LINGUA LATINA
Latin for Beginners
JIM CARR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Ida Belliveau
For her suggestions and insights
ISBN: 978-1-989425-11-4
COPYRIGHT: JamesWCarr 2020
PREFACE
In a world of computers, Latin somehow seems out of place, yet its gift to the,English language is just as great as it has always been, if not greater, at a time when grammar suffers and the exact understanding of words is foggy, in a world where fuzzy thinking and expression are increasingly the norm.
A dead language? Hardly. Much of English grammar is based on Latin grammar, and an estimated 70% of all English words are derived from Latin via Norman French. Even German grammar owes a lot to Latin Grammar.
It is the basis of French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. Once you know Latin, you’ll understand a lot words in these languages which are derived from Latin.
Latin is not a simple language to learn but once you do, you’ll have a different appreciation for many other things. Sometimes, I wish I had never studied or taught it so that I could learn it all over again.
Best of all, you’ll understand English grammar in a way you’ve never knew before.
This book also contains a number of short videos to get over some things you may not understand.
Unlike English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, there is no word in Latin for the. It’s understood when you’re translating.
You will not be able to complete this course in a few months. You’re realistically looking at least two-to-three years. So take your time and get each lesson down pat before going to the next.
So let’s start.
SPQR stands for Senatus Populusque Romanus – the senate and the Roman people
LESSON I
LESSON ONE IS REALLY ALL ABOUT ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Let’s start with the parts of speech:
Nouns – The name of a person, place or name (Gregory/New York/airplane)
Pronouns – They stand in place for a noun (I, me, he, she, they, it, you)
Verbs – These are action words (run, jump, sing, went, go)
Adjectives – They modify or describe a noun (beautiful lady)
Adverbs – They modify or describe a verb,usually have “ly” after them (he ran quickly)
Conjunctions – They join words together. Most end in “ly” but not all as in Before, After, and, Also, Another, Because. Otherwise, words like: actual, finally, gradually, equally, quickly
Prepositions – These are words like: to, from, with, at, by, to, in, on, for.
THE CASE FOR CASES
English grammar has three cases. Cases describe the role of each word in a sentence.
Nominative: It is the first word (noun or pronoun) in the sentence or to denote the subject of the sentence, as in Harold goes to school. Harold is in the nominative case.
Possessive: It is used to show ownership. It can be recognized in English two ways – by an apostrophe as in (‘s). As in Harold’s hat. Or in a phrase, beginning with “of” as in the hat of Harold.
Objective case: It answers who or what after the verb. As in Harold brought Dorothy’s scarf to school. It is scarf, which describes he brought. Note that Dorothy’s is in the possessive case.
LATIN HAS SIX CASES
Learn them in this order. It will save you a lot of time and problems later if you do:
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative
Ablative 0BqtJsguhYY
Welcome
LESSON II
What is the function of Latin cases?
As in English, they are used essentially to describe the role of each word in every sentence.
The Nominative case, like the English Nominative, is used to denote the subject of the sentence. That’s the role it plays.
The Genitive case, like the Possessive case in English, is used to show possession of a person, place or thing, as in: Harold’s hat. Or the coldness of the ice.
The Dative Case is used for indirect objects in a sentence. It is recognized by two words in English (or these words are understood) in the sentence as in: He gives Geraldine Dorothy’s scarf or He gives the Dorothy’s scarf to Geraldine. The use of the word for is also the sign for the Dative case, as in: I have a surprise for you.
The Accusative Case is used, as in English, to answer Who or What after the after the verb, as in:
Dorothy gives Harold his hat. Hat is in the Accusative because it answers what; or he handled the teacher his essay. Here, teacher answers the question who. Same for: His grandfather gave him 10 dollars.
The Vocative Case is used when you are addressing someone, as in Harold, pass Dorothy’s hat to her. Or, it can be used to address the absent. Used in poetry, as in Wordsworth’s poem: Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour. Here, Wordsworth is addressing Milton as though he were present.
The Ablative Case is used after certain prepositions is mainly such as by, in, with.
TEST YOURSELF
What the cases for the following sentences:
Hazlett was the town’s inspector.
Harold threw rocks and the skunk walked away.
The government gave 1,000 dollars to everyone who earned fewer than 100 dollars.
Gentlemen, now is the time to act in a way that is meaningful.
Dorothy wore a pink blouse. She gave it to Lisa.
The teacher was given a gift by her class.
ANSWERS
Hazlett was the town’s inspector.
Nom. Gen. Accus.
Harold threw rocks and the skunk walked away.
Nom. Accus. Nom.
The government gave 1,000 dollars to everyone.
Nom. Accus. Dat.
Gentlemen, now is the time to act.
Voc. Nom.
Dorothy wore a pink blouse. She gave it to Lisa.
Nom. Accus. Accus .Dat.
The teacher was given a gift by her class.
Nom. Accus. Abl.
Rome’s legions walked along this road. The shade trees provided respite during long marches.
LESSON III
NOTA: The verb to be in English takes the same case after it as before it. It also does in Latin. But most verbs are usually placed at the end of the sentence in Latin.
Vocabulary
agricola = farmer copia = plenty copiae = troops, forces est = he, she or it is et = and filia = daughter habent = they have habet = he, she, it has insula = island nauta = sailor non = not provincia = province puella = girl
Roma = Rome
sunt = they are tandem = at length vident = they see videt = she/he sees
Translate into Latin. Answers in next lesson.
The sailor is a farmer.
She is not a daughter.
They are a daughter and a farmer.
The island is a province
The sailor has plenty, She is a daughter but not a farmer.
LESSON IV
The First Declension
A declension is a family of nouns of the same gender.
There are three genders in English and three also in Latin.
Feminine
Masculine
Neuter
The first declension nouns end “a”
And it is generally feminine in gender.
NOTA: Two exceptions: Nauta and Agricola are feminine in form but masculine in gender.
https://youtu.be/CJXkdOACUTk
Cases play a big role in Latin
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First Declension
FIRST DECLENSION ENDINGS
Sing.
Nom: a
Gen: ae
Dat: a
Acc: am
Voc: a
Abl: a
Plural
N: ae
G: arum
D: is
A: as
V: ae
A: is
N: insula
G: insulae
D: insulae
A: insulam
V: insula
A: insula
Plural
N: insulae
G: insularum
D: insulis
A: insulas
V: insulae
A: insulis
The stem of the word is insul and the endings are added to the stem. It applies to all other first declension words – Provincia, Nauta, Agricola, Pecunia, Italia, etc.
Translate the following: (Answers in next lesson.)
The sailor sees the island.
The island is a province of Rome.
The province has a supply of money.
Daughter, the island is not a province of Rome.
The sailor has the land of the farmer.
The daughter sees the sailor’s money
Answers to Previous Lesson
Nauta est Agricola.
Non est filia.
Sunt filia et Agricola.
Insula est provincia.
Nauta copiam habet.
Filia non est agricula.
Lesson V Second Declension
It is masculine and neuter. The second declension has two sets of endings – one for the masculine and the other for neuter words.
MASCULINE ENDINGS
Sing.
N: us
G i
D: o
A: um
V: e
A: o
Plural
N: i
G: orum
D: is
A: os
V: i
A: is
Decling Murus
N: murus
G: muri
D: muro
A: murum
V: mure
A: muro
Plural
N: muri
G: murorum
D: muris
A: muros
V: muri
A: muris
Neuter Endings
N: um
G: i
D: o
A: um
V: um
A: o
Plural
N: a
G: orum
D: is
A: a
V: a
A: is
Declining Oppidum
N: oppidum
G: oppidi
D: oppido
A: oppidum
V: oppidum
A: oppido
Plural
N: oppida
G: oppidorum
D: oppidis
A: oppida
V: oppida
A: oppidis
Vocabulary
amicus = friend
fluvius = river
oppidum = town
aqua = water
murus = wall
animus = spirit/heart
nuntius = messenger
locus = place
filius = son
deus = god
castra/castorum = camp (pl)
nuntius = messenger
diu = until
porta = gate
habito = I live
saepe = often
itaque = therefore or accordingly
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Second Declension
LATIN USE OF PREPOSITIONS
Ad = to or towards, takes Accusative after it.
Cum = with, and takes Ablative after it.
A or Ab = by means of, and takes Ablative after it.
In= in or into, and takes Accusative after it.
In = in or on, and takes Ablative after it.
Cirum = around, and takes Accusative after it.
E or Ex = out of, and takes Ablative after it.
Translate the following (Answers in Lesson VI)
I am in Rome and have no land.
Where are the man and the daughter?
I live with the sailor’s friend in Rome.
The messenger is at the town’s gate.
Answers to previous lesson
Nauta insulam videt.
Insula est provincia Romae.
Filia, insula non est provincial Romae.
Nauta terram agricolae habet.
Nauta copiam habet.
Filia non est agricola.
TIME OUT
Before you do anything, make sure you take the time to understand everything we’ve covered so far. If you’re a bit confused, as I was when I first started learning Latin at this stage, go back to Lesson I, and check what you do not know or understand, and go over the previous lessons.
This is not a race. Master what we’ve learned so far before venturing to Lesson VI. It will help you a lot later.
When it comes to word endings, focus on only one declension or conjugation or tense at a time.
Be sure you memorize every word so that you don’t need to refer to the vocabularies we’ve learned so far.
Here’s what I used to do: I would study the Latin words, write down the English words and a few minutes later, I would match them up with the Latin word. I wrote out every mistake five times, and did the same thing over and over until I knew them all
LESSON VI
Adjectives and how they’re used
Adjectives come in three colours – Feminine, Masculine and neuter. They are used to describe a noun or pronoun and take their gender from the noun they describe or modify.
Feminine
N: longa
G: longae
D: longa
A: longam
V: longa
A: longa
Feminine Plural
N: longae
G: longarum
D: longis
A: longas
V: longae
A: longis
Masculine Singular
N: longus
G: longi
D: longo
D: longum
V: longe
A: longo
Masculine Plural
A: longi
G: longorum
D: longis
A: longos
V: longi
A: longis
Neuter Singular
A: longum
G: longi
D: longo
A: longum
V: longum
A: longo
Neuter Plural
N: longa
G: longorum
D: longis
A: longa
V: longa
A: longis
HOW THEY ARE USED
Feminine nouns need feminine adjectives; and masculine nouns need masculine adjectives and neuter words need
neuter adjectives:
longa terra
altus murus
magnum oppidum
Vocabulary
altus = high, deep
bonus = good latus = broad, wide longus = long magnus = great, large multi = many multus = much numerus = number parvus = small pauci = few (pl only) periculum = danger populus = people
https://youtu.be/zgYcdkxM4B0
Adjective Comparisons and Quam
Quam and Adjective Comparisons
When nouns in the Nominative or Accusative are directly compared, Quam is used and the two nouns are compared in the same case.
ADJECTIVE COMPARISONS
As in English, adjectives are compared in three degrees Positive (Good), Comparative (Better) and the Superlative (Best).
The Comparative degree adds “ior” to the stem of the adjective and the Superlative adds “issimus”.
Here are a few of the most popular irregular adjectives Bonus melior optimus
Magnus
major maximus
Parvus minor minimus
Multus plus plurimus Superus superior supremus
Malus pejor pessimus
Novus recentior novissimus
Translate the following. See answers in next lesson. The water is around the long island. There is small danger for the public. He lives in a great city. Where are islands of Rome?
Answers to previous lesson
Sum in Roma et terram non habeo.
Ubi sunt vir et filia?
Cum amico in Roma habito.
Nuntius est porta oppidi.
LESSON VII
Second Declension “R” words
Just when you thought you were through with the second declension, I would like to introduce you to another wrinkle – nouns ending in ‘R”as in the words like ager (field). puer (boy) and vir (man)
But they are essentially declined similar to second declension masculine words.
Singular
N: ager
G: agri
D: agro
A: agrum
V: agri
A: agro
Plural
N: agri
G: agrorum
D: agris
A: agrum
V: agri
A: agris
Vocabulary
Note that we now use the genitive when listing nouns:
ager, agri = field, land, territory castra,orum (n) = camp (pl only)
concilium capio = I adopt a plan concilium,i = plan, advice deligo, ere = choose, appoint ego = I equus, i = horse et … et = both … and liber = free liberi (pl) = children miser,a,um = unhappy oppidum, i (n) = town olim = once porto = I carry puella, ae = girl puer, ri = boy
pulcher, ra, rum = beautiful tu (sing) = you vir = man vos = you (pl)
NOTA: Pulcher. ager and integro drop “er” and uses only “r” in the stem for other cases.
Translate the following. See answers in next lesson. He chooses the field to give to the troops.
Where is the long island in the king’s province?
Where are the boy and the girl?
Why does the sailor have children in the town?
Once we have a plan, we are free.
Both the farmer and children are free from the town.
Answers to previous lesson.
Aqua est circum longam insulam.
Parvum est periculum publico
In magna urbe habitat. Ubi sunt insulae Romae?
LESSON VIII
The Wonderful World of Verbs
We come now to verbs in the present tense. Just as nouns have different declensions, verbs also have different verb families, called conjugations. The first conjugation has an “a” stem. You find the stem by cutting off the ending. For example, the stem of Porto is Port. You just add the endings to the stem. See below.
The endings for First Conjugation verbs o = I
as = you at = he/she/it amus = we ant = they
As in Porto porto = I carry portas = you carry portat = he/she/it carry portamus = we carry portitis = you carry portant = they carry
Vocabulary
From now on, the infinitive of all verbs will be included. auxilium, i = aid, help circum = around (with accus) cur = why do, are = give dubito, are = choose, select fama, ae = report, rumour hic = in this place impero, are = command, order (takes dative case after it) iuvenis (m) = youth, young man patria, ae (f) = native land per = though (accus) quid = what recuso, are = refuse rex, regis (m) = king Romanus = Roman sto, are = stand, last
tandem = at last, finally
Translate the Latin into English: Answers in next lesson.
