Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve: Knitting Together a Fragmented Landscape

SHENKS FERRY WILDFLOWER PRESERVE: knit ting together a fragmented landscape

Caitlin Morrissey Glagola Temple University School of Environmental Design Department of Landscape Architecture + Horticulture Capstone Restoration Design Project | 2015 - 2016

THANK YOU Thank you to the Lancaster County Conservancy for serving as my client for this capstone project, especially Lydia Martin. Thank you for your time, information shared, and commitment to improving Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve.

Thank you to my professors, Dr. Mary Myers, Mark Gallagher, Dr. Stephen Souza, Pauline Hurley-Kurtz, Patti Burns, Michael Coll, and Baldev Lamba for your continued guidance, advice, and support throughout the entirety of this project.

Thank you to my studio family, Holly Colello, Wes Bill, Brad DiPadova, Nick Upmeyer, Jiahuan Chen, Cameron Howard, and Jonathan Vega. My project has truly been strengthened by all of your advice, inspiration, and laughs. Thank you for patiently teaching me new computer programs, for sharing your knowledge with me, for providing much needed encouragement and critiques, and for keeping me company through the sleepless nights!

And thank you to my husband, Cameron, for your invaluable help during project development and site analysis, and for your unwavering support throughout my three years of graduate school. I would not be where I am today without you!

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TA BLE of C ON T EN T S 04

INTRODUCTION SITE ANALYSIS

07

site history geology soils topography hydrology plant communities wildlife site character opportunities + constraints

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

27

precedents right-of-way research restore concept connect concept enliven concept

DESIGN + RESTORATION

37

master plan visitor center detail bioswale Enola Low Grade entrance powerlines to pollinators dynamic signage right-of-way restoration right-of-way management preserve management project phasing potential funding opportunities This project was completed for Temple University’s School of Environmental Design, as part of the Capstone Restoration Design Project for the Master of Landscape Architecture degree program, as well as for the Lancaster County Conservancy to re-imagine the right-of-way landscape and to connect Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve to its history, surroundings, and community.

MONITORING REPORT APPENDIX REFERENCES + CREDITS

55 71 77

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IN T R ODUC T ION

Hiking through Evansburg State Park on a summer day, I came to an intersection of an electrical transmission right-of-way. The wires were buzzing, the land was a haven for invasive species, and the woodland edge was shear and exposed.

The powerline corridor it created not only fragmented the landscape but also fragmented my experience on the trail. Thinking about other hikes I have taken, I realized that this is not a rare occurrence. Many of our public parks and natural lands are fragmented by utility right-of-ways, whether they are for powerlines or gas pipelines. Specifically, utility right-of-ways claim 8 - 10 million acres of land in the United States (Chesapeake Wildlife Heritage, 2014). I realized during that fortuitous hike and after subsequent research that landscape architects and other allied professionals have the potential to improve right-of-ways, both ecologically and aesthetically.

Nestled along the Susquehanna River in Lancaster County, Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve (50 acres) is a mixed mesophytic woodland that is open to the public and dedicated to the preservation of native woodland wildflowers. The preserve offers a great opportunity to explore the topic of right-of-way management as there are two powerlines that fragment the site. Because the powerlines bisect multiple points of interest, this enables experimentation with different design and landscape restoration techniques. The main charge of this project is to re-imagine the right-of-way landscape in a way that these corridors can connect landscapes rather than fragment them.

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GOAL S GOA L S This design and restoration project aims to knit together the fragmented landscape TO RE-IMAGINE THE DIVERSITY OF LANDSCAPES THAT COMPRISE THIS WILDFLOWER

ofPRESERVE Shenks Ferry ANDWildflower PROPOSE APreserve.

VARIETY OF THRIVING HABITATS FOR WILDLIFE AND RICH EXPERIENCES FOR PEOPLE TO CREATE A MORE HOLISTIC EXPERIENCE. the right-of-way corridors by putting research into practice to create ecologically-diverse and aesthetically-pleasing corridors and to help preserve the environmental 1) put research into practice successional and create ecologically-diverse and aestheticallyintegrity of the woodland wildflower preserve. pleasing successional corridors in the right-of-way landscape

RESTORE

the wildflower preserve to nearby attractions by breaking down barriers, uncovering the environmental integrity of this diverse and native-rich site CONNECT2) preserve history, and creating linkages.

3) improve the functionality of the site to meet current and future needs preserve to attract more visitors by creating year-round interest, incorporating ENLIVEN4) tothe enhance the visitorand experience educational features, providing amenities that enhance the visitor experience.

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IN V ENSTO + AN ALYSISS I TRYE AN ALYSI

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CSITE X TXT CON O TNETE

NATIONAL Mid-Atlantic, US ANTI C , US N ATIONACONTEXT: L CO NTEXT: MI D- ATL

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Lake Erie

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Lancaster Co. Central Park

PA Turnpike

Philadelphia (76 mi.)

Philadelphia (76 mi.)

Shenks Ferry

Lancaster

Safe Harbor Nature Preserve

New York City (163 mi.)

New York City (163 mi.)

Philadelphia Shenks Ferry (76 mi.)

Baltimore D.C. (62Washington, mi.)

(101 mi.)

Washington, D.C. (101 mi.)

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LOCAL LCONTEXT: PATO G A , PA LOCA CON T E Conestoga, X T: CON E S

Shenks Ferry

Shenks Ferry

Tucquan Glen Nature Preserve

Susquehannock State Park

Delaware Bay

Richmond (213 mi.)

Otter Creek Nature Preserve

A nearly nearly contiguous contiguous sprawl sprawl of metropolitan areas, the MidA cities and suburbs, the MidAtlantic region encompasses some of the nation’s most affluent $WODQWLF UHJLRQ HQFRPSDVVHV VRPH RI WKH QDWLRQœV PRVW DIÀXHQW populations and is a hub for education, finance, medicine, and SRSXODWLRQV DQG LV D KXE IRU HGXFDWLRQ ¿QDQFH PHGLFLQH DQG technology. As a result of things. this concentrated and technology, among other As a result development of this concentrated industry, landscapes have become severely fragmented and development and industry, landscapes have become severely degraded, some of which iswaterways caused by are utility right-of-ways. fragmented and degraded, polluted and eroded, and air quality has become compromised.

5 mi.

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Chesapeake Bay

10 mi.

Trout Run Nature Preserve

Ferncliff Nature Preserve

Route 1

Lancaster County County is is most most known known for for its its Amish Amish communities, community, which Lancaster which has contributed to the county’s significant tourism and agriculture KDV FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH FRXQW\œV VLJQL¿FDQW WRXULVP DQG DJULFXOWXUH industries. Due Due to to agricultural agricultural dominance, dominance, much much of of the the county’s county’s industries. land has has been been cleared cleared for for farmland farmland and and livestock-raising. livestock-raising. Not Not only only land has this affected land cover type, but it has also affected water has this affected landcover type, but it has also affected water quality, as as manure manure and and fertilizers fertilizers are are washed washed off off the the surface surface and and quality, into the streams. into the streams.

Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve is located in Conestoga, PA 6KHQNV )HUU\ :LOGĂ€RZHU 3UHVHUYH LV ORFDWHG LQ &RQHVWRJD 3$ along the the eastern eastern bank bank of of the the Susquehanna Susquehanna River.

River. Although Although along much of of Lancaster Lancaster County County is is dominated dominated by by either either crop, crop, lawn, lawn, or much field land cover types, Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve is part RU ÂżHOG FRYHU W\SHV 6KHQNV )HUU\ :LOGĂ€RZHU 3UHVHUYH LV SDUW of a a “green “green corridorâ€? corridorâ€? along along the the Susquehanna Susquehanna River.

River. Lancaster Lancaster of County Conservancy, the non-profit organization which manages &RXQW\ &RQVHUYDQF\ WKH QRQ SURÂżW RUJDQL]DWLRQ ZKR PDQDJHV Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve, also manages 28 other nature 6KHQNV )HUU\ :LOGĂ€RZHU 3UHVHUYH DOVR PDQDJHV RWKHU QDWXUH preserves and and trails trails in in the the county. county. Many Many of of them them are are located located within preserves the green corridor, helpingspaces, to create ecological connectivity along within the string of green helping to create ecological the river.

Preserving and managing this green corridor is vital, as conductivity along the river. Preserving and managing this green only 16 percent of the remains forested. corridor is vital, as onlycounty 16 percent of the county remains forested.

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SI T E Located along the eastern bank of the Susquehanna River in the rural countryside of Lancaster County, Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve is a popular destination for viewing more than 70 spring wildflowers. Most visitors come to the preserve and hike the 1-mile preserve trail in mid-late April as the spring wildflowers are in bloom. As there is not a large parking area to accommodate the flush of visitors in the spring, people must park along Green Hill Road, the access road that leads to the preserve trailhead. The Pennsylvania Power & Light (PPL) utility right-of-ways intersect the preserve at three points: once along the access road and twice along the preserve trail. The total acreage of right-of-ways that interact with the preserve between the access road and the southern property boundary of the preserve is approximately 24 acres.

24 acres

The preserve is situated between routes of travel and waterways, some of which are currently inaccessible or difficult to reach. The active railway along the river is built upon a steep berm, thus creating a barrier to accessing and viewing the Susquehanna River. The Enola Low Grade Trail, which was historically another railway, has now become a multiuse trail. It is also bermed up above the preserve landscape.

Currently, there is a connection to this trail from the access road, but it is unmarked and not well-maintained.

50 acres

trailhead

The preserve was previously managed by PPL, as they own the right-of-ways that bisect the site. Recently, 50 acres of the preserve was transferred to Lancaster County Conservancy (LCC), a non-profit conservation organization, while approximately 30 acres is still owned by PPL. That additional land to the north of what LCC currently owns will soon be transferred to LCC as well. The access road, which is unpaved and in need of repair, is owned by Conestoga Township.

Thus, there are a number of stakeholders associated with the preserve and this project.

The focus for my capstone restoration design project is to develop a master plan, restoration plan, and site designs for the preserve (~80 acres) and the adjacent areas (including the Enola Low Grade Trail and right-of-ways).

KEY

road railway

waterway trail

utility right-of-way

access road

preserve

current LCC property boundary

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HIS T ORY SITE pre

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Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) was founded in 1846. It began its extension throughout the eastern US in 1860 and continued into 1890. It was during this time period that the railroad that runs along the Susquehanna River and is near Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve was constructed. The railroad is still active and is now owned by Norfolk Southern.

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0

Constructed from 19291931, the Safe Harbor Dam on the Susquehanna River is just north of the preserve. The dam’s associated hydroelectric power station is the electric source of the powerlines that fragment the preserve.

