Muwekma Ohlone History and Heritage

History and Heritage Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area:

Who are the Muwekma Ohlone?

The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe is comprised of all of the surviving Native American lineages who are aboriginal to the greater San Francisco Bay region and whose ancestors were missionized into Missions Dolores, Santa Clara and San Jose and who comprised the historic BIA documented Federally Recognized Verona Band of Alameda County.

The Muwekma Tribe became Federally Recognized through the Congressional Homeless California Indian Appropriation Acts of 1906 and 1908 and through other federal actions during later years.

Muwekma Ohlone

Muwekma Ohlone

Ohlone Indians at Mission Dolores

A Rich Natural Environment Green All Year Round

Big Game Hunters Including Elk

San Francisco Bay 5000 Years Old

Tule Boat Transportation Crossing the Bay

Fishermen Salmon and Steelhead

Distribution of SF Bay Area Tribal Groups

Muwekma

Ohlone

Artifacts from CA ALA 329

Earth Mound Mortuary Sites Territorial Monuments

Tuupentaks

Villages Located Near Fresh Water

Watertight Baskets

Ohlone Cooking Basket

Gift Basket with Beads and Abalone Shells

Spanish Packet San Carlos 1775

Ethnohistoric Descriptions of Political Authority (1775)

In 1775 the ship San Carlos commanded by Captain Ayala entered San Francisco Bay within northern Costanoan territory, Father Santa Maria observed :

There was in authority over all these Indians one whose kingly presence marked his eminence above the rest Our men made a landing, and when they had done so the Indian chief addressed a long speech to them

After the feast, and while they were having a pleasant time with the Indians, our men saw a large number of heathen approaching, all armed with bows and arrows This fear obliged the sailing master to make known by signs to the Indian chieftain the misgivings they had in the presence of so many armed tribesmen

The themi (chief) (sic), understanding what was meant, at once directed the Indians to loosen their bows and put up all their arrows, and they were prompt to obey The number of Indians who had gathered together was itself alarming enough There were more than four hundred of them, and all, or most of them, were of good height and well built” (Galvin 1971 51 53 .

Ohlone Indians at Mission Dolores

Indians at Mission Dolores (1816)

Mission San Jose (est. 1797)

Mission Santa Clara (Clareño) Ohlone Indian

Ynigo Reservation

John C. Fremont (1846)

Military Governor General Richard B. Mason

B.

Indians found

were to be dealt with by the

Jose.”

“Indian laborers were to be furnished with

and if they could not show them were to be treated as robbers,”

were simply shot without trial.

John

Johann Augustus Sutter

California Gold Rush! 1849

California Gold Rush!

California Gold Rush 49 ers

Water Canon Exposing Deposits

Destruction of Fishing Runs

Lands to be Ceded in 1851

Lands to be set aside for Indians

Peter

Mission San Jose Baptism

Kuksu Dance Regalia

High Lineage/Ceremonial Regalia

Kuksu/Big Head Religious Revitalization

Phoebe Apperson Hearst

1895 Poll Tax

except paupers, insane persons and Indians

Jose Guzman

Colos

Magdalena Armija

Native

Jose Guzman

George Santos

Catherine Peralta

Angela Colos

Joseph Garcia

Paula

Casita at Alisal Rancheria 1905

Muwekma

Jose Guzman

Angela Colos

Magdelena Armija

Kelsey s 1913 Indian Rancheria Map

Members of the Verona Band, Alameda County, California

Maria Trinidad Gonzales Reyes and Paula, circa 1905

Lived on the Alisal, Pleasanton Rancheria Peregrina Piños and George Santos Marriage Photo, circa 1904 Lived on the Niles Rancheria

Pleasanton Township, Indian Town

Angela Colos Catherine Peralta

Muwekma

Marine

of

By C.E. Kelsey, Special Agent for

Letter to The Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Washington, D.C. From C.E. Kelsey, Special Agent for the California Indians - Oct. 4, 1913

RE: Northern California Indians (cont.)

The Indian Office did not even have record of the 18 treaties until we dug them out of the secret archives of the Senate.

By C.E. Kelsey, Special Agent for

Angela Colos

Six Muwekma Men Who Served During WW I

Fred Guzman Pvt. Co. C, 110 Inf., (France) 28th Inf. Div. (1917 1919)

Toney Guzman, Pvt. 347th Field Art. (France) 91st Inf. Div. (1918 1919)

Henry A. L. Nichols, F1 US Navy, USS Oklahoma, USS Arizona (1917 1919)

Joseph F. Aleas, Sgt. Co. D., 21st MG Bn. (France) 7th Inf. Div. (1916 1920)

John Jack” Nichols

59th Coast Artillery Corps Tank Division (France) US Army (1914 1920)

Franklin Guzman, Sgt. Fourth Brigade, Marines, 2nd Division (France) USMC (1916 1919)

President

The

were much intermarried with the Chocheños. The dialect(s) were similar.

muwékma,

gente (thepeople)

Magdalena Armija-Thompson

Armija-Thompson

BIA Application (cont.)

