Carplus Annual Survey of Car Clubs 2012/13 scotland
Prepared for Carplus by Steer Davies Gleave
Carplus Annual Survey 2012/13 Results for Scotland Report June 2013
Prepared for: Carplus First Floor Leeds Bridge House Hunslet Road Leeds, LS10 1JN
Prepared by: Steer Davies Gleave West Riding House 67 Albion Street Leeds, LS1 5AA +44 (0)113 389 6400 www.steerdaviesgleave.com
Results for Scotland
CONTENTS FOREWORD ........................................................................................... I Background ............................................................................................ i The Carplus Annual Survey 2012/13 ............................................................. ii 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................. 1 Members and Joiners Survey ....................................................................... 1 Corporate Member Survey .......................................................................... 2 Corporate Administrator Survey ................................................................... 3 Operators Survey ..................................................................................... 3 Emissions and Air Quality ........................................................................... 4
2
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 5 About Carplus ......................................................................................... 5 The Carplus Annual Surveys ........................................................................ 5
3
RESULTS OF THE MEMBERS AND JOINERS SURVEYS ....................................... 11
4
RESULTS OF THE PEER-TO-PEER MEMBER SURVEY ......................................... 27
5
RESULTS OF THE CORPORATE MEMBER SURVEY ............................................ 39
6
RESULTS OF THE CORPORATE ADMINISTRATOR SURVEY ................................. 45
7
RESULTS OF THE OPERATOR SURVEY AND EMISSIONS ANALYSIS AND PROFILING... 53 Operator Survey .................................................................................... 53 Emissions Analysis and Profiling ................................................................. 57
8
SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS ..................................................................... 69 Members and Joiners Survey ..................................................................... 69 Peer-to-Peer Member Survey .................................................................... 70 Corporate Member Survey ........................................................................ 71 Corporate Administrator Survey ................................................................. 71 Operator Survey .................................................................................... 72 Emissions Analysis and Profiling ................................................................. 73
FIGURES Figure 3.1
Map of responses by Local Authority area ............................. 12
Figure 3.2
Member satisfaction with the current service ........................ 13
Figure 3.3
Joiner satisfaction with the current service ........................... 13
Figure 3.4
Joiner satisfaction with information .................................... 14
Contents
Results for Scotland Figure 3.5
Car ownership before and after joining a car club ................... 14
Figure 3.6
Annual mileage driven using a car club car (members) ............. 15
Figure 3.7
Annual mileage driven using a household car (members) ........... 16
Figure 3.8
Annual mileage driven using any car (joiners) ........................ 16
Figure 3.9
Influence of membership on decision to sell or dispose of a car .. 18
Figure 3.10
Influence of car club membership on annual mileage travelled ... 19
Figure 3.11
Change in member mileage .............................................. 20
Figure 3.12
Influence of car club membership on car purchase .................. 21
Figure 3.13
Likelihood of purchasing a car in future ............................... 21
Figure 3.14
Frequency of use of other modes (members) ......................... 22
Figure 3.15
Frequency of use of other modes before and after joining ......... 23
Figure 3.16
Reasons for joining a car club............................................ 25
Figure 3.17
Personal circumstances at time of joining ............................. 25
Figure 4.1
Location of members ...................................................... 27
Figure 4.2
Age of Whipcar respondents.............................................. 28
Figure 4.3
Number of rentals .......................................................... 28
Figure 4.4
Satisfaction with Whipcar’s service ..................................... 29
Figure 4.5
Number of cars owned prior to joining Whipcar ...................... 29
Figure 4.6
Numbers of cars owned at time of survey ............................. 30
Figure 4.7
Car sold or otherwise disposed and effect of Whipcar .............. 31
Figure 4.8
Mileage during the last year - Whipcar ................................. 31
Figure 4.9
Mileage durIng the last year – any car .................................. 32
Figure 4.10
Change in household annual mileage since joining Whipcar ....... 33
Figure 4.11
Propensity for household to buy a private car ........................ 33
Figure 4.12
Likelihood that household will buy a car in the next few years ... 34
Figure 4.13
Frequency of use of other modes ....................................... 35
Figure 4.14
Reason for joining Whipcar ............................................... 36
Figure 4.15
Significant life-events at the time of joining Whipcar .............. 37
Figure 5.1
Satisfaction with car clubs ............................................... 40
Figure 5.2
Frequency of car club use ................................................ 40
Figure 5.3
Modes used for business travel before and after joining a car club ................................................................................ 41
Figure 5.4
Influence of car club membership on travel behaviour ............. 42
Figure 5.5
Influence of car club membership on business travel arrangements ................................................................................ 43
Contents
Results for Scotland Figure 6.1
Organisation sector ........................................................ 45
Figure 6.2
Number of employees in organisation .................................. 46
Figure 6.3
Number of employees in car club ....................................... 46
Figure 6.4
Satisfaction with car club service ....................................... 47
Figure 6.5
Perceived benefits of joining a car club ............................... 48
Figure 6.6
Proportion of business mileage travelled using car club cars ...... 49
Figure 6.7
Mileage information collected ........................................... 49
Figure 6.8
Travel plans and policies .................................................. 50
Figure 6.9
Changes to travel policies since joining the car club ................ 51
Figure 6.10
Travel options ............................................................... 52
Figure 7.1
Gender profile of members (2010-2012) ............................... 54
Figure 7.2
Age profile of members (2010-2012) .................................... 55
Figure 7.3
Number of hires per member per year ................................. 56
Figure 7.4
Miles travelled per hire ................................................... 57
Figure 7.5
Profile of the Scottish car club and British national fleets ......... 59
Figure 7.6
Scottish car club fleet carbon emissions profile ...................... 60
Figure 7.7
Scottish car club fleet Euro emissions profile ......................... 63
Figure 7.8
Scottish car club fleet Euro emissions profile by car club .......... 63
TABLES Table 2.1
The Carplus surveys .......................................................... 6
Table 2.2
Survey response and reporting region .................................... 9
Table 3.1
Average annual mileage travelled by car club members ............ 17
Table 3.2
Comparing member travel behaviour with the general population 22
Table 5.1
Use of cars and vans ....................................................... 42
Table 6.1
Travel policy measures .................................................... 51
Table 7.1
Members by location ....................................................... 53
Table 7.2
Vehicle usage ............................................................... 56
Table 7.3
Car club cars in Scotland by VED emission band. ..................... 58
Table 7.4
Emissions of car club cars compared to British national fleet ..... 60
Table 7.5
Car club fuel types and emissions ....................................... 61
Table 7.6
Euro emissions standards for diesel and petrol cars ................. 62
Table 7.7
Car club fuel types and air quality emissions ......................... 64
Contents
Results for Scotland Table 7.8
Maximum permitted emissions for vans by Euro standard .......... 64
Table 7.9
Carbon emissions profile of community car clubs .................... 66
Table 7.10
Carbon emissions of community car clubs & British fleet........... 66
APPENDICES A
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES
B
CAR CLUB EMISSIONS SUMMARY TABLE
Contents
Results for Scotland
Foreword Background In the UK, Edinburgh is the largest car club outside of London, with Aberdeen and Glasgow being the fastest growing urban car clubs outside of London. Over the past five years, there has been a rapid growth in both car club membership and the geographical coverage of car clubs across Scotland with the majority of the urban population now having access to a car club. Despite a difficult economic environment for growth, during 2012 rapid progress has been made in terms of member numbers, network coverage and sector innovation. Member numbers grew to 6,600 using a network of approximately 180 car club vehicles across Scotland1. The coverage of car clubs has also grown with new operations launched in Dumfries and Galloway based in Dumfries and Moffat. The expansion of car clubs in Scotland has been supported by the Developing Car Clubs in Scotland (DCCS) programme, which is funded by Transport Scotland (the national transport agency for Scotland). The DCCS programme is managed by Carplus and has funded the provision of financial and technical support to enable the growth of car clubs in urban and rural locations across Scotland, since November 2010. To date, the programme has facilitated the successful launch of 13 new car clubs adding approximately 40 vehicles and over 800 members to the Scottish car club network. The Climate Change (Scotland) Act (2009) sets ambitious targets for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction for both 2020 and 2050. The role of car clubs in achieving these targets has been recognised by Transport Scotland and is particularly important in areas of Scotland where there are high levels of car dependency and where transport options such as walking, cycling and public transport do not provide a convenient alternative for all journeys. The average carbon emissions of the car club fleets in Scotland in 2012/13 are 29% lower than the UK national average car and 12% lower than the car club fleet average reported in 2011/12. In addition to facilitating the expansion of the car club network in Scotland, the DCCS programme is also supporting the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) into Scottish car club fleets. Car clubs can play an important role in mainstreaming EVs by introducing them to a wide range of new users and we welcome the opportunity that this provides in bringing car clubs to the attention of a number of new constituencies. Whilst financial and operational barriers do still exist to widespread adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles as part of the car club fleet, the market is committed to their adoption and progress has continued towards this goal2. Whilst progress to date has been rapid (it is easy to forget that this market place had not existed to any real degree before 2005), the most exciting part of the car 1
Member and vehicle numbers as at May 2013.
2
For further information see the Carplus guidance document – Electric Vehicles in Car Clubs (available to members only).
Foreword
Results for Scotland club story is what is still to be achieved. Market observers such as Frost and Sullivan predict a further 10-fold rise in car club membership by 2020, and the rise of the sharing economy as well as evidence from countries such as Germany, Austria and Switzerland, indicate significant untapped potential of car clubs to reduce the impacts of car traffic, support active travel and facilitate modal integration.
The Carplus Annual Survey 2012/13 The Carplus Annual Surveys highlight the important role that car clubs play in improving air quality, reducing private car ownership and congestion whilst also providing access to a car as a transport option when a journey cannot be made by other modes. The Carplus Annual Survey is the most comprehensive dataset collected across the car club sector on an annual basis since 2007. This year’s survey represents a considerable expansion of the scope of data collected in the previous five years. This year’s report includes the results of business user and administrator surveys, together with a survey of Whipcar peer to peer users. For the first time, this report also includes a detailed profile of the emissions of car club fleets. Chas Ball, Chief Executive, June 2013
ii
Results for Scotland
1
Executive Summary Members and Joiners Survey
1.1
The results of the Carplus annual members and joiners survey reported in this document provides information about the travel behaviour of Car club members in Scotland. In 2012, 401 car club members responded to the members and joiners survey. Changes to car ownership
1.2
Car club membership reduces car ownership. For existing members, car ownership levels have halved after joining a car club. Before joining a car club over half of existing members owned a car. After joining a car club just over a quarter still own a car. Using these results, we estimate that, for each car club vehicle in Scotland, approximately 5 private cars are taken off the road3. Therefore, 900 private cars are not on Scotland’s roads as a consequence of the presence of 180 car club cars in the country.
1.3
Car club membership also reduces the number of private car purchased. A quarter of car club members state they would have bought a car if they hadn’t joined a car club. For each car club vehicle in Scotland 12 less cars are purchased. Therefore, the purchase of up to 2,160 private cars has been deferred as a consequence of the presence of 180 car club cars in Scotland. Changes to car use
1.4
Car club membership reduces car travel. For existing members, average annual car mileage is 4,085 miles including around 1,100 miles in car club cars. This is 52% lower than the Great Britain national average of 8,430 miles4. Travel behaviour by car club members
1.5
Compared to National Travel Survey (NTS) averages5, car club members walk, cycle and use public transport more. Travel by train is more than four times the Great Britain average; cycling levels are almost three times the NTS average, with walking levels and bus use around a third higher than NTS averages.
1.6
After joining a car club, on average, members drive less often and walk and cycle more often. The average mileage travelled by car club members in Scotland, using car club cars and household cars, is 4,085 miles; 52% lower than the NTS average.
3 The operator survey (see Section 7) provides the average number of car club members per car club car (48). By applying the proportion of respondents in Scotland who stated that they had sold or disposed or a car prior to joining the car club to the number of car club members per car, we can estimate that, how many private cars are removed from the road. This assumes that the sale of a car by a car club member results in a car eventually being removed from circulation at the end of the chain. See page 18, para 3.12 for a detailed explanation of the methodology 4 Where the Great Britain average has been quoted in this report it refers to the average for England, Scotland and Wales. Where Scotland specific data has been used, it is labelled as such. Department for Transport (2011) National Travel Survey Table NTS0901. Last accessed online 4th June 2013 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statisticaldata-sets 5 Department for Transport (2011) National Travel Survey Tables NTS0312 and NTS0313. Last accessed online 4th June 2013 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets
1
Results for Scotland Satisfaction with car club services 1.7
Satisfaction with the service they receive from car club operators amongst both existing members and recent joiners remains high with nine out of ten members rating the service they receive as very good or good.
1.8
Nine out of ten recent joiners rate information received before and during early bookings as very good or good. Reasons for joining a car club
1.9
Individuals often consider the way that they travel at key points of change in their lives, i.e. moving house or starting a new job. 35% of recent car club joiners had just moved to the area, while 18% had either recently changed jobs or retired. These findings highlight an opportunity to promote car club membership to potential members when there is a significant change in their lifestyle and they are likely to be changing or considering how they travel. Survey coverage
1.10
Member responses reflected the locations where car clubs are established with the majority of responses coming from members in Glasgow and Edinburgh.
Corporate Member Survey Satisfaction with car club services 1.11
The survey of corporate car club members across Great Britain found overall satisfaction with car club services as nine out of ten corporate members rated services as either very good or good. Use of car clubs
1.12
Around half of corporate members use cars clubs once a month or more. One in five corporate car club members use car clubs once a week or more. Travel behaviour by corporate car club members
1.13
For the majority of respondents, joining a car club for work use does not affect their overall car ownership or car use for business travel. However, 16% of corporate car club members drove to work less suggesting that they are either using alternative travel modes to commute or they are adjusting their working pattern to reduce the frequency of their commute e.g. working from home. 15% of corporate car club members also use car club vehicles for non-work trips.
1.14
After joining a car club, corporate car club members reduced the use of their own car for business travel. They also made the following changes to their car use for work related trips:
1.15
2
I
Used pool cars less;
I
Used car rental less; and
I
Used car clubs more.
Corporate car club users also used public transport slightly less but walked slightly more. Cycling levels remained the same.
Results for Scotland Changes to corporate travel policies 1.16
A minority of corporate respondents noted changes in company policies regarding car use since their organisation joined a car club. 16% noted changes to discourage use of private cars for business use while 14% noted that pool cars had been replaced by car club vehicles.
Corporate Administrator Survey 1.17
The majority of organisations (76%) that responded to the survey were in the private sector and most (72%) employ fewer than 10 individuals. Car club membership may appeal to smaller companies, particularly in central locations, whose staff do not travel by car frequently on business journeys or do not have resources to manage a car fleet. In the larger organisations, car club membership was a relatively small minority of employees (less than 10% in most cases). Car club membership
1.18
Almost half of all organisations joined a car club in the last year with over 80% joining in the last three years. Satisfaction with car club services
1.19
Administrators were generally happy with car club services, with eight out of ten rating services as very good or good. Membership benefits
1.20
Almost a third of corporate administrators cited cost savings as a benefit of car clubs. One in five respondents noted reduced administration, with 15% mentioning improved employee satisfaction. Use of car club cars
1.21
Car club use represents a relatively small proportion of business mileage for businesses which are car club members. For half of all businesses less than 10% of their business mileage used car club cars, likely to be shorter journeys. This illustrates that corporate car club membership is used as part of a wider staff travel offer that may include other modes and other types of car travel. There are some businesses which are more reliant on car club vehicles. One in ten respondents estimated that between 80% and 90% of business mileage made use of car club cars while a quarter of respondents estimated that at least half of all business travel made use of car club vehicles.
