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Human Physiology Integrated Approach 7th Edition Silverthorn Test Bank

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Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7e, (Silverthorn) Chapter 8 Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties 1) The portions of a neuron that extend off of the roughly spherical cell body are usually collectively called A) protrusions.

B) processes.

C) prostheses.

D) projections.

Answer: B Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 2) Detailed understanding of the cellular basis of signaling in the nervous system has led to good understanding of consciousness, intelligence, and emotion.

A) True B) False Answer: B Section: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 3) Neurotransmitter is stored and released from A) axon terminals only.

B) axon varicosities only.

C) dendritic spines only.

D) cell bodies only.

E) axon terminals and axon varicosities.

Answer: E Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 4) Information coming into the central nervous system is transmitted along ________ neurons.

A) afferent B) sensory C) efferent D) afferent and sensory E) sensory and efferent Answer: D Section: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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5) The afferent and efferent axons together form the A) central nervous system.

B) autonomic division system.

C) somatic motor division of the nervous system.

D) peripheral nervous system.

E) visceral nervous system.

Answer: D Section: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 6) The brain and spinal cord together compose the A) central nervous system.

B) autonomic division system.

C) somatic motor division of the nervous system.

D) peripheral nervous system.

E) visceral nervous system.

Answer: A Section: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 7) Exocrine glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles are controlled by the A) central nervous system.

B) autonomic nervous system.

C) somatic motor division.

D) peripheral nervous system.

E) enteric nervous system.

Answer: B Section: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 8) Autonomic motor neurons are subdivided into the A) visceral and somatic divisions.

B) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

C) central and peripheral divisions.

D) visceral and enteric divisions.

E) somatic and enteric divisions.

Answer: B Section: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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9) The enteric nervous system is a network of neurons that function in controlling A) reproduction.

B) digestion.

C) excretion, particularly urination.

D) the skeletal system.

E) the endocrine system.

Answer: B Section: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 10) In general, the nervous system is composed of which two types of cells?

1. motor 2. neurons 3. sensory 4. glial 5. associative A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 3 and 4 E) 3 and 5 Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 11) The cell body of neurons is generally A) 90% of the cell volume.

B) 50% of the cell volume.

C) 10% of the cell volume.

D) found in the same position on every neuron.

Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 12) Interneurons are found A) only in the brain.

B) only in the spinal cord.

C) only in the CNS. D) throughout the nervous system.

E) only in spinal nerves.

Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 3 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

13) The multiple thin, branched structures on a neuron whose main function is to receive incoming signals are the A) cell bodies.

B) axons.

C) dendrites.

D) somata.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 14) The collection of axons that carries information between the central nervous system and the peripheral effectors is called the A) axon hillock.

B) varicosity.

C) axon.

D) dendrite.

E) nerve.

Answer: E Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 15) The region where the axon terminal meets its target cell is called the A) collateral.

B) hillock.

C) synapse.

D) nerve.

E) dendrites.

Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 16) The axon is connected to the cell body by the A) myelin sheath.

B) axon terminal.

C) collaterals.

D) axon hillock.

E) synapse.

Answer: D Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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17) Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called A) dendrites.

B) axon terminals.

C) collaterals.

D) axon hillocks.

E) synapses.

Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 18) Neurotransmitters are released from the A) dendrites.

B) axon terminals.

C) collaterals.

D) axon hillock.

E) synapse.

Answer: B Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 19) The term axonal transport refers to A) the release of neurotransmitter molecules from the axon.

B) the transport of microtubules to the axon for structural support.

C) vesicle transport of proteins and organelles down the axon.

D) the movement of the axon terminal to synapse with a new postsynaptic cell.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 20) Anterograde and retrograde axonal transport are forms of ________ transport.

A) fast B) slow C) Neither of these.

Answer: A Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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21) Clusters of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called A) microglia.

B) neuroglia.

C) glia.

D) ganglia.

E) nodes.

Answer: D Section: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 22) Glial cells A) only provide structural and metabolic support.

B) only guide neurons during growth and repair.

C) only help maintain homeostasis of the brain's extracellular fluid.

D) provide structural and metabolic support and help maintain homeostasis of the brain's extracellular fluid.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: E Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 23) Glial cells communicate primarily using A) electrical signals only.

B) chemical signals only.

C) neurotransmitters only.

D) neuromodulators only.

E) electrical signals and chemical signals.

Answer: B Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 24) Myelin is formed by A) axons only.

B) Schwann cells only.

C) oligodendrocytes only.

D) Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.

Answer: D Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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25) These glial cells act as scavengers.