The Enola Low Grade Line was abandoned in 1989, and the associated townships acquired ownership for the railway. In 2004, the townships signed an agreement, which in part acknowledged that it shall remain a continuous corridor for future public and recreational use.

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The Atglen & Susquehanna Branch of the Enola Low Grade Line, which went from Trenton to Harrisburg, was constructed from 1903-1906. Major cut and fill disturbances incurred to build this line, as the grade remains <1%. Where the line intersected with roads and streams, beautiful stone arch bridges/tunnels were built, as seen in the site along Green Hill Rd. and Grubb Hollow.

A dynamite plant owned by G. R. McAbee Powder and Oil Company of Pittsburgh was located on what is now the property of the wildflower preserve. The factory exploded on June 16, 1906, killing 11 workers, leveling the factory, and disturbing the nearby forest. All but a sign and a small building foundation remains on-site to indicate the landscape’s history.

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3-

The origin of the Conestoga wagon is traced back to the Conestoga Valley during the mid-late 18th century. These wagons, with their characteristic curved floors and canvas over arched hoops, were designed to haul heavy loads over rough roads.

Their peak usage occurred from 18201840 until the mid-century expansion of railways ended their regular usage.

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0

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William Penn signed a treaty with the Conestoga Indians, a community of refugee Indians, stating that they would be treated equally in his colony. However, a band of frontiersman from Harrisburg called the “Paxton Boys” came to the area and murdered every Indian they found.

This abruptly ended the Native American influence in Conestoga.

A number of ferry stations existed along the Susquehanna to transverse people and goods across the river before bridges were built. In 1775, Captain Joseph Reed purchased the river rights over the Susquehanna and built a ferry with a York County terminus, which became known as Shenks Ferry. It was named after Henry Shenk, who operated the ferry.

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Among the first documented European colonist residents to the Conestoga area were the French fur trader, Martin Chartier, and his son, Peter Chartier, who established a trading post in the area in 1712.

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00 s 16 The highest concentration of petroglyphs in the Northeast lies along the lower Susquehanna River. A prehistoric civilization of people now referred to as the “Shenks Ferry people” inhabited the area, beginning as early as 1300 A.D. Around 1550, the Shenks Ferry people disappeared and the Susquehannocks took their place.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;We will be known by the tracks we leave behind...â&#x20AC;?

-- Lakota Proverb 19 4

trailhead

197 1

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trailhead

Based upon the aerial photography shown above, the most drastic landscape changes occurred between the 1940s and the 1970s. Some of the areas within and directly adjacent to the Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve that are wooded today were developed or farmed in the 1940s. Most noticeable in the 1940s is a cleared area and associated development along the easternmost utility right-of-way. By the 1970s, the area is completely forested. There also appears to be increased acreage of agricultural land north of the Enola Low Grade Line between the 1940s and 1970s, and that the land appears to be used as a orchard in the 1940s but as farmland in the 1970s.

tod ay

trailhead

From the 1970s to present day, the most significant change to the adjacent landscape is conversion of most of the agricultural land to residential development. It appears that during this conversion, the geometry of the land largely remains the same. Thus, there is not a significant loss of woodland. Actually, there appears to be an increase in woodland, as some of the farmland just south of the preserve boundary becomes forested.

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GE OL OGY Physiographic Provinces

Geologic Formations

Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve

Piedmont

Conestoga

Octoraro

Vintage

Antietam and Harpers

Susquehanna River

Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve lies within the Piedmont physiographic province, specifically the Piedmont Upland region. Typical landscape features include narrow valleys, rounded hills, irregular plains, and low ridges. The natural plant communities that this geology supports is typically Appalachian mixed oak forest, as well as some mixed mesophytic forests (PA Sustainable Landscaping Features).

Exposed rock along the steep slope that was cut to allow the passage of Green Hill Road, the access road to the preserve.

The preserve also lies close to the border between the Conestoga and Octoraro Formations, but lies within the Conestoga Formation. This geologic formation dates back to the Ordovian and Cambrian geologic time periods, and the lithographic makeup includes limestone, shale, and conglomerate limestone/phyllite.

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SGEO OIL LO GY + SOIL S The different soil types of the site and the adjacent land were 6KHQNV )HUU\ :LOGÀRZHU 3UHVHUYH OLHV ZLWKLQ WKH explored the USDA’s Web Soilprovince, Survey (WSS).

Piedmontvia Upland physiographic which isSix soil types comprise the preserve, right-of-ways, and the access underlain by metamorphic rock.

Typical landscape road landscape; all six rounded types arehills, some variation of a features include however, narrow valleys, irregular silt loamand soil.low Siltridges. loam soils are often associated with riparian plains, The natural plant communities landscapes such supports as Shenks Wildflower Preserve. that this geology is Ferry typically Appalachian mixed These soils as arewell an as optimal texture and are often rich in oak forest, somesoil mixed mesophytic forests. nutrients such asLandscaping nitrogen. ThisFeatures). is great for plant establishment (PA Sustainable and growth, although it also facilitates the establishment and spread of invasive species (Missouri Via the USDA’s Web Soil Survey (WSS), Department the different of Conservation, 2010). soil types of the site and the adjacent land were

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Enola Low Grade Trail

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explored. Six soil types comprise the preserve, ROWs, and the entrance drive landscape; however, all six types are some variation of a silt loam soil. Silt loam soils are often associated with riparian landscapes such as 6KHQNV )HUU\ :LOGÀRZHU 3UHVHUYH 7KHVH VRLOV DUH DQ optimal soil texture and are often rich in nutrients such as nitrogen. This is great for plant establishment and grow, although it also facilitates the establishment and spread of invasive species (Missouri Department of Conservation, 2010). w ollo ollow H bb bH Gru Grub

Soil exposed along the stream bank of Grubb Hollow.

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CbB - Chester silt loam, 3 - 8% GbD - Glenelg silt loam, 3 - 8%

LdB - Letort silt loam, 3 - 8% MbF - Manor very stony silt loam, 25 - 60%

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PeD - Pequea silt loam, 15 - 25% PeE - Pequea silt loam, 25 - 50%

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Between the natural steep terrain along the Grubb Hollow stream corridor and the man-made steep slopes along the railway berms, Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve and its associated landscapes are defined by rapid topographic changes. These landscape features have the effect of creating barriers and an overall feeling of enclosure. Because of these steep slopes, adjacent landscape features, such as the multi-use Enola Low Grade Trail and the Susquehanna River are inaccessible or hard to reach, especially for handicapped individuals.

There are also very few places within the site that have long viewsheds, except in the case of the right-of-way corridors.

Despite these constraints, design features can be employed to access these currently hard-to-reach areas. Once these areas become accessible, longer viewsheds can be obtained, which would enhance the visitor experience.

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One of many steep slopes within and adjacent to the preserve.

This pictures shows the slope above the culvert that leads Grubb Hollow into the preserve at the northeast corner of the property.

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H YDR OL OGY Conestoga watershed Safe Harbor Dam

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Enola Low Grade Trail

Susquehanna River Susquehanna watershed

Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve Susquehanna River

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Bausmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hollow

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Weise Island

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Pequea watershed

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waterway

100-year floodplain

Severe ponding along Green Hill Road, the access road.

500-year floodplain

KEY

stream

100-year floodplain

Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve is located within the Susquehanna River Basin, and surface water leads to the Susquehanna River from Grubb Hollow, a perennial stream that runs through the preserve.

The stream has been classified as a high-quality (HQ) stream by the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). This site is characterized by a glen landscape created by the movement of Grubb Hollow over time, and the soils on-site are well-draining as they contain silt loam soils. Either FEMA has not conducted surveys on Grubb Hollow or the 100- and 500-year storms are contained due to the topography and soil characteristics of the site. However, there is colloquial knowledge that the Susquehanna backs up into the preserve via the culvert that leads Grubb Hollow to the river, causing erosion issues along the stream bank (near the trailhead especially), ponding along the access road, and displacement of rocks from the culvert.

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P L AN T C OMMUNI T IE S SITE upland: dry - mesic

Enola Low Grade Trail

lowland: wet - mesic

upland: mesic

Gre

en

upland: mesic

Susquehanna River

Hill

Rd.

upland: dry - mesic

lowland: wet - mesic

Based upon my observations of the plants of the preserve and the adjacent landscapes, as well as the topography of the site, I have categorized the site into three different plant communities: upland (dry-mesic), upland (mesic), and lowland (wet-mesic). The lowland areas lie along waterways and low-lying areas where surface water can collect periodically. The soil of the site is well-draining; therefore, water can infiltrate quickly. However, the low-lying areas do contain plants that prefer more moist conditions.

The upland areas are distinguished between mesic and dry-mesic areas. The right-of-way corridors can become dry due to lack of canopy cover, thus these corridors were largely characterized as dry-mesic areas, except in areas where Grubb Hollow bisected them. Upland areas with canopy cover were characterized as mesic due to cooler temperatures and lower rates of evapotranspiration.

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WOODL AND C OMMUNI T IE S WOO D L AN D E COLOGY NATIVE n ativePLANTS plan ts canopy

EXOTIC, exo t i c INVASIVE i nva s i vePLANTS plants su b ca n o p y

u n d e r sto r y

up la nd m e s i c

u p l a n d m es i c

[will insert ma p s h o w i n g co m m u n i t y a re a i n p l a n view]

[w i l l i ns er t m ap s how i ng c om m uni ty ar ea i n pl an v i ew ]

Sample species:

Acer rubrum Acer saccharinum Fagus grandifolia Liriodendron tulipifera

Hamamelis virginiana Lindera benzoin Ostrya Linderavirginiana benzoin Ulmus spp.

Dicentra Mertensiacucullaria virginica Dicentra cucullaria Mertensia virginica Polystichum acrostichoides Trillium spp.

