Master of Architecture Thesis Book

SCARCHITECTURE

designing for emotionally charged sites Cameron Simko Master of Architecture Thesis Spring 2020

SCARCHITECTURE D E C S esigning for

motionally

Cameron H. Simko Master of Architecture Thesis Candidate May 11, 2020

Anthony D. Paprocki, AIA Thesis Instructor

Ian F. Taberner, AIA Director of Thesis

2

harged

ites

THESIS SCARchitecture Cam Simko Master of Architecture, Spring 2020 Boston Architectural College THESIS REVIEW PANEL Nicole Hetherington Philip Reville, III Sean Curran Daniel Nauman, AIA Brit Ambruson THESIS ADVISOR Scott R. Harrison, Ph.D. THESIS INSTRUCTOR Anthony D. Paprocki, AIA THESIS REVIEW DATES Introductory Review February 6th, 2020 Interim Review March 12th, 2020 Final Review April 30th, 2020 SPECIAL THANKS Megan Gallahue Alicja Liszkiewicz Tan Tran

A Centurion of the Thirteenth Poem

by

Rudyard Kipling

Cities and Thrones and Powers Stand in Time’s eye, Almost as long as flowers, Which daily die: But, as new buds put forth To glad new men, Out of the spent and unconsidered Earth, The Cities rise again

4

Table of Contents Preface Biographical Note Project Statement Project Background

8 10 12

Research & Analysis Research Design Theory Design Intent

18 28 38

Design Concept Program Typology Design Site Selection Design Development

42 54 60 64

El Paso Community Venue Design

68

Dayton Community Venue Design

84

Design Principles

100

Conclusions Thesis Summary Concluding Thoughts

138 144

Bibliography

146

Appendix A: Documentation of Thesis Reviews Introductory Review Interim Review Final Review

152 158 164

Appendix B: Thesis Proposal

200

5

PREFACE BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE PROJECT STATEMENT PROJECT BACKGROUND RESEARCH & ANALYSIS RESEARCH DESIGN THEORY DESIGN INTENT DESIGN CONCEPT PROGRAM TYPOLOGY DESIGN SITE SELECTION DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EL PASO COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DAYTON COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES CONCLUSIONS THESIS SUMMARY CONCLUDING THOUGHTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION INTRODUCTORY REVIEW INTERIM REVIEW FINAL REVIEW

OF

APPENDIX B: THESIS PROPOSAL 6

THESIS REVIEWS

7

Biographical Note I

New York City and World Trade Center towers were attacked. Even for a child, the terrorist attacks of 9/11 and the period of grew up in the suburbs of

was in the second grade when the

fear afterwards brought with them incredibly

In particular, I remember Ground Zero weeks, months, and years after the attacks. As I grew up, I witnessed the vivid

memories.

visiting

rubble removed from the site and new structures rebuilt in its place.

Tragedies have the ability to change cities, sites, and communities, just like the terror attacks of 9/11 forever changed lower Manhattan.

The rebuilding of the most infamous Ground Zero in American history inspired my curiosity to

better

understand

responds to a tragedy. especially pertinent

how

architecture

This question has become today, as deliberate human

attacks have occurred more frequently and at a larger scale in the first two-decades of this

21st

century than in the entirety of the

century.

Tragic

20th

events in which human life is

lost, infrastructure is destroyed, or safety is threatened create emotionally charged sites that are unique design challenges for architects.

The

designer faces a dichotomy between rebuilding destroyed infrastructure and honoring the now sacred ground.

8

debris on the world trade center site after the terror attacks

9/11

9

Project Statement Historically,

the

response

to

building

on

emotionally charged sites is to create a memorial or a museum

(or

in unfortunate circumstances,

just rebuilding structure exactly as it stood before).

When

a tragic event occurs, it is like

a wound for the community.

The

rebuilding needs to emulate a scar.

subsequent

Like

a scar,

this architecture should help the community remember, learn, heal, and transition: fulfilling

four important needs that emotionally charged sites share in common.

10

concept model exploring design after tragedy

11

Project Background Before this thesis, I was peripherally aware of how contemporary memorial design and architecture elicits global attention.

When Santiago Calatrava designed the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, I learned that in the wake of a terrorist attack a transit station could symbolize a child’s hand releasing a dove into the air. Similarly, I admire the ability of architects like Daniel Libeskind and David Adjaye to create spaces that elicit emotional responses from visitors. I saw evidence that tragedy inspires amazing architecture and I set out to investigate how.

My

approach to architecture and design is with backgrounds

in the liberal arts and engineering.

This

means that while

I

am

interested in the cultural and societal threads of my thesis, also want to distill my research into rules and logic.

I

These

two backgrounds combined to build a strong foundational understanding of emotionally charged sites and the needs these sites have after a tragedy.

Following

my research of precedent

projects to better understand emotionally charged sites,

I

developed the framework of remembering, teaching, healing, and transitioning that guided my design.

These

four needs were used

to develop the concept of my thesis, a typology for a

Venue

implemented on any emotionally charged site.

12

Community

that is not inherently specific to one place and could be

collage of world trade center site before and after the

9/11

terror attacks

13

The as I

application of my thesis concept took an unintended turn focused on the rise of the mass shooting event in

culture.

This

American

tangent came from the challenge of choosing a

specific site for my project.

Emotionally charged sites are dynamic

in nature; they are created directly after a tragedy but can fade and change over time.

I

couldn’t merely wait for the next tragic

event to occur, and picking a site of a dated tragedy was counter to my concepts.

The

answer to my site selection problem came

to me one day while walking to class.

There

is a large banner

Boston Architectural College’s 951 Boylston Street building. The banner was hung after the 2018 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland Florida and it shows the portrait of one of the victims of the shooting, Joaquin Oliver, next to the quote “[i]f I had attended high school in Massachusetts instead of Parkland Florida, I would likely be alive today.” hanging on the side of a parking garage across from the

Events

like the

have permeated scale.

2018 Stoneham Douglas High School shooting American culture at an alarming frequency and

The mass shooting event is a prevalent type of tragedy and

there are few examples of architecture addressing these events.

I

sought to confront the mass shooting epidemic by designing

for sites affected by these tragedies.

However,

the lens of mass

shootings added a new layer of complexity to my thesis because

I

chose two sites for my project, in order to address the scale of mass shooting events.

I

designed

Community Venues

El Paso, on August

in

Texas and Dayton, Ohio that are linked to shootings 3rd 2019 and August 4th 2019 respectively.

I do not consider myself a gun reform activist and I constructed my thesis to be apolitical. However, the nature of designing after tragedy is a serious concept and the scope of mass shooting event

tragedies is indicative of the impact my thesis aims to address.

My

hope is that this thesis inspires others to consider what

relationship architecture has in the wake of tragedy.

I

believe

that architecture can help emotionally charged sites and their surrounding communities recover.

However,

design must address

four important needs and foster the ability to remember, teach, heal, and transition.

14

the aftermath of the el paso mass shooting event of august

3rd 2019

the aftermath of the dayton mass shooting event of august

4th 2019

15

PREFACE BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE PROJECT STATEMENT PROJECT BACKGROUND RESEARCH & ANALYSIS RESEARCH DESIGN THEORY DESIGN INTENT DESIGN CONCEPT PROGRAM TYPOLOGY DESIGN SITE SELECTION DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EL PASO COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DAYTON COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES CONCLUSIONS THESIS SUMMARY CONCLUDING THOUGHTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION INTRODUCTORY REVIEW INTERIM REVIEW FINAL REVIEW

OF

APPENDIX B: THESIS PROPOSAL 16

THESIS REVIEWS

17

Research

18

1939-1945

WORLD WAR II & THE BOMBING OF THE PERSUCUTION HIROSHIMA OF JEWISH PEOPLE

AUGUST 6, 1945 1954-1968

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT & THE OPPRESSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS

THE VIETNAM WAR

THE JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN DANIEL LIBESKIND BERLIN, GERMANY

HIROSHIMA PEACE MEMORIAL PARK KENZO TANGE HIROSHIMA, JAPAN

THE NATIONAL MEMORIAL FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE MASS DESIGN GROUP MONTGOMERY, AL

VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL MAYA LIN WASHINGTON DC

TYPOLOGY: MUSEUM

TYPOLOGY: URBAN PLAN INCLUDING PARK, MEMORIAL, AND MUSEUM

TYPOLOGY: MEMORIAL

TYPOLOGY: MEMORIAL

1955-1975

APRIL 19, 1995

SEPT. 11, 2001 DEC. 14, 2012 SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS

JUNE 12, 2016

ORLANDO NIGHTCLUB SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SHOOTING SHOOTING

OKLAHOMA CITY NATIONAL MEMORIAL BUTZER DESIGN PARTNERSHIP OKLAHOMA CITY, OK

WORLD TRADE CENTER MASTER PLAN DANIEL LIBESKIND NEW YORK CITY, NY

SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SVIGAL & PARTNERS NEWTON, CT

NATIONAL PULSE MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM COLDEFY & ASSOCIATES ORLANDO, FL

TYPOLOGY: PARK AND MEMORIAL

TYPOLOGY: 16 ACRES INCLUDING PARK, MEMORIAL, MUSEUM, AND PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT

TYPOLOGY: SCHOOL AND GARDEN

TYPOLOGY: PLAZA, MEMORIAL, AND MUSEUM

OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING

Through my research of architecture’s response to tragedies I looked at precedents ranging from large-scale city buildings to individual memorial designs. This thesis was inspired by a few takeaways from my research:

Traditional Memorial Typology How does memorial design respond to tragedies?

Large Scale Rebuilding Can principles from rebuilding after destruction be applied to other forms of architecture?

Siteless Tragedies What happens when

a tragedy transcends a

specific time and place?

Mass Shooting Events Is there precedent for designing shooting tragedy?

after a mass

19

In

regards to the field of this thesis, the

traditional memorial typology represents the

of symbolism in memorial design.

I

also noticed

the tendency for memorials to become obsolete

status quo and presents key learnings that

over time as the population ages and memory

By studying memorials such as the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Oklahoma City National Memorial, I noticed the importance

to create biased accounts of history through

contributed to the development of my thesis.

Vietnam Veteran Memorial The wall of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was built in 1982 and is a U.S. national memorial in Washington D.C. The memorial was designed

by Maya Lin as a place to record the names of service members killed and missing in action during the

Vietnam War.

The

Vietnam Veterans Memorial is one of Washington D.C.’s most well known monuments, but underlying controversy makes it’s design unique. The black granite walls are atypical for a monument in Washington D.C., which are usually white and classically styled. Additionally, the walls point towards the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial in a way that confronts how American history is traditionally memorialized in the

United States. I find the symbolism of the wall powerful; by being sunken into the ground, it is understood to resemble a wound that is closed and healing.

Furthermore,

the surface of the

memorial reflects the image of anyone reading the names of the deceased which engages the visitor in the history of the event.

20

fades.

Additionally,

memorial design.

I

architects have the ability

These

are a few problems that

will address in my thesis.

Research Takeaway

Traditional Memorial Typology Oklahoma City National Memorial On April 19, 1995 a domestic terrorist detonated

a

truck

filled

with

explosives

Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killing 168 people and destroying the entire north face of the building. The remains in front of the

of the building were removed from the site and a memorial park was built in its place.

Butzer

Design Partnership designed the site to have monuments, a reflecting pool, memorials, and a public plaza.

The Murrah Federal Building

was a private

office building that was replaced with green space and a plaza.

The

site was reclaimed and

given to the public with a focus on helping the

community

heal

and

remember.

There

are multiple memorials on the site that are powerfully symbolic of the event, the victims, and the survivors.

Time

For

example, the

Gates

of

at the entrance to the park is a monument

of two bronze gates that frame the moment of destruction.

9:01

is inscribed on the eastern

gate and represents the last moments of peace.

9:03

is inscribed on the western gate and

stands for the first moments of recovery.

At

the time, the bombing was the largest terrorist attack on

American

soil and the memorial seeks

to capture the gravity of the moment.

21

My

research included precedents of larger

scale projects that came out of destructive tragedies such as terror attacks and war.

The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park and the rebuilding of the World Trade Center site

sites can have after a tragedy.

I

noticed that

these projects encompass multiple typologies which helped to meet the many needs of the community.

This

made me wonder if the parts

of these projects could be scaled down into a

allowed me to study the complex needs these

single building or typology.

World Trade Center Master Plan On September 11th, 2001, the Islamic terrorist group Al-Qaeda, coordinated attacks on the United States in which they hijacked four passenger air carriers. Two of the hijacked planes crashed into the North and South towers of the World Trade Center complex in lower Manhattan; a third plane crashed into the pentagon; and a fourth was initially flown toward Washington D.C. but crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. The attacks killed nearly 3,000 people, injured over 6,000, and caused at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage.

a museum, a memorial, and transportation hub

The attacks left the site of the World Trade Center complex with 16 acres of rubble and little precedent for how to rebuild after a tragedy at such a scale.

The master plan for the site was conceived by Daniel Libeskind and architects such as Santiago Calatrava, Bjarke Ingels Group, and Snohetta designed office towers,

22

on the site.

Today, the area is an active part Manhattan as visitors commute via the new Transportation Hub, shop and work at the surrounding high rises, and learn about the attacks at the on-site museum. They do all of lower

of this while navigating the footprints of the

original towers, left as voids in the plaza and turned into memorials for the victims of the event.

Research Takeaway Large Scale Rebuilding

Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park On the morning of August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the city center of Hiroshima, Japan killing 6,500 people. After the war, the city decided to build a park in the area of the bombing as a memorial to peace.

The 122,000 square meter park was designed by architect Kenzo Tange in 1954.

The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park was one of the largest case studies I reviewed because it involves the rebuilding of an entire city. The park fulfills multiple needs of the site, and includes green space, memorials, and a museum.

After World War II, Japan adopted the mission of rebuilding Hiroshima as a city dedicated to peace; an intention clear in the rebuilt site.

One of the most powerful parts of the park is the decision to incorporate the ruins of the

Atomic Bomb Dome,

one of the few buildings

to survive the blast of the bomb.

Users

of the

site are able to understand the severity of the

bombing, learn the history of the tragedy, and feel the rebirth of the city.

23

A

Memorial for Peace and Justice addresses America’s dark past of lynchings within African American communities. I admire how

siteless tragedy is when an event cannot

be limited by a specific date or location. Its context transcends the individual event and the response to such events is complicated.

The Jewish Museum Berlin

the designers of these projects are able to

was built in

Jewish people National

response to the persecution of during the holocaust and the

Jewish Museum Berlin The Jewish Museum Berlin, designed by Daniel Libeskind, was built in 2001 in Berlin, Germany.

The museum exhibits the social, political, and cultural history of the Jewish people in Germany from the fourth century to the present. It is the first museum in post-war Germany to integrate the repercussions of the Holocaust in both it’s exhibition and architectural form.

I

am inspired by

Libeskind’s

ability to create a

space that teaches visitors about the horrors of

the

spatial

Holocaust through exhibition and experience. For example, the museum is

accessed by descending through a part of the museum called the

Entry Void. The

descent

leads to three underground axial routes, each of which tells a different story. narrow

rooms

and

Uncomfortable

disorienting

compressive

corridors help visitors understand the gravity

Holocaust and its integration into consciousness of World War II Berlin. of the

24

the

confront global tragedies by creating spaces that engage visitors in unique ways.

Research Takeaway Siteless Tragedies

National Memorial for Peace and Justice The National Memorial for Peace and Justice, opened on April 26, 2018, is the United States’ first memorial dedicated to the legacy of enslaved black people, people terrorized by lynching, African Americans humiliated by racial segregation and Jim Crow, and people of color burdened with contemporary presumptions of guilt and police violence.

The

MASS Design Group Montgomery, Alabama.

designed by in

memorial was and is located

The memorial highlights a dark part of America’s history that is rarely displayed in a physical form.

The

steel

monuments

in

the

structure suspends eight hundred to

represent

United States

where

the racial

counties terror

lynchings took place; each engraved with the names of its victims.

MASS Design Group

has

also made the memorial interactive and designed duplicates of each monument to lie outside of the primary structure.

Counties,

inscribed on

the monuments, are challenged to acknowledge and reconcile their involvement in this dark past by claiming their monument and placing it as a marker in their own community.

25

My

research also included the few examples of architecture responding to mass shooting events. These precedents show that the design response to mass shooting events is incredibly complicated. For example, after the Sandy Hook Elementary School Shooting the community demolished the existing school and rebuilt on a

Sandy Hook Elementary School Twenty children and six teachers were shot and killed on December 14, 2012 at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut.

As one of the deadliest mass shootings in U.S. history, the tragedy at Sandy Hook prompted renewed debate about gun control in the United States. The building of the original school was razed and a garden is planned to occupy the site.

A new elementary school was designed by Svigal & Partners at another location in the town.

Although

the

original

school

was

not

structurally damaged during the shooting it was the decision of the community to tear it down and replace the site with a healing green space.

The

intention for rebuilding was to

design a space for the local community, not for tourists.

There

was no interest to create

a public memorial or make a political statement.

Even

the design of the new school has little

architectural symbolism seen in memorials and primarily focuses on creating a safe, secure, and functional school.

The architectural response Sandy Hook shooting heavily aims to help community heal and transition.

to the the

26

new site. However, after the PULSE Nightclub Shooting, a controversial national design competition was held for a museum and memorial.

These architectural responses could not be more different from one another, which made it clear that an established response to mass shooting events is not certain.

Research Takeaway Mass Shooting Events

National PULSE Memorial and Museum On June 12, 2016, a gunman killed 49 people and wounded 53 others inside PULSE, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida. The shooting was the deadliest terrorist attack in the United States since the September 11 attacks in 2001.

After the attack, the OnePULSE Foundation was established in an effort to organize a design competition for the construction of a museum and memorial at the location of the club.

The

winning design by

was

chosen in

2019.

Coldefy & Associates

The chosen design for the site proposes building a memorial plaza around the existing structure of the nightclub.

The

focus of the memorial is

to reclaim a place from terror, and to instead create a space for people to come together.

The

proposal is to design an open air museum that is bright, delicate and portrays a message of hope to the community.

The

street connecting the

memorial and museum will be designed to bring

in more room for walking, biking, and public transit.

27

Design Theory A tragic event of any type and magnitude leaves behind an emotionally charged site in the area it affected.

The

contexts of the tragedy, site,

and community make these emotionally charged

sites unique from one another; but, there are four core needs they all share.

After a tragedy,

sites and their surrounding communities need to remember, learn, heal, and transition and it is crucial that designers address these needs in

order for emotionally charged sites to recover.

the need to remember

28

the need to teach

the need to heal

the need to transition

29

30

The Need There

to

Remember

is a need for these sites to memorialize

the event that occurred, so that the survivors, visitors, and the affected community can pay tribute to lives lost in the tragedy.

Often

the

architectural response to remembering tragic events is a statue, sculpture, or memorial that marks the place of the tragic event.

The need to remember is paramount directly after a tragedy, but as time goes on and the population ages, this need becomes less important for the site.

The

memorial typology

The

need to remember over time

31

32

The Need

to

Teach

Akin to remembering, the site needs to function as a place where visitors can learn about the event and the site’s place in history.

Museums

are often the architectural solution to this need but run the risk of losing public interest by being pedantic.

The

challenge for these sites is

not only to teach the public about the event but to be engaging and confront the circumstances that led to this tragedy.

The

need to teach

has an inverse relationship with remembering in regards to time.

As

the population ages,

less visitors to the site are familiar with the tragedy that took place.

Therefore

the need to

teach becomes more important over time.

The

museum typology

The

need to teach over time

33

34

The Need

to

Heal

The most obvious and immediate need the site has after a tragedy is the need to heal. Each site, in the aftermath of an event, has a different healing process but as time goes on the affected community needs the site to be usable again.

In

order to do this, designers reclaim the site as public space and use nature to infuse life back into a damaged place.

Directly

event

surrounding

the

site

and

undergo the healing process.

after a tragic community

However

the need

to heal eventually plateaus as the site goes back to a suitable level of activity.

The

park typology

The

need to heal over time

35

36

The Need

to

Though

Transition

initially the tragic event may seem

like a painful wound, the gravity of the event eventually will fade.

A

successful design needs

to return the site to some sort of normalcy and in turn help the surrounding community transition.

The

sites in my research all had

original functions before tragedy changed the context of the site.

Architects

fail when they

replace functional architecture with memorials or museums that may become obsolete over time.

If the site includes a program that brings users to the site to shop, eat, or work, then the intention is set for the site to one day move on from the tragedy.

The

need to transition

is the most permanent of the four needs of

emotionally charged sites, as other needs fade or change over time this one encompasses the final form of the site.

The

replacement

The

need to transition over time

37

Design Intent Although all emotionally charged sites have the need to remember, teach, heal, and transition, these needs are not uniform. Each of these

the need to transition is ignored.

needs change in importance over time and depend

is to design a framework for architecture that

on the users of the site.

I

Through

my research,

found that when one or more of these needs

are neglected in the design of an emotionally

charged site, the architectural response fails.

For

38

example the design becomes obsolete if

The

design

disrespects the nature of the tragedy if the need to remember is neglected.

My goal in this thesis

meets the four needs of emotionally charged sites.

The

lessons

I

uncover can be applied to

the aftermath of any tragedy.

concept drawings exploring how the needs of emotionally charged sites can manifest spatially

39

PREFACE BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE PROJECT STATEMENT PROJECT BACKGROUND RESEARCH & ANALYSIS RESEARCH DESIGN THEORY DESIGN INTENT DESIGN CONCEPT PROGRAM TYPOLOGY DESIGN SITE SELECTION DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EL PASO COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DAYTON COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES CONCLUSIONS THESIS SUMMARY CONCLUDING THOUGHTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION INTRODUCTORY REVIEW INTERIM REVIEW FINAL REVIEW

OF

APPENDIX B: THESIS PROPOSAL 40

THESIS REVIEWS

41

Program When the architectural response to tragedy fails it is because the designer misunderstands the four needs of emotionally charged sites.

Therefore I used the healing, and transitioning to

needs of remembering, teaching, develop a typology framework.

I

designed a typology for a community venue that can be employed on any site recovering after a tragedy.

The

need to remember, teach, heal, and transition share certain

objectives with one another. needs are as follows.