Operators Survey 1.22
For the operator survey each car club operator has provided details of their vehicle fleet, membership numbers and characteristics of members and data regarding use of car clubs by their members such as mileage travelled. The data is reported on a national basis, (i.e. for England and Wales, London and Scotland).
1.23
A significant proportion (84%) of car club members are based in London. A higher proportion of car club members are male (61%6), compared to the British national average (54%). There has over time however been an small increase in the
6
Operator survey figures include 7% of members where gender is not known, therefore a comparable male percentage for all operators is likely to be slightly higher than reported.
3
Results for Scotland proportion of female members of car clubs. The age profile of car club members typically reflects the locations where car clubs are most popular with a high proportion of members aged 25 to 44 (72%), this compares to 35% of British national licence holders. 1.24
Compared to last year, the average annual number of car club rentals has increased from 6.7 hires in 2011/12 to 8.2 hires in 2012/13. In 2012/13 average rental duration was 6.7 hours, similar to the 6.8 hour reported in 2011/12.
1.25
Average annual car club mileage per member has increased to 305 miles in 2012/13 from 237 miles in 2011/12. It should be noted that this these numbers are considerably lower than the self-reported mileage recorded in the annual member surveys, which may indicate that individuals find it hard to accurately estimate their mileage travelled.
Emissions and Air Quality 1.26
Overall the car club fleets in Scotland offer members vehicles that are low carbon and meet the current (Euro 5) air quality standards. Almost all club cars are in the lowest three VED emission Bands A to C with most club cars in Band A. In the British car fleet most vehicles are in Band G (151-165 g/km).
1.27
The average carbon emissions of the car club fleets in Scotland in 2012/13 are 29% lower than the British national average car and 12% lower than the British car club fleet average reported in 2011/12. Car clubs with the most petrol and petrolelectric hybrid vehicles achieved the lowest average published carbon emissions.
1.28
The car club fleet in Scotland is 92.5% Euro 5 compliant.
1.29
When selecting new vehicles for use in Scotland, there is a need to balance climate change (low carbon, fuel efficient), public health (low toxic emissions; notably nitrogen oxides and particulates) and whole life costs (depreciation or lease, insurance, maintenance and repairs). 2013 will see the launch of a roll out of shared EVs as a first step in addressing the challenge faced by the three Scottish cities subject to AQMAs referred to earlier in this report.
1.30
The community car club fleet in Scotland meets a specific requirement to provide vehicles in areas which would not otherwise be serviced by a car club. While not the most modern, lowest carbon or lowest emission the vehicles provided are significantly lower carbon than the national fleet. All meet the acceptable Euro 4 standard and all have an average age almost half that of the national fleet.
1.31
Given that in rural areas, especially those beyond commuting distance to major conurbations, there is a tendency for vehicles to be older than the national average it is highly likely that this fleet is a significant improvement over the alternative of local private ownership
4
Results for Scotland
2
Introduction
2.1
The Carplus Annual Survey is the only comprehensive and independently verified dataset collected on the car club sector in the UK. The Carplus Annual Survey has collected data on car club operations, membership profiles and the impact of car club membership on travel choices and the environment since 2007.
2.2
This is the sixth edition of the Carplus Annual Survey and covers the period 201213. It has been administered by consultants Steer Davies Gleave on behalf of Carplus.
2.3
The data collected from the Carplus Annual Survey is compiled into 3 regional reports that reflect the principal geographical areas of operation of car clubs in Great Britain:
2.4
I
England and Wales (excluding London)
I
London
I
Scotland
This report provides the results of the 2012/13 Carplus Annual Survey for Scotland. All three regional versions of the Carplus Annual Survey are available on the Carplus web site: www.carplus.org.uk.
About Carplus 2.5
Carplus is a not-for-profit, environmental transport NGO that promotes accessible, affordable and low-carbon alternatives to traditional car use in the UK. While recognising the benefits that cars can bring to society, Carplus believes that a new approach to car use and ownership is needed in order to mitigate the financial, environmental, social and health costs of motoring today. Carplus is the national accreditation body for car clubs in the UK and co-ordinates annual data collection and research for the sector.
The Carplus Annual Surveys 2.6
Carplus is committed to a standardised data collection system to assess the impacts of car clubs and inform development of car clubs in the UK. Since 2007, Carplus has worked with car clubs to collect a range of data from car club members and recent joiners about their travel habits and use of car clubs. The data collected by Carplus continues to grow: in 2012, additional surveys of corporate members and peer-to-peer car club users were conducted to complement the established survey of members and joiners. The results of these surveys are presented in this report. Table 2.1 summarises the five surveys that were undertaken.
5
Results for Scotland TABLE 2.1
2.7
THE CARPLUS SURVEYS
Survey name
Respondents
Members and Joiners Survey
Individual, private members and recent joiners of traditional ‘back-to-base’ car clubs
Peer-to-Peer Survey
Individual, private members of peer-to-peer car clubs
Corporate User Survey
Individual car club members whose membership is provided through their employer
Corporate Administrator Survey
Employees responsible for administrating car club corporate accounts
Operator Survey (including emissions profiling and analysis)
Car club operators
All of the main back-to-base car club operators in Great Britain that are accredited by Carplus are required to take part in the survey. The 2012 surveys were coordinated in conjunction with: I
City Car Club;
I
Co-wheels;
I
Enterprise CarShare;
I
Greenwheels7;
I
Hertz on Demand; and
I
Zipcar.
2.8
This year the UK’s primary peer-to-peer car club Whipcar8 was also invited to participate in the survey in order to provide an insight into this new model of car club to the UK market.
2.9
A number of community car clubs also participated on a voluntary basis.
2.10
The surveys were conducted using online forms and each operator was responsible for communicating the surveys to their members and offering incentives for completion. The survey period was 29th October 2012 – 14th December 2012. Upon completion of the surveys, Carplus provided each operator with a file containing the responses from their members.
2.11
The surveys issued to car club members in 2012 are described below. Car club members and joiners survey
2.12
The survey of car club members and joiners was largely unchanged from the surveys that have been conducted since 2007. It contained questions on the following topics:
7
Whilst Greenwheels participated in the Annual Survey, by the time of publication they had closed down their operations in London. 8
At the time of the survey, Whipcar was the primary operator of peer to peer car sharing in the United Kingdom. However, on 12th March 2013, prior to the publication of this report, Whipcar closed its operations.
6
Results for Scotland
2.13
I
Satisfaction with car clubs;
I
Car mileage travelled using car club cars and private cars;
I
Influence of car clubs on car ownership choices and mileage consumption; and
I
Use of other modes of transport.
The 2012 survey contained additional questions regarding: I
Reasons for joining a car club; and
I
Personal circumstances when joining a car club.
2.14
In this report, members who had joined the car club in the 3 months prior to completing the survey are referred to as “joiners”. Respondents who had joined before this time are referred to as “members”.
2.15
Members who had joined a car club within the 3 months prior to completing the survey were asked specific questions regarding satisfaction with the joining process and the information and guidance received during early bookings. Additionally, members who had recently joined the car club were asked to describe their travel habits before and after joining the car club in order to identify any immediate changes in travel behaviour that may be related to car club membership. Peer-to-Peer car club member survey
2.16
A new survey was issued in 2012 to members of the UK's primary peer-to-peer car club in operation at the time, Whipcar. In a peer to peer car club, the vehicles are owned by the members, rather than a car club operator. Members are able to rent out their personal vehicle for money when they are not using it. As a business model, it is closely aligned to traditional 'back-to-base' car clubs. However, in contrast to back-to-base car clubs, the peer to peer vehicle fleet is 'virtual' i.e. it fluctuates according to the number of participating car owners. The survey contained similar questions to the member survey regarding mileage consumption and vehicle ownership.
2.17
At the time of the survey, Whipcar was the sole peer-to-peer car club in operation. Since the survey was issued, Whipcar closed in March 2013 citing "barriers to widespread adoption of peer-to-peer car rental". However, the results of their survey have still been included within this report as they provide a valuable insight into an alternative model of car club that may well re-appear on the UK market in the future. Operator survey
2.18
Each of the main back-to-base car club operators provided details of their vehicle fleet, membership numbers and characteristics of members and data regarding use of car clubs by their members such as mileage travelled. The questions issued to operators were the same as for previous years, with the exception of the removal of questions requesting NOx and PM10 data for car club fleets. This information has been collected separately as explained below. Some not-for-profit, community car clubs also participated in the operator survey. Whipcar did not participate.
2.19
In a development from previous years, emissions data has been independently verified by Gfleet Services Ltd using vehicle registration marks (VRM) and published datasets from DVLA (Driver and Licensing Vehicle Agency), VCA (Vehicle
7
Results for Scotland Certification Agency) and vehicle manufacturers which enables the production of fuller and more accurate emissions profiling (including nitrogen oxides and particulates). The profiles are based on the vehicles each participating operator had on-fleet at 1st April 2013. Note: Whipcar and Greenwheels did not participate in this part of the survey as they had both closed operations before 1st April 2013. 2.20
To protect the confidentiality of operators, company names are not quoted in any data. Instead, where reference to individual operators is necessary, each operator has been allocated a code name e.g. ‘Car Club 1’. These code names have been applied consistently across all 3 regional versions of the Annual Survey reports. Where region specific data is reported, only operators that are operational in that region are included. For example, in Scotland, only ‘Car Club 2’ and ‘Car Club 4’ are operational in this region hence there is no data on car clubs 1,3 or 5. Corporate member survey
2.21
This year, a new questionnaire survey was issued to car club corporate members. This group primarily comprises members who use car clubs for work-related trips and whose membership is paid for by their employer. Corporate members were asked to complete a short survey which included questions regarding: I
Satisfaction with their car club;
I
Frequency of car club use;
I
Modes of travel used for work-related trips before and after joining a car club;
I
Types of car club vehicles used;
I
Impacts of joining a car club on work-related travel behaviour; and
I
Changes in policies or business travel arrangements.
Corporate administrator survey 2.22
A separate, more detailed survey was issued to workplace contacts who are responsible for administering the corporate membership. This included questions about: I
Business sector and number of employees;
I
Number of car club members in the organisation;
I
Year joined;
I
Satisfaction with service from the car club operator;
I
Perceived benefits of joining a car club;
I
Business mileage travelled using car club cars
I
Travel-related data collected by the organisation (e.g. staff travel surveys)
I
Whether travel plans or other green travel policies were in place;
I
Types of travel policies and any changes since joining the car club; and
I
Other travel plan measures in place.
Survey response 2.23
8
The number of responses to each survey and the reporting region are shown in Table 2.2.
Results for Scotland TABLE 2.2
SURVEY RESPONSE AND REPORTING REGION England and Wales (excluding London)
Scotland
London
TOTAL
Members and Joiners Survey
828
401
2,741
3,970
Corporate Members Survey
476*
112
173*
761
Corporate Administrators Survey
50
21
88
159
Peer-to-Peer Survey
66
3
207
276
1,420
537
3,209
5,166
Survey
TOTAL
*It is possible that some respondents based in London stated their location as “England� Structure of this report 2.24
2.25
Following this introduction, the report is structured as follows: I
Section 3 contains the results of the members and joiners surveys for individual, private members in Scotland;
I
Section 4 contains results of the peer-to-peer member survey for the whole of the UK;
I
Sections 5 and 6 contain the results of the corporate member and corporate administrator surveys for Great Britain;
I
Section 7 contains the results of the operator survey for Great Britain and the emissions analysis and profiling for the Scottish car club fleet.
I
Section 8 contains a summary discussion of the results of all surveys.
The results of the peer-to-peer, corporate member, corporate administrator and operator surveys are not disaggregated by reporting region; the results represent the responses of the UK or Great Britain sample9.
9 This is because the regional sample sizes for these surveys were not large enough to enable conclusive analysis on a regional basis.
9
Results for Scotland
3
Results of the members and joiners surveys Introduction
3.1
This section provides the results of the surveys completed by 401 individual, private members and recent joiners of car clubs in Scotland. Separate reports are available containing the results of the surveys completed by members and joiners in England and Wales (excluding London) and London from the Carplus website at (www.carplus.org.uk). Respondent profile
3.2
As shown in Figure 3.1, the majority of respondents in Scotland were from Edinburgh and Glasgow. The map provides an indication of the geographic distribution of car club members in Scotland. Car clubs tend to prosper in such areas where most trips can be made using public transport, walking or cycling with car travel as a secondary mode. In central areas of Edinburgh and Glasgow, there tends to be a higher proportion of young professionals, a key target market for car clubs, as well as a culture of using sustainable travel. Edinburgh has a higher than average modal share for public transport and cycling for example.
11
Results for Scotland FIGURE 3.1
12
MAP OF RESPONSES BY LOCAL AUTHORITY AREA
Results for Scotland Satisfaction 3.3
The majority of car club members in Scotland remain satisfied with the service provided by their car club operator with 89% stating that it is “Very Good” or “Good”. However, fewer respondents chose “Very Good” (45%) than in the 2011/12 survey (53%) (Figure 3.2). FIGURE 3.2
MEMBER SATISFACTION WITH THE CURRENT SERVICE
Proportion of respondents
80% 2011/12
70% 60% 50%
2012/13
53% 45%
40%
44% 35%
30% 20% 9%
10%
8% 3%
2%
1%
1%
0% Very Good 3.4
Good
Average
Poor
Very Poor
Joiner satisfaction was similarly high with 90% stating the service they receive is “Very Good” or “Good” (Figure 3.3). FIGURE 3.3
JOINER SATISFACTION WITH THE CURRENT SERVICE
80% 2011/12 Proportion of respondents
70%
2012/13
62% 64%
60% 50% 40% 31%
30%
26%
20% 8% 10%
10% 0% Very Good 3.5
Good
Average
Poor
Very Poor
As shown in Figure 3.4, joiners were also generally satisfied with the information and guidance they received before and during early bookings with 92% rating this service as “Very Good” or “Good”.
