Social Science Andalucia Edition Level 3 Pupil's Book

COV-19 2020

Adapted for the Andalusian Curriculum Š Cambridge University Press 2019

by Alicia VillaseĂąor

Andalusian Edition

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COV-19 2020

SOCIAL SCIENCE 3 Contents Welcome

1

Page 4

Which way is north?

Page 6

2

What can you see in the world?

Page 18

3

What's the difference between rocks and minerals? Page 32

4

Where does flamenco come from?

Page 42

5

Can you write the year in Roman numerals?

Page 54

6

Who built the pyramids?

Page 66

• Types of maps: political, physical, street map • Elements of a map

• Continents, oceans • Mountain ranges and and seas rivers in Spain • Physical maps, mountains • Physical features and deserts of Andalucía • The four layers of the geosphere

• Classifying rocks • Classifying minerals

• Autonomous communities, autonomous cities and provinces of Spain

• Municipal services and road safety • Spain's rich and diverse culture

• Archaeology • Historical sources

• Measurements of time • Roman numerals

• Prehistory • Ancient history • Middle Ages

• Early Modern Age • Modern Age

Questions and Study aids 2

• Scale of a map

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Page 78

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Projects and experiments

Documentaries

• Draw a physical and a political map • Make a compass

• Different types of maps

• Travel around the world and explore non-European countries • Make a relief map

• Great landmarks of the world

• Become an earth scientist and interview other earth scientists • Make a model of the geosphere

• Mining for rocks

• Create a slide presentation about Spain • Complete a puzzle of the autonomous communities of Spain

• Places to visit in Spain

• Explore the history of your local area and design a booklet • Make a fossil

• Historical findings

• Create a history museum • Do a prehistoric cave painting

• Let’s go back in time

More hands on

Page 90

© Cambridge University Press 2019

3

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WELCOME TO CAMBRIDGE SOCIAL SCIENCE Welcome to the amazing world of social science. In this book, you will become:

a cartographer

4

a travel journalist © Cambridge University Press 2019

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a Spanish ambassador

a historian

a tour gu

ide

a museum curator

You will also find out: how to make a compass. what the highest mountain in the wo rld is. where the highest mountain in Spain is. what the Romans used the Colosseu m for.

Š Cambridge University Press 2019

how to write in Roman numerals. when the automobile was invented.

5

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1

WHICH WAY IS NORTH? otos have in common? ph e th in le op pe e th do t Wha

Which animals do you thin k live in these places?

6

Š Cambridge University Press 2019

What do you ne ed to take on a trip?

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Don’t panic, read a map!

D CUMENTARY

Different types of maps

In this unit, you will become a cartographer (map-maker) and discover an unfamiliar country.

To do this, you will: • learn about different types of maps and what they are used for.

• find out which elements all maps have.

• draw a political and a physical map of a non-European country.

• display information about your country for the class. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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WHICH TYPE OF MAP SHOWS THE HIGHEST PARTS OF THE EARTH? A map is a representation of an area on a flat surface¹.

Maps help us locate different places. Different types of maps show different information.

om globes? fr t en er ff di s ap m e ar ow H

By the end of this lesson, you will know the difference between a political and a physical map.

Political maps can show continents, countries, regions and cit ies. They also show the political border s² between areas.

What is a political border? Which countr ies share a political border with Spain?

8

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Find the flag of one of these countries hidden in the unit!

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Physical maps show na tural features of the Earth, such as ocea ns, seas, rivers, lakes, mountains and mou ntain ranges.

Look at this physical map.

What do the different colours represent?

250 km

Street maps have sym bols for places of interest, su ch as a city or town hall, mus eums, parks and train stations .

On which type of ma p would you find the longest river in the world?

STAGE 1 • Choose a non-European country.

• Make a table with information about your country.

Include these categories: neighbouring countries, cities, oceans, seas, rivers and mountains.

Cambridge University Press 2019 • ©Use the maps to help you.

¹surface: the top part of something ²border (or boundary): the line that separates one country (or one area) from another

• Find a political and a physical map of your country.

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WHICH FLOWER DO WE USE ON MAPS? To be able to read maps, we need to know about the different things on them. Look at the elements on the map below.

The key tells us what each symbol represents.

By the end of this lesson, you will understand the different elements of a map.

The title tells us the place that is being represented.

MAP OF NEW CAMBRIDGE

Symbols represent natural and man-made features, such as rivers and museums.

The scale shows how long distances on a map are in real life.

Why do you think it is called a compass rose?

The compass rose shows north, south, east and west.

STAGE 2 s.

• Draw or trace the outline of your non-European country. Make two copie • Add a compass rose and title to both map outlines.

10

© Cambridge University Press 2019

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FINDING NORTH

Before you start Compasses always point north.

Materials needle, magnet, piece of cork, bowl of water Method 1 Rub the tip of the needle against the magnet, always in the same direction. Do this many times.

2 Place the piece of cork on the water.

3 Balance the needle very carefully on top of the cork.

Conclusions Which direction does the needle point to? Check using another compass.

What does this experiment tell us about compasses and magnetism?

In my opinion, …

This experiment shows …

Describe how to carr y out the experiment to a frie nd. Use the words first, then and finally. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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WHICH MAP SHOULD YOU USE IF YOU ARE LOST IN A CITY? We use different maps in different situations, depending on where we are or what we are looking for.

By the end of this lesson, you will know which type of map to use in different situations.

Look at the pictures. Which maps are the people using? What do you think they are looking for?

a

b

c Which types of maps would you use if you needed to locate1 the following things?

The capital cities of Portugal and Germany The Reina Sofía Art Museum The longest river in Europe The bodies of water that surround Spain The countries that make up the United Kingdom

12

people on pages 6 and 7?

Which types of maps would help the

© Cambridge University Press 2019

d

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e

f Find a street map of your local area. Choose a location, such as a metro station, a church, 2 a museum or a post office. Give directions to a partner. Do they know how to get there?

Go straight …

Turn right on to …

STAGE 3

Turn left on to …

It is on your left / right …

Listen to the conversations.

Which maps do these people need?

• Using your map outlines from Stage 2, draw a physical map and a political map of your non-European country. , • Remember to include the following: neighbouring countries, cities you. mountains, oceans, seas and rivers. Use maps and the internet to help 1 to locate: to find to give directions: to tell someone how to get to a specific place 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019

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HOW FAR IS YOUR SCHOOL FROM YOUR HOME? The scale of a map allows us to calculate the real distance between two places.

Large-scale maps show a lot of detail. On this map, 1 centimetre represents 250 metres in real life.

Use a ruler to calculate the real distance between the Puerta de Alcalá and the Templo de Debod in Madrid.

Real distance = 250 x … = … m 14

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Figure it out A map has a scale of 1 cm = 2 km.

The distance on the map between the school and the park is 3 cm.

What is the real distance?

COV-19 2020

Small-scale maps show little detail. On this map, 1 centimetre represents 100 kilometres in real life.

By the end of this lesson, you will understand the difference between large-scale and small-scale maps.

Calculate the real distance between Barcelona and Córdo ba.

What can you see on a large-scale map that you cannot see on a small-scale map?

The word scale has different meanings.

Can you think of a different meaning?

Think about reptiles and fish.

STAGE 4

• Measure the distance between two places on one of your maps them. with a ruler. Then, find out the real distance between Xx • Divide the real distance by your map distance.

• Use this number (X) to find an approximate scale: 1 cm = X km.

• Add the scale to your maps. © Cambridge University Press 2019

15

Language skills 1

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Study the map. With a partner, describe how to get to and from different places. Use the words in the box to help you.

LIBRARY

POST OFFICE

SHOPPING CENTRE

MUSEUM

SWIMMING POOL TOURIST INFORMATION

TRAIN STATION

Go past …

Turn right / left on to …

Go straight …

Cross the …

It’s on your left / right …

It’s opposite …

2

Look at the picture and read the story. Copy and complete the sentences in your notebook. You can use 1, 2 or 3 words.

Climbers found alive and well

Two men who went missing in the Pyrenees have been found alive and well in a Spanish town, just across the border with France. They were reported missing last week after they did not arrive at their hostel.

The two men went missing after they lost their compass.

Then, a storm came and they had to take shelter. After making a compass using a needle, a cork and a magnet, they were able to find north. Using their map, they were able to reach the nearest town.

16

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Questions a Last week, two men went ..... . b They had to ..... when a storm came. c They made a ..... using a needle, a cork and a magnet. d They reached ..... using their map.

Review

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Complete the mind map in your notebook.

1

MAPS

Types

Elements

p.....

c..... r.....

p.....

s.....

s.....

k..... s.....

2

Choose the correct option. a This always points north: magnet / compass / map. b This type of map shows an urban space: street / political / physical. c This is the political boundary between countries or regions: mountain / wall / border.

Go to page 78 for more activities.

FINALE • Stick your maps on a large piece of card or paper. Write a short description of your country’s political and physical geography under the maps.

• Hang your wall display in your classroom. try that: • Walk around and read your classmates’ wall displays. Find a coun • has a mountain range.

• shares a political border with more than three countries. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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2

WHAT CAN YOU SEE IN THE WORLD? e blue planet ? th d lle ca h rt Ea e th is hy W

ese places? th f o y n a e is n g Do you reco

18

© Cambridge University Press 2019

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Five oceans, seven cont inents

Can you name any continen ts, seas or oceans?

D CUMENTARY

Great landmarks of the world

In this unit, you will become a travel journalist.

To do this, you will: • discover rivers and mountains from around the world.

• find out about the physical geography of Spain.

• describe where you have been and what you have seen to your classmates. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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HOW MUCH OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE IS WATER?

There are five oceans on Earth.

Find the oceans on the map.

Approximately 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water, in the form of oceans and seas. The rest of the Earth’s surface is land.