These

The The

need to learn from the past

The The

need to gather

The The

need for therapy

The The

need to understand

42

shared objectives between

need to transition, the need to heal, and the need to teach

need to heal and the need to transition

need to remember and the need to heal

need to teach and the need to remember

NE

E

TH

E R S TA N D

EED TO GATH THE N ER

E NEED TO U TH ND

THE NEED TO LEARN FROM THE PAST

43

ED

F O R THERAP Y

My

understanding

of

the

needs

and

their

relationship with one another became tools in my typology design.

I

programmed eight unique

spaces to make up the community venue; four primary spaces directly relate to the needs of emotionally charged sites and four secondary spaces that account for the shared relationships of these needs.

Each

of these programs has a

specific purpose that relates back to the core value of that need.

44

REMEMBER

HEAL REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

TEACH

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION program diagram showing eight spaces within the community venue typology. there are four primary spaces (remember, teach, heal, transition) and four secondary spaces (transition/heal/teach, teach/remember, remember/heal, and heal/transition)

45

Transition-Heal-Teach Space

The

relationship of these three needs is to learn from the past

and improve for the future.

This is the only three-way overlap of

needs within the program and this space will serve as the public entrance to the typology.

REMEMBER

HEAL REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

TEACH

key

46

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION

Transition Space

The

need to transition is focused on creating a space that

transcends the tragedy tied to the site of the building.

This

space could manifest as an auditorium, meeting space, or lecture hall that supports the betterment of the community.

REMEMBER

HEAL REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

TEACH

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION

key

47

Heal-Transition Space

The

need to heal and transition share the desire to bring people

back to a site that are scared away by the tragedy.

The

purpose

is to create a space for the community to socialize and gather.

REMEMBER

HEAL REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

TEACH

key

48

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION

Heal Space

The

program of the healing space is to be a space where the

community can come and recharge.

An

outdoor park can support

this program where users can connect with nature.

REMEMBER

HEAL REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

TEACH

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION

key

49

Remember-Heal Space

The

relationship between remembering and healing is the idea of

processing memory in order to heal.

As

a result, this space will

be a therapeutic outdoor space that is more private than the primary healing program.

REMEMBER

HEAL REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

TEACH

key

50

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION

Remember Space

The

program associated with remembering is centered around

memorializing the victims of the tragedy. space that the community can use to

This grieve.

will be a private

REMEMBER

HEAL REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

TEACH

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION

key

51

Teach-Remember Space

The need to teach and the need to remember share the relationship of connecting the specific event to the context of the tragedy.

This program will be spatially stimulating in order to evoke a connection to the context of the tragedy.

REMEMBER

HEAL REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

TEACH

key

52

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION

Teach Space

The purpose of the teaching program is to educate those unfamiliar with the tragic event. This program will be flexible so it can support installations and exhibitions that will educate visitors.

REMEMBER

HEAL REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

TEACH

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION

key

53

Typology Design Each programmed space within the typology has a specific purpose to help a community recover. Additionally, the typology is designed with certain logic regarding hierarchy, proximity, and circulation.

Hierarchy:

the more permanent programs should be designed

to have a hierarchy greater than less permanent programs. example the transition program

(the

For

most permanent) should be

the largest within the community venue.

Proximity:

programs similar to one another should be located

close to each other in the community venue.

The

teach and

remember programs have an inverse relationship with each other in regards to time.

Within

the typology these programs are

organized in close proximity to one another.

Circulation:

to move from one primary space to another, you

must pass through the secondary space that shares these needs.

Users can only pass Spaces by circulating

54

between the through the

Transition, Heal, or Teach Transition-Heal-Teach Space.

REMEMBER

HEAL REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

TEACH

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION program diagram showing the relationship of the spaces in regards to hierarchy, proximity, and circulation

55

HEAL TRANSITION

HEAL REMEMBER

REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER

Typology Floor Plan

56

TRANSITION

TEACH

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

5’ 10’

20’

50’

Typology Section

57

58

concept model of the community venue typology. the typology has eight distinct programmatic spaces.

59

Site Selection During

my typology development, my research

made me aware of trends in tragedies around the world.

In

particular,

I

noticed the rise of

1990s United States history. In 2019, there were 418 separate mass shooting events in the United States and I found it hard to ignore the increase in frequency and scale of these events. the mass shooting event since the early in

This my

trend presents the opportunity to apply

thesis

to

a

new

and

relevant

type

of

tragedy, but addressing mass shootings adds an

additional layer of complexity to my project.

Mass

shootings exist as singular events tied to

a specific place and time, but the frequency and

scale of these events paints a broader picture.

There

in the

is an epidemic of mass shooting events

United States

and it is inappropriate to

single out one event for the application of my thesis.

60

Frequency + Scale of attacks in the U.S. since 1900 1900 1907 1914 1921 1928 1935 1942 1949 1956 1963 1970 1977 1984 1991 1998 2005 2012 2019

MASS SHOOTINGS BOMBINGS/EXPLOSIONS STABBINGS/ASSAULTS OTHER

61

Location of Mass Shooting Events in 2019

In 2019,

there was one weekend where mass

shooting events happened on consecutive days.

On August 3rd 2019 a mass shooting occurred at a retail store in El Paso, Texas in which a gunman shot and killed 22 people and injured 23 others. On August 4th 2019, a gunman killed 9 people and wounded 17 others in downtown Dayton, Ohio. These events are unrelated to each other but by addressing both sites with my thesis

I

am able to connect to the greater mass

shooting epidemic. of two sites in

Additionally, the selection El Paso and Dayton allow me to

test my typology framework with two sets of constraints.

62

9 Dead 17 Injured August 4th, 2019 Shooting Dayton, Ohio

22 Dead 24 Injured August 3rd, 2019 Shooting El Paso, Texas

63

Design Development In

order to develop the generic community

venue typology to meet the needs of and the

Dayton I design.

El Paso

use certain contexts to influence

The context of the tragedy is the basis of design for the community venue programs associated with

teaching

and

remembering.

The

broad

background of the tragedy, such as the event’s place in history, will organize the teach focused programs.

The

specific impact of the tragedy,

such as the victims and community grief, will be

captured within the remember focused programs.

Remember Spaces Refined

by Event Context (memorial)

A shooting event in a close-knit community that is tied to a global epidemic is a different kind of

World War II. The architectural response of the remember and tragedy than a bombing during

teach focused programs need to reflect these differences.

The context of the site, such as site constraints, existing structures, and topography will influence the design of the programs associated with healing.

A

site located in an urban area

versus a site located in a rural area will have different design constraints that are reflected in the heal focused programs.

The

context of the community, which includes

the specific communal needs and demographics, influences how the transition focused programs are designed.

Bustling

metropolitan areas and

quiet rural villages support vastly different communities and the community venue should reflect that.

64

Teach Spaces Refined

by Event Context (educational)

Community Venue Typology Framework

Heal Spaces Refined by Site Context

Transition Spaces Refined by Community Context 65

Specifically, these contexts are applied to the Community Venue designs in El Paso, Texas and Dayton, Ohio. Both of these sites are associated with mass shooting event tragedies and because these types of tragedy are similar to one another, the design

of the teach and remember associated spaces in both community venues should be designed similar to one another.

The

teach

associated spaces will be designed to educate visitors about the

American history and the remember associates spaces will memorialize the victims of these events.

However, the site make-up and community needs of El Paso and Dayton are different from one another. As a result, the heal and rise of mass shooting events in

transition associated spaces will be designed differently from one

Community Venue

to the next.

El Paso, Texas

Transition 66

Heal

Remember

Designing Community Venues in El Paso, Texas and Dayton, Ohio allowed me to test my thesis concepts with two sets of constraints. This process uncovered what design elements were needed to create architecture on emotionally charged sites.

In the following two sections I discuss the overall strategies I used to design the El Paso Community Venue and Dayton Community Venue. The “Design Principles� section explores the necessary spatial qualities of the spaces within the Community Venue Typology.

Dayton, Ohio

Teach

Heal

Transition 67

PREFACE BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE PROJECT STATEMENT PROJECT BACKGROUND RESEARCH & ANALYSIS RESEARCH DESIGN THEORY DESIGN INTENT DESIGN CONCEPT PROGRAM TYPOLOGY DESIGN SITE SELECTION DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EL PASO COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DAYTON COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES CONCLUSIONS THESIS SUMMARY CONCLUDING THOUGHTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION INTRODUCTORY REVIEW INTERIM REVIEW FINAL REVIEW

OF

APPENDIX B: THESIS PROPOSAL 68

THESIS REVIEWS

69

El Paso, Texas On August 3rd 2019, a gunman killed 22 people and injured 23 others in a shopping center in El Paso, Texas. The tragedy occurred in the Cielo Vista Walmart and afterwards the surrounding area and affected community became an emotionally charged site.

1.

view of site from southwest

2.

axonometric view of site from southeast

70

* Location of Shooting

1

2

el paso site context plan 100’

200’

400’

800’

71

Cielo Vista Shopping Center

(S

ite 710 of 1 G M at as e s wa Sh y oo Bl tin vd g W Ev en t

)

In

te

rst

at

e1

0

El Paso Community Venue - Site Plan 72

Ga

tew

ay

Blv

dW

It is important for the El Paso Community Venue to have a connection to the Cielo Vista Walmart where the event occurred. Therefore, the location of the El Paso Community Venue is in the southwest corner of the Cielo Vista Walmart parking lot. This area of the parking lot is adjacent to the main access road of the shopping center so that any visitor coming or going from the shopping center must pass by

Community Venue. Additionally, shoppers leaving the Cielo Vista Walmart will have a visual connection to the Community Venue across the parking lot. Further design elements the

such as massing and building orientation aim to connect to the event and interact with the community.

I

40’

100’

200’

400’

considered designing the El Paso Community Venue to be located directly in front of the Cielo Vista Walmart, in the middle of the parking lot. However, by locating the Community Venue along the edge of the access road, I am able to engage more of the community coming to and going from the shopping center. From this location the Teach Space is oriented to face the entrance to the Walmart and the Teach-Remember Space is oriented to the entrance of the parking lot. Visitors to the community venue enter the site in the Transition-HealTeach Space, which connects to the Transition and the Heal-Transition Space, the main gathering points for the community.

73

El Paso Community Venue - Ground Floor Plan 74

5’

10’

20’

50’

bird’s-eye view of el paso community venue from access road to the cielo vista shopping center

75

El Paso Community Venue - Section 1’

76

5’

10’

25’

77

The context of the tragedy influences how the Teach and Remember Spaces are designed within the Community Venue.

Mass shootings are unique from other tragedies because of their multiple impacts. The event has a direct local impact and a second national impact resulting from media coverage and linkage to the greater epidemic.

As

a result, the teach to

remember spaces are designed as a procession that circulates users through both of these scales. the

Teach Space

The procession starts with

where users learn about the history of mass

United States and ends at the Remember Space where visitors can memorialize the victims of the event. The shared Teach-Remember Space blends these two scales to serve as the consciousness between the El Paso community tragedy and the national conversation. shootings in the

78

HEAL TRANSITION

TEACH REMEMBER

TEACH

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

REMEMBER HEAL

TRANSITION

HEAL REMEMBER

79

The context of the site influences how the Heal Space is designed.

The Community Venue site is located on an open parking lot and in order to encourage activity back to the site, a lush park is designed. The Heal Space is protected from the adjacent parking lot by the structures of the venue and from the access road by trees. the

80

Overall, the nature of the site has few constraints Community Venue is organized spread-out horizontally.

and

HEAL TRANSITION

TEACH REMEMBER

TEACH

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

REMEMBER HEAL

TRANSITION HEAL

REMEMBER

81

The context of the community influences how the Transition Space is designed. El Paso is located on the border of the United States and Mexico, and is home to a large Spanishspeaking community. The August 3rd Mass Shooting was racially motivated and the community needs a space where civil discourse

could occur to address various social issues in the community.

As

a result, the

Transition Space

of the

Community Venue

is

designed like an auditorium where the community can congregate to hear lectures and engage with one another.

82

HEAL TRANSITION

TEACH REMEMBER

TEACH

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

REMEMBER HEAL

TRANSITION HEAL

REMEMBER

83

PREFACE BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE PROJECT STATEMENT PROJECT BACKGROUND RESEARCH & ANALYSIS RESEARCH DESIGN THEORY DESIGN INTENT DESIGN CONCEPT PROGRAM TYPOLOGY DESIGN SITE SELECTION DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EL PASO COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DAYTON COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES CONCLUSIONS THESIS SUMMARY CONCLUDING THOUGHTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION INTRODUCTORY REVIEW INTERIM REVIEW FINAL REVIEW

OF

APPENDIX B: THESIS PROPOSAL 84

THESIS REVIEWS

85

����������

�����

Dayton, Ohio On August 4th 2019,

a gunman killed

9

17 Dayton, Dayton’s

people and injured

others outside of a street of restaurants and bars in

Ohio. The tragedy occurred on East 5th Street Historic Oregon District and thus created an charged site for the surrounding community.

in

emotionally

��������������������������

1.

view from south east looking at site

2.

view down east

86

5th

street looking west

�����������������������

�������������

Location of Shooting

1 2

dayton site context plan 100’

200’

400’

800’

87

Commercial District

401-431 East 5th Street (Site of Mass Shooting Event) Commercial District

Residential District

Dayton Community Venue - Site Plan 88

East 5th Street

Similar to El Paso, it is important for the Dayton Community Venue to have a connection to the location of the incident. Therefore, the Dayton Community Venue is located on an empty lot on East 5th Street adjacent to the place of the shooting. Commuters, shoppers, and visitors of East 5th Street are forced to interact with the Dayton Community Venue which adds awareness to the event that took place. The massing of the building and orientation of certain spaces also engage the community and connect back to the location of the tragedy.

The

40’

100’

200’

400’

dayton community venue is designed to have a direct relationship with the site of the shooting on east 5th street. I considered spreading out this Community Venue on multiple lots on East 5th Street but felt like this would disconnect important programs. The Teach Space is oriented west to form a visual connection with the shooting site and the transition space is oriented east to connect to the community. The Community Venue is designed to engage members of the Dayton community passing by on their commute. The entrance to the venue is a centrally located grand staircase that connects all the programs in the design.

89

Ground Floor Plan

Dayton Community Venue 90

5’

10’

20’

50’

Second Floor Plan

Third Floor Plan

91

Dayton Community Venue - Section 1’

92

5’

10’

25’

key

axonometric view of the dayton community venue located on east

5th

street

93

The

context of the

Dayton

tragedy is similar to the

El Paso

tragedy in that both were mass shooting events that occurred around the same time.

As

a result, the

Teach

and

Remember

associated spaces are designed as a procession to reflect the multiple impacts of mass shooting events. of the

Dayton Community Venue,

94

Dayton

the third floor

visitors can learn about the

Teach Space and Remember Space.

epidemic of mass shooting events in the impact on the

On

community in the

the

REMEMBER HEAL

REMEMBER

TEACH

TEACH REMEMBER

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

Third Floor Plan 95

The context of the Dayton Community Venue site is different from the site in El Paso. The site in Dayton is an urban downtown with existing adjacent buildings. There are more site constraints which influence the Community Venue to be organized vertically, with programs stacked on top of one another. The Heal Space is designed to draw people off the street, under the Community Venue to a protected green space behind the building.

96

HEAL

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

Ground Floor Plan 97

The needs of the Dayton community are different from the needs of the community in El Paso. The Dayton Community Venue is located in a vibrant downtown of local restaurants and shops.

As a result, the Transition Space is designed as a place to support the growth of small businesses in the community. The second story of the Dayton Community Venue is made up of shared working spaces for members of the community to use.

98

TRANSITION

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

Second Floor Plan 99

PREFACE BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE PROJECT STATEMENT PROJECT BACKGROUND RESEARCH & ANALYSIS RESEARCH DESIGN THEORY DESIGN INTENT DESIGN CONCEPT PROGRAM TYPOLOGY DESIGN SITE SELECTION DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EL PASO COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DAYTON COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES CONCLUSIONS THESIS SUMMARY CONCLUDING THOUGHTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION INTRODUCTORY REVIEW INTERIM REVIEW FINAL REVIEW

OF

APPENDIX B: THESIS PROPOSAL 100

THESIS REVIEWS

101

Design Principles The El Paso

and

Dayton Community Venues

are

designed based on the principles of hierarchy, proximity, and circulation that

I established Additionally the eight spaces that make up each of the Community Venues in my typology concept.

are designed with architectural elements that support their intended purpose in the recovery process.

El Paso Community Venue

Transition

102

Teach

Remember

Heal

Remember

Dayton Community Venue

Heal

Teach

Transition

103

Interior

104

of

El Paso Transition Space

Transition Space

Interior

of

Dayton Transition Space

The Transition Space responds to the individual needs of the affected community; the El Paso Community Venue Transition Space is designed as a space for civil discourse and the Dayton Community Venue Transition Space is designed as a flexible workplace.

The

interior of the

Transition Space can be Architectural

seen when approaching the site.

elements such as fenestrations and atrium space will create a connection to adjacent spaces so that visitors to the site are aware of the activity occurring within the

Transition Space.

105

Section

of

Although

El Paso Transition Space

there is no connection in circulation

between the

Transition

and

Remember Spaces,

there is a visual connection between these spaces.

Considerations

in

fenestrations

and

building orientation create a connection from the most permanent program to the most fleeting program in the

The

Community Venue.

Transition Space is Stone reflects the longevity of the Transition Program within the Community Venue. primary material of the

stone local to the region.

106

El Paso Key Plan

Section

of

Dayton Transition Space

Dayton Key Plan 107

the el paso community venue heal space can be seen from the front door of the cielo vista walmart. the dayton community venue heal space can be seen from east 5th street.

108

Heal Space

the heal space uses the structure of the community venue and vegetation to provide protected green space for the community to use.

The Heal Space imposed

by

the

responds to the constraints site

and

encompasses

the

Community Venue. The size and Heal Space is determined by the on the site.

footprint of the expanse of the space available

In

order to encourage activity back to the

site, the

Heal Space

is a protected green space

for the community to engage with and use.

The

orientation of the

Community Venue

vegetation is designed to enclose the

Space.

and

Heal 109

Healing Space - 1 Year After Tragedy

The benefits of outdoor green space is intended to encourage people to come to the site to recharge.

The Heal Space

site

for

restful

The

primary material of the

activities.

and

brings users to the

recreational

outdoor

Heal Space is vegetation such as trees, flowers, and foliage local to the region. The growth of vegetation in this space symbolizes the healing process after a tragedy.

110

Healing Space - 5 Years After Tragedy

111

LOCATION OF MASS SHOOTING EVEN

T

the teach space has a visual connection to the location of the tragedy. the community venue for mass shooting events is designed to have a procession from the teach to remember spaces. this procession reflects the multiple scales of mass shooting events.

112

Teach Space

REMEMBER/HEAL

TEACH

REMEMBER

TEACH/REMEMBER

TRANSITION/HEAL/TEACH

The Teach Space is designed in order to educate visitors about the tragedy. It is important for

The

needs of teaching and remembering have

an inverse relationship in regard to time.

The

this program to be oriented so there is a visual

Teach Space

connection between this space and the location

a procession that moves through the teach

of the incident.

is designed as the beginning of

programs and remember programs within the

Community Venue.

113

section of the community venue teach space

Displays,

installations,

be located within the

and

exhibits

Teach Space

to educate visitors about the tragedy. layout of the

Teach Space

will

in order

The

will be flexible to

accommodate this program and fenestrations will allow light into the space to highlight key features.

The primary Teach Space

material of glass making up the is intended to showcase activity

within the program.

Glass

will create a semi-

transparent connection to the site and exhibit the democracy of learning.

114

exterior view of community venue teach space

115

El Paso Community Venue Ground Floor Plan

Dayton Community Venue Third Floor Plan 116

Remember Space

interior view of community venue remember space

The Remember Space

holds

the

program associated with the tragedy. is designed to be

memorial

This space small, condensed, and private.

The Remember Space

is located on the site

away from the main entrance and activity.

This

organization further supports the program’s purpose of private grieving.

117

Remember Space - 1 Year After Tragedy

The

skin of the

Remember Space

is opaque so

that private grieving can occur at this place within the

Community Venue. Indirect

light

can enter the space which allows mourners to separate themselves from the rest of the

Community Venue.

The

Remember Space is patina over time. This

primary material of the

metal that will wear and

material symbolizes the dulling of memory and marks the passage of time.

118

Remember Space - 5 Years After Tragedy

119

E 5TH STREET

120

TRANSITION/HEAL/TEACH

HEAL/TRANSITION

Heal-Transition Space

The Heal-Transition Space connects the primary Healing and Transitioning programs within the Community Venue. The purpose of this space is for the community to gather for social activity.

TRANSITION

HEAL

Dayton Ground Floor Key Plan

121

Interior

122

view of community venue heal-transition space

The

skin

of

the

Heal-Transition Space

is

designed to blend indoor and outdoor space for the community.

This

the overlap between the primary spaces.

blend is indicative of

Heal

and

Transition

In order to support gathering on the site, the Heal-Transition Space is located to be easily accessible to the public. This space is located close to the public entrance in the Community Venue.

123

REMEMBER/HEAL

HEAL

124

Remember-Heal Space The

primary

Remember

and

Heal Spaces overlap The purpose of

as a therapeutic outdoor space.

the space is to provide privacy for users to be outdoors in an effort to facilitate a healing process.

REMEMBER

The Remember-Heal Space is designed to support private function. In El Paso this space is a courtyard within the Teach to Remember procession and in Dayton this space is a rooftop garden.

Dayton Third Floor Key Plan

125

Remember/Heal Space - 1 Year After Tragedy

126

Remember/Heal Space - 50 Years After Tragedy

Eventually as the need to remember fades the Remember-Heal Space is designed to merge with the original Remember Space. Decades after the tragedy these two private spaces can open up and become a public pavilion for the community to use.

127

TEACH

128

TEACH/REMEMBER

Teach-Remember Space The connection between the primary Teach and Remember Spaces is designed as the midpoint of a procession in the El Paso and Dayton Community Venues. The Teach-Remember Space serves as the consciousness of the Community Venue and connects it back to the context of the tragedy.

The

Teach-Remember Space is an immersive experience for visitors. The spatial interior of the

qualities will evoke emotions from visitors to help them empathize with the affected community.

REMEMBER

El Paso Ground Floor Key

129

the teach/remember space is clearly noticeable from the exterior of the community venue

130

The Teach-Remember Space uses light to demand attention on the site. As the program of the Community Venue changes over time the design of the Teach-Remember Space makes it a beacon for the community.