Sample species:

NATIVE PLANTS et lowl a nd w m e si c

canopy

subcanopy

understor y

Ailanthus altissima

Berberis thunbergii Rosa multiflora Celastrus orbiculatus Ligustrum japonicum 5RVD PXOWLÀRUD Berberis thunbergii

Alliaria petiolata Duchesnea indica

EXOTIC, INVASIVE PLANTS su b ca n o p y

u n d e r sto r y

canopy

subcanopy

understor y

Ailanthus altissima

Celastrus orbiculatus 5RVD PXOWLÀRUD

Alliaria petiolata Ranunculus ficaria 5DQXQFXOXV ¿FDULD Alliara petiolata

et l ow l a n d w m es i c

[will insert ma p s h o w i n g co m m u n i t y a re a i n p l a n view]

Sample species:

canopy

[w i l l i ns er t m ap s how i ng c om m uni ty ar ea i n pl an v i ew ]

Acer negundo Platanus occidentalis Acer rubrum Liriodendron tulipifera Acer negundo Platanus occidentalis

Asimina triloba Hydrangea arborescens Hydrangea arborescens Asimina triloba Lindera benzoin Staphylea trifolia Viburnum lantanoides

Erythronium Viola spp. americanum Impatiens capensis Viola spp. americanum Erythronium

The woodland at Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve would be characterized as mixed 7KH ZRRGODQG FRPPXQLW\ DW 6KHQNV )HUU\ :LOGÀRZHU 3UHVHUYH LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV D mesophytic based uponforest Lucy and Braun’s descriptions in Deciduous Eastern North mixed mesophytic is incredibly biodiverse (Braun,Forests 1950). of Due to topographic America.

The forest changes, is incredibly biodiverse, due to topographic and hydrologic changes, and hydrologic there are slightand differences in the woodland, creating upland thereand are lowland slight differences in the plant assemblages, creating upland and lowland plant communities. However, many species can be found in both areas. communities.

Despiteand thisunderstory distinction,ismany plants can be found inthat boththere communities.

The subcanopy lush and dense, indicating is not an The subcanopy is fairly dense, indicating that the local deer population is not overpopulated. overabundance of deer located on-site. *refer to the appendix for a more thorough list of species inventoried at the preserve

Sample species:

Although the woodland is diverse, there there are populations of exotic, invasive species that have Although the woodland is diverse, are populations of exotic, invasive species established within the preserve.

These populations areare predominately located towards thethe that have established within the preserve.

They predominately located towards beginning and end the of preserve trail, as well radiating from edges the right-of-ways beginning andofend the 1-mile preserve trail, as well asthe along the of edges of the ROWsas they intersect the preserve.

Invasive shrubs, such as multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), Japanese as they bisect the preserve.

Further investigation of the preserve proper and along the barberry (Berbens thunbergii), privetassess (Ligustrum japonicum) are the most prevalent, and entrance drive is needed and to better the extent of invasive species establishment. volunteer work days are dedicated towards physically and chemically removing them.

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T- O F - WAY E COLOGY RRIGI GH H T- OF - WAY C OMMUNI TY SITE NATIVE n ativePLANTS plan ts woody

EXOTIC, exo t i cINVASIVE i nva s iPLANTS ve p l a n t s h e r b a ce o u s

up la nd dmreys i c

upland

[will insert ma p s h o w i n g co m m u n i t y a re a i n p l a n view]

Sample species:

dr y m es i c

w oody

herbaceous

Paulownia tomentosa Ailanthus altissima Berberis thunbergii Ailanthus altissima Celastrus orbiculatus Ligustrum japonicum Lonicera japonica Berberis thunbergii Paulownia tomentosa 5RVD PXOWLĂ&#x20AC;RUD

Artemisia vulgaris Fallopia spp. japonica Cirsium Alliara petiolata Fallopia japonica

[w i l l i ns er t m ap s how i ng c om m uni ty ar ea i n pl an v i ew ]

Rubus allegheniensis Liriodendron tulipifera Liriodendron tulipifera Rubus allegheniensis

Monarda Asclepiasfistulosa syriaca Pycnanthemum muticum Phytolacca americana Phytolacca americana 0RQDUGD ÂżVWXORVD Pycnanthemum muticum Dichanthelium clandestinum

Asclepias syriaca Dennstaedtia punctilobula Dichanthelium Solidago spp. clandestinum Polygonum pensylvanicum Polystichum acrostichoides Dennstaedtia Solidago spp. punctilobula

The right-of-way landscape is predominately covered with exotic, invasive species. However, there are a handful of native species that have been observed. These species are important to take note of and to incorporate into the final restoration plan for the right-of-ways, as it is already demonstrated that these species will grow in this landscape.

The ROW landscapes are predominately covered with exotic, invasive species. However, there are some native species growing in the corridors that are typically found growing in meadow or scrub-shrub communities. *not a complete list of species found in the right-of-way corridors

Sample species:

Cirsium spp.

Alliaria petiolata Persicaria perfoliata

Numerous exotic, invasive species prevail in the right-of-ways, including small trees, shrubs, vines, grasses, and forbs. Although the current ecology is likely to be providing some food and shelter to local and migratory wildlife, it is not supporting a healthy, diverse wildlife community that a native, successional plant community would.

An array of exotic invasive species prevail the ROWs, including trees, shrubs, vines, JUDVVHV DQG Ă&#x20AC;RZHULQJ SHUHQQLDOV $OWKRXJK WKH FXUUHQW HFRORJ\ LV OLNHO\ WR EH SURYLGLQJ some food and shelter to local and migratory wildlife, it is probably not supporting a healthy, diverse wildlife community that a native successional community would.

11 18

W ILDLIFE OBSERVATIONS Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve supports a diverse community of fauna stemming from its diversity of plants and communities within the preserve and adjacent to the property. Throughout my visits to the site, I have observed a number of bird species including red-tailed hawks, turkey vultures, wood thrushes, and even a feather left behind by a ring-necked pheasant on the wildflower preserve trail. These bird observations can be supported by data recorded and uploaded by individuals to eBird since 2003. The bird species that I have observed are among the 86 species in total recorded by the public. The word cloud to the right represents these 86 species recorded, with the size of the species name in proportion to the total counts of individuals per species observed since 2003. This data also demonstrates the type and quality of habitat provided for wildlife at the preserve. Birds that live in mature deciduous forests such as wood thrushes, oven birds, and Northern parulas have been observed frequently, as well as birds that require grasslands, meadows, or forest edges such as indigo buntings, American goldfinches, and ring-necked pheasants.

eBIRD DATA This word cloud was generated using eBird data. Each species name was made proportional to the total counts that species was observed from April 2003 to January 2016. For a table listing all species observed and their respective total counts, please refer to the appendix.

Besides birds, other wildlife observed were deer, fox, and a variety of insects including butterflies, moths, bees, and grasshoppers. A particularly interesting siting was of a pair of blinded sphinx moths (Paonias excaecata) mating in July. The caterpillar plant hosts of this species include trees found on the preserve, such as birches, oaks, and cherries.

Blinded sphinx moth - Paonias excaecatus

White-tailed deer - Odocoileus virginianus

Ring-necked pheasant - Phasianus colchicus

19

EN T R ANCE CH AR AC T ER 1 2 3 4

1

3

The entrance at the northern end of Green Hill Road is subtle and inconspicuous.

Looking northeast at the beautiful stone tunnel that holds the Enola Low Grade Trail above.

4

2

Driving along the unpaved access road (Green Hill Road) can be treacherous in some areas.

Looking southeast along the access road, showing how stormwater affects the unpaved road.

20

WOODL AND CH AR AC T ER

4

2

3

1

1

3

Looking north at the woodland understory, which is speckled with dutchmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s breeches in late April.

The trailhead kiosk that orients visitors before entering the trail.

4

2

A view of the Susquehanna River from the hilltop. Currently, a trail does not lead to this area.

Looking northeast at the tunnel that leads Grubb Hollow under the Enola Low Grade Trail and into the preserve.

21

R IG H T- OF - WAY CH AR AC T ER SITE 1 2

4 3

1

3

Looking south along a right-of-way corridor, showing the shear and exposed woodland edges.

Looking southwest from Green Hill Road where the utility right-of-way intersects with the access road.

4

2

Looking northeast from the Enola Low Grade Trail down onto the access road, as it intersects with the right-of-way.

Looking east from the preserve trail where the right-of-way landscape intersects with the trail.

22

ENOL A L OW GR ADE T R AIL CH AR AC T ER 4

1

2

3

1

3

Looking east along the trail. Rustic transmission poles along the trail add an industrial feel to the landscape.

A view of the right-of-way from the Enola Low Grade Trail.

4

2

Looking west along the trail. The local community uses the trail for walking, jogging, biking, and even cross-country skiing.

Looking north at the rock climbing wall along the multi-use trail (Image taken north of what is shown on the site key map above.).

23

C ONS T R AIN T S

d

e

en

Gr

ll

Hi

a Ro

Enola Low Grade Trail

The major constraints to the site are the various steep slopes (shown as orange brush strokes) that create barriers and hinder accessibility. These steep slopes also increase erosion and cause rapid surface water runoff. This is especially noticed along the section of the access road that runs along the active railway, where there are steep slopes on either side of the road. The stormwater issues can be exacerbated when the Susquehanna River backs up into the preserve via the culvert that runs under the active railway.

The access road is also a constraint (shown as the red brush stroke), as it is currently unpaved and can be treacherous to drive along with certain vehicles. The section of Green Hill Road that leads to the trailhead from the south is in serious disrepair and is labeled on preserve maps as â&#x20AC;&#x153;unsafe for travel.â&#x20AC;?

Susquehanna River

Lastly, the right-of-ways create a constraint (shown as the yellow brush strokes), as there are certain utility and maintenance requirements that must be met to ensure that the overhead powerlines are unharmed. However, in the face of these constraints, creative design solutions can emerge to address the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s issues and needs.

KEY steep slope

utility right-of-way corridor

treacherous unpaved road

24

OP P OR T UNI T IE S After an analysis of the site and its constraints, a variety of opportunities emerge. Although the utility right-of-ways must contain vegetation that does not exceed a certain height, this creates an opportunity to create successional habitat corridors (shown as the yellow brush strokes) for wildlife that rely on meadow, grassland, scrub-shrub, and forest edge habitats.

Enola Low Grade Trail

Where the right-of-ways intersect with paths, including the access road and the existing preserve trail, these areas can become nodes, or gathering areas and points of interest.

At these points, aesthetic viewsheds can be created, secondary paths can emerge, and educational features can be incorporated.

Besides the 1-mile preserve trail, secondary trails can be created that link visitors with nearby attractions, such as the Enola Low Grade Trail and the historic site of the dynamite factory explosion. Potential areas to begin secondary routes from existing paths are shown as the bright green arrows.

One of these secondary trails could lead to the high point of the site, which would provide beautiful views onto the Susquehanna River and the surrounding, rolling topographic landscape. This gesture is shown by the turquoise arrows and brush strokes.

