Sociology project introducing the sociological imagination canadian 1st edition manza test bank

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The Sociology Project 2.0, Canadian Edition

Manza, The Sociology Project 2.0, Canadian Edition, Test Bank Chapter 9 Social Stratification, Inequality, and Poverty Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The concept of __________ is at the heart of the study of social stratification. a. b. c. d.

cultural identity consumption patterns demography inequality

Answer: d Page 225 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.1 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.1: Define inequality and explain how the form and level of inequality has varied throughout history.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. __________ had the fewest opportunities for social inequality to emerge. a. b. c. d.

Feudal societies Industrial societies Hunting and gathering societies Agrarian societies

Answer: c Page 225 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.2 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.1: Define inequality and explain how the form and level of inequality has varied throughout history.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 3. Under feudalism, the labourers who were obligated to work for landowners were called __________. a. b. c. d.

proletarians the bourgeoisie serfs slaves

Answer: c Page 226 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.3 Copyright © 2018, Pearson Canada Inc.

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Learning Objective: LO 9.1.1: Define inequality and explain how the form and level of inequality has varied throughout history.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. The dominant system of inequality prior to the advent of capitalism is known as __________. a. b. c. d.

slavery the caste system the class system feudalism

Answer: d Page 226 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.4 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.1: Define inequality and explain how the form and level of inequality has varied throughout history.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. The median family income in Canada in 2009 was approximately __________. a. b. c. d.

$48,000 $58,000 $68,000 $78,000

Answer: b Page 228 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.5 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.1: Define inequality and explain how the form and level of inequality has varied throughout history.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 6. According to Forbes magazine, in 2014, the richest individual in the world was __________. a. b. c. d.

American Chinese Indian Mexican

Answer: a Page 228 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.6

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Learning Objective: LO 9.1.1: Define inequality and explain how the form and level of inequality has varied throughout history.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. __________ refers to the receipt of money over a period of time, whereas __________ refers to the net value of assets that one has at a given point in time. a. b. c. d.

Wealth; income Income; wealth Capital; wealth Wealth; salary

Answer: b Page 229 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.7 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.2: Compare and contrast income and wealth as measures of economic inequality.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. Before retirement, most people get most or all of their income from __________. a. b. c. d.

their jobs income transfers from the government (such as Social Security) investments inheritances

Answer: a Page 229 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.8 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.2: Compare and contrast income and wealth as measures of economic inequality.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Illegal or "underground" earnings from crime or from untaxed (undeclared) work or activity are __________. a. b. c. d.

income not income wealth neither income nor wealth

Answer: a

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Page 229 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.9 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.2: Compare and contrast income and wealth as measures of economic inequality.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. The primary way in which most North Americans with modest incomes accumulate wealth is through __________. a. b. c. d.

retirement accounts investments home ownership net financial assets

Answer: c Page 229 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.10 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.2: Compare and contrast income and wealth as measures of economic inequality.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. The study of the distinctions among different social classes is called __________. a. b. c. d.

social differentiation social stratification class analysis consumption analysis

Answer: c Page 231 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.11 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.3: Define class and identify what constitutes a social class.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 12. In Marxist terms, the important distinction in a capitalist society was between the __________ and the __________. a. b. c. d.

proletariat; bourgeoisie capitalists; bourgeoisie proletariat; serfs serfs; bourgeoisie

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Answer: a Page 231 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.12 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.3: Define class and identify what constitutes a social class.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. __________ is a designation of class that considers income, occupation, and salary. a. b. c. d.

Life chance Socioeconomic status Consumption utility Class analysis

Answer: b Page 232 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.13 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.3: Define class and identify what constitutes a social class.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Which of the following countries is much less egalitarian than the others? a. b. c. d.

Sweden Brazil the United States India

Answer: c Page 234 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.2.14 Learning Objective: LO 9.2.1: Discuss trends in income inequality and compare inequality in Canada and the United States to other countries in the world.

Topic: Why Is North America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 15. In general, technology __________ jobs that require higher levels of education while it __________ jobs that require middle and lower levels of education. a. b. c. d.

replaces; complements complements; replaces replaces; reserves complements; reserves

Answer: b

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Page 237 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.2.15 Learning Objective: LO 9.2.2: Identify factors explaining why economic inequality in North America has increased since the 1960s.

Topic: Why Is America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 16. The fact that Apple Computer manufactures all iPads and iPhones in __________ is an example of __________. a. b. c. d.