REMARKS

Note:* The applicant has the appearance of a full-blood Indian woman. She speaks the Spanish language and is evidently a descendant of the Mission Indians of Mission San Jose, Alameda County, California.

Phoebe Inigo-Alaniz

Phoebe Inigo-Alaniz

Application for enrollment with the Indians of the State of California under the Act of May 18,

Mission tribe, San Jose Mission, Alameda County, California.

Catherine

Mission San Jose Mission, Alameda Co., Calif.

Dario and Catherine Marine s Grandchildren

Continue Dance Traditions with the Maidu Indians

Lucas

Application

with the Indians of the State of California under the Act of May 18,

Ohlones (?) Tribal name Unknown, Alameda County, California, Name of Tribe or Band

Evalina (Avelina) Marine, Mother, Ohlones, Tribal name unknown, Alameda County, California

My mother’s parents belong to the Mission San Jose, in Alameda County, California, and the records of her family ought to be found there.

Lucas Marine and Cecilia Armija Marine, 1920

Ernest “Ernie” Marine Newark, CA 1947

Mission San Jose Baptism Records

Mission San Jose, Alameda Co., Calif.

Maggie, Pete, Peter, Pauline, Carol,

Jose Bianoco (Joe Binoco)

Mission Indian Mission San Jose, Alameda County, California

Dolores Sanchez

State

Mission San Jose, Alameda Co., California

Muwekma

Dolores Sanchez Family Lineage Photos

Albert Arellano

Mission San Jose, Alameda Co., Calif.

Mission San Jose, Alameda Co., Calif.

RE: Indian Claims for Pleasanton Tribe

…MyGreat Grandfather was a chief in the tribe at Pleasanton.

… whathappened about that Indian deal.A lot of people want to find out about it. So they asked me to write to you. We heard there was a meeting about Indian Claims.

Muwekma Ohlone

Lawrence Domingo Marine

Lawrence Domingo Marine Sergeant, U.S. Marine Corps, Guadalcanal, Eniwetok, Marshall Islands, Okinawa, Ryukyu 1940–1946 WWII

Muwekma

Ernest Marine Pfc. U.S. Army, 58th Field Artillery Battalion, 1944-1946, WWII

1941 - 1945

Lawrence Thompson, Sr. (photo taken in 1997, 79 years old) Tech. Fifth Grade, U.S. Army, 640th Tank Destroyer Battalion, Pacific Theater 19411945, WWII

Hank A. Alvarez U.S. Army, 101st Airborne Division 1942-1945, WWII

Daniel Santos Juarez (center)

Sergeant, U.S. Army, 41st Division, WWII 1944 Michael Benjamin Galvan (right) U.S. Navy And Army WWII

Frank H. Guzman Pfc, U.S. Army 345th Infantry, European Campaign, 1944-1946, WWII Ben Guzman, U.S. Army, Pacific, WWII (photo taken 1945)

Robert R. Sanchez U.S. Army Technician Fourth Grade, 508th Prcht. Infantry, 82nd Airborne Division 1943-1948, WWII

Salvador Piscopo

Sergeant, US Army, Patton’s Tank Div. 14th Cavalry, 18th Mech, Sq. 1942-1946, WWII

1941

1945

Muwekma Ohlone

Thomas Garcia, (photo taken 1946) U.S. Army, Co F, 358th Combat Engineers Buried in the Golden Gate National Cemetery

Enos Sanchez, 89th Infantry Div., 1st Bat, Co. M, 354th Infantry Regiment Heavy Machine Gunner, U.S. Army, Patton’ s Army Tank Command, Rhineland, Central Europe, North Africa,

Charles R. Wauhab, Notary Public

Marino(e),

1945

Trina Marino(e)

She is a descendant of the local Indian Tribe and was born in Pleasanton, California in the early 1900.