Susquehanna River

Gre

en

Hill

KEY

Roa

d

successional habitat corridor potential trail connection nodes / critical intersection

great viewsheds

25

DE S IGN DE V EL OP MEN T

27

E DE PPRREEC CEDEN T SN T S Miquon Right-of-Way Restoration Mi q u on P ECO ROW Res to rat io n

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Application to Shenks FerryinWildflower Preserve: right-of-way restoration to native, This project is a local example of a ROW restoration which Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) partnered withsuccessional habitat Native Return, LLC andThis Weeds, Inc.isThe existing vegetation was completely removed and seeded with a native project a local example of a right-of-way restoration in which Philadelphia ElectricwarmCompany (PECO) season grass mix to create a native grassland in the ROW corridor.

Trails allow visitors to experience the grassland partnered with Native Return, LLC and Weeds, Inc. The existing vegetation was completely removed (via mowing ecosystem and view the wildlife it attracts.non-selective A variety of wildlife boxes were established, including kestrel, bat, grass mix to create and a subsequent herbicide application) and seeded with abluebird, native, warm-season DQG EXWWHUĂ&#x20AC;\ ER[HV a native grassland in the right-of-way corridor. Trails allow visitors to experience the grassland and the wildlife it

RESTORE

attracts. A variety of wildlife boxes were established, including bluebird, kestrel, bat, and butterfly boxes.

Horsham Powerline Traile Tr ail H or s h a m Powerlin

$SSOLFDWLRQ WR 6KHQNV )HUU\ :LOGĂ&#x20AC;RZHU 3UHVHUYH %ULQJLQJ SHRSOH LQWR WKH 52: ODQGVFDSH The Horsham Powerline Trail is another example of a PECO ROW project. However, in this case people are Application to Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve: drawing people into the right-of-way landscape the predominant focus. A 4.8-mile paved trail runs underneath the powerline, connecting parks, businesses, The Horsham Powerline Trail The is another local example ofthis a PECO right-of-way project.

However, in this case, neighborhoods, and schools of the local community.

ROW landscape along trail ranges from mown lawns to people are the predominant of the design. A 4.8-mile, paved trail runs underneath the powerline, connecting warm-season grass meadows to scrub-shrub edge focus habitats. parks, businesses, neighborhoods, and schools of the local community. The right-of-way landscape along this trail ranges from mowed lawns to warm-season grass meadows with shrub-shrub woodland edges.

CONNECT

Black B l a c kRock RocSanctuary k Sanctuar y

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Application to Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve: incorporating interactive education in a preserve setting

6KHQNV )HUU\ :LOGĂ&#x20AC;RZHU 3UHVHUYH FXUUHQWO\ KDV OLWWOH WR QR HGXFDWLRQDO DQG LQWHUDFWLYH IHDWXUHV RU GHVWLQDWLRQV Shenks Ferry Wildflower haslocal little example to no educational features or destinations along the existing along the trail. Black Rock Sanctuary of Chester Preserve County iscurrently an excellent of how a nature preserve can preserve trail. Black Rock Sanctuary ofincludes Chester interpretive County is an excellent of displays how a nature preserve can engage visitors of all ages.

The sanctuaryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 0.80-mil. loop trail signage andexample interactive engage visitorslead of all ages.along The sanctuaryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 0.80-milewith loopbasic trail includes interpretive signage with different themes. These stations visitors a journey, beginning ecological concepts such as and interactive displays These stations as lead visitors along a journey, beginning with basic ecological habitat, land, and water.

Visitorswith builddifferent on this themes. foundational knowledge subsequent stations introduce more complex conceptstypes suchofaswildlife, habitat, land, of and water.activity, Visitors build on this knowledge as subsequent stations information, including different effects human restoration, andfoundational land stewardship.

Hands-on morethe complex information about of wildlife, human activity effects, restoration, and stewardship. learning is encouragedintroduce all throughout trail, including a number interactive features.

ENLIVEN

1728

RRIGHT-OF IG H T- OF - WAY R E SERESEARCH AR CH - WAY INTEGRATIVE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT

woodland edge (off ROW)

border zone (scrub-shrub)

wire zone (meadow / grassland)

Long-term studies on right-of-way management have been undertaken and provide us with insight on how we can better manage these corridors both ecologically and economically. Some of these long-term studies are relatively local to Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve (i.e. PA State Game Lands 33 Research and Demonstration Area and Green Lane Research and Demonstration Area). What has emerged from this body of research is a management strategy that differentially addresses distinct sections of the right-of-way corridor. This management strategy is referred to as Integrative Vegetation Management via the wireborder method (in the cases where the right-of-ways are transmission lines). W.C. Bramble and W.R. Byrnes developed and refined this strategy in the mid 1980s, which began in experimentation in 1952 on a transmission right-of-way at the PA State Game Lands 33 Research and Demonstration Area. The area directly underneath the electrical wires is called the wire zone, and this zone also includes a buffer area

border zone (scrub-shrub)

woodland edge (off ROW)

extending out from the last wire (about 10 feet). On both sides of the wire zone, there are the border zones which extend from the wire zone out to the edge of the right-of-way. Instead of treating the right-of-way corridor the same across its width, this management strategy calls for two distinct levels of management to allow for an herbaceous-grassforb cover type in the wire zone and a scrub-shrub or shrub-short tree cover type in the border zones. As depicted in the cross-section above, this management strategy allows for protective and productive woodland edges when right-of-ways intersect with woodland or forest plant communities. To achieve these cover types in the right-of-ways, a variety of management strategies can be used. The wire zone can be mowed and/or applied with selective herbicide to deter woody plant growth. In the border zone, once a scrub-shrub cover type has been achieved, spot treatments (girdling, cut-stump, etc.) can be used to remove large tree species.

29

R E S T OR E C ONCEP T

5

1

4

6

3

KEY 1 parking 2 enhanced trailhead

2

3 canopy climb 4 bird blind 5 restored right-of-ways 6 understory restoration 0

200

400

800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

signage locations

30

RIGHT-OF - WAY RESEARCH CONCEPT ONE This concept focuses on minimal disturbance and provides a conservative design approach to the preserve and its surrounding landscape. Restoration and preservation are the guiding principles driving this design. The new features proposed for the site include a new high point loop that begins at the same trailhead as the existing wildflower preserve trail, restoration along the right-of-way corridors, closing off of the southern section of Green Hill Road that is in serious disrepair, and understory restoration in identified focus areas (highlighted in red marker on the concept plan). These focus areas have been observed to have higher proportions of invasive shrubs and vines, and these are also areas where increased light is entering the understory along exposed edges of the right-of-ways.

Other design features include proposing locations for dynamic signage that can be changed throughout the year to highlight new topics. Thus, when visitors come to the site, there will be something new to read and interact with. In addition, I have proposed to incorporate a “canopy climb,” similar to what is shown in the inspirational photo. This could be incorporated along the high point trail for visitors to gain even more elevation and to interact with the trees from an exciting perspective.

Although this feature is structural, it embodies this concept’s theme, as it can be built in such a way to minimize disturbance to the forest understory.

PRIMARY FEATURES: • minimal disturbance • conservative and most cost-effective design • right-of-way restoration and areas of focus for understory woodland restoration • small parking lot in low-lying area • remove southern end of Green Hill Road • locations for signage that can be changed throughout the year • “canopy climb” along the high point trail

INSPIRATION

signage that could be further designed to be interchangeable and dynamic

“canopy climb” with supports anchored into the trees

31

CCONNECT ONNE C T C ONCEP T

3

4 6

1 2

5

KEY 1 pavilion 2 parking 3 restored right-of-ways 4 Enola Low Grade entrance 5 pollinator zig-zag 0

200

400

800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

6 boulder scramble

32

RIGHT-OF - WAY RESEARCH CONCEPT TWO Breaking down barriers and connecting visitors to the preserve’s surrounding landscape is the theme of this concept. Nearby attractions that were once blocked or forgotten are now accessible, including the Enola Low Grade multi-use trail, the high point of the site, and lookouts onto the Susquehanna River. This is obtained by increasing the amount of trails throughout the landscape, creating new entrances, and highlighting new viewsheds.

Another important connection is the site’s history. This concept reveals the landscape’s history by highlighting part of the preserve’s previous usage as a dynamic factory, which exploded in the early 20th century.

Through interactive signage, the design can also reveal how much the landscape has been disturbed over the years through the construction of the site’s powerlines, railways, roads, and trails.

This concept builds off of the restore concept, keeping the main restoration elements; however, this concepts adds more trails and connections, as well as some new design features, including increased parking and a pavilion.

border zone

woodland edge path

wire zone

meadow path

meadow

PRIMARY FEATURES: • connect visitors with nearby attractions (i.e. the right-of-ways, Enola Low Grade multi-use trail, Susquehanna River, high points of the site) • reveal the landscape’s history • create new entrance to the site along the Enola Low Grade multi-use trail • offer more parking and visitor amenities, including a pavilion near the parking area • proposed programming elements include the high point loop, right-of-way and woodland edge walk, and boulder scramble

INSPIRATION

border zone

scrub-shrub edge

SECTION | Proposed design of the right-of-way and woodland edge walk

potential entrance experience that can be created along the Enola Low Grade Trail

meandering path through the right-of-way

33

ENLI V EN C ONCEP T

4

5

6

1 2 3

KEY 1 visitor center 2 parking 3 bioswale 4 restored right-of-ways 5 Enola Low Grade entrance 0

200

400

800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

6 boulder scramble

34

CONCEPT THREE The final concept builds upon the previous two concepts, as it proposes both restoration and connections; however, it also concentrates on the visitor experience. Thus, there are new proposals that would enliven the preserve to draw in visitors all throughout the year. First, I propose a south-facing visitor center that would be tucked into a hillside and sited in a currently low-lying and disturbed area of the site. Visitors would drive through the stone tunnel of the access road, and upon exiting the tunnel, the visitor center would be revealed in an exciting way. Visitors would be encouraged to park in the new visitor lot. The remainder of Green Hill Road, the access road that leads to the existing wildflower preserve trail, would be converted into a pedestrian path.

New trails are designed to create a series of interconnected loops so that visitors have new areas to explore on their way into and out of the site. Entrances and gathering areas are proposed, such as the visitor center, boulder scramble, and an entrance and bike shelter along the Enola Low Grade Trail.