Why is the he in the province with the troops?
The troops carry the man across the bridge in the town.
Why does the senate give orders to the young man in the province?
What is the time for the white horses to be in town?
Answers for previous lesson.
Agrum dare copiis deligat.
Ubi est longa insula in provincial regis?
Ubi sunt puer et puella?
Cur nauta liberatos in oppido habet?
Oilm concilium capimus, liberati sumus.
Et agricola et liberati sunt liberati ab oppido.
LESSON IX
Using the Infinitive in Latin
All words in Romance languages have infinitives, including English. What are infinities?
If you just write “to” in front of the verb, you have an infinitive.
Here are a few English examples: go = to go; sleep = to sleep; See = to see; have = to have; dubito = debitare; sto = stare = to stand, etc.
It’s just as easy in Latin. All you do is add “are” or “ere” to all stems, for example:
porto = portare deligo = deligere habito = habitare
video = videre prohibeo = prohibere
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson. He chooses the field to give to the troops.
Where is the long island in the province?
Where are the boy and the girl?
Why does the sailor have children in the town?
Once we have a plan, we are free.
Both the farmer and children are in the town.
Answers to previous lesson.
Cur est in provincia cum copiis?
Copiae virum trans pontem in oppido portant.
Cur senatus adulescenis in provincial imperat?
Quid tempus est albis equis esse in oppido?
LESSON X
The Second Conjugation
Instead Of “A”, It Has An “E”.
To find the stem for endings, you drop the infinitive. What you have left is the stem. All you do then is add the endings for each of the persons.
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Second Conjugation
In the case, the infinitive is Videre. The stem is Vid. All you do is add the appropriate endings to Vid.
Second Conjugation endings
eo = I
es = you et = he/she/it
emus = we
etis = you (plural) ent = they
As in Video, Videre: video = I see
vides = you see videt = he/she/it sees
videmus = we see
videtis = you (plural) see vident = they see
THE IMPERFECT TENSE
The imperfect deals with the past tense, usually the more immediate past. It is also used to denote an habitual action.
For example: The king was always going to the island. Was Going – the verb is in the imperfect. It talks about an habitual action.
It is translated into English three ways:
I was seeing, I did see, I saw
Any time you see these in a sentence, you know it is the imperfect tense.
To use it, just use the stem and add abam or abas or abat, etc.
IMPERFECT TENSE
portabam
portabas
portabat
portabamus
portabatis
portabant
habebam
habebatis
habebat
habebamus
habebatis
habebant
Vocabulary
creber,bra,um = many habeo, ere = see mater, ri = mother numerus,i = number nuntio, are = announce pareo, ere = be obedient pater, ri = father pauci= few (in pl only) peto, ere = ask, seek pono, ere = to place -que = and (attach to word) reliquus,a,um = remaining removeo, ere = remove respondeo, ere =reply specto, are = look, face teneo, ere = hold terreo, ere = frighten video, ere = see
Translate the following sentences.
The town is large and has a high wall around the island.
The river is high and frightens the mother of the girl. He was hastening to Rome to see his father and his mother and his son.
The sailor is obedient to the king and the king’s peace. He was learning about the town and the high walls around the island.
Answers to previous lesson.
Rex agrum dare copiis deligit.
Ubi est long insula in provincia?
Ubi sunt puer et puella?
Cur nauta liberos in oppido habet?
Olim concillium capimus, sumus liberi.
Et agricola et liberi sunt in oppido.
LESSON XI
Personal Pronouns
I
N: ego
G: mei
D: mihi
A: me
V: ---
A: me
US
A: nos
G: nostril/nostrum
D: nobis
A: nos
V: nos
A: nobis
YOU
N: tu
G: tui
D: tibi
A: te
V: ---
A: te
YOU PLURAL
N: vos
G: vestri
D: vobis
A: vos
V: vos
A: vobis
HE
N: is
G: eius
D: ei
A: eum
V: ----
A: eo
THEY
N: ei or ii
D: eorum
D: eis or iis
A: eos
V: -----
A: eis or iis
SHE
N: ea
G: eius
D: ei
A: eam
V: ----
A: ea
THEY
N: eae
G: earum
D: ei
A: eas
V: ----
A: eis or iis
IT
N: id
G: eius
D: ei
A: eam
V: ----
A: eo
A: ea
G: eorum
D: eis or iis
A: ea
V: ----
A: eis or iis
THEM
NOTA: In Latin, the of the three personal pronouns are written in this order Ego, Tu et Is or Ea or Id, no matter how they appear in English.
Also, when they are used with cum, they should be written as: Mecum or Tecum but not for Is or Ea or Id. Here they are not written as a single word but at two words as in Cum Eis.
One more point: Latin does not use Ego or Tu, unless to emphasize something. If I say I carry, we just use porto. NOT ego porto. But if I wrote: I am going to give you a rise in pay. I might use it to stress the point it was me and not someone else increasing your salary.
Translate the following:
You and I were hastening to the town to see the island’s river.
He was giving orders for him to see the wall of the town. What is the name of the town, where she and you and I were seeing the river?
What was the island giving to the town with the long walls?
The beautiful province has many towns with water around them.
Answers to previous lesson.
Oppidum regis est magnum et murum altum circum insulam habet.
Fluvius est altum and matrem puellae terrebat.
Ad Romam videre patrem et matrem contendebat.
Nauta regi et paci regis paret.
Oppidum et alti muri circum insulam cognoscebat.
We’ve covered a lot of ground in the first XII lessons. Take some time out Go over and over them until you know everyting we’ve learned by heart, especially the declension and conjugation endings.
Create your own dictionary. Write out every word you’ve learned in these lessons and what they mean in English. Be sure to note whether the nouns and pronouns are either feminine, masculine or neuter; and do the same for the
conjugations and their endings you’ve learned and what family they are in.
LESSON XII
The Third Declension
There’s also a third declension, just in case you were wondering. It’s not easy. For me, it was always the hardest. But after using it for a while, it gets a lot easier. It appears a lot in Latin and it’s important to master it. It rolls feminine, masculine and neuter in one – with slightly different endings for each.
The easiest way I found was mastering feminine and masculine first, and then focus on the neuter.
Feminine And Masculine use the same endings in the Third Declension
Singular
N: rex
G: regis
D: regi
A: regem
V: rex
A: rege
Plural
N: reges
G regum
D: regibus
A: regem
V: reges
A: regibus
THIRD DECLENSION NEUTER ENDINGS
Singular
N: flumen
G: flumini
D: flumen
A: flumen
V: flumen
A: flumine
Plural
N: flumina
G: fluminum
D: fluminibus
A: flumina
V: flumina
A: fluminibus
IRREGULAR THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
Singular
N: iter
G: itineris
D: itineri
A: iter
V: iter
A: itinere
Plural
N: itinera
G: itinerum
D: itineribus
A: itinera
V: itinera
A: itineribus
Other nouns using these endings include:
opus, eris vulnus, eris homo, hominis multitude, dinis
Vocabulary animus, i (m) = spirit, heart annus, i (m) = year causa,ae (f) = cause confirmo, are = strengthen consilium,ii (n) = meeting convoco, are = summon debeo, ere = should, ought (takes infinitive) dolus,i (m) = trick firmo,are = strengthen
incopia, ae (f) = want locus, i (m) = place mutitudo, dinis (f) = large mumber nuntio,are = announce oceanus,i (m) = ocean opus, eris (n) = work pons, pontis (m) = bridge prope + accus = near quo = to what place, where salus,utis (f) = safety tempus, oris (n) = time terror, oris (m) = terror unde = from what place, from place, whence virtus, utis (f) = valour vulnus,eris (n) = wound
iukEBx-9iCc Third Declension
Translate the following, (Answers in next lesson). There was great want on the land of the king. They were strengthening the walls of the town near Rome. He ought to summon a meeting of the city. The ocean is wide and has much water between Italy and Asia.
Answers from previous lesson.
Ego et tu ad oppidum videre fluvium insulae contendebamus.
Eum videre videre murum oppida iubebamus.
Quid est nomen oppidi, ubi ego et tu et ea fluvium videbamus?
Quid insula oppido cum longis muris dabat?
Pulchra provincia multa oppida cum aqua circum nobis habet.
LESSON XIII
Irregular nouns in the third declension I Stem nouns
Singular
N: finis
G: finis
D: fini
A: finem
V: fines (is)
A: fine
Plural
N: fines
G: finium
D: finibus
A: fines
V: fines
A: finibus
Similar Third Declension nouns include: hostis, classis, amnis, fortis and caedes.
Singular
N: adulescens
G: adulescentis
D: adulescenti
A: adulescestem
V: adulescens
A: adulescente
Plural
N: adulescentes
G: adulescentium
D: adulescentibus
A: adulescentes
V: adulescentes
A: adulescentibus
Similar Third Declension words include: pars, mons, urbs, ars, mens, nox and gens
Singular
N: avis
G: avis
D: avi
A: avem
V: avis
A: avi (or e)
Plural
N: aves
G: avium
D: avibus
A: aves
V: aves
A: avibus
Similar Third Declension words include Ignis and Navis.
Singular
A: mare
G: maris
D: mari
A: mare
V: mare
A: mari
Plural
N: maria
G: marium
D: maribus
A: maria
V: maria
A: maribus
Similar Third Declension words include: Vectigala, Moenia and Miles. All three are used in the plural only.
NOTA: An “i” is added to the Genitive plural so that it now becomes “ium”.
Vocabulary
aequis, i (m) = fair, right audeo, ere = dare caput, capitis (n) = head civis, is (m) = citizen cognosco, ere = learn, know contend, ere = hasten duplex, icis = double dux, ducis (m) = leader iter, itineris (n) = road iubeo, ere = order homo, hominis (m) = man, mankind mare, is (n) = sea miles, milits (m) = soldier navis, is (f) = vessel, ship nomen, nominis (n) = name par, paris = equal pax, pacis (f) = peace pes, pedis (m) = foot pono,ere = place
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson.
Caesar was a citizen of Rome and ordered his troops in his name.
It was time for the citizens of Rome to place Caesar’s name in the senate.
The ship is on the sea and the men are seeking his name. He dares to call the man the leader and no equal in Rome. It is time for the brave leader to order the troops and citizens to see Rome.
Answers for Lesson XIV
Erat magna incopia in terra regis.
Muros oppidi prope Romam confirmabat. Convocare consilium Urbis debet.
Oceanus est latus et multam aquam inter Italiam et Asiam habet.
LESSON XIV
Third Declension Adjectives
Third Declension adjectives also modify or describe nouns and have their own set of endings. The endings are very similar to the endings of Third Declension nouns.
And like third declension nouns, they have separate endings for Feminine, Masculine and Neuter nouns. But first, let’s have a look at some third declension adjectives:
acer, ris = sharp celer, eris = swift difficilis, is = difficult fortis, is = brave gravis, e = serious
omnis, is = all or everything pes, pedis (m) = foot prudens, entis = wise recens, entis = recent
FEMININE AND MASCULINE ADJECTIVES
Singular
N: prudens
G: prudentis
D: prudenti
A prudentem
V: prudens
A: prudenti
Plural
N: prudentes
G: prudentium
D: prudentibus
A: prudentes
V: prudentes
A: prudentibus
NEUTER ADJECTIVES
Singular
N: ingens
G: ingentis
D: ingenti
A: ingentem
V: ingents
A: ingenti
Plural
N: ingentia
G: ingentium
D: ingentibus
A: ingentia
V: ingentia
A: ingentibus
HOW THEY ARE USED IN LATIN
They can also be used with First and Second Declension nouns. Just math Feminine and Masculine adjectives with a Feminine or Masculine noun: rex prudens omnes agriculae vir gravis fortis puella pes longus nuntius difficilis
Translate the following (Answers in next lesson.)
What is a wise king to give to a brave man in town?
The horse is swift of foot and has everything.
The man is both prudent and sharp.
The king was serious and wise with the money and the province.
A large town in the province has much money and gave the money to Rome.
Answers from previous lesson
Caesar erat civis Romae et suas copias in suo nomine iubebat.
Erat tempus civibus Romae ponere nomen Caesaris in senatu.
Navis est in mari et homines suum nominem ponent.
Vocare hominem ducem et non aequum in Romam audit. Tempus est duci forti iubere copias et cives videre Romam.
LESSON XV
The Third Conjugation
Like the First and Second conjugations and declensions, they are a bit harder to learn. The best way is to get the feminine and masculine genders down pat first.
PRESENT TENSE ENDINGS
o = I
is = you
it = he/she/it imus = we
itis = you (Plural) unt = they
PRESENT TENSE duco
ducis
ducit
ducimis
ducitis
ducunt
IMPERFECT TENSE
ducebam
ducebas
ducebat
ducebamus
ducebatis
ducebant
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Third Conjugation
Vocabulary
abdo, ere = hide
adsum, adesse = be present causa, ae (f) = for the sake of or cause (preceded by the Dative)
contra + Accus = against constituo, ere = determine, decide debeo, ere = owe, ought to de + abl = concerning, about donec = until duco, ere = to lead duceo, ere = teach existimo, are = think etiam = also aut = or hodie = today
hiems, hiemis (f) = winter inter + accus = between servus,i (m) = slave
Translate the following, Answers in the next lesson. Between you and me, Caesar was not in Rome or the senate.
He owes money to the troops and the provinces of Italy. He hastens for the meeting of the towns and cities of Italy.
Answers to the previous lesson
Quid est prudens rex dare forti viro in oppido?
Equu est celer pedis et omnia habet. Vir est et prudens et acer.
Rex erat gravis et prudens cum pecunicia et provincia. Magnum oppidum in provincia multam pucuniciam habet et pecuniciam Romae dabat.