131

TRANSITION

HEAL

132

Transition-Heal-Teach Space This three-way overlap of communal needs allows the Transition-Heal-Teach Space to circulate users to three primary spaces in the Community Venue. Therefore this space is centrally located to support the primary programs on the site.

The Transition-Heal-Teach Space is the public entrance of both Community Venues because of its ability to circulate to three spaces. The space is designed as a pavilion in El Paso and a grand staircase in Dayton.

TEACH

Dayton Second Floor Key Plan

133

Exterior

view of

Although

Transition-Heal-Teach Space

the

reflected in the

need

to

remember

is

not

Transition-Heal-Teach Space,

architectural elements include subtle symbolism of the tragedy. In both the

El Paso and Dayton Community Venues, metal strips (one per victim of the tragedy) mark the Transition-HealTeach Space as well as a vibrant living wall of flowers. When future mass shooting events occur, the El Paso and Dayton communities will cut the flowers from this space and send them to the newly affected community. the

Community Venues

This

allows

to connect back to the

greater context of mass shooting events.

134

Transition-Heal-Teach shooting events

response to future mass

135

PREFACE BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE PROJECT STATEMENT PROJECT BACKGROUND RESEARCH & ANALYSIS RESEARCH DESIGN THEORY DESIGN INTENT DESIGN CONCEPT PROGRAM TYPOLOGY DESIGN SITE SELECTION DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EL PASO COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DAYTON COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES CONCLUSIONS THESIS SUMMARY CONCLUDING THOUGHTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION INTRODUCTORY REVIEW INTERIM REVIEW FINAL REVIEW

OF

APPENDIX B: THESIS PROPOSAL 136

THESIS REVIEWS

137

Thesis Summary This

thesis evolved from an observation that

our current architectural response to tragedy is

fundamentally

misunderstanding

flawed the

emotionally charged site. needs of

due

needs

to

designers

required

by

an

Therefore, I used the remembering, teaching, healing, and

transitioning to come up with a framework that could be implemented on any site recovering from a tragedy.

This

framework manifested in

the typology design for a

Community Venue

that is made up of eight distinct spaces and is organized based on hierarchy, proximity, and circulation.

the need to remember 138

the need to teach

the need to heal

the need to transition 139

Community Venue Typology Design 140

141

The

typology is to be used as a tool catered to

a specific project based on the contexts of the tragedy, site and community.

The

specificities

demonstrate how these design principles should

Dayton, Ohio

that

were

of the tragedy influence how the teach and

mass shooting events in

remember associated spaces are designed within

two

Community Venue

the

the

architectural

Community Venue;

the context of the site

directs the design of the heal associated spaces; and the context of the community refines the design of the transition associated spaces.

I

El Paso, Texas

manifest on two sites in

Transition

Teach

of

2019. Through these I determined needed

to

make

successful tools for

El Paso Community Venue

142

locations

designs

elements

Community Venues recovery. these

the

and

Remember

Heal

Remember

Dayton Community Venue

Heal

Teach

Transition

143

Concluding Thoughts

144

When

a tragedy occurs, it forever changes cities, sites, and

communities.

The

aftermath of a tragedy creates an emotionally

charged site that struggles to recover while simultaneously coming to terms with the past.

In

this thesis,

I

connect architecture

with this problem in culture and show ways that architects can use design to help these struggling communities. charged sites such as the ones in

Ohio

will emerge in the future.

El Paso, Texas

It

Emotionally Dayton,

and

is the responsibility of the

designer of these future sites to empower communities to take control over how memory is formed and how history progresses.

145

PREFACE BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE PROJECT STATEMENT PROJECT BACKGROUND RESEARCH & ANALYSIS RESEARCH DESIGN THEORY DESIGN INTENT DESIGN CONCEPT PROGRAM TYPOLOGY DESIGN SITE SELECTION DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EL PASO COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DAYTON COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES CONCLUSIONS THESIS SUMMARY CONCLUDING THOUGHTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION INTRODUCTORY REVIEW INTERIM REVIEW FINAL REVIEW

OF

APPENDIX B: THESIS PROPOSAL

146

THESIS REVIEWS

147

Bibliography Emotionally Charged Sites Barasch, Daniel. Ruin and Redemption Phaidon Press Ltd., 2019.

in

Architecture.

Campanella, Thomas J., and Lawrence J. Vale. The Resilient City: How Modern Cities Recover from Disaster. Oxford University Press, 2005.

Ginsberg, Robert. The Aesthetics of Ruins. Rodopi B.V., 2004.

Terrorism. Good Design for a Bad World, Dezeen, 4 Jan. 2018, www.dezeen.com/2018/02/21/good-designfor-a-bad-world-dutch-design-week-five-movies/.

Mass Shootings and Gun Violence Budds, Diana. “How New Memorials Reckon with Gun Violence in America.” Curbed, Curbed, 11 Nov. 2019, https://www.curbed.com/2019/11/11/20951683/gunviolence-memorials-architecture.

Chang, Stewart. “Our National Psychosis: Guns, Terror, and Hegemonic Masculinity.” Scholarly Works, 1137, 2018.

Cullen, Dave. Columbine. Twelve, 2009.

CULLEN, DAVE. PARKLAND: Birth of HARPERCOLLINS, 2020.

a

Movement.

“Gun Violence Archive.” Gun Violence Archive, gunviolencearchive.org/.

www.

Stroud, Angela. “Good Guys With Guns: Hegemonic Masculinity and Concealed Handguns.” Gender & Society, vol. 26, 21 Feb. 2012, doi:10.117/0891243211434612.

Precedent Research Libeskind, Daniel. Breaking Ground. Sperling & Kupfer, 2005.

Brownell, Blaine. “The Healing Effect of Hiroshi Sambuichi’s Architecture in Hiroshima.” Architect Magazine, 28 June 2018, www.architectmagazine. com/practice/the-healing-effect-of-hiroshi-sambuichisarchitecture-in-hiroshima_o.

Ginsberg, Robert. “Part III AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE: Chapter Thirteen AESTHETICS IN HIROSHIMA: THE ARCHITECTURE OF REMEMBRANCE.” Philosophy & Architecture, vol. 19, 1994, p. 221. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login. aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=77246382&site=edslive.

“Home: MASS Design Group.” Home | MASS Design Group, https://massdesigngroup.org/.

Lin, Maya. Boundaries. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2006.

Linenthal, Edward T. “The Predicament The Resilient City, pp. 55–74.

of

Aftermath.”

Craven, Jackie. “The Master Plan for Ground Zero.”

ThoughtCo, 3 July 2019, www.thoughtco.com/2002master-plan-for-ground-zero-178535.

Ground Zero: Steven L. Newman Real Institute, 2003.

EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=t rue&db=cat06092a&AN=bac.33721&site=eds-live.

Jacobs, Karrie. “Sandy Hook Rebuilds.” Architect, 23 Aug. 2016.

Franklin, Sydney. “Six Big-Name Teams Shortlisted for National Pulse Memorial and Museum.” The Architect’s Newspaper, 31 May 2019, archpaper.com/2019/05/sixteams-shortlisted-pulse-memorial/.

“National Pulse Memorial & Museum International Design Competition.” OnePULSE Foundation, Dovetail Design Strategists, 16 July 2019, onepulsefoundation. org/international-design-competition/.

148

Source of Images p.4: Rudyard Kipling, “A Centurion of the Thirteenth,” in Puck of Pook’s Hill (1906), reprinted in Rudyard Kipling: Complete Verse (New York: Anchor Doubleday, 1989), p. 484 p.18-19:

“About Atomic Bomb Dome.” Visit Hiroshima,

visithiroshima.net/world_heritage/a_bomb_dome/.

Aguilera, Jasmine, and Madeline Fitzgerald. “Concerns Surround Pulse Nightclub Memorial Construction.”

Time, Time, 13 June 2019, time.com/5605008/pulsenightclub-onepulse-memorial-museum-audit/.

History.com Editors. “Rosa Parks.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 9 Nov. 2009, www. history.com/topics/black-history/rosa-parks.

History.com Editors. “September 11 Attacks.” History. com, A&E Television Networks, 17 Feb. 2010, www.history.com/topics/21st-century/9-11-attacks.

“Pictures: Looking Back at the Oklahoma City Bombing.”

Chicagotribune.com, Chicago Tribune, 19 Apr. 2010, www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-oklahoma-citybombing-pictures-photogallery.html.

Center Site.” Money, http://money.com/money/4484590/ world-trade-center-september-11-memorial-tour/.

Tabikamome. “Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park: An Essential Visit To Learn About The Tragic History Of The City.” Favy, Favy, 6 Nov. 2018, https://favy-jp.com/ topics/722. p.24-25:

“Jewish Museum Berlin.” Libeskind,

libeskind.com/work/jewish-museum-berlin/.

https://

“A New Tabernacle: Remembering Lynching in Montgomery, Alabama.” MSU Museum, https://www. museum.msu.edu/a-new-tabernacle-remembering-lynchingin-montgomery-alabama/. p.26-27:

Baldwin, Eric. “Winning Design Chosen for Sandy Hook Memorial.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 13 Aug. 2018, https://www.archdaily.com/900124/winningdesign-chosen-for-sandy-hook-memorial. prieur/WMFE, danielle.

“What You Need To Know About the New Pulse Memorial & Museum.” WUSF News, https :// wusfnews . wusf . usf . edu / post / what - you - need know-about-new-pulse-memorial-museum.

“Powerful Photos That Tell A Story - Art, Graphics & Video (2) - Nigeria.” Nairaland, the Nigerian Forum, www.nairaland.com/1146642/powerful-photostell-story/1.

“Role of the United States in the Vietnam War.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Apr. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_of_the_United_States_in_ the_Vietnam_War. Shs.newtown.k12.Ct.us,

shs.newtown.k12.ct.us/.

p.20-21:

“Vietnam Veterans Memorial (U.S. National Park Service).” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, https://www.nps.gov/vive/ index.htm.

“Oklahoma City Remembers.” Leisure Group Travel, 11 Feb. 2019, https://leisuregrouptravel.com/oklahomacity-remembers/. p.22-23: “5 Tips to Save While Touring the World Trade

149

PREFACE BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE PROJECT STATEMENT PROJECT BACKGROUND RESEARCH & ANALYSIS RESEARCH DESIGN THEORY DESIGN INTENT DESIGN CONCEPT PROGRAM TYPOLOGY DESIGN SITE SELECTION DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EL PASO COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DAYTON COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES CONCLUSIONS THESIS SUMMARY CONCLUDING THOUGHTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION OF THESIS REVIEWS INTRODUCTORY REVIEW INTERIM REVIEW FINAL REVIEW APPENDIX B: THESIS PROPOSAL

150

151

Introductory Review February 6th, 2020

In my introductory review I summarized my research of precedents and understanding of the four needs of emotionally charged sites.

I

outlined the rise of the mass shooting event as the most

prominent tragedy in the

United States

and my decision to apply

my thesis to sites affected by this type of tragedy.

I

identified

El Paso, Texas and Dayton, Ohio (“The National Scar for Mass Shootings - August 3rd” and “The National Scar for Mass Shootings August 4th”.) I proposed preliminary program schemes on each site that reflect the four needs of emotionally charged sites. my project as two centers located on the dual sites of

The

jurors provided feedback on my overall concept, site, and

programmatic thoughts.

The

following points summarize my main

takeaways that influenced the growth of my project.

• The

concept of my thesis regarding the needs of emotionally

charged sites is solid and the next step is to consider the hierarchy of these needs and how that might influence corresponding programs.

• The

“National Centers” does not correctly represent my thesis. I am considering less direct ways of identifying my project.

• I was challenged to consider the role of my building(s) to play in provoking a dialogue or call to action for a tragedy. I see this manifesting in the “teaching” program of my typology.

• My building has to meet the needs of a local and national context in addition to related the sites of El Paso and Dayton. I will explore architecturally how I can relate to these different contexts.

• My programmatic thoughts have evolved to consider the “transitioning” program as the primary use of the buildings.

I am exploring community focused programming for this space and complementary programming for the rest of the building.

152

identification of my project as

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

II

III

TYPOLOGY: PLAZA, MEMORIAL, AND MUSEUM

TYPOLOGY: SCHOOL AND GARDEN

TYPOLOGY: 16 ACRES INCLUDING PLAZA, MEMORIAL, MUSEUM, AND PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT

TYPOLOGY: PARK AND MEMORIAL

TYPOLOGY: MEMORIAL

TYPOLOGY: MEMORIAL

TYPOLOGY: URBAN PLAN INCLUDING PARK, MEMORIAL, AND MUSEUM

TYPOLOGY: MUSEUM

I

NATIONAL PULSE MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM COLDEFY & ASSOCIATES ORLANDO, FL

SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SVIGAL & PARTNERS NEWTON, CT

WORLD TRADE CENTER MASTER PLAN DANIEL LIBESKIND NEW YORK CITY, NY

OKLAHOMA CITY NATIONAL MEMORIAL BUTZER DESIGN PARTNERSHIP OKLAHOMA CITY, OK

VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL MAYA LIN WASHINGTON DC

THE NATIONAL MEMORIAL FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE MASS DESIGN GROUP MONTGOMERY, AL

HIROSHIMA PEACE MEMORIAL PARK KENZO TANGE HIROSHIMA, JAPAN

THE JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN DANIEL LIBESKIND BERLIN, GERMANY

ORLANDO NIGHTCLUB SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SHOOTING SHOOTING

SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS

OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING

JUNE 12, 2016

SEPT. 11, 2001 DEC. 14, 2012

APRIL 19, 1995

THE VIETNAM WAR

1955-1975

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT & THE OPPRESSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS

AUGUST 6, 1945 1954-1968

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

WORLD WAR II & THE BOMBING OF THE PERSUCUTION HIROSHIMA OF JEWISH PEOPLE

1939-1945

AND SCARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES

153

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

154

MEMORIALIZE THE VICTIMS MARK THE TRAGEDY PROVIDE COMMUNITY WITH CLOSURE

TO REMEMBER EDUCATE VISITORS DEMOCRATIZE MEMORY WARN SOCIETY ABOUT THE FUTURE

TO TEACH

TO HEAL

EASE THE TRAUMA OF SURVIVORS PHYSICALLY REPAIR INFRASTRUCTURE ENCOURAGE ACTIVITY ON THE SITE

CREATE NORMALCY FOR USERS ALLOW SITE TO MOVE-ON

TO TRANSITION

155

TO TRANSITION | REPLICATION

TO HEAL | PARK TYPOLOGY

TO TEACH | MUSEUM TYPOLOGY

TO REMEMBER | MEMORIAL TYPOLOGY

HEALING PROGRAM OUTDOOR DINING VEGETATED PARK

TRANSITIONING PROGRAM CAFE/DINING KITCHEN TEACHING PROGRAM EXHIBITON SPACE ARCHIVES

REMEMBERING PROGRAM REFLECTIVE SPACE VIGIL SPACE

156

2019

2012

2005

1998

1991

1984

1977

1970

1963

1956

1949

1942

1935

1928

1921

1914

1907

1900

NUMBER OF EFFECTED PERSONS

EL PASO, TEXAS

ATTACKS ON U.S. SOIL SINCE 1900 MASS SHOOTINGS BOMBINGS/EXPLOSIONS STABBINGS/ASSAULTS OTHER

DAYTON, OHIO

DAYTON, OHIO EL PASO, TEXAS

LOCATION OF SHOOTING PROPOSED SITE

RESIDENTIAL CIVIC RETAIL DINING COMMERCIAL

157

GA TE RS WA TA YB TE LVD -10

PINE ST

IN TE

7,500 SF

LE ICE AL SERV

Y

CIE PA LO V RK ING ISTA LO MAL L T

ET STRE E 6TH

2,500 SF

E 5TH STREET

5,000 SF

JACKSON ST

TEACHING PROGRAM

TRANSITIONING PROGRAM

REMEMBERING PROGRAM

TRANSITIONING PROGRAM

REMEMBERING PROGRAM

HEALING PROGRAM

CIELO VISTA WALMART

TEACHING PROGRAM

HEALING PROGRAM

THE NATIONAL SCAR FOR MASS SHOOTINGS: AUGUST 3RD

THE NATIONAL SCAR FOR MASS SHOOTINGS: AUGUST 4TH

Interim Review March 12th, 2020

In my interim review I summarized my thesis concept and what was discussed in the introductory review. I presented the program for my thesis typology including the individual spaces, their relationship to one another, and the purpose of each space. I then presented preliminary designs for how these spaces will be implemented on my two sites in

El Paso, Texas and Dayton, Ohio.

The jurors commented on my design development and programmatic decisions made thus far in the process. My main takeaways at the midpoint of my thesis are as follows: • I

presented a design for the typology of the theoretical

emotionally charged site.

Overall, I got feedback that I need

to strengthen my argument for why elements of the typology are arranged the way they are.

• The concept of time is important to my thesis where elements of my project will eventually fade or change. I will work on designing my community venues to be dynamic in a way that longer lasting programs might programs.

“take

over” temporary

• I addressed the multiple contexts that architecture for a mass shooting event needs to account. I need to further explore how the event context, national context, and community context are designed in my buildings.

• The question was brought up of how my building will be unique to mass shooting events versus a standard approach to a tragedy.

This

is something

the design of my buildings.

• Important venues

need to refine as

I

develop

considerations for the design of my community

are

procession,

transition, and program.

158

I

form,

comparison,

circulation,

AND SCARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES

TO REMEMBER MEMORIALIZE THE VICTIMS

TO TEACH

EDUCATE VISITORS DEMOCRATIZE MEMORY WARN SOCIETY ABOUT THE FUTURE

Dayton, Ohio

El Paso, Texas

MARK THE TRAGEDY PROVIDE COMMUNITY WITH CLOSURE

SCARCHITECTURE COMMUNITY VENUE TYPOLOGY

TO HEAL

EASE THE TRAUMA OF SURVIVORS PHYSICALLY REPAIR INFRASTRUCTURE ENCOURAGE ACTIVITY ON THE SITE

TO TRANSITION CREATE NORMALCY FOR USERS ALLOW SITE TO MOVE-ON

159

REMEMBERING + HEALING

HEALING

REMEMBERING

REMEM REMEMBERING TEACHING + TEA HEALING + TRANSITIONING

TEACHING + HEALING + TRANSITIONING

TRANSITIONING

TEACHING

TEACH, TEACH/REMEMBER, AND AN REMEMBER SPACES ARE AR ORGANIZED AS A PROCESSION PROCESSIO

TYPOLOGY IMPLIES NATURAL BOUNDARY FOR HEALING SPACE

160

BUILDING SKINS SUPPORT SPATIAL QUALITY (eg REFLECTANCE, OPACITY, DYNAMIC)

TRANSITION SPACE IS MOST PERMANENT AND LARGEST SPACE

TEACH/HEAL/TRANSITION SPACE IS ENTRANCE PAVILLION TO THE TYPOLOGY

HEAL/TRANSITION SPACE BLENDS INDOOR AND OUTDOOR SPACE

HEAL/REMEMBER SPACE IS OUTDOOR BUT ENCLOSED

161

CONSCIOUSNESS OF NATIONAL CONNECTION

TEACH

REMEMBER/TEACH

REMEMBER

TEACH

EDUCATE VISITORS

1’

5’

10’

25’

TEACH/ HEAL/ TRANSITION

HEAL

TRANSITION

CONFRONT THE PAST IMPROVE THE FUTURE

HEAL/ TRANSITION

A THERAPUTIC SPACE

TEACH/HEAL/TRANSITION

TYPOLOGY FLOOR PLAN

TEACH/ REMEMBER

HEAL/ REMEMBER

REMEMBER

MEMORIALIZE THE TRAGEDY

REMEMBER/HEAL

PURPOSE BEYOND THE TRAGEDY

SPACE TO RECHARGE

TRANSITION

ENCOURAGE ACTIVITY

HEAL/TRANSITION

HEAL

COMMUNITY VENUE CIELO VISTA CENTER EL PASO, TEXAS

ATTA CH ED

TO ING ILD BU

IN F RO NT F O

ANCE TR EN

SITE PLAN

20’

R/Te

100’

200’

Te

R/H

R

50’

Te/H/Tr

BUILDING MASSING

H Tr

H/Tr

COMMUTER SURVIVOR TOURIST MOURNER

GROUND FLOOR 162

5’ 10’

20’

50’

BUILDING SECTION 5’ 10’

20’

50’

( WK 6W *RRJOH 0DSV

) XL 7X (E]XSR

COMMUNITY VENUE EAST 5TH STREET DAYTON, OHIO

-QEKI GETXYVI .YP

(E]XSR 3LMS +SSKPI 7XVIIX :MI[

KWWSV ZZZ JRRJOH FRP PDSV # D \ K W GDWD P H P V<LHH UD0MT 7BBKTW]N:D$ H L L

SITE PLAN

20â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

H

k +SSKPI

S OF STREET IDE OS W T

50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

200â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

H/R

H/Tr

Tr Te R

Te/H/Tr

GROUND FLOOR

FLOOR 2

Te/R

FLOOR 3 5â&#x20AC;&#x2122; 10â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

BUILDING SECTION 5â&#x20AC;&#x2122; 10â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

20â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

COMMUTER SURVIVOR TOURIST MOURNER 20â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

BUILDING MASSING

50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

163

Final Review April 30th, 2020

In

my final review

I

presented my entire thesis process from

concept to final design.

I

presented my typology concept and

Community Venue designs for my sites in El Paso, Texas and Dayton, Ohio. I presented the principles behind these Community Venue designs by focusing on each of the eight programmatic spaces within the typology. individual

The

jurors commented on the organization of my concept and

final building designs. thesis are as follows:

• I

My

main takeaways at the final of my

Community Venues to portray fenestrations and transparency. There was pushback on design elements resembling “scars” and “bullet holes” which is something I should consider in the design on emotionally charged sites.

• The jurors commented in a positive way on the rules established for my project. I was challenged to consider what would happen if I broke the rules.

• In my presentation I outlined how the ideas and approach in this thesis get applied to other kinds of tragedies. I should used certain design motifs in my final

be very clear in what process or points need to be followed regardless of the tragedy.

• I was asked to consider what elements of the process are site specific and what are mandated by the typology. I need to be clear in how the context changes the project.

