School of domes

S C

D(H)OMES O F O L

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Architecture and Urban Design Construction and Sustainability Design Studio Proff. Zanelli Alessandra, Belli Lorenzo a.y. 2018-2019

Group 3 Antonio Piga Ilaria Pugliese Angelica Venzor Camilla Vertua

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CONTENTS

1 Introduction to the site

2

Principles 2.1 Innovative learning 2.2 Local materials 2.3 Traditional knoledge 2.4 “Eco-efficacy�

2.5 Flexibility and reversibility 2.6 Bio-climatic strategies

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3

Elements 3.1 Domes 3.2 Warka Towers

4 Project of energy

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+ References

Final considerations

4.1 Stratigraphy 4.2 Embodied energy 4.3 RES 4.4 Solar panels 4.5 Best Energy 4.6 Consumptions

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INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE Ingall Niger, Africa

0,5 km

6

In-Gall is the location of the project site which is a town in the Agadez region of northeast Niger, Africa. Known for its oasis and saltflats, the town is highly linked with the salt industry at Teguiddan- Tessoumt which is located around 15 km to the north. Water washes down from the massif in this place each year, producing natural salt ponds which are then worked, harvested and maintained by the inhabitants of In-Gall to then transport the salt back to the town at the end of the season.

Unlike other nearby places, In-Gall has a steady and strong oasis which allows to develop throughout the whole year garden cultivation and date harvesting. In-Gall is a point of gathering of the Tuareg and Wodaabe people for the Cure

Salee festival, which marks the end of the rainy season and usually occurs in the last two weeks of September. The duration of the festival (three days), generally draws in performers, tourists and dignitaries.

The population of InGall throughout the year is of less than 500 people, however during the festival the population increases to an estimated of 47,000 people. The houses in In-Gall , mostly made out of earth and water have beautiful gardens filled with fruit trees and vegetable patches creating a contrast with the landscape in which the town is set. All of this together is what makes In-Gall, an oasis town in a semi-desert zone that forms the gateway to the Sahara.

Town Vegetation (Acacia, date palm) Agricultural fields River 7

Teguidda- n- Tessoumt

8

Cure Salee festival

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PRINCIPLES

Innovative learning

Traditional knoledge

Local

It’s where all the other spaces confluence. It’s caracterized as a big space where all the users of the school can meet, talk and learn. It’s an experimental place where learning becomes fluid.

As a project of selfconstruction, local traditional knoledge has a crucial role. Moreover, usually they represent simple solutions to complex problems.

The project will require the predominant use of km 0 materials like earth to reduce incorporated energy due to transport. That means also techniques easily reproducible by local people.

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materials

“Eco - efficacy” Since the first design steps, the project has the aim to avoid materials’ wastes.

Future of materials becomes part of the project itself.

Flexibility reversibility

and

The project aims to be flexible and reversible.

Bags filled with earth as walls provide reversibility in the process and recyclibility of materials.

Roofs, moreover, are made of Acacia canes and covered with sorts of cuscions of palm fibers textile and camels wool.

Thus, they’re really light and people can move them easily, shaping them up differently.

Bio climatic strategies In order to provide comfort inside domes, the structure of domes is massive. In that way in fact during the day heating accumulates then to be released when temperature becomes lower in the night.

Ventilation is provided thanks to the union of geothermic and evaporation system.

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PRINCIPLES 3.1 Innovative learning

1.

Center for community It’s a more isolated pavillon, opened to the community. It contains a water well and it can host different events, (for instance, during the Curee Sale festival.

1

2.

2

Class(not)rooms Knowing to share, sharing to know: spaces both for the community and for guys of the school.

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2

PRINCIPLES 3.2 Local materials

1.

2.

3.

Palms fibers :

Acacia trees:

Soil:

to make ropes and roof coverings.

to make canes both for the roof and vertical supports.

to fill bags of external walls.

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PRINCIPLES 3.2 Local materials

4.

5.

Commiphora africana:

Camel wool:

to obtain resin secure rope joints

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to

used as insulator of the roof.

PRINCIPLES 3.3 Traditional knoledge

Palm-fiber tatami

Palm-fiber ropes

Traditionally used to cover the roof and the ground

These fibers are taken from leaves and then tradionally braid.

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PRINCIPLES 3.4 “Eco-Efficacy”

Technological materials

Biological materials “Eco - efficacy”

Soil

x 11 Polypropilene bags filled with soil to make walls

After their use, bags can be empty

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Soil comes back as soil

Polypropilene comes back as polypropilene

Polypropilene bags

“Eco-efficacy” is a different concept from “Eco-efficiency”.

The main difference is that in the first case, materials, once they have been used, are the same material as before: their time of use haven’t modified their performances.

Our project makes use of two types of materials: biological and technological: in both cases, materials come back to their origins. Here an example.damaged at all, (recycling

PRINCIPLES 3.5 Flexibility and reversibility Roof structure could become

1.

Open pavillion

2.

3.

Canopy

Covered runway

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PRINCIPLES 3.6 Bio climatic strategies

Day

Night

The bags act as a barrier to reduce heat gain and at the same time storing heat during the day and allowing for better thermal comfort.

Splits between walls and the roof permit ventilation: underground canals cool the air, that, then heated, comes out from splits.

When the temperature decreases during nightime the stored heat is released into the space to provide a better temperature to the users.