THE FOURTH CONJUGATION
You’ll be happy to know this is the end of the conjugations. It has an “i” as its vowel. You’ll recognize most of the endings.
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Fourth Conjugation
ENDINGS FOR FOURTH CONJUGATION
Singular io = I is = you it = he/she/it imus = we it is = you (plural) iunt = they
As in Audio audio audis audit audimus auditis audiunt
LESSON XVI The Future Tense
Now we come to the Future tense. In English, it shows activities that take place in the future, such as I shall seetiy will hear, they will go to the store, I shall watch TV, etc.
They do the same thing in Latin. And, yes, they do have different endings, but fairly easy to learn because they resemble the imperfect in some ways.
If you see: I shall come, or you will come or they will come, you know you’re kin the future tense.
In Latin, you take the stem of the word and add the future endings:
FUTURE FIRST CONJUGATION
vocabo
vocabis vocabit vocabimus vocabitis vocabunt
FUTURE SECOND CONJUGATION habebo
habebis habebit
habebimus
habebitis habebunt
FUTURE THIRD CONJUCATION cognoscam cogniescetis cognoscet cognoscemus cognoscetis
cognoscent capiam capies
capiet capimus
capietis
capient
FUTURE FOURTH CONGUGATION audiam audies audiet audiemus auditis audient
Vocabulary accepto, ere = accept alius = other amo, are = love annus, i (m) = year ante = accus = before
audio, ire = hear collis, is (n) = hill
curro, ere = run dexter = right ex consuetudine = according to custom ex, e + abl = out of exeo, ire = to go out of facile, e = easy fidelis, e = faithful fortis, e = brave iam = now, already idem = a certain instituo, ere = undertake, start, build legatus, i (m) = envoy, legate sinister = left
Translate the following. See answers in next lesson. The other man was running towards the town near the island.
The left man is the father of a brave son. The high hill is incredible to many soldiers.
Answers to previous lesson
Inter me et te, Caesar non erat in Roma aut senatu. Pecuniciam copiis et provinciis Italiae debet. Ad concilium oppidorum et urbum Italiae condenit. Brutus copias contra Caesarem hodie.
LESSON XVII
The Present Perfect Tense
This tense deals with an action that is now completed or something that was undertaken in the past. It is used more frequently than most other tenses. So make it your friend.
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Present Perfect
You can recognize it in English by: I came, I have come
It also introduces us to the four parts of every Latin verb. In future vocabularies, we will provide all principal parts:
FIRST CONJUGATION
Present = voco
Infinitive = vocare
Pres. Perfect = vocavi
Supine = vocatum
SECOND CONJUGATION
Present = habeo
Infinitive = habere
Pres. Perfect = habui
Supine = habitum
THIRD CONJUGATION
Present = mitto
Infinitive = mittere
Pres. Perfect = misi
Supine = missum
Here are the endings
Sing.
avi
avisti avit
Plural avimus avistis averunt or avere
I called = vocavi you called = vocavisti he/she/it called = vocavit we called = vocavimus you called (pl) = vocavistis they called = vocaverunt
All other conjugations are treated the same way. Let’s take mitto. Go to the third principal part and you find missi. All you do is add endings. Cut the ending and you have the stem.
There are irregular verbs in all conjugations so be on the watch for them, such as: sto, stare, steti, statum
Vocabulary ago, ere, egi, actum = do, act cogo, ere, coegi, coactum = compel or force. conservo, ere, conserui, consertum = conserve, save depono, ere, deposui, depositum = put down dubito, are, avi, atum = doubt fides, fidei (f) = faith fluo,ere, fluxi, fluxum = flow
habeo,ere, habui, habitum = have habito, are, avi, atum = dwell, inhabit miles, milites = soldier mitto, ere, missi, missum = send obteneo, ere, obtenui, obtentum = hold, maintain si = so and if venio, ire, ivi, venitum = come video, ere, visi, visum = see
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson. He doubted if Caesar will come to Rome and see the senate.
The senate compelled the soldiers to dwell in Italy. The town sent an envoy to Rome and other cities of Italy. They acted in good faith with the men of the town.
Answers to previous lesson
Alius vir ad oppidum ad insulam currebant. Sinister vir est pater filii fortis.
Altum collis est incredibile multis militibus. Fluvius ex insula in oceanum fluit.
LESSON XVIII
The Fourth Declension
This declension is not used much. It’s also the easiest to learn. It has two sets of endings – one masculine and the other neuter.
It’s from the Romans from whom we got the saying: Bad money drives out good money. People used to bite off a small piece of silver or gold from their coins, with the result people stopped accepting chipped coins
MASCULINE ENDINGS
Singular
N: us
G: us
D: ui
A: um
V: us
A: u
Plural
N: us
G: uum
D: ibus
A: us
V: us
A: ibus
As in Lacus
N: lacus
G: lacus
D: lacui
A: lacum
V: lacus
A: lacu
Plural (Lacus)
N: lacus
G: lacuum
D: lacibus
A: lacus
V: lacus
A: lacibus
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NEUTER ENDINGS
Singular
N: u
G: us
D: u
A: u
V: u
A: u
Plural
N: ua
G: uum
D: ibus
A: ua
V: ua
A: ibus
As in Cornu
Singular
N: cornu
G: cornus
D: cornu
A: cornu
V: cornu
Plural
A: cornua
G: cornum
D: cornibus
A: cornua
V: cornua
A: cornibus
Vocabulary
apud = at the home of, at, near by animadverto, ere, verti, versum = observe, notice
caput, caputis (n) = leader, head casus, us (m) = chance, fall
consilium , i, (n) = plan, council cornu, u (n) = horn domus, us (m) = home facilis, e = easy gens, gentis (f) = clan, nation imperator, imperatoris (m) = commander late = widely late et longe = far and wide liber, ri (m) = book manus, us (f) = hand nox, noctis (f) = night postquam + accus = afterwards prima lux = at daybreak quando = when sed = but
senatus, us (m) = senate spes, ei = (f) = hope trans + accus. = across urbs, urbis (f) = city
The Fifth Declension
It is the last of the declensions and its main vowel is “e”
Their endings are not difficult. The same endings are used for both Feminine and Masculine words.
There are not many words but those that are often used, such as Dies (day), Res (thing) Fides (faith), Spes (hope).
A brief word about Res. It technically means thing. But it can mean just about anything you want it to be. Such as Res Publica, which means The State.
Fifth Declension using Dies and Res
Singular
N dies
G diei
D diei
A diem
V dies
A die
Plural
N dies
G dierum
D diebus
A dies
V dies A diebus
Singular
A: res
G: rei
D: rei
A: rem
V: res
A: re
Plural
A: res
G: rerum
D: rebus
A: res
V: res
A: rebus
Translate the following, Answers in next lesson
When night comes, we shall seek out the hopes of the fathers of the city.
The soldiers will come at day break to see the commander. The Roman nation lives in Rome and Italy. He came to the home of Caesar but did not notice anything.
Answers in previous lesson
Dubitavit si Caesar ad Romam veniet.
Senatus milites habitare in Italia coegit.
Oppidum legatum ad Romam et alias urbes Italae missit. In bono fide cum viris oppida egunt.
LESSON XVIX
The verb to be and the Imperative Mood
The verb to be is irregular in almost every language, including English. Expect it in all Romance languages.
PRESENT TENSE
sum = I am
es = you are est = he/she/it is sumus = we are estis = you (plural) are sunt = they are
IMPERFECT TENSE
eram = I was
eras = you are erat = he/she/it is eramus = we were eratis = you were (plural) earnt = they were
NOTA: The verb To Be can appear anywhere in the sentence.
Sentences, as in English are divided into two parts.
THE SUBJECT AND THE PREDICATE
All sailors have mothers. All sailors is the subject, and have mothers is in the predicate. The predicate usually follows the verb in the sentence.
PREDICATE ADJECTIVES:
These are adjectives that come after the verb To Be. And they take the same case as the subject.
The man was tall = Vir erat altus.
The king was wise = Rex erat prudens.
The senate was sharp = Senatus erat acer
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To Be and Imperatives
IMPERATIVE MOOD
The Name Comes from the Roman Verb Impero, which means command or order
It’s very simple. The Imperative Mood has both a singular and a plural mode.
In the case of singular, all you do is take off the singular ending of the verb and add an a or an e, depending on the conjugation . For example: Porto becomes Porta and Video becomes Vide.
In the case of plural imperatives, you just add “ate or ete or ite, depending on the conjugation.
Singular voca habe vide mitte audi
Plural vocate habete videte mittete audite
NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE MOOD
Instead of ordering someone to call, the negative imperative orders someone from doing anything. In this case, “Call” becomes “Do not call” or in the case of “See”, it becomes “do not see.”
Here’s how you do it in Latin. Just insert the word “noli” in front of the infinitive of the word, as in: Noli(te) Videre; Noli Vocare: Noli(te) habere.
Just add Noli (singular) and nolite (plural) in front of the verb:
Noli me tangere = Don’t touch me. Nolite me tangere = Don’t touch me (to more than one person.)
I was on Koh Samui researching a book on Thai resorts and their spas. The front desk manager’s first name was Noli. So I started calling him Noli me tangere. He told me a number people called him that and wanted to know what it meant.
Vocabulary
accipio,ere = accept
aedificium, aedificii (n) = building, dwelling
Caesar, Caesaris = Caesar
cogo, ere = compel dico, ere = speak dubito, are = hesitate finis, is (f) = finish lacrima, ae (f) = tear mitto, ere = send mons (m) = mountain navis, is (f) = ship paratus, a , um = ready, prepared for pars, partis (f) = part, side populus, i (m) = people promitto, ere = promise quamquam = although quicquid = whatever signum, i, (n) = signal
tango,ere = touch
Translate the following. Answers in the next lesson.
The prudent king was having much money in the town surrounded by water.
Rome gives orders to all lands and king’s men.
Where is the land of the Rome? Does it have a great wall around it?
The men of the province are both brave and sharp.
You, I and she have a great deal of land in the provinces. He gives land to his sons according to law.
Answers to previous lesson.
Quando nox venit, spes patrium Urbis petemus.
Milites prima luce videre imperatorem venient
Gens Romanus in Roma et Italia habitat.
Apud domum Caesaris venit sed nihil animadvertit.
LESSON XX
Past Perfect and Future Perfect Tenses
These two tenses end the tenses, as they do in English. They take the third part, just as the Present Perfect tense, but have different endings.
You recognize it when you see:
Mary had gone. Or they had dined. The key word is ‘had”.
PERFECT FIRST CONJUCATION
vocavi
vocavis
vocavat
vocaveramus
vocaveratis
vocarunt
PLUPERFECT SECOND CONJUGATION
habueram habueras habuerat habueramus habueratis habuerunt
PLUPERFECT THIRD CONJUGATION acceperam acceperas acceperat acceperamus acceperatis audiverant
PLUPERFECT FOURTH CONJUGATION
audiveram audiveras audiverat audiveramus audiveratis audiverunt
FUTURE PERFECT THIRD CONJUGATION accepero acceperis acceperit acceperimus acceperitis acceperint
FUTURE PERFECT FOURTH CONJUGATION audivero audiveris audiverit
audiverimus audiveritis
audiverunt Vocabulary
adventus, us (m) = arrival aestas, aestatis (f) = summer amitto, ere, missi, missum = throw away appropinquo, are, avi, atum = approach casus, us (m) = fall, by chance cupidus, a, um = eager for, deserious of cur = why
curro, ere, curri, cursum = run dico, ere, dixi, dictum = say, speak dum = while (with preent indicative) expecto, are, avi, atum = await extra + accus = outside fotuna, ae (f) = luck gratiae, arum = thanks (plural only) hora, ae (f) = hour
incendio, ere, incendi, incensus = burn, set on fire inter + accus = between
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson. He was eager for the soldiers to come to Rome. Caesar came to see Brutus at daybreak outside Rome. The soldiers set fire to the town in an hour. He gave thanks for white horses before the hour.
Answers to the previous lesson.
Rex prudens multam pecuniciam in oppido circum ab aqua habebat.
Roma omnibus terris et viris regis imperat.
Ubi est terra Romae? Magnum murum circum eum habet?
Viri provinciae sunt et fortis et aceri.
Ego, tu et ea multam terram in provinciis habemus. Terram sui filii ex consudentine dat.
LESSON XXI
Uses of the Ablative Case
The two biggest uses are:
The Ablative of Means
The Ablative of Agent
The Ablative of Means is recognized in English as in: He left the city by car. The key word is by. Or as in Geraldine combed her hair by her hair brush.
The Ablative of Agent uses a person to do something. As in: He learned English by memory. Or as in: Caesar crossed the river by boat.
In Latin, Ab is used in front of vowels. Ab is also always used in front of a person’s name as in ab Caesar.
The Ablative of Time. It does not use either a or ab in front of the word. As in: He came at noon. Noon is in the Ablative.
The Ablative of Source. Usually referred to gods and goddesses. As in: He is a child of Venus. Venus is not
Genitive but the Ablative, Venus being the mother or source of the child. It does not use a or ab.
Ablative of Specification. Usually refers to numbers. As in the book has six chapters in all, or as in The shouts were equal in noise. A or ab is not used here either. There’s also an Ablative of Place, which does not use a or ab either. As in: He lives in Rome. In Roma habitat.
LESSON XXII
More about Infinitives
As you might have guessed, infinitives also have tenses. And each conjugation has its own way of expressing them. In the next couple chapters you’ll understand the wonderful role they play in Latin.
PRESENT ACTIVE vocare habere mittere audire
PERFECT INFINITIVES vocavisse habuisse missive audisse
For the perfect infinitive, always go to the third part of the verb, as in mitto – misi – missum (us)
For the future Perfect, you must go to the supine and add esse.
FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE PERFECT
vocatus esse habitus esse missus esse auditus esse
PRESENT PASSIVE INFITIVES
Sing. vocari haberi mitti auditiri
Plural vocamini habemini mittimi auditimi
PERFECT PASSIVE INFINITIVES
Go to the fourth part of the verb, called the supine. Use that plus the infinitive of the verb to be. vocatarurus esse habiturus esse missus esse auditurus esse
Vocabulary
cado, ere, cedidi, casum = fall caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus = cut down, slay consuetudo, ere, dinis (f) = custom compleo, ere, evi, etus = fill divide, ere, divisi, divisum = divide
fleo, ere, flevi, fletum = weep gero, ere, gessi, gestus = manage impetus, us (m) = attack invenio, ire, inveni, inventus = discouver, come upon laboro, are, avi, atum = work, labour liber, ri (m) = book longe = far magistratus, i (m) = magistrate matron, ae (f) = lady, married woman mercator, oris (m) = merchant meus, mea, meum = my, my own novus, a, um = new nullus = no one
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson. He has great luck with horses at Rome. Call him in the summer and ask to see his horse. Brutus slayed Caesar at the entate in Rome. The soldiers approached the port by night to see if the ships were in the water.
Answers from previous lesson.
Cupidus erat militibus venire ad Romam.
Caesar videre Brutum prima luce extra Romam venit. Milites oppidum in hora incendunt.
Milites oppidum albo equo ante horam incedunt.
LESSON XXIII
Reflex Pronouns
Myself
N: -----
G: mei
D: mihi
A: me
V: -----
A: me
Yourself
N: ----
G: tui
D: tibi
A: te
V: ----
A: te
Himself/Herself/Itself
N: ---
G: sui
D: sibi
A: se or sibi
V: ----
A: se
Ourselves
N:
G: nostri
D: nobis
A: nos
V: -----
A: nobis
Yourselves
N: ----
G: ventri
D: vobis
A: vos
V. ----
A: vobis
Themselves
N: ----
G: sui
D: sibi
A: se or sese
V: ----
A: se or sese
Demonstrative Pronouns Hic, Haec Hoc = This SINGLAR
Masculine
N: hic
G: huius
D: huic
A: hunc
V: -----
A: hoc
Plural
N: haec
G: horum
D: his
A: hos
V: -----
A: his
Feminine
N: haec
G: huius
D: huic
A: hanc
V: -----
A: hac
Plural
N: hae
G: harum
D: his
A: has
V: -----
A: his
Neuter
M: hoc
G: huius
D: his
A: hoc
V: -----
A: hoc
Plural
A: haec
G: huius
D: huic
A: haec
V: -----
A: his
Ille
Masculine
N: ille
G: illius
D: illi
A: illum
V: -----
A: illo
Plural
N: illi
G: illlorum
D: illis
A: illos
V: -----
A: illis
Feminine
N: ilia
G: illius
D: illi
A: illam
V: -----
A: illa
Plual
N: illae
G: illarum
D: illis
A: illas
V: -----
A: illis
Neuter
A: illud
G: illius
D: illorum
A: illud
V: -----
A: illo
Plural
N: illa
G: illoru,
D: illis
A: illa
V: ----
A: illis
Ideam, Eadem, Idem = The Same
Masculine
N: idem
G: eiusdem
D: eidem
A: eundem
V: -----
D eodem
Plural
N: eidem
G: eorundum
D: eisdm
A: eosdem
V: -----
A: eisem (iisdem)
Feminine
N: eadem
G: eiusdem
D: eidem
A: eandum
V: -----
A: eadem
Plural
N: eaedem
G earundum
D: eisem
A: easdum
V: -----
A: eisdem (iidem)
Vocabulary
aedificium, aedificii (n) = building, dwelling arbor, oris (f) = tree atque = and and also ergo = this, therefore (it is a post positive and used after the first word in the sentence. lacrimiae rerum = the tears of things arma, orum (n) = arms canis, is (m) = dog cano, ere, cecini, cantum = sing cedo, ere, cessi, cessum = cede certiorem facio, ere, feci, actum = inform deleo, ere, delevi, deletus = destroy deligo, ere = choose, appoint discerno, ere, discrevi, discretus = distinguish difficultas, raris (f) = difficulty efficio, ere, feci, fectum = build
famis, famis (f) = hunger
finitimus, a, um = neighbouring, adjacent frango, ere, fregi, fractum = break, shatter igitur = therefore (also a post positive) mens, mentis (f) = mind
manus, i (f) = hand meridie = at noon
statium i (n) = space, interval, distance rogo, are, avi, atum = to ask
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson.
They placed the weapons inside the building and were singing of great times.
This merchant loves the life of Rome.
These sailors were in Rome and knew Carsar.
The peace was, therefore, shattered at noon in the neighbouring city.
Answers to previous lesson.
Magnam fortunam cum equiis Roma habet. In aestata eum voca et videre suos equos regat. Brutus Caesarem in senatu Roma cecidit.
Milites naves noctu videre si naves erant in aqua appropinquaverunt
It’s time to take a break. Take a week off. And then review your vocabulary.
Take another week off and then spend another week reviewing your vocabulary.
Then test yourself in everything you’ve learned so far –vocabulary, adverbs, ablatives, use of quam, reflexive and
demonstrative pronouns, infinitives, tenses and tense endings, nouns and noun declensions.
You will find it very helpful in the next few lessons.
LESSON XXIV Deponent Verbs
These are verbs that are active in meaning but passive in form. They are part of the Indicative Mood and appear in all four conjugations.
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Deponents
When I studied Latin in my early years, I used to wonder if the Indicative Mood already had a passive voice, what was the point. But there is a subtlety in Latin that will appear to you when you study the words after a while.
It’s also part of nailing down your English grammar. So let’s get to it
PRESENT INDICATIVE DEPONENT ENDINGS
First Conjucation or aris atur amur amini antur
Second Conjugation eor e0ris aetur emur emini entur
Third Conjugation or eris itur imur imini untur
Fourth Conjugation ior iris itur imur imini iuntur
IMPERFECT DEPONENT VERBS have almost the same endings as imperfect active except it uses Bar in it its endings and Not Bam.
First Conjugtion conabar conabaris conabatur conabamur conabamini conabantur
Second Conjugation verebar verebaris verebatur verebamur verebamini cerebantur
Third Conjugation Sequebar sequebaris sequebatur sequebantur
sequebamur sequebamini sequebantur
Fourth Conjugation
oriebar oriebaris oriebatur oriebamur oriebamini priebantur
THE FUTURE DEPONENT has essentially the same endings as the future active. ONLY IT USES BOR, NOT BAR. conabor conaberis conabitur conabimur conabimini conabuntur
FUTURE DEPONENT SECOND CONJUGATION verebor vereberis verebitur verebimur verebimini verebiuntur
PRESENT PERFECT FIRST CONJUGATION
Go to he supine, the fourth part of the verb and add the tense of esse. conatus sum conatus es
conatus est conati sumus
conati estis conati sunt
PERFECT SECOND CONJUGATION
veritus sum veritus es veritus est veriti sumus veriti estis veriti sunt
PERFECT THIRD CONJUGATION
secutus sum
secutus es
secutus est secuti sumus
secuti estis secuti sunt
PRESENT PERFECT FOURTH CONJUGATION
ortus sum
ortus es
ortus est orti sumus
orti estis orti sunt
PAST PERFECT DEPONENT
All you need to do is go to the supin e and add Imperfect Tense of esse
FIRST CONJUGATION
conatus eram
conatus eras
conatus erat
conati eramus
conati eratis
conati erant
SECOND CONJUGATION
veritus eram veritus ears veritus erat veriti eramus veriti eratis veriti erant
THIRD CONJUGATION
secutus eram
secutus eras
secutus erat
secuti eramus
secuti eratis
secuti erant
FUTURE PERFECT DEPONENT
It’s virtually the same thing, except you add ”urus” to the supine and add the future tense of the verb esse
FIRST CONJUGATION
conatus ero
conatus eris
conatus erit conati sumus conati estis conati erint
SECOND CONJUGATION
veritus ero
veritus eris
veritus erit
veriti sumus
veriti erimus
veriti eritis
vereturi erint
THIRD CONJUGATION
secuturus ero
secuturus eris
secuturus erit
secuturi erimus
secuturi eritis
secuturi erint
FOURTH CONJUGATION
orturus sum
orturus eris
orturus erit
orturi urimus
orturi eritis
orturi erint
Vocabulary
autumnus, i (m) = autumn
conor, ari, atus sum = attept, try consequeor, ari, consecutus sum = attain, overtake corpus, oris (n) = body, dictator, ord )) discedo ere, ui, itum + ab = leave gravis, is (m) = grave, heavy graviter = seriously iuro, iuare, iuravi, iuratum = swear iusiruandum, iusiruandi (n) = swear, take an oath loquor, loqui, locutus sum = speak, say
nancisor, eri, nactus sum = obtain nego, are, negavi, negatum = deny nunc = now tunc = then ob + accus = on account of , because occido, ere, occidit, occisum = kill, slay relinquo, ere, reliqui, relictus = leave
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson. He attempted to go to Rome by horse to the town in autumn.
A certain merchant swore he knew the city in autumn. He spoke gravely when he was in the town close to the river.
Because of Caesar’s death, Brutus fled Rome with Cassius.
Answers from porevious lesson.
Arma intra aedificiam posuerunt et magnorum temporum canebant.
Hic mercator vitam Romae amat.
Hi nautae erant in Roma et Caesarem congnoscavunt. Pax, ergo, erat meride in finitimo oppodo fregit.
Lesson XXV
Comparative degrees of adverbs (Widely)
Positive = late
Comparative = latior
Superlative = latissime
Bravely)
Post = forte
Comp = fortiori
Sup = fortissime (Gravely)
Post = graviter
Comp = gravius
Sup = gravissime (Easily)
Sup = facile
Comp = facius
Sup = facillime
IRREGULAR
(Well) bene melius optime
ADVERBS
(Badly) male peius pessime (Much) multum plus plurium (Little) parum peius pessime (Nearly) prope propius proxime (Until) diu diutius diutissime (Near,ly) prope propius proxime (Greatly) magnopere
magis maxime
(Quickly) celeritas
celeriter
celerrime
facile = easily primo = at first fere = almost primum = first foriter = bravely subito = suddenly ` late = widely libere = freely
LESSON XXVI
Relative Pronouns
Who…What
Masculine
N: qui
G: cuius
D: cui
A: quem
A: quo
Plural
N: qui
G: quorum
D: quibus
A: quos
A: quibus
Feminine
N: quae
G: cuius
D: cui
A: quam
A: qua
Plural
N: quae
D: quarum
D: quibus
A: quas
A: quibus
Neuter
N: quod
G: cuius
D: cui
A: quod
A: quo
Plural
N: quae
G: quorum
D: quibus
A: quae
A: quibus
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
Quis =who? What
Masculine
N: quis
G: cuius
D: cui
A: quem
A: quo
Plural
N: qui
G: quorum
D: quibus
A: quos
A: quibus
Feminine
N: quae
G: cuius
D: cui
A: quem
A: qua
Plural
N: quae
G: quarum
D: quibus
A: quas
A: quibus
Neuter
N: quid
G: cuius
D: cui
A: quid
A: quo
Plural
N: quae
G: quorum
D: quibus
A: quae
A: quibus
Quidam = A certain one
Masculine
N: quidam
G: cuiusdam
D: cuidam
A: quendam
A: quodam
Feminine
N: quidam
G: cuiusdam
D: cuidam
A: quanda
A: quadam
Neuter
N: quiddam
G: cuiusdam
D: cuidam
A: quiddam
A: quodam
IPSE (Self)
Masculine
N: ipse
G: ipsius
D: ipsi
A: ipsum
A: ipso
Plural
N: ipsi
G: ipsorum
D: ipsis
A: ipsos
A: ipsis
Feminine
N: ipsa
G: ipsius
D: ipai
A: ipsam
A: ipsa
Plural
N: ipsae
G: ipsarum
D: ipsis
A: ipsas
A: ipsis
Neuter
N: ipsum
G: ipsius
D: ipsi
A: ipsum
A: ipso
Plural
N: ipsa
G: ipsorum
D: ipsis
A: ipsa
A: ipsis
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
meus, mea, meum = my, my own noster, nostra, nostrum = our, our own. tuus, tua, tuum = your, your own vester, vestra, vestrum = your, your own suus, sua, suum = his/her/ its own, their own
Translate the following. Answers in the next lesson.
Your own horse is always faster than the others.
The three towns are always ready to fight.
My city est greater than your city because of three things. Twenty men went to the town and left with only eight.
Answers from the previous lesson.
Ire ad Romam ab equo ad oppodum in autmno conatus est.
Quidem mercatorem iuravit ad urbem in autumn cognovit.
Graviter inquit quando erat in oppido finitemo fluvio. Ob morem Caesaris, Brutus Roma cum Cassio flevit.
LESSON XXVII
Latin numbers
The first three numbers are declined – unus, duo, tres.
We’ll deal with them first.
UNUS I
Masculine
N: unus
G: unius
D: uni
A: unum
V: une
A: uno
Feminine
N: una
G: unius
D: uni
A: unam
V: una
A: una
Neuter
N: unum
G: unius
D: uni
A: unum
V: unum
A: uno
DUO II
Masculine
N: duo
G: duorum
G: duobus
A: duos
V: duo
A: duobus
Feminine
N: duae
G: duarum
D: duabus
A: duas
V: duae
A: duabus
Neuter
N: duo
G: duorum
D: duobus
A: duo
V: duo
A: duobus
TRIA III
Masculine + Feminine
N: tres
G: trium
D: tribus
A: trium
V: tres
A: tribus
Neuter
N: tria
G: trium
D: tribus
A: tria
V: tria
A: tribus
MAIN LATIN NUMBERS
I unus
priunus, a, um (first)
II duo secondus, a, um (second)
III tres
tertius, a, um (Third)
IV quattuor quartus, a, um, etc. (Fourth)
V quinque
Quintus (Fifth)
VI sex
sectus (Sixth)
VII septem
Septimus (Seventh)
VIII octo
Octavus (Eighth)
IX none
Nonus (Ninth)
XIV quattuordecim
quartus decimus (14th)
XV quindecim
quintus decimus (15th)
XX viginti
L quinquaginta
C centum
D quingenti
M mille
MM duo milia (millia, ium (n) is declined only in the plural
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson. She chose the seventh man who came to see her.