The land is divided into continents. A continent is a very large area of land.

North a North Americ North America America

Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean

Caribbean Sea Caribbean Sea Caribbean Sea

There are seven continents. Order them according to their area.

Pacific Pacific Ocean Ocean

Pacific Ocean

South a South Americ South America America

Which continent do you think has the most countries?

Find out which continent has the largest population.

20

Penguins do not only live in Antarctica.

There are penguins in South America, Africa and Australasia, too.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Af

Find three seas on the map.

Seas are smaller than oceans.

They are located where the oceans meet the land.

Arctic Ocean Arctic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Asia Asia Europe Europe

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Asia

Sea of Japan of Sea Japan

Europe

Sea of Japan

ean

Africa Africa

Africa

Arabian Arabian Sea Sea

Arabian Sea Indian

Indian Ocean Ocean

Pacific Pacific Ocean Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean

Australasia Australasia Australasia

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to name the five oceans and seven continents.

About 250 million years ago, there was only one continent, called Pangaea.

It was surrounded by one ocean, called Panthalassa. Find out why we have seven continents today, instead of one.

Southern n Souther Ocean Southern Ocean Ocean

Antarctica ica Antarct STAGE 1 Antarctica

• Fold two pieces of card in two to make a book and write your name inside.

• Get into groups of three.

• Ask each group member two questions about their country from Unit 1. Which continent is it on? Which oceans surround it?

• Add the information to the right-hand page of your journal. © Cambridge University Press 2019

Which contin ent is … on?

Which oceans surround … ?

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WHAT IS THE HIGHEST MOUNTAIN IN THE WORLD? This physical map shows the highest mountains on each continent. It also shows the longest rivers on Earth, as well as mountain ranges and deserts.

These are physical features.

Denali: 6,190 m

area A desert is a large little where there is very the rain. An example is frica.

Sahara Desert in A

Ma

Yukon

cke nzi e HUDSON BAY

an chi

s

ain

unt

Mo

ala

App

Missis

sippi

GREAT LAKES

ATLANTIC OCEAN

The Sahara Desert is not the biggest desert on Earth. Find out what is.

A river is a body of water that flows1 and moves over the land.

The Nile is the longest river in the world.

CARIBBEAN SEA

Amaz

PACIFIC OCEAN Th

e

Aconcagua: 6,961 m

An

de

on

s

ATACAMA DESERT

3000 m 1500 m 600 m 300 m CAPE HORN

100 m 0m

Vinson: 4,892 m

Sentinel

22

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Look at the key on the map. Which colour shows the highest mountain ranges?

FinCOV-19 d out 2020 what the widest river in the world is.

The Mekong flows through six countries in Asia.

A mountain is a large landform2 that is extremely tall and steep.

When mountains are foun d in a group, they are called mountain ranges.

ARTIC OCEAN

ng

e

Elbrus: 5,642 m Le

Ura

NORWEGIAN SEA

ou l M

Vol

ga

Carpa tian s D anube

Am

IAN

SP

BLACK SEA

SEA

MEDITERRANEAN

Ya n g

SEA

SEA OF JAPAN

tze

PACIFIC OCEAN

on g

ARABIAN SEA

Ni

le

A

SE

Puncak Jaya: 4,884 m

ek

D

RE

D E S E R T

a

M

Ganges S A H A R A

R

ur

Everest: 8,848 m

CA

lps

The A

a

LAKE BAIKAL

ins

Seine

ym Kol

Ob

nta

NORTH SEA

na

LAKE VICTORIA

KALAHARI DESERT

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to name the highest mountain on each continent.

Kilimanjaro: 5,895 m INDIAN OCEAN

Sudir

man

Rang

e

G R E AT S A N D Y DESERT G R E AT V I C T O R I A DESERT

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

Murray

The Himalayas are th e highest mountain ra nge in the world. They a re located in Asia and are home to Mount Evere st.

TASMAN SEA

SOUTHERN OCEAN

STAGE 2

Are there any rivers, mountains or deserts in … ?

500 km

© Cambridge University Press 2019

1 to flow: to move continuously in one direction (especially liquids) 2 landform: a feature of the Earth’s surface that has occurred naturally.

• Ask your group members about the physical features of their countries.

• Add this information to your travel journal.

• Draw the outline of their country in your travel journal and colour it.

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WHAT IS THE HIGHEST MOUNTAIN IN SPAIN? The highest mountain in Spain is Mount Teide. It is 3,718 metres high. It is located on Tenerife, in the Islas Canarias.

hich Find out w munities m o c s u o m autono Europa e d s o ic P the oss. extend acr

CORDILLERA CANTÁBRICA The Picos de Europa are located in the Cordillera Cantábrica.

SISTEMA CENTRAL The Sistema Central is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. There is a mountain there called La mujer muerta. If you look at it from Segovia, it looks like a woman is lying down and holding her hands.

SISTEMA IBÉRICO The Sistema Ibérico extends for more than 500 kilometres, from the north of Spain to the east.

The Duero and Tajo Rivers begin in this mountain range.

SIERRA MORENA 24

© Cambridge University Press 2019

The Sierra Morena is located in the south of Spain. The Iberian lynx can be found here.

PYRENEES

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The Pyrenees form a natural border between Spain and France. It extends from the Mar Cantábrico to the Mediterranean Sea.

Do you know what this waterfall is called? What does it look like?

By the end of this lesson, you will know which mountain range separates Spain from France.

CORDILLERA BÉTICA

What do people do in the Sierra Nevada?

The Cordillera Bética is located in the south and east of the Iberian Peninsula.

The highest point on the Iberian Peninsula, Mulhacén, is located in this mountain range, as is the Sierra Nevada.

STAGE 3

• Look for a physical map of Spain. Trace it into your journal.

• Find interesting information about Spanish mountain ranges.

• In your group, exchange information and make a list.

• Label each mountain range on the physical map with the information from your list. © Cambridge University Press 2019

I found out that …

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WHAT IS THE MOUTH OF A RIVER? The rivers in Spain empty into three major bodies of water: the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Mar Cantábrico.

The mouth of a river is where it meets another river or a lake, sea or ocean. The source of a river is where a river begins.

What does the expression You are like the Guadiana mean?

GUADALQUIVIR Source: Andalucía

GUADIANA Source: Castilla-La Mancha Mouth: Cádiz / Atlantic Ocean

Mouth: Cádiz / Atlantic Ocean Other information: There is a marshland1 near the mouth called the Marismas del Guadalquivir.

Other information: It forms a natural border between Spain and Portugal in two different places.

26

© Cambridge University Press 2019

What is the longest river in the world?

EBRO

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Source: Cantabria and Palencia Mouth: Tarragona / Mediterranean Sea Other information: It is the second longest river on the Iberian Peninsula.

A tributary is a river or stream that flows into a larger river or lake. Find out the names of three tributaries of the Ebro, Tajo and Guadalquivir.

TAJO Source: Aragón Ocean Mouth: Lisbon / Atlantic

Find out where the sources and the mouths of the Miño and the Segura are.

By the end of this lesson, you will know what the longest river in Spain is.

DUERO Source: Castilla y León, La Rioja Mouth: Porto / Atlantic Ocean Other information: It begins in the Sistema Ibérico.

Rivers are very helpful for humans. They provide an important natural resource: water. Dams are large man-made structures that block a river’s flow so we can store its water and produce electricity. How does this change the landscape?

is the Other information: It ian longest river on the Iber Peninsula.

ys In what other wa ivers? do humans use r

STAGE 4 • Choose a river in Spain. Look for information about where it flows through, its tributaries and what it is used for.

Its source is in the … and • Add this information to your travel it flows through … journal. Include photos or drawings.

• Highlight the key words in your sentences.

Then in your group, talk about your rivers.

This river’s mouth is … marshland: an area of soft, wet land with lots of grass

1

© Cambridge University Press 2019

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IS THERE A TRIANGLE IN ANDALUCÍA? The beautiful province of Andalucía is in the south of Spain.

It’s bordered by the province of Murcia to the east and Portugal to the west. What form the borders to the north and to the south?

Andalucía’s geography has three main areas:

By the end of this lesson, you will know the main physical features of Andalucía.

Can you find a triangle on the map?

The Sierra Morena is a group of old and low mountain ranges in the north of Andalucía. Can you find and name four important sierras from here?

The highest peak of the Sierra Morena mountains is Bañuela at 1,323 m

The Valle del Guadalquivir is a low area between the region’s two mountain ranges.

The Guadalquivir river and . We its tributaries run through the valley ba can find the cities of Sevilla and Córdo and here, as well as important factories main lines of communication.

28

The top of a mountain is calle d a summit or pea k.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Trace the map and add the two main rivers in Andalucía.

Which river connects two cities?

The Sistemas Béticos is made up of two cordilleras: the Cordillera Subbética and the Cordillera Penibética.

This is a group of very tall mountains that run along the Mediterranean Sea.

What is the highest mountain M ulhacén: 3,479 m in Andalucía?

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THAT’S A RELIEF!

Before you start Raised-relief maps are 3D representations of the Earth which show different levels of elevation.

Materials paper, pencil, colouring pencils, yellow and brown plasticine Method 1 Draw a large outline of Andalucía.

2 Colour in the outline green. This colour represents areas of low elevation.

3 Add yellow plasticine to represent areas of medium elevation.

4 Add brown plasticine to represent areas of high elevation, such as mountain ranges.

Conclusions Does Andalucía have lots of high elevation?

Is Andalucía quite flat or is it mountainous?

There is a lot of … elevat ion.

Find another type of map hidden in this unit.

when we receive f lie re a ’s at th on si es pr ex We use the about something. ng yi rr wo us s op st h ic wh news

© Cambridge University Press 2019

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Language skills 1

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Emma is talking to her sister Charlotte about their holiday to Slovenia.