When Whenthe thetemperature temperaturedecreases decreases during duringnightime nightimethe thestored storedheat heatisis released releasedinto intothe thespace spacetotoprovide providea a better bettertemperature temperaturetotothe theusers. users.

The Thebags bagsact actasasa abarrier barriertoto reduce reduceheat heatgain gainand andatatthe thesame same time timestoring storingheat heatduring duringthe theday day and andallowing allowingforforbetter betterthermal thermal comfort. comfort.

Impermeable Impermeabletextile textiletotobebeplaces placesinintimes timesofofrain. rain.

The Thetextile textilewill willserve servethe thepurpose purpose of.... of....

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ELEMENTS 3.1 Domes CONSTRUCTION STEPS ROOF COVERING Palm-fiber tatami cuscions filled with camel wool.

1.

Dig soil where Acacia supports are supposed to be.

2.

ROOF STRUCTURE It’s made of Acacia canes and rope joints, fixed by resin.

Stick Acacia supports inside the fitted loop of the textile strip.

3.

Fill each bag of the textile strip with soil.

MASSIVE STRUCTURE Polypropilene bags filled with soil.

STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS Structural supports made of Acacia. Rope joints connect them.

4.

Make the structure of the roof using canes of Acacia.

Make joints between them with ropes and fix them with resin of African Commiphora.

5.

Make the roof covering filling bags of palm-fiber tatami with camel wool.

Sue them to the top one, sued to the roof structure.

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ELEMENTS 3.2 Warka towers

FUNNEL A structure made of little Acacia canes supports a waterproof polyester net

CANOPY It’s made of Acacia canes and rope joints, fixed by resin. Over them, facing South, there are solar panels.

MASSIVE STRUCTURE Polypropilene bags filled with soil.

STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS Structural supports made of Acacia. Rope joints connect them. In the middle of the structure, water accumulates, forming a water well.

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PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.1 Stratigraphy (External walls)

Polypropilene s: 0,001 m λ: 0, 22 W/mk Fine sand s: 0,06 m λ: 0, 15 W/mk Polypropilene s: 0,001 m λ: 0, 22 W/mk Tabella 1 Ingall

s [m]

f (mitigant coefficient factor) shift

λ [W/mk] R [m2k/W] U

EXTERNAL WALL 1 Polypropylene

0,00

0,22

0,00

Fine sand (dry)

0,60

0,15

4,00

Polypropylene

0,00

0,22

0,00 0,25

0,00 15 h 28'

4,50

0,80

0 h 10'

0,35

0,86

3 h 1'

3,00

0,36

6 h 2'

ROOF 1 Palm fiber textile (thatch reed)

0,02

0,09

0,22

ROOF 2 Palm fiber textile (thatch reed)

0,01

0,09

0,11

sheep wool (camel wool)

0,10

0,04

2,63

Palm fiber textile

0,01

0,09

0,11

GROUND SLAB Palm fiber textile (thatch reed)

0,01

0,09

0,11

Rammed Earth

0,20

0,90

0,22

DOOR

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PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.1 Stratigraphy (Roof) CONSTRUCTION STEPS

1.

According to local constructive tradition, we use just one layer of tatami, but time of inertia is really low.

Ingall

s [m]

EXTERNAL WALL 1

λ [W/mk] R [m2k/W] U

Camel wool s: 0,10 0,00 m 0,22 λ: 0, 04 W/mk

Polypropylene

0,00

Fine sand (dry)

0,60

Polypropylene

1 0,00Tabella0,22

Ingall

2.

Palm-fiber textile Tabella 1s: 0,01 m λ: 0, 09 W/mk

s [m]

0,15

λ [W/mk] R

4,00

The singular layer f (mitigant coefficient becomes a bag filled factor) shift with camel wool.

Now transmittance is higher.

0,00 [m2k/W]

U

0,25 f (mitigant 0,00 coefficient 15 h 28' factor)

shift

EXTERNAL WALL 1 ROOF 1 Polypropylene Palm fiber textile (thatch reed)

0,02 0,00

0,09 0,22

0,22 0,00

Fine sand (dry)

0,60

0,15

4,00

ROOF 2 Polypropylene

0,00

0,22

0,00

Palm fiber textile (thatch reed)

0,01

0,09

0,11

ROOF 1 sheep wool (camel wool)

0,10

0,04

2,63

Palm fiber textile (thatch reed)

0,01 0,02

0,09

0,11 0,22

4,50

0,80

0,25

0,00 15 h 28'

0,35 4,50

0,86 0,80

0 h 10'

1' 03hh10'

ROOF 2 SLAB GROUND

The lightness of the roof doesn’t permit a significant shift in terms of hours. Anyway, Palm fiber textile (thatch reed) 0,01 0,09 0,11 its transmittance could help mantaining a comfort temperature during the day.

Rammed Earth sheep wool (camel wool)

0,20 0,10

0,90 0,04

0,22 2,63

Palm fiber textile

0,01

0,09

0,11

Palm fiber SLAB textile (thatch reed) GROUND

0,02

0,09

0,22

Palm fiber textile (thatch reed) DOOR 2 Earth Rammed

0,01

0,09

0,11

0,20

0,90

0,22

0,01

0,09

0,11

0,05

0,04

1,32

DOOR

22 Palm fiber textile (thatch reed) sheep wool (camel wool) DOOR

3,00

0,36

6 h 2'

0,35

0,86

3 h 1'

4,50

0,80

0 h 10'

3,00

0,36

6 h 2'

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.1 Stratigraphy (Door and pavimentation) CONSTRUCTION STEPS

1.