A) Schwann cells B) astrocytes C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes E) ependymal cells Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 26) These glial cells may contribute to Lou Gehrig's disease.

A) Schwann cells B) astrocytes C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes E) ependymal cells Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 27) The Nernst equation predicts A) intracellular ion concentrations.

B) extracellular ion concentrations.

C) the membrane potential resulting from all permeable ions.

D) the membrane potential resulting from permeability to a single ion.

E) the threshold membrane potential.

Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 28) Which is the correctly written Nernst equation?

A) 61/z × log [ion]out / [ion]in B) 61/z × log [ion]in / [ion]out C) log 61/z × [ion]in / [ion]out D) log 61/z × [ion]out / [ion]in Answer: A Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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29) What does the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation take into account that the Nernst equation does NOT? A) the electrical charges of the ions B) the permeabilities of the ions C) the solubilities of the ions D) the sizes of the ions E) the temperature Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 30) The resting membrane potential results from A) uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane only.

B) differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ only.

C) activity of the sodium/potassium pump only.

D) uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane and differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 31) Which ion(s) is/are higher in concentration inside the cell compared to outside?

A) potassium B) sodium C) chloride D) calcium E) More than one of the answers is correct.

Answer: A Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 32) The channelopathy known as QT syndrome is a result of mutation in ________ channels.

A) sodium B) potassium C) calcium D) chloride E) sodium, potassium, or calcium Answer: E Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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33) Ion channel inactivation is A) closing of the channel in response to decrease in the stimulus.

B) closing of the channel even when the stimulus continues.

C) any type of channel closing.

D) None of the answers are correct.

Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 34) The total amount of neurotransmitter released at the axon terminal is directly related to A) the amplitude of the action potential.

B) the length of the axon.

C) the total number of action potentials.

D) the amplitude of the graded potential.

Answer: C Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 35) Which of the following is the most common location where action potentials originate?

A) dendrites B) cell body C) axon hillock D) synaptic cleft E) synaptic bouton Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 36) The rising phase of the action potential is due to A) Na+ flow into the cell only.

B) Na+ flow out of the cell only.

C) K+ flow out of the cell only.

D) K+ flow into the cell only.

E) Na+ flow out of the cell and K+ flow into the cell.

Answer: A Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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37) The falling phase of the action potential is due primarily to A) Na+ flow in the cell only.

B) Na+ flow out of the cell only.

C) K+ flow out of the cell only.

D) K+ flow into the cell only.

E) Na+ flow out of the cell and K+ flow into the cell.

Answer: C Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 38) The point during an action potential when the inside of the cell has become more positive than the outside is known as the A) depolarization.

B) rising phase.

C) falling phase.

D) overshoot.

E) peak.

Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 39) Choose ALL of the items that are incorrectly matched.

A) inactivation gate — closed at rest B) activation gate — open at rest C) inactivation gate — closed during repolarization D) activation gate — opens during depolarization E) All of the answers are incorrectly matched.

Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 40) The absolute refractory period of an action potential A) only ensures one-way travel down an axon.

B) only allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first.

C) only prevents summation of action potentials.

D) ensures one-way travel down an axon and allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first.

E) ensures one-way travel down an axon, allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first, and prevents summation of action potentials.

Answer: E Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 10 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

41) In order to signal a stronger stimulus, action potentials become A) higher in amplitude only.

B) more frequent only.

C) longer-lasting only.

D) higher in amplitude and more frequent.

E) higher in amplitude and longer-lasting.

Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 42) All of the following must occur before a second action potential can begin, EXCEPT A) the Na+ and K+ ions that moved in/out of the cell must move back to their original compartments.

B) the Na+ inactivation gate must open and the Na+ activation gate must close.

C) the absolute refractory period must occur.

D) the Na+ and K+ ions that moved in/out of the cell must move back to their original compartments; the Na+ inactivation gate must open; and the Na+ activation gate must close.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer: A Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 43) Voltage-regulated channels are located A) within the cytosol only.

B) in the membranes of dendrites only.

C) in the membranes of axons only.

D) on the neuron cell body only.

E) in the membranes of dendrites, in the membranes of axons, and on the neuron cell body.

Answer: E Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 44) The sodium-potassium exchange pump A) must re-establish ion concentrations after each action potential.

B) transports sodium ions into the cell during depolarization.

C) transports potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization.

D) moves sodium and potassium in the direction of their chemical gradients.

E) requires ATP to function.

Answer: E Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 11 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

45) The all-or-none principle states that A) all stimuli will produce identical action potentials.

B) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce action potentials of identical magnitude.

C) the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the intensity of the action potential.

D) only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials.