• I understand from my critiques that my project is most successful in its subtle moments. This represents the balance I was trying to find in my design of being comfortable and being confrontational.

164

SCARCHITECTURE DEsIgnIng

foR EmoTIonally CHaRgED sITEs

BosTon aRCHITECTURal CollEgE | spRIng 2020 masTER of aRCHITECTURE THEsIs | Cam sImko

pRoCEss

I. II. III. Iv. v.

REsEaRCH ConCEpT: Typology DEsIgn CommUnITy vEnUE DEsIgn DEsIgn pRInCIplEs ConClUsIons

165

REsEaRCH

THE VIETNAM WAR

1955-1975

APRIL 19, 1995

SEPT. 11, 2001 DEC. 14, 2012 SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS

ORLANDO NIGHTCLUB SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SHOOTING SHOOTING

JUNE 12, 2016

THE JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN DANIEL LIBESKIND BERLIN, GERMANY

HIROSHIMA PEACE MEMORIAL PARK KENZO TANGE HIROSHIMA, JAPAN

THE NATIONAL MEMORIAL FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE MASS DESIGN GROUP MONTGOMERY, AL

VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL MAYA LIN WASHINGTON DC

OKLAHOMA CITY NATIONAL MEMORIAL BUTZER DESIGN PARTNERSHIP OKLAHOMA CITY, OK

WORLD TRADE CENTER MASTER PLAN DANIEL LIBESKIND NEW YORK CITY, NY

SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SVIGAL & PARTNERS NEWTON, CT

NATIONAL PULSE MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM COLDEFY & ASSOCIATES ORLANDO, FL

TYPOLOGY: MUSEUM

TYPOLOGY: URBAN PLAN INCLUDING PARK, MEMORIAL, AND MUSEUM

TYPOLOGY: MEMORIAL

TYPOLOGY: MEMORIAL

TYPOLOGY: PARK AND MEMORIAL

TYPOLOGY: 16 ACRES INCLUDING PLAZA, MEMORIAL, MUSEUM, AND PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT

TYPOLOGY: SCHOOL AND GARDEN

TYPOLOGY: PLAZA, MEMORIAL, AND MUSEUM

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

ReseaRch

166

OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT & THE OPPRESSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

AUGUST 6, 1945 1954-1968

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

WORLD WAR II & THE BOMBING OF THE PERSUCUTION HIROSHIMA OF JEWISH PEOPLE

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

1939-1945

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH TRANSITION

pRECEDEnT REsEaRCH

4

sTanDaRD mEmoRIal Typology 1939-1945

AUGUST 6, 1945 1954-1968

WORLD WAR II & THE BOMBING OF THE PERSUCUTION HIROSHIMA OF JEWISH PEOPLE

vIETnam vETERans mEmoRIal maya lIn

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT & THE OPPRESSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS

1955-1975

THE VIETNAM WAR

oklaHoma CITy naTIonal mEmoRIal BUTzER DEsIgn paRTnERsHIp

ReseaRch

APRIL 19, 1995 OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING

SEPT. 11, 2001 DEC. 14, 2012 SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS

JUNE 12, 2016

ORLANDO NIGHTCLUB SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SHOOTING SHOOTING

ImpoRTanT symBolIsm aT RIsk of agIng oUT of mEmoRy BIasED aCCoUnT of HIsToRy

5

laRgE sCalE REBUIlDIng 1939-1945

AUGUST 6, 1945 1954-1968

WORLD WAR II & THE BOMBING OF THE PERSUCUTION HIROSHIMA OF JEWISH PEOPLE

HIRosHIma pEaCE mEmoRIal kEnzo TangE ReseaRch

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT & THE OPPRESSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS

1955-1975

THE VIETNAM WAR

WoRlD TRaDE CEnTER masTER plan sTUDIo lIBEskInD

APRIL 19, 1995 OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING

SEPT. 11, 2001 DEC. 14, 2012 SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS

mEET many nEEDs of sITE/CommUnITy BEnEfIT of BEIng laRgE sCalE DEvElopmEnTs

JUNE 12, 2016

ORLANDO NIGHTCLUB SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SHOOTING SHOOTING

6

167

DEsIgnIng 1939-1945

foR

sITElEss TRagEDIEs

AUGUST 6, 1945 1954-1968

WORLD WAR II & THE BOMBING OF THE PERSUCUTION HIROSHIMA OF JEWISH PEOPLE

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT & THE OPPRESSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS

1955-1975

THE VIETNAM WAR

APRIL 19, 1995 OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING

SEPT. 11, 2001 DEC. 14, 2012 SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS

JUNE 12, 2016

ORLANDO NIGHTCLUB SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SHOOTING SHOOTING

gRoUpIngs JEWIsH mUsEUm BERlIn sTUDIo lIBEskInD

naTIonal mEmoRIal foR pEaCE & JUsTICE mass DEsIgn gRoUp

ReseaRch

of TRagEDIEs, BEyonD onE spECIfIC EvEnT oR loCaTIon ConfRonT HIsToRy on a naTIonal sCalE & TIE In gREaTER ConvERsaTIon fUlly ImmERsIvE aRCHITECTURE

7

DEsIgnIng afTER mass sHooTIngs 1939-1945

AUGUST 6, 1945 1954-1968

WORLD WAR II & THE BOMBING OF THE PERSUCUTION HIROSHIMA OF JEWISH PEOPLE

sanDy Hook ElEmEnTaRy sCHool svIgal & paRTnERs ReseaRch

168

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT & THE OPPRESSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS

1955-1975

THE VIETNAM WAR

naTIonal pUlsE mEmoRIal & mUsEUm ColDEfy & assoCIaTEs

APRIL 19, 1995 OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING

SEPT. 11, 2001 DEC. 14, 2012 SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS

faIRly nEW TypE of TRagEDy In moDERn HIsToRy no EsTaBlIsHED REsponsE To mass sHooTIngs

JUNE 12, 2016

ORLANDO NIGHTCLUB SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SHOOTING SHOOTING

8

THE foUR nEEDs

TO REMEMBER

of

EmoTIonally CHaRgED sITEs

TO TEACH

TO HEAL

TO TRANSITION

ReseaRch

THE nEED

9

To

REmEmBER

mEmoRIal Typology

THE

nEED To REmEmBER ovER TImE

MeMoRiAlize the viCtiMS MARk the tRAgedy PRovide CoMMunity with CloSuRe ReseaRch

10

169

THE nEED

To

TEaCH

mUsEUm Typology

THE

nEED To TEaCH ovER TImE

eduCAte viSitoRS deMoCRAtize MeMoRy wARn SoCiety About the futuRe ReseaRch

THE nEED

11

To

HEal

paRk Typology

THE

nEED To HEal ovER TImE

eASe the tRAuMA of SuRvivoRS PhySiCAlly RePAiR infRAStRuCtuRe enCouRAge ACtivity on the Site ReseaRch

170

12

THE nEED

To

TRansITIon

REplaCEmEnT Typology

THE

nEED To TRansITIon ovER TImE

CReAte noRMAlCy foR uSeRS Allow Site to Move-on Meet the needS of the CoMMunity ReseaRch

pRoBlEm

13

To solvE

REMEMBERING OVER TIME

ReseaRch

LEARNING OVER TIME

HEALING OVER TIME

TRANSITIONING OVER TIME

14

171

ConCEpT: Typology DEsIgn

CommUnITy vEnUE Typology REMEMBER

HEAL REMEMBER HEAL

TO REMEMBER MEMORIALIZE THE VICTIMS

MARK THE TRAGEDY PROVIDE COMMUNITY WITH CLOSURE

TO TEACH

EDUCATE VISITORS DEMOCRATIZE MEMORY WARN SOCIETY ABOUT THE FUTURE

TO HEAL

EASE THE TRAUMA OF SURVIVORS PHYSICALLY REPAIR INFRASTRUCTURE ENCOURAGE ACTIVITY ON THE SITE

TEACH REMEMBER TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

TO TRANSITION CREATE NORMALCY FOR USERS ALLOW SITE TO MOVE-ON

TEACH ConCept: typology Design

172

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION 16

CommUnITy vEnUE Typology REMEMBER

HEAL REMEMBER HEAL

HEAL TRANSITION

HEAL REMEMBER TEACH REMEMBER

HEAL TRANSITION

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER

TEACH

TRANSITION

TEACH

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

TRANSITION

pRogRam DIagRam

DIagRammaTIC flooR plan

ConCept: typology Design

5’ 10’

20’

50’

17

CommUnITy vEnUE Typology

DIagRammaTIC sECTIon

HEAL TRANSITION

HEAL REMEMBER

REMEMBER HEAL

TEACH REMEMBER

TRANSITION

TEACH

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

DIagRammaTIC flooR plan ConCept: typology Design

5’ 10’

20’

50’

18

173

TRansITIon-HEal-TEaCH spaCE ConfRont the PASt, iMPRove the futuRe

ConCept: typology Design

Key - Plan

Key - Section

19

TRansITIon spaCE PuRPoSe beyond the tRAgedy

ConCept: typology Design

174

Key - Plan

Key - Section

20

HEal-TRansITIon spaCE enCouRAge ACtivity

ConCept: typology Design

Key - Plan

Key - Section

21

HEal spaCE SPACe to ReChARge

ConCept: typology Design

Key - Plan

Key - Section

22

175

REmEmBER-HEal spaCE theRAPeutiC outdooR SPACe

ConCept: typology Design

Key - Plan

Key - Section

23

REmEmBER spaCE MeMoRiAlize the tRAgedy

ConCept: typology Design

176

Key - Plan

Key - Section

24

TEaCH-REmEmBER spaCE ConSCiouSneSS of Context

ConCept: typology Design

Key - Plan

Key - Section

25

TEaCH spaCE eduCAte viSitoRS

ConCept: typology Design

Key - Plan

Key - Section

26

177

CommUnITy vEnUE DEsIgn

sITE sElECTIon loCaTIon

of

mass sHooTIng EvEnTs

In

2019

fREqUEnCy + sCalE

of aTTaCks In THE

U.s.

1900 1907 1914 1921 1928 1935 1942 1949 1956 1963 1970 1977 1984 1991 1998 2005 2012 2019

THERE WERE 418 mass sHooTIng EvEnTs In THE UnITED sTaTEs In 2019

Community Venue Design

178

MASS SHOOTINGS BOMBINGS/EXPLOSIONS STABBINGS/ASSAULTS OTHER

28

sITE sElECTIon

9 deAd 17 injuRed AuguSt 4th, 2019 Shooting dAyton, ohio

22 deAd 24 injuRed AuguSt 3Rd, 2019 Shooting el PASo, texAS

Community Venue Design

E l paso, TX C V D ommunity

enue

esign

29

DayTon, oH30

179

Typology applICaTIon REmEmBER spaCEs REfInED By event Context (mEmoRIal)

REfInED

By

HEal spaCEs Site Context

TEaCH spaCEs REfInED By event Context (EDUCaTIonal)

REfInED

By

TRansITIon spaCEs CoMMunity Context

Community Venue Design

31

Typology applICaTIon El paso, TEXas

TRansITIon

Community Venue Design

180

DayTon, oHIo

HEal

REmEmBER

TEaCH

HEal

TRansITIon

32

* Location of Shooting

1

2

: DOPDUW 6XSHUFHQWHU

XIV

E l paso, TX C V D ommunity

enue

esign

200’

100’

*RRJOH 0DSV

400’

800’

33

Cielo Vista Shopping Center

(S

ite 710 of 1 G M at as e s wa Sh y oo Bl tin vd g W Ev en t

)

In

te

rst

at

e1

0

Ga

tew

El paso, TX

Community Venue Design

- Q E K] I V k

1 E \ EI VG L8 R S P S K M I W

ay

Blv

40’

216+-7

dW

100’

200’

5’ 10’

400’

9 Z 7I ] +9I 7 S%(P E S* V KQ M GZ 7E IMVPG I7 Y%VK I1REGT ] H E X E k

20’

50’

34

JX

181

HEAL TRANSITION

TEACH REMEMBER

TEACH

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

REMEMBER HEAL

TRANSITION HEAL

REMEMBER

E l paso, TX C V D ommunity

enue

esign

E l paso, TX C V D ommunity

182

enue

esign

5’ 10’

20’

50’

35

36

���������

��������������������������

������������ ��������

Location of Shooting

1 2

D ayTon, oH C V D ommunity

enue

esign

100’

200’

400’

800’

37

�����������������������

�������������

������������ ������� �����������

��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

���

Commercial Oregon Historic District

East 5th Street

401-431 East 5th Street (Site of Mass Shooting Event) Commercial Oregon Historic District

Residential Oregon Historic District

DayTon, oH

Community Venue Design

40’

100’

200’

400’

38

183

gRoUnD flooR

D ayTon, oH C V D ommunity

enue

esign

sEConD flooR 5’ 10’

20’

THIRD flooR

50’

39

HEAL

REMEMBER HEAL TRANSITION

HEAL TRANSITION

REMEMBER TEACH

BUIlDIng sECTIon

gRoUnD flooR

D ayTon, oH C V D ommunity

184

enue

esign

5’ 10’

20’

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

sEConD flooR 50’

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH

THIRD flooR

TEACH REMEMBER

TRANSITION HEAL TEACH 40

CommUnITy vEnUE - El paso

CommUnITy vEnUE - DayTon

Community Venue Design

41

HEal

TRansITIon

CommUnITy vEnUE - El paso

TRansITIon Community Venue Design

CommUnITy vEnUE - DayTon

TEaCH

REmEmBER

HEal

TEaCH

REmEmBER 42

185

DEsIgn pRInCIplEs

TRansITIon spaCE

ReSPondS to needS of the CoMMunity

inteRioR CAn be Seen when APPRoAChing the Site

hAS A viSuAl ConneCtion fRoM the tRAnSition SPACe to the ReMeMbeR SPACe

PRiMARy MAteRiAl iS Stone to RefleCt the longevity of the tRAnSition PRogRAM

dAyton CoMMunity venue Design PrinciPles

186

44

TRansITIon spaCE

ReSPondS to needS of the CoMMunity

inteRioR CAn be Seen when APPRoAChing the Site

hAS A viSuAl ConneCtion fRoM the tRAnSition SPACe to the ReMeMbeR SPACe

PRiMARy MAteRiAl iS Stone to RefleCt the longevity of the tRAnSition PRogRAM

el PASo CoMMunity venue Design PrinciPles

45

TRansITIon spaCE

ReSPondS to needS of the CoMMunity

inteRioR CAn be Seen when APPRoAChing the Site

hAS A viSuAl ConneCtion fRoM the tRAnSition SPACe to the ReMeMbeR SPACe

el PASo CoMMunity venue

dAyton CoMMunity venue

PRiMARy MAteRiAl iS Stone to RefleCt the longevity of the tRAnSition PRogRAM

Design PrinciPles

46

187

HEal spaCE

ReSPondS to Site ConStRAintS And enCoMPASSeS CoMMunity venue

CReAteS PRoteCted gReen SPACe foR the CoMMunity to uSe

: DOPDUW 6XSHUFHQWHU

enCouRAgeS PeoPle to CoMe to the

*RRJOH 0DSV

; E P QXE V7 Y G TIV RXIV

Site to ReChARge

PRiMARy MAteRiAl iS vegetAtion thAt SyMbolizeS the PoSt tRAgedy heAling PRoCeSS

Cielo Vista Shopping Center

(S

ite 7101 of M Gat as ew s Sh ay oo Bl ting vd W Ev en

t)

In

te

el PASo CoMMunity venue

rsta

te

10 Ga

tewa

y Bl

vd

W

Design PrinciPles

47 - Q E K] I V k

K W W S V ˛ J RZRZJZO H F R P P D D SV O PSDOUDWF H6 X: S H U F H Q W H U #

1 E \ EI VG L8R S P S K M I W

ˆˆˇ˙ ˇ

ˇ

˙ˇ

˙

216+-7

ˆ˘P GDWD

9 Z 7I ] +9I 7 S%(P E S* V KQ M GZ 7E IMVPG I7 Y%VK I1REGT ] H E X E k

P

H

P˘

P

V [ ˛ [˘ ˆ˝ ˝E˘FFˆH˙GDˆ ˙P

HEal spaCE

ReSPondS to Site ConStRAintS And enCoMPASSeS CoMMunity venue

CReAteS PRoteCted gReen SPACe foR the CoMMunity to uSe

enCouRAgeS PeoPle to CoMe to the Site to ReChARge

PRiMARy MAteRiAl iS vegetAtion thAt SyMbolizeS the PoSt tRAgedy heAling PRoCeSS

dAyton CoMMunity venue Design PrinciPles

188

JX

48

G

˘ˆ ˆ ˇ ˇ ˘ ˝

G

ˇ

˙ ˘ ˆ˝

HEal spaCE

ReSPondS to Site ConStRAintS And enCoMPASSeS CoMMunity venue

CReAteS PRoteCted gReen SPACe foR the CoMMunity to uSe

enCouRAgeS PeoPle to CoMe to the Site to ReChARge

PRiMARy MAteRiAl iS vegetAtion thAt

heAling SPACe - 1 yeAR AfteR tRAgedy

heAling SPACe - 5 yeARS AfteR tRAgedy

SyMbolizeS the PoSt tRAgedy heAling PRoCeSS

Design PrinciPles

49

TEaCH spaCE

iS deSigned bASed on the eduCAtionAl ASPeCt of the tRAgedy

StARtS the PRoCeSSion fRoM teACh to ReMeMbeR

uSeS light to illuMinAte feAtuReS in the SPACe

PRiMARy MAteRiAl iS glASS to

indiCAte ACtivity And CReAte SeMitRAnSPARent ConneCtion to the Site

dAyton CoMMunity venue Design PrinciPles

50

189

TEaCH spaCE

iS deSigned bASed on the eduCAtionAl ASPeCt of the tRAgedy

StARtS the PRoCeSSion fRoM teACh to ReMeMbeR

uSeS light to illuMinAte feAtuReS in the SPACe

PRiMARy MAteRiAl iS glASS to

indiCAte ACtivity And CReAte SeMitRAnSPARent ConneCtion to the Site

el PASo CoMMunity venue Design PrinciPles

51

TEaCH spaCE

iS deSigned bASed on the eduCAtionAl ASPeCt of the tRAgedy

StARtS the PRoCeSSion fRoM teACh to ReMeMbeR

uSeS light to illuMinAte feAtuReS in the SPACe

PRiMARy MAteRiAl iS glASS to

indiCAte ACtivity And CReAte SeMitRAnSPARent ConneCtion to the Site

el PASo CoMMunity venue Design PrinciPles

190

52

REmEmBER spaCE

holdS the MeMoRiAl ASPeCt of the tRAgedy

endS the PRoCeSSion fRoM teACh to ReMeMbeR

uSeS indiReCt light to CReAte A PRivAte SPACe to gRieve

iS loCAted on the Site AwAy fRoM the PubliC

PRiMARy MAteRiAl iS MetAl thAt weARS And PAtinAS oveR tiMe to RefleCt the dulling of MeMoRy

el PASo CoMMunity venue Design PrinciPles

53

REmEmBER spaCE

holdS the MeMoRiAl ASPeCt of the tRAgedy

endS the PRoCeSSion fRoM teACh to ReMeMbeR

uSeS indiReCt light to CReAte A PRivAte SPACe to gRieve

iS loCAted on the Site AwAy fRoM

el PASo CoMMunity venue

dAyton CoMMunity venue

the PubliC

PRiMARy MAteRiAl iS MetAl thAt weARS And PAtinAS oveR tiMe to RefleCt the dulling of MeMoRy

Design PrinciPles

54

191

REmEmBER spaCE

holdS the MeMoRiAl ASPeCt of the tRAgedy

endS the PRoCeSSion fRoM teACh to ReMeMbeR

uSeS indiReCt light to CReAte A PRivAte SPACe to gRieve

iS loCAted on the Site AwAy fRoM

ReMeMbeR SPACe - 1 yeAR AfteR tRAgedy

ReMeMbeR SPACe - 5 yeARS AfteR tRAgedy

the PubliC

PRiMARy MAteRiAl iS MetAl thAt weARS And PAtinAS oveR tiMe to RefleCt the dulling of MeMoRy

Design PrinciPles

55

HEal-TRansITIon spaCE

ConneCtS the heAl And tRAnSition SPACeS

blendS indooR And outdooR SPACe iS eASily ACCeSSible to the PubliC dAyton CoMMunity venue

Design PrinciPles

192

56

HEal-TRansITIon spaCE

ConneCtS the heAl And tRAnSition SPACeS

blendS indooR And outdooR SPACe iS eASily ACCeSSible to the PubliC

el PASo CoMMunity venue Design PrinciPles

57

REmEmBER-HEal spaCE

ConneCtS the ReMeMbeR And heAl SPACeS

uSeS vegetAtion to CReAte PRivACy eventuAlly MeRgeS with AdjACent ReMeMbeR SPACe when ReMeMbeR PRogRAM iS no longeR needed

Design PrinciPles

dAyton CoMMunity venue

58

193

REmEmBER-HEal spaCE

ConneCtS the ReMeMbeR And heAl SPACeS

uSeS vegetAtion to CReAte PRivACy eventuAlly MeRgeS with AdjACent ReMeMbeR SPACe when ReMeMbeR PRogRAM iS no longeR needed

ReMeMbeR/heAl SPACe - 1 yeAR AfteR tRAgedy

ReMeMbeR/heAl SPACe - 50 yeARS AfteR tRAgedy

Design PrinciPles

59

TEaCH-REmEmBER spaCE

ConneCtS the teACh And ReMeMbeR SPACeS

uSeS light to deMAnd Attention And iS A beACon foR the Site

ReMAinS AS A ReMindeR of the tRAgedy

el PASo CoMMunity venue Design PrinciPles

194

60

TEaCH-REmEmBER spaCE

ConneCtS the teACh And ReMeMbeR SPACeS

uSeS light to deMAnd Attention And iS A beACon foR the Site

ReMAinS AS A ReMindeR of the tRAgedy

dAyton CoMMunity venue Design PrinciPles

61

TRansITIon-HEal-TEaCH spaCE

ConneCtS the tRAnSition, heAl, And teACh SPACeS

iS the entRy Point to the Site inCludeS Subtle SyMboliSM of the tRAgedy

dAyton CoMMunity venue Design PrinciPles

62

195

TRansITIon-HEal-TEaCH spaCE

ConneCtS the tRAnSition, heAl, And teACh SPACeS

iS the entRy Point to the Site inCludeS Subtle SyMboliSM of the tRAgedy

el PASo CoMMunity venue

Design PrinciPles

ConClUsIons

196

TRansITIon-HEal-TEaCH

REsponsE To THE

el PASo CoMMunity venue 4/19/2020 mass sHooTIng In nova sCoTIa

63

TO REMEMBER

TO TEACH

TO HEAL

TO TRANSITION

ConClusions

65

ConClusions

66

197

El paso, TEXas

DayTon, oHIo

HEal

TRansITIon

REmEmBER

TRansITIon

HEal

TEaCH

ConClusions

67

HEal

TRansITIon

CommUnITy vEnUE - El paso

TRansITIon

ConClusions

198

CommUnITy vEnUE - DayTon

TEaCH

REmEmBER

HEal

TEaCH

REmEmBER

68

ConClusions

69

199

PREFACE BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE PROJECT STATEMENT PROJECT BACKGROUND RESEARCH & ANALYSIS RESEARCH DESIGN THEORY DESIGN INTENT DESIGN CONCEPT PROGRAM TYPOLOGY DESIGN SITE SELECTION DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EL PASO COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DAYTON COMMUNITY VENUE DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES CONCLUSIONS THESIS SUMMARY CONCLUDING THOUGHTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION INTRODUCTORY REVIEW INTERIM REVIEW FINAL REVIEW

OF

THESIS REVIEWS

APPENDIX B: THESIS PROPOSAL

200

201

202

SCARCHITECTURE

REBUILDING EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES

203

A CENTURION OF THE THIRTEENTH POEM

BY

CITIES

RUDYARD KIPLING

THRONES AND POWERS STAND IN TIMEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S EYE, ALMOST AS LONG AS FLOWERS, WHICH DAILY DIE: BUT, AS NEW BUDS PUT FORTH TO GLAD NEW MEN, OUT OF THE SPENT AND UNCONSIDERED EARTH, THE CITIES RISE AGAIN AND

CAM SIMKO CAMERON.SIMKO@THE-BAC.EDU THESIS SEMESTER: SPRING 2020 204 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. II. III. IV.