Tabella 1 Ingall

λ [W/mk] R [m2k/W] U

s [m]

EXTERNAL WALL 1 Polypropylene

0,00

0,22

0,00

Fine sand (dry)

0,60

0,15

4,00

Polypropylene

0,00

0,22

0,00

0,09

0,22

ROOF 1 Palm fiber textile (thatch reed)

0,02

Camel wool s: 0,05 m λ: 0, 04 W/mk

Palm fiber textile (thatch reed)

0,01

0,09

0,11

sheep wool (camel wool)

0,10

0,04

2,63

Palm fiber textile

1 0,01Tabella0,09

Ingall

2.

Palm-fiber textile s: 0,01 m λ: 0, 09 W/mk

ROOF 2

s [m]

λ [W/mk] R

4,50

0,80

0 h 10'

As for the roof, we imagine to stuff two layer of tatami sued together.

0,11 [m2k/W]

coefficient Firstlyf (mitigant we want to factor) shift use a single curtain made of palm-fiber tatami as a door, but it affects really negatively the internal comfort of 0,25 0,00 15 h 28' the domes.

U

f (mitigant coefficient

0,35 factor)0,86 shift3 h 1'

EXTERNAL WALL 1 GROUND SLAB Polypropylene Palm fiber textile (thatch reed)

0,00 0,01

0,22 0,09

0,00 0,11

Dirt floor Fine sandEarth (dry) Rammed

0,60 0,20

0,15 0,90

4,00 0,22

Polypropylene

0,00

0,22

0,00

DOOR Palm fiber ROOF 1 textile (thatch reed)

0,02

0,09

0,22

Palm fiber textile (thatch reed)

0,02

0,09

0,22

DOOR 2 Palm fiber ROOF 2 textile (thatch reed)

0,01

0,09

0,11

sheep wooltextile (camel wool)reed) Palm fiber (thatch Palm sheepfiber wooltextile (camel wool)

0,05 0,01

0,04 0,09

1,32 0,11

0,01 0,10

0,09 0,04

0,11 2,63

Palm fiber textile

0,01

0,09

0,11

6 h 2'

3,00

0,36

0,25

0,00 15 h 28'

4,50

0,80

0 h 10'

4,50

0,80

0 h 10'

0,65

0,86

3 h 1'

0,35 according 0,86 to 3local h 1' Pavimentation consists of dirt floor, covered with palm-fiber tatami, customs.

GROUND SLAB Palm fiber textile (thatch reed)

0,01

0,09

0,11

Rammed Earth

0,20

0,90

0,22 3,00

DOOR

0,36

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6 h 2'

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.2 Embodied energy

Our project aims to use available local materials and technologies, and to employ a local work force. This is the principal sustainable strategy in order ot minimize the quantity of embodied energy and embodied carbon of the whole construction.

Sustainability is a local fact and it begins from the choise of materials.

In our case, even if the computation of embodied energy shows a pretty low value, (natural materials remain intact), it would be less also if we had taken in account the fact that we use indeed local materials.

Moreover, natural materials we use neither are transformed or transported, so that we consider an embodied quantity of carbon equal to zero.

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Tabella 1 40 Material

N. pavillions

N. items

area (m2)

L3 (m)

volume (m3)

density (kg/m3)

mass (kg)

MJ/kg

MJ/mq

MJ/m3

Embodied energy (MJ) kgCO2/mq)

kgCO2/kg

Embodied carbon (kgCO2)