PRIMARY FEATURES: • proposes the most visitor amenities and design elements • sites a visitor center into the hillside • features a variety of loop trails • proposed programming elements include the high point loop, historic loop, right-of-way and woodland edge walk, boulder scramble, visitor center gardens • sites a bioswale along a pedestrian path and hillside to manage stormwater

INSPIRATION

path along high point loop Morris Arboretum’s parking lot, which seamlessly integrates parking, plantings, and a turn-around.

bluebell hillside active railway pedestrian path

bioswale

SECTION | a cut through the entrance road that leads to the wildflower preserve trailhead

Brooklyn Botanic Garden’s visitor center, which is built into the landscape

35

DE S IGN + R E S T OR AT I O N

37

M A S T ER P L AN

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1 visitor center

BAUSMAN’S HOLLOW LOOP T LIUM

2 visitor parking

L

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3 Enola entrance

L

T RI

4

and bike shelter Enola parking

5 restored right-of-ways 6 bird blind factory 7 dynamite historic site

L

ILL TRAI

GREEN H

8 boulder scramble preserve property 0

200

400

800’

future extension of the preserve property

38

The final master plan melds the design ideas generated from the restore, connect, and enliven concepts, as each of these three objectives are essential for knitting this fragmented landscape together. The design brings together the proposals for restored right-of-way corridors for strengthened site ecology and visitor exploration, connections to the popular Enola Low Grade multi-use trail, a well-developed and diverse trail network, and increased visitor amenities.

The proposed visitor center is carefully sited in an already highly-disturbed, lowlying area that is most suited for development. In particular, the building is placed into a south-facing hillside to maximize passive solar radiation. By placing into the hillside, the building will not have a dominant presence in the landscape and subtlety becomes one with the wooded hillside. Visitors that are driving down Green Hill Road to reach the preserve will pass through a beautiful, existing stone tunnel, and upon exiting the tunnel, the entry landscape will be revealed. As visitors continue to drive, they will begin to discover the visitor center and its associated woodland plantings. Just beyond the visitor center, the road will lead visitors to a new parking area with a turn-around built into the design. From the visitor center and parking area, visitors can take the Lowlands Trail to reach the High Point Loop or the Powerlines to Pollinators Trail. They can also take the Bluebell Hillside Walk to reach the Trillium Trail (the existing preserve trail). Existing continuations of Green Hill Road are transformed into trails (Bluebell Hillside Walk and Green Hill Trail) as they are too treacherous for travel and not deemed necessary for vehicular use within the preserve.

The restored right-of-ways include native meadow communities in the wire zones and scrub-shrub communities in the border zones. The combination of these plant communities support wildlife that depend on successional habitat and strengthen the woodland edge to help protect the woodland interior. Additionally, these restored right-of-ways add seasonal interest in late summer and fall, helping to give this preserve year-round interest. The Powerlines to Pollinators Trail leads visitors through the right-of-ways and associated woodland edges to explore these plant communities and the pollinators and birds that are attracted to these habitats. A bird blind near the trail and sited at the right-of-way edge allows visitors to observe birds in both the right-of-way and the woodland edge.

Accessible from the powerline trail, as well as from another proposed parking area just off of Green Hill Road, is a new entrance to the preserve along the Enola Low Grade Trail. This entrance will draw in new visitors and provide a shelter for them to store their bikes while they enjoy the preserve. It will also provide a place for Enola Low Grade Trail users to relax and take a break in the shade.

The newly-developed trail network invigorates the preserve by creating new experiences. Visitors can take a particular route to their destination of choice and then choose a different route for their return trip. It also encourages visitors to return again to explore new trails and destinations. New destinations for visitors to explore include the site of the dynamite factory explosion that occurred in 1906, a boulder scramble, and the high point of the site for views onto the Susquehanna River. The existing preserve trail (now called the Trillium Trail) is ADA-accessible, as well as the Grubb Hollow Trail, which leads visitors to the dynamite factory site. Thus, all visitors have the chance to reach this historic site.

The goal of this project is to knit together the fragmented landscape at Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve. This final design achieves that goal by highlighting the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s best features and opportunities and by crafting creative design solutions to address the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s constraints. The design connects a variety a landscape types by embracing that diversity and encouraging exploration and multi-functional use. The design also seeks to break barriers, both physical and metaphorical, to reach new heights and create new experiences. Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve is already a wonderful preserve with a truly special ecology that is rare to find. This design simply highlights and uncovers the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s beauty by realizing its full potential.

39

V ISI T OR CEN T ER DE TAIL This detail plan demonstrates the design implementations proposed for the entry experience at Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve. After exiting the stone tunnel, the access road leads visitors past the new visitor center that is built into the hillside. Siting the visitor center into the hillside maximizes space and allows for new parking, trails, and an entry landscape. It also lets the visitor center blend into the woodland landscape. The visitor center is 5,000 square feet and designed to have restrooms connected to the main building. This allows visitors to access the restrooms even when the visitor center is closed.

8

1

3

2

The parking lot seamlessly integrates a turnaround (a radius large enough for school buses to transverse), while allowing for 35 parking spots. There are 20 additional parking spots along the access road just north of the visitor center to accommodate visitors during highvolume times. These off-road parking bays can also serve as school bus parking.

4

6

To manage stormwater generated from the visitor center and parking, as well as from the steep hillside, a bioswale is proposed to direct excess stormwater down grade to Grubb Hollow.

KEY 1 visitor center 2 restrooms 3 patio 4 main parking area 5

7

5 bioswale 6 Lowlands Trail 7 High Point Loop

0

25

50

100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

8 additional parking

40

V ISI T OR CEN T ER INSP IR AT ION

Designed by Balance Associates Architects, this cabin is angled into the natural topography, and has lots of windows to maximize passive solar radiation. The visitor center at Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve is south-facing to receive the most natural light.

Another example of hillside architecture using natural materiality.

Window walls not only allow for more natural light to penetrate the building but also allow visitors to observe and learn about wildlife. This example comes from the Eastman Nature Center in Dayton, Minnesota.

This photo shows an external view of the Eastman Nature Center in Dayton, Minnesota. The building fits in nicely with the woodland as its structure, form, and materiality respond to its surroundings.

41

BIO S WALE

towards the preserve towards the Susquehanna River

BLUEBELL HILLSIDE WALK (trail) This section depicts a typical cross-section through the proposed Bluebell Hillside Walk and its associated bioswale. The bioswale will help manage stormwater running off the steep hillside, as well as stormwater generated from the proposed visitor center and parking lot. It will allow stormwater to infiltrate along the course of the bioswale and will convey excess stormwater to Grubb Hollow before the stream enters the stone culvert.

0

2

4

8â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

higher hydrologic zones

lower hydrologic zones

higher hydrologic zones

BIOSWALE

42

BIO S WALE P L AN T LIS T Plants for the center of bioswale (lowest hydrologic zones) Species Common Name Indicator Status Supplier Plant Material Carex pensylvanica Eupatorium perfoliatum Juncus effusus Lobelia siphilitica Mertensia virginica Onoclea sensibilis Panicum virgatum Sisyrinchium angustifolium Symphyotrichum novae--angliae Symphyotrichum divaricatus Verbena hastata Vernonia noveboracensis

Pennsylvania sedge

Pennsylvania sedge boneset soft rush great blue lobelia Virginia bluebells sensitive fern switchgrass blue-eyed grass New England aster white wood aster blue vervain New York ironweed

NL FACW FACW FACW FACW FACW FAC FACW FACW FACW FACW FACW

boneset

North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery

Virginia bluebells

3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats)

sensitive fern

Plants that prefer wetter conditions are proposed for the center line (lowest point) of the bioswale. These plants are also facultative, so they can also tolerate drier conditions. As the site is partially shaded by canopy trees growing on the hillside, plants that prefer and tolerate part-shade were chosen. Some of the plants, including Virginia bluebells and white wood aster, are already found growing near the proposed bioswale location.

blue-eyed grass

white wood aster

Plants for the side-slopes of bioswale (highest hydrologic zones) Species Common Name Indicator Status Supplier Plant Material Ageratina altissima Aronia melanocarpa Aquilegia canadensis Carex pensylvanica Ilex verticillata Lindera benzoin Panicum virgatum Polystichum acrostichoides Symphyotrichum laeve

white snakeroot

white snakeroot black chokeberry red columbine Pennsylvania sedge winterberry spicebush switchgrass Christmas fern smooth blue aster

black chokeberry

FACU FAC FAC NL FACW FAC FAC FACU FACU

North Creek Nursery Octoraro Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery North Creek Nursery

red columbine

3” plug (in flats) 2-g, 3-g containers 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats) 2-g, 3-g containers container seedlings 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats) 3” plug (in flats)

spicebush

For the side slopes of the bioswale, plants that prefer drier conditions but can also tolerate periodic wetter conditions are proposed. Like the plants in the lower hydrologic zones, the plants proposed for the side slopes of the bioswale can grow in partshade conditions. Shrubs such as black chokeberry and spicebush will be planted on the side slope closest to the hillside and not on the side slope closest to the path. This will allow visitors to view and learn about the bioswale from the Bluebell Hillside Walk.

Christmas fern

smooth blue aster

43

ENOL A L OW GR ADE T R AIL EN T R ANCE EXISTING CONDITIONS

PROPOSED DESIGN + REVITALIZATION

Pennsylvania Power & Light right-of-way

path leading from new parking area for the trail corten steel bike parking

Broomsedge is proposed as it is already found growing along the trail and compliments the rusted metal look of the transmission poles. Broomsedge is paired with butterflyweed and black-eyed susans.

Rust-colored shade sails provide shade and match the rusted metal materiality found along the trail.

Underneath the shade sails is a matching paving circle (coppercolored concrete) with a trillium flower design etched in to mark this as an entrance to the wildflower preserve.

44

P OW ER LINE S T O P OLLIN AT OR S EXISTING CONDITIONS

PROPOSED DESIGN + RESTORATION

Powerlines to Pollinators trail leads visitors through the right-of-way to connect the preserve with the Enola Low Grade Trail. meadow with native warm-season grasses and flowering herbaceous plants to support pollinator species

scrub-shrub border zone to create a protective woodland edge and to provide excellent shelter and food sources for successional wildlife

dynamic corten steel signage that demonstrates information on pollinators in mid-late summer

45

DYN AMIC SIGN AGE LOCATIONS + SIGNAGE TOPICS

SIGNAGE LOCATIONS

INSPIRATIONAL IMAGES

1 visitor center

• introduction to the preserve

2 bioswale (near visitor center)

• stormwater management

9

3 trillium trail entrance

• spring ephemerals (Mar. - May) • summer blooms (June - Aug.) • fall + winter plant ID (Sept. - Feb.)

1 8

2

7

5

6

4

4 high point loop, stop #1

• fall migration (Sept. - Nov.) • bald eagles (Dec. - Mar.) • resident birds (Apr. - Aug.)

Corten steel gives a rustic and “light touch” look to environmental signage. Cut-outs can be used to make each sign unique.