What was their favourite part? Match a–d to Emma or Charlotte in your notebook.

Emma

Charlotte

b a

2

d c

Copy the sentences with the correct option in your notebook. a Mount Everest is the highest / highest / higher mountain in the world. b Zaragoza is windier / the windyest / the windiest city in Spain. c What is the most dry / driest /dryest place in Andalucía? d Seas are smaller than / more small / smaller oceans. e There are seven continents at / in / on Earth.

30

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Review 1

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Look and read. Copy the descriptions in your notebook and choose the correct words.

continents

oceans

seas

mountains

a There are five of these on Earth. b There are seven of these large areas of land on Earth. c These are very tall and steep areas of land. d These are found where an ocean meets the land.

2

Answer the questions in your notebook. a Name two mountain ranges in Andalucía. b Which is the longest river in Spain? c What is a mountain range?

Go to page 80 for more activities.

FINALE

• Draw and design a cover for your travel journal.

• Get into new groups of three.

• Imagine that you have travelled to the places in your travel journal. Tell your new group First, I went to … , which is in … . l trave your about your amazing journey. Use Then, I went to … and saw … . journal to help you remember what you saw.

It was incredible! © Cambridge University Press 2019

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3

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BE TWEEN ROCKS AND MINER ALS ?

Can you name any of these rocks?

Do you know what we use these rocks for?

32

© Cambridge University Press 2019

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The layers of the geosphere

Can you name any of these minerals?

D CUMENTARY

Mining for rocks

In this unit, you will become an Earth scientist and you will share your knowledge in an interview. To do this, you will: • learn about the geosphere and its different layers.

• understand how rocks are different from minerals.

• be able to identify and classify different types of rocks and minerals. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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WHERE CAN WE FIND MAGMA? What is underneath the ground you walk on every day?

The solid part of the Earth is called the geosphere.

It is made up of four layers: re is The inner co the the centre of o the Earth. It is als hottest part!

The Earth’s crust is constantly changing because the magma underneath it moves. Forces, like wind and moving water, also change it.

STAGE 1 • Get into groups of three.

• Do research to find out what a geologist does.

• Prepare a list of questions about geology and find out the answers. For example: • What is geology?

• What tools do geologists use?

• Where do geologists work? © Cambridge University Press 2019

The outer core is the layer aroun d the inner core. The o uter core is liquid.

When volcanoes erupt, what comes out of them?

The mantle is the thickest layer of the geosphere. It is made up of magma, which is semi-liquid rock.

34

By the end of this lesson, you will know what the lithosphere is.

The crust is the top layer of the geosphere. It is thinner than the other layers.

The crust is solid and forms the continents, with its physical features, and ocean floor.

The lithosphere is the solid outer part that includes the crust and top of the mantle.

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MAKE YOUR OWN GEOSPHERE

Before you start The geosphere is made up of four layers: the inner core, the outer core, the mantle and the crust.

Materials plasticine in six different colours: yellow, orange, red, brown, blue, green; rolling pin Method 1 Make a small ball of yellow plasticine.

2 Using a rolling pin, flatten the orange plasticine. Then cover the yellow ball with it.

3 Flatten the red plasticine and cover again. This layer should be thicker than the others.

4 Flatten the brown plasticine and cover again.

5 Flatten the blue plasticine and cover again. This is the last layer.

6 Make the continents using the green plasticine. Stick them on.

7 With the help of an adult, cut the ball in two.

Conclusions What does each colour represent?

Which two layers make up the lithosphere? Š Cambridge University Press 2019

Make labels using cocktail sticks and masking tape.

Stick them on each layer.

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WHY ARE ROCKS IMPORTANT? The lithosphere is made up of rocks. These are solid materials which form naturally. Rocks are made up of minerals. Some rocks are made up of different minerals and others are made up of only one material.

Granite is made up of three different minerals: quartz, feldspar and mica.

Marble is made up of only one mineral: calcite.

CLASSIFYING ROCKS We classify rocks into three main groups: sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic.

Sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments1 that are carried by rivers and settle at the bottom of lakes, seas or oceans. The sediments are compressed over millions of years. They solidify and become rocks.

limestone

sandstone

shale

Fossils are commonly found in sedimentary rocks.

Igneous rocks are formed by the magma in the Earth’s mantle. When magma comes to the surface through volcanic eruptions, it cools and forms igneous rocks. Igneous rocks can also form below the Earth’s surface. These are called intrusive rocks.

basalt 36

granite

© Cambridge University Press 2019

pumice

Pumice has lots of holes because of the gases present in volcanic eruptions.

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Metamorphic rocks are originally sedimentary or igneous rocks. These rocks are transformed over time by intense heat and pressure below the Earth’s surface.

slate

marble

gneiss

quartzite

By the end of this lesson, you will know the three types of rocks.

What is the silent letter in this word?

med from. r fo is te la s t a h Find out w

HOW DO WE USE ROCKS?

What physical features are made up of rocks?

Rocks are an important part of our daily lives. We use them in all types of things.

We use marble in floors and work surfaces.

We use slate in the roofs of houses.

We use chalk to write things on the board.

We use granite to build houses.

STAGE 2 .

• In the same groups, do research to find out what a petrologist does ers.

• Prepare a list of questions about petrology and find out the answ For example: • What is petrology? How is it related to geology?

• What tools do petrologists use?

• Where do petrologists work? sediments: small solid particles that are carried by a river

1

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IS A DIAMOND A ROCK? Minerals are solid substances which form naturally.

We classify minerals by observing some of their characteristics.

COLOUR Minerals occur in many different colours. Some minerals always have the same colour, whereas others can occur in Azurite is different colours. always blue.

LUSTRE Lustre is another way of saying ‘shininess’. We can classify minerals depending on how shiny or dull they are.

Calcite can occur in different colours.

Quartz has a Pyrite has a Kaolinite has Jade has a vitreous lustre. metallic lustre. a dull lustre. waxy lustre.

CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE Minerals can occur in crystal form.

Some crystals break into different parts with flat surfaces. This is called cleavage. Others leave a more uneven surface. This is called fracture.

In mica we can observe cleavage.

In magnetite we can observe fracture.

HARDNESS 1 2 3 4 5 The hardness of a mineral is how Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite difficult it is to scratch1 it. We use the Mohs scale to measure the 6 7 8 9 10 hardness of a mineral. On the Feldspar Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond scale, each mineral can scratch the ones previous to it.

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How do we use minerals?

Minerals are incredibly beautiful and incredibly useful.

They are an important part of our daily lives. We use them in computers, smartphones, lightbulbs and even the path outside your house.

Minerals are also present in

By the end of this lesson, you will know how we classify minerals.

our body. Can you think of any?

Gypsum is used to make cement.

Quartz is used to make watches.

Mica is used in toasters.

Copper is used to make coins.

Rocks and minerals are natural resources. They are found in nature, but humans use them to their advantage.

We sometimes have to change the landscape to do this, which can affect other living things. An example is in mining.

have Are there any landscapes near you that been changed to get natural resources?

Find a diamond hidden in the unit.

Gypsum is also used to make medical casts.

STAGE 3 .

• In the same groups, do research to find out what a mineralogist does ers.

• Prepare a list of questions about mineralogy and find out the answ For example: • What is mineralogy? How is it related to geology and petrology?

• What tools do mineralogists use?

• Where do mineralogists work? to scratch: to mark the surface of an object with another object

1

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Language skills 1

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Which objects are made with these minerals? Listen to the mineralogist and write the letters in your notebook.

a

graphite

b

quartz

c

iron

d

bauxite 2

a

Look at the pictures and write in your notebook what these rocks and minerals are used for.

b

a We use marble to make floors.

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c

d

Review 1

Use the Mohs scale to identify these minerals.

a

2

a

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• It can scratch quartz and feldspar.

• It cannot scratch a diamond.

• It is softer than corundum.

b

• It can scratch fluorite and gypsum.

• It can be scratched by topaz.

• It is harder than apatite, but softer than quartz.

Look closely at these rocks. In your notebook, identify them and classify them as sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic.

b

c

d

FINALE

Go to page 82 for more activities.

• It’s time to inter view the Earth scientists!

• Each member of the group chooses a profession: geologist, petrologist or mineralogist.

• Two members of the group move to other groups and ask the members questions about their profession using the three lists of questions you have already prepared.

• Ask some different questions that are not on the list to test the scientist you are inter viewing! © Cambridge University Press 2019

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4

W HE R E D O E S F L A M E N C O C O M E FR O M ?

Do you know any of these traditions?

Where do these traditions take place ?

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Geography of Spain

Are there any traditions or ea? celebrations in your local ar

D CUMENTARY

Places to visit in Spain In this unit, you will create a slide presentation about Spain.

To do this, you will: • learn about the political geography of Spain.

• discover some autonomous communities.

• find out about different traditions and cultures in Spain. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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HOW MANY PROVINCES ARE THERE IN ANDALUCÍA? In Spain, there are 17 autonomous communities which are divided into 50 provinces. There are also two autonomous cities, Ceuta and Melilla. Most of Spain’s territory is on the Iberian Peninsula, but it also has two archipelagos, the Islas Baleares and the Islas Canarias.

By the end of this lesson, you will know how Spain is divided into autonomous communities, autonomous cities and provinces.

Which autonomous communities are not divided into multiple provinces?

What are the autonomous communities and provinces called in their co-official languages?

STAGE 1

Which continent are Ceuta and Melilla located on?

• Create a slide presentation. Use the first slide for the title.

• Add a second slide with information about Spain (area, population, etc.).

• Search online for a political map of Spain. Insert it into the third slide.

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SPAIN IS A PUZZLE

Before you start Spain is made up of seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities.