Who are the young man and girl who came to the city today?
Whence comes Caesar after the war against Brutus?
The soldiers came to Rome after the eleventh hour.
Answers from previous lesson.
Tuus equus eat semper celiter quam alios. Tria oppida semper pugnare sunt.
Meam urbem est magior quam tuum oppidum ob tres res
Viginti vires ad oppitum ierunt cum solo octo (viris) relinquerunt.
LESSON XXVIII
Present participles
Present participles are a form of verb. In English, they are easily recognized. They end in “ing”. They also have their own set of endings in Latin as well.
PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
ACTIVE Masc. + Fem.
N: vocans
G: vocantis
D: vocanti
A: vocantem
V: vocans
A: vocante
PLURAL
N: vocantes
G: vocantium
D: vocantibus
A: vocantes
V: vocantes
A: vocantibus
NEUTER
A: vocans
G: vocantis
D: vocanti
A: vocans
V: vocans
A: vocante
PLURAL
A: vocantia
G: vocantium
D: vocantibus
A: vocantia
V: vocantia
A: vocantibus
SECOND CONJUGATION
A: videns
G: videntis
D: videnti
A: videntem
V: videns
A: vidente
PLURAL
N: videntes
G: videntis
D: videnti
A: videntem
V: videns
A: vidente
NEUTER
N: videns
G: videntis
D: videnti
A: videns
V: videns
A: vidente
PLURAL
A: videntia
G: videntium
D: videntibus
A: videntia
V: videntia
A: videntibus
THIRD CONUNGATION
N: mittens
G: mittentis
D: mittenti
A: mittentem
V: mittens
A: mittente
PLURAL
A: mittentes
G: mittentium
D: mittentibus
A: mittentes
V: mittentes
A: mittentibus
NEUTER
N: mittens
G: mittentis
D: mittenti
A: mittens
V: mittems
A: mittente
Plural
N: mittentia
G: mittentium
D: mittentibus
A: mittentia
V: mittentia
A: mittentibus
FOURTH CONJUGATION
N: audiens
G: audientis
D: audienti
A: audientem
V: audiens
A: auditente
PLURAL
A: audientes
G: audientium
D: audientibus
A: audientes
V: audientes
A: audientibus
NEUTER
N: audiens
G: audientis
D: audienti
A: audientia
V: audientia
A: audientibus
PLURAL
A: audentia
G: audientium
D: audientibus
A: audentia
V: audentia
A: audientibus
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Present Participles
Vocabulary
oratio, ionis (f) = speech
orationem habere = to make a speech os, oris (n) = mouth portens, entis = powerful possum, posse, potui = can, be able to perpetuus,ua, uum = endless, perpetual praeter + accus = besdies, moreover pro = for, on behalf of profundus, a, um = deep, profound post + accus = after pervenio, ire, veni, itum = + ad = reach, arrive at quam celerrime = as quickly as possible permitto, ere, misi, missum = let go, loosen
Translate the following. Answers in the next lesson. It was a profound and powerful speech by Caresar. Why is the province coming to seek the senate in Rome?
The town was able to make a large building in only twenty days
They reached Rome in three hours as quickly as possible.
Answers from the previous lesson.
Septimum virum, qui videre eam, deligit.
Qui est iuvenis et puella, qui ad urbem hodie venerunt?
Ubi Carsar post bellum contra Brutum venit. Milites ad Romam post quindecim hora venerunt.
LESSON XXVIX
Irregular verbs
Esse, Posse, Volo, Nolo, Facio
We’ve already learned the Present and Imperfect of “To Be”. We now come to the Present Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect.
ESSE PERFECT fui fuisti fuit fueramus fuestis fuerunt
PLUPERFECT fueram funeras funerat fueramus fueratis fuerant
FUTURE PERFECT fuero fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis fuerint
POSSE(can)
POSSE PRESENT possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt
IMPERFECT poteram poteras poterat poteramus poteratis poterunt
FUTURE potero poteris poterit poterumus poterestis poterunt
PERFECT potui potuisti potuit potuimus potuistis poterunt
PLUPERFECT potureram potueras potuerat potueram potueratis potuerant
FUTURE PERFECT potuero potueris potuerit potuerimus
potueritis potuerint
VOLO PRESENT
volo vis vult
volumus vultis volunt
IMPERFECT
volebam
volebas
volebat
volebamus
volebatis
volebant
FUTURE
volam voles volet volumus volestis volent
PERFECT volui voluisti voluit
voluimus voluistis voluint
PLUPERFECT
volueram
volueras voluerat
volueramus
volueratis voluerant
FUTURE PERFECT
voluero volueris voluerit voluerit voluerimus volueristis
voluerint
NOLO (Unwilling)
NOLO PRESENT
nolo non vis non vult nolumus non vultis nolunt
IMPERFECT TENSES nolebam nolebas nolebat nolebamus nolebatis nolebant
Vocabulary
scio, ire, ivi, itum = know nescio, ire, ivi, itum = do not know onus,eris (n) = burden ratio, ionis (f) = way, method nolo = be unwilling res publica = the state scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus = write satis = enough
saxum, saxi (n) = rock sum, esse, fui = to be victoria, ae (f) = victory
Translate the following, Answers in the next lesson. He knows it is a heavy burden to carry large rocks. He has a new method to write and sing.
The state had enough food here for everyone in ten cities. Brutus left Rome and went to a small town.
Answers from the previous lesson.
Oratio profundus potensque erat Caesare.
Cur est provincial petere senatum in Roma venit.
Oppidum erat fosse magmam aedificiam in vigenti dies
Ad Romam in tribus horas quam celerrime pervenerunt
LESSON XXIX
More Irregular Verbs
FERO, EO, EDO, FIO
We’ve already learned the Present and Imperfect of “to be”. We now come to the Present Perfect and Future Perfect.
FERO PRESENT fero fers fert ferimus fertis ferunt
IMPERFECT
ferebam
ferebas
ferebat
ferebamus
ferebatis
ferebant
FUTURE feram feres feret
feremus feretis
ferent PERFECT
tuli
tuleras
tulit
tulimus
tulistis
tulerunt
PLUPERFECT
tuleram tuleras
tulerat
tuleramus
tuleratis tolerant
FUTURE PERFECT
tulero
tuleris
tulerimus
tuleristis
tulerint
EO (go)
EO PRESENT eo ires it imus itis
eunt IMPERFECT
ibam
ibas
ibat
ibamus
ibatis
ibant
FUTURE
ibo
ibis
ibit
ibimus
ibitis
ibunt
PERFECT ii
iisti iit iimus iistis iierunt
PLUPERFECT
ieram ieras ierat ieramus ieratis ierant
FUTURE PERFECT iero ieris
ierit ierimis
ieristis ierunt
EDO (Eat) Edo, Esse, Edi, Esus
PRESENT edo edis ` edit edimus edistis edunt
IMPERFECT edebam
edebas edebat edebamus
edebatis edebant
FUTURE edam edes edet edimus edistis edent PERFECT edi edisti edit edimus edistis ederunt
PLUPERFECT edideram edideras ediderat edideramus edideratis ediderant
FUTURE PERFECT edero ederis ederit ederimus
ederistis ederint
FIO, FERRE (Become, be made)
PRESENT
fio fis fit fimus fitis fiunt
IMPERFECT fiebam fiebas fiebat fiebamus fiebatis fiebant
FUTURE fiam fies fiet fiemus fietis fient
PERFECT factus sum factus es factus est facti sumus facti estis facti sent
PLUPERFECT
factus eram
factus eras
factus erat
factus eramus
factus eratis
facti erant
FUTURE PERFECT
factus ero factus eris factus erit facti erimus facti eristis fati erunt
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson.
They ate much food when they were in town.
Why are the soldiers coming to the province?
Where is the town with a tall and wide wall?
Therefore, go and give the senate the report.
Answers to previous lesson.
Gravium onus portare magnas sexas scit.
Novus modus scribere et canere habet.
Res publica satis alimentium omnibus in decim oppidibus habuit.
Brutus Romam relinguit et ivit parvum opidum.
LESSON XXX
Irregular Verbs in Subjunctive Passive
We’re nearing the end of learning new endings. Best way to learn them is to just do one set at a time – the present or
imperfect of future or Pluperfect is to spend a week (every day) going over the endings for the tenses you’re learning. The secret is learning then slowly. After a year, you’ll find a way to remember them.
EO (I go)
PRESENT ear eares eatur eamur eamini eantur
IMPERFECT irer ireris iretur iremur iermini irentur
PRESENT PERFECT itus sim itus sis itus sit iti simus iti sitis iti sint
PUPERFECT itus essem itus esses itus esset iti essemus iti essetis iti essent
VOLO
VOLVO PRESENT
voler
voleris
voletur
volemur
volemini volentur
IMPERFECT
volarer volareris volaretur
volearemur
volaremini volarentur
PRESENT PERFECT
volatus sim
volatus sis
volatus sit
volati simus
volati sitis
volati sint
PLUPERFECT
volatus essem
volatus esses
volatus esset
volati essemus
volati esses
volati essetis
volati essent
FIO (To be made, to happen)
PRESENT
fiar
fiaris
fiatur
fiamur
fiamini
finatur
IMPERFECT
firer
fireris
firetur
firemur
firemini
firentur
PERFECT
fitus sim
fitus sis
fitus sit
fiti simis
fiti sint
PLUPERFECT
fitus essem
fitus esses
fitus esset
fiti essemus
fiti essetis
fiti essent
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson. He does not know why the large rock is on the road. Caesar wrote a long report about his victory. He believed his oath had great truth.
Being in love, he sought the beautiful lady.
Answers to the previous lesson.
Multum alimentum editerunt quando erant in oppidum. Cur milites ad provinciam venient?
Ubi est oppidum cum alto et lato muro? Ito, ergo, et da senatui famam.
LESSON XXXI
The Accusative and Infinitive
It’s a wonderful construction that has stayed in my head for decades. It’s incredibly simple, with no new nouns or verb endings to learn.
It involves two parts of the sentence – the subject and the predicate.
So let’s review them now. Every sentence has two parts – a subject and a predicate.
The subject part is the person who is driving the action. It is followed by a verb, which starts the predicate part of a sentence.
8TK3z7VWdoA and 4iTktIAIfK0 Accusative+Infinitive
Best of all, you’ll always know when to use it – essentially after words of speaking or that suggest speaking, such as saying, thinking, hoping, knowing, promising, etc.
These verbs are followed by “that” that takes you into the predicate of the sentence. In this case, the subject is not in the Nominative but the Accusative. And the main verb is always an infinitive.
Such as: He says that the men are in the town. Dicit viros in oppido esse.
Or: He thinks Caesar will come to Rome. Existimat Caesarem ad Romam veniturus esse. It’s all about time.
If both the main verb and the verb in the subordinate clause take place at the same time, the present infinitive is used.
It all hinges on the tense of the main verb.
If the main verb is in the perfect tense and so is the verb in the subordinate clause, then use the use the present infinitive.
Why? Because they both happen in the past. Again, it’s all about time. If the main verb is in the present and the subordinate is in the future then the future perfect infinitive is used. Why? Because the action of the subordinate clause must be in the future. That’s because the action of the subordinate clause tkes place in the future. Here the future infinitive is used after the main verb.
So, let’s see it in action. He said that Caesar would be in Gaul.
Here the infinitive should be in the future perfect. Why? Because “would be in Gaul” takes place in the future.
OTHER FACTORS
The gender of the infinitive should be the same as the gender of the verb in the main sentence.
Use of Se, Me, Te and their plurals – Se or Sese, Nos and Vos.
Use se if he/she/it or they are the subject of the infinitive; and Te and Vos -- if they are the subject of the infinitive.
“Would” is a good tip off for the future infinitive.
Vocabulary arbitror, are, arbitatus = think, consider certiorem facio, ere, feci, actum = inform credo, ere, credidi creditum = believe existimo, are, avi, atum = thinks intellego, ere, intellexi, intellectum = understand
nemo, nemonis (m) = no one noctu = by night
nuntio, are,avi, atum = announce ostendo, are, avi, atum = show polliceor, eri, pollicetus sum = promise repeatedly renuntio, are, avi, atus = report respondeo, ere, respondi, responsum = respond, promise in return
sentino, ire, sensi, sensum = feel spero, are, avi, atum = hope tantus, a, um = so great
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson.
Caesar announced that the provinces will give money to Rome.
The provinces replied that they did not have the money to give to Rome.
A certain merchant said he came to the province to see his daughter.
I hear that a certain lady came to town with a messenger.
Answers to previous lesson.
Cur in magna sexa est in iterinere nescit?
Caesar longam famam de sua victoria scripsit.
Sum iusiurandum credidit magnum veritatem habuit.
Sens in amore, pulchram virginem petivit.
LESSON XXXII
Subjunctive Mood Active
The subjunctive is used for sentences that are untrue, where the outcome is conditional on something happening
and where if and would are familiar words that herald the use of the subjunctive.