5 high point loop, stop #2

• Native American petroglyphs at Safe Harbor Dam

3

6 historic dynamite factory

• history of the factory and its explosion

KEY

signs with permanent information

signs with rotating information

CREATING A DYNAMIC EXPERIENCE THROUGH SIGNAGE Lancaster County Conservancy is interested in the idea of signage that can be changed periodically throughout the year. This would add new interest to the preserve to returning visitors and would highlight seasonal information. To address this interest, I developed signage in which the structure is permanent and durable, yet the information panel could be easily interchanged with another panel. New locations for these interpretive signs are shown above and potential topics are listed to the right for each location. Signs highlighted in green would be signs with permanent information for visitors to always access. Signs highlighted in orange would be signs that would be dynamic with information that would rotate throughout the year.

7 right-of-way

• kestrels (Mar. - early June) • powerlines to pollinators (late June - Sept.)

• finding beauty in decay

8 bird blind • • • •

fall migration (Sept. - Nov.) resident winter birds (Dec. - Mar.) spring migration (Apr. - May) summer breeding season (June - Aug.)

Another example of corten steel being used as the materiality for signage. However, information panels are permanent and cannot be changed over time.

9 Enola Low Grade entrance

• introduction to the preserve and history of the Enola Low Grade Trail

46

SIGN AGE DE SIGN + C ONS T R UC T ION EXAMPLES OF SIGNAGE

18” x 18” phenolic resin information panel that is UV-resistant, graffitiresistant, and will not de-laminate

Cut-outs in the corten steel will reference information demonstrated in the rotating panels and aid in quickly grasping information

Corten steel base lets the signage blend in with the landscape. It also ties in with the rusted steel materiality found along the Enola Low Grade Trail.

Tamper-proof and vandal-proof safety bolts are used to attach information panels to corten steel base. Companion key/bit must be used to remove them to switch to a new panel.

SIGNAGE - FRONT VIEW

SIGNAGE - SIDE VIEW bending point of corten steel

Example of a signage topic that could be installed along the right-of-way trail to highlight information about pollinators in mid-late summer. Other topics that might be presented at this location could be about kestrels and the boxes installed in the right-of-way, as well as about finding the “beauty in decay” during fall and winter to highlight the beautiful form grasses take on during dormancy.

corten steel - 3mm (1/8”) thickness corten steel footing bolted to concrete footer grade concrete footer

1

INTERPRETIVE SIGNAGE SCALE: ½” = 1’ - 0”

This sign could be placed along the High Point Loop, where there are great views onto the Susquehanna River. It would be displayed during the winter, which is one of the best times of the year to view bald eagles. Other signage topics for this location could highlight fall and spring migration of birds.

47

R IG H T- OF - WAY R E S T OR AT ION MOWING

1

Planting Zones Map - Sample Area

Due the prevalence of numerous invasive species in the right-of-ways, the existing vegetation will be removed in its entirety. To aid in the herbicide application process, the vegetation will be mowed first. Large brush mowers mounted on rubber-tired tractors or tracked vehicles will be used.

HERBICIDE APPLICATION

2

A non-selective herbicide will be applied to kill all vegetation and create a clean slate in the right-of-way corridors. Near the creek, an aquatic-safe herbicide (i.e. Rodeo) will be used to reduce impact to the stream ecology. Extra care will also be taken near the woodland edge to ensure trees in the preserve are not affected.

SEEDING + PLANTING

3

4

After sufficient time has passed to allow herbicides to break down, the right-of-ways will be seeded and planted. Upland meadow and riparian seed mixes will be applied in the wire zones, whereas container shrubs and small trees will be planted in the border zones. To establish the seed mixes, a no-till drill will be used to ensure there is good soil-toseed contact, which is essential for seeding warm-season grasses. The ideal seeding window for the Northeast is April 1 - June 15, according to Ernst Conservation Seeds.

DEER PROTECTION The shrubs and small trees that are planted in the border zones will be protected from deer-browse with protective shrub cages and tree shelters.

ollow

Grubb H

scrub-shrub plantings in the border zone

meadow plantings in the wire zone

herbaceous riparian plantings in the wire zone

The map above depicts a sample area to show where the different planting zones will occur in the right-of-way. Herbaceous seed mixes from Ernst Conservation Seeds are proposed for the wire zones, as restrictions in place by the National American Electric Reliability Corporation call for grasses, forbs, and small shrubs (no larger than 3 feet in height at maturity). Where the right-of-ways intersect with Grubb Hollow, a riparian mix of plants native to the PA Piedmont Province is proposed. For the rest of the wire zone, the PA Piedmont Province Upland Meadow Mix is proposed, which includes a variety of native warm-season grasses as well as flowering broadleaf herbaceous plants to attract pollinator wildlife. In the border zones, the National American Electric Reliability Corporation sets a vegetation height restriction at 25 feet, so a variety of shrubs and small trees are proposed to create a protective woodland edge that also provides excellent habitat and food sources for wildlife.

48

Ernst Seed Mix 263 - PA Piedmont Province Riparian Mix (Wire Zone) Percentage 14% 12% 10% 10% 9% 8% 7% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%

Ernst Seed Mix 260-1 - PA Piedmont Province UPL Meadow Mix

Species (Scientific name)

Common Name

Percentage

Sorghastrum nutans Schizachyrium scoparium Elymus riparius Elymus virginicus Carex vulpinoidea Panicum clandestinum (Dichanthelium c.) ‘Tioga’ Andropogon gerardii Chamaecrista fasciculata (Cassia f.)

Eupatorium coelestinum (Conoclinium c.)

Panicum virgatum 'Shelter' Juncus effusus Senna hebecarpa (Cassia h.)

Aster novae-angliae (Symphyotrichum n.)

Asclepias incarnata Agrostis perennans Verbena hastata Panicum rigidulum (P. stipitatum) Heliopsis helianthoides Vernonia noveboracensis Scirpus polyphyllus Aster umbellatus (Doellingeria umbellata) Eupatorium perfoliatum Lilium superbum Monarda fistulosa Aster puniceus (Symphyotrichum puniceum) Eupatorium fistulosum

Indian grass, PA Ecotype little bluestem, PA Ecotype riverbank wildrye, PA Ecotype Virginia wildrye, PA Ecotype fox sedge, PA Ecotype deertongue 'Tioga' big bluestem partridge pea, PA Ecotype mistflower, VA Ecotype switchgrass 'Shelter' soft rush wild senna, VA + WV Ecotype New England Aster swamp milkweed, PA Ecotype autumn bentgrass, PA Ecotype blue vervain, PA Ecotype redtop panicgrass, PA Ecotype oxeye sunflower, PA Ecotype New York ironweed, PA Ecotype many-leaved bulrush, PA Ecotype flat-topped white aster, PA Ecotype boneset, PA Ecotype Turk's cap lily, PA Ecotype wild bergamot, PA Ecotype purplestem aster, PA Ecotype Joe-pye weed, PA Ecotype

20% 19% 18% 9% 4% 4% 4% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1%

Species (Scientific name)

Common Name

Elymus virginicus Sorghastrum nutans Schizachyrium scoparium Tridens flavus Andropogon gerardii Chamaecrista fasciculata (Cassia f.)

Penstemon digitalis Eupatorium coelestinum (Conoclinium c.)

Monarda fistulosa Senna hebecarpa (Cassia h.)

Aster novae-angliae (Symphyotrichum n.)

Aster laevis (Symphyotrichum laeve) Lespedeza virginica Liatris spicata Heliopsis helianthoides Eragrostis hirsuta Verbesina alternifolia (Actinomeris a.)

Solidago juncea Asclepias syriaca Geum canadense

Virginia wildrye, PA Ecotype Indian grass, PA Ecotype little bluestem, PA Ecotype purpletop southeastern, VA Ecotype big bluestem partridge pea, PA Ecotype tall white beardtongue, PA Ecotype mistflower, VA Ecotype wild bergamot, PA Ecotype wild senna, VA + WV Ecotype New England aster smooth blue aster, NY Ecotype slender bushclover, VA Ecotype marsh (dense) blazing star, PA Ecotype oxeye sunflower, PA Ecotype bigtop lovegrass, VA Ecotype wingstem, PA Ecotype early goldenrod, PA Ecotype common milkweed, PA Ecotype white avens, PA Ecotype

Recommended to be applied at 20 lb./acre | $48.17 per lb.

Recommended to be applied at 20 lb./acre | $46.29 per lb.

Woodland Edge Plantings (Border Zone) Species (Scientific Name)

Common Name

Nursery Supplier

Plant Size

Spacing

Amelanchier canadensis Amelanchier laevis Aronia melanocarpa Betula populifolia Cercis canadensis Cornus alternifolia Cornus racemosa Corylus americana Ilex verticillata Rhus typhina Sassafras albidum Viburnum dentatum Viburnum lentago Viburnum prunifolium

shadblow serviceberry Allegheny serviceberry black chokeberry gray birch redbud pagoda dogwood gray dogwood American hazelnut winterberry holly staghorn sumac sassafras Southern arrow-wood nannyberry viburnum blackhaw viburnum

Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery Octoraro Nursery

2-g container 2-g container 2-g, 3-g container 2-g, 5-g container 2-g, 3-g container 2-g, 5-g container 1-g container Container seedlings 2-g, 3-g container 2-g container 5-g container 3-g container 2-g container 2-g container

8’ 8’ 8’ 8’ 8’ 8’ 8’ 8’ 8’ 8’ 8’ 8’ 8’ 8’

Plants are proposed to be purchased from Octoraro Nursery, which is just under 20 miles from the preserve.

woodland edge (off ROW)

border zone (scrub-shrub)

wire zone (meadow / riparian plantings)

border zone (scrub-shrub)

woodland edge (off ROW)

Effect of the Restoration in the Right-of-Way Corridors Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve’s Plant Stewardship Index (PSI) Calculator was used to assess the quality of the existing plant communities in the right-of-way corridors as compared to the proposed plantings for the restoration.

Interpretations of the calculations before and after show the existing plant community is defined as a degraded natural area, whereas the proposed restoration would make the right-of-ways quality natural areas.