Materials outline of a political map of Spain, colouring pencils, scissors, glue (optional), foam sheets (optional) Method 1 Colour in the autonomous communities and autonomous cities on the map in different colours. Then, cut them out.

2 Try to make a complete political map of Spain by putting the pieces together – like a puzzle!

Conclusions Where should you place the two archipelagos?

Which is the biggest autonomous community?

© Cambridge University Press 2019

You can try sticking the autonomous communities to foam sheets and cutting them out, before doing the puzzle.

The … should go in the … Ocean / Sea.

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WHAT’S SMALLER THAN A PROVINCE? You know how Spain is divided up, but why? The Constitution of Spain created autonomous regions that could have their own traditions, cultures and laws. This way, regions can better provide services to their people and hold on to their identities.

AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES Each has its own capital, flag, languages and government. A president, councillors and parliament, elected by the people, make decisions and laws just for their autonomous community.

Can you identify each autonomous com munity’s flag?

PROVINCES They make up the autonomous communities and can also have a government, called a provincial council that coordinates services between the municipalities.

Can you find the crest of Andalucía hidden in the unit?

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How many are there?

What is thi in your l s called anguage ?

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MUNICIPALITIES

They can be just one city or village or a group of villages.

Each municipality has its own local council made up of councillors and a mayor. Every four years, the people of each municipality vote for the councillors and then they choose one to be the mayor.

By the end of this lesson, you will know how local governments are organised.

The local council organises and provides municipal services to help improve the lives of citizens.

Residents, who make up the municipality’s population, pay for the municipal services.

When we buy things part of the money goes to the local council, so does part of the pay from each working adult. These are called taxes and without them the local council wouldn’t function.

Where is your town’s local council?

Do you know who the mayor is?

STAGE 2 t • Choose five autonomous communities and find out information abou them like capital, big cities, numbers of provinces, president and flag.

• Create a fourth slide and add the information. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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WHAT IS MY ROLE? Your town or city belongs to everyone and it’s up to us to be good citizens, respect the laws and take care of our public spaces.

Safety equipment like helmets on cyclists and seat belts in cars must be used properly. Can you find examples of good and bad use?

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The streets are organised to keep cars, buses, bikes and pedestrians moving along and safe. We all need to follow the rules of the road. Who can you see that isn’t?

Can you see any municipal services in action? Find someone working for the municipality.

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nything a t u o h it w e r tu ic Imagine the p what would , il c n u o c l a c lo e built by th ? the city look like What rules are important when riding a bus?

What is the are a called where you can cross the street? © Cambridge University Press 2019

By the end of this lesson, you will understand the importance of road safety and municipal services.

Signs give us information about what we can and can’t do or things to watch out for. Do you know what any of these signs mean? Make a chart with a drawing and description of the signs in the picture.

Add one more from your town.

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WHAT DO TOURISTS VISIT IN SPAIN? Spain has a rich and diverse culture. Traditions, food, music, clothes, architecture and languages differ from one area to another.

Look at the map below to find out about different cultures in Spain.

What protects and encourages local traditions and languages?

GALICIA The Camino de Santiago is a pilgrim’s1 walk that begins at different places across Europe.

The walk finishes in the city of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia.

MADRID

50

On 15 May every year, there is a festival in Madrid called San Isidro. People wear traditional clothes.

There is also a traditional dance called the chotis madrileño.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

GRANADA Granada is a city where we can see a lot of Moorish influence.

The Alhambra was originally a Moorish palace.

COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA

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Paella is a rice dish that comes from the Comunidad Valenciana. It can contain rabbit, chicken, green beans and seafood. Valencia is known for a festival called the Fallas, in which people build structures and caricatures to burn at night.

By the end of this lesson, you will know where we can see Moorish influence in Spain.

BARCELONA

SEVILLA

Andalucía is known for flamenco, an art form which includes singing, playing the guitar and dancing.

Sevilla is considered to be one of the birthplaces2 of the art form.

Barcelona is in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Some of its famous landmarks are the Sagrada Familia and the Park Güell.. These two landmarks were designed by the architect Antoni Gaudí.

SAN SEBASTIÁN

San Sebastián has a famous beach, the Playa de La Concha.

The water is cold, but the views are incredible!

In the 8th century, a group of people from Northern Africa conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula. In English, we call this group of people the Moors.

STAGE 3 • Find out about the culture of your five autonomous communities (food, architecture, festivals and landmarks).

• Create a fifth slide and add the information.

1 pilgrim: a person who travels to a sacred place for religious reasons birthplace: the place where something began 2

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Language skills 1

Copy and complete the sentences using the words in the box. quickly a b c d

2

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quietly

carefully

slowly

Wow! The fire fighters ..... put out the fire.

You should cross the street ..... when there is no traffic light.

It is important to speak ..... while in the public library.

The traffic here moves ..... because of all the stop signs.

Read the diary and write the missing words in your notebook.

Write one word for each gap.

a

We are having a really nice time ..... holiday. We have been to lots

b

of different places all around Spain. First, we ..... to Barcelona and saw some of its famous landmarks. I loved the Sagrada Familia.

52

c

It is much bigger ..... it looks in photos. Then, we went to Sevilla and

d

..... a flamenco show. It was incredible. At the moment, we are in

e

the Pyrenees. I am very excited ..... I love mountains and snow!

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Review

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1

In your notebook, match the provinces to the autonomous communities. a Lugo Andalucía b León Extremadura c Córdoba Castilla y León d Badajoz Aragón e Teruel Galicia

2

In your notebook, complete the mind map about local councils.

local council members

services ..... .....

..... .....

..... .....

Go to page 84 for more activities.

FINALE

• Complete your slide presentation. Make sure each section contains a title.

Check your slides for spelling and grammar mistakes.

• Prepare a quiz for your classmates. Test them on their knowledge of autonomous regions and Spanish culture.

• Use your slide presentation to give the answers. Award points. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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5

CAN YOU WR ITE THE YEAR IN ROMAN NUMER ALS ?

What information can the things in the pictures give us?

Can you name this painting?

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© Cambridge University Press 2019

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Where is this wall?

Journey into the past

D CUMENTARY

Historical findings

In this unit, you will become a historian and investigate the history of your local area or country.

To do this, you will: • learn about artefacts and how to find them.

• learn about different types of historical sources.

• understand the different measurements of time.

Are there any historical landmarks in your local area?

• make a history booklet about your local area or your country. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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WHAT DO ARCHAEOLOGISTS STUDY?

By the end of this lesson, you will know how to look for artefacts.

Archaeologists study artefacts to learn about the past.

Artefacts are objects that have historical significance. Some artefacts are thousands of years old and give us information about what life was like then.

Archaeologists carry out excavations to look for and find artefacts.

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

A grid is set up.

Each square in the grid has a different coordinate, for example A–5 or B–2.

The soil is removed using tools such as shovels and trowels.

STAGE 3

STAGE 4

Any objects that archaeologists think might be artefacts are carefully extracted using brushes, sieves and magnifying glasses.

The archaelogists write a report about the artefacts. The artefacts are then displayed in museums for other people to observe and learn about them.

STAGE 1

Find out what palaeontologists study!

• With a partner, find out about any artefacts that have been found in your local area or your country.

• What are the artefacts and where were they found?

Exchange information with other classmates.

Archaeologists found … in … .

• Make a list with your partner.

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STUDYING DINOSAURS

Before you start Palaeontologists are similar to archaeologists, but they excavate and study fossils, such as dinosaur fossils, instead of artefacts.

Materials plasticine, toy dinosaur, plaster of Paris Method 1 Make a ball of plasticine. Make one side of the ball of plasticine smooth.

2 Press the toy dinosaur in to the plasticine and then remove it.

3 Pour some plaster of Paris on to the impression left by the dinosaur.

4 Wait until the plaster is dry and separate it from the plasticine.

You can pa

int the plaster to make it look like a ro ck.

Conclusions What can you see in the plaster?

Why do you think these things can be found in rocks?

Perhaps …

Fossils are found in rocks because …

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WHERE CAN WE FIND INFORMATION ABOUT THE PAST? A person who studies history is called a historian.

They study different types of historical sources.

Oral sources can be spoken or sung. They include stories, interviews1, songs, plays and poems.

Plays which originated in Ancient Greece have been performed2 for thousands of years. They give us information about what life was like in Ancient Greece.

The Persians was first performed in 472 BC. It was last performed in 2010 – 2,482 years later!

Some of the earliest written examples of the Castellano and Euskera languages are found in the Glosas Emilianenses, documents from the 11th century AD.

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Written sources contain information that has been written down. They include books, letters, poems, diaries, newspapers and sheet music.

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Visual sources include paintings, photographs and films.

In the Cave of Altamira in Cantabria, there are prehistoric cave paintings from between 13,000 and 35,000 years ago.

By the end of this lesson, you will know about different types of historical sources.

Physical sources include coins, pottery3, tools, monuments and buildings.

The Aqueduct of Segovia was completed in the 2nd century AD when the Romans lived on the Iberian Peninsula.

It extends for 15 kilometres.

Which historical sources can you see on

• Find out about historical sources from your local area or your country.

• Write paragraphs about them. Include information about what type of source they are and what they tell us about the past. © Cambridge University Press 2019

1 interview: a meeting where one person asks another person questions 2 to perform: to do something to entertain people 3 pottery: objects that are made out of clay

STAGE 2

pages 54 and 55?

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HOW MANY YEARS ARE THERE IN A MILLENNIUM? We use different measurements of time.

These measurements divide time into short periods and long periods.

A year has 365 days, or 12 months.

There are 10 years in a decade.

There are 100 years in a century.

How many decades are there in a century?

There are 1,000 years in a millennium.

How many centuries are there in a millennium? How many decades?

We talk about centuries using ordinal numbers1.

For example, the 20th century refers to the years 1901–2000.