China; outsourcing China and India; minimum wage China, Mexico, and the Philippines; deindustrialization China, Mexico, and the United States; wealth

Answer: a Page 238 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.2.16 Learning Objective: LO 9.2.2: Identify factors explaining why economic inequality in North America has increased since the 1960s.

Topic: Why Is North America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 17. As a result of economic restructuring, average wages have __________ since the 1970s. a. b. c. d.

increased decreased stagnated increased then sharply declined

Answer: c Page 239 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.2.17 Learning Objective: LO 9.2.2: Identify factors explaining why economic inequality in North America has increased since the 1960s.

Topic: Why Is North America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 18. The premise of the __________ is that billionaires, millionaires, and all those at the top of the income ladder are expected to pay more in taxes than minimum-wage employees. a. b. c. d.

social mobility index comparative perspective correlation coefficients progressive tax system

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Answer: d Page 239 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.2.18 Learning Objective: LO 9.2.2: Identify factors explaining why economic inequality in North America has increased since the 1960s.

Topic: Why Is North America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. The majority of minimum-wage employees are __________. a. b. c. d.

teenagers whites Hispanic adults

Answer: d Page 241 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q10.2.19 Learning Objective: LO 10.2.2: Identify factors explaining why economic inequality in North America has increased since the 1960s.

Topic: Why Is North America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Most “one percenters” __________. a. b. c. d.

have jobs live off of inheritances pay extra taxes are blue-collar workers

Answer: a Page 242 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.2.20 Learning Objective: LO 9.2.3: Describe who comprises the “1 percent” in North America.

Topic: Why Is North America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Because there are no obvious ways of determining how much opportunity individuals really have, social scientists measure it indirectly by examining __________. a. b. c. d.

social backgrounds social hierarchies social mobility social stagnation

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Answer: c Page 245 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.3.21 Learning Objective: LO 9.3.1: Define social mobility and describe how inequality of opportunity is measured.

Topic: Do We All Have an Equal Opportunity to Succeed in Life?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. In a meritocracy __________. a. b. c. d.

rewards are linked to personal ability caste, more than any other factor, influences life chances personal connections have a disproportionately high impact on life chances persons from an upper-class background will have fewer life chances than other members of the same society

Answer: a Page 249 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.3.22 Learning Objective: LO 9.3.4: Discuss the relationship between education and social mobility.

Topic: Do We All Have an Equal Opportunity to Succeed in Life?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. Sociologists refer to societies where birth determines whether individuals have social mobility as __________. a. b. c. d.

caste societies class societies open societies status-consistent societies

Answer: a Page 245 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.3.23 Learning Objective: LO 9.3.1: Define social mobility and describe how inequality of opportunity is measured.

Topic: Do We All Have an Equal Opportunity to Succeed in Life?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. To measure __________ sociologists can use intergenerational correlations between parents’ and projected children’s __________. a. b.

social mobility; incomes poverty; assets

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c. d.

deindustrialization; education wages; wealth

Answer: a Page 245 Learning Objective: LO 9.3.2: Compare and contrast chances for social mobility in the United States to other countries such as Canada and Norway.

Topic: Do We All Have an Equal Opportunity to Succeed in Life?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 25. Lana, a single woman with no dependents, is unable to afford basic necessities, such as housing and healthcare. What type of poverty is she experiencing? a. b. c. d.

relative poverty absolute poverty feminization of poverty institutional poverty

Answer: b Page 251 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.25 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.1: Distinguish between absolute and relative poverty.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 26. The feminization of poverty is a term used to describe poverty experienced by __________. a. b. c. d.

single-parent families in which a man is the primary provider and caregiver two-parent families in which a woman is the primary provider two-parent families in which a woman is the primary caregiver single-parent families in which a woman is the primary provider and caregiver

Answer: d Page 253 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.26 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.2: Identify factors that increase the likelihood of poverty.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 27. In 2011, the poverty line for a family of four was __________. a. b. c. d.

$36,504 $28,500 $35,678 $39,999

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Answer: a Page 252 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.27 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.1: Distinguish between absolute and relative measures of poverty.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. Labour markets and government policies are both important factors that influence __________. a. b. c. d.

social mobility associations meritocracy the poverty line

Answer: a Page 246 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.3.28 Learning Objective: LO 9.3.3: Identify factors that affect how much social mobility exists in a society.

Topic: Do We All Have an Equal Opportunity to Succeed in Life?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29. In general, countries with __________ inequality also tend to have __________ social mobility. a. b. c. d.

high; low moderate; very high high; high low; low

Answer: a Page 247 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.3.29 Learning Objective: LO 9.3.3: Identify factors that affect how much social mobility exists in a society.