E) only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.

Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 46) When voltage-gated Na+ channels of a resting neuron open, A) Na+ enters the neuron.

B) Na+ leaves the neuron.

C) the neuron depolarizes.

D) Na+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.

E) Na+ leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.

Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 47) When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open, A) K+ enters the neuron.

B) K+ leaves the neuron.

C) the neuron depolarizes.

D) K+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.

E) K+ leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.

Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 48) In the membrane of a resting nerve cell, when chemically gated Cl- channels open, A) Cl- ions enter the cell.

B) Cl- ions leave the cell.

C) the cell becomes depolarized.

D) Cl- ions enter the cell and the cell becomes depolarized.

E) Cl- ions leave the cell and the cell becomes depolarized.

Answer: A Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 12 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

49) Ion concentrations are first significantly affected after ________ action potential(s).

A) one B) a few dozen C) a few hundred D) a few thousand E) a few million Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 50) Action potentials are primarily associated with the membranes of A) dendrites only.

B) cell bodies only.

C) axons only.

D) dendrites and axons.

E) cell bodies and axons.

Answer: C Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 51) Which of the following will best increase the conduction rate of action potentials?

A) Increase the diameter of the axon, decrease the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage.

B) Increase the diameter of the axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage.

C) Decrease the diameter of the axon, decrease the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage.

D) Decrease the diameter of the axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage.

Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 52) Which of the following does NOT influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be conveyed by a particular neuron?

A) length of the axon B) presence or absence of a myelin sheath C) diameter of the axon D) presence or absence of nodes of Ranvier E) whether axon is sensory or motor Answer: E Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 13 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

53) Graded potentials may A) initiate an action potential.

B) depolarize the membrane to the threshold voltage.

C) hyperpolarize the membrane.

D) be called EPSPs or IPSPs. E) All of the statements are true.

Answer: E Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 54) Some neurotoxins work essentially the same way as some local anesthetics, which is to A) inactivate the enzyme that destroys the neurotransmitter only.

B) bind to Na+ channels and inactivate them only.

C) prevent depolarization by blocking Na+ entry into the cell only.

D) inactivate the enzyme that destroys the neurotransmitter and bind to Na+ channels and inactivate them.

E) bind to Na+ channels and inactivate them and prevent depolarization by blocking Na+ entry into the cell.

Answer: E Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 55) The major determinant of the resting potential of all cells is A) Ca2+ concentration in the blood and interstitial fluid.

B) Na+ concentration in the blood and interstitial fluid.

C) K+ gradient between the blood and interstitial fluid.

D) K+ concentration inside cells.

E) Na+ concentration inside cells.

Answer: C Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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56) The term hyperkalemia specifically indicates too much potassium in which fluid compartment?

A) blood B) intracellular C) interstitial D) extracellular E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: A Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 57) A chemical synapse ALWAYS includes which of the following?

1. axon terminal 2. presynaptic cell 3. synaptic cleft 4. postsynaptic cell 5. dendrite A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 1, 2, 3, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4, 5 E) 1, 3, 4 Answer: B Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 58) Which type of synapse is most prevalent in the nervous system?

A) chemical B) electrical C) mechanical D) processing E) radiative Answer: A Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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59) The ion necessary to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is A) sodium.

B) potassium.

C) calcium.

D) chloride.

E) zinc.

Answer: C Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 60) To increase the amount of neurotransmitter released onto a postsynaptic cell, the presynaptic cell would have to A) send action potentials with higher voltage (higher amplitude).

B) send action potentials with longer durations.

C) send action potentials with higher frequency.

D) do nothing; no change is possible since the all-or-none law is in effect.

Answer: C Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 61) Which is/are the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) of the CNS? A) GABA only B) glycine only C) glutamate only D) GABA and glycine E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: D Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 62) The inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS, GABA and glycine, act by opening ________ channels.

A) only Na+ B) only ClC) only K+ D) only Ca2+ E) Na+ and K+ Answer: B Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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63) Excitatory neurotransmitters of the CNS usually act by opening ________ channels.

A) Na+ B) K+ C) ClD) H+ E) Ca2+ Answer: A Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 64) Which of the following is NOT a known drug effect on synaptic function?

A) interfere with neurotransmitter synthesis B) alter the rate of neurotransmitter release C) prevent neurotransmitter inactivation D) prevent neurotransmitter binding to receptors E) change the type of neurotransmitter found in the synaptic vesicle Answer: E Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 65) The site of information integration in the nervous system is the A) chemical synapse.

B) electrical synapse.

C) trigger zone.

D) dendritic membrane.

E) axon terminal.