13
Results for Scotland FIGURE 3.4
Proportion of respondents
80%
JOINER SATISFACTION WITH INFORMATION 73%
2011/12
70%
2012/13
66%
60% 50% 40% 27%
30%
26%
20% 8%
10% 0% Very Good
Good
Average
Poor
Very Poor
Satisfaction levels Car ownership and use before and after joining a car club 3.6
Members and joiners were asked about their car ownership before and after joining the car club. 43% of members owned at least one car before joining, falling to just 20% after joining. Car ownership before joining was at a similar level for recent joiners (46% owning at least one car), as was car ownership after joining (19% owning at least one car) (Figure 3.5). FIGURE 3.5
CAR OWNERSHIP BEFORE AND AFTER JOINING A CAR CLUB
100% Members
Proportion of respondents
90% 80% 70% 60%
57% 55%
50% 38%
40%
36%
30% 20% 10%
4%
0% 0
14
Joiners
10% 1%
1 2 3 4 5 or more Number of cars owned before joining car club
Results for Scotland
100% Proportion of respondents
90%
Members
79% 81%
80%
Joiners
70% 60% 50% 40% 30%
19% 19%
20% 10%
1%
1%
0% 0
1 2 3 4 5 or more Number of cars owned after joining car club
Mileage travelled in car club cars 3.7
Car club vehicle mileage travelled by Scotland car club members is low with 61% travelling less than 500 miles in the 12 months prior to completing the survey and 19% travelling 501-1,000 miles (Figure 3.6). FIGURE 3.6 60%
ANNUAL MILEAGE DRIVEN USING A CAR CLUB CAR (MEMBERS)
56%
Proportion of respondents
50%
40%
30% 19%
20%
10%
6%
6%
3%
4% 1% 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% 1% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
25,000+
Don't know
24,001-25,000
23,001-24,000
22,001-23,000
21,001-22,000
20,001-21,000
19,001-20,000
18,001-19,000
17,001-18,000
16,001-17,000
15,001-16,000
14,001-15,000
13,001-14,000
12,001-13,000
11,001-12,000
9,001-10,000
10,001-11,000
8,001-9,000
7,001-8,000
6,001-7,000
5,001-6,000
4,001-5,000
3,001-4,000
2,001-3,000
1,001-2,000
501-1,000
0
1-500
0%
Mileage travelled in household cars 3.8
Figure 3.7 shows that just under half of the Scotland members did not travel any mileage in household cars in the 12 months prior to taking the survey (over half did not own a car) and those that did travel household car mileage tended to be low mileage travellers (29% travelled less than 5,000 miles, the same proportion as in London). The average mileage driven in household cars by car club members in
15
Results for Scotland Scotland, calculated using the mid-point of each of the categories shown in Figure 3.7, was 3,025 miles. This is substantially less than the average annual mileage consumption of the general population, established by the National Travel Survey, of 8,430 miles. FIGURE 3.7
ANNUAL MILEAGE DRIVEN USING A HOUSEHOLD CAR (MEMBERS)
60%
Proportion of respondents
50% 47%
40%
30%
20%
9%
10%
6%
5% 5% 4% 3% 3% 0%
3% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 2%
25,000+
Don't know
24,001-25,000
23,000-24,000
22,001-23,000
21,001-22,000
20,001-21,000
19,001-20,000
18,001-19,000
17,001-18,000
16,001-17,000
15,001-16,000
14,001-15,000
13,001-14,000
12,001-13,000
11,001-12,000
10,001-11,000
8,001-9,000
9,001-10,000
7,001-8,000
6,001-7,000
5,001-6,000
4,001-5,000
3,001-4,000
2,001-3,000
501-1,000
1,001-2,000
0
3.9
1-500
0%
Joiners were asked to state how many miles they had driven in any car in the 12 months prior to completing the survey. The majority (52%) travelled either no miles (6%) or less than 5,000 (46%) with a further 9% stating “not applicable” (who we may assume did not travel any miles). A reasonably high proportion (18%) stated that they travelled 9,000 – 12,000 miles (Figure 3.8), as many will have owned and used a household car in the months before joining the car club. FIGURE 3.8
ANNUAL MILEAGE DRIVEN USING ANY CAR (JOINERS)
60%
Proportion of respondents
50%
40%
30%
20% 14% 11% 10%
9%
9%
9%
9%
6%
9%
6% 3% 0%
3% 0%
0% 0%
3% 0% 0% 0%
3% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
3% 3% 0% 0%
Not Applicable
Don't know
24,001-25,000 25,000+
22,001-23,000 23,000-24,000
20,001-21,000 21,001-22,000
18,001-19,000 19,001-20,000
17,001-18,000
15,001-16,000 16,001-17,000
13,001-14,000 14,001-15,000
11,001-12,000 12,001-13,000
9,001-10,000 10,001-11,000
8,001-9,000
6,001-7,000 7,001-8,000
4,001-5,000 5,001-6,000
2,001-3,000 3,001-4,000
501-1,000 1,001-2,000
0
16
1-500
0%
Results for Scotland 3.10
The 2010 National Travel Survey found that, on average, respondents travelled 8,430 miles per year by car. An average annual mileage travelled by car club members was calculated using the mid-points of the mileage categories provided in the questionnaire as shown in Table 3.1. For example, a respondent who stated that they travel 2,000-3,000 miles a year was assumed to travel 2,500 miles. The average mileage travelled by car club members, using car club cars and household cars, is 3,025 miles; much lower than the NTS average of 8,430 miles. The average mileage travelled by car club members, using car club cars and household cars, is 4,085 miles; 52% lower than the NTS average. TABLE 3.1
AVERAGE ANNUAL MILEAGE TRAVELLED BY CAR CLUB MEMBERS Type of travel
Average annual car mileage travelled
Car club members using Car Club Car
1,060 miles
Car club members using Household car
3,025 miles
Car club member total mileage
4,085 miles
Respondents to National Travel Survey (2011) – all cars
8,430 miles
Influence of car club membership on car ownership and use 3.11
Respondents were asked to state whether they had sold or disposed of a car in the 12 months prior to completing the survey. 11% (37 respondents) stated that they had. Most of those who had sold or disposed of their car were low mileage travellers: 21 had travelled fewer than 5,000 miles (57%); six had travelled 510,000 miles (16%) and 5 travelled 10-15,000 miles (14%).
3.12
Using this finding, it is possible to estimate the impact of car clubs on removing private cars from circulation. The operator survey (see section 7) provides the average number of car club members per car club car (48). By applying the proportion of respondents in Scotland who stated that they had sold or disposed or a car prior to joining the car club to the number of car club members per car, we can estimate that, for each car club car in operation, approximately 5 private cars are removed from the road. Calculation of cars removed from the road 48 (members per car club car) X 11% (proportion of respondents who sold/disposed of car in last 12 months) = 5.3
3.13
This assumes that the sale of a car by a car club member results in a car eventually being removed from circulation at the end of the chain. As a result of the 180 car club cars in Scotland we have calculated that there are almost 1,000 fewer private cars on roads across the country.
17
Results for Scotland 3.14
Figure 3.9 shows the influence of car club membership on the decision to sell or dispose of a car.
3.15
Of the 10% of respondents who had sold or disposed of a car in the last 12 months were asked to state the extent to which the car club was a reason for this decision. 8% stated that it was the main reason (three respondents), 37% stated it was a major factor (fifteen respondents), 24% a minor factor (nine respondents) and 32% stated that it was not a factor (thirteen respondents). FIGURE 3.9 A CAR
INFLUENCE OF MEMBERSHIP ON DECISION TO SELL OR DISPOSE OF
Car club was: Main reason 8% Major factor 37% Did not sell/dispose of car 90%
Sold/Disposed of car 10%
Minor factor 24%
Not a factor 32%
3.16
10
Figure 3.10 shows the impact of joining a car club on annual car driver mileage amongst members. Respondents were asked to state whether their car mileage had increased, decreased or stayed the same since joining the car club. Just under a third (30%) stated that it has decreased whilst 22% stated that it has increased. 38% stated that it has remained the same10. The average increase in annual mileage is 1,051 miles whilst the average decrease is 3,546 miles.
Removing “Don’t know” and “No response” figures from the calculation (as per the 2011/2012 report), the proportion of respondents reporting an increase in mileage is 24%, equivalent to 2011/12. By the same method, the proportion of respondents reporting a decrease in mileage is 34%: 2 percentage points lower than in 2011/12.
18
Results for Scotland FIGURE 3.10 INFLUENCE OF CAR CLUB MEMBERSHIP ON ANNUAL MILEAGE TRAVELLED 100% 90%
22%
Proportion of respondents
80% 70% 60%
38%
Increased No change
50%
Decreased 40%
Don't know
30%
No response 30%
20% 10% 0%
5% 5% Change in mileage
3.17
Those who stated that their mileage has changed were asked to state how many miles it has increased or decreased by. 45% of the respondents who reported an increase stated that it has increased by less than 500 miles. Of the 109 respondents who stated a decrease in mileage, only 15% stated that the decrease is less than 500 miles with a greater number (58%) stating that the decrease is between 1,000 and 5,000 miles. In addition, 9% of respondents stated that the decrease in their annual mileage was more than 10,000 miles. Those who stated their mileage increased were most likely to state that it increased by 1-50 miles with 55% stating an increase (45 respondents), as shown in Figure 3.11.
19
Results for Scotland FIGURE 3.11 CHANGE IN MEMBER MILEAGE 100% 90%
Proportion of respondents
80% Increased
Decreased
70% 60% 50%
45%
40% 30% 20% 10%
16% 14% 15% 13% 3%5%
5%
14% 2%
9% 5%
11% 1%
1%
5%
4% 2%2% 1%1% 0% 0%
9% 7% 1%
3.18
Respondents were asked to state whether their household would have bought a private car if they had not joined the car club. The results in Figure 3.12 show that 24% of respondents (both members and joiners) would have bought a private car if they had not joined a car club, 51% would not and 25% did not know.
3.19
Based on the responses to the survey, we have calculated that the purchase of approximately 1,584 private cars has been deferred as a consequence of the presence of 180 car club cars in Scotland.
20
Not Applicable
Don't know
9,001-10,000
8,001-9,000
More than 10,000
Mileage
7,001-8,000
6,001-7,000
4,001-5,000
3,001-4,000
2,001-3,000
1,001-2,000
501-1,000
1-500
No change
0%
Results for Scotland FIGURE 3.12 INFLUENCE OF CAR CLUB MEMBERSHIP ON CAR PURCHASE 100%
Proportion of respondents
90%
24%
80% 70% 60% 50%
51%
40%
Yes, would have bought a car No, would not have bought a car
30% Don't know
20% 10%
25%
0%
3.20
Respondents were asked to state whether joining a car club has made it more or less likely that their household will buy a car in the next few years. The results show that the majority of members and joiners (65%) deem it less likely that they will buy a private car in the next few years now that they are car club members (Figure 3.13). 24% stated that it has had no effect on their future purchasing decisions. FIGURE 3.13 LIKELIHOOD OF PURCHASING A CAR IN FUTURE 100%
7%
Proportion of respondents
90% 80% 70% 60%
65%
More likely Less likely
50%
No effect
40%
Don't know
30% 20%
24%
10% 0%
4%
Travel behaviour 3.21
Car club members in Scotland frequently walk for 20 minutes or more: 71% stated that they make such journeys 3 or more times a week and a further 20% at least once a week (Figure 3.14). Car club members in Scotland make frequent use of buses: 39% travel by bus more than 3 times a week. Over a third of Scotland car club members are regular cyclists: 39% cycle at least once a week.
21
Results for Scotland FIGURE 3.14 FREQUENCY OF USE OF OTHER MODES (MEMBERS)
3 + a week
1-2 a week
At least once a month
Bicycle
29%
Taxi Car passenger (private or club car) Car driver (club car)
14%
11%
Train
9%
Underground 5%
18%
20%
46% 67% 25%
20% 71%
20%
8%
33%
30%
39%
0%
6%
50%
40%
Walking
11%
24%
25%
Bus
3.22
29%
39%
13%
15%
Don't know
46%
43% 8%
No trips
7%
35%
10%
5%
8% 42%
10%
Car driver (private car)
Coach
10%
15% 6%
At least once a year
10% 20%
40% 60% Proportion of respondents
80%
Table 3.2 compares travel behaviour by car club members in Scotland with the general population in Great Britain, using information from the National Travel Survey (NTS)11. TABLE 3.2 COMPARING MEMBER TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR WITH THE GENERAL POPULATION Mode
Car club members
Car club joiners
National Travel Survey
% of respondents using mode at least once a week
11
Bicycle
39%
46%
15%
Taxi
17%
20%
8%
Train
19%
20%
7%
Coach
0%
0%
1%
Bus
59%
54%
29%
Walking (for 20 minutes or more)
91%
85%
64%
Department for Transport (2011) National Travel Survey Tables NTS0312 and NTS0313. Last accessed online 4th June 2013 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/nts03-modal-comparisons
22
6% 7% 100%
Results for Scotland 3.23
Joiners were asked to state how often they used at each of the modes in Table 3.2 before and after they joined the car club, in order to identify whether joining a car club had an immediate impact on travel behaviour.
3.24
The most significant changes were: i)
A reduction in the frequency of trips made using private cars: 36% of joiners stated that they travelled by private car as driver at least once a week before joining the car club, which fell to just 19% after joining.
ii)
The proportion of respondents travelling by bus at least once a week increased from 38% to 53%.
The proportion of respondents making regular bicycle trips also increased: from 38% at least once a week before joining to 47% after joining. FIGURE 3.15 FREQUENCY OF USE OF OTHER MODES BEFORE AND AFTER JOINING 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Bus 29%
29%
9% 24%
27% 7% 12%
18% 3% Before
After
3% 9% 12%
5% 5% 12%
26%
1-2 times a week At least once a month
29% 12%
3 or more times a week
27%
At least once a year No trips made Don't know
Underground / Metro 3 or more times a week 1-2 times a week At least once a month
47%
51%
At least once a year No trips made
3% Before
Don't know
After
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
9% 9%
7% 20%
Coach 3 or more times a week 1-2 times a week
79%
At least once a month
73%
At least once a year No trips made
3% Before 9% 18%
35%
Don't know
After 12% 7% 39%
Train 3 or more times a week 1-2 times a week At least once a month
29%
32%
At least once a year No trips made
6% 3% Before
10% Don't know
After
23
Results for Scotland
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
24%
12% 7%
12%
15%
15%
10%
56%
3% Before
After
18%
12%
80% 70%
18%
20%
26%
37%
30%
5% 35%
0%
80% 70% 60% 50%
3% Before
20%
At least once a month At least once a year
Don't know
29%
37%
9% 9% 3%
47%
10% 7% 2%
3 or more times a week
44%
0%
60%
Don't know
After
15% 7%
3% Before
After
9% 9%
5% 15%
47%
46%
15%
3% Before
Taxi 3 or more times a week
17% 17%
1-2 times a week
At least once a year
Don't know
After
100%
Walking
90%
3 or more times a week
80% 65%
60%
68%
1-2 times a week At least once a month
40% 15%
20% 0%
Don't know
No trips made
0%
30%
No trips made
At least once a month
18%
10% 3% Before
At least once a year
10%
50%
1-2 times a week At least once a month
79%
20%
At least once a month
No trips made
63%
40% 30%
Car driver club car 3 or more times a week
50%
70%
10%
2% 12%
70%
1-2 times a week
At least once a year
3% 15%
80%
After Bicycle
40% 30%
3 or more times a week
No trips made
100% 90%
100%
27%
10%
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Car passenger private or club car 90%
1-2 times a week
40% 20%
At least once a year
Don't know
60% 50%
1-2 times a week
No trips made
100% 90%
3 or more times a week
At least once a month
9% 38%
Car driver private car
15% 3% 3% Before
17%
At least once a year No trips made
12% 2%
Don't know
After
Reasons for joining a car club 3.25
Two additional questions were included in the 2012 survey which aimed to understand members’ motivations for joining a car club and their personal circumstances at the time.
3.26
Figure 3.16 shows that the most popular reason stated by members was hiring on a short term basis (77% of members and 85% of joiners) followed by the ability to make trips that cannot be made using other modes (67% of members and 56% of joiners). Interestingly, joiners were more likely to state that they joined a car club because they had to sell or dispose of a car (33% stated this as a reason compared to 18% of members). Word-of-mouth and the reputation of car clubs are also important amongst new joiners: 28% stated that the reason they joined was because it was recommended to them, compared with 16% of members.