Topic: Do We All Have an Equal Opportunity to Succeed in Life?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 30. A true meritocracy would most likely be considered a(n) __________ society by sociologists. a. b. c. d.

open closed educational wealthy

Answer: a

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Page 249 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.3.30 Learning Objective: LO 9.3.4: Discus the relationship between education and social mobility.

Topic: Do We All Have an Equal Opportunity to Succeed in Life?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31. __________ are much more likely to live in poverty in Canada. a. b. c. d.

racial minorities whites Aboriginals blacks

Answer: c Page 253 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.31 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.2: Identify factors that increase the likelihood of poverty.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. Who theorized that the critical divisions between classes were the result of the economic system? a. b. c. d.

Max Weber Emile Durkheim Ralf Dahrendorf Karl Marx

Answer: d Page 231 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.32 Source ID: TB MC 30 Learning Objective: LO p.1.3: Define class and identify what constitutes a social class.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. When did homelessness begin to grow into a serious problem in Canada? a. b. c. d.

1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s

Answer: d Page 256

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Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.33 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.5: Discuss the problem of homelessness in and identify some contributing factors.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. Why is it difficult to get an accurate count of the homeless? a. b. c. d.

Many of the homeless may temporarily live with friends and family.

Many of the homeless are adept at hiding from researchers.

Many of the homeless are in and out of hospitals.

Many of the homeless live in areas too dangerous for researchers to visit.

Answer: a Page 256 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.34 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.5: Discuss the problem of homelessness and identify some contributing factors.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35. Current research shows that there is a relationship between poverty, __________, and __________; this is particularly worrisome in the case of children. a. b. c. d.

stress; cognitive development wealth; homelessness the working poor; income net worth; closed-society

Answer: a Page 255 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.35 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.4: Explain the impact of growing up in poverty on children.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 36. Patricia works as a sales manager and earns approximately $60,000 a year. She owns her own home and has $20,000 in the bank as an emergency fund. She also owns a rental property, from which she earns $12,000 a year. Which of the following responses best represents her wealth? a. b. c. d.

her gross $60,000 income her rental property and the $12,000 income it produces her two properties and her $20,000 savings her two properties and her $12,000 rental-property income

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Answer: c Page 229 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.36 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.2: Compare and contrast income and wealth as measures of economic inequality.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 37. Kenneth lives in a low-income, high-crime neighbourhood. His home is poorly ventilated, which triggers asthma attacks. As a result of these stressors, he has high blood pressure. How would sociologists describe Kenneth's cognitive development? a. b. c. d.

compromised consumptive status impaired structurally immobile

Answer: a Page 255 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.37 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.4: Explain the impact of growing up in poverty on children.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 38. Sandra is a corporate attorney. She graduated from Harvard Law School at the top of her class and earns $250,000 a year. Sociologists who evaluate Sandra's social position based on the dimensions of her income, education, and occupation would describe her as __________. a. b. c. d.

upwardly mobile vertically mobile having high SES having low SES

Answer: c Page 231 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.38 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.3: Define class and identify what constitutes a social class.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 39. Ben was a bank teller at Goliath National Bank, until the tellers at Goliath were replaced by ATM machines. As a result, Ben decided to go back to school and update his computer skills.

Ben's scenario best represents a consequence of __________.

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a. b. c. d.

the talent justification the efficiency justification skill-biased technological change globalization

Answer: c Page 237 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.2.39 Learning Objective: LO 9.2.2: Identify factors explaining why economic inequality in North America has increased since the 1960s.

Topic: Why Is North America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 40. Which of the following scenarios best represents outsourcing? a. b. c. d.

the opening of a call centre for an North American credit card company in the Philippines a reduction in airport security staff when new surveillance equipment is installed the movement of a manufacturing facility from an urban centre to the urban-rural fringe the enrollment of unskilled labourers in trade schools

Answer: a Page 238 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.2.40 Learning Objective: LO 9.2.2: Identify factors explaining why economic inequality in North America has increased since the 1960s.

Topic: Why Is North America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 41. The components of Nike tennis shoes are produced in different parts of the world. The final assembly of the shoes is completed in China. Thereafter the shoes are shipped to the United States, where David purchases a pair at a suburban mall in Denver. Of the following economic phenomena, which does this scenario best represent? a. b. c. d.

economic restructuring outsourcing skill-biased technological change globalization

Answer: d Page 238 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.2.41 Learning Objective: LO 9.2.2: Identify factors explaining why economic inequality in North America has increased since the 1960s.