THESIS SUMMARY ABSTRACT THESIS STATEMENT METHODS OF INQUIRY & TERMS OF CRITICISM V. PERFORMANCE PROGRAMMING VI. CONTRIBUTION TO HEALTH & WELLNESS VII. CASE STUDY ANALYSIS VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY IX. CONSTRUCTED ARGUMENT X. SITE INTENTION XI. SITE CONTEXT SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS XII. PROGRAMMATIC INTENTIONS XIII. PRESENTATION PANELS XIV. THESIS ADVISOR XV. SCHEDULE OF REQUIREMENTS XVI. QUALIFICATIONS

RUDYARD KIPLING, “A CENTURION OF THE THIRTEENTH,” IN PUCK OF POOK’S HILL (1906), RUDYARD KIPLING: COMPLETE VERSE (NEW YORK: ANCHOR DOUBLEDAY, 1989), P. 484

5 6 7 8 10 12 14 32 34 36 38 44 48 51 56 57

REPRINTED IN

205 3

206 4

CONTEXT

DESIGN PROCESS

DEVELOPMENT PLAN

EMOTION

IMPACT

Site

Client

Time

Memory

Transition

Symbolism

Media Coverage

Loss

Politics

Economy

Hope

Healing

Identity

Function

Typology

THESIS SUMMARY GROWING

NEW YORK CITY, ONE OF MY STRONGEST SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 WHEN TWO AIRPLANES FLEW INTO THE WORLD TRADE CENTER TOWERS. NOT ONLY WAS 9/11 A MEMORABLE PART OF MY CHILDHOOD, BUT THE REBUILDING OF LOWER MANHATTAN WAS INFLUENTIAL IN MY INTEREST IN ARCHITECTURE. AS A RESULT, I BECAME UP OUTSIDE OF

MEMORIES WAS

INTERESTED IN HOW ARCHITECTS DESIGN AND REBUILD SITES THAT HAVE BEEN AFFECTED BY A TRAGIC EVENT.

MY RESEARCH FOCUSED ON ARCHITECTUREâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S RELATIONSHIP TO EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES THAT WERE THE LOCATION OF DELIBERATE HUMAN ATTACKS SUCH AS TERRORISM AND WAR.

I FOUND THAT THE TYPICAL ARCHITECTURAL

RESPONSE TO REBUILDING EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES IS THROUGH A MEMORIAL OR MUSEUM TYPOLOGY.

HOWEVER,

MY RESEARCH SHOWS

THAT EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES HAVE FOUR NEEDS THAT NEED TO BE ADDRESSED IN ORDER FOR THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY TO MENTALLY AND INFRASTRUCTURALLY RECOVER.

THESE

ARE THE NEED TO HEAL, THE

NEED TO REMEMBER, THE NEED TO LEARN, AND THE NEED TO TRANSITION.

TANGENTIAL

TO MY RESEARCH,

I

MASS SHOOTING EVENTS SINCE THE

HAVE EXPLORED THE INCREASE IN

1990S

IN THE

UNITED STATES,

AND EXPLORED THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO MY RESEARCH OF EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES.

MASS

SHOOTINGS ARE TREATED AS ISOLATED INCIDENTS

BUT THEIR FREQUENCY IN THE SOCIETAL EPIDEMIC.

UNITED STATES

QUALIFIES THEM AS A

THEREFORE, THE ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE TO THESE MY THESIS IS ABOUT

TRAGEDIES SHOULD ADDRESS THE LARGER PROBLEM.

DESIGNING A SPACE AT THE SITE OF A PREVIOUS MASS SHOOTING THAT

1)

HELPS THE COMMUNITY RECOVER BY ADDRESSING THE FOUR NEEDS OF

2) STATES.

EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES AND SHOOTINGS IN THE

IMAGE: CONCEPT MAP

UNITED

CONFRONTS THE EPIDEMIC OF MASS

USED TO ORGANIZE RESEARCH PROCESS BY AUTHOR

207 5

ABSTRACT I

NEW YORK CITY AND WORLD TRADE CENTER TOWERS WERE ATTACKED. EVEN FOR A CHILD, THE TERRORIST ATTACKS OF 9/11 AND THE PERIOD OF GREW UP IN THE SUBURBS OF

WAS IN THE SECOND GRADE WHEN THE

FEAR AFTERWARDS BROUGHT WITH THEM INCREDIBLY

IN PARTICULAR, I REMEMBER GROUND ZERO WEEKS, MONTHS, AND YEARS AFTER THE ATTACKS. AS I GREW UP, I WITNESSED THE VIVID

MEMORIES.

VISITING

RUBBLE REMOVED FROM THE SITE AND NEW STRUCTURES REBUILT IN ITS PLACE.

TRAGEDIES HAVE THE ABILITY TO CHANGE CITIES, SITES, AND COMMUNITIES, JUST LIKE THE TERROR ATTACKS OF 9/11 FOREVER CHANGED LOWER MANHATTAN. THE REBUILDING OF THE MOST INFAMOUS GROUND ZERO IN AMERICAN HISTORY MADE ME CURIOUS ABOUT HOW ARCHITECTURE RESPONDS TO A TRAGEDY. THIS IS ESPECIALLY PERTINENT TODAY BECAUSE DELIBERATE HUMAN ATTACKS HAVE OCCURRED MORE FREQUENTLY AND AT A LARGER SCALE IN THE FIRST TWO-DECADES

21ST CENTURY THAN IN THE ENTIRETY OF 20TH-CENTURY. TRAGIC EVENTS IN WHICH HUMAN LIFE IS LOST, INFRASTRUCTURE IS DESTROYED, AND/OR SAFETY IS THREATENED CREATE EMOTIONALLY OF THE THE

CHARGED SITES THAT ARE UNIQUE DESIGN CHALLENGES FOR ARCHITECTS.

THE

DESIGNER FACES A DICHOTOMY

BETWEEN REBUILDING DESTROYED INFRASTRUCTURE AND HONORING THE NOW SACRED GROUND.

208 6

THESIS STATEMENT HISTORICALLY,

THE RESPONSE TO BUILDING ON EMOTIONALLY CHARGED

SITES IS TO CREATE A MEMORIAL OR A MUSEUM

(OR

IN UNFORTUNATE

CIRCUMSTANCES, JUST REBUILDING STRUCTURE EXACTLY AS IT WAS BEFORE).

HOWEVER,

THE CORRECT ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE TO TRAGEDY IS ONE

THAT FULFILLS FOUR IMPORTANT NEEDS THAT EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES SHARE IN COMMON.

WHEN A TRAGIC EVENT OCCURS, IT IS LIKE A WOUND THE SUBSEQUENT REBUILDING NEEDS EMULATE A SCAR. LIKE A SCAR, THIS ARCHITECTURE SHOULD HELP THE COMMUNITY HEAL, REMEMBER, LEARN, AND TRANSITION. FOR THE COMMUNITY.

IMAGE: COLLAPSE OF THE WORLD TRADE CENTER TOWERS ORIGINAL IMAGE: “18 YEARS SINCE 9/11 ATTACKS: THE 101 MOST ICONIC PHOTOS.” NEWS18, NEWS18, 11 SEPT. 2019, WWW.NEWS18.COM/PHOTOGALLERY/WORLD/18-YEARS-SINCE-911-ATTACKS-THE-101MOST-ICONIC-PHOTOS-805219-1.HTML. 209 7

METHODS OF INQUIRY & TERMS OF CRITICISM THE CRITERIA I AM USING TO GUIDE MY RESEARCH AND JUDGE MY THESIS, STEMS FROM MY DETERMINATION OF THE FOUR NEEDS OF EMOTIONAL CHARGED SITES. THESE FOUR NEEDS ARE PREVALENT AT DIFFERENT TIMES BUT ARE ALL INTEGRAL TO THE REBUILDING PROCESS.

TO HEAL THE MOST OBVIOUS AND IMMEDIATE NEED THE SITE HAS AFTER A TRAGEDY IS THE NEED TO HEAL. EACH SITE, IN THE AFTERMATH OF AN EVENT, HAS A DIFFERENT HEALING PROCESS BUT AS TIME GOES ON THE AFFECTED

COMMUNITY NEEDS THE SITE TO BE USABLE AGAIN.

ONE METHOD ARCHITECTS USE IS TO RECLAIM THE SITE

AS PUBLIC SPACE AND USE NATURE AND VEGETATION TO INFUSE LIFE BACK INTO THIS DAMAGED PLACE.

TO REMEMBER THERE IS A NEED

FOR THESE SITES TO MEMORIALIZE

THE EVENT THAT OCCURRED, SO THAT THE SURVIVORS, VISITORS, AND THE AFFECTED COMMUNITY CAN PAY TRIBUTE TO LIVES LOST IN THE TRAGEDY.

OFTEN

THE ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE TO REMEMBERING IS A STATUE, SCULPTURE OR MEMORIAL MARKING THE PLACE OF THE TRAGIC EVENT.

HOWEVER,

AS TIME GOES ON,

THE FUNCTION OF REMEMBERING NEEDS TO TRANSCEND TO LEARNING AS THE POPULATION AGES AND THE EVENT FADES FROM MEMORY.

210 8

TO TEACH AKIN TO REMEMBERING, THE SITE NEEDS TO FUNCTION AS A PLACE WHERE VISITORS CAN LEARN ABOUT THE EVENT AND THE SITEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S PLACE IN HISTORY.

MUSEUMS

ARE OFTEN THE ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION TO THIS NEED BUT RUN THE RISK OF LOSING PUBLIC INTEREST

AS AN UNINSPIRING PROGRAM.

THE

CHALLENGE FOR

THESE SITES IS NOT ONLY TO TEACH THE PUBLIC ABOUT THE EVENT BUT TO BE ENGAGING AND CONFRONT THE CIRCUMSTANCES THAT LED TO THIS TRAGEDY.

TO TRANSITION THOUGH INITIALLY

THE TRAGIC EVENT MAY SEEM

LIKE A PAINFUL WOUND, THE GRAVITY OF THE EVENT EVENTUALLY WILL FADE.

A

SUCCESSFUL DESIGN NEEDS

TO RETURN THE SITE TO SOME SORT OF NORMALCY AND IN TURN HELP THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY TRANSITION.

THE

SITES IN MY RESEARCH ALL HAD

ORIGINAL FUNCTIONS BEFORE TRAGEDY CHANGED THE CONTEXT OF THE SITE.

ARCHITECTS

FALL TO THE

FALLACY OF REPLACING FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE WITH MEMORIALS OR MUSEUMS THAT MAY BECOME OBSOLETE OVER TIME.

IF

THE SITE INCLUDES CIVIC

ARCHITECTURE THAT BRINGS USERS TO THE SITE TO

SHOP, EAT, OR WORK, THEN THE INTENTION IS SET FOR THE SITE TO ONE DAY MOVE ON FROM THE TRAGEDY.

IMAGES: BY AUTHOR GRAPH OF HEALING PROCESS SUPERIMPOSED OVER COLLAGE GRAPH OF REMEMBERING PROCESS SUPERIMPOSED OVER COLLAGE GRAPH OF TEACHING PROCESS SUPERIMPOSED OVER COLLAGE GRAPH OF TRANSITIONING PROCESS SUPERIMPOSED OVER COLLAGE 211 9

PERFORMANCE PROGRAMMING I RECOGNIZE THAT TRAGIC EVENTS ELICIT COMPLICATED EMOTIONS THAT MANIFEST DIFFERENTLY IN PEOPLE. MY RESEARCH OF EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES HAS MADE IT CLEAR THAT THERE IS NOT ONE

“CORRECT”

WAY TO

REBUILD AFTER A TRAGEDY AND IT IS DIFFICULT TO PREDICT HOW USERS WILL RECOVER. IN THE FOLLOWING NARRATIVE,

I EXPLORE HOW AN EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITE, REBUILT TO HEAL, REMIND, TEACH, AND TRANSITION A COMMUNITY, MIGHT BE EXPERIENCED BY DIFFERENT USERS.

212 10

THE COMMUTER MY FAVORITE PART

OF THE DAY IS CUTTING THROUGH THIS SITE ON

MY WAY TO WORK IN THE MORNING.

A

COUPLE OF MONTHS AGO THEY

FINISHED THIS PLAZA AND REPLACED THE LAST OF THE RUBBLE WITH TALL OAK TREES AND VIBRANT FLOWERS; IT’S HARD TO BELIEVE THAT THIS PLACE USED TO BE GROUND ZERO.

THE

TALL BUILDINGS THAT USED TO RESIDE

HERE ARE DESTROYED AND NOW THE UNOBSTRUCTED SUN WARMS MY FACE AS

I

WALK TOWARDS THE EDGE OF THE PLAZA.

PATRIOTISM EVERY TIME

I

I

SWELL WITH PRIDE AND

SEE MY OFFICE BUILDING.

LESS

THAN TWO

YEARS AGO IT WAS NOTHING MORE THAN A PILE OF TWISTED STEEL; NOW IT PROUDLY STANDS REBORN INTO THE CITY SKYLINE.

THE VISITOR I DODGE COMMUTERS ON THEIR WAY TO WORK AS I SLOWLY PACE AROUND THE MEMORIAL IN FRONT OF ME. THE SYMBOLISM OF ITS FORM IS POWERFUL AND ITS PRESENCE DEMANDS SILENCE FROM ALL WHO VISIT. I HEAR THE SOUND OF TRICKLING WATER AND CHIRPING BIRDS, AND I REFLECT ON THE REBIRTH OF THESE CITY BLOCKS. MY HOME IS FAR FROM HERE BUT THE ATTACK ON THIS CITY RESONATED ACROSS THE COUNTRY, ALL THE WAY TO MY HOMETOWN. I CONTINUE PONDERING AND WALK TOWARDS THE CONTEMPORARY MUSEUM ACROSS FROM ME. IT SOFTLY GLOWS LIKE A BEACON AND I BEGIN TO HEAR IT WHISPER A SOLEMN TALE OF WHAT HAPPENED AT THIS PLACE

THE MOURNER IT’S THE FIRST TIME I’VE

BEEN BACK TO GROUND ZERO SINCE THE EVENT

THAT SWALLOWED THIS END OF THE CITY. THE SITE AS JUST A PILE OF ROCK. MY FATHER’S TOMBSTONE.

I

THEY

IT

WAS TOO PAINFUL TO SEE

REMINDED ME OF TOMBSTONES-

THINK ABOUT HIM AND SIT ON A BENCH

IN THE PLAZA, NOT REALLY THINKING ABOUT ANYTHING BUT ABSORBING THE ACTIVITY OF PEOPLE AROUND ME.

I’VE

JUST SPENT THE PAST HOUR

WANDERING AROUND THE STILL DARKNESS OF THE MUSEUM ONE-HUNDRED FEET TO MY LEFT. NOT AS ICY AS

MY GRIEF WASHES OVER ME LIKE A CHILLY RAIN BUT IT’S IT ALWAYS WAS. THIS PLAZA WHERE I SIT, THE MUSEUM,

ALL THESE BUILDINGS HAVE RISEN FROM THE ASHES AND MAKE ME BELIEVE THAT

I

TOO CAN ONE DAY HEAL.

IMAGE: COLLAGE

OF

WORLD TRADE CENTER MEMORIAL

BY

AUTHOR 213 11

CONTRIBUTION TO HEALTH & WELLNESS WHEN

A TRAGIC EVENT OCCURS ON A SITE, IT UNCOVERS NEW

VULNERABILITIES WITHIN CITIES AND COMMUNITIES.

THIS REALIZATION OF FRAGILITY BRINGS WITH IT FEAR, PAIN, AND SORROW, ALL OF WHICH I HOPE TO ADDRESS IN MY THESIS. AS PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED, THERE ARE SEVERAL NEEDS THE EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES HAVE IN COMMON THAT ARE CRUCIAL TO ADDRESS FOR THE HEALTH AND WELLNESS OF THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY.

THE NEED TO HEAL BODIES ARE INJURED BY VIOLENCE AND PSYCHES ARE WOUNDED BY HAVING ONEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SENSE OF SECURITY SHATTERED. THESE SITES ALL WERE ONCE ORDINARY PLACES (OFFICES, SCHOOLS, BARS) AND AFTER A HUMANINFLICTED CATASTROPHE TAKES PLACE, THE COMMUNAL PEACE OF MIND IS DESTROYED. BY MAKING THE SITE USABLE AGAIN I WILL BE ABLE TO SLOWLY GIVE BACK PEACE OF MIND TO THE COMMUNITY

THE NEED TO REMEMBER MEMORY IS INTIMATELY WOVEN

INTO THE CONTEXT OF EMOTIONALLY

CHARGED SITES BECAUSE OF THE TRAUMA INFLICTED ON THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY.

THIS

PAIN IS FELT BY VICTIMS OF TRAGEDY WHO NEED TO

THERAPEUTICALLY MANAGE TRAUMATIC MEMORIES IN ORDER TO RECOVER.

I

WILL CREATE A SPACE THAT CAN BE USED TO GRIEVE, REFLECT, AND

REMEMBER SO THAT THE COMMUNITY CAN EVENTUALLY OVERCOME ITS PAIN.

214 12

THE NEED TO LEARN WHEN MEMORY FADES AND THE POPULATION AGES, TRAGIC EVENTS BECOME A PART OF HISTORY. IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECORD EVENTS LIKE THIS AND PASS ON LESSONS TO FUTURE GENERATIONS SO THAT DARK PARTS OF HISTORY DO NOT REPEAT.

EDUCATION

IN THIS WAY IS LINKED TO THE

GENERAL HEALTH OF CIVILIZATION AND THE SITE IS A CRITICAL AGENT IN RIGHTING THE WRONGS OF THE PAST.

THE NEED TO TRANSITION AS TIME GOES ON, THE GRAVITY OF THE EVENT DIMINISHES, AND LESSONS BECOME COMMONPLACE. AS THE TRAGEDY AGES IT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE HEALTH OF THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY FOR ONE TO RECONCILE AND MOVE ON.

THE SITE SHOULD ALLOW PEOPLE TO MOURN, MEMORIALIZE, AND LEARN, AND ALSO USE THE SITE INDEPENDENT FROM THE CONTEXT OF THE TRAGEDY SO THAT THE AREA CAN ONE DAY SERVE A NEW PURPOSE. THE NEED TO HEAL, REMEMBER, LEARN, AND TRANSITION ARE NOT UNIQUE NEEDS FOR THE COMMUNITY ADJACENT TO THE TRAGEDY, ESPECIALLY BECAUSE HUMAN-DELIBERATE CATASTROPHES REVERBERATE BEYOND THE AREA WHERE THEY TOOK PLACE. DEPENDING ON THE CONTEXT OF THE TRAGEDY, THE HEALTH IMPACTS CAN EXTEND TO A NATIONAL OR GLOBAL LEVEL. ALTHOUGH MY THESIS WILL ADDRESS A SPECIFIC SITE AND EVENT, I INTEND FOR IT TO INCLUDE THIS LARGER HEALTH NEED.

IMAGES: CONCEPT DRAWING OF BROKEN SKYLINES EXPLORING HOW TRAGIC EVENTS EFFECT COMMUNITIES (LEFT: MANHATTAN SKYLINE AFTER 9/11; RIGHT: MIAMI SKYLINE AFTER PULSE NIGHTCLUB SHOOTING)

BY AUTHOR 215 13

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

AUGUST 6

19 19 39 45 19 45 19 19 54 68 19 19 55 75 216 14

WORLD WAR II & THE PERSECUTION OF JEWISH PEOPLE THE BOMBING OF HIROSHIMA CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT & THE OPPRESSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS THE

VIETNAM WAR

SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SHOOTING ORLANDO NIGHTCLUB SHOOTING

SEPTEMBER 11 APRIL 19

20 01

DECEMBER 14

SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS

19 95

20 12 20 16

JUNE 12

OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING

217 15

CASE STUDY JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN

AX IS

OF

TH

EH

OL

OC AU

ST

THE JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN, DESIGNED BY DANIEL LIBESKIND, WAS BUILT IN 2001 IN BERLIN, GERMANY. THE MUSEUM EXHIBITS THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE IN GERMANY FROM THE FOURTH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT. IT IS THE FIRST MUSEUM IN POSTWAR GERMANY TO INTEGRATE THE REPERCUSSIONS OF THE HOLOCAUST IN ITâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S EXHIBITION AND ARCHITECTURAL FORM.