Answer: C Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 66) Once the stimulus alters the receptor on the cell's membrane, what happens next?

A) Ion channels open, allowing ions to enter or exit.

B) The membrane permeability is altered.

C) A second messenger is activated on the inside of the cell.

D) Any of these actions could happen next.

Answer: D Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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67) Once the action potential reaches the axon terminal, what happens next?

A) exocytosis of a neurocrine B) release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft C) release of a neurohormone into the blood D) Any of the above could happen next.

Answer: D Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 68) Calcium is important in the synapse because it A) is necessary for acetylcholine synthesis.

B) signals the exocytosis of the neurotransmitter.

C) binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, opening ion channels, and triggering graded potentials.

D) leaves the axon terminal, hyperpolarizing the cell.

Answer: B Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 69) In response to binding a neurotransmitter, a postsynaptic cell can A) only open chemically gated ion channels, causing graded potentials known as fast synaptic potentials.

B) only close ion channels via G proteins and second messenger systems, producing slow responses.

C) only regulate protein synthesis and affect the metabolic activities of the postsynaptic cell.

D) open chemically gated ion channels, causing graded potentials known as fast synaptic potentials and regulate protein synthesis and affect the metabolic activities of the postsynaptic cell.

E) open chemically gated ion channels, causing graded potentials known as fast synaptic potentials, close ion channels via G proteins and second messenger systems, producing slow responses, and regulate protein synthesis and affect the metabolic activities of the postsynaptic cell.

Answer: E Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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70) The neurotransmitter thought to be involved in learning and memory is A) norepinephrine.

B) glutamate.

C) acetylcholine.

D) GABA. E) glycine.

Answer: B Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 71) In order for a synapse to be an effective means of cellular communication, slow removal or inactivation of neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse is important.

A) True B) False Answer: B Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 72) Identify the FALSE statement.

A) EPSPs that reach threshold can initiate an action potential.

B) The trigger zone is the integrating center of the neuron.

C) IPSPs depolarize the membrane.

D) All of the statements are true.

Answer: C Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 73) An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) A) depolarizes a neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential.

B) hyperpolarizes a neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential.

C) depolarizes a neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.

D) hyperpolarizes a neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.

Answer: C Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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74) Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) A) result in local depolarizations.

B) result in local hyperpolarizations.

C) increase membrane permeability to sodium ions.

D) prevent the escape of potassium ions.

E) prevent the escape of calcium ions.

Answer: B Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 75) When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone, which of the following could happen?

A) An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out.

B) Two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur.

C) Two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability.

D) An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out and two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur.

E) An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out; two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur; and two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability.

Answer: E Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 76) Presynaptic facilitation makes a pathway A) less likely to be in use, just through hyperpolarization of selected neurons.

B) more likely to be in use, just through depolarization of selected neurons.

C) capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning.

D) less likely to be in use, just through hyperpolarization of selected neurons and capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning.

E) more likely to be in use, just through depolarization of selected neurons and capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning.

Answer: E Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.16 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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77) Spatial summation refers to A) electrical signals reaching neurons from outer space.

B) multiple graded potentials arriving at one location simultaneously.

C) repeated graded potentials reaching the trigger zone one after the other.

D) suprathreshold potentials triggering action potentials that are extra large.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: B Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 78) If a hyperpolarizing graded potential and a depolarizing graded potential of similar magnitudes arrive at the trigger zone at the same time, what is most likely to occur?

A) An action potential is fired off more quickly than usual.

B) Nothing. They will cancel each other out.

C) The cell becomes hyperpolarized.

D) The cell becomes easier to excite.

E) The cell dies.

Answer: B Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 79) When multiple, possibly even conflicting signals reach a neuron, the neuron evaluates the signals and may respond or not. This property is called A) temporal summation.

B) spatial summation.

C) postsynaptic integration.

D) graded potentials.

E) EPSPs. Answer: C Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 80) When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs?

A) spatial summation B) temporal summation C) inhibition of the impulse D) hyperpolarization E) decrease in speed of impulse transmission Answer: B Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 21 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

81) The pattern of synaptic connectivity where a large number of presynaptic neurons provide input to a single postsynaptic neuron, is known as A) divergence.

B) convergence.

C) integration.

D) saltatory conduction.

E) potentiation.

Answer: B Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.16 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 82) During childhood, growth and development of the brain PRIMARILY occurs by increasing A) neuron numbers only.

B) neuron size only.

C) number of dendrites and synapses only.

D) neuron numbers and neuron size.

E) neuron size and number of dendrites and synapses.