Topic: Why Is North America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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42. Remington is involved in the Occupy Wall Street movement. He camped out for weeks at a park opposite the statehouse in Columbus, Ohio, and was eventually arrested. Remington, like other protestors, has many concerns about his economic condition, but he likely joined the movement to protest __________. a. b. c. d.

the unconstitutionality of healthcare reform the outsourcing of American jobs to Asia the disparity in income and wealth between the top 1 percent of Americans and everyone else the decline of labour union participation

Answer: c Page 242 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.2.42 Learning Objective: LO 9.2.3: Describe who comprises the “1 percent” in America.

Topic: Why Is North America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 43. Candace and Bill are married with two children. Bill works and earns minimum wage. Candace stays home to raise their two young children. Their annual household income in 2012 was below the poverty line. Given this scenario, you can accurately infer that __________. a. b. c. d.

they live in absolute poverty neither Candace nor Bill have full-time jobs their annual income is below $23,000 once the children are in school they will no longer live below the poverty line

Answer: c Page 252 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.43 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.2: Identify factors that increase the likelihood of poverty.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in the United States and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 44. Karen is a personal care worker. She earns about $10 an hour and works 40 hours a week. She is unable to save, and last month her car broke down. She cannot afford to fix her car, being already late in paying her bills for gas and electricity. From this description of Karen's life, you conclude that she is a member of which class? a. b. c. d.

the middle class the lower middle class the working poor the underclass

Answer: c

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Page 253 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.44 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.2: Identify factors that increase the likelihood of poverty.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 45. A group of friends are discussing their salaries. Among them they earn the following per year: $40,000, $50,000, $65,000, $68,000, and $75,000. What is the median salary among this group of friends? a. b. c. d.

$50,000 $63,800 $65,000 $75,000

Answer: c Page 228 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.45 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.1: Define inequality and explain how the form and level of inequality has varied throughout history.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 46. It is often better to use the __________, instead of the __________, to measure household income because it is a more stable calculation that is influenced less by outliers. a. b. c. d.

median; mean mean; median mode; mean median; mode

Answer: a Page 228 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.46 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.1: Define inequality and explain how the form and level of inequality has varied throughout history.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 47. The United States spends __________ on programs that directly alleviate poverty than other wealthy nations. a. b. c.

less more about the same

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d.

a lot more

Answer: a Page 255 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.47 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.3: Compare and contrast the level of poverty in North America to that in other regions.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48. Don and Cal are high school friends from the same hometown. After high school, Don started to work full-time as an overnight cleaner at a floor cleaning business. Cal attended a public university nearby and earned a bachelor’s degree in marketing. At their 10-year reunion Don and Cal discuss the courses their lives have taken since they graduated from high school. Don has been working full-time for the whole 10 years and makes about $40,000 per year from the cleaning business. Cal has been working for 5 years as manager of the marketing department at a health insurance company in the area; he makes about $70,000 per year. What concept would a sociologist use to describe the differences between Don and Cal? a. b. c. d.

the university wage premium absolute poverty the technological wage deficit outsourcing

Answer: a Page 237 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.2.48 Learning Objective: LO 9.2.2: Identify factors explaining why economic inequality in North America has increased since the 1960s.

Topic: Why Is North America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 49. Dawn works as a lawyer for a Fortune 500 company and recently bought her first home. She was the first person in her family to attend university. Even though while she was growing up her family was very busy working to pay rent and other bills—her dad worked as a janitor and her mother as a childcare assistant—her parents have always been supportive of her education and career goals. What sociological concept best describes Dawn’s life? a. b. c. d.

upward mobility downward mobility socioeconomic culture relative poverty

Answer: a Page 245 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.3.49

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Learning Objective: LO 9.3.1: Define social mobility and describe how inequality of opportunity is measured.

Topic: Do We All Have an Equal Opportunity to Succeed in Life?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 50. A sociologist would most likely conclude what about homeless individuals? a. b. c. d.

The homeless live in absolute poverty.

The homeless experience true opportunity in a meritocracy.

The homeless are part of the “1 percent.”

The homeless have high income, but low wealth.

Answer: a Page 256 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.50 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.5: Discuss the problem of homelessness in North America and identify some contributing factors.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

51. __________ are much more likely to live in poverty in Canada. a. racial minorities b. whites c.

Aboriginals d. blacks Answer: c Page 253 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.31 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.2: Identify factors that increase the likelihood of poverty.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Essay Questions 1.