NOTA: Because the Subjunctive deals with what “may” or “might” happen, there is no future or future perfect
PRESENT FIRST CONJUGATION
vocem
voces
vocet vocemus
vocetis
vocent
SECOND CONJUGATION
videam
videas
videat
videamus
videatis
viderent
THIRD CONJUGATION
mittam mittas mittat mittamus mittatis
mittant FOURTH CONJUGATION auditiam auditas audiat audiamus audietis audiant
IMPERFECT FIRST CONJUGATION
vocarem
vocares vocaret
vocaremus
vocaretis
vocarent
SECOND CONJUGATION viderem videris viderit videremus videretis
viderent
IMPERFECT THIRD CONJUGATION
mitterem mitteres mitteret mitteremus mitteretis mitterent
FOURTH CONJUGATION audirem audires audiret audiremus audiretis audiernt
PERFECT FIRST CONJUGATION
vocaverim
vocaveris vocaverit vocaverimus vocaveritis vocaverint
SECOND CONJUGAGION
viderim videris viderit viderimus videritis viderint
THIRD CONJUGATION
miserim miseris miserit miserimus miseritis miserint
FOURTH CONJUGATION
audiverim audiveris audiverit audiverimus audiveritis audiverint
PLUPERFECT FIRST CONJUGATION vocavissem vocavisses vocavisset vocavissemus
vocaveritis
vocavissent
SECOND CONJUGATION
videssem
videsses
videsset videssemus
videssetis
videssent PLUPERFECT
THIRD CONJUGATION
misissem misissers misisset misissemus misissetis misissent
audivissem audivesses
audivesset audivissemus
audivissetis auidivissent
FOURTH CONJUGATION
Vocabulary sequor, eri, secutus = follow semper = always appello, are, avi, atum = call, name ne = attach to a word, used for yes or no questions.\ cotide = daily exercitus, us (m) = army fio, fierim factus = do, make or build
inequus, qua, quum = unfair, not honest, not equal fugio, ere, fugi, fugitum = flee memoria, memoriae (f) = memory memoriam depono (with Gen.) = I forget memoriam retineo (with Gen.) = I remember
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson. He forgot the time when Caesar came to the provinces in a war with Brutus.
That merchant is not honest and he has fled Rome. He liked to show so large Rome was to citizens from the provinces.
The soldiers followed the road far and wide to find the money.
Answers to previous lesson.
Caesar nuntiavit provincias datura esse pecunicam Romae. Provinciae responderunt se non habere pecuniciam dare Romae.
Quidem mercator dixit se venire ad provinciam videre suam filiam.
Audio eadem matronam venisse ad oppidum cum nuntito.
LESSON XXXIII
The Passive Subjunctive
The passive subjunctive is also used in many Latin constructions especially in special clauses. The future and future perfect are not used in the subjunctive because this mood deals only with things that may happen.
FIRST CONJUGATION
vocer voceris vocetur vocemur vocemini vocentur
SECOND CONJUGATION videar videaris videatur videamur videamini videantur
PRESENT THIRD CONJUGATION mittar mittaris mittatur mittamur mittamini mittantur
FOURTH CONJUGATION audiar audiaris audiatur audiamur audiamini audiantur
IMPERFECT FIRST CONJUGATION vocarer vocareris vocaretur vocaremur
vocaremini vocarentur
IMPERFCT SECOND CONJUGATION
viderer videreis videretur videremur videremini viderentur
IMPERFECT THIRD CONJUGATION mitterer mittereris mitteretur mitteremur mitteremini mitterentur FOURTH CONJUGATION audirer audireris audiretur audiremur audiremini audirentur
PERFECT FIRST CONJUGATION
vocatus sim vocatus sis vocatus sit vocati simus vocati sitis vocati sint
PERFECT SECOND CONJUGATION
visus sum
visus sis
visus sit
visi simus
visi sitis
visi sint
PERFECT THIRD CONJUGATION
missus sim
missus sis
missus sit
missi simus
missi sitis
missi sint
PERFECT FOURTH CONJUGATION
auditus sim
auditus sis
auditus sit
auditus simus
auditi sitis
auditi sint
PLUPERFECT FIRST CONJUGATION
vocatus essem
vocatus esses
vocatus esset
vocati essemus
vocati essetis
vocati essent
PLUPERFECT SECOND CONJUGATION
visus essem
visus esses
visus esset
visi essemus
visi essetis
visi essent
PLUPERFECT THIRD CONJUGATION
missus essem
missus esses
missus esset
missi essemus
missi essetis
missi essent
PLUPERFECT FOURTH CONJUGATION
auditus essem
auditus esses auditus esset
auditi essemus
auditi essetis
auditi essent
Vocabulary
alba = white
caeruleus = blue
conditio, conditionis (f) = term, condition decem = ten
decimus,a, um = tenth dictator, oris (m) = dictator libero, are, avi, atus = free, set free fides, fidei = faith
flavus = yellow fames, famis (f) = hunger libero, are, avi, atus = free, set free modus, i (m) = manner res, reris (f) = thing
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson
He was a free man and one of the soldiers, who had a brown horse.
Caesar believed he would be dictator of Rome before his death.
Many men have tried to seek the mountain on the island. On the tenth day, the senate came to a neighbouring town on the Tiber.
Answers from the previous lesson. Tempus memoriam deponuit quando ad provincias in bello cum Bruto venit.
Ille mercator est inequus et Roma fugit Ostendere amavit tantam Romam erat civibus provinciis. Milites iterinem late et longe invenire pecunicam secuti sunt.
LESSON XXXIV
Ablative Absolute
I never learned the Absolute in class. I had the flu the week it was taught so I had to figure it out myself. In the process, along with the Accusative and Infinitive, they became my favourite Latin constructions.
It’s very aptly named. It is a sentence, where one part of the sentence is cut off from the main sentence. Hence, the word Absolute, which cuts off one part of the sentence from another.
.
Grammatically, it uses a noun or pronoun and the Past Participle Passive.
ruMGOyb4UOM Ablative Absolute
How do you recognize it in English? Easy. You will see a Past Participle Passive and perhaps with a noun it modifies. Both are in the Ablative case.
It is often introduced by words like “as” or “after”.
The house having been destroyed, many tourists were disappointed,
After the book had been written, Jake went to buy milk. The horse, having been crippled, many gamblers were at a loss of what to do next.
You can see it in these examples.
The enemy, having been defeated, most Romans went to see the gladiatorial games at the colosseum in Rome. Caesar, having been murdered, the senators left Rome.
Vocabulary
impedio, ire, ivi, impeditum = hinder, impede moenia, ium (pl) = city walls
moneo, ere, ui, itum = advise moror, ari, atus sum – delay, wait munio, ire, ivi, itum = fortify nego, are, avi, atum = deny neque…nec = neither…nec
niger, ra, um = black
nonne, adv. (use in yes questions) nolo, nolle, nolui = be unwilling num, adv. = use in no questions
patior, iri, passus sum = endure, suddwe
praeterea = besides, moreover
NOTA: Dependent clauses are often introduced by as or after, as in:
After the book had been written, Jake went to buy milk.
After the house had been destroyed, many tourists were disappointed.
The Gauls, having been defeated, everyone went to see the forum.
IMPERSONAL PASSIVE
This construction does not appear that often in Latin. They are intransitive verbs used in the passive, and consist of the supine and the verb to be.
Here are a couple examples:
Responsum est = it was responded
Nuntiatum est = it was announced
Pugnatum est = it was fought
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson.
The young men, having been compelled to give their money, Caesar went to the province.
Caesar having been seen in Rome, the senate adopted a plan as quickly as possible.
The legate having been announced, the town determined not to see him.
The boy and girl, having been sent to the ship, their fathers and mothers came to the port to see them.
Answers to previous lesson
Liber vir erat et unus militium, qui equum fuscum habuit.
Caesar fidem habuit se futurus esse dictatorem ante suam mortem.
Liber erat vir montem in insula petere conatis sunt. Decim die. Senatus ad finitimo oppidum in Tibere venit
LESSON XXXV
Subjunctive Deponent Verbs
PRESENT TENSE coner coneris conetur conemur conemini conentur
SECOND CONJUGATION verear verearis vereatur vereamur vereamini vereantur
THIRD CONJUGATION sequar sequaris sequatur sequamur sequamini sequantur
FOURTH CONJUGATION
oriar oriaris
oriatur oriamur oriamini oriantur
IMPERFECT TENSE conarer conareis conaretur conaremur conaremini conarentur
SECOND CONJUGATION vererer verereris vereretur vereremur vereremini vererentur
THIRD CONJUGATION sequerer sequereris sequeretur sequeremur sequeremini sequerentur
FOURTH CONJUGATION orirer orieris oriretur orieremur
orieremini orierentur
PRESENT PERFECT FIRST CONJUGATION
conatus sim
conatus sis
conatus sit
conati simis
conati sitis
SECOND CONJUGATION
veritus sim
veritus sis
veritus sit veriti simis
veriti sitis
veriti sint
THIRD CONJUGATION
secutus sim
secutus sis
secutus sit
secuiti simis
secuti sitis
secuti sint
FOURTH CONJUGATION
ortus sim
ortus sis
ortus sit
orti simis
orti sitis
orti sint
PLUPERFECT FIRST CONJUGATION
vocatus essem
vocatus esses
vocatus esset
vocati essemus
vocati essetis
vocati essent
SECOND CONJUGATION
veritus essem
veritus esses
veritus esset
veriti essemus
veriti essetis
verity essent
THIRD CONJUGATION
secutus essem
secutus esses
secutus esset
secuti essemus
secuti essetis
secuti essent
FOURTH CONJUGATION
ortus essem
ortus esses
ortus esset
orti essemus
orti essetis
orti essent
LESSON XXXVI
Periphrastic Conjugation
The Periphastic is a very clever conjugation that talks about something that is about to happen, It’s not used all that often and is wonderfully easy to learn.
You recognize it in English in sentences like:
“Going to” and “About to”.
In Latin, it is made up of the Future Perfect and the Present Perfect.
PRESENT
Vocaturus sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt
IMPERFECT:
Vocatus eram, eras, erat, eramus, etc.
FUTURE
Vocaturus ero, eris, erit, erimuus, etc
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Periphrastic Conjugation
Vocabulary
circiter = about + Accus. extra = outside domus = home (see below)
oculus, us (m) = eye foritor = heavily fuscus = brown infra = below ipse, ipsa, inspsum = self persicio, ere, spexi, spectrum = perceive polliceor, eri, pollicetus sum = promise repeatedly porta, ae (f) = gate postererus, a, um = next posteri, orum = descendants prima vere = at the beginning of spring quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaestum = almost, near qui = who
qui, quae, quod = who, what
quidem, quiddam, quidem = a certain
quis, quiae. quid = who, what?
ruber = red
rurus = again
simul = at the same time
tam = so much
THE LOCATIVE CASE IN LATIN
The name of cities and home are written in the Accusative without a preposition.
The name of a proper noun, such as the First and Second Declension names of cities, are written in the Genitive, as in Romae, while the names of Third Declension proper nouns of cities are in the Dative or Ablative.
The word for Home is declined:
Sing.
N: domus
G: domus
D: domui/domo
A: domum
V: domus
A: domu or o
Plural
N: domus
G: domuum or domuorum
D: domibus
A: domus or domos
V: domus
A: domibus
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson.
Who is the man in black, friend or enemy?
He denied he burned the building in the town. Brutus was about to come to the senate but was slain in his home.
What made Scipio great in the eyes of Romans?
Answers to previous lesson.
Adulescentes coacti pecunicam dare, Caesar ad provinciam ivit.
Caesar, in Roma visus, senatus concilium quam celerrime cepit.
Legatus nuntitus, oppidum non videre constituit.
Puer puellaque missis ad navem, patres matresque ad portam videre eos venerunt.
LESSON XXXVII
The Gerund
Gerands are verbal nouns as they are in English.
You can recognize them in English by their endings = in. As in: Seeing is believing.
In Latin, you recognize them by their endings = endi.
They are formed in Latin by the step of each verb and add “andi” or “endi”or “iendi” to the stem.
Here is how they are declined:
G: vocandi = of seeing
D: vocando
A: vocandum
A: vocando Vocabulary
accedo, dere, accessi, accessum = approach adeo, ire ii, itum = approach alimentium i (n) =food fuscus = brown noster, ra, rum = our, our, our own tuus, ua, um = your, your own vester, vestra, vestrum = your, your own suus, sua, suum = his, hers, ours iuro. iare, iuravi, iuratatum = swear iusiruandum = swear, take an oath mulier, eris (f) = woman moveo, ere, movei, movetum = move noceo, ere, ut,itum + dat = harm, injure nuptiae = arum (pl) = wedding iusiruandum is actually two words – ius in the beginning and isirandum.
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Using Gerunds
The first part is ius, iuris and the second part is iruandum. It’s quite a mouthful in the Genitive Plural: iurisirandorum
Translate the following, Answers in next lesson.
Seeing him on the horse, Maria knew he was the man her father liked.
Scipio, who carried the war to Africa, was nicknamed Africanus.
The blue sea is always dangerous .
Scipio said that the senate ordered troops to go to Africa.
Answers to previous lesson.
Qui est vir in nigra, amicus aut hostis?
Negavit se aedificiam in oppido incendere.
Brutus ad senatum venturus est sed suum domum occisus est.
Quid Scipio magnus in oculi Romanorum fecit?
LESSON XXXVIII
The Gerundive
In Latin, the Gerundive expresses obligation, usually with the Present, Imperfect, Perfect and Future and is passive. In English, we can recognized it in phrases and words like “ought’, “must be,” “has to”, “will have to be”, “was to be” and “is to be”.
aDolyo9W0eM Gerundives are different
As a word, it is not a noun but a Second Declension adjective and declined as magnus, a, um.
It us formed a similar way as a gerund – the stem plus andus, a um or videndus, a, um or mittendus,a, um or audiendus, a, um. It modifies the noun it relates to.