The 19th century refers to the years 1801–1900.

1492 60

1937

Columbus arrives Picasso paints © Cambridge University PressGuernica.

2019 in America.

1889 The Eiffel Tower is completed.

In which centuries did these events take place?

1791 The Brandenburg Gate is completed.

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By the end of this lesson, you will know in which century Columbus arrived in America.

We also use BC and AD to talk about time: • BC refers to the time before the birth of Jesus Christ. BC stands for ‘before Christ’.

• AD refers to the time after the birth of Jesus Christ. AD stands for anno Domini ('in the year of the lord').

before the year.

We put BC after the year but we put AD

3000 BC

2000 BC

1000 BC

AD 1

AD 1000

AD 2000

AD (anno Domini )

BC (before Christ) Most of the time, we do not write or say 'AD'. For example, we usually say ‘2018’ and not ‘AD 2018’.

Which language nno are the words a ?

Domini written in

STAGE 3

© Cambridge University Press 2019

1 ordinal numbers: numbers we use to put things in order, for example first, second, third, fourth, etc.

• Find out about important historical events that took place in your local area or in your country. You can ask your teacher or use the internet for help.

• Make a timeline which shows BC and AD, and add the events to it.

• Find out how old your historical sources from Stage 2 are. Add them to the timeline.

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WHAT DID THE ROMANS DO FOR US? Roman Numeral

The Romans used a system of letters called Roman numerals to represent numbers.

Number

I V X L C D M

The Romans used seven letters to represent seven different numbers.

When a numeral appears after a larger numeral, it is added:

1 5 10 50 100 500 1,000

When a numeral appears before a larger numeral, it is subtracted:

VI = V + I = 6

IV = V – I = 4

They combined these letters to represent any number.

100

C

1

2

3

4

5

6

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

10

20

30

40

50

60

X

XX XXX

XL

L

LX

600

700

200

300

400 500

CC CCC CD

D

7

9

8

VII VIII 70

80

LXX LXXX 800

900

DC DCC DCCC CM

IX 90

XC 1,000

M

Find a Roman numeral written on a wall hidden in this unit.

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By the end of this lesson, you will know how the Romans counted using letters.

Some analogue1 clocks and watches use Roman numerals to show the time.

Roman numerals are sometimes used on public buildings and monuments.

The Puerta de Alcalá is one of the most famous monuments in Madrid.

The Statue of Liberty holds a tablet with Roman numerals on it. They represent the year the United States of America gained its independence.

What year is written in R oman numerals?

We also use Roman numerals in the titles of monarchs.

The current Spanish monarch is Felipe VI. STAGE 4

© Cambridge University Press 2019

1 analogue (watch or clock): showing the time using a hand, rather than digits

• Convert the dates on your timeline from Stage 3 into Roman numerals.

• Write the Roman numerals above or below the dates.

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Language skills

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1

Look at the three pictures. Write about this story in your notebook.

Write 20 or more words.

2

Talk to a partner. What are you going to do tomorrow?

a

c

b

art gallery

museum

film

e

d

I’m going to …

play 64

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concert

Review 1

Complete a–d in your notebook.

a

c

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There are ..... years, or ..... days, in a decade.

d

There are ..... days, ..... years, ..... decades or ..... centuries in a millennium.

There are ..... days, ..... years or ..... decades in a century.

Complete the table in your notebook.

1

10

17

V 3

b

There are ..... days in a year.

50 XLI

114 LIX

C

500

1,000

D

Write the following in your notebook: a the current year in numbers b the current year in Roman numerals c the current century in numbers d the current century in Roman numerals Go to page 86 for more activities.

FINALE

• Make a history booklet about your local area or your country. Include the information you found out about artefacts and historical sources.

• Include your timeline of important historical events.

• Add photos and / or drawings.

• Design a cover for your booklet which shows the name of your local area or your country. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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6

WHO BUILT THE PYRAMIDS?

2000000 BC

Prehistory

3200 BC

Ancient History

Which of thes e periods of history occurr ed before the birth of Jesus Christ?

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AD 47 6

The Middle Ages

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Do you recognise any of the places or events in the pictures?

AD 1453

ly r a E The ern Age Mod

Prehistory to the present

AD 1789

al events ic r to is h r e th o y n Can you name a periods? e s e th g in r u d e that took plac

The Modern Age

D CUMENTARY

Let’s go back in time

In this unit, you will create a museum. To do this, you will: • learn about Prehistory and how people lived during this period. ce • discover the ancient civilisations of the Ancient Rome, Ancient Gree and Ancient Egypt.

• understand how the Middle Ages was a period of disease, but also of progress.

• learn how science, art, technology, industry and communication developed during the Early Modern Age and the Modern Age. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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WHEN DID PEOPLE START USING FIRE? Prehistory began with the appearance of the first humans, about two million years ago. It ended with the introduction of writing systems, around 3200 BC. Prehistory is divided into two periods:

By the end of this lesson, you will understand what the word nomad means.

Neolithic Period

Palaeolithic Period o.

• Began around two million years ag imals.

• People lived in caves and hunted an fire.

• They used simple tools and controlled y • People were nomads. This means the moved from place to place.

• Began around 10000 BC. • People began to live in one place.

• They farmed crops and kept domestic animals, such as sheep.

Try organising your information around the timeline.

STAGE 1 Get into groups of four pupils to make a Prehistory display. In your groups: • Pupil 1: Design and draw a timeline for the period of history.

• Pupil 2: Find or draw pictures to show how prehistoric people lived.

• Pupil 3: Find or draw pictures of artefacts from this period.

• Pupil 4: Write a short paragraph describing Prehistory. You can look for extra information on the internet.

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PREHISTORIC PAINTINGS

Before you start Prehistoric people painted using charcoal and animal fat.

Materials brown wrapping paper, sticky tape, charcoal, chalk pastels Method 1 Crumple up a piece of brown wrapping paper and stick it under a table.

2 Find out what things prehistoric people represented in their artwork.

3 Use the charcoal to create prehistoric artwork. Add colour using the chalk pastels.

Conclusions What things can we see in prehistoric art?

We can see … in prehistoric art.

Where did prehistoric people make their art? What does the brown I think the brown wrapping wrapping paper represent? paper represents …

© Cambridge University Press 2019

You can also draw and colour a handprint.

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WHO INVENTED CENTRAL HEATING? Ancient History began with the introduction of writing systems, around 3200 BC. It ended with the fall¹ of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476.

Great ancient civilisations emerged during this period. One of them was Ancient Rome. The Romans introduced many innovations to the places they conquered:

central heating

roads

newspapers

the calendar

Today, we can still see the influence of Ancient Roman civilisation in Spain:

Roman bridge in Cáceres

70

Roman temple in Cádiz

Roman circus² Roman amphitheatre © Cambridge in MéridaUniversity Press 2019 in Tarragona

Roman mosaics in Sevilla

Can you find any Roman structures in Unit 5?

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Before the Ancient Romans, the Ancient Greeks developed ideas that still influence our lives today.

democracy

sport and the Olympic Games

theatre

Pythagoras discovered a way to measure triangles.

advances in philosophy, science and mathematics

The Ancient Egyptians formed a civilisation before both the Ancient Greeks and the Ancient Romans did.

By the end of this lesson, you will know how ancient civilisations still influence the world we live in today.

They were ruled by the pharaohs.

They built the pyramids.

They wrote using hieroglyphics.

STAGE 2

Find an Ancient Egyptian sphinx hidden it the unit.

• In the same groups, make a display about an ancient civilisation. n.

• Pupil 1: Find or draw pictures of how people lived in your civilisatio • Pupil 2: Write a shor t paragraph describing the civilisation.

• Pupil 3: Design a timeline of the civilisation.

• Pupil 4: Find or draw pictures of artefacts from the civilisation.

1 fall: a loss of power or control 2 circus: round or oval-shaped arena used for sport and games

Try organising your information aroundPress the 2019 timeline. © Cambridge University

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WHAT WAS THE BLACK DEATH?

By the end of this lesson, you will know what the Crusades were.

The Middle Ages began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476. It was a period of progress, but also of war and disease. It ended with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

WARS

TRADE

There were lots of wars in the Middle Ages. The Hundred Years’ War was fought between England and France.

Many castles were built in this period for protection.

There was an increase in trade during the Middle Ages.

Merchants1 from Europe, Asia and North Africa traded goods such as wool, wheat, iron, spices, cloth and silk.

Did the Hundred Years' War really last for a hundred years?

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Why do you think castles were usually built at the top of a hill?

UNIVERSITIES

THE BLACK DEATH

The first university in Europe was founded2 in Italy in the 11th century. The first university in the world was the University of al-Qarawiyyin in Morocco, which was founded centuries earlier in AD 859.

The Black Death was a plague which spread quickly through Europe. It killed about 75 million people in the 14th century. The plague was carried by fleas and the fleas were carried by rats.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Towns in the Middle Ages were very dirty. Why do you think the Black Death spread so quickly?

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THE CRUSADES During the Middle Ages, Christians from Europe travelled to the Holy Land3 to try to recover it from the Muslims.

The Crusades took place during the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries.

At this time, the Iberian Peninsula was divided into areas of Christian culture and Islamic culture.

NEW IDEAS AND DISCOVERIES FROM THE EAST The Christians could not keep any of the lands they conquered during the Crusades.

However, they did return with lots of new discoveries, such as gunpowder and new musical instruments. They also brought back new ideas about medicine, science and mathematics.

• In the same groups, make a display about the Middle Ages.

• Pupil 1: Find or draw pictures of artefacts from the Middle Ages.

• Pupil 2: Design a timeline.

• Pupil 3: Write a short paragraph describing the period.