Existing Conditions: PSI: 4.07 Total Mean C: 1.44 Native Mean C: 2.88 FQI: 8.13

Proposed Conditions: PSI: 23.68 Total Mean C: 3.95 Native Mean C: 4.06 FQI: 24.33

49

R IG H T- OF - WAY M AN AGEMEN T WIRE ZONE ULTRA - LOW VOLUME SELECTIVE HERBICIDE APPLICATION

Ultra - low herbicide + chemical mixture example

7% Accord + 1% Arsensal + 4 oz Escort XP/100g + 92% THINVERT RTU

As regular mowing would be difficult on a regular basis due to the steep and rolling terrain of the right-of-ways and would cause severe soil compaction over time, selective herbicide application will be used to manage invasive and incompatible species (woody species that will mature to a height above 3 feet) in the wire zones. In particular, the ultra-low volume herbicide application technique will be employed to reduce herbicide use, minimize offtarget movement by reducing spray drift and evaporation, and reduce management costs while maximizing effectiveness and productivity. Designed

by Waldrum Specialties, Inc. and distributed by ArborChem, THINVERT Application System involves the use of a ultra-low volume nozzle and a proprietary oil-based, phyto-bland fluid. In other terms, the fluid does not cause a phytotoxic reaction on the leaf surface, allowing the herbicide that it is paired with to stay wet on the leaf longer which is critical for foliar absorption at ultra-low volumes. This technique has become an important part of vegetation management, including right-of-way management. Xcel Energy, an electric and natural gas provider in the Mid-West, has put 100% of their right-of-ways on an Integrative Vegetation Management plan with a focus on ultra-low volume herbicide applications. They have successfully managed their right-of-ways with a rate of 1-5 gallons per acre, whereas high volume applications were at a rate between 300-400 gallons per acre (during the 1950s, 60s, and 70s). At Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve, the wire zone will be managed via backpack sprayers equipped with ultra-low volume nozzles. Backpack sprayers are necessary to ensure selective removal of invasive and incompatible species. This should be carried out every 1-2 years. Annual inspections will be conducted to evaluate when herbicide applications should occur.

BORDER ZONE SELECTIVE HERBICIDE + PHYSICAL REMOVAL Low - volume basal bark treatment example

20% Garlon 4 Ultra + 5% Tordon K + 75% ArborChem basal oil 90% THINVERT RTU

In the border zones, annual inspections will be conducted to observe if invasive or incompatible species (woody species that will mature to a height above 25 feet) are present. A variety of removal techniques will be used depending on the particular species that needs to be removed. Basal bark treatment will be used for species that are prone to sprouting easily (i.e. tree-of-heaven, young Norway maples, and black locusts). This treatment is best carried out in fall when sap flow is moving into the roots. Ultra-low volume applications, as used in the wire zones, will also be used for basal bark treatments in the border zones. Species that are not prone to sprouting can be killed via a cut-stump or girdling treatment.

ALL ZONES HAND-CUTTING Hand-cutting will be used in sensitive areas (i.e. around Grubb Hollow) and around structures and roadways (i.e. transmission towers, Green Hill Road, and Enola Low Grade Trail). This management technique can be conducted any time throughout the year (preferably before seed production and dispersal if the species is invasive). Hand-cutting tools include chain saws, brush saws, lopers, or hand pruners.

50

P R E SER V E M AN AGEMEN T As the woodland areas of the preserve have invasive plant species established in the preserve, invasive species removal and control is essential as part of the management for Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve. Restoring the right-of-ways and introducing protective woodland edges along the outer lengths of the rightof-ways will help prevent invasives from migrating into the preserve. However, as invasive species already have a significant effect in the preserve, it is crucial to remove and control the populations that are already present. Of particular concern is the shrub layer of the woodland understory. Besides the native and deerresistant spicebush, the understory is dominated by multiflora rose, privet, and Japanese barberry, among other invasive shrubs. These shrubs are outcompeting native shrubs and small trees throughout the woodland. Another imposing threat is by invasive vines, including oriental bittersweet and Japanese honeysuckle.

Both are found in the right-of-ways and have made their way into the preserve. Of lesser concern are invasive trees and herbaceous plants, as these species are not impacting the preserve to the extent that the invasive shrubs and vines are. According to the Natural Lands Trust’s Land for Life — A Handbook for Caring for Natural Lands, land managers should address the lesser concerns first before the problem escalates to a higher magnitude. Once those concerns have been addressed, then land managers should address and expend resources controlling the more pressing concerns. For Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve, I propose removing and controlling the invasive trees and herbaceous plants first before continuing with invasive vine and shrub removal and control.

1

STEP 1: Eliminate and control the more manageable invasive populations TREES

Timing

Species

Treatment

• tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima)

• basal bark or injecting glyphosate concentrate in drilled holes at trunk

• preferably in fall when sap flow is moving into the roots

Species

Treatment

Timing

• garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) • Indian strawberry (Duchesnea indica) • lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria)

• physical removal • physical removal • physical removal for small patches; herbicide application (aquatic-safe) for larger patches

• in spring and early to mid-summer before it seeds • in spring before it fruits • physically remove in early spring when they emerge (be sure to remove all bulblets and tubers; apply herbicide in late winter to early spring (take precaution when spraying so that other native wildflowers are not affected.

HERBACEOUS

2

Tree-of-heaven injected with glyphosate concentrate during a volunteer work-day at the preserve.

STEP 2: Eliminate and control the more prevalent invasive populations SHRUBS Species • • • • • •

Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) privet (Privet spp.) winged euonymus (Euonymus alatus) bush honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) jetbead (Rhodotypos scandens) multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)

VINES Species • oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) • Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)

Treatment

Timing

• physical removal when possible or cut-stump treatment (i.e. Garlon 4 Ultra with basal oil) if unable to physically remove

• preferably in fall when sap flow is moving into the roots for herbicide applications

51

P R O JE C T P H A SING 1

PHASE ONE (0 - 5 years) • restore one of the right-of-way corridors (the eastern-most right-ofway that will have a trail going through it) • develop Grubb Hollow Trail, Bausman’s Hollow Loop, Powerlines to Pollinators Trail, Lepidoptra Leap, and Trout Lily Trail • begin installing new signage • begin preserve under new invasive species management plan

2

PHASE TWO (5 - 10 years) • restore the other right-of-way corridor (the western one) • build new entrance and bike shelter at Enola Low Grade Trail (along with associated parking area) • develop Lowlands Trail and High Point Loop • continue installing additional signage • continue invasive species management plan for the preserve

3

PHASE THREE (10 - 15 years) • build visitor center and new parking lot • close off southern section of Green Hill Road and create Green Hill Road Trail • develop Bluebell Hillside Walk • add remaining signage • continue invasive species management plan for the preserve

52

P O T EN T I AL FUNDING OP P OR T UNI T IE S

As Lancaster County Conservancy (LCC) is a non-profit organization, I looked into potential funding opportunities that LCC could apply for to help fund elements of this project.

Ranging from environmental education, conservation, increasing and improving recreational trails, community engagement, and even improving unpaved dirt roads are among the project types these organizations support.

53

MON I T OR IN G R EP O R T

55

CO N T E X T

ABSTRACT LOCAL LCONTEXT: PAT O G A , PA LOCA CON T E Conestoga, X T: CON E S Lancaster

Safe Harbor Nature Preserve

15 mi.

3

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tat

ers

Native Lands Park

Otter Creek Nature Preserve

Chesapeake Bay

5 mi.

Shenks Ferry

Tucquan Glen Nature Preserve

Susquehannock State Park

! .

Delaware Bay

SITE ACCESS

10 mi.

Trout Run Nature Preserve

! .

Shenks Ferry

Washington, D.C. (101 mi.)

Lancaster Co. Central Park

20 mi.

Int

Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve, located in Lancaster County, PA, is a 50-acre wildflower preserve managed by Lancaster County Conservancy (Figure 1). The preserve is fragmented by two Pennsylvania Power & Light (PPL) utility right-of-ways. These right-of-ways create shear unprotected of theCON right-of-ways, species N AT I O NA L C ONTEXT: MIand D- ATL ANTI woodland C , US edges alongRthe E Glength I O NAL T E X T: which L A Nallow CA SforT invasive E R CO. 1 proposals for the site include native meadow Lake Erie to migrate from the right-of-ways into the preserve woodland. Design and restoration e8 tat s r e t In and scrub-shrub communities in the restored right-of-ways, a new visitor center and parking lot for the preserve, a bioswale to PA Turnpikeplan was prepared by manage stormwater, and an enhanced trail network, among other proposals. A 5-year restoration monitoring New York City (163 mi.) to set forth goals and methods for monitoring the site. The vegetation and wildlife Caitlin Morrissey Glagola of Temple University in the restored right-of-way segments, as well as the hydrology and vegetation of the bioswale, will be the focus of the restoration Philadelphia Ferry monitoring(76 monitoring for theShenks site. Photo of mi.) the restored right-of-way segments and the bioswale will also be undertaken to visually . over time. Success of the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s restoration will be determined if the monitoring goals are met after Philadelphia document landscape changes!

Atlantic (76 mi.)

Ocean the 5-year monitoring plan.

Ferncliff Nature Preserve

Route 1

Access to the preserve trailhead is gained from Green Hill Road in Conestoga, PA. Green Hill Road is an unpaved road that leads to the preserve trailhead the north and the south. However, accessCounty from the southknown is deemed travel due towhich A nearly contiguous sprawl of citiesfrom and both suburbs, the MidLancaster is most for itsunsafe Amishfor communities, $WODQWLF UHJLRQ HQFRPSDVVHV VRPH RI WKH QDWLRQÂśV PRVW DIĂ&#x20AC;XHQW KDV FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH FRXQW\ÂśV VLJQLÂżFDQW WRXULVP DQG DJULFXOWXUH serious disrepair of the road. Therefore, access from the north is ideal.

To get to Green Hill Road from Main Street in Conestoga, SRSXODWLRQV DQG LV D KXE IRU HGXFDWLRQ ÂżQDQFH PHGLFLQH DQG industries. Due to agricultural dominance, much of the countyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s head south on River Corner Road until you reach the intersection of River Corner Road and River Road. Make a left onto River technology, among other things. As a result of this concentrated land has been cleared for farmland and livestock-raising. Not only Road and then immediately right become onto Shenks Ferry Road. After has 1.1 miles, when Shenks Ferry Road Green Hill Road, development and industry, landscapesa have severely this affected landcover type, but itends has at also affected water make left onto Green Hill Road and drive foreroded, 0.3 miles. You will see a small woodenand signfertilizers that reads Wildflower fragmented andadegraded, waterways are polluted and quality, as manure areâ&#x20AC;&#x153;Shenks washedFerry off the surface and and air quality has become compromised. into the Preserveâ&#x20AC;? as Green Hill Road makes a sharp right. At this point, Green Hillstreams.

Road becomes unpaved. Follow the unpaved road for 0.7 miles (the intersection of a right-of-way and a stone tunnel will be along this route) until you reach the preserve trailhead on your left. There are a few unpaved parking spots near the trailhead. To exit the site, head north back up Green Hill Road.