24
Results for Scotland FIGURE 3.16 REASONS FOR JOINING A CAR CLUB 77% 85%
Hire on short term basis
67%
To make trips I can't by other modes
56% 40% 38%
Be environmentally friendly
25% 23% 18% 33% 17% 18% 16% 28% 13%
Reduce amount spent on travel Had to sell/dispose of car Reduce car use Recommended to me Parking problems
Members Joiners
3% 3% 3%
None of the above 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Proportion of respondents
3.27
Figure 3.17 shows that 28% of members and 39% of joiners had moved to a new area. Joiners were more likely to state that they had changed jobs or retired at the time of joining (32% choosing this option compared to 14% of members). Although most respondents (56% of members and 49% of joiners) had not had a significant change in their personal circumstances at the time of joining a car club, the results suggest that car clubs may be most appropriately marketed to potential members at “points of churn�, times in life when a change in personal circumstances may require review of personal travel options, most likely in conjunction with reviewing other lifestyle choices. FIGURE 3.17 PERSONAL CIRCUMSTANCES AT TIME OF JOINING 28%
Moved to new area
39% 14%
Changed jobs/retired
32%
Change in family circumstance
8% 7%
Change in financial circumstance
6% 5% Joiners
1% 2%
Children left home Left home for first time
Members
1% 0%
Children started at new school
1% 0% 56%
None of the above
49% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Proportion of respondents
25
Results for Scotland
4
Results of the peer-to-peer member survey What is a peer to peer car club?
4.1
In relation to car clubs, the term peer to peer refers to the ability of car owners to rent out their personal vehicle for money when they are not using it. As a business model, it is closely aligned to traditional ‘back-to-base’ car clubs. However, in contrast to back-to-base car clubs, the peer to peer vehicle fleet is ‘virtual’ i.e. it fluctuates according to the number of participating car owners.
4.2
Benefits of peer to peer rental in comparison to traditional car hire can include:
4.3
I
Reduced rental costs;
I
Increased choice of models available for rent; and
I
Increased proximity of pick-up point to renters’ homes.
At the time of the survey, Whipcar was the primary operator of peer to peer car sharing in the United Kingdom. However, on 12th March 2013, prior to the publication of this survey, Whipcar closed its operations. Survey results
4.4
The 2012 peer-to-peer operator survey was issued to Whipcar members only. These members consisted of a mix of those that rented out their vehicle and those that rented vehicles from other members. 276 members responded and the results are reported below. Although comparisons are provided with the results of similar questions from the Scotland member surveys, it should be noted that the Whipcar survey was open to all its members, most of whom were based in London. Location of members
4.5
The majority of respondents (99%) live in England with 75% residing in London where Whipcar’s activities were concentrated and most strongly marketed (Figure 4.1). FIGURE 4.1
LOCATION OF MEMBERS Scotland, 1%
Wales, 0.4%
England, 24%
London, 75%
27
Results for Scotland 4.6
As shown in Figure 4.2, the greatest number of respondents (48%) are aged 25-34 years. The second largest age bracket is 35-44 years (24%). FIGURE 4.2
AGE OF WHIPCAR RESPONDENTS
Proportion of respondents
60% 48%
50% 40% 30%
24% 20% 11%
10% 7%
10% 0% Under 25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55 or older
4.7
The majority of respondents (68%) joined Whipcar in 2012.
4.8
Members were asked how many times they had rented a car from Whipcar. The greatest number of respondents (38%) have rented once. The second largest proportion have never rented a Whipcar vehicle (22%), although it is likely some members of Whipcar joined in order rent out their own car, rather than rent cars from other members. (Figure 4.3). FIGURE 4.3
NUMBER OF RENTALS
40%
38%
Proportion of respondents
35% 30% 25%
22%
20% 16% 15% 11% 10%
6%
7%
5% 0% 0
1
2
3
4
5 or more
Member satisfaction 4.9
28
75% of members describe the service they receive from Whipcar as “Good” or “Very Good”. Just, 5% of members describe Whipcar’s service as “Poor” or “Very Poor” (Figure 4.4).
Results for Scotland FIGURE 4.4 50%
SATISFACTION WITH WHIPCAR’S SERVICE 46%
Proportion of respondents
45% 40% 35% 29%
30% 25% 20% 15%
11%
9%
10%
3%
5%
2%
0% Very Good
Good
Average
Poor
Very Poor
Not Applicable
Car ownership As shown in Figure 4.5, the majority of respondents (58%) did not own a car prior to joining Whipcar, which suggests that many members use the car club cars as substitutes for privately owned vehicles. Comparing Figure 4.5 with Figure 4.6, which details the number of cars owned by respondents at the time of the survey, it can be seen that the proportion of people owning 1 or 2 cars has decreased (from 38% to 25%) whilst the proportion of people without a car has increased (from 58% to 69%). FIGURE 4.5
NUMBER OF CARS OWNED PRIOR TO JOINING WHIPCAR
80% 70%
Proportion of respondents
4.10
60%
58%
50% 40% 26%
30% 20%
12% 10%
3%
0%
1%
4
5 or more
0% 0
1
2
3
29
Results for Scotland FIGURE 4.6
NUMBERS OF CARS OWNED AT TIME OF SURVEY
80%
Proportion of respondents
70%
69%
60% 50% 40% 30% 18%
20%
7%
10%
3%
0.4%
0.4%
4
5 or more
3%
0% 0
1
2
3
No response
Cars sold and their usage 4.11
Respondents were asked whether they had sold or otherwise disposed of a car during the 12 months prior to completing the survey. 78% said that they had not (Figure 4.7). The 20% of respondents (54 in total) who had sold their car were also asked whether being a member of Whipcar had an effect on their decision (Figure 4.7). The majority (65% - 35 respondents) stated that joining Whipcar had no effect on their decision.
4.12
Of the 54 respondents who had sold a car within the last 12 months, 19 had not driven it in the last year and all others had driven less than 5,000 miles. Lack of use could have been a decisive factor in these respondents’ decision to sell/dispose of their car.
30
Results for Scotland FIGURE 4.7
CAR SOLD OR OTHERWISE DISPOSED AND EFFECT OF WHIPCAR
No response 2% Major factor 4% Minor factor 24%
No 78%
Yes 20%
No effect 65%
Don't know 7%
Household mileage 4.13
Respondents were asked how far they or their household had driven during the last year in both a Whipcar (Figure 4.8) and any other car (Figure 4.9). The majority of respondents (26%) had not driven anywhere in a Whipcar in the last year, which corresponds with the high proportion of individuals who had not yet rented a Whipcar. Figure 4.8 shows a negative trend in proportion of respondents by miles travelled i.e. the majority of users did not drive many miles in a Whipcar vehicle over the course of a year. FIGURE 4.8
MILEAGE DURING THE LAST YEAR - WHIPCAR
0
26%
1-100
21%
101-250
18%
251-500
16%
501-1000
12%
1001-2000
1%
2001-3000
0.4%
3001-4000
0%
4001-5000
1%
5001-6000
1%
6000+
0.4%
No response
3% 0%
5%
10% 15% 20% 25% Proportion of respondents
30%
35%
31
Results for Scotland 4.14
Respondents were then asked how many miles they had driven in private vehicles in the 12 months prior to the survey. As Figure 4.9 shows, 33% of respondents had not driven a private vehicle within the last year. The second largest group of respondents (17%) drove approximately 501-1000 miles in a private vehicle within the last year, representing a much lower annual mileage than the average for Great Britain of 8,430 miles for car drivers. FIGURE 4.9
MILEAGE DURING THE LAST YEAR – ANY CAR
0
33%
1-100
8%
101-250
8%
251-500
12%
501-1000
17%
1001-2000
10%
2001-3000
5%
3001-4000
1%
4001-5000
3%
5001-6000
0%
6000+
0%
No response
3% 0%
4.15
32
5%
10% 15% 20% 25% Proportion of respondents
30%
35%
Figure 4.10 shows that the majority of respondents (68%) stated that their household annual mileage had not changed since joining Whipcar. No respondents stated that their annual mileage has decreased whilst 29% stated that it had increased. It is possible that peer-to-peer car clubs increase car mileage consumption by making car travel available to people who previously did not travel by car, though, as noted above, users are generally low mileage travellers.
Results for Scotland FIGURE 4.10 CHANGE IN HOUSEHOLD ANNUAL MILEAGE SINCE JOINING WHIPCAR 80% 68%
Proportion of respondents
70% 60% 50% 40%
29%
30% 20% 10%
3%
0% 0% Decreased
No change
Increased
No response
Retrospective and future car ownership 4.16
Respondents were asked whether their household would have bought a private car if they had not joined Whipcar. 13% stated that they would have purchased a private car if they had not joined Whipcar. (Figure 4.11). FIGURE 4.11 PROPENSITY FOR HOUSEHOLD TO BUY A PRIVATE CAR No response 3%
Don't know 19%
Yes 13%
4.17
No 65%
Respondents were asked whether joining Whipcar had made it more or less likely that their household will buy a car (or another car) in the next few years. As Figure 4.12 shows, 47% felt that joining Whipcar had made it less likely that they will purchase a car in the next few years. 9% stated it had made it more likely whilst 32% considered that it had no effect.
33
Results for Scotland FIGURE 4.12 LIKELIHOOD THAT HOUSEHOLD WILL BUY A CAR IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS 50%
47%
Proportion of respondents
45% 40% 35%
32%
30% 25% 20% 15% 9%
10%
7%
6%
Don't know
No response
5% 0% Less likely
More likely
No effect
Transport mode preferences 4.18
Respondents were asked to state how often they made trips by the transport modes listed in Figure 4.13. They key results were as follows: 50% walked (for 20 minutes or more without stopping) 3 or more times per week; 33% travel by bicycle at least once a week; 63% used the bus more than once a week; 24% made a trip by coach at least once per year; 60% used the underground/metro/tram at least once a week (highlighting the high proportion of London-based respondents in the sample); 65% used the train at least once per month; 38% made no trips by private car over the course of a year; 30% used a car club at least once per year; 30% travelled as a car passenger at least once per month; and 35% used a taxi at least once per month.
34
Results for Scotland FIGURE 4.13
FREQUENCY OF USE OF OTHER MODES
100%
2% 4%
5% 90%
21%
26%
9% 9%
16% 24%
80%
6%
16%
42%
8%
43%
50% 7%
Proportion of respondents
70%
18%
35%
10%
9%
3 + per week
30%
1-2 per week
30%
60%
14% At least once per month
9% 50%
17%
21%
At least once per year
26%
17%
54% 40%
27%
20%
No trips made Don't know
36%
30%
20%
7% 4%
32%
16%
13%
3%
8%
11%
11%
8%
Walking
Bicycle
10%
38%
16%
14%
No response
21% 14%
7% 2% 14%
6%
7%
10% Underground / Metro / Tram
2%
4%
3%
11%
12%
12%
13%
12%
Train
Private Car
Car Club
Car Passenger
Taxi
0% Bus
Coach
Why Whipcar? 4.19
Respondents were asked why they chose to join Whipcar. Respondents could choose as many options as they wished. The majority (83%) stated that it was so they could hire cars on a short term basis. Other popular answers include making trips that they are unable to do by other modes (51%) and instead of purchasing/replacing a car (24%) (Figure 4.14).
35
Results for Scotland FIGURE 4.14 REASON FOR JOINING WHIPCAR
Hire on a short term basis
83%
To make trips I cannot do by other modes
51%
Instead of purchasing/replacing a car
24%
Reduce time spent on travel
19%
Be environmentally friendly
19%
Recommended to me
15%
Other
10%
Reduce car use
8%
Problems parking locally
5%
None of the above
3% 0%
4.20
20%
40% 60% Proportion of respondents
80%
10% of respondents answered, “Other�. These individuals were asked to provide more details. Stated reasons for choosing Whipcar included:
It is a cheaper alternative to more conventional car clubs; It is more convenient as cars can be hired locally; There is less paperwork involved than with conventional car clubs; To experience driving different makes and models of car; It allows me to hire a bigger vehicle (7-seater/MPV); and To support local residents and the wider community rather than rental companies.
Recent member experiences 4.21
36
Respondents were asked whether they had experienced any of the life-events listed in Figure 4.15 at the time of joining Whipcar. The majority (61%) had not experienced any significant changes in their lives. However, 25% had moved to a new area, 14% had changed job or retired and 7% had faced a change in financial circumstances. Respondents could choose as many options as they wished, so some may have had more than one life-event at the time of joining. Overall, 61% stated that had not experienced any of the listed events below.
100%
Results for Scotland FIGURE 4.15 SIGNIFICANT LIFE-EVENTS AT THE TIME OF JOINING WHIPCAR
I moved to a new area
25%
I changed jobs/retired
14%
I had a change in financial circumstances
7%
I had a change in family circumstances
5%
My children left home
1%
I left home for the first time
0.4%
My children started at a new school
0% 0%
5%
10% 15% 20% Proportion of respondents
25%
30%
37
Results for Scotland
5
Results of the corporate member survey Introduction
5.1
The corporate member survey was completed by 754 respondents who are members of a car club through their employer. Often the membership is paid for by the employer and the car club cars are used as pool cars for work-related journeys during the working day. As such, they are a different user group from individual, private members so a new, bespoke survey was issued to these members (although some respondents may also hold an individual, private membership). Car club operators were responsible for identifying corporate members and ensuring the survey was sent to the appropriate respondents.
5.2
Corporate membership is not available to all members (it is only offered by operators in certain locations) and is provided to members, and usually paid for, by their employer. Adoption of sustainable travel policies may have an influence on take-up of corporate car club membership. The survey is therefore not representative of all businesses, only those who are corporate car club members.
5.3
This section contains the results of the corporate member survey for the whole of Great Britain including England and Wales, Scotland and London. The results have not been disaggregated because the regional sample size for this survey was not large enough to analyse on a regional basis. Satisfaction with car clubs
5.4
Business users were asked to state their overall satisfaction with the level of service provided by their car club operator. The majority of users state high levels of satisfaction with 91% rating their car club’s service as “Good” or “Very Good” (Figure 5.1). Just 8% rate the service they have received as “Average” or “Poor”.
5.5
With 91% of business users stating that their car club service is “Good” or “Very Good”, satisfaction is similar to individual members in England and Wales (92%).
39
Results for Scotland FIGURE 5.1
SATISFACTION WITH CAR CLUBS
60%
50%
50%
Proportion of respondents
41%
40%
30%
20%
10%
7% 1%
0.1%
0.3%
Poor
Very poor
No response
0% Very good
5.6
Good
Average
Figure 5.2 shows that the majority of respondents (51%) use a car club car at least once a month. FIGURE 5.2
FREQUENCY OF CAR CLUB USE
Once a week or more
21%
Once a month or more
30%
Less than once a month but at least once every two months
22%
Less than once every two months but at least once per year
26%
No response
0.3%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Proportion of respondents
5.7
40
To identify any changes made to travel behaviour as a consequence of joining a car a club, respondents were asked what mode of transport they primarily used for work-related trips before and after gaining membership. Figure 5.3 shows a large increase in respondents’ car club use after joining a club and a corresponding reduction in the proportion of those using their own car for work-related trips (from 46% to 7%). In addition, a smaller proportion of respondents use pool cars or
Results for Scotland traditional car rentals after joining their car club. The proportion of respondents using public transport and taxis both decreased by 5 percentage points, walking increases by 1 percentage point and cycling remains the same at 3%. FIGURE 5.3 A CAR CLUB 100% 90%
MODES USED FOR BUSINESS TRAVEL BEFORE AND AFTER JOINING
4% 6% 3% 1%
80%
1% 3% 2% 15%
Other Taxi
1% 20%
Cycle
5%
Walk
13%
Public transport
Proportion of respondents
70% 60% 50% 3%
66%
Traditional car rental
40% Used a car club car 30% 20%
Used a pool car owned by my employer
46%
Used a company car 4% 2% 7%
10%
Used my own car
0% Before
After
5.8
As shown in Figure 5.4, 16% of respondents stated that they travel to work by car less often – many of these journeys are likely to be public transport journeys.