Mason Marine and Marvin

Muwekma Ohlone

Area

Lawrence Lawrence Marine Marvin Lee

Attempted Anthropological Correction

Alfred Kroeber 1954 55 California Indian Claims

n “ there is a widespread belief that many Indian groups, especially the smaller ones, have now become extinct Anthropologists sometimes have gone a step farther, and when they can no longer learn from living informants the speech and modes of life of the ancestors of these informants, they talk of that tribe or group as being extinct –when they mean merely that knowledge of the aboriginal language and culture has become extinct among the survivors.

n The survivors are there; they may even be full bloods; racially or biologically the stock is not extinct; but they can no longer help the anthropologist acquire knowledge about the group that he would like to preserve ”

n (Kroeber and Heizer 1970 2 3)

Named chairman of the group was (Benjamin)

Michael Galvan

Speaking for the Ohlone

Indian Historians were (Benjamin)

Michael Galvan, Hank Alvarez, Mack Whitfield, and Philip Galvan. Hank Alvarez, Presentlya Muwekma

Ohlone Tribal Council Member

Muwekma Ohlone

American Indian Historical Society

of Ohlone Contacts and Ohlone

Muwekma

Letter

Miss Jeanette Vieux

Rose F. Vieux

From Don Edwards

of Congress House of Representatives

RE: Preservation of the Ohlone Indian Burial Grounds (Cemetery) July 29, 1966

I also contacted the Bureau of Indian Affairs. They informed me that they do not have jurisdiction in this matter since the Ohlone Indians are not officially recognized as an American Indian tribe. It was their opinion that legislation of this kind would not have a chance in Congress since their official position is to encourage Indians to enter the mainstream of American life, rather than to be singled out as a tribe.

Francisco

“It is the only such cemetery in the area. We have been told Congressman Don Edwards supports this drive, and may introduce some sort of legislation that would declare it a national historic site.”

Area

Muwekma

Indian Historian

People of the West

The Ohlone Story by P. Michael Galvan, Ohlone Spring,

Muwekma Ohlone Tribe

The efforts of California Indians to sue the federal government under the Jurisdictional Act of 1928 resulted in the creation of the federal Indian Claims Commission in 1946.. A compromise settlement was offered for 64,425,000 acres of land.

The BIA organized a series of meetings to convince the litigants to accept the settlement As a result California Indians were deemed eligible to share in the settlement Payments of $668 61 per person was issued by 1972 Thus Indians are the only class of citizens in the United States who are denied constitutional protection of their lands.

for Ernest George Thompson

Tribe

Ernest George Thompson

Margaret

TheOhloneWay

By Malcolm Margolin, 1978

Today the descendants of the Ohlone Indians are still among us, living close to the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Areas where their ancestors have lived for so many hundreds of years.

In what may be the first action of its kind by a major university, Stanford will return the skeletal remains of about 550 Indians from Its museum to elders of the Ohlone Costanoan people, Provost James Rosse has disclosed.

Rosemary Cambra (Ohlone) Representative for the Ohlones

…said she was “very, very happy” Stanford has agreed to respect the religious rights of the Indians….

Academic Sentence of Extinction

Responding to Muwekma’s Repatriation Request, Dr. Frank A. Norick Curator (1989)

Phoebe Hearst Museum, U.C. Berkeley went to Newspapers stating: n “ … there are few Indians left in the Bay Area who have some vague Native American heritage, but until [a recent book on the subject] [The Ohlone Way] came out, they didn’t know who the East Bay Indians were, and the few Indians that happened to survive were swallowed up and exterminated by civilization by the later part of the last century. That’s not to say that there aren’t people around here who are of Indian heritage, but, … n I’d be willing to bet they could not give you even the semblance of a [lineage] account that was aboriginal ” n (Express Newspaper, n September 21 1989)

Continued Sentences of Extinction (1993)

In 1993, . . Neiburger's article Profiting From Reburial" declaimed: “Public money for reburials is the latest growth industry for numerous activists: 135 000 of taxpayers' money was used to pay off land owners, lawyers, archaeologists and activists in an effort to bury 146 poorly understood skeletons in Saline, Kansas. Religious and historic traditions, accurate identifications and the desires of the next of kin have little influence on many activists who demand reburial of all remains under a variety of self styled "traditional" religions.

Thus, Stanford University has released 550 Ohlone skeletons to individuals who had identified with this tribe the last recognized member of which died in the early 1800s”.

(Originally published in Nature 1990, 344 297; republished in American Committee for Preservation of Archaeological Collections Newsletter, March 1993 .

Continued Sentences of Extinction (1992)

In a widely read introductory text North American Indians used in many undergraduate courses, Alice Kehoe declared: “The central coast south of San Francisco and the adjacent Santa Clara Valley across the Coast Range were occupied by the Costanoans, once speaking a language closely related to Miwok, now effectively extinct as a nation” 1992 402 .

Special Guests

Rosemary Cambra, Muwekma Ohlone Tribe

Ohlone Creation Story

Rosemary Cambra

Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San

Area

Rosemary Cambra, Chairwoman of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe and other Tribal Leaders in front of the White House, Washington, D.C. Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Petition for Recognition delivered to President Bill Clinton

Muwekma

Letter from the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Washington, D. C.