AXIS OF CONTINUITY

IS AX OF E

IL EX

218 16

TYPOLOGY: MUSEUM PRIMARY FUNCTION: TEACHING

I

AM INSPIRED BY

LIBESKIND’S

ABILITY TO CREATE A

SPACE THAT TEACHES VISITORS ABOUT THE HORRORS

HOLOCAUST THROUGH EXHIBITION AND SPATIAL EXPERIENCE. FOR EXAMPLE, THE MUSEUM IS ACCESSED OF THE

BY DESCENDING THROUGH A PART OF THE MUSEUM CALLED THE ENTRY VOID. THE DESCENT LEADS TO THREE

UNDERGROUND AXIAL ROUTES, EACH OF WHICH TELLS A DIFFERENT STORY. NARROW

ROOMS

SPACES SUCH AS UNCOMFORTABLY

AND

DISORIENTING

COMPRESSIVE

CORRIDORS HELP VISITORS UNDERSTAND THE MEANING OF THE

HOLOCAUST AND ITS INTEGRATION INTO WORLD WAR II BERLIN.

THE

CONSCIOUSNESS OF

LEFT/TOP: EXTERIOR VIEW OF JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN “JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN ROOF.” LIBESKIND, HTTPS://LIBESKIND.COM/WORK/ JEWISH-MUSEUM-BERLIN/.

LEFT/BOTTOM: SITE PLAN OF JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN “STARTSEITE.” JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN, HTTPS://WWW.JMBERLIN.DE/EN. RIGHT/TOP: INTERIOR OF ENTRANCE TO MUSEUM; “ENTRY VOID” “ENTRY VOID.” LIBESKIND, HTTPS://LIBESKIND.COM/WORK/JEWISH-MUSEUMBERLIN/.

RIGHT/BOTTOM: INTERIOR OF MUSEUM EXPERIENTIAL SPACE “JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN.” LIBESKIND, HTTPS://LIBESKIND.COM/WORK/JEWISHMUSEUM-BERLIN/.

219 17

CASE STUDY

HIROSHIMA PEACE MEMORIAL PARK ON THE MORNING OF AUGUST 6, 1945 THE UNITED STATES DROPPED AN HIROSHIMA, JAPAN KILLING 6,500 PEOPLE. AFTER THE WAR, THE CITY DECIDED TO BUILD A PARK IN THE AREA OF THE BOMBING AS A MEMORIAL TO PEACE. THE 122,000 SQUARE METER PARK WAS DESIGNED BY ARCHITECT KENZO TANGE IN 1954.

ATOMIC BOMB ON THE CITY CENTER OF

220 18

TYPOLOGY: URBAN PLAN INCLUDING PARK, MEMORIAL, AND MUSEUM PRIMARY FUNCTION: HEALING, REMINDING, TEACHING

THE HIROSHIMA PEACE MEMORIAL PARK WAS ONE OF THE LARGEST CASE STUDIES I REVIEWED BECAUSE IT INVOLVES THE REBUILDING OF AN ENTIRE CITY. THE PARK FULFILLS MULTIPLE NEEDS OF EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES, AND INCLUDES PUBLIC/GREEN SPACE, MEMORIALS, AND A MUSEUM. AFTER WORLD WAR II, JAPAN ADOPTED THE MISSION OF REBUILDING HIROSHIMA AS A CITY DEDICATED TO PEACE; THIS INTENTION IS CLEAR IN THE REBUILT SITE. IN MY OPINION THE MOST POWERFUL PART OF THE PARK IS THE DECISION TO INCORPORATE THE RUINS OF THE

ATOMIC BOMB DOME,

ONE OF THE FEW BUILDINGS

TO SURVIVE THE BLAST OF THE BOMB.

USERS

OF THE

SITE ARE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE SEVERITY OF THE BOMBING, LEARN THE HISTORY OF THE TRAGEDY, AND FEEL THE REBIRTH OF THE CITY.

LEFT/TOP: CENOTAPH MEMORIAL “PEACE MEMORIAL PARK: HISTORY & CULTURE: EXPLORE HIROSHIMA : HIROSHIMA CITY & REGIONAL AREA OFFICIAL TOURISM WEBSITE.” EXPLORE HIROSHIMA, HTTPS://WWW.HIROSHIMA-NAVI.OR.JP/EN/POST/007070.

HTML. LEFT/BOTTOM: SITE PLAN OF PARK

LYNN, LIN YINGYING. “KENZO TANGE AND HIROSHIMA: OBSESSION WITH THE AXIS IN TANGE’S URBAN PLANNING (1950S).” ASIAN CITIES RESEARCH, 20 DEC. 2018, HTTP://FAC.ARCH.HKU.HK/ASIAN-CITIES-RESEARCH/KENZOTANGE - AND - HIROSHIMA - OBSESSION - WITH - THE - AXIS - IN - TANGES - URBAN PLANNING-1950S/.

RIGHT/TOP:

VIEW OF PEACE PARK POWELL, STEVE JOHN. “TRAVEL - HOW HIROSHIMA ROSE FROM THE ASHES.” BBC, BBC, 13 NOV. 2017, HTTP://WWW.BBC.COM/TRAVEL/ STORY/20171112-HOW-HIROSHIMA-ROSE-FROM-THE-ASHES. RIGHT/MIDDLE:

RUINS OF THE ATOMIC BOMB DOME TABIKAMOME. “HIROSHIMA PEACE MEMORIAL PARK: AN ESSENTIAL VISIT TO LEARN ABOUT THE TRAGIC HISTORY OF THE CITY.” FAVY, FAVY, 6 NOV. 2018, HTTPS://FAVY-JP.COM/TOPICS/722.

RIGHT/BOTTOM: PEACE MUSEUM “HIROSHIMA PEACE MEMORIAL MUSEUM: MUSEUMS: EXPLORE HIROSHIMA : HIROSHIMA CITY & REGIONAL AREA OFFICIAL TOURISM WEBSITE.” EXPLORE HIROSHIMA, HTTPS://WWW.HIROSHIMA-NAVI.OR.JP/EN/POST/007140.

HTML.

221 19

CASE STUDY

THE NATIONAL MEMORIAL FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE THE NATIONAL MEMORIAL FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE, WHICH OPENED ON APRIL 26, 2018, IS THE UNITED STATESâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; FIRST MEMORIAL DEDICATED TO THE LEGACY OF ENSLAVED BLACK PEOPLE, PEOPLE TERRORIZED BY LYNCHING, AFRICAN AMERICANS HUMILATED BY RACIAL SEGREATION AND JIM CROW, AND PEOPLE OF COLOR BURDENED WITH CONTEMPORARY PRESUMPTIONS OF GUILG AND POLIC VIOLENCE.

DESIGN GROUP

222 20

THE MEMORIAL WAS DESIGNED BY MASS MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA.

AND IS LOCATED IN

TYPOLOGY: MEMOIRAL PRIMARY FUNCTION: REMINDING

THE MEMORIAL HIGHLIGHTS A DARK PART OF AMERICA’S HISTORY THAT IS RARELY DISPLAYED BECAUSE OF SHAME FELT BY THE UNITED STATES. THE STRUCTURE SUSPENDS

EIGHT HUNDRED STEEL MONUMENTS TO REPRESENT

UNITED STATES WHERE RACIAL TERROR LYNCHINGS TOOK PLACE; EACH ENGRAVED WITH THE NAMES OF ITS VICTIMS. MASS DESIGN GROUP HAS ALSO MADE THE MEMORIAL INTERACTIVE THE COUNTIES IN THE

AND DESIGNED DUPLICATES OF EACH MONUMENT TO LIE OUTSIDE OF THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE.

COUNTIES,

INSCRIBED ON THE MONUMENTS, ARE CHALLENGED TO ACKNOWLEDGE AND RECONCILE THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THIS DARK PAST BY CLAIMING THEIR MONUMENT AND PLACING IT AS A MARKER IN THEIR OWN COMMUNITY.

LEFT/TOP: STATUE LOCATED ON SITE WITH MEMORIAL IN BACKGROUND “LEGACY MUSEUM AND NATIONAL MEMORIAL FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE.” LEGACY MUSEUM AND NATIONAL MEMORIAL FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE, HTTPS:// MUSEUMANDMEMORIAL.EJI.ORG/.

LEFT/BOTTOM: AXONOMETRIC RENDERING OF MEMORIAL SITE “LYNCHING MEMORIAL HERALDED AS GREATEST 21ST CENTURY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURAL ACHIEVEMENT.” ARCHINECT, HTTPS://ARCHINECT.COM/NEWS/ ARTICLE /150080102/ LYNCHING - MEMORIAL - HERALDED - AS - GREATEST -21 ST CENTURY-AMERICAN-ARCHITECTURAL-ACHIEVEMENT. RIGHT/TOP: INSIDE OF MEMORIAL WITH HANGING STEEL MONUMENTS “A NEW TABERNACLE: REMEMBERING LYNCHING IN MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA.” MSU MUSEUM, HTTPS://WWW.MUSEUM.MSU.EDU/A-NEW-TABERNACLEREMEMBERING-LYNCHING-IN-MONTGOMERY-ALABAMA/.

RIGHT/BOTTOM: DUPLICATE MONUMENTS LOCATED OUTSIDE OF MEMORIAL “LEGACY MUSEUM AND NATIONAL MEMORIAL FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE.” LEGACY MUSEUM AND NATIONAL MEMORIAL FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE, HTTPS:// MUSEUMANDMEMORIAL.EJI.ORG/.

223 21

CASE STUDY VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL THE

VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL WAS BUILT IN 1982 U.S. NATIONAL MEMORIAL IN WASHINGTON D.C. THE MEMORIAL WAS DESIGNED BY MAYA LIN AS A PLACE TO RECORD THE NAMES OF SERVICE MEMBERS KILLED AND MISSING IN ACTION DURING THE VIETNAM WAR. WALL OF THE

AND IS A

224 22

TYPOLOGY: MUSEUM PRIMARY FUNCTION: TEACHING

THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL IS ONE OF WASHINGTON D.C.’S MOST WELL KNOWN MONUMENTS, BUT UNDERLYING CONTROVERSY MAKE IT UNIQUE. THE BLACK GRANITE WALLS ARE ATYPICAL FOR A MONUMENT IN WASHINGTON D.C., WHICH ARE USUALLY WHITE AND CLASSICALLY STYLED. TOWARDS THE

ADDITIONALLY, THE WALLS POINT WASHINGTON MONUMENT AND THE

LINCOLN MEMORIAL IN A WAY THAT CONFRONT HOW AMERICAN HISTORY IS TRADITIONALLY MEMORIALIZED IN THE UNITED STATES. I FIND THE SYMBOLISM OF THE WALL POWERFUL AND BY BEING SUNKEN INTO THE

GROUND, IT IS UNDERSTOOD TO RESEMBLE A WOUND THAT IS CLOSED AND HEALING.

FURTHERMORE,

THE

SURFACE OF THE MEMORIAL REFLECTS THE IMAGE OF ANYONE READING THE NAMES OF THE DECEASED WHICH

ENGAGES THE VISITOR IN THE HISTORY OF THE EVENT.

LEFT/TOP: VIEW OF WEST WALL OF MEMORIAL POINTING TO THE WASHINGTON MEMORIAL

“ARCHITECT AND ARTIST MAYA LIN DESIGNED THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL.” NEWSELA, HTTPS://NEWSELA.COM/READ/BIO-ARTISTS-MAYA-LINARCHITECT. BOTTOM: SITE PLAN OF

VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL POINTING TO THE LINCOLN WASHINGTON MEMORIALS LIN, MAYA YING (AMERICAN ARTIST, SCULPTOR, 1959-). VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL: ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS, DOWNLOAD: HTTP://STOR.ARTSTOR. ORG.PROXY.THE-BAC.EDU/STOR//32FB82C7-FDEF-4FBC-BF6A-FC110DF6653F. CREATION DATE: 1983. ARTSTOR, LIBRARY-ARTSTOR-ORG.PROXY.THE-BAC.EDU/ ASSET/SS37281_37281_40714406 AND

RIGHT/TOP: VIEW OF MEMORIAL CUT INTO THE GROUND “VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL (U.S. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE).” NATIONAL PARKS SERVICE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, HTTPS://WWW.NPS.GOV/ VIVE/INDEX.HTM.

225 23

CASE STUDY

OKLAHOMA CITY NATIONAL MEMORIAL ON APRIL 19, 1995

A DOMESTIC TERRORIST DETONATED A TRUCK

FILLED WITH EXPLOSIVES IN FRONT OF THE

ALFRED P. MURRAH FEDERAL

BUILDING, KILLING 168 PEOPLE AND DESTROYING THE ENTIRE NORTH FACE OF THE BUILDING. THE REMAINS OF THE BUILDING WERE REMOVED FROM THE SITE AND A MEMORIAL PARK WAS BUILT IN ITS PLACE. BUTZER DESIGN PARTNERSHIP DESIGNED THE SITE TO HAVE MONUMENTS, A REFLECTING POOL, MEMORIALS, AND A PUBLIC PLAZA.

226 24

TYPOLOGY: PARK AND MEMORIAL PRIMARY FUNCTION: HEALING AND REMINDING

THE MURRAH FEDERAL BUILDING

WAS A PRIVATE

OFFICE BUILDING THAT WAS REPLACED WITH GREEN SPACE AND A PLAZA.

THE

SITE WAS RECLAIMED AND

GIVEN TO THE PUBLIC WITH A FOCUS ON HELPING THE

COMMUNITY

HEAL

AND

REMEMBER.

THERE

ARE MULTIPLE MEMORIALS ON THE SITE THAT ARE POWERFULLY SYMBOLIC OF THE EVENT, THE VICTIMS, AND THE SURVIVORS.

TIME

FOR

EXAMPLE, THE

GATES

OF

AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE PARK IS A MONUMENT

OF TWO BRONZE GATES THAT FRAME THE MOMENT OF DESTRUCTION.

9:01

IS INSCRIBED ON THE EASTERN

GATE AND REPRESENTS THE LAST MOMENTS OF PEACE.

9:03 IS INSCRIBED ON THE WESTERN GATE AND STANDS FOR THE FIRST MOMENTS OF RECOVERY. THIS BOMBING WAS THE LARGEST TERRORIST ATTACK ON AMERICAN SOIL AND THE MEMORIAL PLAYS THE IMPORTANT PART OF CAPTURING THAT.

LEFT/TOP: VIEW OF MEMORIAL WITH GATES OF TIME HIGHLIGHTED

YOST, MARK. “THE FACTS OF OKLAHOMA CITY.” THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, DOW JONES & COMPANY, 22 SEPT. 2014, HTTPS://WWW.WSJ.COM/ARTICLES/ THE-OKLAHOMA-CITY-NATIONAL-MEMORIAL-MUSEUM-1411419897.

LEFT/BOTTOM: BIRDS EYE VIEW OF PARK AND MEMORIALS “OKLAHOMA CITY NATIONAL MEMORIAL & MUSEUM.” ADVENTURE ROAD, HTTPS://WWW.ADVENTUREROAD.COM/DESTINATIONS/OKLAHOMA-CITY-NATIONALMEMORIAL-AND-MUSEUM/.

RIGHT/TOP: MEMORIAL CHAIRS THAT REPRESENT EACH VICTIM OF THE BOMBING “OKLAHOMA CITY REMEMBERS.” LEISURE GROUP TRAVEL, 11 FEB. 2019, HTTPS://LEISUREGROUPTRAVEL.COM/OKLAHOMA-CITY-REMEMBERS/.

RIGHT/BOTTOM: ONE OF THE GATES OF TIME MEMORIAL

KNAPP, ADAM. “WHERE TO PARK WHEN VISITING THE OKC NATIONAL MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM.” TRIPSAVVY, TRIPSAVVY, 26 JUNE 2019, HTTPS:// WWW.TRIPSAVVY.COM/PARKING-NEAR-THE-NATIONAL-MEMORIAL-2516897.

227 25

CASE STUDY

WORLD TRADE CENTER MASTER PLAN ON SEPTEMBER 11TH, 2001, ISLAMIC TERRORIST GROUP, AL-QAEDA, COORDINATED ATTACKS ON THE UNITED STATES IN WHICH THEY HIJACKED FOUR PASSENGER AIR CARRIERS. TWO OF THE PLANES CRASHED INTO THE NORTH AND SOUTH TOWERS OF THE WORLD TRADE CENTER COMPLEX IN LOWER MANHATTAN; A THIRD PLANE CRASHED INTO THE PENTAGON; AND A FOURTH WAS INITIALLY FLOWN TOWARD WASHINGTON D.C. BUT CRASHED INTO A FIELD IN PENNSYLVANIA. THE ATTACKS KILLED NEARLY 3,000 PEOPLE, INJURED OVER 6,000, AND CAUSED AT LEAST $10 BILLION IN INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROPERTY DAMAGE.

228 26

TYPOLOGY: 16 ACRES INCLUDING PLAZA, MEMORIAL, MUSEUM, AND PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT PRIMARY FUNCTION: HEALING , REMINDING, TEACHING, AND TRANSITIONING

THE ATTACKS LEFT THE SITE OF THE WORLD TRADE CENTER COMPLEX AS 16 ACRES OF RUBBLE AND THERE WAS LITTLE PRECEDENT FOR HOW TO REBUILD AFTER A TRAGEDY AT SUCH A SCALE.

THE MASTER PLAN DANIEL LIBESKIND AND ARCHITECTS SUCH AS SANTIAGO CALATRAVA, BJARKE INGELS GROUP, AND SNOHETTA DESIGNED OFFICE TOWERS, A MUSEUM, A MEMORIAL, AND TRANSPORTATION HUB ON THE SITE. TODAY, THE AREA IS AN ACTIVE PART OF LOWER MANHATTAN AS VISITORS COMMUTE VIA THE NEW TRANSPORTATION HUB, SHOP AND WORK AT THE SURROUNDING HIGH RISES, AND LEARN ABOUT THE ATTACKS AT THE ON-SITE MUSEUM. THEY DO ALL OF THIS WHILE NAVIGATING AROUND THE FOOTPRINTS OF THE ORIGINAL TOWERS, LEFT AS VOIDS FOR THE SITE WAS CONCEIVED BY

IN THE PLAZA AND TURNED INTO MEMORIALS FOR THE VICTIMS OF THAT DAY.

LEFT/TOP: WORLD TRADE CENTER SITE TODAY “WORLD TRADE CENTER MASTER PLAN.” LIBESKIND, WORK/GROUND-ZERO-MASTER-PLAN/.

HTTPS://LIBESKIND.COM/

LEFT/BOTTOM: SITE MAP OF WORLD TRADE CENTER SITE TODAY “HOME || WORLD TRADE CENTER.” HOME || WORLD TRADE CENTER, HTTPS:// WWW.WTC.COM/.

RIGHT/TOP:

FOOTPRINT MEMORIAL AND TRANSPORTATION HUB “5 TIPS TO SAVE WHILE TOURING THE WORLD TRADE CENTER SITE.” MONEY, HTTP://MONEY.COM/MONEY/4484590/WORLD-TRADE-CENTER-SEPTEMBER-11MEMORIAL-TOUR/.

RIGHT/BOTTOM:

DANIEL LIBESKIND’S SKETCH FOR THE WORLD TRADE CENTER MASTER PLAN “WORLD TRADE CENTER MASTER PLAN.” LIBESKIND, HTTPS://LIBESKIND.COM/ WORK/GROUND-ZERO-MASTER-PLAN/.

229 27

CASE STUDY SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TWENTY CHILDREN AND SIX TEACHERS WERE SHOT AND KILLED ON DECEMBER 14, 2012 AT SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN NEWTOWN, CONNECTICUT. THE EVENT IS ONE OF THE DEADLIEST MASS SHOOTINGS IN U.S. HISTORY AND PROMPTED RENEWED DEBATE ABOUT GUN CONTROL IN THE UNITED STATES. THE BUILDING OF THE ORIGINAL SCHOOL WAS RAZED AND A GARDEN WILL OCCUPY THE SITE. A NEW ELEMENTARY SCHOOL WAS DESIGNED BY SVIGAL & PARTNERS AT ANOTHER LOCATION IN THE TOWN.

230 28

TYPOLOGY: SCHOOL AND GARDEN PRIMARY FUNCTION: HEALING AND TRANSITIONING

ALTHOUGH

THE

STRUCTURALLY

ORIGINAL

DAMAGED

SCHOOL

DURING

THE

WAS

NOT

SHOOTING

IT WAS THE DECISION OF THE COMMUNITY TO TEAR IT DOWN AND REPLACE THE SITE WITH A HEALING GREEN SPACE.

THE

INTENTION FOR REBUILDING WAS

TO DESIGN A SPACE FOR THE LOCAL COMMUNITY NOT FOR TOURISTS.

THERE

WAS NO INTEREST TO CREATE

A PUBLIC MEMORIAL OR MAKE A POLITICAL STATEMENT.

EVEN

THE DESIGN OF THE NEW SCHOOL HAS LITTLE

ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLISM SEEN IN MEMORIALS AND PRIMARILY FOCUSES ON CREATING A SAFE, SECURE, AND FUNCTIONAL SCHOOL.

THE

ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE

SANDY HOOK SHOOTING HEAVILY AIMS TO HELP COMMUNITY HEAL AND TRANSITION.