5.9
Figure 5.4 also shows the most common change is travelling to work less often (chosen by 16% of respondents), and using a car club car for non-work-related journeys (15%). 12% of respondents state that they make more work-related trips as a result of joining the car club, compared to 5% who make fewer trips. For most respondents (56%), there is no impact on travel behaviour.
41
Results for Scotland FIGURE 5.4
INFLUENCE OF CAR CLUB MEMBERSHIP ON TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR
I travel to work by car less often
16%
I now use a club car for private (non-workrelated) trips
15%
I make more work-related trips
12%
I have sold or disposed of my car
7%
I make fewer work-related trips
5%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10% 12% 14% 16% 18%
Proportion of respondents
5.10
Corporate members were asked which type of car club vehicle they use most often: car or van. Table 5.1 shows that 94% of respondents use a car more often than a van. TABLE 5.1
5.11
42
USE OF CARS AND VANS Vehicle Type
Proportion of respondents
Car
94%
Van
6%
Finally, respondents were asked whether their organisation had made any changes to its business travel arrangements or policies since joining the car club. The most common change was discouraging employees from using their own cars to make work-related trips (16%) closely followed by car pool cars being replaced with car club cars (14%) (Figure 5.5). Many respondents either did not know about any changes (25%) or stated that no changes had been made to their business’s travel policy (23%).
Results for Scotland FIGURE 5.5 INFLUENCE OF CAR CLUB MEMBERSHIP ON BUSINESS TRAVEL ARRANGEMENTS
Yes, employees are actively discouraged from using their own cars
16%
Yes, pool cars have been replaced by car club cars
14%
No response
10%
Yes, other changes made to travel policies
4%
Yes, car mileage allowance rates have been reduced
4%
Yes, the number of company cars has been reduced
3%
Don't know
25%
No changes to travel policies
23% 0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Proportion of respondents
43
Results for Scotland
6
Results of the corporate administrator survey Introduction
6.1
In addition to understanding the views of corporate members, a survey of employees who are responsible for administering their organisation’s corporate membership was also issued. The survey aimed to find out more about how and why corporate members use car clubs, the perceived benefits of membership and how membership is related to other travel policies at the organisation.
6.2
The corporate administrators survey was completed by administrators from 159 organisations across Great Britain. This section contains the results of the survey for the whole Great Britain sample. The results have not been disaggregated because the regional sample size for this survey was not large enough to enable conclusive analysis on a regional basis. Organisation sector, size and car club membership
6.3
Administrators were asked which sector their organisation is in: public, private or third, how many staff are employed there and how many staff have joined the corporate car club. Results are shown in Figure 6.1, Figure 6.2 and Figure 6.3.
6.4
The majority of organisations (76%) that responded to the survey were in the private sector and most (72%) employ fewer than 10 individuals. 86% have fewer than 10 employees signed up to the company’s corporate car club. FIGURE 6.1
ORGANISATION SECTOR
11%
13% Private sector 76%
Public sector Third sector
45
Results for Scotland
Number of employees
FIGURE 6.2
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN ORGANISATION
1,501-2,000
1%
1001-1500
0%
751-1000
0%
501-750
1%
101-500
6%
71-100
1%
31-70
4%
10-30
18%
less than 10
70% 0%
Number of employees in car club
FIGURE 6.3
20%
40% 60% Proportion of respondents
80%
100%
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN CAR CLUB
101-500
4%
71-100
2%
31-70
3%
10-30
5%
less than 10
86% 0%
20%
40% 60% Proportion of respondents
80%
Administrator satisfaction 6.5
46
Administrators were asked to state their overall satisfaction with the service provided by their car club operator. The majority of administrators stated high levels of satisfaction with 82% rating their car club’s service as “Good” or “Very Good” (Figure 6.4). Just 2% rate their car club’s service as “Average” or “Poor”.
100%
Results for Scotland FIGURE 6.4 50%
SATISFACTION WITH CAR CLUB SERVICE 47%
Proportion of respondents
45% 40% 35%
35% 30% 25% 20%
16%
15% 10% 5%
1%
1%
Average
Poor
0% Very good
Good
No response
Perceived benefits 6.6
Respondents were asked to choose perceived benefits of joining a car club from the options shown in Figure 6.5. They could choose as many benefits as they wished. The most popular benefit selected was financial savings (chosen by 29%) followed by reduced administration (19%) and increased employee satisfaction (15%).
6.7
Financial savings may come in various forms. There are likely to be productivity gains from corporate car club membership, particularly through the ability of employees to make multi-destination trips by car club cars as part of the working day. Such trips are often difficult by public transport, particularly outside of London. Further financial benefits may be derived from reduced administration of employee mileage claims and provision of on-site parking to accommodate employees own cars for business travel use.
6.8
Only 13% of respondents highlighted reduced CO2 emissions arising from corporate car club membership, perhaps highlighting that financial motivations are stronger than environmental ones for administrators of corporate car club accounts. The environmental benefits of car clubs to an organisation include the following: I
Car club fleets are, on the whole, comprised of modern, efficient and frequently maintained vehicles (see section 7). A “grey fleet” of employees’ own cars is also likely to contain a combination of vehicles of varying fuel efficiency and safety.
I
Corporate members are able to obtain full details of the efficiency of the vehicles provided by the car club. In contrast, employers who rely on the use of employees’ own vehicles for business travel are unlikely to have access to such information about the nature of the grey fleet.
47
Results for Scotland FIGURE 6.5
PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF JOINING A CAR CLUB
Financial Savings
29%
Reduced Admin
19%
Employee Satisfaction
15%
Reduced C02 Emissions
13%
Reduced Parking Needed
11%
Reduced Business Mileage
9%
None of the Above
4% 0%
5%
10% 15% 20% 25% Proportion of respondents
30%
35%
Business mileage travelled using car club cars 6.9
Respondents were asked to estimate the proportion of car mileage travelled by their organisation using car club cars for work-related journeys. As discussed later, 53% of the respondents stated that their organisation did not collect information about mileage travelled using car club cars for business travel so many respondents would have been estimating their response, rather than providing accurate figures from company records.
6.10
23% of respondents stated that their organisation uses car club cars for over half of their business mileage. Half of the respondents indicated that less than 10% of their business mileage is undertaken using car club cars (Figure 6.6). As most respondents stated that a small proportion of their business mileage was travelled in car club cars, this highlights the role of a corporate car club as a complement to other modes, rather than a single solution to an employer’s travel needs. The survey did not ask for the proportion of business mileage travelled using other modes or other car travel options such as pool cars.
48
Results for Scotland FIGURE 6.6 CARS
PROPORTION OF BUSINESS MILEAGE TRAVELLED USING CAR CLUB
81-90%
9%
71-80%
4%
61-70%
3%
51-60%
7%
41-50%
4%
31-40%
4%
21-30%
8%
11-20%
11%
less than 10%
50% 0%
10%
20% 30% 40% Proportion of respondents
50%
60%
Data collected by organisation 6.11
Respondents were asked whether their organisation collected data on staff travel (for business journeys, for example through a staff travel survey). Just 16% said that they do, with the majority of respondents (65%) stating that they do not. The rest were unsure (4%) or did not answer the question (16%). However, as noted above, many of the responding organisations employed fewer than 10 staff: such organisations may not have the need or resource to conduct travel surveys and are less likely to prioritise this type of data collection.
6.12
Respondents were also asked whether their organisation collected information about car mileage travelled by employees on work-related trips (Figure 6.7). The majority of organisations (53%) do not collect data on work-related car mileage. However, some organisations collect data for work-related miles completed in a car club car (21%), a grey fleet vehicle (15%) or a pool car (3%). FIGURE 6.7
MILEAGE INFORMATION COLLECTED
Car club car
21%
Mileage
Grey fleet (employees’ own cars)
15%
Pool car (owned by your organisation)
3%
None of these
53%
Don't know
9% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Proportion of respondents
49
Results for Scotland Travel Plans and policies 6.13
6.14
Figure 6.8 shows responses to two questions: i)
Does your organisation have a Travel Plan (sometimes known as a Transport Strategy / Green Transport Plan)? and
ii)
Does your organisation have a travel policy for work-related travel during the working day?
A higher proportion of respondents stated that their organisation has a travel policy (25%) than a Travel Plan (17%), though most had neither. The predominance of smaller employers in the sample is, again, likely to explain this result. FIGURE 6.8
TRAVEL PLANS AND POLICIES
100% 90%
Proportion of respondents
80% 70%
55% 64%
60%
No
50%
Yes Don't know
40% 30% 20% 10%
No response 25% 17% 3%
4%
16%
16%
Travel Plan
Travel Policy
0%
Travel policy details 6.15
The respondents (25% of total) who stated that their organisation has a travel policy for work-related travel were asked to answer the questions in Table 6.1 below.
6.16
As shown, the majority of travel policies (22) prioritise travel by sustainable modes for any trip. Only 9 policies require employees to use a car club car to make workrelated car trips for any trip but 21 have this requirement for some trips (the survey did not ask how this is managed). Only four respondents stated that employees are not permitted to use their own vehicles for work-related trips and only four respondents stated that their policy prevents employees from claiming a private vehicle mileage allowance. 16 organisations did restrict claims for some trips.
50
Results for Scotland TABLE 6.1
TRAVEL POLICY MEASURES
Travel Policy Question
Yes, for any trip
Yes, but only for some trips
No
Does the travel policy prioritise travel by public transport, walking and cycling for work-related trips?
22
17
4
Does the travel policy require employees to use a car club car if making work-related car trips?
9
21
11
Are employees permitted to use their own vehicle for work-related travel during the working day?
14
23
4
Are employees permitted to claim a private vehicle mileage allowance for work-related travel?
21
16
4
Changes to travel policies 6.17
Administrators were asked whether their organisation had made any changes to its business travel arrangements or policies since joining a car club. Figure 6.9 shows that 47% of organisations made no changes to their travel policy. The most common change involved organisations actively discouraging employees from using their own cars to travel (13%). FIGURE 6.9
CHANGES TO TRAVEL POLICIES SINCE JOINING THE CAR CLUB
No changes to travel policies
46%
Yes, employees are actively discouraged from using their own cars
13%
Yes, other changes to travel policies
7%
Don't know
6%
Yes, pool cars have been replaced by car club cars
6%
Yes, the number of company cars has been reduced
5%
Yes, car mileage allowance rates have been reduced
1%
No response
16% 0%
6.18
5%
10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Proportion of respondents
The 7% of respondents who stated that there were other changes to their travel policies were asked to provide more detail in a free text box. The responses included:
51
Results for Scotland
“Employees take fewer taxis”; “We use fewer full day hire cars”; “Bicycles are encouraged”; “We have reduced on-site parking”; “Staff are encouraged to use a specific car club”; and “Long distance travel must be booked through travel hubs (booking centres)”.
Travel options and provisions 6.19
The survey included a question about other travel options provided in addition to car club membership. Respondents could choose as many of the options shown in Figure 6.10 as they liked. The chart shows that the most popular provision when making work-related trips was a pre-paid public transport ticket (chosen by 61% of respondents) followed by pool cars (28%) and pool bikes (23%). It should be noted that 48 respondents (30%) did not answer this question which may suggest that their organisations provide no work-related travel options for their employees. FIGURE 6.10 TRAVEL OPTIONS
Pre-Paid Public Transport Ticket
61%
Pool Cars
28%
Pool Bikes
23%
Leased Cars
20%
Company Cars
14%
Salary Sacrifice Cars
4%
No response
30% 0%
52
10%
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Proportion of respondents
70%
Results for Scotland
7
Results of the operator survey and emissions analysis and profiling Operator Survey Introduction
7.1
This section contains the information provided by car club operators about their service. Each car club operator provided details of their vehicle fleet, membership numbers and characteristics of members and data regarding use of car clubs by their members such as mileage travelled. The data collected was from Great Britain (i.e. England, Wales, Scotland and London) and was mainly the same as for previous operator surveys12. Fourteen car clubs provided data, including the larger commercial car club operators and a number of not-for-profit community car clubs.
7.2
This year, more detailed analysis of car club vehicle emissions has been undertaken and is reported in this chapter. Characteristics of car club members
7.3
Operators were asked to state how many of their members live in London, England and Wales (excluding London), and Scotland. As shown in Table 7.1, the majority of car club members in Great Britain live in London (84%) which is the primary market for car clubs. TABLE 7.1
MEMBERS BY LOCATION Region
Proportion
London
84%
England and Wales
12%
Scotland
4%
7.4
Of all the operators’ members, 82% have individual membership whilst 18% hold corporate membership.
7.5
Operators were asked to provide information on the gender split of their car club members. In 2012, 61% of car club members were male and 32% were female. This compares with a split of 54% male and 46% female amongst national licence holders in 201213. The proportion of members whose gender was not recorded by the operator increased from 2% in 2011 to 7% in 201214 but there appears to be little change in the gender split since 2010 (Figure 7.1).
12 Questions requesting data on NOx and PM10 emissions of car club fleets were omitted from this year’s operator survey owing to difficulties in supplying this data accurately in previous surveys. Instead this data was obtained through the new emissions analysis and profiling process reported later in this section. 13
FOIR 3008 Annex A - Full and Provisional Category B licence holders in Great Britain, www.dft.gov.uk
14
One operator who participated in the survey did not collect data on the gender of their members.
53
Results for Scotland FIGURE 7.1
GENDER PROFILE OF MEMBERS (2010-2012)
100%
2%
7%
90% 31% 80%
31% 32%
46%
70% 60% 50%
Unknown
40%
Female 69%
30%
67%
61%
Male 54%
20% 10% 0% 2010
7.6
54
2011
2012
National licence holders
In addition to gender, operators were asked to provide information about the age split of car club members. Figure 7.2 shows the high proportion of members aged 25-44. This trend has remained relatively consistent since 2010 when operators were first asked to gather data on members’ age. In contrast to national licence holders, there are notably fewer car club members aged 50+ years old, showing that the market for car clubs is predominantly in the 25-44 year old age group. Also, younger age groups may be more likely to adopt new technologies such as the personal mobile devices which are frequently used to book car club cars.
Results for Scotland FIGURE 7.2 100% 90% 80%
AGE PROFILE OF MEMBERS (2010-2012) 3% 3% 3% 4% 8%
3% 4% 4% 6% 9%
4% 4% 6%
None recorded
70%
9% 28%
60%
29%
30%
10%
60+ 55-59 50-54
50% 40%
27%
9%
11%
45-49 35-44
23% 22%
24%
30%
20%
30-34 25-29
20% 10% 0%
19%
16%
18%
2%
6% 1%
6%
2010
2011
2012
6%
8%
21-24
7%
Under 21
5% 3% National licence holders
How car clubs are used 7.7
In order to understand how many members were actively using their car club membership, operators were asked to state how many of their registered members had hired a vehicle in the 12 months period from 1st December 2011 to 30th November 2012. On this basis, 80% of car club members can be classified as active.
7.8
Each operator provided the mean average distance travelled per hire (in miles), the average length of hire period (in hours) and the average number of hires per member per year (for those who have hired a car in the last 12 months).