RE: Pleasanton or Verona Band of Alameda County was PreviouslyAcknowledged May 24, 1996

…thePleasantonorVeronaBandofAlamedaCountywas previouslyacknowledged between 1914 and 1927. The band was among the groups, identified as bands, under the jurisdiction of the Indian agency at Sacramento, California. The agency dealt with the Verona Band as a group and identified it as a distinct social and political entity. The band was among the bands proposed by a Special California Indian agent in 1914 for homesite land under the appropriations for homeless California Indians which began in 1906.

Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area

To Ms. Rosemary Cambra (Chairwoman for the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe)

Advisory Council On California Indian Policy Act

Muwekma

Muwekma

Tribe’s Genealogy and Legal History

ACCIP – California Indian Tribal Status Clarification Act George Miller Bill, April 13, 2000

(4) The Muwekma are the aboriginal inhabitants of the southern,easternand western regions of the San Francisco BayArea, including all of what is now San Francisco, San Mateo, Alameda and ContraCostaCounties, much of what is now Santa ClaraCounty, and partsof Santa Cruz, San Joaquin, Napa, and Solano Counties. The Muwekma Indians are fromthefollowing aboriginal tribes: Passasimi/Yatikumne, Tamcan, Josemite, Lacquisemne, Julpun, Napian/Karkin, Jalquin/Yrgin, Alson/Tamien, Suenen, Chupcan, Choquoime, and Nototomne. Spanish missionaries forcedthe ancestors of theMuwekma Tribe into theMissions Dolores, San Joseand Santa Clara in the late 18th andearly19th centuries. In the 1830’ s theMexican Government secularized the missions and distributed their lands. ManyMuwekma left the missions and resettled in otherpartsof the BayArea, including on a numberof rancheries in AlamedaCounty, including the Alisal Rancheria near Pleasanton, the Del Mocho Rancheria in Livermore, the El Molino Rancheria in Niles, as well as on rancherias in Sunol and San Leandro/San Lorenzo until the early partof the 20th century. The Muwekma people continue to reside in their aboriginal territory in the San Francisco BayArea.

Muwekma

Muwekma Ohlone Tribe

Lawsuit Filed December 1999

Judge Ricardo Urbina Court

January 16, 2001

The Muwekma Tribe is a tribe of Ohlone Indians indigenous to the present-day San Francisco Bay area. In the early part of the Twentieth Century, the Department of the Interior (“ DOI” ) recognized the Muwekma Tribe as an Indian tribe under the jurisdiction of the United States.

Alphonzo Juarez 18 years old, 1932

Cheppa Marine, Maggie Pinos Juarez, and Cecilia Marine, 1935

Eddie Thompson, Lawrence Thompson, Ruth Thompson, and Ernest Thompson, Sr., 1935

s

The

Henry Marshall, Faye Thompson, Ruth Thompson & Eddie Thompson Newark, CA 1937

Sam Arellano, Ishmael Arellano, Joel Arellano, and Lydia Arellano Hayward, CA 1949

Ruth Thompson, Ernest Thompson, Sr., Lucas Marine, Cheppa Marine, Cecilia Marine, and Dario Marine Newark, CA 1936

Pauline, James, Rosemary, and Alphonzo Juarez Mary and Mike Archuleta, 1959

Muwekma

Muwekma Ohlone Tribal Leadership

Muwekma Ohlone Tribal Council December 1999

Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Elders Council Meeting San Jose, CA - May 2000

Several Members of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribal Council

Norma E. Sanchez, Tribal Administrator; Monica V. Arellano, Tribal Vice Chairwoman; Gloria E. Arellano, Councilwoman; Joel C. Arellano, Sr., Elders Council Chairman; Rosemary Cambra, Tribal Chairwoman; Concha Rodriguez, Elder and Councilwoman; Susie Rodriguez, Councilwoman San Jose, CA -January 14, 2000

Muwekma

Muwekma Mural at Ohlone/People’s Park Berkeley

Oakland Museum Exhibition on Emeryville Mound

Reviving Traditional Dances that were

Dances that were

City of San Jose Native American Day Proclamation

Certificate of Recognition California Senator

Mural Along

River

the

Our People

Children

Mak Huššiš tak! and Our Future!

you for your time to hear about the Muwekma Tribe

s prehistory, history, heritage and struggle

you have ascertained our Tribe and our People have never left our Ancestral and Historic Homelands!

hope that after this long and painful struggle we will be restored once again as a Federally

Tribe by next year!

Aho!

Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area