1 - FINE SAND DRY 1,1

Warka water tower

3,00

11,00

0,33

0,70

7,62

0,00

232,00

1768,54

1,2

Small pavillion

3,00

11,00

0,45

2,10

31,19

0,00

232,00

7234,92

0,00

1,3

Medium pavillion

7,00

11,00

0,54

2,10

87,32

0,00

232,00

20257,78

0,00

1,4

Big pavillion

3,00

9,00

0,63

2,10

35,72

0,00

232,00

8287,27

0,00

0,00

37548,50

0,00

2 - ACACIA TIMBER (softwood, air-dried, rough sawn) 2,1

Warka water tower

3,00

0,33

165,00

54,45

2,2

Small pavillion

3,00

0,20

165,00

33,00

0,00

2,3

Medium pavillion

7,00

0,24

165,00

38,78

0,00

2,4

Big pavillion

3,00

0,29

165,00

47,85

0,00

0,00

174,08

0,00

3 - POLYPROPYLEN 3,1

Warka water tower

3,00

22,00

3,44

0,00

0,23

946,00

214,78

57600,00

13077,50

2,70

3,2

Small pavillion

3,00

22,00

5,50

0,00

0,36

946,00

343,40

57600,00

20908,80

2,70

927,17

3,3

Medium pavillion

7,00

22,00

6,50

0,00

1,00

946,00

946,95

57600,00

57657,60

2,70

2556,75

3,4

Big pavillion

3,00

18,00

7,40

0,00

0,40

946,00

378,02

57600,00

23016,96

2,70

1020,66

579,91

114660,86

5084,49

4 - ROPE 4,1

Warka water tower

3,00

300,00

0,00

0,70

0,20

80,00

15,83

143,00

2263,06

1,28

20,26

4,2

Small pavillion

3,00

274,00

0,00

0,70

0,18

80,00

14,45

143,00

2066,93

1,28

18,50

4,3

Medium pavillion

7,00

274,00

0,00

0,70

0,42

80,00

33,73

143,00

4822,83

1,28

43,17

4,4

Big pavillion

3,00

274,00

0,00

0,70

0,18

80,00

14,45

143,00

2066,93

1,28

18,50

5,1

Warka water tower mesh

100,43

11219,75 5 - POLYESTER 3,00

124,50

0,00

0,75

1380,00

1030,86

7710,00

5759,37

2,80

2886,41

5759,37

2886,41

6 - PALM FIBER TEXTILE (thatch reed) 6,1

Roof small pavillion

3,00

71,53

0,01

2,15

30,50

65,45

6,2

Roof medium pavillion

7,00

93,70

0,01

6,56

30,50

200,05

0,00

6,3

Roof big pavillion

3,00

127,00

0,01

3,81

30,50

116,21

0,00

6,4

Pavement small pav.

3,00

9,00

0,01

0,27

30,50

8,24

0,00

6,5

Pavement medium pav.

7,00

13,85

0,01

0,97

30,50

29,57

0,00

6,6

Pavement big pav.

3,00

19,63

0,01

0,59

30,50

17,96

0,00

6,7

Door

13,00

5,90

0,01

0,77

30,50

23,39

0,00

0,00

460,86

0,00

7 - CAMEL WOOL (sheep wool) 7,1

Roof small pavillion

3,00

71,53

0,10

21,46

136,00

2918,42

106,00

309352,94

7,2

Roof medium pavillion

7,00

93,70

0,10

65,59

136,00

8920,24

106,00

945545,44

0,00

7,3

Roof big pavillion

3,00

127,00

0,10

38,10

136,00

5181,60

106,00

549249,60

0,00

7,4

Door

13,00

5,90

0,05

3,84

136,00

521,56

106,00

55285,36

0,00

0,00

1859433,34

0,00

8 - DIRT FLOOR 8,1

Warka water tower

3,00

12,43

0,20

7,46

700,00

5220,60

0,00

8,2

Small pavillion

3,00

9,00

0,20

5,40

700,00

3780,00

0,00

13573,00

0,00

8242,50

0,00

8,3

Medium pavillion

7,00

13,85

0,20

19,39

700,00

8,4

Big pavillion

3,00

19,63

0,20

11,78

700,00

30816,10

0,00

9 - POLYETHYLENE 9,1

Tubes

1,82

940,00

1710,80

78,00

133442,40

1,70

2908,36

9,2

Warka Tower tank

0,16

940,00

150,40

78,00

11731,20

1,70

255,68

9,3

Bath tank

0,11

940,00

103,40

78,00

8065,20

1,70

175,78

9,4

Community tank

0,16

940,00

150,40

78,00

11731,20

1,70

255,68

164970,00

3595,50

10 - ENERGY 10,1

Fotovoltaic panel

3

15

4750

45

242

3630 3630

45

Area TOT

TOT 422

TOT 2225087,87

TOT/mq

15296,83 TOT/mq

5272,72

25

36,25

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.3 RES (Water + Energy) WAY OF REASONING

1.

Warka towers consist of a timber structure supporting a net made of polypropilene that allows for dew droplets to form and eventually capture water. It’s effective because of its quick assembly, low cost, use of simple materials.

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External walls are made of polypropilene, a waterproof polymer, that allows for dew droplets to form during the night, thanks to thermal excursion.

Water is then collected in a linear sloped basin that transport it to the main water system.

Due to the desert climate of the site, our first aim was to collect as much water as possible for sanitary use.

2.

Secondly we thought: “Why don’t we use it also for cooling purposes?”

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.3 RES (Water + Energy) Warka tower p r o d u c e s condensation, that goes inside a collector.

Wind pass through Solar panels on a nozzle and goes the canopy of the underground. tower aim to the Here, water cools South. it.

Water inside underground canals cools the air inside domes.

Air then, heated, pass through splits under the roof.

Water is finally collected inside the central gathering point.

3 Warka Towers, condensation on the domes walls and rain supply the water demand of the school.

Underground canals link them to the central gathering point for the whole community, passing through spaces for innovative learning.

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PROJECT OF ENERGY

WARKA TOWERS

n°

Polyester fiber of Warka towers [m2] Water production per day [l]

4.3 RES (Water + Energy) 3

43

300

WAY OF REASONING

1.

Permeable material

Here at the bottom there’s the report of water computation.

We calculate the budget of water on a needs of 6 l per person per day. This amount infers both from datas about the average quantity of water for a single person in Africa and from the use of our building.

Anyway, it seems that with these technologies the project meets the needs of water of the community.

In Ingall it rains just DOMESduring a few days the year, so that in a first time we thought that amount of water didn’t matter for our purposes.

n°

S 13

Waterproof material

2.

Actually, rain, hiting surfaces of domes and Warka Towers and entering the water system contributes significantly.

Tabella 1-1 WATER DEMAND n° of people

Daily water demand per person (l) Water demand School (l) 100

Tabella 1

6

600

n per day [l] 300 WARKA TOWERS

n°

Polyester fiber of Warka towers [m2] Water production per day [l] 3

DOMES

n°

43

Surfaces of domes [m2] Factor of waterproof of the material Daily production [l] 13

RAIN

223

Surfaces of domes [m2]

Amount of rain per year [mm]

422

194,1

0,5

Amount of rain per year [mm]

422

domes [m2]

300

111,5

DOMES Average per day [mm] Amount per day [l]

194,1

0,53

0,53

13

TOTAL per d

Average per day [mm] Amount per day [l] 223,66 TOTAL per day [l]

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223,66

n°

635,16

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.3 RES (Water + Health)

Used water from facilities is filtered and used as irrigation for crops.

water as well as the water from arby river will be captured, d and reused. The captured will serve to be used for the sities of the building as well as ers.