Here are a few examples:
vocandus erat (he ought to have been called).
videndi sumus (we should or ought to have been seeing). audiendus erat (he ought to have been heard).
Vocabulary
virgo, virginis (f) = maiden vis, vis (f) (sing only) =force volo, are, avi, atyum = fly lacrimae rerum = the tears of things volo, velle, volui = be willing vox, vocis (f) = voice utinam = would that uter = which of two utor, i, usus sum + abl = use uxor, oris (f) = wife
senectus, senectitis (f) = old age senentia, ae (f) = opinion servo, are, avi, atum = save, keep conservo, are, avi, atum = save keep sinister, ra, rum = left spondeo, ere, spondi, sponsus = promise superato, are, avi, atum = to conqueor talis = such
tango, ere, fetufi, tactus = touch
tantum = so much
Translate the following. Answers in the next lesson. The left side of the temple was set on fire by the enemy. Scipio said the town must be burned by the soldiers. There is so much money in the town that everyone had money to burn
Caesar and Brutus were friends in the first days of the senate.
Answers to previous lesson:
Videns in equo, Maria erat vir suo pater amavit cognovit.
Scipio, qui bellum ad Africam tulit, erat cognomen Africanus.
Mare caeruleus semper est periculum.
Scipio dixit senatum copias ire ad Africam iubere.
LESSON IXL
Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs
ESSE, POSSEE, NOLO, FACIO, FERRE, ED, EDO
ESSE (to be)
PRESENT sim sis sit simus sitis sint IMPERFECT essem esses esset essemus essetis essent
PERFECT fuerim fueris fuerit fuerimus
fueritis fuerint
PLUPERFECT fuissem fuisses fuisset fuissemus fuissetis fuissent
POSSE (can)
PRESENT possim possis possit possimus possis possint IMPERFECT possem posses posset possemus posses possent
PERFECT
potuerim potueris potuerit potuerimus
potueritis potuerint
PLUPERFECT
potuessem potuisses potuisset potuissemus potuissetis potuissent
FACERE (do, make, build)
PRESENT
faciam
facias
faciat
faciatis
faciant
IMPERFECT
facerem
faceres
faceret
faceremus
faceretis
facerent
VOLO (be willing)
VOLO PRESENT
velim
velis
velit
velimus
veliitis
velint
IMPERFECT vellem velles vollet vellemus velletis vellent PERFECT voluerim volueris voluerit
voluerimus
volueritis
voluerint
PLUPERFECT
voluissem voluisses voluisset voluissemus voluissetis voluissent
NOLO (be unwilling) NOLO PRESENT nolim nolis nolit
nolimus nolitis
nolint
IMPERFECT
nollem nolles nollet nollemus nollestis nollent
PERFECT
noluerim nolueris
noluerit
noluerimus
nolueritis
noluerint
PLUPERFECT
noluissem
noluisses
noluisset
noluissemus
noluissetis noluissent
FERRE (To bring, carry)
PRESENT feram feras ferat feramus
feratis ferant
IMPERFECT ferrem
ferres
ferret
ferremus
ferretis
ferrent
PERFECT tulerim tuleris
tulerit
tulerimus
tuleritis
tulerint
PLUPERFECT
tulissem
tulisses
tulisset
tulissemus
tulissetis
tulissent
EO (go)
PRESENT Eam
eas
eat
eamus
eatis
eant
IMPERFECT
irem
ires
iret
iremus
iretis
irent
PERFECT
ierim ieris
ireit
ierimus
ieritis
ierint
PLUPERFECT issem
isses isset issemus
issetis issent
EDO (eat)
PRESENT edam edas edat edamus edatis edant
IMPERFECT ederem ederes ederit ederemus ederetis ederent
PERFECT ederim ederis ederit ederimus ederitis ederint
PLUPERFECT
edissem
edisses
edisset
edissemus
edissetis
edissent
FIO (To be made, appointed)
PRESENT
faciam
facias
faceret
faciamus
faciatis
faciant
IMPERFECT
facerem
faeres
fieret
fieremus
faceretis
facerent Vocabulary
Arma virumque cano = of arms and men I sing (first three words of Virgil’s Aeneid.
cognomen,ni,minis (n) = surname, nickname littera, litterae (f) = letter of alphabet littterae, arum (f) = a letter or dispatch mons, montis (f) = mountain non solum…sed ediam = not only…but also prima vers (f) = spring
Scipio Africanus = the nickname for Scipio, who defeated Hannibal.
statum = at once
templum (n) = temple teneo, ere, ui, tentum = hold vereri, eri, veritus = fear verto, erer, verti, versum = turn victus, us (m) = food vinco, ere, vici, victus = conqueor verba, ae (f) = word vires, virium (m) plural only = strength
Translate the following, Answers in next chapter.
Caesar left Rome for the provinces in the spring to see the neighbouring towns.
They thought Scipio would go to Africa to conquer Hannibal.
The dispatch reached Caesar in the spring to go to Africa.
Cicero read the great book by Virgil (Virgilis) about the deeds of the Romans.
Answers to previous lesson.
Sinister latus templi a hosti incenderetur.
Scipio dixit oppidum incenderi a milites.
Tanta est pecunica in oppido, omnes pecumicam incendere habent.
Caesar et Brutus errant amici in primis diebus senatu.
LESSON XL
Clauses that use the Subjunctive
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Subjunctive clauses
RESULT CLAUSES
These clauses reflect an action resulting from cause. They also use the subjunctive. They’re easy to spot in English that begin subordinate clauses with words like “so great”, “thus”, “so”, “so very” and “appear”.
As in: The teacher was in so great a hurry that she forgot her keys. It was because the teacher was in a hurry that the result was she forgot her keys.
The school gave her a big bonus because she was a great teacher. Because she was a great teacher is why the school gave her a bonus.
The subordinate clause: that they gave her a big bonus is the result and is in the subjunctive.
In Latin, if the tense in the main clause is in the indicative present and imperfect, the tenses used in the subjunctive are in the present and imperfect as well. The subordinate clause: that they gave her a big bonus is the result and is in the subjunctive.
In Latin, if the tense in the main clause is in the indicative imperfect and the tense used in the subjunctive is in the pluperfect because getting a bonus took place after being given a bonus for being a great teacher.
We see it again in this instance:
The horse is so fast that it was given to Caesar. Equus est sic celer ut Caesari dabatur.
Vocabulary
arma virumque cano = of arms and men I sing (first three words of Virgil’s Aeneid.
cognomen,ni,minis (n) = surname, nickname littera, litterae (f) = letter of alphabet littterae, arum (f) = a letter or dispatch mons, montis (f) = mountain non solum…sed ediam = not only…but also prima vers (f) = spring
Scipio Africanus = the nickname for Scipio, who defeated Hannibal.
statum = at once templum (n) = temple teneo, ere, ui, tentum = hold vereri, eri, veritus = fear verto, erer, verti, versum = turn
victus, us (m) = food
vinco, ere, vici, victus = conqueor
verba, ae (f) = word
vires, virium (m) plural only = strength
Translate the following, Answers in next chapter.
Caesar left Rome for the provinces in the spring to see the neighbouring towns.
They thought Scipio would go to Africa to conquer Hannibal.
The dispatch reached Caesar in the spring to go to Africa.
Cicero read the great book by Virgil (Virgilis) about the deeds of the Romans.
Answers to previous lesson.
Sinister latus templi a hosti incenderetur.
Scipio dixit oppidum incenderi a milites.
Tanta est pecunica in oppido, omnes pecumicam incendere habuisse.
Caesar et Brutus erant amici in primis diebus senatu.
HORTATIVE + JUSSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
In English, they both start with the word Let.
The Hortative Subjunctive always uses the first person singular and plural, as in:
Let us go to lunch
Let us sing the national anthem.
The Jussive Subjunctive, which derives its name from the Latin verb iubeo (also written as jubeo), always uses the third person singular and plural as in:
Let right be done
Let him be freed.
Translate the following. Answers in the next lesson. Would that the province of Rome were free.
Caesar’s wife asked why Brutus left for Sicily with a great number of troops.
He went to Rome so that he called the senate.
Caesar was slain because he was a dictator.
Answer to precious lesson.
Caesar Roma provinciis in prima vere videre finitima oppida relinquet.
Existimaverunt Scipionem ad Africam vincere Hannibalem iturus esset.
Litterae Caesarem in priva vere de gesta Romani pervenerunt.
Cicero magnum librem a Virgile de gusta Romani pervenit.
LESSON XL
Indirect Discourse
Another construction that loves the Subjunctive. Here the words “said”or “thought” are used to introduce a statement or a question.
Indirect Discourse occurs where we can read the spoken words or thoughts of someone. In English, it is introduced by words like “say”, “ask”, “why”, “order”, “because”.
As in: He asked why Caesar had been killed. Note that the tense in the main clause is in Imperfect Indicative and the clause in the subordinate clause is in the Pluperfect
Subjunctive and the words are those of the person asking.
He said Caesar was killed because he was a dictator. The words of the person saying this are: because he was a dictator.
Indirect Commands
If the tense of the main verb is in the Perfect or Future, the Pluperfect Subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.
He went to Rome because he was called by the Senate. Note that the words: he was called by the Senate are his words – that he was called by the senate, and in the Subjunctive.
He asked why Caesar was murdered. Note that why was Caesar murdered was in the speaker’s own words
Optative Subjunctive
It’s the subjunctive of wishes and easily recognized in English by the words “would that” or “may this.”
In Latin, it is often expressed by utinam – “would that” in English as a wish for the future. The verb is in the subjunctive Present. Tense.
It can be written in Latin either with or without “Utinam” as in: May the ships be waiting for us
In case of impossible past wishes as in : Would that Caesar were here. “Utinam” is used along with the Imperfect and Pluperfect subjunctive, depending on the tense.
Some English examples:
If the rain were to come tonight, would that he leaves before the rain comes; or If the rain comes tonight, would that he have left before it comes.
The present subjunctive is used where the action is less likely to happen. It is easily recognized in English by words like “should” or “would” or “were to”
As in: If the rain should come tonight, would that he leave before it does.
The Subjunctive loves tense sequences. It will take you a while to master them because different types of clauses have different sequences.
But as a rule:
Where the main clause is in the Present, Future and Present Perfect, the Present subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.
Where the Future Perfect, Imperative and Present in the main verb, the Present Perfect subjunctive is used to reflect time before the main clause.
The present subjunctive is used where the action is less likely to happen. It is easily recognized in English by words like “should” or “would” or “were to”
As in: If the rain should come tonight, would that he leave before it does.
The Subjunctive loves tense sequences. It will take you a while to master them because different types of clauses have different sequences.
But as a rule:
Where the main clause is in the Present, Future and Present Perfect, the Present subjunctive is used in the
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson.
The senate sent troops to the island to build a bridge.
He asked where the road to Rome was.
The ladies having been seen in the city, the men went to hear Cicero speak.
The last day of summer in Rome was the best.
Answers to previous lesson.
Utinam provinciae Romae liberae essent.
Uxor Caesaris rogavit cur Brutus ad Siciliam cum magno numero copiarum ierit.
Ad Romam ierit ut a senatu vocatus sit.
Caesar occideretur ut dictatorem esset.
Some well known Latin phrases
Res ipsa loquitur = The thing, itself, speaks
Caveat emptor = Let the buyer beware
Quid pro Quo = What for what
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
The Imperfect subjunctive is used to reflect the same time or a future time to the main verb. The Pluperfect subjunctive is used to reflect a time before the main clause.
Temporal Clauses with Cum
These clauses focus on time and usually start with Since in English and Cum in Latin.
The days are longer since you went.
Dies sunt longior cum esses.
The subjunctive is used in the cum clause, which shows the purpose of the subordinate clause, as in the Present
Subjunctive.
AS A RULE: Where the main clause is in the Present, the subjunctive clause is in the Present tense.
Where the main clause is in the Imperfect, Future and Future Perfect, the subordinate clause is in either the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive tense.
They made a wall in order to protect themselves.
Vallum fecerunt ut ipsos defendissent.
Translate the following. Answers in next lesson.
The senate sent troops to the island to build a bridge. He asked where was the road to Rome.
The ladies having been seen in the city, the men went to hear Cicero speak.
The last day of summer in Rome was the best.
IT HAS IT OWN TENSE SEQUENCE
Where the main clause is in the Present, Future and Present Perfect, the subordinate clause verb is in the Present and Present Perfect subjunctive.
Where the main clause is in the Imperfect, Present Perfect and Pluperfect is used, the subordinate clause uses the Imperfect subjunctive.
LESSON XLII
Purpose Clauses in the Subjunctive
The word “Ut” has many names in Latin and is used in a number of subjunctive constructions. It appears again in the use of Purpose Clauses.
The key words to recognize Purpose Clauses in English are might, in order to and may. They are used to introduce these clauses.
Ut has a companion which is used in Purpose Clauses. Ut is used in affirmative clauses and Ne in negative ones.
As in other clauses, it uses the indicative in the main clause and the subjunctive in the subordinate clause
A couple examples:
They fought so that the town might be free. Pugnavit ut oppidum liberaverint.
The senate adopted a plan so that Caesar would be king. Senatus concilium ceperunt ut Caesar regem fuerit.
Answers to previous lesson.
Senatus copias ad insulam ut pontem aedificare misit.
Inquit ubi erat iter ad Romam.
Matronae vissae in urbe, viri ierunt audire Cicero dicit. Dies proxima aestatis in Roma erant optimumae. CouzzFTt1eg
Congratulations
Opening paragraph of Caesar’s Gallic Wars
Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.
Caesar’s Gallic Wars is a great place to start reading Latin by Latin authors, followed by Nepos before tackling Virgil, Ovid and Livy.