7.9
Table 7.2 provides weighted data on typical use of car club vehicles by members. The average number of hires per active member has increased since 2011, from 6.7 hires to 8.2 hires, whilst the average duration of hire has remained stable at 6.7 hours (6.8 hours in 2011). Average distance per hire shows a slight increase on 2011, up from 34.5 miles to 37.8 miles. The average annual mileage per member has increased since 2011, from 237 miles to 305 miles, though this still represents a very low vehicle mileage consumption compared to the general population.
55
Results for Scotland TABLE 7.2
7.10
VEHICLE USAGE Measure
Average
Average distance per hire
37.8 miles
Average number of hires per active member per year
8.2 hires
Average duration of hire
6.7 hours
Implied miles per member per year
305 miles
Operators also provided information on the distribution of hires and miles travelled per hire. As shown in Figure 7.3, the majority of members use car club vehicles less than once a month (84%). FIGURE 7.3
NUMBER OF HIRES PER MEMBER PER YEAR
60%
49%
50%
40%
30% 22%
20% 13%
10%
6% 3%
2%
4% 1%
0.4%
0% None
7.11
56
1-5
6-10
11-15 16-20 21-25 Number of hires
26-50
51-100
100+
Figure 7.4 shows that the majority of trips (66%) made in car club vehicles were less than 25 miles in distance, with 34% of trips over 25 miles.
Results for Scotland FIGURE 7.4
MILES TRAVELLED PER HIRE
25% 20% 20%
15%
16%
15%
14%
10% 10%
10%
9%
51-100
101+
7% 5%
0% 0-5
6-10
11-15
16-20 21-25 Mileage bands
26-50
Emissions Analysis and Profiling Introduction 7.12
This section reports on the emissions profiles of the two national car club operators with vehicles in Scotland. It is based on the first comprehensive set of emissions data that has been collected about car clubs in Great Britain. In a development from previous years, this year’s data has been independently verified by Gfleet Services Ltd using vehicle registration marks (VRM) and published datasets from the DVLA (Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency), VCA (Vehicle Certification Agency) and vehicle manufacturers which enables the production of fuller and more accurate profiling (including NOx and Particulate PM10).
7.13
All car club operators were requested to provide the vehicle registration marks of the vehicles available to members on 1st April 2013. All five of the national car club operators supplied this data together with seven community car club schemes. The VRM data was then submitted to CarweB and a full performance and environmental data set was obtained for each vehicle based on data held by the DVLA, VCA and the manufacturer. Where the air quality emission data (Nitrogen Oxides NOX and Particulate PM10) was not available from CarweB the data was obtained from the published emission figures for the year and model of vehicle. In a few cases (less than 10) no data was available and so the maximum permitted emissions for the relevant Euro standard were used. The data presented in the following section relates to the fleets of the two British national operators operating with vehicles in Scotland.
7.14
All data is anonymous to protect the confidentiality of car club operators.
7.15
A summary table of the emissions data for the car club fleets in all 3 reporting regions of the Carplus Annual Survey (England and Wales (excluding London), Scotland and London) appears in Appendix B.
57
Results for Scotland Carbon Emissions Profile - Cars 7.16
When a car is registered with the DVLA its carbon emissions measured in grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre (gCO2/km or g/km) must be submitted. The data is supplied by the manufacturer and may vary within a model range depending on the additional equipment fitted such as air conditioning. Since 2001 the carbon emission data has been used to determine the Vehicle Excise Duty (VED â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the tax disc) payable on a car. For that purpose the emissions have been broken down into 13 bands from Band A (<= 100 g/km) to Band M (over 255 g/km). No tax is payable on a Band A car while on a Band M car it is ÂŁ490/annum.
7.17
To achieve a reduction in UK transport carbon dioxide emissions, car fleet operators are encouraged to select vehicles under 120 g/km (Band C) and, where practical, under 100 g/km (Band A). There are some vehicle types such as large people carriers which are not yet available under 120 g/km and where a case can be made for their deployment it is good practice to seek out the lowest carbon vehicle that meets the requirement.
7.18
Table 7.3 shows the number and proportion of car club cars in Scotland in each VED emission band. TABLE 7.3
CAR CLUB CARS IN SCOTLAND BY VED EMISSION BAND.
CO2 Emission Band (gCO2/km)
%
Band A
<=100
63
39.1%
Band B
101-110
7
4.3%
Band C
111-120
27
16.8%
Band D
121-130
25
15.5%
Band E
131-140
33
20.5%
Band F
141-150
1
0.6%
Band G
151-165
2
1.2%
Band H
166-175
1
0.6%
Band I
176-185
Band J
186-200
Band K
201-225
Band L
226-255
Band M
256+ 161
100%
Total
58
Number
Results for Scotland 7.19
Figure 7.5 shows the profile of the Scottish car club fleet in relation to the British national fleet data15. Clearly many more Scottish car club cars are in the lowest three emission Bands A to C with most car club cars in Band A. In the British national fleet most vehicles are in Band G (151-165 g/km). FIGURE 7.5 FLEETS
PROFILE OF THE SCOTTISH CAR CLUB AND BRITISH NATIONAL
Note: Some car clubs have a policy of renewing fleet vehicles after a fixed number of years. Because new car carbon emissions are improving by about 4 g/km/annum16 a regular replacement cycle should result in a better carbon profile. It will also result in more rapid adoption of new Euro standards which regulate air quality emissions17 7.20
The distribution is reflected in the car club fleet average carbon emission which is shown in Table 7.4 below. Car club cars are on average 29% lower than the British national average car and 12% lower than the British national car club average reported in 2011/12.
15
DfT Statistics: Table VEH0206. Licensed cars by CO2 emission band, Great Britain, annually: 2001 to 2012.
16
DfT Statistics: Table VEH0206. Licensed cars by CO2 emission band, Great Britain, annually: 2001 to 2012.
17
New Car CO2 Report 2013, SMMT.
59
Results for Scotland TABLE 7.4 FLEET
7.21
EMISSIONS OF CAR CLUB CARS COMPARED TO BRITISH NATIONAL
Carbon emissions (gCO2/km)
Car Club Cars 2011
Car Club Cars 2012
British National Fleet
Average – All Vehicles
129.6
113.9
160.1
There is some variation in the carbon profiles of the two clubs operating in Scotland as can be seen in the bar graph below. FIGURE 7.6
SCOTTISH CAR CLUB FLEET CARBON EMISSIONS PROFILE
7.22
Club 4 has a strategy of providing a wide range of vehicle types to meet local needs. That is reflected in the fleet’s carbon profile which includes vehicles in carbon emission Band I (176-185 g/km). The highest emission vehicle is a petrol Audi A3 (2009 model), while second and third place are taken by a Kia Sedona and a Ford Galaxy; both seven seat people carriers.
7.23
In terms of fuels used, clubs in Scotland also show different strategies as shown in Table 7.5.
60
Results for Scotland TABLE 7.5
CAR CLUB FUEL TYPES AND EMISSIONS
Fuel Type and Carbon Emissions
Club 2
Club 4
Scotland Average
Diesel
8%
70%
19.3%
Electric
0%
0%
0.0%
Petrol
81%
30%
71.4%
Petrol/Electric
11%
0%
9.3%
113.1
117.3
113.9
Average CO2 g/km
7.24
It is of note that the club with mostly petrol and petrol-electric hybrid cars achieved the lowest average carbon emissions. No electric vehicles were on the car club fleets in Scotland at the time of this analysis. Carbon Emissions Profile - Vans
7.25
There is no equivalent carbon banding scheme in place for vans and the car banding is not appropriate as it does not reflect the wide range in size and load carrying capability of vans. What would be a very poor emission for a car derived van such as a Ford Fiesta might be excellent for a 3.5 tonne Ford Transit Luton van and any ranking should also take account of Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) size category. Published carbon emission data (g/km) is available for most vans registered since 2009 but was not obligatory until 2010, nearly nine years after car data was mandatory and van data is still not available for 100% of registrations.
7.26
In 2012/13 there were 4 vans available to car club members in Scotland, all VW Transporter T28s with carbon emissions of 198 g/km. Air Quality â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Cars
7.27
As well as carbon dioxide emissions, internal combustion engines (ICE) also produce a range of other gases, many of which are known toxins and impact on local air quality. The toxic emissions are regulated by the Euro standards. The principal pollutants of concern in the UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s towns and cities are NOX (Nitrogen oxides and in particular Nitrogen dioxide, NO2) and PM10 (particulates under 10 microns) and their output is measured in milligrams per kilometre (mg/km). There are many areas of the country where levels of one or both of these two pollutants exceed EU maximum permissible limits and local authorities have had to declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA). Air pollution can have a significant adverse impact on public health and it is estimated that in 2008 up to 30,000 people across the UK suffered premature deaths due at least in part to poor air quality18. This is clearly many more premature deaths than the number that occur as a direct result of road traffic collisions. There are several AQMAs in Scotland including in Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Glasgow.
7.28
The Euro emissions standards for diesel and petrol cars are shown in Table 7.6. What is immediately apparent is that for any given standard the diesel vehicle is
18
Air quality: A follow up report - Environmental Audit Committee, October 2011.
61
Results for Scotland permitted to be more polluting; e.g. it is not until 2014 that a Euro 6 diesel car must meet the 2005 Euro 4 standard for NOX emissions for a petrol car. Most petrol cars have very low particulate emissions, initially (in 1993) this was considered too low for available technology to measure, but a minimum standard was introduced in 2009 to ensure new types of petrol engine did not produce particulates. Concern over the large number of very small (under 2.5 microns) but low mass particles being produced by modern diesel engines has led to the introduction in 2011 of a limit to the number of particles (PN) per kilometre (see Euro 5b in Table 7.6). TABLE 7.6 Standard
EURO EMISSIONS STANDARDS FOR DIESEL AND PETROL CARS Implementation
CO
HC
HC+NOX
NOX
PM10
PN
DIESEL
Euro 4
January 2005
500
300
250
25
Euro 5a
September 2009
500
230
180
5
Euro 5b
September 2011
500
230
180
5
6.0 x 1011
Euro 6
September 2014
500
170
80
5
6.0 x 1011
PETROL
Euro 4
January 2005
1000
100
80
Euro 5
September 2009
1000
100
60
5
Euro 6
September 2014
1000
100
60
5
6.0 x 1011
CO = Carbon monoxide (mg/km). HC = Hydrocarbons (mg/km). NOX = Nitrogen Oxides (mg/km). PM10 = Particles under 10 microns in diameter (mg/km), PN = Particle number (number/km).
7.29
62
The car club fleet in Scotland is 92.5% Euro 5 compliant with the remaining 7.5% meeting the acceptable Euro 4 standard, as shown in Table 7.7.
Results for Scotland FIGURE 7.7
7.30
Club 4 has a higher proportion of Euro 4 vehicles as shown in Figure 7.8. FIGURE 7.8 CLUB
7.31
SCOTTISH CAR CLUB FLEET EURO EMISSIONS PROFILE
SCOTTISH CAR CLUB FLEET EURO EMISSIONS PROFILE BY CAR
Table 7.7 shows the impact on air quality emissions of fuel choice and Euro standards. Club 2 has a predominantly petrol or petrol-electric hybrid fleet so its NOX emissions are low. Petrol-electric hybrids in particular have very low NOX emissions; typically under 10 mg/km. The majority diesel fleet (Club 4) has NOX emissions over 120 mg/km.
63
Results for Scotland TABLE 7.7
CAR CLUB FUEL TYPES AND AIR QUALITY EMISSIONS
Fuel Type/Air Quality
Club 2
Club 4
Scotland Average
Diesel
8%
70%
19.3%
Electric
0%
0%
0.0%
Petrol
81%
30%
71.4%
Petrol/Electric
11%
0%
9.3%
Average NOX mg/km
29.3
123.9
47.0
Average PM10 mg/km
0.7
5.5
1.4
7.32
Overall the combined average emission data of car club fleets in Scotland exceeds the minimum requirements of the Euro 5 diesel standard.
7.33
The National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory for cars on urban roads gives average values (including cold start) of 408 mg/km NOX and 17 mg/km PM10. Although not directly comparable it is clear that all the car club fleets are operating well below these levels.
7.34
Combining carbon and air quality data shows that Club 2 is able to operate the lowest carbon fleet with the lowest NOX and PM10 emissions. Air Quality - Vans
7.35
All the car club vans available in Scotland met the current Euro 5 air quality emission standard. Table 7.8 shows the maximum permitted emissions for a Class III (over 1760 kg) diesel van. TABLE 7.8
MAXIMUM PERMITTED EMISSIONS FOR VANS BY EURO STANDARD
Standard
Implementation
CO
HC+NOX
NOX
PM10
Euro 4
January 2006
740
460
390
60
Euro 5a
September 2010
740
350
280
5
Euro 5b
September 2011
740
350
280
5
Euro 6
September 2015
740
215
125
5
CO = Carbon monoxide (mg/km). HC = Hydrocarbons (mg/km). NOX = Nitrogen Oxides (mg/km). PM10 = Particles under 10 microns in diameter (mg/km), PN = Particle number (number/km).
7.36
64
As yet, manufacturers have not been obliged to publish van air quality emissions data (NOX and PM10) so all that is available is the maximum permitted values relating to the relevant Euro emissions standard.
Results for Scotland 7.37
With no published vehicle specific data no further analysis of van emissions can be carried out. Therefore it is only possible to comment that the current fleet of vans available to club members in Scotland meets the highest commercially available standard for air quality emissions. Community Car Clubs
7.38
The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Developing Car Clubs in Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (DCCS) programme has welcomed community engagement and provided financial and technical assistance to facilitate the launch of 13 new community car clubs across Scotland since 2010. Many of these clubs are in rural areas, including some that are beyond commutable distance to major conurbations and with limited public transport links. In such locations, dependency on private car ownership is traditionally high. Vehicles owned are generally older than the national average and are largely diesel fuelled models used for longer distance journeys.
7.39
The DCCS programme recognises that in order for a car club to thrive in such locations, a realistic approach to vehicle specification is required, which may mean that purchase costs and fuel efficiency take precedence over vehicle age and emissions performance. However, this relaxation of vehicle selection criteria is offset by the very fact that it allows a community to benefit from a car club that would otherwise not have been able to. In turn this reduces the level of private car ownership and thus the collective miles driven and emissions outputs of that community. As community car clubs in Scotland continue to develop under the DCCS programme, there will be opportunities to adopt low emission diesels, hybrids and EVs, where this is a feasible option, as a capital purchase or lease. This will undoubtedly facilitate improvements in the emissions profile of community car clubs in future reports.
7.40
As well as bringing environmental benefits, community car clubs facilitate social and economic opportunities such as the ability to access education and employment. They also allow households to downsize their car ownership levels and can help connect otherwise very isolated, transport poor places to the wider transport network as part of a portfolio approach to mobility.
7.41
Five Scottish community car clubs provided data about their fleets. There were 13 vehicles available to members and none were in carbon emission Bands A or B. The findings are shown in Table 7.9 with comparison with the British national fleet shown in Table 7.10.