Used water from facilities will be filtered and used as irrigation for crops.

Captured water is filtered again and turned into consumable water which will later develop into human waste to be filtered and used as irrigation for crops.

Captured water is filtered again and turned into consumable water.

Water is develop into human waste to be filtered and used as irrigation for crops. .

A cycle is generated where the crops develop food for humans and animals and thehuman and animal waste is used as fertilizer to grow crops, starting the

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PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.3 RES (Circular system) CIRCULAR SYSTEM

Rain water as well as the water from the nearby river will be captured, filtered and reused. The captured water will serve to be used for the necessities of the building as well as the users.

Lastly, the other technique we found to be pretty common is the recycle of animal and human waste to use as a fertilizer for the crops. This proves as a beneficial technique for our area since it provides a cycle for the agriculture and the habitants.

1.

Used water from facilities will be A cycle is generated where filtered and used as irrigation for crops. develop food for the crops humans and animals and humans’ and animals’ waste is used as fertilizer to grow crops, starting the process all over again.

Captured water is filtered again and turned into consumable water which will later develop into human waste to be filtered and used as irrigation for crops.

Crops develop food for humans and animals.

2.

Human and animal waste is used as fertilizer.

3.

Fertilizer is used to grow crops.

4.

The process begins again.

A cycle is generated where the crops develop food for humans and animals and thehuman and animal waste is used as fertilizer to grow crops, starting the process all over again.

e developed a research for the town of Ingall, Niger in order to find the most auto sustainable techniques of the area. Even though it as a lower develped area there were various techniques that were practical and interesting in dealing with sustainable issues. We found a concept called Warka Water hich consists of a bamboo structure which sustains a plastic net which allows for dew droplets to form and eventually capture water. This technique oves effective becasue of its quick assembly, low cost, use of simple materials and effective for climates such as the area researched because of lack of in.

nother technique we found useful was the Yakhchal towers. These structures have been used since ancient periods and are very efficient in climates such ours since they allow for the storage ice, meat and dairy products. This system proves effective because of its construction method using local materials well as its effectiveness to cool down a space by preventing heat transfer. The downside of this technique is it requires a large size in order to function ffectively and this requires for the space that is going to be very large.

he following technique we found interesting and useful was the building technique of Superadobe. The technique involves compacting polypropylene ags filled with earth until they are totally solid. Barbed wire is placed in-between the bags, which serves as reinforcement and mortar. The barbed wire dds tensile (horizontal) strength. This technique is not only viable because of its easy construction method but also because the building is balanced all 30 the roof, there are no corners, so no weak points. The pressure of the building is equally distributed. The shell absorbs the heat ver. The walls become om the hot sun temperature and releases it at night when the temperatures are low, providing more thermal comfort. In addition to all these benefits e construction of a Superadobe structure is low cost, easy to construct and needs little maintenance proving to be a benificial technique to our area.

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.4 Solar panels

To meet the energy needs of the community, Warka Towers integrate solar panels, over their canopies. Solar panels face South, in order to gain as much light as possible, on a surface of 15 m2 for each tower.

According to insulation datas taken from PV-GIS application, we decide to design canopy with a slope of 19°, as it is the optimal inclination for panels in this area.

HOW TO CHOOSE SOLAR PANELS

After different researches, we decide to use CICs panels, (“Coverglass Interconnected Cells solar”), because of their lightness and their performances.

Then, we make computation in order to understand if the total surface (45 m2) provided for is enough.

1.

We need them to be light, because of timber supports, and efficient.

2.

The most suitable are organic panels and CICs.

3.

We choose CICs: they’re adaptable and light. Moreover, organic panels are still on experimental phase.

α = 19° A = 15 m2 each 31

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.4 Solar panels METHOD OF CALCULATION

In order to compute the quantity of panels we need, to meet the needs of the school, we used two different and independent methods.

Results seems to be quiet similar.

32

1.

. Choice of a certain model of panels and computation of their peak value. . Insertion of the peak value in PV-GIS, so that we obtain the amount of solar insulation hitting each panel and its productivity.

We obtain also the value of the optimal inclination of the panels. . We compute the amount of panels that fit into 45 m2 (the area of canopies facing South). .

Multiplying the number of panels for the productivity of each of them, we compute the total productivity of the solar system.

2.

. Choice of a certain model of panels and computation of their peak value. . Insertion of the peak value in PV-GIS, so that we obtain the amount of solar insulation hitting each panel and its productivity.

We obtain also the value of the optimal inclination of the panels. . At that point we use the formula: Epv = PR x Pv x S

NOTES

33

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.4 Solar panels

The suitable models light. in the market for the project are, according Tabella 1 Solarus, panelsPrometea (1st method) Efficiency [%] Area of a panel [m ] Peak Power Productivity of a panel [kWh] Available area [m ] N° of panels to 120RR PROMETEA 120RR 0,966 0,144 237,000 45,000 47 and Sun Power, SPR- 14,9 E-FLEX-170 4x12. At 25,0 0,923 0,231 379,000 45,000 49 SUNPOWER SPR-E-Flex-170 4x12 least, we decide to use the second one because Tabella 1-1 of its transportability, its PR performance lightness, its dimension Solar panels (2nd method) Peak Power [kWp] Annual irradiation [kW/m ] Annual productivity [kW/m ] Available area ratio [%] and its120RR better capacity 0,8 0,144 2340,000 269,568 45 PROMETEA and efficiency.