LATIN TO ENGLSH DICTIONARY
Aabdo, ere = hide accedo, dere, accessi, accessum = approach accepto, ere = accept acer, ris = sharp adeo, ire ii, itum = approach adsum, adesse = be present adventus, us (m) = arrival aedificium, aedificii (n) = building, dwelling aequus, i = fair, right aestas, aestatis (f) = summer ager, agri = field, land, territory ago, ere, egi, actum = do, act agricola = farmer alba = white
alimentium i (n) =food alius = other altus = high, deep amicus = friend amitto, ere, missi, missum = throw away amo, are = love animadverto, ere, verti, versum = observe, notice animus, i (m) = spirit, heart ante + accus = before appello, are, avi, atum = call, name appropinquo, are, avi, atum = approach apud = at the home of, at, near by aqua = water
arbitror, are, arbitatus = think, consider arbor, oris (f) = tree arma virumque cano = of arms and men I sing (first three words of Virgil’s Aeneid. arma, orum (n) = arms atque = and and also audeo, ere = dare audio, ire = hear aut = or autumnus, i (m) = autumn auxilium, i = aid, help
Bbellum, i (n) = war bene, melius,optime = well bonus, a, um = good
Ccaeruleus = blue
Caesar, Caesaris (m) = Caesar canis, is (m) = dog cano, ere, cecini, cantum = sing caput, caputis (n) = leader, head castra,orum (n) = camp (pl only) casus, us (m) = fall, by chance causa, ae (f) = for the sake or cause (preceded by dative) cedo, ere, cessi, cessum = cede celer, eris = swift
celeritas, celeriter, celerrime = quickly celeriter = quickly centum = hundred certiorem facio, ere, feci, actum = inform
circiter = about circum = around (with accus)
civis, is (m) = citizen cognomen,ni,minis (n) = surname, nickname cognosco, ere = learn cogo, ere, coegi, coactum = compel or force. collis, is (n) = hill concilium capio = I adopt a plan concilium,i = plan, advice conditio, confitionis (f) = condition, term confirmo, are = strengthen conor, ari, atus sum = attept, try consequeor, ari, consecutus sum = attain, overtake conservo, are, avi, atum = save keep conservo, ere, conserui, consertum = conserve, save consilium , i, (n) = plan, council constituo, ere = determine, decide contendo, ere = hasten contra + accus = against convoco, are = summon copia = plenty copiae = troops, forces cornu, u (n) = horn corpus, oris (n) = body cotide = daily creber,bra,um = many credo, ere, credidi creditum = believe cupidus, a, um = eager for, deserious of cur = why
curro, ere, cucurri, cursum = run
Dde + abl = concerning, about debeo, ere = should, ought (takes infinitive) decem = ten
decimus,a, um = tenth deleo, ere, delevi, deletus = destroy deligo, ere = choose, appoint depono, ere, deposui, depositum = put down deus = god dexter = right dico, ere, dixi, dictum = say, speak dictator, oris (m) = dictator difficilis, is = difficult difficultas, raris (f) = difficulty discedo ere, ui, itum + ab = leave discerno, ere, discrevi, discretus = distinguish diu, diutius,diutissime = until do, are = give
dolus,i (m) = trick domus, us (m) = home donec = until dubito, are, avi, atum = doubt, hesitate duceo, ere = teach duco, ere = to lead dum = while (with preent indicative) duo milia (millia, ium (n) is declined only in the plural = two thousand duo, duae, duo = two duodecim = twelve duodecimus = twelfth duplex, icis = double dux, ducis (m) = leader
Eefficio, ere, feci, fectum = build ego = I
equus, i (m) = horse ergo = this, therefore (it is a post positive and used after the first word in the sentence. est = he, she or it is et = and et … et = both … and etiam = also
ex consuetudine = according to custom ex, e + abl = out of exeo, ire = to go out of exercitus, us (m) = army existimo, are = think existimo, are, avi, atum = thinks expecto, are, avi, atum = await extra + Accus. = outside + accus.
Ffacile = easily facile, facilus, facilissime = easy facile, e = easy fama, ae = report, rumour fames, famis (f) = hunger fere = almost fidelis, e = faithful fides, fidei (f) = faith filia = daughter filius = son
finis, is (f) = finish finitimus, a, um = neighbouring, adjacent
fio, fierim factus = do, make or build firmo,are = strengthen flavus = yellow
flumen,minis (n) = river fluo,ere, fluxi, fluxum = flow fluvius = river foritor = heavily ortis, is = brave fortiter = bravely fotuna, ae (f) = luck
frango, ere, fregi, fractum = break, shatter fugio, ere, fugi, fugitum = flee fuscus = brown
Ggens, gentis (f) = clan, nation gratiae, arum = thanks (plural only) gravis, e = serious gravis, is (m) = grave, heavy graviter = seriously
Hhabeo,ere, habui, habitum = have habito, are, avi, atum = dwell, inhabit hic = in this place
hiems, hiemis (f) = winter hodie = today
homo, hominis (m) = man hora, ae (f) = hour
iam = now, already
idem = a certain igitur = therefore (also a post positive) impedio, ire, ivi, impeditum = hinder, impede imperator, imperatoris (m) = commander impero, are = command, order (takes dative case after it) incendio, ere, incendi, incensus = burn, set on fire incopia, ae (f) = want
inequus, qua, quum = unfair, not honest, not equal infra = below
instituo, ere = undertake, stand, hold insula = island
intellego, ere, intellexi, intellectum = understand inter + accus = between ipse, ipsa, inspsum = self
itaque = therefore or accordingly iter, itineris (n) = road iubeo, ere = order
iuro, iuare, iuravi, iuratum = swear
iusiruandum = swear, take an oath
iusiruandum is actually two words – ius in the beginning and isirandum at the end
iuvenis (m) = youth, young man
Llacrima, ae (f) = tear lacrimae rerum = the tears of things
late = widely
late et longe = far and wide latus = broad, wide legatus, i (m) = envoy, legate lex, legis (f) = law liber = free
liber, ri (m) = book
libere = freely
liberi (pl) = children
libero, are, avi, atus = free, set free
libero, are, avi, atus = free, set free littera, litterae (f) = letter of alphabet littterae, arum (f) = a letter or dispatch
luctus, us (m) = grief
locus, i (m) = place longus = long
loquor, loqui, locutus sum = speak, say
Mmagnus = great, large male, peius, pessime = badly manus, i (f) = hand
mare, is (n) = sea mater. ri = mother
memoria, memoriae (f) = memory memoriam depono (with Gen.) = I forget memoriam retineo (with Gen.) = I remember mens, mentis (f) = mind meridie = at noon
meus, mea, meum = my, my own miles, militis (m) = soldier mille = thousand miser,a,um = unhappy mitto, ere, misi, missum = send modus, i (m) = manner
moenia, ium (pl) = city walls
moneo, ere, ui, itum = advise mons, montis (f) = mountain moror, ari, atus sum – delay, wait
moveo, ere, movei, movetum = move
mulier, eris (f) = woman
multi = many multum = much multum, plus, plurium = much multus = much
munio, ire, ivi, itum = fortify
murus = wall
multitudo, dinis (f) = large mumber
Nnancisor, eri, nactus sum = obtain
nauta = sailor
navis, is (f) = vessel, ship
ne = attach to a word, used for yes or no questions.
nego, are, avi, atum = deny
nemo, nemonis (m) = no one
neque…nec = neither…nor nescio, ire, ivi, itum = do not know
niger, ra, um = black
noceo, ere, ut,itum + dat = harm, injure
noctu = by night
nolo = be unwilling
nolo, nolle, nolui = be unwilling
nomen, nominis (n) = name
non = not
non solum…sed ediam = not only…but also
none = nine
nonne, adv. (use in yes questions)
nonus = ninth
noster, nostra, nostrum = our, our own.
nox, noctis (f) = night
num, adv. = use in no questions
numerus,i = number
nunc = now
nuntio, are,avi, atum = announce nuntius, i (m) = messenger nuptiae = arum (pl) = wedding
Oob + accus = on account of , because obteneo, ere, obtenui, obtentum = hold, maintain occido, ere, occidit, occisum = kill, slay oceanus, i (m) = ocean octavus = eighth octo = eight oculus, us (m) = eye olim = once omnis, is = all or everything onus,eris (n) = burden oppidum, i (n) = town opus, eris (n) = work oratio, ionis (f) = speech orationem habere = to make a speech os, oris (n) = mouth ostendo, are, avi, atum = show par, paris = equal paratus, a , um = ready, prepared for pareo, ere = be obedient or obey (takes Dative after it) pars, partis (f) = part, side parum, peius, pessime = litle parvus = small pater, ri = father patior, iri, passus sum = endure, suffer patria, ae (f) = native land pauci= few (in pl only)
pax, pacis (f) = peace per = though (accus) periculum, i (n) = danger permitto, ere, misi, missum = let go, loosen perpetuus,ua, uum = endless, perpetual perficio, ere, spexi, spectrum = perceive pervenio, ire, veni, itum = + ad = reach, arrive at pes, pedis (m) = foot peto, ere = ask, seek plurium = most polliceor, eri, pollicetus sum = promise repeatedly pono,ere = place pons, pontis (m) = bridge populus, i (m) = people porta, ae (f) = gate portens, entis = powerful porto = I carry possum, posse, potui = can, be able to post + accus = after postererus, a, um = next posteri, orum = descendants postquam + accus = afterwards praeter + accus = besdies, moreover prima lux = at daybreak prima vere = at the beginning of spring prima vers (f) = spring primo = at first primum = first primus, a, um = first pro = for, on behalf of profundus, a, um = deep, profound promitto, ere = promise prope + accus = near
prope, propius, proxime = nearly provincial, ae (f) = province prudens, entis = wise puella, ae = girl puer, ri = boy pulcher, ra, rum = beautiful
Qquaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitm = seek, ask, inquire quam celerrime = as quickly as possible quamquam = although quando = when quartus decimus = fourteenth quartus, a, um, etc. = fourth quattuor = four
quattuordecim = fourteen -que = and (attach to word)
qui = who
qui, quae, quod = who, what quicquid = whatever, whatsoever quid = what
quidem, quiddam, quidem = a certain quindecim = fifteen quingenti = five hundred quinquaginta = fifty quinque = five quintus = fifth quintus decimus = fifteenth quis, quiae. quid = who, what?
quo = to what place, where
Rratio, ionis (f) = way, method
recens, entis = recent recuso, are = refuse
relinquo, ere, reliqui, relictus = leave reliquus,a,um = remaining removeo, ere = remove renuntio, are, avi, atus = report res publica = the state res, reris (f) = thing respondeo, ere = reply respondeo, ere, respondi, responsum = respond, promise in return
rex, regis (m) = king rogo, are, avi, atum = to ask
Roma = Rome
Romanus = Roman ruber = red
rurus = again
Ssaepe = often salus,utis (f) = safety satis = enough saxum, saxi (n) = rock scio, ire, ivi, itum = know
Scipio Africanus = the nickname for Scipio, who defeated Hannibal.
scribo, ere, scripsi, scripsi, scriptus = write secondus, a, um = second
sectus = sixth sed = but semper = always senatus, us (m) = senate
senentia, ae (f) = opinion
sentio, ire, sensi, sensum = feel septem = seven
septimus = seventh sequor, eri, secutus = follow servo, are, avi, atum = save, keep servus. i (m) = slave sex = six si = so and if signum, i, (n) = signal simul = at the same time sinister = left sinister, ra, rum = left specto, are = to look, face spero, are, avi, atum = hope spes, ei = (f) = hope spondeo, ere, spondi, sponsus = promise statium i (n) = space, interval, distance statum = at once sto, are = stand, last subito = suddenly sum, esse, fui = to be sunt = they are superato, are, avi, atum = to conqueor suus, sua, suum = his, hers, theirs suus, sua, suum = his/hers/ its own, their own
Ttalis = such tam = so much tandem = at last, finally
tandem = at length
tango, ere, tetgi, tactus = touch tantum = so much, so great templum (n) = temple tempus (oris) (n) = time
teneo, ere, ui, tentum = hold terror, terroris = terror tertius = thirteenth tertius, a, um = third trans + accus. = across tredecim = thirteen tres,tria = three tu (sing) = you
tunc = then tuus, tua, tuum = your, your own
Uunde = from what place, from place, whence
undecim = eleven
undecimus = eleventh
unus, a, um = one urbs, urbis (f) = city uter = which of two utinam = would that utor, i, usus sum + abl = use uxor, oris (f) = wife
Vvenio, ire, ivi, venitum = come verba, ae (f) = word
vereri, eri, veritus = fear
verto, erer, verti, versum = turn
vester, vestra, vestrum = your, your own victoria, ae (f) = victory victus, us (m) = food
video, ere, visi, visum = see
viginti = twenty
vinco, ere, vici, victus = conqueor
vir, viri (m) = man
vires, virium (m) plural only = strength virgo, virginis (f) = maiden virtus, utis (f) = valour
vis, vis (f) (sing only) =force
voco, are = call
volo, are, avi, atyum = fly volo, velle, volui = be willing
vos = you (pl)
vox, vocis (f) = voice
vulnus,eris (n) = wound
About the Author
Jim Carr began his career with words as a teacher of Latin Grammar for five years after studying the language for seven years. He has a degree in Classics and English.
This was followed by a lengthy career in print journalism as a reporter, columnist and editor. He left to become a communications specialist for a number of national and international corporations and institutions.
He returned to journalism in retirement and acts as associate editor of Spa Canada magazine as well as freelancing for other publications.
He has written an ebook about outstanding Thai resorts and their spas, called SPA MAGIC. His four mystery novels, Gravediggers, Abbot’s Moon, Death Star and Rogues Retreat. His book of short stories, Betrayal, and a wartime romance, There’s Always Tomorrow, are available as an ebooks and as print books on Amazon, Kobo, Barnes and Noble, Ibooks.