Answer: E Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 83) The rearrangement of connections at synapses, which occurs throughout life, is termed A) elasticity.

B) intelligence.

C) plasticity.

D) senility.

E) synchronicity.

Answer: C Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 84) A damaged neuron has a better chance of survival and repair if the ________ is/are undamaged.

A) cell body B) axon C) dendrites D) Schwann cells E) axon and dendrites Answer: A Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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85) Repair of damaged neurons can be assisted by certain neurotrophic factors secreted by the A) cell body only.

B) axon only.

C) dendrites only.

D) Schwann cells only.

E) axon and dendrites.

Answer: D Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 86) The tip of an embryonic nerve cell's axon is called a A) kissing cone.

B) stem tip.

C) growth cone.

D) growth tip.

E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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Match the glial cell to the nervous system division in which it is found.

A. central nervous system B. peripheral nervous system 87) Schwann cells Answer: B Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 88) oligodendrocytes Answer: A Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 89) microglia Answer: A Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 90) satellite cells Answer: B Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 91) ependymal cells Answer: A Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 92) astrocytes Answer: A Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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Match the term with its description (answers may be used more than once).

A. ependymal cells B. astrocytes C. satellite cells D. Schwann cells E. oligodendrocytes F. microglia 93) highly branched cells that transfer nutrients between blood vessels and neurons Answer: B Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 94) specialized immune cells that are confined to the CNS Answer: F Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 95) cells that form supportive capsules around cell bodies Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 96) cells that create a selectively permeable epithelial layer to separate fluid compartments of the CNS Answer: A Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 97) cells in the CNS that form myelin Answer: E Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 98) cells in the PNS that form myelin Answer: D Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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99) cells that are a source of neural stem cells Answer: A Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 100) cells that myelinate several axons Answer: E Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 101) cells that myelinate only one axon each; multiple cells per axon Answer: D Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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Match the part of the neuron to its description (answers may be used more than once).

A. dendrites B. axon C. cell body 102) may be covered with myelin Answer: B Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 103) receive(s) most of the incoming synapses Answer: A Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 104) occupy(ies) the least amount of cell volume Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 105) make(s) proteins necessary for repair of damaged neuron Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 106) contribute(s) most to membrane surface area of cell Answer: A Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 107) supported by satellite cells Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 108) where most graded potentials originate Answer: A Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 27 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

109) location of voltage-gated ion channels Answer: B Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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Match the type of signal to its description (answers may be used more than once).

A. graded potential B. action potential C. both 110) may be hyperpolarizing Answer: A Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 111) originate(s) at the trigger zone Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 112) originate(s) on dendrites and cell bodies Answer: A Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 113) can involve ion channels regulated by chemicals Answer: A Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 114) require(s) a minimum stimulus to occur Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 115) size increases if stimulus strength increases Answer: A Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 116) result(s) from influx of sodium Answer: C Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 29 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

117) The gaps between adjacent Schwann cells on an axon are called ________.

Answer: nodes of Ranvier Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 118) The potential difference across a membrane or other barrier is a measure of the ________ across the barrier.

Answer: voltage Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 119) The sum of all of the electrical and chemical forces active across the membrane is known as the ________.

Answer: driving force Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 120) The two types of electrical signals in neurons are ________.

Answer: graded potentials and action potentials Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 121) The minimum amount of stimulus required to depolarize an excitable membrane and generate an action potential is known as the ________.

Answer: threshold Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 122) The ________ principle states that the properties of the action potential are independent of the relative strength of the depolarizing stimulus.

Answer: all-or-none Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 123) The time during which an excitable membrane cannot respond to further stimulation regardless of the stimulus strength is the ________.

Answer: absolute refractory period Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 30 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

124) The period of time during which an excitable membrane can respond again, but only if the stimulus is greater than the initial stimulus is the ________.

Answer: relative refractory period Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 125) At a(n) ________ synapse, a neurotransmitter is released to affect the postsynaptic cell.

Answer: chemical Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 126) In a(n) ________ synapse, there is a direct physical connection between cells.

Answer: electrical Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 127) A ________ is a compound that influences a postsynaptic cell's response to a neurotransmitter.

Answer: neuromodulator Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 128) The addition of stimuli arriving in rapid succession to produce an action potential is called ________.

Answer: temporal summation Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 129) The addition of several stimuli arriving from different locations on the same cell to produce an action potential is called ________.

Answer: spatial summation Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 130) Name the two factors that influence the membrane potential.

Answer: 1. the concentration gradients of ions across the membrane 2. the membrane permeability to those ions Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 31 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Indicate true or false. If FALSE, substitute a word or phrase for the boldfaced word(s) that will make the statement TRUE. 131) Schwann cells are the primary type of glial cell associated with the central nervous system.