TO THE THE

LEFT/TOP: VIEW OF NEW SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL “NEW SANDY HOOK SCHOOL BALANCES BEAUTY AND SAFETY.” THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR, THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR, 29 JULY 2016, HTTPS :// WWW . CSMONITOR . COM /USA/2016/0729/N EW -S ANDY -H OOK SCHOOL-BALANCES-BEAUTY-AND-SAFETY. LEFT/BOTTOM: SITE PLAN OF MEMORY GARDEN ON THE SITE OF THE OLD SCHOOL

BALDWIN, ERIC. “WINNING DESIGN CHOSEN FOR SANDY HOOK MEMORIAL.” ARCHDAILY, ARCHDAILY, 13 AUG. 2018, HTTPS://WWW.ARCHDAILY. COM/900124/WINNING-DESIGN-CHOSEN-FOR-SANDY-HOOK-MEMORIAL. RIGHT/TOP: INTERIOR VIEW OF NEW

SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL “DPM LEADS CONSTRUCTION OF NEW SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL.” STV, 26 OCT. 2016, HTTPS://WWW.STVINC.COM/NEWS-AND-MEDIA/STVDPMLEADS-CONSTRUCTION-NEW-SANDY-HOOK-ELEMENTARY-SCHOOL. RIGHT/BOTTOM:

RENDERING OF MEMORY GARDEN BALDWIN, ERIC. “WINNING DESIGN CHOSEN FOR SANDY HOOK MEMORIAL.” ARCHDAILY, ARCHDAILY, 13 AUG. 2018, HTTPS://WWW.ARCHDAILY. COM/900124/WINNING-DESIGN-CHOSEN-FOR-SANDY-HOOK-MEMORIAL. 231 29

CASE STUDY

NATIONAL PULSE MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM ON JUNE 12, 2016, A GUNMAN KILLED 49 PEOPLE AND WOUNDED 53 OTHERS INSIDE PULSE, A GAY NIGHTCLUB IN ORLANDO, FLORIDA. THE SHOOTING IS THE DEADLIEST TERRORIST ATTACK IN THE UNITED STATES SINCE THE SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS IN 2001. AFTER THE ATTACK THE ONEPULSE FOUNDATION WAS ESTABLISHED TO ORGANIZE A DESIGN COMPETITION TO BUILD A MUSEUM AND MEMORIAL AT THE LOCATION OF THE CLUB. IN

2019.

232 30

THE WINNING DESIGN BY COLDEFY & ASSOCIATES WAS CHOSEN

TYPOLOGY: PLAZA, MEMORIAL, AND MUSEUM PRIMARY FUNCTION: HEALING, REMINDING, AND TEACHING

THE CHOSEN DESIGN FOR THE SITE PROPOSES BUILDING A MEMORIAL PLAZA AROUND THE EXISTING STRUCTURE OF THE NIGHTCLUB.

THE

FOCUS OF THE MEMORIAL IS

TO RECLAIM A PLACE FROM TERROR AND TO INSTEAD CREATE A SPACE FOR PEOPLE TO COME TOGETHER.

IT

IS PROPOSED TO DESIGN AN OPEN AIR MUSEUM THAT APPEARS LIGHT AND PORTRAYS A MESSAGE OF HOPE TO THE COMMUNITY, A FEW BLOCKS FROM THE MEMORIAL.

THE STREET CONNECTING THE MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM

WILL BE REVAMPED TO BRING IN MORE ROOM FOR WALKING, BIKING, AND PUBLIC TRANSIT.

LEFT/TOP:

RENDERING OF PULSE MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM PRESS, ASSOCIATED. “DESIGN CONCEPTS UNVEILED FOR PULSE MEMORIAL, MUSEUM.” NBCNEWS.COM, NBCUNIVERSAL NEWS GROUP, 31 OCT. 2019, HTTPS://WWW.NBCNEWS.COM/FEATURE/NBC-OUT/DESIGN-CONCEPTS-UNVEILEDPULSE-MEMORIAL-MUSEUM-N1074511.

LEFT/BOTTOM: WINNING DESIGN OF THE MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM “COLDEFY & ASSOCIÉS WITH RDAI, HHCP ARCHITECTS, XAVIER VEILHAN, DUCKS SCÉNO, AGENCE TER, PROF. LAILA FARAH.” ONEPULSE FOUNDATION, 30 SEPT. 2019, HTTPS://ONEPULSEFOUNDATION.ORG/INTERNATIONAL-DESIGNCOMPETITION / COLDEFY - ASSOCIES - WITH - RDAI - XAVIER - VEILHAN - DUCKS - SCENO AGENCE-TER-PROF-LAILA-FARAH/.

RIGHT/TOP:

RENDERING

OF WINNING MUSEUM DESIGN

PRIEUR/WMFE, DANIELLE.

“WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE NEW PULSE MEMORIAL & MUSEUM.” WUSF NEWS, HTTPS://WUSFNEWS.WUSF.USF. EDU/POST/WHAT-YOU-NEED-KNOW-ABOUT-NEW-PULSE-MEMORIAL-MUSEUM.

RIGHT/BOTTOM: EXPERIENCE OF WALKING THROUGH THE MEMORIAL “COLDEFY & ASSOCIÉS WITH RDAI, HHCP ARCHITECTS, XAVIER VEILHAN, DUCKS SCÉNO, AGENCE TER, PROF. LAILA FARAH.” ONEPULSE FOUNDATION, 30 SEPT. 2019, HTTPS://ONEPULSEFOUNDATION.ORG/INTERNATIONAL-DESIGNCOMPETITION / COLDEFY - ASSOCIES - WITH - RDAI - XAVIER - VEILHAN - DUCKS - SCENO AGENCE-TER-PROF-LAILA-FARAH/.

233 31

BIBLIOGRAPHY RESEARCH ON EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES BARASCH, DANIEL. RUIN AND REDEMPTION IN ARCHITECTURE. PHAIDON PRESS LTD., 2019.

CAMPANELLA, THOMAS J., AND LAWRENCE J. VALE. THE RESILIENT CITY: HOW MODERN CITIES RECOVER FROM DISASTER. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2005.

GINSBERG, ROBERT. THE AESTHETICS

OF

RUINS. RODOPI B.V., 2004.

TERRORISM. GOOD DESIGN FOR A BAD WORLD, DEZEEN, 4 JAN. 2018, WWW.DEZEEN.COM/2018/02/21/GOOD-DESIGN-FOR-A-BADWORLD-DUTCH-DESIGN-WEEK-FIVE-MOVIES/.

RESEARCH ON GUN VIOLENCE BUDDS, DIANA. “HOW NEW MEMORIALS RECKON WITH GUN VIOLENCE IN AMERICA.” CURBED, CURBED, 11 NOV. 2019, HTTPS://WWW. CURBED.COM/2019/11/11/20951683/GUN-VIOLENCE-MEMORIALSARCHITECTURE. “GUN VIOLENCE ARCHIVE.” GUN VIOLENCE ARCHIVE, GUNVIOLENCEARCHIVE.ORG/.

234 32

WWW.

JEWISH MUSEUM BERLIN HIROSHIMA PEACE PARK

RESEARCH ON CASE STUDIES LIBESKIND, DANIEL. BREAKING GROUND. SPERLING & KUPFER, 2005.

BROWNELL, BLAINE. “THE HEALING EFFECT OF HIROSHI SAMBUICHI’S ARCHITECTURE IN HIROSHIMA.” ARCHITECT MAGAZINE, 28 JUNE 2018, WWW.ARCHITECTMAGAZINE.COM/PRACTICE/THE-HEALING-EFFECTOF-HIROSHI-SAMBUICHIS-ARCHITECTURE-IN-HIROSHIMA_O. GINSBERG, ROBERT. “PART III AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE: CHAPTER THIRTEEN AESTHETICS IN HIROSHIMA: THE ARCHITECTURE OF REMEMBRANCE.” PHILOSOPHY & ARCHITECTURE, VOL. 19, 1994, P. 221.

EBSCOHOST, SEARCH.EBSCOHOST.COM/LOGIN.ASPX?DIRECT=TRUE&DB =EDB&AN=77246382&SITE=EDS-LIVE.

THE NATIONAL MEMORIAL FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE

“HOME: MASS DESIGN GROUP.” HOME | MASS DESIGN GROUP, HTTPS://MASSDESIGNGROUP.ORG/.

VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL

LIN, MAYA. BOUNDARIES. SIMON & SCHUSTER PAPERBACKS, 2006.

OKLAHOMA CITY NATIONAL MEMORIAL

LINENTHAL, EDWARD T. “THE PREDICAMENT RESILIENT CITY, PP. 55–74.

WORLD TRADE CENTER MASTER PLAN

CRAVEN, JACKIE. “THE MASTER PLAN FOR GROUND ZERO.” THOUGHTCO, 3 JULY 2019, WWW.THOUGHTCO.COM/2002-MASTERPLAN-FOR-GROUND-ZERO-178535.

OF

AFTERMATH.” THE

GROUND ZERO: STEVEN L. NEWMAN REAL INSTITUTE, 2003.

EBSCOHOST, SEARCH.EBSCOHOST.COM/LOGIN.ASPX?DIRECT=TRUE&DB =CAT06092A&AN=BAC.33721&SITE=EDS-LIVE. SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

JACOBS, KARRIE. “SANDY HOOK REBUILDS.” ARCHITECT, 23 AUG. 2016.

NATIONAL PULSE MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM

FRANKLIN, SYDNEY. “SIX BIG-NAME TEAMS SHORTLISTED FOR NATIONAL PULSE MEMORIAL AND MUSEUM.” THE ARCHITECT’S NEWSPAPER, 31 MAY 2019, ARCHPAPER.COM/2019/05/SIX-TEAMSSHORTLISTED-PULSE-MEMORIAL/.

“NATIONAL PULSE MEMORIAL & MUSEUM INTERNATIONAL DESIGN COMPETITION.” ONEPULSE FOUNDATION, DOVETAIL DESIGN STRATEGISTS, 16 JULY 2019, ONEPULSEFOUNDATION.ORG/ INTERNATIONAL-DESIGN-COMPETITION/.

235 33

CONSTRUCTED ARGUMENT THE

CONSTRUCTION OF MY THESIS PULLS FROM ELEMENTS FOUND IN

MEMORIALS, MUSEUMS, PLAZAS, AND CIVIC SPACE IN ORDER TO HEAL, MEMORIALIZE, EDUCATE, AND REVIVE THE SITE.

ADDITIONALLY, MY THESIS

RESPONSE IS HEAVILY TIED TO THE CONTEXT OF A SPECIFIC TRAGEDY THAT INVOLVES INTIMATE KNOWLEDGE OF THE SITE AND SURROUNDING COMMUNITY.

THESE

CHALLENGES REQUIRE MANY KEY RESOURCES AND

CONSULTANTS, INCLUDING BY NOT LIMITED TO THE FOLLOWING:

PSYCHOLOGIST A PSYCHOLOGIST IS AN IMPORTANT RESOURCE IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND TRAUMA, TRAGEDY, AND THE HEALING PROCESS.

INSIGHT

FROM THIS

CONSULTANT IS USEFUL IN DESIGNING SPACES FOR HEALING, REFLECTION, AND MOURNING.

ARTIST ENGAGING AN ARTIST IN THE DESIGN PROCESS IS IMPORTANT FOR THE

ASPECTS OF THE SITE RELATED TO MEMORY.

AN

ARTIST HAS THE ABILITY

TO CAPTURE THE CONTEXT OF THE EVENT IN A VISUAL FORM THAT THE COMMUNITY CAN USE TO MEMORIALIZE THE TRAGEDY.

CULTURAL HISTORIAN FOR MY SITE TO PROPERLY SERVE AS A TEACHING TOOL IT IS VITAL TO FIRST STUDY AND INTERPRET THE RECORD OF EVENTS THAT LED TO THE REBUILDING PROCESS.

KNOWLEDGE

FROM A CULTURAL HISTORIAN CAN BE

USED TO HELP VISITORS UNDERSTAND THE NUANCES OF THE TRAGIC EVENT.

SECURITY CONSULTANT A GOAL FOR MY THESIS IS FOR THE REBUILT SITE TO EVENTUALLY RETURN

TO NORMALCY.

SECURE AND DEFENSIVE DESIGN TECHNIQUES ARE CRITICAL

INFRASTRUCTURE TO INCORPORATE AFTER A TRAGIC EVENT.

VICTIM AND COMMUNITY MEMBER REPRESENTATIVES IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE CLIENT OF MY THESIS IS

UNOFFICIALLY THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY, VICTIMS, AND SURVIVORS OF THE TRAGEDY.

REPRESENTATIVES

FROM THESE GROUPS SHOULD BE

CONSULTED DURING THE PLANNING AND DESIGN PROCESSES.

236 34

IMAGE: THESIS MODEL EXPLORING REBUILDING AFTER TRAGEDY BY AUTHOR

237 35

SITE INTENTION MY

RESEARCH HAS BEEN FOCUSED ON TRAGIC EVENTS

THAT HAVE OCCURRED THROUGHOUT HISTORY AND WHAT

THE

ARCHITECTURAL

EVENTS HAVE BEEN.

I’VE

RESPONSE

TO

THESE

STUDIED SITIES REBUILT

AFTER WARS, BUILDINGS REBUILT AFTER TERRORIST ATTACKS, AND MEMORIALS BUILT TO CONFRONT DARK PERIODS OF

I

WANT TO

AMERICAN HISTORY. THROUGH MY THESIS RECOGNIZE THAT IN AMERICA TODAY, WE

ARE DEALING WITH A NEW KIND OF TRAGEDY AS MASS SHOOTING EVENTS OCCUR ACROSS THE COUNTRY ON A FREQUENT BASIS.

I

CAN USE MY RESEARCH ABOUT

EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES AND APPLY MY FINDINGS

TO A SITE AFFECTED BY A MASS SHOOTING.

MY THESIS

WILL ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES-HEALING,

REMEMBERING,

TEACHING,

AND

TRANSITIONING-TO HELP THE AFFECTED COMMUNITY.

HOWEVER,

CURRENT

MY THESIS WILL ALSO RESPOND TO THE CLIMATE

IN

THE

UNITED STATES

AND

ADDRESS THE EPIDEMIC OF MASS SHOOTING THAT HAS BEEN INTENSIFYING SINCE THE

1990S. THEREFORE

“CONFRONTING” IS AN ADDITIONAL NEED OF MY THESIS

SITE.

TO CONFRONT WHILE THE FUNCTIONS OF HEALING, REMEMBERING, TEACHING, AND TRANSITIONING ARE IMPORTANT FOR REPAIRING EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO IGNORE THE GREATER PICTURE OF GUN VIOLENCE IN THE PROCESS.

THE

UNITED STATES

IN THE REBUILDING

ONLY WAY TO TOTALLY RECOVER FROM

A TRAGIC EVENT IS TO ENSURE THAT AN EVENT LIKE IT WILL NEVER HAPPEN AGAIN. IF MY THESIS IS SITUATED

ON AN EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITE CREATED BY A

MASS SHOOTING EVENT, THEN IT IS VITAL TO CONNECT MY THESIS TO THE EPIDEMIC OF GUN VIOLENCE IN THE

UNITED STATES..

238 36

“CONFLICT

IS NOT SIMPLY A STORY WITH A HAPPY OR

UNHAPPY ENDING, BUT AN ONGOING MOMENTUM WHICH STRUCTURES ONE’S UNDERSTANDING OF THE FUTURE IN RELATION TO THE PAST”

- DANIEL LIBESKIND

HUMAN DELIBERATE ATTACKS ON U.S. SOIL SINCE 1900 MASS SHOOTINGS BOMBINGS/EXPLOSIONS STABBINGS/ASSAULTS OTHER

1900 1907 1914 1921 1928 1935 1942 1949 1956 1963 1970 1977 1984 1991 1998 2005 2012 2019 NUMBER OF EFFECTED PERSONS

QUOTE:

DANIEL LIBESKIND; REPRINTED IN CAMPANELLA, THOMAS J., AND LAWRENCE J. VALE. THE RESILIENT CITY: HOW MODERN CITIES RECOVER FROM DISASTER. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2005.

IMAGE: COLLAGE OF ARCHITECTURE BEING CONFRONTATIONAL BY AUTHOR 239 37

SITE CONTEXT SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

ON AUGUST 3, 2019 A GUNMAN OPENED FIRE AT A WALMART STORE IN EL PASO, TEXAS; 22 PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND 24 OTHERS WERE INJURED. ONE DAY LATER, ON AUGUST 4, 2019 A MASS SHOOTING OCCURRED AT NED PEPPERS BAR IN DAYTON, OHIO; 9 PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND 27 PEOPLE WERE INJURED. THESE MASS SHOOTING EVENTS WERE UNRELATED, BUT THE ADJACENCY SENT SHOCKWAVES THROUGH THE

UNITED STATES. WITH

MY THESIS

I

WILL CREATE

SPACES ON THESE EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES FOR THE COMMUNITIES OF

EL PASO

AND

DAYTON,

AND

THROUGH DESIGN CONNECT THESE SITES TO ADDRESS THE EPIDEMIC OF MASS SHOOTINGS IN THE

STATES

UNITED

DAYTON, OHIO

EL PASO, TEXAS

240 38

LOCATION OF CIELO VISTA SHOPPING CENTER IN EL PASO, TEXAS

LOCATION OF OREGON HISTORIC DISTRICT IN DAYTON, OHIO

241 39

SITE CONTEXT SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

EL PASO THE FIRST SHOOTING OCCURRED AT A WALMART SUPERCENTER NEAR THE CIELO VISTA MALL ON THE EASTSIDE OF EL PASO, TEXAS. THE CIELO VISTA MALL IS A HEAVILY TRAFFICKED SHOPPING CENTER AND IMPORTANT HUB FOR THE EL PASO COMMUNITY. FOR THREE MONTHS AFTER THE SHOOTING, THE STORE WAS CLOSED AND ONLY OPENED ITS DOORS TO THE PUBLIC ON NOVEMBER 14, 2019. THE STORE IS PLANNING ON BUILDING A MEMORIAL ON THE SOUTHERN SIDE OF THE PROPERTY TO HONOR THE 22 VICTIMS OF THE EVENT.

Visc

ount

Blvd

Walmart Store and Parking Lot

Ro

ut

242 40

e1

Cielo Vista Shopping Center 0

DAYTON THE SECOND SHOOTING OCCURRED OUTSIDE NED PEPPERS TAVERN, IN THE OREGON HISTORIC DISTRICT OF DAYTON, OHIO. THE OREGON HISTORIC DISTRICT IS A NEIGHBORHOOD THAT INCLUDES RESIDENCIES, RETAIL, AND FOOD SERVICES. THE PARTICULAR STREET WHERE THE SHOOTING OCCURRED IS THE LOCATION OF SEVERAL NIGHTLIFE DESTINATIONS. NONE OF THE ADJACENT BUSINESSES CLOSED FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME AFTER THE SHOOTING AND IN EARLY

AUGUST,

THE CITY OF

DAYTON

ANNOUNCED

INTENTIONS TO CREATE A PERMANENT MEMORIAL FOR THE EVENT.

reet

h St

E 4t

e

n ay

W e

Av

Ned Peppers Tavern

S Patterso

n Blvd

E 5th St

243 41

SITE CONTEXT SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS THE AND

ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSES TO THE MASS SHOOTINGS IN

DAYTON

EL PASO

ARE PROBLEMATIC BECAUSE THEY ONLY FOCUS ON THE

MEMORIALIZATION NEEDS OF EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES.

WITHOUT

ADDRESSING THE HEALING NEEDS OF THE SITE, THESE SPACES WILL REMAIN PAINFUL TO THE AFFECTED COMMUNITY.

BY

NOT ADDRESSING

THE TEACHING NEEDS OF THE SITE, VISITORS WILL NOT UNDERSTAND THE GRAVITY OF THESE TRAGEDIES. OR THE BARS IN

DAYTON

IF

EL PASO FUNCTION, THEN

THE SHOPPING CENTER IN

RESUME NORMAL BUSINESS

THEY ARE IGNORING THE INEVITABLE FACT THAT THESE SITES ARE NOW EMOTIONALLY CHARGED AND ROB THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY FROM THE POSSIBILITY OF MOVING ON.

IF THE RESPONSE TO A MASS SHOOTING SITE IS WHAT WE ARE SEEING AT EL PASO OR DAYTON OR ANY OF THE 366 CITIES THAT HAVE BEEN THE LOCATION OF A MASS SHOOTING IN THE PAST YEAR, THEN MASS SHOOTING EVENTS ARE GOING TO KEEP HAPPENING. IF THIS TREND CONTINUES, MASS SHOOTINGS WILL INCREASE IN BOTH MAGNITUDE AND SCALE.

244 42

NG

ITIONI

TRANS

HE AL IN G

MI N DING RE

TEACHING

THE

ABOVE SKETCH AND MODEL EXPLORE HOW THE FUNCTIONS OF HEALING,

REMEMBERING, TEACHING, AND TRANSITIONING CAN FORMALLY RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER.

245 43

PROGRAMMATIC INTENTIONS MY

THESIS WILL TAKE THE SHAPE OF TWO MIXED-

DAYTON AT THE LOCATIONS WHERE THE SHOOTINGS OCCURRED. AT THE SITE OF THE CIELO VISTA MALL WALMART, I WILL DESIGN A BUILDING THAT IS A PLAZA, MEMORIAL, MUSEUM, AND SHOPPING CENTER. AT A SITE IN THE OREGON HISTORIC DISTRICT, I WILL DESIGN A PLAZA, MEMORIAL, MUSEUM, AND RESTAURANT. THESE MIXEDUSE DEVELOPMENTS IN

EL PASO

AND IN

USE DEVELOPMENTS WILL RELATE TO EACH OTHER ARCHITECTURALLY AND PROGRAMMATICALLY IN ORDER

TO LINK THE SITES TO ONE ANOTHER.

THE “CLIENT” FOR MY THESIS ON ONE LEVEL, I AM DESIGNING

IS MULTIFACETED. STRUCTURES THAT

CONVERSE WITH EACH OTHER ON A NATIONAL SCALE; MY THESIS IS STANDING UP FOR THE CITIZENS OF

UNITED STATES AND CONFRONTING THOSE IN POWER. MY THESIS IS ALSO CREATING SPACES FOR THE COMMUNITIES OF EL PASO AND DAYTON THAT HELP THESE CITIES RECOVER. THESE COMMUNITIES ARE THE THE

EVERYDAY USERS OF MY DESIGN AND WILL COME TO THE SITE TO MEET ONE

(OR

MORE) OF THE NEEDS OF

EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES.

246 44

MEMORIAL

MUSEUM

REMEMBERING PROGRAM

TEACHING PROGRAM

ARCHIVES COUNSELING OFFICES PRIVATE REFLECTIVE GRIEVING SPACE

AUDITORIUM VIGIL INDOOR SPACE INFO COAT REST SPACE DESK ROOM OUTDOOR REST SPACE

LIBRARY

MUSEUM STORAGE

EXHIBITION SPACE

MUSEUM OFFICES

RETAIL LOBBY

OUTDOOR RECREATION

OFFICE KITCHEN

PLAZA

OUTDOOR FOOD DINING SERVICES

RETAIL/RESTAURANT

HEALING PROGRAM

TRANSITIONING PROGRAM

IN

THE DIAGRAM ABOVE

I

AM EXPLORING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMMON

PROGRAMS OF MEMORIAL, MUSEUM, PLAZA, AND COMMERCIAL SPACES.