SUNPOWER SPR-E-Flex-170 4x12 0,8 0,231 2340,000 432,432 45 Moreover, these panels are also able to take advantage of scattered 2

2

2

2

Tabella 1-1-1 Peak power

Area of a panel [m2]

Efficiency [%]

PROMETEA 120RR

0,966

14,9

SUNPOWER SPR-E-Flex-170 4x12

0,923

25,0

Light intensity [W/m2]

Peak value [Wp]

1000,000

143,9

1000,000

230,8

Tabella 1 Solar panels (1st method) PROMETEA 120RR

Efficiency [%] Area of a panel [m2] Peak Power Productivity of a panel [kWh] Available area [m2] N° of panels 14,9

0,966

Tabella 1-1-1-1

0,144

Tabella 1

237,000

45,000

47

Solar panels (1st method) Efficiency [%] Area of a panel [m2]productivity Peak Power [kWh] Available area [m2] N° of panels Total annual of Productivity of a panel 25,0productivity Annual 0,923 0,231 379,000 45,000 49 SUNPOWER SUNPOWER SPR-E-Flex-170 SPR-E-Flex-170 4x12 4x12 1 [kW] Tabella one0,966 panel [kW] 0,144 PROMETEA 120RR 14,9 237,000 45,000 47 2 2 18477,79 379,00 FIRST METHOD Efficiency [%] Area of a panel [m ] Peak Power Productivity of a panel [kWh] Available area [m ] N° of panels Total productivity [kWh] 14,9 0,966 SUNPOWER SPR-E-Flex-170 4x12 SECOND METHOD

237,000 0,923

0,144 25,0 19459,44

45,000 0,231 399,00

47 379,000

11040,373 45,000

Tabella 1-1

49

PR performance Solar Peak Power 379,000 [kWp] Annual irradiation [kW/m2] Annual productivity 18477,790 [kW/m2] Available area 25,0panels (2nd method) 0,923 0,231 45,000 49 0 4x12 ratio [%] [kWh] kWh] Available area [m2] N° of panels Total productivity Average 18968,62 389,00 Tabella 1-1 0,8 0,144 2340,000 269,568 45 PROMETEA 7,000 45,000 120RR 47 11040,373

9,000

)

PR performance Solar panels (2nd method) Annual productivity [kW/m2] Available area Peak Power [kWp] Annual irradiation [kW/m2] ratio [%] Tabella 1-1 2340,000 SUNPOWER 0,8 0,231 432,432 45 45,000 SPR-E-Flex-170 49 4x12 18477,790 4 0,8 0,144 2340,000 PROMETEA 120RR PR performance Total annual269,568 productivity Peak Power [kWp] Annual irradiation [kW/m2] Annual productivity [kW/m2] Available area [m2] Area ratio [%] [kW] 0,8 SPR-E-Flex-170 0,144 SUNPOWER 4x12

Tabella 1-1

0,8 2340,000

0,231

269,568 2340,000

45,000

Total annual productivity Tabella 1-1-1 Annual productivity of 0 4x12 2340,000 Area of a panel [m2] 432,432 45,000 ual productivity [kW/m20,8 ] Available area 0,231 [m2] N° of panels [kW] one panel 2] [kW] Peak power Area of a panel [m2] Efficiency [%] Light intensity [W/m Peak value [Wp] 269,568 45,000 12130,560 0,966 260 0,966 14,9 1000,000 PROMETEA 120RR

Tabella 1-1-1

2] Peak power SPR-E-Flex-170 [m2] Efficiency [%] intensity [W/m1000,000 Peak value [Wp] 432,432 45,000 19459,440 399 SUNPOWER 4x12 Area of a panel 0,923 25,0 Light 0,923 Tabella 1-1-1 0,966 14,9 1000,000 PROMETEA 120RR Area of a panel [m2] Efficiency [%] Light intensity [W/m2] Peak value [Wp]

34

0,966 SUNPOWER SPR-E-Flex-17014,9 4x12

1000,000 0,923

Tabella 1-1-1-1

25,0

143,9 1000,000

432,43212130,560 19459,440 47 143,9 49 230,8 143,9

230,8

4

Tabella 1 Solar panels (1st method)

Efficiency [%] Area of a panel [m2] Peak Power Productivity of a panel [kWh] Available area [m2] N° of panels

PROMETEA 120RR

14,9

0,966

0,144

237,000

45,000

47

SUNPOWER SPR-E-Flex-170 4x12

25,0

0,923

0,231

379,000

45,000

49

Therefore, according to the two methods of computation we obtain PR performance Solar panels (2nd method) two results: as bothratioof[%] 0,8 PROMETEA 120RR them are correct and they differ justSPR-E-Flex-170 because4x12 of their SUNPOWER 0,8 computational method, we decide to take in account their balance.