Answer: False, peripheral nervous system Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 132) The gaps between Schwann cells are called synapses.

Answer: False, nodes of Ranvier Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 133) An influx of Na+ ions depolarizes the membrane of an axon.

Answer: True Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 134) The absolute refractory period is important in unidirectional propagation of action potentials.

Answer: True Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 135) If the graded potential increases in amplitude, then the frequency of the action potentials fired also increases.

Answer: True Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 136) In spatial summation the same stimulus is repeated until a threshold level of depolarization is reached.

Answer: False, temporal summation Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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137) Microvilli are present on cells that, because of their function, benefit from an increased membrane surface area. Which structure(s) on a neuron provide a comparable benefit?

A) cell body B) dendrites C) axon D) varicosities E) collaterals Answer: B Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application 138) A home satellite dish receives signals from a satellite, allowing your television to display TV shows. Which part of a neuron is analogous to the satellite dish?

A) cell body B) dendrites C) axon D) varicosities E) collaterals Answer: B Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application 139) These CNS glial cells may be a source of treatment for neural degenerative disorders.

A) Schwann cells B) astrocytes C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes E) ependymal cells Answer: E Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 140) In terms of embryonic origin, neurons are most closely related to ________ cells.

A) skeletal muscle B) cardiac muscle C) connective tissue D) epithelial Answer: D Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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141) If the resting axon's membrane becomes more permeable to potassium ions, A) the inside of the membrane will become more positively charged.

B) the membrane will depolarize more rapidly.

C) it will take a stimulus of larger magnitude to initiate an action potential.

D) the hyperpolarization at the end of the action potential will not occur.

Answer: C Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 142) If the sodium-potassium pumps in the cell membrane of a neuron fail to function, over time A) the extracellular concentration of potassium ion will increase.

B) the intracellular concentration of sodium ion will increase.

C) the membrane resting potential will become more positive than normal.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 143) How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-gated sodium channels remained inactivated?

A) It would be longer than normal.

B) It would be shorter than normal.

C) It would be the same whether the channels remained inactivated or not.

D) None of the answers are correct.

Answer: A Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 144) Identify the FALSE statement.

A) Under normal conditions, all action potentials in a given cell are identical.

B) Between nodes of Ranvier, signal conduction is decremental.

C) The amplitude of the action potential depends on the amplitude of the graded potential that precedes it.

D) The voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels begin to open during the depolarization.

Answer: C Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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145) When the neuron is at rest, which statement is true?

A) The activation gate is closed.

B) The inactivation gate is open.

C) No Na+ crosses the membrane is the only observation.

D) The activation gate is closed and the inactivation gate is open.

E) The activation gate is closed and no Na+ crosses the membrane.

Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 146) In the first phase of triggering an action potential in a neuron, Na+ ions flow in and A) only trigger a negative feedback loop.

B) only trigger a positive feedback loop.

C) only activate the sodium/potassium pump.

D) trigger a negative feedback loop and activate the sodium/potassium pump.

E) trigger a positive feedback loop and activate the sodium/potassium pump.

Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 147) What stops the rising phase of the action potential?

A) The K+ gate closes.

B) The Na+ activation gate opens.

C) The Na+ inactivation gate closes.

D) The Na+ inactivation gate opens.

E) The sodium activation gate closes.

Answer: C Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 148) The inactivation gate A) quickly opens and closes after depolarization.

B) is coupled to the movement of the activation gate, but is much slower.

C) depends on a change of +100 mV from rest to be signaled to close.

D) depends on a loss of Na+ permeability to be triggered.

E) depends on a loss of K+ permeability to be triggered.

Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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149) During the relative refractory period, an initial threshold-level depolarization is usually not sufficient to trigger an action potential. Why? A) Only some Na+ channels have returned to their resting position.

B) Only K+ channels are still open, so Na+ entry is offset by K+ loss.

C) Only a few K+ channels have returned to their resting position.

D) The statement is incorrect; a threshold-level depolarization always triggers an action potential.

E) Some Na+ channels have returned to their resting position and K+ channels are still open, so Na+ entry is offset by K+ loss.

Answer: E Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 150) The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential: 1. sodium channels are inactivated 2. more voltage-regulated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization 3. sodium channels regain their normal properties 4. a graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold 5. a temporary hyperpolarization occurs 6. sodium channel activation occurs 7. sodium ions enter the cell and further depolarization occurs The proper sequence of these events is A) 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1.

B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 5, 3.

C) 6, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5.

D) 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5.

E) 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1.

Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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151) When comparing action potentials to graded potentials, an/two important distinguishing characteristic/s is/are A) graded potentials can undergo summation.

B) action potentials can undergo summation.

C) that the rate of action potentials is limited by the refractory period.

D) graded potentials can undergo summation and the rate of action potentials is limited by the refractory period.

E) action potentials can undergo summation and the rate of action potentials is limited by the refractory period.

Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 152) When more action potentials arrive at the axon terminal, how are neurotransmitters affected?

A) More molecules are released into the synapse.

B) Different molecules are released into the synapse.

C) Fewer molecules are released into the synapse.

D) There is no effect—all signals are identical.

Answer: A Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 153) When more action potentials arrive at the axon terminal, how is the postsynaptic cell affected?

A) Neurotransmitter release increases, but does not change the graded potentials that follow.

B) Neurotransmitter release does not change, thus the postsynaptic cell behaves the same way it always behaves.

C) Neurotransmitter release increases, thereby increasing the frequency or magnitude of graded potentials in the postsynaptic cell.

D) Neurotransmitter release does not change, but voltages applied to the postsynaptic cell increase.

Answer: C Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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154) If a stimulating electrode is placed in the middle of a resting axon and an above-threshold voltage is applied to the electrode action potentials A) will not occur.

B) will start at that point and proceed only toward the axon terminal.

C) will start at that point and proceed only toward the cell body.

D) will start at that point and travel in both directions in the axon.

Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application 155) Conduction occurs along an axon because A) outflow of K+ triggers the adjacent channels to open.

B) inflow of Na+ triggers the adjacent channels to open.

C) once Na+ enters the cell, the entire membrane depolarizes simultaneously.

D) axonal transport "walks" voltage changes along the membrane.

Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 156) Conduction speed is (or can be) enhanced by A) myelin.

B) altering extracellular sodium concentration.

C) increasing the temperature.

D) altering extracellular potassium concentration.

E) myelin and increasing the temperature.

Answer: E Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 157) When sodium channels open during an action potential, the opening is caused by A) binding of sodium ions.

B) binding of potassium ions.

C) presence of calcium.

D) presence of positive charge.

Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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158) The primary problem in hyperkalemia is A) that neurons are harder to excite because their resting potential is hyperpolarized.

B) that neurons are hyperexcitable because their resting potential is closer to threshold.

C) that neurons respond too quickly to smaller graded potentials.

D) neurons are harder to excite because their resting potential is hyperpolarized and neurons respond too quickly to smaller graded potentials.

E) neurons are hyperexcitable because their resting potential is closer to threshold and neurons respond too quickly to smaller graded potentials.

Answer: E Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 159) Graded potentials can A) only act as signals over short distances.

B) only act as signals over long distances.

C) only cause or prevent an action potential.

D) act as signals over short distances and cause or prevent an action potential.

E) act as signals over long distances and cause or prevent an action potential.

Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 160) The following are steps involved in transmission at the cholinergic synapse: 1. Chemically regulated ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated.

2. Calcium ions enter the axon terminal.

3. An action potential depolarizes the axon terminal at the presynaptic membrane.

4. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis.

5. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

The correct sequence for these events is A) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3.

B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1.

C) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5.

D) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3.

E) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Answer: B Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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161) Arrange the following events in the proper sequence: 1. Efferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential.

2. Afferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential.

3. Effector organ responds by performing output.

4. Integrating center reaches decision about response.

5. Sensory organ detects change in the environment.

A) 2, 3, 5, 1, 4 B) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 C) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 D) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5 Answer: B Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 162) How would blocking retrograde transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?

A) The neuron would not be able to produce neurotransmitters.

B) The neuron would not be able to produce action potentials.

C) The cell body would not be able to export products to the axon terminals.

D) The cell body would not be able to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.

E) The neuron would be unable to depolarize when stimulated.

Answer: D Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 163) The basis of neural integration is A) addition of postsynaptic potentials overlapping in time and space.

B) command signals from central pattern generators.

C) spontaneous activity in pacemaker neurons.

D) the area under the curve of postsynaptic potentials overlapping in time and space.

Answer: A Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 164) Caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol all have effects on A) action potential conduction.

B) long-term potentiation.

C) synaptic activity.

D) neurotransmitter degradation.

E) neurotransmitter reuptake.

Answer: C Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.17 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 40 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

165) Tom's father suffers a stroke that leaves him partially paralyzed on his right side. What type of glial cell would you expect to find in increased numbers in the damaged area of the brain that is affected by the stroke?

A) astrocytes B) Schwann cells C) oligodendrocytes D) microglia Answer: D Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application 166) Tetrodotoxin is a toxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels. What effect does this substance have on the function of neurons?