247 45

PROGRAMMATIC INTENTIONS PLAZA THE PLAZA

IS THE PUBLIC OUTDOOR PROGRAM OF THE

SITE AND WILL BE INFUSED WITH OPEN SPACE AND GREENERY.

THESE OUTDOOR SPACES WILL BE FOR REST

AND RECREATION.

MEMORIAL THE MEMORIAL

IS A PERMANENT SPACE FOR THOSE

AFFECTED BY THE TRAGIC EVENT TO GRIEVE AND REMEMBER.

THIS

SPACE WILL HAVE SUCH PROGRAMS

THAT ALLOW FOR REFLECTION, VIGIL, AND GRIEVING.

MUSEUM THE MUSEUM IS THE CENTER OF THE SITE THAT TEACHES VISITORS ABOUT THE SPECIFIC EVENTS IN EL PASO AND DAYTON, AND EXPOSES MASS SHOOTING EVENTS AS AN EPIDEMIC IN THE UNITED STATES. THIS PART OF THE BUILDING WILL HAVE EXHIBITION SPACE AND RESEARCH AREAS.

COMMERCIAL THE EL PASO SITE WILL HAVE RETAIL AS PART OF THE PROGRAM AND DAYTON WILL HAVE SPACE FOR DINING. THESE PROGRAMS ARE ORIGINAL TO THE SITE BEFORE THE SHOOTING OCCURRED AND ALLOW THE SITE TO EVENTUALLY BE USED FOR A FUNCTION BIGGER THAN THE EVENT.

248 46

MEMORIAL

MUSEUM

REMEMBERING PROGRAM

TEACHING PROGRAM

PRIVATE GRIEVING

COUNSELING OFFICES REFLECTIVE

MUSEUM STORAGE

EXHIBITION SPACE

VIGIL SPACE

AUDITORIUM INFO DESK

SPACE

INDOOR REST SPACE

RETAIL LOBBY

OFFICE

FOOD SERVICES

KITCHEN

OUTDOOR REST SPACE OUTDOOR DINING

ARCHIVES LIBRARY COAT ROOM MUSEUM OFFICES

RETAIL/RESTAURANT

TRANSITIONING PROGRAM

OUTDOOR RECREATION

PLAZA

HEALING PROGRAM

THE EXERCISE IN WHICH I EXPLORED THE FORMAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPACES IS COMBINED WITH MY ANALYSIS OF PROGRAMMATIC RELATIONSHIPS. 249 47

PRESENTATION PANELS

250 48

JEWISH MUSEUM STUDIO LIBESKIND

19 19 39 45

REBUILDING EMOTIONALLY

SCARCHITECTURE

CHARGED SITES

SYNOPSIS I GREW UP IN THE SUBURBS OF NEW YORK CITY AND IN 2001 I WAS IN SECOND GRADE WHEN THE WORLD TRADE CENTER TOWERS WERE ATTACKED. EVEN FOR A CHILD, THE TERRORIST ATTACKS OF 9/11 AND

WORLD WAR II & THE PERSECUTION OF JEWISH PEOPLE

PERIOD OF FEAR AFTERWARDS BROUGHT WITH THEM INCREDIBLY VIVID MEMORIES.

IN

PARTICULAR,

I

GROUND ZERO AS I GREW UP I

REMEMBER VISITING

WEEKS, MONTHS, AND YEARS AFTER THE ATTACKS.

WITNESSED THE RUBBLE REMOVED FROM THE SITE AND NEW STRUCTURE REBUILT IN ITS PLACE.

TRAGEDIES HAVE THE ABILITY TO CHANGE CITIES, 9/11

SITES, AND COMMUNITIES, JUST LIKE THE TERROR ATTACKS OF

19 45

AUGUST 6

HIROSHIMA PEACE MEMORIAL PARK TANGE LAB

FOREVER CHANGED LOWER MANHATTAN.

THE REBUILDING OF THE MOST INFAMOUS GROUND ZERO IN AMERICAN HISTORY MADE ME CURIOUS ABOUT HOW ONE REBUILDS AFTER A TRAGEDY. THIS IS ESPECIALLY PERTINENT TODAY BECAUSE DELIBERATE HUMAN

THE BOMBING OF HIROSHIMA

ATTACKS HAVE OCCURRED MORE FREQUENTLY AND AT A LARGER SCALE IN THE FIRST TWO-DECADES OF THE ENTIRETY OF THE

21ST CENTURY THAN IN THE 20TH-CENTURY. TRAGIC EVENTS IN WHICH HUMAN

LIFE IS LOST, INFRASTRUCTURE IS DESTROYED, AND/OR SAFETY IS

THREATENED CREATE EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES THAT ARE UNIQUE

DESIGN CHALLENGES FOR ARCHITECTS. THE NEED TO REBUILD DESTROYED INFRASTRUCTURE CONFLICTS WITH THE IDENTITY OF THESE SITES AS

RUBBLE FROM THE WORLD TRADE CENTER TOWERS AFTER 9/11

SACRED GROUND.

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT & THE OPPRESSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS

THE NATIONAL MEMORIAL FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE MASS DESIGN GROUP

THESIS STATEMENT HISTORICALLY, THE RESPONSE TO BUILDING ON EMOTIONALLY CHARGED

SITES IS TO CREATE A MEMORIAL OR A MUSEUM (OR IN UNFORTUNATE

19 19 54 68 19 19 55 75

THE

BEFORE.)

DECEMBER 14

SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SVIGALS & PARTNERS

20 12

THE CORRECT ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE TO

WHEN

A

TRAGIC EVENT OCCURS, IT IS LIKE A WOUND FOR THE COMMUNITY AND REBUILDING NEEDS TO ACT LIKE A SCAR.

LIKE A SCAR THIS ARCHITECTURE SHOULD HELP THE COMMUNITY HEAL, REMEMBER, LEARN, AND TRANSITION.

MODEL EXPLORING CONCEPT OF REBUILDING ON A SITE DESTROYED BY TRAGEDY

METHODS OF INQUIRY/TERMS OF CRITICISM THE CRITERIA I AM USING TO LEAD MY RESEARCH AND JUDGE MY THESIS

VIETNAM WAR

RESULTS FROM MY DETERMINATION OF THE FOUR NEEDS OF EMOTIONAL CHARGED SITES.

THESE

FOUR NEEDS ARE PREVALENT AT DIFFERENT

TIMES BUT ARE ALL INTEGRAL TO THE REBUILDING PROCESS.

THE

MOST OBVIOUS AND IMMEDIATE NEED THE SITE HAS AFTER A

TRAGEDY IS THE NEED TO HEAL.

EACH

SITE, IN THE AFTERMATH OF

AN EVENT, HAS A DIFFERENT HEALING PROCESS BUT AS TIME GOES ON

THE AFFECTED COMMUNITY NEEDS THE SITE TO BE USABLE AGAIN.

A

METHOD THAT ARCHITECTS USE TO HELP SITES HEAL IS TO RECLAIM THE SITE AS PUBLIC SPACE AND USE NATURE AND VEGETATION TO INFUSE

THE FUNCTION OF THESE SITES TO HEAL OVER TIME

SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS

THERE

IS A NEED FOR THESE SITES TO MEMORIALIZE THE EVENT THAT

OCCURED SO THAT THE SURVIVORS, VISITORS, AND THE AFFECTED

COMMUNITY CAN PAY TRIBUTE TO LIVES LOST IN THE TRAGEDY. OFTEN THE

ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE TO REMEMBERING IS A STATUE, SCULPTURE OR MEMORIAL MARKING THE SITE AND THE TRAGIC EVENT.

HOWEVER

AS TIME GOES ON, THE FUNCTION OF REMEMBERING NEEDS TO CHANGE FROM MEMORY.

CONVERSE TO REMEMBERING, THE SITE NEEDS TO FUNCTION AS A PLACE WHERE VISITORS CAN LEARN ABOUT THE EVENT AND THE SITE’S PLACE IN HISTORY. MUSEUMS ARE OFTEN THE ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION TO THIS NEED BUT RUN THE RISK OF BEING UNINSPIRING PROGRAMS. THE

THESE

CHALLENGE FOR THESE SITES IS NOT ONLY TO TEACH THE PUBLIC ABOUT THE EVENT BUT BE ENGAGING AND CONFRONT THE CIRCUMSTANCES

THE FUNCTION OF THESE SITES TO TEACH OVER TIME

THAT LED TO THIS TRAGEDY.

SITES ARE EMOTIONALLY CHARGED BY A TRAGIC EVENT BUT

EVENTUALLY THE GRAVITY

OF THE EVENT WILL FADE.

A

SUCCESSFUL

DESIGN NEEDS TO RETURN THE SITE TO SOME SORT OF NORMALCY AND IN TURN HELP THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY TRANSITION.

THESE

SITES ALL HAD ORIGINAL FUNCTIONS BEFORE TRAGEDY CHANGED THE CONTEXT OF THE SITE.

ARCHITECTS

FALL TO THE FALLACY OF

THE FUNCTION OF THESE SITES TO TRANSITION OVER TIME

REPLACING FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE WITH MEMORIALS OR MUSEUMS THAT MAY BECOME OBSOLETE OVER TIME. IF THE SITE INCLUDES CIVIC

ARCHITECTURE THAT BRINGS THE USERS TO THE SITE TO SHOP, EAT, OR WORK THEN THE INTENTION IS SET FOR THE SITE TO ONE DAY MOVE ON FROM THE TRAGEDY.

SITE SELECTION MY RESEARCH HAS

BEEN FOCUSED ON TRAGIC EVENTS THAT HAVE

OCCURRED THROUGHOUT HISTORY AND WHAT THE ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE TO THESE EVENTS HAVE BEEN.

SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SHOOTING

THE FUNCTION OF THESE SITES TO REMIND OVER TIME

TO THAT OF LEARNING AS THE POPULATION AGES AND THE EVENT FADES

TO TEACH

OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING

TO REMIND

LIFE BACK INTO A DAMAGED PLACE.

TO TRANSITION

20 01

SEPTEMBER 11

WORLD TRADE CENTER MASTER PLAN STUDIO LIBESKIND

19 95

APRIL 19

OKLAHOMA CITY NATIONAL MEMORIAL BUTZER DESIGN PARTNERSHIP

HOWEVER,

SITES AND SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES HAVE IN COMMON.

TO HEAL

VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL MAYA LIN

CIRCUMSTANCES JUST REBUILDING STRUCTURE EXACTLY AS IT WAS TRAGEDY IS ONE THAT FULFILLS FOUR IMPORTANT NEEDS THAT ALL THESE

I’VE STUDIED CITIES REBUILT AFTER WARS, BUILDINGS REBUILT AFTER TERRORIST ATTACKS, AND MEMORIALS BUILT TO CONFRONT DARK PERIODS OF AMERICAN HISTORY. THROUGH MY THESIS I WANT TO RECOGNIZE THAT IN AMERICA TODAY

HUMAN-DELIBERATE DISASTERS SINCE 1900 1900 1907 1914 1921 1928 1935

WE ARE DEALING WITH A NEW KIND OF TRAGEDY AS MASS SHOOTING

1942

CAN

1949

USE MY RESEARCH ABOUT EMOTIONALLY CHARGED SITES AND APPLY

1956

THESIS

1963

EVENTS OCCUR ACROSS THE COUNTRY ON A FREQUENT BASIS. MY FINDINGS TO A SITE AFFECTED BY A MASS SHOOTING.

MY

I

WILL USE THE NEEDS OF HEALING, REMEMBERING, TEACHING, AND

1970

TRANSITIONING TO HELP THE AFFECTED COMMUNITY AND DIRECTLY

1977

ADDRESS THE EPIDEMIC OF MASS SHOOTING EVENTS IN THE

1984

STATES.

UNITED

1991 1998

20 16

JUNE 12

NATIONAL PULSE MEMORIAL & MUSEUM COLDEFY

2005 2012 2019

MASS SHOOTINGS BOMBINGS/EXPLOSIONS STABBINGS/ASSAULTS OTHER

ORLANDO NIGHTCLUB SHOOTING DAYTON, OH AUGUST 4, 2019 9 KILLED AND 27 INJURED AT BAR

GILROY, CA JULY 28, 2019 3 KILLED AND 17 INJURED AT FESTIVAL

VIRGINIA BEACH, VA MAY 31, 2019 12 KILLED AND 4 INJURED AT MUNICIPAL BUILDING

THOUSAND OAKS, CA NOVEMBER 7, 2018 13 KILLED AND 10 INJURED AT BAR

22

EL PASO, TX AUGUST 3, 2019 KILLED AND 24 INJURED AT SHOPPING CENTER

251

PARKLAND, FL FEBRUARY 15, 2018 KILLED AND 17 INJURED AT HIGH SCHOOL

17

CAM SIMKO, M.ARCH CANDIDATE THESIS RESEARCH: FALL 2019

252 50

THESIS ADVISOR SCOTT R. HARRISON, PH.D. DIRECTIOR OF LIBERAL STUDIES BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE

[CURRICULUM VITAE & RESUME ENCLOSED]

253 51

Curriculum Vitae & Résumé Scott R. Harrison, Ph.D. 307 Kittredge St, #2 (201) 921-1027 Boston, MA 02131 scott.harrison@the-bac.edu ——————————————————————————————————— EDUCATION PhD in History, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, August 2009 – May 2019 Dissertation Title: “The State of Belonging: Gay and Lesbian Activism in the German Democratic Republic, 1949-1989” Co-Advisors: Antoinette Burton & Peter Fritzsche Committee: Leslie Reagan, Maria Todorova Master of Arts in History, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, May 2014 Bachelor of Arts in History and Secondary Education, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., May 2007 RESEARCH AND TEACHING INTERESTS The Histories of Gender & Sexuality LGBTQ History Critical & Social Theory Modern German History The History of Modernity Global & World Histories EMPLOYMENT Director of Liberal Studies Interim Assistant Vice President of Academic Affairs Boston Architectural College Summer 2019—present PUBLICATIONS Current Book Project: A Space to Heal and Play: A History of Ear, Nose, and Throat Medicine at Boston Children’s Hospital (forthcoming November 2019). *I am the principal researcher and ghostwriter on this project.

“Queering, Writing, and Teaching East German History: Familial Narratives of Gender and Sexual Transgression,” History Matters (forthcoming Spring 2020).

“Teaching Effective (Classroom) Engagement: Some Strategies and Techniques,” AHA Today, The Blog of the American Historical Association (November 20, 2017).

“Planning Socialist Families and their Alternatives: Sexual Counseling and Subcultural Expression in the German Democratic Republic and Beyond, 1963-1995,” Spurensicherung: Feminismus in Aktion und Dokument (Berlin: FFBIZ, 2013): 29-36.

Harrison | Page 1 of 4 254 52

HONORS AND AWARDS Department of Liberal Studies, Boston Architectural College, Boston, MA Award: The Ed Toomey Award for Student Advocacy (received on May 23, 2019) History Department, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Award: The John G. and Evelyn Hartman Heiligenstein Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, 2011-2012 (This award included a $1,500 stipend.)

History Department, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Award: I was nominated to the list of teaching assistants consistently ranked ‘excellent’ by undergraduate students, 2010-2011 FELLOWSHIPS History Department (University of Illinois) Dissertation Research Fellowship, 2013-2015 The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Dissertation Research Fellowship, 20122013 Fulbright Student Program alternate, 2012-2013 Foreign Language Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowship to study Turkish, University of Illinois, 2012-2013 (I declined this award.)

RESEARCH EXPERIENCE Research Assistant, Professor Antoinette Burton, University of Illinois, UrbanaChampaign I served as the primary researcher and indexer for Antoinette Burton’s monograph, An ABC of Queen Victoria’s Empire: Or a Primer of Conquest, Dissent, and Disruption, Summer 2015 Research Assistant, Professor Teresa Barnes, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Newspaper research and manuscript study in 1960’s apartheid-era documents and oral histories, Summer 2012 Research Assistant, The German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. I served as a research assistant for numerous in-house post-doctoral fellows as they completed monograph manuscripts, August 2008-January 2009 TEACHING EXPERIENCE Instructor, Critical Theories (SSH1003) Boston Architectural College August 2016-present Developed and continue to teach an advanced course for undergraduates, presenting a focus on critical and social theory from Marxist, queer, feminist, and ecocritical theoretical lenses Harrison | Page 2 of 4 255 53

Instructor¸Critical Research and Writing 1 (FND1001) Boston Architectural College January 2017-present Developed and continue to teach an introductory writing and research-intensive course for undergraduates, with a focus on developing critical thinking skills, presenting a focus on inequality in American life in its myriad forms, including income inequality, gentrification, rape culture, and ableism Instructor, History, Trauma, and Memory (SSH1100) Boston Architectural College Summer 2018 Developed and taught a course for undergraduates, presenting a focus on the relationship between history, memory, and historiography. Students and I studied the ways in which individual actors produce primary sources (ego documents) in the wake of genocides, wars, and political revolutions across time and space Teaching Assistant, Western Civilization Survey (pt. 2) (HIST143) University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Spring 2012 Oversaw intensive writing and research sections for undergraduate honors students taking the second half of the Western Civilization survey course Teaching Assistant, The History of U.S. Foreign Policy (HIST274) University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Fall 2011, Spring 2011 Facilitated three discussion sections of undergraduates relating to U.S. foreign policy from 1917 to the present; Won an award for teaching excellence for my work in this class Secondary School Teacher, Global History I & II (New York Regents courses); Arlington Central High School, Lagrangeville, N.Y. 2007-2008 As a secondary school social studies instructor, planned and taught year-long survey courses in Global History with a special emphasis on individual agency GUEST LECTURING I Have a History Degree. What Can I Do with It? Marist College, Kristin Beyer Annual Meeting of the Phi Alpha Theta Honors Society (2015) Rethinking Queer History in the German Democratic Republic, 1982-1989 Marist College, Kristin Beyer Annual Meeting of the Phi Alpha Theta Honors Society (2015) The History of Sexuality in Modern Germany, Northeastern University. Peter Campbell “Rhetoric and Composition” (2014) The Global Sexual Revolutions, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Stephanie Seawell, “The History of Europe after 1945” (2012)

Harrison | Page 3 of 4 256 54

SELECTED PRESENTATIONS “The Outsiders Become Active Citizens: Queer Breakthroughs in the East German Public Sphere, 1982-1989” Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Portland, OR, October 2019 “Historical Monuments and Coming to Terms with the Past in German and American History” Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association, Washington, D.C., January 2018 “Intimate Secrets: The Stasi’s Observation of East German Gay Men in the MfS Files of Eddy Stapel, 1983-1989” Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association, Washington, D.C., January 2018 “Über Sexualität wurde beim Aufbruch nicht geredet:” 1989 as Experienced by East German Gay Men and Lesbians” Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, San Diego, California, October 2016 “Coming Out under State Socialism” Invited lecture at the Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, March 2013 SERVICE (selected) I have mentored and served as a panel member for the following Boston Architectural College students as they moved toward successful completion of their degree projects: Maria Martinez Romo, Madison Mitchell, Genevieve Messina, Sanya Bolia, Boliak Seng, and Diana Osorio LANGUAGE SKILLS Fluent reading, writing, and speaking skills in German Intermediate reading skills in French REFERENCES (in alphabetical order) Antoinette Burton, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, aburton@illinois.edu Peter Fritzsche, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, pfritzsc@illinois.edu Victoria Hallinan, Boston Architectural College, Boston, victoria.hallinan@the-bac.edu Karen Nelson, Boston Architectural College, Boston, karen.nelson@the-bac.edu Leslie J. Reagan, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, lreagan@illinois.edu Elizabeth Stuhlsatz, Boston Architectural College, Boston, elizabeth.stuhlsatz@the-bac.edu

Harrison | Page 4 of 4 257 55

SCHEDULE OF REQUIREMENTS PROJECT PHASE

DATE

INTRODUCTORY REVIEW

FEBRUARY 6TH, 2020

INTERIM REVIEW

MARCH 12TH, 2020

FINAL REVIEW

APRIL 30TH, 2020

FINAL BOOK DUE

MAY 11TH, 2020

GRADUATION

MAY 22ND, 2020

258 56

QUALIFICATIONS EXPERIENCE

JUNE 2018 - PRESENT

AUGUST 2016 - JUNE 2018

JACOBS | BOSTON, MA | ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNER AS A DESIGNER I AM APART OF TEAMS OF ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS ON THE SCHEMATIC DESIGN, DESIGN DEVELOPMENT, AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES OF A PROJECT. I HAVE EXPERIENCE DESIGNING AND PRODUCING CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS FOR CORE & SHELL AND INTERIOR FIT-OUT PROJECTS FOR THE COMMERCIAL AND LIFE SCIENCE MARKETS. SIMPSON GUMPERTZ & HEGER INC. | WALTHAM, MA | BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ENGINEER AS A BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ENGINEER I DEVELOPED SOLUTIONS FOR A VARIETY OF TECHNICAL PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING HISTORIC BUILDING RENOVATION AND NEW CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. I SUPPORTED BUILDING OWNERS AND ARCHITECTURAL CLIENTS IN DELIVERING HIGH PERFORMING DESIGN STRATEGIES AND GENERATE CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS.

EDUCATION

AUGUST 2017 (EXPECTED MAY 2020)

MAY 2016

EXPERTISE

BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL COLLEGE, BOSTON, MA MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE CANDIDATE DEAN’S AWARD SCHOLAR | GPA: 3.88 TUFTS UNIVERSITY, MEDFORD, MA BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING MINORS: ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES, ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT DEAN’S LIST ALL SEMESTERS | GRADUATED CUM LAUDE COMPUTER:

AUTOCAD, REVIT, RHINO, ADOBE CREATIVE SUITE

DESIGN: DRAFTING, DIAGRAMMING, MODEL-MAKING, DRAWING, BLACK AND WHITE FILM PHOTOGRAPHY

FREEHAND

TECHNICAL:

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY, ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING, TECHNICAL WRITING

CERTIFICATIONS

2019- PRESENT

2017 - PRESENT

2016 - PRESENT

U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL LEED AP BUILDING DESIGN + CONSTRUCTION BOSTON ARCHITECTURAL DEAN’S AWARD SCHOLAR

COLLEGE DEAN’S OFFICE

MASSACHUSETTS BOARD OF REGISTRATION OF ENGINEERS ENGINEER IN TRAINING

259 57