgia. This report examines the voting behaviors of Republican and Democratic Senators and Representatives, focusing on their support for policies affecting Black communities. Key bills that are particularly impactful include SB 63, SB 189, SB 233, HB 1207, and HB 1410
Republican Senators
Republican Senators in Georgia demonstrated a generally low alignment with the Du Bois Policy Center's stance on various bills. Their voting records reveal frequent “ no ” votes on key legislation, reflected in numerous “0” scores. This low alignment indicates a lack of support for policies that could benefit Black citizens in Georgia Many Republican Senators, including John Albers and Jason Anavitarte, consistently voted for significant bills such as SB 63 (cash bail), SB 189 (ballot scanner), and HB 1410 (addressing housing inequalities), resulting in low grades, often in the “F” range The data suggest that these Senators did not prioritize or support measures aimed at improving the conditions for Black communities in the state. The data further highlights that Senators with higher total votes tended to have lower grade averages, underscoring a broader trend of limited support for policies beneficial to Black Georgians.
Democratic Senators
In stark contrast, Democratic Senators strongly aligned with Du Bois Policy Center positions, consistently voting in favor of key legislation. This alignment translated into higher grades, with many Senators achieving scores in the “A” range. Democratic Senators, such as Tonya Anderson and Gloria Butler, showed unwavering support for bills likely to benefit Black citizens, including SB 533 (mental competency), HB 1207 (ballot scanner), and HB 1010 (Parental Paid Leave) Their high alignment scores and grades reflect a commitment to addressing the needs and concerns of Black communities in Georgia. Democratic Senators maintained high-grade averages regardless of the total number of votes, indicating consistent and strong support for policies that promote equity and justice for Black Georgians.
Republican Representatives
Republican Representatives consistently misaligned with the Du Bois Policy Center stance, resulting in low-grade averages. Some Representatives, like Mesha Mainor, demonstrated higher alignment scores, yet the overall performance was low. This consistency suggests that many Republican Representatives did not uniformly support legislation beneficial to Black citizens, such as SB 63 and SB 189. The data showed that Representatives with higher total votes still had low-grade averages, reflecting support for policies aimed at improving conditions for Black communities
Democratic Representatives
Democratic Representatives, similar to their Senate counterparts, showed strong alignment with the Du Bois Policy Center stance, consistently supporting legislation that benefits Black citizens. This alignment resulted in high grades, with all Representatives earning “A’s ” Legislators such as Karen Bennett and Becky Evans exemplified a commitment to policies promoting Black communities' welfare, including key bills like SB 233 and HB 1207 The data for Democratic Representatives revealed that they maintained high-grade averages across varying total votes, underscoring their dedication to supporting equitable and just policies for Black Georgians.
Conclusion
The 2024 Georgia legislative session voting records analysis underscores a clear division in support for Black citizens between Republican and Democratic legislators Democratic Senators and Representatives consistently aligned strongly with Du Bois Policy Center positions that likely benefit Black communities, resulting in high grades. In contrast, Republican Senators and Representatives exhibited more varied and generally lower alignment scores, indicating less support for such policies Key bills such as SB 63, SB 189, SB 233, HB 1207, and HB 1410 played crucial roles in this division These findings provide a critical lens through which to view the legislative dynamics and individual voting behaviors within the Georgia General Assembly, highlighting the importance of the Du Bois Policy Center’s position in promoting equity and justice for Black citizens in Georgia.
Contributors
Joseph Jones, Ph.D., is the Director of the W.E.B Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy and Associate Professor of Political Science at Clark Atlanta University (CAU).
Nykia Greene-Young, M.A., is the Domestic Policy Coordinator of the W.E.B Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Clark Atlanta University (CAU).
Cecilia Cheeks, MBA, Founder & Principal, Cecintel PR and HopeBridge Solutions, Inc.
Khalil Jackson, an Intern at the W.E.B Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy.
Celeste White, Ph.D., is a Professor of Criminal Justice at Clark Atlanta University (CAU).
Tiffany Williams, M.A., a Graduate Fellow at the W.E.B Du Bois Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy.
Lakeisha Jones, Ph.D., Chair and Associate Professor of Mathematics Science at Clark Atlanta University (CAU).