65
Results for Scotland TABLE 7.9
CARBON EMISSIONS PROFILE OF COMMUNITY CAR CLUBS
CO2 Emission Band (gCO2/km)
%
Band A
<=100
0
Band B
101-110
0
Band C
111-120
7
54%
Band D
121-130
2
15%
Band E
131-140
2
15%
Band F
141-150
1
8%
Band G
151-165
1
8%
Band H
166-175
0
Band I
176-185
0
Band J
186-200
0
Band K
201-225
0
Band L
226-255
0
Band M
256+
0
Total
TABLE 7.10
7.42
Number
13
100%
CARBON EMISSIONS OF COMMUNITY CAR CLUBS & BRITISH FLEET
Carbon emissions (gCO2/km)
Community Car Club Cars 2011
Community Car Club Cars 2012
British National Fleet
Average – All Vehicles
No data
127.5
160.1
The average community car club car has emissions 20% below the national average car. As previously mentioned, given that there is a tendency for vehicles in more isolated rural areas to be older than the national average, it is highly likely that this fleet is a significant improvement over the alternative of local, private ownership. Community Car Clubs – Air Quality
7.43
66
All 13 community club cars were Euro 4 compliant. None of the fleet was Euro 5 compliant. However these vehicles are being used in largely rural areas where air quality is not a pressing issue. The Euro 4 standard reflects the age of the fleet: average 3.95 years with a range from 2.77 years to 5.2 years. The British national fleet has an average age of about 7.44 years.
Results for Scotland 7.44
The fleet was 100% diesel and this, combined with the age and Euro profile, gives comparatively high average Nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions of 200.6 mg/km and particulate (PM10) emissions of 17 mg/km.
67
Results for Scotland
8
Summary of the results
8.1
This section provides a discussion of the results for each of the surveys and some analysis of the implications of the findings for car clubs in Great Britain.
Members and Joiners Survey 8.2
Satisfaction with the service offered by car clubs in Scotland remains high with 89% of members rating their car club’s service as “Very Good” or “Good”: a 1 percentage point increase on 2011/12. Similarly, 90% of joiners rated their car club’s service as “Very Good” or “Good”, though this is a 3 percentage point decrease on 2011/12.
8.3
92% of joiners stated that the information they received from their car club operator both before and during early booking was either “Very Good” or “Good”: a decrease of 8 percentage points on 2011/12. Car ownership and use
8.4
Most respondents (79% of members and 81% of joiners) stated that they do not own a car. The survey results suggest that car club membership plays an important part in reducing car ownership through selling or disposing of a car after joining, or through deferred purchase. Joining a car club encouraged around a third of respondents (30% of members and 36% of joiners) to reduce their car ownership. The decision to sell or dispose of a car is not always directly influenced by joining the car club but just under half (45%) of members who sold or disposed of a car stated that joining the car club was the main reason or a major factor. Furthermore, 24% of respondents reported that they would have bought a car if they had not joined a car club and 65% of respondents report that, as a result of joining a car club, they are less likely to purchase a private car within the next few years.
8.5
The majority of car club members in Scotland belong to low mileage households with 64% reporting that their household drives 3,000 miles or less per year. The average annual mileage driven by car club members in household cars is 3,025 miles.
8.6
The average annual mileage for Scottish car club members using car club cars is 1,060 miles. The combined average annual mileage for car club members using household and car club cars (4,085 miles) is 52% lower than the National Travel Survey average. Use of other modes
8.7
The survey results illustrate how members use car clubs in addition to higher than average use of sustainable travel modes. Respondents to the survey reported frequent use of other modes of transport including 91% who complete walking trips of 20 minutes or more at least once per week, 39% of members who cycle at least once per week and 59% who travel by bus at least once per week. Walking, cycling and use of public transport are all notably higher amongst car club members than for the general population.
69
Results for Scotland Reasons for joining 8.8
The majority of members (77%) and joiners (85%) stated that the reason they joined a car club was for the ability to hire cars on a short term basis. This was followed by the ability to make trips that they are unable to do by other modes (67% of members and 56% of joiners)19. Joiners were more likely to state that they joined a car club because they had to sell or dispose of a car (33% of joiners stated this as a reason for joining compared to 18% of members). When asked about their personal circumstances at the time of joining, joiners were also more likely to state that they had recently moved to a new area (39%, compared to 28% of members). Although most respondents (49% of joiners and 56% of members) had not had a significant change in their personal circumstances at the time of joining a car club, the results suggest that car clubs may be most appropriately marketed to potential members at “points of churn”. These are times in life when a change in personal circumstances may require review of personal travel options, most likely in conjunction with reviewing other lifestyle choices.
Peer-to-Peer Member Survey 8.9
Members of peer-to-peer clubs were satisfied with their car club’s service but not to the same extent as members of traditional ‘back-to-base’ car clubs: 75% of Whipcar members rated service as “Good” or “Very Good” compared to 89% of members of back-to-base car clubs.
8.10
69% of Whipcar members did not own a car, a higher number than for the Scotland member survey (57%) of back-to-base car clubs. It appears that membership of Whipcar had little impact on the decision to sell or dispose of a car. The majority (35) of the 54 respondents who reported that they had sold or disposed of a car stated that their membership had no effect on their decision. 13% of Whipcar members would have bought a car if they had not joined a car club compared to 24% for back-to-base car club members.
8.11
There was some indication that peer-to-peer car club membership may influence car ownership as 47% of Whipcar members stated that, as a result of joining a car club, they are less likely to purchase a private car within the next few years. This is lower than for traditional car club members, 65% of whom stated they are less likely to purchase a car in future.
8.12
Similar to back-to-base car club members, the majority of Whipcar members belong to low mileage households; 93% report that their household drives 3,000 miles or less per year. The average annual mileage for Whipcar members using household cars is 665 miles – substantially lower than the average for back-to-base car club members in Scotland (3,025 miles). The average annual mileage for Whipcar members using Whipcar cars is 333 miles. Again, this is substantially lower than the average for traditional car club members in Scotland (1,060 miles). The combined average annual mileage for Whipcar members using household and car club cars (998 miles) is 88% lower than the National Travel Survey average.
8.13
Most (68%) stated that their household annual mileage had not changed since joining Whipcar. No respondents stated that their annual mileage has decreased
19
Figures sum to greater than 100% because respondents were able to pick more than one answer.
70
Results for Scotland whilst 29% stated that it had increased. It is possible that peer-to-peer car clubs increase car mileage consumption by making car travel available to people who previously did not travel by car, though, as noted above, users are generally low mileage travellers. 8.14
Similarly to back-to-base car club members, Whipcar members report making frequent use of other modes of transport including 70% who complete walking trips of 20 minutes or more at least once per week, 63% who travel by bus at least once per week and 33% who cycle at least once per week.
8.15
The majority of Whipcar members (83%) report that the reason they joined the car club was to be able to hire cars on a short term basis. This was followed by the ability to make trips that they are unable to do by other modes (51%) and instead of purchasing or replacing a car (24%)20.
Corporate Member Survey 8.16
The corporate member survey shows a high level of satisfaction with using a car club for business travel; 91% of business users rate their car club’s service as “Good” or “Very Good”. Corporate car club membership appears to benefit employees who need access to a car on an occasional basis, rather than for regular (e.g. daily) trips with 30% of business users stating that they use a club car at least once a month and 21% once a week. Most of this travel is made by car club cars (94%) rather than vans (6%).
8.17
The survey found that use of car clubs for business travel is a replacement for the use of grey fleet (employees’ own cars) for many. 46% of respondents stated that they used their own car for business travel before joining the car club but just 7% stated that they travelled this way after joining. A reduction in the use of public transport was also observed after joining a car club (from 20% of respondents choosing this option before to 15% after). However, it is also likely that public transport use increased amongst the 16% of respondents who stated that they travel to work by car less often since joining the car club - many of these journeys are likely to be public transport journeys. Corporate car club membership can facilitate the use of public transport for the commute to work by removing the need for an employee to bring his/her car to work in order to use it during the working day.
8.18
Although most respondents were either unaware of any changes to their employer’s travel policies since joining the car club or stated that there had been none, 16% stated that employees were now actively discouraged from using their own cars and 14% stated that pool cars had been replaced by car club cars. The following section contains further discussion of employer travel policies.
Corporate Administrator Survey 8.19
20
The corporate administrator survey provided information about the use of corporate car club accounts from a sample of 159 administrators employed by mostly smaller organisations with a majority of responses from the private sector. The majority of respondents (82%) found the service provided by their car club operator to be “Good” or “Very Good” and the key benefit cited was the financial
Figures sum to greater than 100% because respondents were able to pick more than one answer.
71
Results for Scotland savings that car clubs bring. The survey did not establish these financial savings in any more detail but they are likely come in various forms, including productivity gains, reduced administration of employee mileage claims and management of pool or company cars. 8.20
Most respondents stated that a small proportion of their business mileage was travelled in car club cars; this highlights the role of a corporate car club as a complement to other modes, rather than a single solution to an employerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s travel needs.
8.21
With a large proportion of small organisations responding to the survey (86% had fewer than 10 employees), many of the questions about corporate policies on staff travel were not particularly relevant, as small organisations are less likely to have detailed travel policies or travel plans. Only a minority of administrators responding to the survey stated that their organisation collected information about staff travel habits (16%) or mileage consumption by car club cars (21%), a grey fleet vehicle (15%) or a pool car (3%) but this may reflect the predominance of smaller organisations responding to the survey. Only a small proportion had a travel plan (17%) or travel policy (25%).
8.22
There was limited evidence to suggest that car club corporate membership was linked to changes in corporate travel policies with 32% of respondents stating that there had been a change to corporate travel policies since joining the car club. The most common change involved organisations actively discouraging employees from using their own cars to travel (13%). Most respondents (61%) stated their organisation also had a pre-paid public transport ticket for use by staff, and 28% had pool cars and 23% pool bikes. This may suggest that corporate car club membership is used alongside other staff travel initiatives, rather than as a sole solution.
Operator Survey 8.23
The survey of car club operators found that 4% of car club members in Great Britain live in Scotland, with the majority (84%) living in London, the primary market for car clubs. Most members (82%) have individual membership with 18% holding a corporate membership. 61% of car club members were male and 32% were female. This compares with a split of 54% male and 46% female amongst national licence holders in 2012. The proportion of members who are male has reduced from 69% in 2010 to 61% in 2012, though this is still higher than nationally where 54% of licence holders are male. A high proportion (72%) of car club members are aged 25-44, compared to 33% of all UK licence holders, highlighting the relatively young market for car club membership.
8.24
Compared to previous operator surveys, the average number of hires per active member has increased since 2011, from 6.7 hires to 8.2 hires, whilst the average duration of hire has remained stable at 6.7 hours (6.8 hours in 2011). Average distance per hire shows a slight increase on 2011, up from 34.5 miles to 37.8 miles. The average annual mileage per member has increased since 2011, from 237 miles to 305 miles, though this still represents a very low vehicle mileage consumption compared to the general population.
72
Results for Scotland
Emissions Analysis and Profiling 8.25
The emissions analysis and profiling report showed that overall the car club fleets in Scotland offer members vehicles that are low carbon and meet the current (Euro 5) air quality standards. Key findings include: I
Almost all car club cars are in the lowest three VED emission Bands A to C with most club cars in Band A. In the British national car fleet most vehicles are in Band G (151-165 g/km);
I
The average carbon emissions of the car club fleets in Scotland in 2012/13 are 29% lower than the British national average car and 12% lower than the British car club fleet average reported in 2011/12;
I
Car clubs with the most petrol and petrol-electric hybrid vehicles achieved the lowest average published carbon emissions; and
I
The car club fleet in Scotland is 92.5% Euro 5 compliant.
8.26
When selecting new vehicles for use in Scotland, there is a need to balance climate change (low carbon, fuel efficient), public health (low toxic emissions; notably nitrogen oxides and particulates) and whole life costs (depreciation or lease, insurance, maintenance and repairs). 2013 will see the launch of a roll out of shared EVs as a first step in addressing the challenge faced by the three Scottish cities subject to AQMAs referred to earlier in this report.
8.27
The community car club fleet in Scotland meets a specific requirement to provide vehicles in areas which would not otherwise be serviced by a car club. While not the most modern, lowest carbon or lowest emission the vehicles provided are significantly lower carbon than the British national fleet. All meet the acceptable Euro 4 standard and all have an average age almost half that of the British national fleet.
8.28
Given that in rural areas, especially those beyond commuting distance to major conurbations, there is a tendency for vehicles to be older than the British national average it is highly likely that this fleet is a significant improvement over the alternative of local private ownership.
8.29
A summary table of the emissions data for the car club fleets in all 3 reporting regions of the Carplus Annual Survey (England and Wales (excluding London), Scotland and London) appears in Appendix B.
73
Results for Scotland
APPENDIX A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
A1
MEMBERS AND JOINERS SURVEY It would be great if you could take a few minutes to answer the following questions. This information will help Carplus – the national organisation for shared mobility - and our funding partners, Transport for London and Transport Scotland, to gain a better understanding of how car clubs influence travel patterns, and may help in gaining support for putting more car club cars on the street in the future. In return for completing the survey, you will be entered into a prize draw, with the winner receiving £100 in driving credit (you must enter your membership number if you want to enter the prize draw). The survey closes on 14th December 2012. Survey responses will be kept confidential to each individual’s car club operator, Carplus and our survey partners, Steer Davies Gleave. The survey results will be used for research purposes only, as authorised by Carplus. For further information, contact Justine Hart, Carplus on 0113 234 9299. Many thanks. 1. What is your car club membership number? 2. Where do you live? (List of boroughs) 3. Which year did you join the car club? If responses is 2012 - ask which month in 2012? Any respondents who stated that they had joined within 3 months of completing the survey were directed to the joiner’s questions. 4. What is your overall satisfaction with the current service? Very Good Good Average Poor Very Poor 5. How many cars did your household own before joining the car club? (please include lease cars or company cars where appropriate) 0
1
2
3
4
5 or more
6. How many cars does your household own now? (please include lease cars or company cars where appropriate) 0
1
2
3
4
5 or more
Appendix A
Results for Scotland 7. What was the approximate mileage driven by your household in car club vehicles in the past 12 months? Zero 1-500 501-1,000 1,001-2,000 2,001-3,000 3,001-4,000 4,001-5,000 5,001-6,000 6,001-7,000 7,001-8,000 8,001-9,000 9,001-10,000 10,001-11,000 11,001-12,000 12,001-13,000 13,001-14,000 14,001-15,000 15,001-16,000 16,001-17,000 17,001-18,000 18,001-19,000 19,001-20,000 20,001-21,000 21,001-22,000 22,001-23,000 23,001-24,000 24,001-25,000 25,000+ (Please specify) Don't know
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
8. For your car club use, and your household car, what was the approximate mileage travelled in the last 12 months? (Same mileage categories as above. Respondents could enter data for up to 4 household cars) 9. If you have entered 25,000+ in any of the boxes above, please can you give an estimate of the total mileage your household has driven in the last 12 months. FREE TEXT BOX 10. Have you sold or otherwise disposed of a car in the past 12 months? Yes (go to 12 and 13) No (go to 14) 11. Please tell us how many miles you drove in that car in the past 12 months, before you sold / disposed of it? 12. When you sold / disposed of your car, was the car club: Main reason Major factor Minor factor Not a factor Don’t know 13. How has your household's annual car driver mileage changed since joining the car club? Increased No change Decreased Don’t know 14. If your household’s annual car driver mileage has changed since joining the club, please provide an estimate of the CHANGE in mileage (i.e. the amount of increase or decrease). (Same mileage categories as above) 15. If you hadn’t joined the car club, would your household have bought a private car? Yes No Don't know 16. Do you think that joining the car club has made it more or less likely that your household will buy a car (or another car) in the next few years? More likely Less likely No effect
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
Don't know 17. Did you make any trips as a car driver in the last MONTH? Yes No Don't know 18. Typically, how often do you make a trip by each of these types of transport? (please count a return journey as 2 trips) 3 or more times per week
1-2 times per week
Less than that but at least 1 per month
Bus Coach Train Underground, metro or other tram Car driver (private car) Car driver (car club car) Car passenger (either private or car club vehicle) Taxi or minicab Bicycle Walking (for 20 minutes or more without stopping)
19. Why did you join a car club? (Tick all that apply) To reduce the amount I spend on travel To hire cars on a short term basis To reduce my car use To be environmentally friendly
Appendix A
Less than that but at least 1 per year
No trips made
Don't Know
Results for Scotland
I had to sell / dispose of my own car I had problems parking my own car where I live To make trips that I cannot make using other modes Somebody recommended it to me None of the above Other FREE TEXT BOX 20. At the time of joining the car club, had you recently experienced any of the following? (Tick all that apply) I moved to a new area I changed jobs / retired I had a change in family circumstances (e.g. I had children / got divorced) I left home for the first time (e.g. to start University) My children left home My children started at a new school I had a change in financial circumstances (e.g. redundancy) None of the above 21. What is your home postcode? FREE TEXT BOX
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
A2
PEER TO PEER SURVEY Weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve teamed up with the national charity Carplus, to help them get a better understanding of how using Whipcar influences your travel choices.
Weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d really appreciate it if you could spare a few minutes to answer the following questions. All responses will be kept confidential to Whipcar, Carplus and Steer Davies Gleave, and will be used for research purposes only.
1. Where do you live? England (outside London) London Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
2. How old are you? Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55 or older
3. When did you join Whipcar?
2012 2011 2010 4. How many times have you rented a car through Whipcar 0 1 2 3 4
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
5 or more
5. What is your overall satisfaction with the current service? Very Good Good Average Poor Very Poor
6. How many cars did your household own before joining Whipcar? (please include lease cars or company cars where appropriate) 0 1 2 3 4 5 or more
7. How many cars does your household own now? (please include lease cars or company cars where appropriate) 0 1 2 3 4 5 or more
8. What was the approximate mileage driven by you or your household during Whipcar rentals during the last year? Miles Zero 1-100 100-250
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
250-500 501-1,000 1,001-2,000 2,001-3,000 3,001-4,000 4,001-5,000 5,001-6,000 6,000+
9. What was your approximate total mileage driven in any car during the last year? Miles Zero 1-100 100-250 250-500 501-1,000 1,001-2,000 2,001-3,000 3,001-4,000 4,001-5,000 5,001-6,000 6,000+
10. If your household has sold or otherwise disposed of a car in the past year, please tell us how many miles you drove in that car in the last year, before you sold / disposed of it? Miles Zero 1-100 100-250 250-500 501-1,000 1,001-2,000
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
2,001-3,000 3,001-4,000 4,001-5,000 5,001-6,000 6,000+
11. If your household sold / disposed of a car since joining Whipcar, was Whipcar: Main reason Major factor Minor factor No effect Don’t know OR Not applicable, as did not get rid of a car
12. How has your household's annual car driver mileage changed since joining Whipcar? Increased No change Decreased Don’t know
13. If you hadn’t joined Whipcar, would your household have bought a private car? Yes No Don't know
14. Do you think that joining Whipcar has made it more or less likely that your household will buy a car (or another car) in the next few years? More likely Less likely No effect Don't know
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
15. Did you make any trips as a car driver in the last MONTH? Yes No Don't know
16. Typically, how often do you make a trip by each of these types of transport? (please count a return journey as 2 trips) 3 or more times per week
1-2 times per week
Bus Coach Train Underground, metro or other tram Car driver (private car ) Car driver (car club car) Car passenger (either private or car club vehicle) Taxi or minicab Bicycle Walking (for 20 minutes or more without stopping)
17. Why did you choose to join Whipcar ? To reduce the amount I spend on travel To hire cars on a short term basis To reduce my car use To be environmentally friendly
Appendix A
Less than that but at least 1 per month
Less than that but at least 1 per year
No trips made
Don't Know
Results for Scotland
Instead of purchasing a car/replacing an existing car I had problems parking my own car where I live To make trips that I cannot make using other transport Somebody recommended it to me None of the above
18. At the time of joining the car club, had you recently experienced any of the following? (Tick all that apply) I moved to a new area I changed jobs / retired I had a change in family circumstances (e.g. I had children / got divorced) I left home for the first time (e.g. to start University) My children left home My children started at a new school I had a change in financial circumstances (e.g. redundancy) None of the above
19. What is your home postcode?
Thank you for your time and help with this survey.
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
A3
CORPORATE MEMBER SURVEY Please take a few minutes to answer the following questions In return for completing the survey, you will be entered into a prize draw, with the winner receiving a Google Nexus 7 (you must enter your membership number if you want to enter the prize draw). The survey closes on 14th December 2012. This information will help Carplus â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the national organisation for shared mobility - and our funding partners, Transport for London and Transport Scotland, to gain a better understanding of how car clubs influence travel patterns, and may help in gaining support for putting more car club cars on the street in the future. Survey responses will be kept confidential to each individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s car club operator, Carplus and our survey partners, Steer Davies Gleave. The survey results will be used for research purposes only, as authorised by Carplus. For further information, contact Justine Hart, Carplus on 0113 234 9299. 1. In which location do you primarily use the car club service? England (outside London) LAs London Boroughs Scotland LAs Wales LAs 2. What is your overall satisfaction level with the car club you use for work-related travel? (Choose one) Very Good Good Average Poor Very Poor 3. On average, how often do you use a car club vehicle for work-related trips? (Choose one) Once a week or more Once a month or more Less than that but at least once every two months Less than that but at least 1 per year
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
4. Please tell us your usual form of transport for work-related trips before and after joining the car club? Before joining the car club
After joining the car club
Used my own car Used a company car Used a pool car owned by my employer Traditional car rental Public transport Walk Cycle Taxi Other (please specify)
5. What type of car club vehicle do you use most often? Car Van 6. Has joining the car club changed your own habits in any of the following ways? (Tick all that apply) I travel to work by car less often I make more work-related trips I make fewer work-related trips I now use a car club for private (non work-related) trips I have sold or disposed of my own car None of the above 7. Has your organisation made any changes to its business travel arrangements or policies since joining the car club? Yes, pool cars have been replaced by car club cars Yes, the number of company cars has been reduced Yes, car mileage allowance rates have been reduced Yes, employees are actively discouraged from using their own cars No changes to travel policies Yes, other changes to travel policies (please state)
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know To enter the prize for a chance to win a Google Nexus 7, enter your car club membership number here (FREE TEXT BOX)
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
A4
CORPORATE ADMINISTRATOR SURVEY Please take a few minutes to answer the following questions. In return for completing the survey, you will be entered into a prize draw, with the winner receiving a Google Nexus 7. This information will help Carplus – the national organisation for shared mobility - and our funding partners, Transport for London and Transport Scotland, to gain a better understanding of how organisations use car clubs. Survey responses will be kept confidential to each individual’s car club operator, Carplus and our survey partners, Steer Davies Gleave. The survey results will be used for research purposes only, as authorised by Carplus. For further information, contact Justine Hart, Carplus on 0113 234 9299. The survey closes on 14th December 2012. Note: If your organisation has multiple sites, please answer only for the main location where car club cars are available to employees. 1. Where is your organisation based? England (outside London) LAs London Boroughs Scotland LAs Wales LAs 2. Which sector is your organisation in? Private sector Public sector Third sector 3. How many staff are employed at your organisation? (at the location where car club cars are available to employees) Less than 10
100-500
1500 – 2000
10-30
500- 750
2000+
30-70
750- 1000
70-100
1000 – 1500
4. How many employees have joined the car club at your organisation? Less than 10
10-30
30-70
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
70-100
750- 1000
100-500
1000 – 1500
500- 750
1500 – 2000
2000+
5. Which car club does your organisation have corporate membership of?
6. In which year did your organisation become a corporate member? 2012
2007
2002
2011
2006
2001
2010
2005
2000
2009
2004
2008
2003
7. Please indicate whether your organisation collects the following information about car mileage travelled by employees on work-related trips? Grey fleet (employees’ own cars) mileage Car club car mileage Pool car (owned by your organisation) mileage None of these Don’t know
8. Approximately what proportion of car mileage travelled by your organisation for workrelated journeys is undertaken using car club cars? Less than 10% 11-20% 21-30% 31-40% 41-50% 51-60% 61-70% 71-80% 81-90% 91-100%
Appendix A
Results for Scotland 9. Do you collect any data on staff travel patterns (for business journeys)? Yes No Don’t know 10. If yes, would you be prepared to share this data with Carplus? Yes No 11. Does your organisation have a Travel Plan (sometimes known as a Transport Strategy / Green Transport Plan?) Yes No Don’t know 12. Does your organisation have a travel policy for work-related travel during the working day? Yes (go to Q13) No (Go to Q14) Don’t know (Go to Q14) 13. If yes, Yes, for any trip a.
Does the travel policy prioritise travel by public transport, walking and cycling for work-related trips?
b.
Does the travel policy require employees to use a car club car if making work-related car trips?
c.
Are employees permitted to use their own vehicle for work-related travel during the working day?
d.
Are employees permitted to claim a private vehicle mileage allowance for work-related travel?
Yes, but only for some trips
No
Other
14. Does your organisation provide any of the following for employees to use when making work-related trips? (please tick all that apply): Pool cars Company cars Leased Cars Salary Sacrifice Cars
Appendix A
Results for Scotland Pool bikes Pre-paid public transport ticket (e.g. Oyster card)
15. Has your organisation made any changes to its business travel arrangements or policies since joining the car club? Yes, pool cars have been replaced by car club cars Yes, the number of company cars has been reduced Yes, car mileage allowance rates have been reduced Yes, employees are actively discouraged from using their own cars No changes to travel policies Yes, other changes to travel policies (please state) Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know 16. What is your overall satisfaction with the current service provided by your car club operator? Very Good Good Average Poor Very Poor 17. What have been the key benefits of joining the car club for your organisation (tick all that apply)? Financial savings Reduced CO2 emissions Reduced administrative burden A reduction in the number of parking spaces required Reduced levels of business mileage Improved employee satisfaction Other (please state) We would like to understand more about any cost savings to your organisation as a result of joining the car club. If you would be prepared to share this information with us on an anonymous basis, please provide your email address. To enter the prize draw for the chance to win a Google Nexus 7, please enter your car club membership number.
2)
Appendix A
Results for Scotland
A5
OPERATOR SURVEY 1. How many members do you have as at end November 2012? Members
Number of members
Individual Corporate Total
2. How many members hired a car in the previous 12 months as at end of November 2012? Number of members
Members who hired a car in last year
3. Where do car club members live? Member location
Number of members
London England and Wales (outside London) Scotland Total
4. What is the gender split of members? Gender
Number of members
Male Female Total
5. How many members are there in each age band, as at end of November 2012? Age
Number of members
Under 21 21 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 44
Appendix A
Results for Scotland 45 to 49 50 to 54 55 to 59 60 or over Total
6. What is the mean average distance travelled per hire (in miles)? Distance in miles (to 2 decimal places)
Mean average distance travelled per hire
7. What is the average length of hire period (in hours)? Time in hours (to 2 decimal places)
Average length of hire
8. What is the average number of hires per member per year (for those who have hired a car in the last 12 months)? Number of hires (to 2 decimal places)
Average hires per â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;activeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; member
9. What is the distribution of number of hires per member per year (last year to end November 2012)? Hires in last 12 months
None 1 to 5 6 to 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 21 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 100 Total
2)
Appendix A
Number of members
Results for Scotland 10. What is the distribution of mileage travelled per hire (last year to end November 2012)? Hires in last 12 months
Number of hires in last year
0 to 5 6 to 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 21 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 100 100+ Total
11. How many car club vehicles do you have in each CO2 emission range (as at end of November 2012)? gCO2/km
Number of cars
Number of vans
Less than 100 101 to 110 111 to 120 121 to 130 131 to 140 141 to 150 151 to 165 166 to 175 176 to 185 186 to 200 201 to 225 226 to 255 Over 255 Total
Appendix A
Results for Scotland 12. What are the average emissions, in gCO2/km for your car club cars and vans (as at end November 2012)? Average emissions
Cars
Vans
gCO2/km
13. How many car club vehicles do you have in each Euro standard (as at end of November 2012)? Euro standard
Euro 1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4 Euro5 Total
2)
Appendix A
Cars
Vans
Results for Scotland
APPENDIX B CAR CLUB EMISSIONS SUMMARY TABLE
Appendix B
Results for Scotland
Region
England and Wales London (excluding London)
Summary (All Car Summary (British Scotland Club National Fleet*) Fleet)
Car Fleet Size
471
1,654
161
2,286
28,722,453
Band A
181
573
63
817
297,576
% Band A
38%
35%
39%
36%
1%
Bands B & C
211
983
34
1,228
2,555,646
% Bands B & C
45%
59%
21%
54%
9%
AvCO2 (g/km)
108.8
110.1
113.9
110.1
160.1
Av NOX (mg/km)
75.2
127.3
47.0
111.4
No Data
Av PM10 (mg/km)
1.383
0.334
1.417
0.600
No Data
Euro 5+
406
1,653
149
2,208
No Data
% Euro 5+
86%
100%
93%
97%
No Data
Diesel
167
1,369
31
1,567
9,392,242
% Diesel
35.5%
82.8%
19.3%
68.5%
32.7%
Petrol
253
211
115
579
19,157,876
% Petrol
53.7%
12.8%
71.4%
25.3%
66.7%
Petrol-Electric Hybrid
35
71
15
121
114,890
% PE Hybrid
7.4%
4.3%
9.3%
5.3%
0.4%
Electric
14
3
0
17
0
% Electric
3.0%
0.2%
0.0%
0.7%
0.0%
Av Age Cars (years)
1.68
1.05
2.01
1.25
7.70
Van Fleet Size
15
189
4
208
3,280,600
* Table VEH0206. Licensed cars by CO2 emission band, Great Britain, annually: 2001 to 2012, DfT, April 2013. Table VEH0203. Cars licensed by propulsion / fuel type, Great Britain, annually: 1994 to 2012, DfT, April 2013. Table VEH0407. Licensed light goods vehicles by years since first registration - grouped years, annually: 1994 to 2012, DfT, April 2013
U:\Leeds\PROJECTS\225\1\92\01\Work\05 Analysis\130610 Carplus annual survey Scotland 2012_13 - CP comments 10-6-2013.docx
CONTROL SHEET
Project/Proposal Name
Carplus Annual Survey 2012/13
Document Title
Results for Scotland
Client Contract/Project No. SDG Project/Proposal No.
22519201 ISSUE HISTORY
Issue No.
Date
Details
1
23 May 2013
First draft to Carplus
2
24 May 2013
Second draft for operator comment
3
11 June 2013
Final report REVIEW
Originator
Ian Bewick
Other Contributors
Jennie Rothera, Matthew Clark
Review by:
Matthew Clark
Sign
DISTRIBUTION Client:
Carplus
Steer Davies Gleave:
U:\Leeds\PROJECTS\225\1\92\01\Work\05 Analysis\130610 Carplus annual survey Scotland 2012_13 - CP comments 10-6-2013.docx
Control Sheet