A) Neurons depolarize more rapidly.

B) Action potentials lack a repolarization phase.

C) The absolute refractory period is shorter than normal.

D) The neuron is not able to propagate action potentials.

E) The toxin does not interfere with neuron function because the voltage-regulated sodium channels would still function.

Answer: D Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application 167) Inhibition of neural activity can result from A) presynaptic events only.

B) postsynaptic events only.

C) presynaptic events and postsynaptic events.

Answer: C Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.16 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 168) Presynaptic facilitation occurs when A) extracellular concentration of sodium increases.

B) extracellular concentration of potassium increases.

C) calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane are inhibited.

D) calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remain open longer.

E) temporal summation occurs.

Answer: D Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.16 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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169) Learning and memory are thought to be due to a synaptic phenomenon known as A) inhibition.

B) excitation.

C) modulation.

D) facilitation.

E) long-term potentiation.

Answer: E Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.17 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 170) Products from the cell body of a neuron are transported to the axon terminals by ________.

Answer: (anterograde) axoplasmic transport Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 171) A change in the conditions in the axon terminal can cause a change in the environment of the cell body as a result of ________.

Answer: retrograde transport Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 172) Graded potentials that increase the likelihood of an action potential bring the ________ closer to threshold.

Answer: membrane potential Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 173) Graded potentials that arrive at postsynaptic neurons are called ________ if they make that cell more likely to fire.

Answer: excitatory Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 174) Graded potentials that arrive at postsynaptic neurons are called ________ if they make that cell less likely to fire.

Answer: inhibitory Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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175) For ________ to occur, a second potential must arrive before a previous one has been completed.

Answer: summation Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 176) When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone within a short period of time, their effects are additive and ________ occurs.

Answer: summation Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 177) Receptors that work through second messenger systems are called ________ receptors.

Answer: metabotropic Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer Learning Outcome: 8.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 178) Briefly explain the gross organization of the nervous system in either paragraph form or using a concept map. Be sure to discuss the central, peripheral, and enteric nervous system and the divisions and branches discussed in the text.

Answer: Answers will vary. There are three divisions: the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the enteric nervous system. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and acts as the integrating center for neural reflexes. The brain is also where thoughts and consciousness are formed. The PNS includes the afferent branch, which monitors the internal and external environment and sends signals to the CNS, and the efferent branch, which carries signals from the CNS to effector cells throughout the body. Within the efferent branch, there is the somatic motor division, which controls skeletal muscle, and the autonomic division. The autonomic division, or visceral nervous system, controls the smooth and cardiac muscles and exo- and endocrine glands. It is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

Section: Organization of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 179) Draw a motor neuron, being sure to include and label the following parts: axon(s), dendrite(s), cell body, axon collateral(s), axon terminal(s), myelin sheath, and other components as applicable.

Answer: See Figure 8.2 in the chapter Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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180) Why are mitochondria necessary at axon terminals?

Answer: Energy is required in order to move synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane.

Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 181) Why is it necessary for fast axonal transport to go both forward and backward?

Answer: The organelles and cellular components transported to the axon terminal must also be returned to the cell body for recycling. Fast retrograde recycling may also be used for nerve growth factor transport to the cell body.

Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 182) Compare and contrast action and graded potentials. Your answer should include a definition of each, types, characteristics, ionic basis, functions, and anything else necessary to answer the question.

Answer: Action potentials are stereotyped changes in axon membrane potential that function in long-distance communication between neurons and their target cells. Graded potentials are variable membrane potential changes, usually in dendrites of multipolar neurons, that function in either short-distance communication or changing the probability of an action potential.

Action potentials result from opening of voltage-regulated ion channels, which occurs at or above a threshold voltage. Graded potentials are not regenerative and result from the opening of ion channels in response to neurotransmitter or a specific stimulus such as sound or odor, in the case of sensory receptors.

The rising phase results from influx of sodium, and the falling phase from efflux of potassium.

Other characteristics include the after-hyperpolarization, all-or-none nature, conduction without decrement, independence of amplitude and duration from stimulus strength, refractory period, faster velocity in larger diameter or in myelinated axons. Graded potentials can be depolarizing, if the ion channel is a sodium channel, or hyperpolarizing in the case of potassium or chloride channels. Depolarizations increase the probability that threshold voltage will be attained and an action potential will result. Hyperpolarizations decrease the probability of a resulting action potential. Amplitude and duration are proportional to stimulus intensity, and graded potentials are conducted with decrement.

Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons Learning Outcome: 8.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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