• Pupil 4: Find or draw pictures of how people lived during this period. © Cambridge University Press 2019

1 merchant: someone who buys and sells goods 2 to found: to start an organisation, such as a university 3 Holy Land: an area in the Middle East of religious importance to Jews, Christians and Muslims

STAGE 3

Try organising your display into different sections, such as disease, war, education, innovations, etc.

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WHO INVENTED PRINTING? The Early Modern Age began about 550 years ago and ended with the French Revolution in 1789. It was a period of art, discovery, invention and learning.

By the end of this lesson, you will be familiar with inventions from the Early Modern Age.

1450 The printing press is invented by Gutenberg.

The invention of the printing press made it easier to spread news and ideas across Europe.

1498 Da Vinci paints The Last Supper.

Da Vinci helped revolutionise art.

He also painted Mona Lisa.

1687 Newton publishes his theory of gravity.

This was also a period of science. During this time, people started carrying out experiments and recording the results.

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1789 The French Revolution takes place.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

1492 Columbus arrives in America.

Explorers, such as Christopher Columbus, brought back new foods, goods and medicines from their expeditions.

1652 The calculator is invented.

Inventions, such as the calculator, the telescope, telescope, the piano and various weapons,, changed the world forever.

The Spanish Empire conquered land in Europe, North America, South America, Africa and Asia during this period.

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WHY WAS THE STEAM ENGINE AN IMPORTANT INVENTION? The Modern Age began in 1789 with the French Revolution. It was a time of revolution and change … and it is not over yet!

By the end of this lesson, you will understand how much life has changed over the past 200 years.

The invention of the steam engine started the Industrial Revolution. Many factories opened and products were manufactured more cheaply and quickly. Many people moved from rural to urban areas to work in the factories.

There was also a revolution in transport.

The bicycle and the automobile were invented in the 19th century. Thanks to the steam locomotive, materials and people could be transported much more quickly.

There was also a revolution in communication. With the invention of the telegraph, telephone and radio, people could communicate more quickly and over greater distances.

The steam engine was used in factories.

What was it used for?

What other machine was invented in the Modern Age that we use almost every day?

STAGE 4

• In the same groups, make displays about the Early Modern Age and the Modern Age. • Pupil 1: Write a paragraph describing each period.

• Pupil 2: Find or draw pictures of inventions from each period.

• Pupil 3: Find or draw pictures of how people lived during each period.

• Pupil 4: Design a timeline for each period. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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Language skills 1

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Listen and identify the correct box.

1 What did Grandma do in her free time?

a

c

b

2 How did Grandma get to work?

a

2

Match and copy the sentences in your notebook.

a b c d e

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c

b

The Romans built great structures

before the 11th century.

There were not any European universities

people were nomads.

Communication became easier

before painting the Mona Lisa.

Before the Neolithic Period, Leonardo Da Vinci finished The Last Supper

© Cambridge University Press 2019

which we can still see today. with the invention of the telephone.

Review 1

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Copy the text into your notebook. Choose a word from the box.

Write the correct word next to letters a–e.

Black Death democracy Palaeolithic Period communication Ancient History In the (a) ....., people did not live in one place.

They moved from place to place. People began to live in one place during the Neolithic Period. (b) ..... saw advances which still influence our lives today, such as (c) ....., theatre, roads and central heating.

There was much poverty, disease and war during the Middle Ages. The (d) ..... killed millions of people. However, there was also progress, such as the development of trade.

This progress continued into the Early Modern Age with new discoveries and inventions.

Today we live in the Modern Age, in which transport and (e) ..... are easier and faster than ever before.

2

Which is the odd one out? Explain why. a Ancient Rome / Ancient Greece / Spanish Empire / Ancient Egypt b telescope / telegraph / the internet / radio

Go to page 88 for more activities.

FINALE • In your groups, set up a museum using the displays you have made for the different periods of history.

• Invite your classmates to visit your museum. Organise a timetable.

• Each group member is responsible for describing a different period of history to the visitors.

• Arrange with other groups to visit their museums. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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1

Questions

Think about it 1 Name three things that you can see on 7 Is this sentence true or false? a political map.

Small-scale maps show more detail than large-scale maps.

2 If you want to draw a map of your city, would it be easier to draw a political, physical or street map?

3 Which type of map shows different levels of elevation?

4 Name the four cardinal points.

5 Explain to your partner how to magnetise a needle.

6 Does a map of the world have a small scale or a large scale?

8 What type of map should I use to find out where the metro stops are in my city?

9 Describe to your partner how to get from your house to a nearby place. Make sure you use the correct language.

10 What type of map do you use to find your way around a department store?

Think harder 1 What are the similarities and differences 6 What type of map should you use if between a physical and political map? you are going hillwalking? Why? 2 With a partner, find a street map with coordinates on it. Challenge your partner to find some places on the map. Where is the post office? It’s in square A5.

3 Name the two things that all maps should have.

4 Which do you think are more popular today: paper maps or digital maps?

Which type of map do you think is easier to use? Why? 5 Why do compasses always point north?

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7 Use a map of your local area with a scale to calculate the distance between your house and your school.

8 A map has a scale of 1 cm: 7 km.

The distance between the airport and the train station on the map is 5.5 cm.

What is the real distance?

9 In pairs, discuss the last time you used a map to find your way.

10 Discuss with a partner how political maps have changed over time.

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Study aid

Tip Making Venn diagrams can help us learn and revise the differences and similarities between two things.

Political maps

Physical maps

continents seas

countries

oceans

cities

mountains mountain ranges lakes

political borders

rivers

Tip We can calculate the scale of a map using division.

Real distance from Madrid to Barcelona = 500 kilometres Distance on map = 5 centimetres real distance ÷ map distance

500 km

500 ÷ 5 = 100

1 cm = 100 km © Cambridge University Press 2019

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2

Questions

Think about it 1 How many continents are there?

Make a list of them.

2 How much of the Earth is covered in water?

3 Name three features shown on a physical map.

6 What is the longest river in Spain?

7 Which mountain range are the Picos de Europa located in?

8 What is the highest mountain on the Iberian Peninsula? Where is it located?

9 Is this sentence true or false? The Guadalquivir flows through País Vasco.

4 What is the highest mountain in the world? Which continent is it found on? 10 List the main areas of Andalucía’s 5 Copy or trace a world map. Label the geography. continents and the oceans. Then, label the longest rivers and the highest mountains.

Think harder 1 Name five oceans and three seas.

Explain to a partner the difference between a sea and an ocean.

6 How much smaller is the highest mountain in Andalucía than the highest mountain in the world?

2 Find out which ocean is the warmest and which is the smallest.

7 Name the rivers that form natural borders between Spain and Portugal.

3 Explain to a partner the difference between a mountain and a mountain range.

8 Find out which countries the Pyrenees extend across.

9 Explain to a partner the difference between a river’s source and mouth.

4 What is the longest river in the world?

Find out which countries it flows 10 Create a chant to help you remember through. the mountains and rivers in Andalucía.

5 Find out more about the longest river in the world. What is it used for?

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Study aid

Š Cambridge University Press 2019

Tip We can create and play games to help us remember important information.

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3

Questions

Think about it 1 In what layer of the Earth is magma found?

6 Name three characteristics we use to classify minerals.

2 On what layer of the Earth do we live?

7 What is another way of saying lustre?

3 Name a rock that is made up of only one mineral.

8 Name four minerals that can scratch fluorite.

4 How long does it take for sedimentary rocks to form?

9 How do we get rocks and minerals from the Earth?

5 Explain how igneous rocks form.

10 List three ways we use rocks and three ways we use minerals.

Think harder 1 On which layer of the Earth can we see 7 What is the difference between physical features? intrusive and extrusive rocks?

2 Can the crust of the Earth change?

Explain to a partner how it does.

8 Where do you think the Mohs scale gets its name from?

3 Is the inner core solid or liquid?

Find out.

9 Apart from making coins, what is copper used for?

4 When does lava become magma?

Find out.

5 How are igneous rocks different from sedimentary rocks?

6 Explain to a partner how metamorphic rocks are related to igneous and sedimentary rocks.

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10 Is this sentence true or false?

The Earth will always have rocks and minerals so humans can use as much as they want.

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Study aid

Tip

We don’t just learn about the world around us by reading books and going to school.

One of the best ways to help us understand the things we learn in school is to go out into the real world and put our knowledge into action.

Fieldwork is when a scientist does research in a natural environment – not in an office or at school. You too can do fieldwork!

Fieldwork

Saturday, 14 Decembe r 2019

Location: The park near my house Time of day: 12:00–13 :00 Rock found: granite Description: The colour of the rock is grey.

It is heavy. The surface is rough. There are small shiny parts on it.

I think this is mica, which is a mineral foun d in granite.

Type of rock: igneous What the rock is used fo r: It is used in buildings and in pavem ents. © Cambridge University Press 2019

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4

Questions

Think about it 1 How many autonomous communities are there in Spain?

How many provinces are there?

2 Name the two main archipelagos in Spain.

6 How are local councillors elected?

A mayor?

7 Where do local councils get money for municipal services?

8 Name five municipal services.

3 Which city and autonomous community 9 Who designed the Sagrada Familia does the Camino de Santiago finish in? and the Park Güell?

4 Which is the largest autonomous 10 Draw five road safety signs and write community in Spain? what they mean.

5 What document organises Spain into smaller protected regions?

Think harder 1 Explain to a partner the difference between an autonomous community and a province.

2 Why is it better to have small areas making their own decisions rather than one central government?

3 How many municipalities are in your province?

4 Use a political map of Spain with a scale to calculate the distance between Madrid and Badajoz.

5 Why is it important to protect local languages, culture and traditions?

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6 What municipal services do you think are the most important? Why? 7 When a person isn’t following road safety rules, who is in danger?

8 Look up road signs around Europe, the world, are the similar?

9 Find out about two famous monuments in your local area or city.

Who designed them?