Peak power

Tabella 1-1 Peak Power [kWp]

Annual irradiation [kW/m2]

Annual productivity [kW/m2]

Available area

0,144

2340,000

269,568

4

0,231

2340,000

432,432

4

Tabella 1-1-1

Area of a panel [m2]

Efficiency [%]

Light intensity [W/m2]

Peak value [Wp]

PROMETEA 120RR

0,966

14,9

1000,000

143,9

SUNPOWER SPR-E-Flex-170 4x12

0,923

25,0

1000,000

230,8

Tabella 1-1-1-1 Total annual productivity SUNPOWER SPR-E-Flex-170 4x12 [kW]

Annual productivity of one panel [kW]

FIRST METHOD

18477,79

379,00

SECOND METHOD

19459,44

399,00

Average

18968,62

389,00

35

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.5 Best energy

STEPS FOR SIMULATION

1.

In order to better define the climate simulation of our project we made three possibilities: FIRST SIMULATION The model doesn’t take in account the nocturnal ventilation.

SECOND SIMULATION The model considers nocturnal ventilation.

THIRD SIMULATION The door becomes thicker and still nocturnal ventilation is considered.

36

THE

Simplification of the model: we mantain the real volume and the proportion between the surface of the roof and of the walls.

2.

Cancellation of two pavillion: one isn’t a thermal zone, the other is a little storage.

3.

We take in account 4 different stratigraphies.

4.

Bathroom specific profile”.

has a “users

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.5 Best energy

Roof stratigraphy External walls stratigraphy Door stratigraphy

37

NOTES

38

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.5 Best energy

Cooling energy demand (kWh/m3) 53

Tabella 1 FIRST SIMULATION First simulation made as or geothermal system and conscious of the huge we implemented nocturnal amount of consumption ventilation. we used to have. Thus, Vol we (m3)adopted Cooling energy (kWh) COP Annual consumption (kWh) newdemand cooling 738,22 39125,66 4 9781,42 strategies as evaporation

Cooling energy demand (kWh/m3) Vol (m3) 637,96

738,22

Cooling energy demand (kWh/m3) Vol (m3) 110,3

Cooling energy demand (kWh/m3) 53

Cooling energy demand (kWh/m3) 637,96

738,22

COP

Annual consumption (kWh)

470954,8312

4

117738,71

Cooling energy demand (kWh)

COP

Annual consumption (kWh)

81425,666

4

20356,42

Tabella 1

SECOND SIMULATION In order to simulate our Vol cooling (m3) Cooling energy demand we (kWh) strategies 738,22 39125,66 set up differently the dynamic parameter of Vol ventilation, (m3) Cooling energy demand (kWh) as the dome 738,22 470954,8312 was completely open

Cooling energy demand (kWh/m3) Vol (m3) 110,3

Cooling energy demand (kWh)

738,22

COP

Annual consumption (kWh)

4

117738,71

Cooling energy demand (kWh)

COP

Annual consumption (kWh)

81425,666

4

20356,42

THIRD SIMULATION In order to lower cooling demand we changed the Tabella 1 stratigraphy of the door.

It’s now made of palmfiber tatami filled with Cooling energy demand (kWh/m3) Vol (m3) 53

738,22

during the night, to cool consumption (kWh) COP Annual spaces, and completely 4 9781,42 close during the day, to mantain cooling.

camel wool, so that the cooling demand is divided in a half.

Cooling energy demand (kWh)

COP

Annual consumption (kWh)

39125,66

4

9781,42

39

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.6 Consumption CONSUMPTIONS COMPUTATION

1.

To compute devices and light consumption we multiply their capacity for the amount of hours they’re used.

DEVICES The list of devices infers a common one used for schools. Here are also listed a battery and an inverter, that we need to make the photovoltaic system work. We take in account the consumption of the battery as it was fully laden, according to its percentage of efficiency, (in that case 95%). The same happens with the inverter.

2.

We add to the sum of these values the amount of cooling consumption.

Tabella 1 Devices

Type of appliance Capacity [W] Time [h]

Annual consumption per device[kWh]

N°

1080

10

108

3

8760

10

25

250

On

10

730

2

7,3

14,6

6

8760

1

52,56

52,56

Computer with flat screen

On

Computer with flat screen

Sleep mode

Radio ADSL

On

Inverter “Genius 5000 W 24 V)

Fully laden (Efficiency 90%)

Battery LG CHEM

6,5 kWh per day

75 1460 (4h per day)

Total annual consumption [kWh]

1

2409

2409

8760

1

2372,5

2372,5

1460

1

657

3300 730 (2h per day)

Euroinox 30/30

450

657 6835,66

Tabella 1-1 Total consumption 6835,66

Devices

3796

light

9781,41

cooling

20413,07

Tabella 1-2 CALCOLO BATTERIA

Type of appliance

Computer with flat screen

On

Computer with flat screen

Sleep mode

Capacity [W]

Time [h]

N° of devices

Daily consumption p

75

4

10

3

24

10

Radio 40

On

10

2

2

ADSL

On

6

24

1

PROJECT OF ENERGY 4.6 Consumption

LIGHTS In order to light domes we use LED, because of their efficiency. As main LED productor, we consider an African factory, “Led Africa” and we take in account two possibilities: spots light and light tubes.

According to computation, it seems that the last one is the best option in terms of consumption.