Why is it important to make the distinction between income and wealth?

Answer: Income refers to one's earnings over a specified period of time. Earnings from employment, investments (interest income), or even from underground activity all qualify as income. Wealth refers to the net value of assets and is a long-term measure of household resources. Wealth can include real estate and the value of savings and investments, not just the income a person earns. Persons can have high levels of income but have very little wealth if their spending patterns prevent them from saving. Persons with modest incomes can have a significant amount of wealth if they invest wisely and save.

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Page 229 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.1.51 Learning Objective: LO 9.1.2: Compare and contrast income and wealth as measures of economic inequality.

Topic: What Is Inequality?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

2.

Describe how deindustrialization has impacted workers in the United States since the 1950s.

Why is deindustrialization thought to contribute to inequality?

Answer: In the 1950s almost half of all American jobs were in industry and manufacturing; today only 20 percent are. These jobs provided good wages, benefits, and job stability for working Americans. Deindustrialization refers to the steady decline the United States has seen in industrial and manufacturing jobs since the 1950s. This decline has important implications, including the trend of replacing “good jobs” with “bad jobs” in the U.S. economy. There are few jobs that offer good wages, stability, and benefits to Americans without a college or university education. The jobs that are available require specific training and/or some kind of higher education as a prerequisite to employment. Those without a college or university education have fewer job opportunities and have seen a decrease in their wages as a result of deindustrialization. The so-called university wage premium contributes to inequality in the job market and, in turn, in social life.

Page 236-237 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.2.52 Learning Objective: LO 9.2.2: Identify factors explaining why economic inequality in North America has increased since the 1960s.

Topic: Why Is North America So Unequal?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

3.

How is inequality of opportunity measured?

Answer: Inequality of opportunity refers to the ways in which inequality shapes the opportunities that children and young adults have to maximize their potential. If an individual's chances to do well in life depend on the advantages or disadvantages of birth and early childhood, then we say opportunity is unequally distributed. However, measuring opportunity in any society is not a simple research question. Because there is no one obvious way of determining how much opportunity individuals really have in a society, social scientists use social mobility as an approximate measure.

Social mobility is the pattern of intergenerational inheritance in a society and a measure of the extent to which parents and their children have similar or different social and economic positions in adulthood. A high-mobility society, where there is relatively little connection between parents' and children's place in life, approximates the ideal of equality of opportunity. In highly mobile societies, where a child ends up in life is determined largely through her or his own achievements. By contrast, when there is a relatively close connection between parents and their children's positions

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when children reach adulthood, social mobility is low. In low-mobility societies, the advantages or disadvantages of birth fully determine one's social position.

Page 245 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.3.53 Learning Objective: LO 9.3.1: Define social mobility and describe how inequality of opportunity is measured.

Topic: Do We All Have an Equal Opportunity to Succeed in Life?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

4.

What is the significance and limitations of the poverty line?

Answer: The poverty line is the way that the government defines those who are in poverty. It sets an income threshold that is necessary for purchasing basic necessities. Below that threshold, which varies by family size, people are considered to be in poverty. Criticisms of the poverty line centre on what it fails to measure. It takes into account only pre-tax income and does not adjust for differences in cost of living from city to city or from one region to another. For example, it is much more expensive to live in Vancouver, B.C., than in Charlottetown, P.E.I. It also does not take into account any assistance that poor families receive, such as child tax benefit payments. In the U.S., the poverty line was established in 1960 and has been updated yearly, accounting only for inflation.

Page 250-251 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.54 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.1: Distinguish between absolute and relative measures of poverty.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in North America and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

5.

Explain the distinction between relative and absolute poverty.

Answer: Relative poverty is used to define people as poor by comparing their income and resources to those of other people in society. People may experience relative poverty, even if their incomes are higher than the government-set poverty line, if they do not have reliable transportation in a city where other people have cars and move about freely at will.

Absolute poverty is a measure of the minimum requirements needed for people to have basic standards of food, clothing, health, and shelter. The poverty line is a measure that is used by the government to determine the minimum amount of income people need to be able to afford these basic necessities. Anyone below this threshold is considered to be in poverty.

Page 250-251 Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q9.4.55 Learning Objective: LO 9.4.1: Distinguish between absolute and relative measures of poverty.

Topic: How Much Poverty Exists in the United States and around the World?

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Copyright © 2018, Pearson Canada Inc.

The Sociology Project 2.0, Canadian Edition

Copyright © 2018, Pearson Canada Inc.