10 Find a problem where you live, can you ask the local council for help?

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Study aid

Š Cambridge University Press 2019

Tip Colour-code maps and use dierent fonts to categorise information and make it easier to remember.

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5

Questions

Think about it 1 What do we call a person who studies artefacts?

6 What type of historical source are the Glosas Emilianenses?

2 What do archaeologists set up before they begin digging for artefacts?

7 Is this sentence true or false? BC refers to the time after the birth of Jesus Christ.

3 Give three examples of oral sources.

8 If you are 59 years old, how many decades have you lived?

4 Name a physical source that you can see in your local area.

5 What year is it at the moment? What century is it?

9 Write your age in Roman numerals.

10 Name two things we use Roman numerals for.

Think harder 1 Explain to a partner the difference between an archaeologist and a palaeontologist.

6 What type of historical source are the Altamira cave paintings? Were they discovered before or after the death of Jesus Christ?

2 Explain the process of an excavation to a partner.

7 When did the 15th century begin and end?

3 Name four different types of historical 8 What is wrong with this sentence? sources. Give one example for each.

Columbus arrived in America in 1492 AD. 4 Discuss the question with a partner.

How did people communicate important 9 What year were you born in? Write it in Roman numerals. information before the invention of the telephone and the internet?

10 Play a Pelmanism game with 5 How many decades are there in two milleniums? And how many centuries are there?

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flashcards of Roman numerals and their corresponding numbers.

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Tip

Study aid

Use tables to convert different measurements of time.

Years

1

Months

12

Millenniums

Days

365

Centuries

10

Decades

100

Years

YEAR

CENTURY

ROMAN NUMERAL

565

6th century

DLXV

1492

15th century

MCDXCII

1789

18th century

MDCCLXXXIX

1910

20th century

MCMX

2018

21st century

MMXVIII

1

1,000

Tip You can also create acrostics to help you remember things

Historical sources Paul Often Visits Wales © Cambridge University Press 2019

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6

Questions

Think about it 1 Write down the periods of history presented in the unit in chronological order (oldest first).

2 Is this sentence true or false?

People were nomads during the Palaeolithic Period.

3 Name three things the Romans gave us.

4 Put the civilisations in chronological order: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and Ancient Egypt.

5 Which disease killed millions of people in the Middle Ages?

6 Name two famous artists from the Early Modern Age. 7 When did the Early Modern Age end?

8 When did Columbus arrive in America?

9 Name three inventions that have made communication easier and quicker.

10 How did we get from place to place before the invention of the steam engine?

Think harder 1 Create a timeline for the five periods of 6 Explain to a partner why the Early history in the unit. Add dates for when Modern Age was a period of progress. they started and ended.

7 Explain to a partner why the steam 2 Write a paragraph describing the engine was an important invention. differences between the Neolithic How did it change people’s lives?

Period and the Palaeolithic Period.

8 Find out more about Columbus’ arrival 3 Find out the names of five examples of Roman architecture in Spain.

4 Find out more about the pyramids.

How do historians think they were built? Why were they built?

5 Write down two examples of progress and two examples of suffering in the Middle Ages.

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in America. Where did he intend to travel to?

9 Write a short paragraph about how the Industrial Revolution changed society.

10 Choose an invention from the Modern Age and play a guessing game with a partner. Give them clues about the invention.

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Study aid Ancient Rome 753 BC

The city of Rome is founded.

Tip You can research extra information and make timelines to help you revise.

The Middle Ages AD 476

509 BC

Rome becomes a Republic.

45 BC

Julius Caesar becomes the first permanent dictator of Rome.

27 BC

AD 80

AD 395

AD 476

Augustus becomes the first Roman Emperor. The Roman Empire begins.

The Colosseum is completed.

The Roman Empire splits into two parts: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.

AD 793

AD 859

AD 1096

AD 1337

AD 1346

The Middle Ages begin.

The Vikings, from Scandinavia, begin to attack Britain.

The world’s first university is founded in Morocco.

The Crusades begin.

The Hundred Years’ War begins between England and France.

The Black Death begins in Europe.

The Western Roman Empire is defeated.

© Cambridge University Press 2019

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1 Before you start Maps are made on different scales to show different amounts of detail.

Map A

Materials ruler, pencil, calculator (optional) Method 1 Calculate the real distance between the following places on Map A: . the train station and the park . the stadium and the metro . the bridge and the museum 2 Compare your answers with a partner’s.

Explain to your partner how you calculated the real distance.

3 Now you know the real distance between the different places, calculate the scale of Map B: . Measure the map distance between two places in Map B. . Divide that number by the map distance between the same two places in Map A. . Multiply that number by the scale of Map A. 4 Compare your answer with a partner’s.

Conclusions Which map has the larger scale?

Which map can you see more detail on?

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I multiplied … by … .

Map B

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2 Before you start The Nile River was very important for the Ancient Egyptians.

Materials baking tray, aluminium foil, soil, blue plasticine, grass seeds, water Method 1 Make a river bed out of the aluminium foil and place it in the baking tray.

2 Put soil in the baking tray, to the sides of the river bed.

3 Flatten the plasticine and place it on top of the foil to make the river. Make sure it extends over the soil.

4 Scatter the grass seeds on the soil.

5 Pour enough water into the river to flood the soil. Leave the model for a few days.

Conclusions What happened to the land around the river?

What plants do you think the Ancient Egyptians grew along the Nile River?

Nowadays, a dam stops the Nile River from ooding.

Š Cambridge University Press 2019

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3 Before you start A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust. When a volcano is active, it can erupt. An eruption is when ash, gas and lava from beneath the Earth’s surface are released in a violent explosion.

Materials small plastic bottle, A3 card (optional), plasticine, papier-mâché, baking soda, vinegar Method Optional steps: 1 Place the bottle on top of a piece of A3 card.

2 Build a model of a volcano around the bottle using craft materials, such as plasticine or papier-mâché.

Obligatory steps: 1 Pour some baking soda into the plastic bottle.

2 Add some vinegar to the baking soda.

Conclusions What happens to the mixture?

What represents the magma? What represents the lava?

A gas was released during the reaction.

Do you know what it is?

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Find out where the word volcano comes from.

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4 Before you start Spain is made up of seventeen autonomous communities. Can you remember them all?

Materials blank political map of Spain, pen, hole punch, aluminium foil, sticky tape, piece of card, battery cap with cables, small battery, light bulb with terminals, cable Method 1 Find a political map of Spain without any labels. Write the names of the autonomous communities to the side.

2 Make holes in each autonomous community and next to the names. Turn the map over.

3 Connect each autonomous community to its name with a strip of aluminium foil. Make sure the foil covers the holes. Cover the strips with tape. Stick the map to a piece of card.

4 Attach the battery cap to the battery. Connect one of the battery cap’s cables to one of the bulb terminals.

5 Attach another cable to the other bulb terminal. Make sure you can see a little bit of wire at the end of each cable.

6 Test your knowledge of Spain. On the map, touch the foil on an autonomous community with one cable. Then, touch its name with the other cable.

Conclusions When does the bulb light up? When does it not light up?

Complete the sentence: When the bulb lights up, the electrical ..... is complete.

Make sure you hold the plastic cable and NOT the metal wire! © Cambridge University Press 2019

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5 Before you start We can divide historical sources into primary and secondary sources.

A primary source comes from the time or event that you are studying.

Secondary sources are made after the time or event that you are studying.

Method 1 Look at the examples of historical sources.

In groups, divide them into primary and secondary sources.

Conclusions Did you have more primary or secondary sources?

Which do you think are more reliable?

b

c

2 Collect information about what life was like when your parents or grandparents were young. Ask them to provide you with historical sources. The sources can be physical, oral, visual or written.

3 Present your findings to the class.

4 With your class, discuss which sources are primary and which are secondary.

a

d

e

f g

ry that If you retell a sto you, is it a ld to s a h y d o b e m so ary source? primary or second 94

Š Cambridge University Press 2019

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6 Before you start The Romans built aqueducts to transport water from springs, rivers and lakes to towns and cities.

Materials cardboard tubes, sticky tape, aluminium foil, wooden blocks (different shapes and sizes), plastic container, jug, water Method 1 Cut the cardboard tubes in half lengthways and stick them together with tape. The longer you want your aqueduct to be, the more cardboard tubes you will need.

2 Cover the tubes in aluminium foil.

3 Make arches using the wooden blocks. Place the cardboard tube on top of the blocks.

4 Place a plastic container at the bottom of the aqueduct and pour in water at the top.

Conclusions Did the water reach the plastic container?

Is this sentence true or false? For the aqueduct to work, the arches need to be the same height.

Which simple machine is the aqueduct an example of?

Why did you need to cover the cardboard tube in aluminium foil?

© Cambridge University Press 2019

Aqueducts work because of gravity!

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Acknowledgements The authors and publishers acknowledge the following sources of copyright material and are grateful for the permissions granted. While every effort has been made, it has not always been possible to identify the sources of all the material used, or to trace all copyright holders. If any omissions are brought to our notice, we will be happy to include the appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting and in the next update to the digital edition, as applicable.