Light consumption lux for classroom

Tabella 1 area of each [m2]

N° of domes Total area [m2] Lumen for each Total Lumen Tabella 1

Big dome 14000 350 40 3 120 42000 Light consumption lux for classroom area of each [m2] N° of domes Total area [m2] Lumen for each Total Lumen Medium dome 9800 350 28 7 196 68600 14000 Big dome 350 40 3 120 42000 Little dome 6300 350 18 2 36 12600 Medium dome 9800 350 28 7 196 68600 T s Total area [m2] Lumen for each Total Lumen Little dome 6300 350 18 2 36 12600 Devices Type of appliance Capacity [W] Time [h] 14000 3 120 42000 7

9800

196

Lights 6300 36 computation

2

68600 Capacity [W] 12600

Computer with flat screen

Tabella On

1-1

75 1460 (4h

Computer flatmedium screen dome Sleep N° mode 3 amoun Lumen N° lights big dome N° with lights lights little dome Total Tabella 1-1 Radio On 10

25 2300 6 4 3 5 Type of appliance Capacity [W] Lumen Eleme 6 ADSLElements for big domeOn Elements for medium dome 26 2340 6 4 3 5 Inverter “Genius 5000 W 24 Fully 25 2300 6 laden On 3300 4730 (2h Tabella 1-1 V) (Efficiency 90%) 26 2340 6 4 LLG 2-2338 LED PAR 30 On Battery LG CHEM 6,5 kWh per day me N° lights medium dome N° lights little dome Total amount Total amount of energy [W] Time [h] Consumption per year [kWh] Euroinox 30/30 450 1300 3796 6 4 3 52 2920 LLG 4-5334 TUBE LIGHT T8 Lights computation LLG 2-2338 LED PAR 30 LLG 4-5334 TUBE LIGHT T8

6

4

3

1352

52

2920

3948

Total consumption 6835,66

Devices

3796

light

9781,41

cooling

20413,07

CALCOLO BATTERIA

Type of appliance

Computer with flat screen

On

Computer with flat screen

Sleep mode

41

Capacity [W]

7

(FINAL) CONSIDERATIONS

The energetic requirements of the project are not completely fullfil. Anyway, let’s take in account the impossibility to set up Best Energy with the real cooling strategies we adopt: the geothermal and the evaporative ones.

Considering the positive improvement we had during the simulation just dealing with the different set up of the dynamic

parameter of ventilation, we are optimistic about the possibility to use just a natural cooling strategy. If it wasn’t possible, there would be also the possibility to increase the surface fitted for solar panels.

Tabella 1 Assumed annual energy production [kWh] Annual consumption [kWh]

18968,62

20413,07 -1444,45

Balance [kWh]

Tabella 1-1-1-1 Annual productivity of one panel [kW]

Balance [kWh] REQUIRED IMPROVEMENT

42

1444,45

389,00

N° of panels more Area of a panel [m2] Required area [m2] 4

0,923

Total am 3

NOTES

43

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

As computations beside show, considering as annual productivity the balance between the results of the first and of the second method, just adding 3 mq of surface of solar panels, corresponding to a round up value of 4Tabella panels, we 1 would, in fact, succeed Assumed annual energy production [kWh] in covering the whole Annual consumption [kWh] Tabella 1 energy demand.

annual energy production [kWh] Balance [kWh]

nsumption [kWh]

18968,62

18968,62

20413,07 -1444,45

20413,07

Tabella 1-1-1-1

-1444,45

Wh]

Annual productivity of one panel [kW]

Balance [kWh] REQUIRED IMPROVEMENT

1444,45

N° of panels more Area of a panel [m2] Required area [m2] 4

389,00

0,923

Total amount of a 3

Tabella 1-1-1-1 Annual productivity of one panel [kW]

Balance [kWh]

D IMPROVEMENT

44

1444,45

389,00

N° of panels more Area of a panel [m2] Required area [m2] 4

0,923

Total amount of area [m2] 3

48

SITOGRAPHY

http://www.h2omilano.org https://www.energuide.be http://www.prometea.com/ https://infinitypv.com/products/opv https://www.sunpowercorp.it/pannelli-flessibili-sunpower/ http://www.ledafrica.com/ http://www.ilsecoloxix.it http://spectrum.sunpower.com https://www.ipersolar.it http://www.allenergya.com http://people.unica.it/giuseppedesogus https://www.casaeclima.com/ https://www.curioctopus.guru http://www.gateway-africa.com

45

REFERENCES

Wind tower: water pass through an undergroung ducts to cool the air.

Ducts led the wind into an are at low pressure so that ascensional fluxes of air are generated.

46

Organic photovoltaic panels: this is a technology that is improving. Last year thanks to studies led

by Chinese researchers it was possible to reach

15% of performance in tests. Anyway this technique is still in an experimental phase.

REFERENCES

Council House 2, Melbourne - Designic On facade there are “Tower showers”: a system made of vertical textile “pipe”, containing nebulisers.

Hot air comes at the bottom of them. Both nebulisers and the hot temperature of towers, exposed to the sun, generate evaporation, so that drops, formed in that way, collapse, entering again in the circular system.

EcoBoulevard, Madrid Ecosistema Urbano They’re open pavillion located in the boulevards of a newly built district.

Their metallic structure is covered by a series of bags made of two layers of opaque polyetilene.

Inside them, there are nebulisers: they spray water that, thanks to evaporative effect, cools the air. Temperature difference is around 10°12°C.

Braun headquarter, Kronberg - Schneider & Schumacher The project takes advantage of ascensional fluxes.

Underground water in fact cools the air that then has the tendency to get in the building.

47

48

49

50