Photo acknowledgements The following photographs are sourced from Getty Images: p. 2, p. 7: Jordan Siemens/Taxi; p. 3: Frank Krahmer/DigitalVision; p. 4: Teresa Short/moment, SeanShot/E+; p. 4, p. 5: THEPALMER/E+; p. 5: eva millan photography/Moment, Imgorthand/E+, Carol Yepes/moment; p. 5, p. 56: monkeybusinessimages/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 6, p. 39, p. 47: Westend61; p. 6: Francisco Rama/EyeEm, migin/iStock/Getty Images Plus, hobo_018/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 6, p. 7: sorendls/E+; p. 7: Dougal Waters/DigitalVision, blyjak/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 8: Floortje/E+; p. 9, p. 28: bogdanserban/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 9, p. 14, p. 37, pp. 57–59, p. 61, p. 70, pp. 72–75, p. 79, p. 94: FrankRamspott/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 11: Natasha_Pankina/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Magnilion/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 12: owattaphotos/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Marc Romanelli/ Blend Images, wundervisuals/E+, PeopleImages/DigitalVision; p. 13: B2M Productions/Photodisc, svetikd/iStock/Getty Images Plus, SbytovaMN/iStock/ Getty Images Plus; p. 14, p. 50, p. 51, p. 56, p. 61, p. 62, p. 74, p. 81: LokFung/ DigitalVision Vectors; p. 14, p. 45, p. 54, p. 90: jamtoons/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 15, p. 19: Magnilion/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 16: Christopher Kimmel; p. 16, p. 17: Maria_Galybina/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 18: MarquesPhotography/ iStock/Getty Images Plus, John Harper/Photodisc, mbbirdy/E+, anharris/ iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 18, p. 19: imaginima/E+, Frank Krahmer/ DigitalVision, Patrick Foto/Moment, vicm/E+; p. 20: bubaone/DigitalVision Vectors, Natascha Sturny/Dorling Kindersley; p. 22: Konrad Wothe/LOOK-foto/ LOOK, Clodyus/Moment; p. 23: Christophe Boisvieux/Corbis Documentary, Nicole Kucera/Moment; p. 24: Daniel Hernanz Ramos/Moment, JMN/Cover, Matthew M. Schoenfelder/Lonely Planet Images, Daniel Hernanz Ramos/ Moment Open; p. 25: DEA/C.SAPPA/De Agostini, HEINTZ Jean/hemis.fr; p. 27: Anuj@Wanderings/Moment, miguelangelortega/Moment, Image Source; p. 28, p. 47: Alfredo Maiquez/Photodisc; p. 28, p. 29: Kevin Clogstoun/Lonely Planet Images; p. 29: Ian.CuiYi/Moment, ilyast/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 31: Globe Turner, LLC, Elizaveta Olegova/EyeEm, Pawel Toczynski/The Image Bank, Matthew M. Schoenfelder/Lonely Planet Images; p. 31, p. 32: vallefrias/iStock/ Getty Images Plus; p. 32: dzalcman/iStock/Getty Images Plus; TonyBaggett/ iStock/Getty Images Plus; tunart/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 32, p. 57: whitemay/E+; p. 33: Oat_Phawat/iStock/Getty Images Plus, MirageC/Moment, Dalgic/iStock/Getty Images Plus, MaFelipe/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 35: ourlifelooklikeballoon/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 36: Евгений Харитонов/ iStock/Getty Images Plus, TusharDesigner/iStock/Getty Images Plus, slav/ iStock/Getty Images Plus, carolo7/E+, aristotoo/iStock/Getty Images Plus, AquaColor/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Wild Horizon/Universal Images Group, FairyN/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 36, p. 40: A_Pobedimskiy/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 37: Vladimirovic/iStock/Getty Images Plus, voeVale/iStock/ Getty Images Plus, R.Tsubin/Moment, northlightimages/iStock/Getty Images Plus, GeorgeVieiraSilva/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 37, p. 38: Moha El-Jaw/ iStock/Getty Images Plus, jxfzsy/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 37, p. 64: Image Source/DigitalVision; p. 38: AndreasKermann/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Tycson1/iStock/Getty Images Plus, bjphotographs/iStock/Getty Images Plus, manfredxy/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Jan Fries/EyeEm, okanmetin/ iStock/Getty Images Plus, g-miner/iStock/Getty Images Plus, AllNikArt/ iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 39: mtreasure/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Maciej Toporowicz, NYC/Moment, Halfdark/fStop, Sol de Zuasnabar Brebbia/Moment, Perszing1982/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 40: VvoeVale/iStock/Getty Images Plus, nastya81/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Wlad74/iStock/Getty Images Plus, windy55/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Magone/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Grassetto/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Thomas-Soellner/iStock/Getty Images

Plus, Tuomas Lehtinen/Moment, Ralf Geithe/iStock/Getty Images Plus, David Kracht/Moment, JasonDoiy/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 40, p. 41: Rob Atkins/ Photographer’s Choice RF; p. 41: desertsolitaire/iStock/Getty Images Plus, walterbilotta/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Dmytro Synelnychenko/iStock/ Getty Images Plus, Stephen Lawlor/FOAP; p. 42, p. 43: Evrim Aydin/Anadolu Agency; p. 42: Burak Akbulut/Anadolu Agency, Victoria Bee Photography/ Moment, PurpleImages/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus, Diego Lezama/ Lonely Planet Images, Fred Tanneau/AFP; p. 43: kylieellway/iStock Editorial/ Getty Images Plus, elkor/E+; p. 44, p. 54, p. 85: sam_ding/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 46: Booka1/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Khellon/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus, Blanchi Costela/Moment, leonovo/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus; p. 47: RealPeopleGroup/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Tramino/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 50: Xurxo Lobato/cover, Pablo Blazquez Dominguez/Getty Images News, Dede Burlanni/Photodisc; p. 51: Holger Leue/Lonely Planet Images, Dhwee/Moment, TomasSereda/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus, Chris Mellor/Lonely Planet Images; p. 51, p. 85: CSA Images/Archive; p. 51: 7romawka7/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 52: Fuse/Corbis; p. 52, p. 53: raspu/ Moment Open; p. 53: Alex Linghorn/Photodisc; p. 54: Didier Dutheil/Sygma, microgen/iStock/Getty Images Plus, aeduard/E+, Bruce Yuanyue Bi/Lonely Planet Images; p. 54, p. 55: Miroslav Boskov/E+; p. 55: Daniel Hernanz Ramos/ moment, Caiaimage/Martin Barraud/OJO+, Yingko/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Jesse Kraft/EyeEm; p. 56: Katie Deits/Photolibrary, Dan Porges/Photolibrary, Adrienne Bresnahan/Moment Open; p. 58: De Agostini/L. Romano/De Agostini Picture Library, Jon Bower at Apexphotos/Moment Open, De Agostini/A. Dagli Orti/De Agostini Picture Library; p. 59: Fine Art Images/Heritage Images, Gonzalo Azumendi/The Image Bank, Max Alexander/Dorling Kindersley; p. 59, p. 67: DEA/G. DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini Picture Library; p. 60: calvindexter/ DigitalVision Vectors; p. 63: justhavealook/E+, Jeff Spielman/Stockbyte, Carlos Alvarez/Getty Images Entertainment; p. 63, p. 74: Flavia Morlachetti/Moment; p. 64: Jupiterimages/DigitalVision, RichVintage/E+, bluebird13/E+; p. 64, p. 94: Hero Images; p. 65, p. 89: pukrufus/DigitalVision Vectors; p. 64, p. 65: gabort71/ iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 66: VCG Wilson/Fine Art/Corbis Historical, De Agostini Picture Library, Nobilior/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 67: kelvinjay/E+; Photos.com/Getty Images Plus, Tim Stocker Photography/Moment, p. 66, p. 67: Pedro Venncio/EyeEm; p. 69: Dorling Kindersley: James Graham, Maxemillion/ DigitalVision Vectors; p. 70: Eduardo Estéllez/Moment Open, Ben Welsh/Design Pics, fxegs/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus, PHAS/Universal Images Group, peuceta/iStock/Getty Images Plus, peuceta/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 71: Ricardo Liberato/Moment, Adrian Pope/Photographer’s Choice RF, Nastasic/ DigitalVision Vectors; p. 71, p. 76, p. 77: Jochem D Wijnands/The Image Bank; p. 72: JayKay57/E+, RossHelen/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus, Alexander W Helin/Moment; p. 73: fotocelia/iStock/Getty Images Plus, tunart/E+; p. 74: aloha_17/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Mantonature/iStock/Getty Images Plus, sinopics/E+, istanbulimage/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 75: LuisPortugal/ iStock/Getty Images Plus, National Motor Museum/Heritage Images/Hulton Archive, Science & Society Picture Library; p. 76: Steven Errico/DigitalVision, momentimages, Eerik/iStock/Getty Images Plus, Car Culture/Car Culture ® Collection, Mario Gutiérrez/Moment; p. 77: H_ctor Aviles/EyeEm; p. 93: rhoon/ DigitalVision Vectors; p. 94: jayk7/Moment, Jay Phil Dangeros/EyeEm, Robert Daly/OJO Images, VisitBritain/Britain on View, De Agostini/M. Ranzani/ De Agostini Picture Library, PhotoAlto/Sigrid Olsson/PhotoAlto Agency RF Collections; p. 95: LEOcrafts/DigitalVision Vectors.

The following photographs have been sourced from another image library: p. 28: Universal Images Group North America LLC/DeAgostini/Alamy Stock Photo; p. 58: Javier Larrea/age fotostock/Alamy Stock Photo.

Front cover photography by Planet Observer/Getty images, joSon/Getty images, Lagui, Protasov AN/ShutterStock, Alex Tihonovs/ShutterStock, Volodymyr Goinyk/ShutterStock, Vector Tradition SM/ShutterStock, Vasilyev Alexandr/ShutterStock, JIANG HONGYAN/ShutterStock, Rimma Z/ShutterStock, janniwet/ ShutterStock.

Commissioned photography by Suena Estudios.

Designer: Chefer The authors and publishers would like to thank the following illustrators: Sara Lynn Cramb (Astound US) pp. 20–21, 50, 60; Alejandro Mila (Sylvie Poggio Artists Agency) pp. 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 22-23, 24–25, 26, 28, 30, 34, 44, 46, 47, 48-49, 64, 68, 70, 71, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 90

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