Figure 1. Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve is located in Conestoga, PA along 6KHQNV )HUU\ :LOGĂ&#x20AC;RZHU 3UHVHUYH LV ORFDWHG LQ &RQHVWRJD 3$ the eastern bank of the Susquehanna River. Although much of Lancaster County along the eastern bank of the Susquehanna River. Although is dominated by either crop, lawn, or field land cover types, Shenks Ferry much of Lancaster County is dominated by either crop, lawn,River.

Wildflower Preserve is part of a â&#x20AC;&#x153;green corridorâ&#x20AC;? along the Susquehanna RU ÂżHOG FRYHU W\SHV 6KHQNV )HUU\ :LOGĂ&#x20AC;RZHU 3UHVHUYH LV SDUW Lancaster County Conservancy, the non-profit organization which manages Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve, manages 28 other nature preserves and of a â&#x20AC;&#x153;green corridorâ&#x20AC;? along thealso Susquehanna River.

Lancaster trails in the county.

Many of them are located within the green corridor, helping &RXQW\ &RQVHUYDQF\ WKH QRQ SURÂżW RUJDQL]DWLRQ ZKR PDQDJHV to create ecological connectivity along the river. Preserving and managing this 6KHQNV )HUU\ :LOGĂ&#x20AC;RZHU 3UHVHUYH DOVR PDQDJHV RWKHU QDWXUH green corridor is vital, as only 16 percent of the county remains forested.

preserves and trails in the county. Many of them are located within the string of green spaces, helping to create ecological conductivity along the river. Preserving and managing this green corridor is vital, as only 16 percent of the county remains forested.

4

56

INTRODUCTION To monitor the restoration of Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve, a monitoring report was prepared by Caitlin Morrissey Glagola of Temple University. The client is Lancaster County Conservancy, a non-profit conservation organization that manages the preserve among other preserves and trails in Lancaster County. The proposed design of the preserve includes restoring two Pennsylvania Power & Light (PPL) utility right-of-way corridors to native meadow (in the wire zones of right-of-way) and scrub-shrub (in the border zone of right-of-ways) communities. These restored utility right-of-way segments that fragment the preserve will be monitored via its vegetation and wildlife to evaluate its success. An installed bioswale to manage stormwater from the proposed visitor center and parking lot will be monitored to ensure vegetation is establishing and growing and that the bioswale it’s structurally stable over time.

These elements will be monitored over the course of 5 years to observe if restoration goals are being met.

Site Ownership

GEOLOGY + S OILS GEOLOGY + S OILS GEOLOGY + SOILS GEOLOGY + SOILS

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Figure 2. Site map of Shenks Ferry Wildflower preserve and PPL’s utility right-of-ways that fragment the preserve.

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The preserve is currently fragmented by two utility right-of-ways for PPL transmission lines. The right-of-ways bisect the access road to reach the preserve at one point, as well as the 1-mile in-and-out preserve trail along Grubb Hollow at two points. These right-ofway corridors are predominately exotic, invasive thickets. Some of the invasive species that have been observed in the right-of-ways Susquehanna River The include mile-a-minute, multiflora rose, Japanese honeysuckle, tree-of-heaven, princess tree, wineberry, and common mugwort. right-of-ways fragment the woodland with shear and open edges, leaving the woodland extremely vulnerable to invasive species Susquehanna River migrating into the preserve. Some invasive species migrating from the right-of-ways into the preserve include tree-of-heaven, multiflora rose, and oriental bittersweet.

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Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve is located in Lancaster County, PA, along the eastern bank of the Susquehanna River in Conestoga, PA (Figure 2). The 50-acre property (and the additional 30 acres that will be acquired from PPL) is largely a mixed mesophytic forest containing canopy trees such as sugar maple, tulip poplar, red oak, and sweet birch in the upland (mesic) communities of the woodland. In the lowland (wet-mesic) areas of the forest, especially surrounding Grubb Hollow (the perennial stream that runs through the site before emptying into the Susquehanna River), the canopy is largely composed of American sycamore, box elder, and red maple. The preserve is especially known for its special diversity of spring ephemerals, which include trilliums, dutchman’s breeches, trout lily, bloodroot, spring beauty, and many more. Erosion created by the flow of Grubb Hollow over the years has created a glen-like landscape within the preserve, and the spring wildflowers fill the southern-facing slopes of the preserve in mid-late April typically.

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Currently, Lancaster County Conservancy owns and manages Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve (50 acres). It was previously managed by PPL, as two of their utility right-of-ways bisected the site. PPL still owns another 30 acres (just north of the northwestern boundary of the current preserve property); however, that will soon be acquired by Lancaster County Conservancy as well, making the future preserve approximately 80 acres. The proposed design for Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve addresses both properties, as well as adjacent property to make connections to the right-of-ways and the Enola Low Grade Trail (a multi-use trail that historically was a railway).

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The preserve and the adjacent landscape are a part of the Susquehanna River watershed and is composed of silty loam soils according to spatial data acquired from the USDA’s Web Soil Survey (Figure 3). The site is also characterized by a number of steep trailhead slopes, many of which were created due to human disturbance. Major cut and fill disturbances ensued to create the railway along the Susquehanna River and the Enola Low Grade Line. To aid the process of manipulating the landscape for the Enola Low Grade Line, dynamite was made at a factory that was built on what is now the preserve property. The factory exploded in 1906, killing 11 people, leveling the factory, and disturbing the adjacent woodland. Another major disturbance was the deforestation LEGEND for the twoCbB PPL utility silt loam, 3 - 8% LEGEND - Chester LdB - Letort CbB silt loam, - Chester 3 - 8% silt loam, 3 - 8% CbB Chester siltloam, loam, 8% right-of-ways, which were built in the 1930s. This severe fragmentation created shear and unprotected woodland edgesGbD that increase Glenelg - -8% - Glenelg silt loam, 3 - 8% LEGEND MbF - ManorGbD very--stony silt silt loam, 25 3-360% GbD- Letort - Glenelg silt loam, 3 - 8% LEGEND CbB - Chester silt loam, 3 - 8% LdB silt loam, 3 - 8% sunlight exposure to the woodland understory and allows for the migration of invasive species from the right-of-ways into the woodland.

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d

PeD LdB PeD- -Letort Pequea silt silt loam, loam, 3 - 15 8%- 25% LdB-- Manor Letort very siltsilt loam, 3 silt - 8% PeDMbF PeE Pequea stony loam, 25 loam, - 50%25 - 60% PeE MbF - ManorPeD very- stony siltsilt loam, 2515 - 60% Pequea loam, - 25% PeE MbF - Manor stony silt loam,Ferry 25 - 60% PeE - Pequea silt the loam, 25 - 50% Figure 3. Soilvery map for Shenks Wildflower Preserve and

adjacent landscape. Spatial data acquired from USDA’s Web Soil Survey.

57

MONITORING CHECKLIST The site will be monitored for 5 years after the restoration is completed to document ecological changes and ensure that restoration goals are being met. The monitoring checklist below outlines the specific goals for this project, which must be achieved by the end of the 5-year monitoring plan.

•

At least 70% of the species growing in the restored right-of-way segments must be native vegetation (Thus, no more than 30% of the species can be non-native.)

•

The formation of stable, native meadow communities in the wire zones of the restored right-of-way segments

•

The formation of stable, native scrub-shrub communities in the border zones of the restored right-of-way segments to create protective and productive woodland edges

•

Increase in the Simpson’s Diversity Index of the right-of-way vegetation after restoration as compared to before restoration

•

Increase in bird and butterfly abundance and diversity in right-of-way segments after restoration as compared to before restoration

•

Establishment of nesting pairs in kestrel habitat boxes

•

Ensure structural stability of the bioswale over time and after major storm events

•

80% vegetation cover in the bioswale and less than 10 percent invasive plant coverage 5 years after installation

SCHEDULE Vegetation of the right-of-ways and the bioswale will be monitored twice annually (once in May during the early growing season and once in late September or early October during the late growing season). Bird point counts will be conducted on at least 5 occurrences annually from May to August during the summer breeding season. Cleaning of the American kestrel boxes will begin in March, and regular checks will be done until June and July when fledglings typically leave the nest. Butterfly transect surveys will occur weekly during early April to late September, in order to observe a wide variety of species that have time-dependent emergence and activity.

Annual monitoring reports will be submitted in December after all monitoring data from the year can be collected and analyzed. A final monitoring report will be prepared for the client after the 5-year monitoring plan has been concluded. A graphic of the overall yearly schedule is shown below (Figure 4).

Monitoring Task

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Right-of-way vegetation surveys Bird point counts Kestrel box monitoring Butterfly transect surveys Bioswale vegetation surveys Bioswale water monitoring Annual monitoring report submission

Figure 4. A graphic demonstrating the annual monitoring schedule.

58

MONITORING LOCATIONS

MONITORING POINTS + TRANSECTS

SITE MAP

KB1 L3-4, B1

L11-12, B3 T3

L1

T1

Monitoring locations include 4 transects and a variety of points. The 4 transects occur in the right-of-ways and are placed to monitor vegetation and butterflies. The end-points of the transects also serve as points for photo monitoring and bird point count surveys. Each end point of the transect will be used to take northern- and southern-facing landscape photos twice annually. In addition, the northern end point of each transect will mark the bird point count surveys. There are also two American kestrel nest boxes in the right-ofways that will be monitored annually during their breeding season. Five monitoring points along the bioswale will mark where vegetation surveys will occur twice annually. The first (northern-most) and last (southern-most) points will also serve as photo monitoring points for the bioswale.

L13-14

L5-6

Susquehanna River

L15-16, B4 L7-8, B2 L2

T2

L9-10

T4

L17-L18 KB2

monitoring locations key L# B# KB# T#

bioswale vegetation monitoring point landscape photo monitoring point bird point count monitoring point kestrel box monitoring point right-of-way vegetation + butterfly monitoring transect

59

MATERIALS + METHODS

Baseline Data Collection Before restoration of the site occurs, baseline ecological data will be gathered and recorded for a duration of one year. Vegetation in the right-of-ways will be sampled twice: once in May during the early growing season and once in late September or early October during the end of the growing season. Bird point counts will be completed on 5 occurrences during the summer breeding season (May- August), and butterfly transect surveys will be carried out weekly during early April to late September. This data of the existing vegetation and wildlife in the right-of-ways will be used to compare the data gathered over the course of 5 years after restoration.

Vegetation Monitoring Vegetation of the right-of-ways will be measured and sampled via linear transects. Two 500-ft transects will be established in each right-of-way that bisects the preserve (Figure 5). The end-points of these linear transects will be marked in the field with metal staking and will also be GPS-located. To create a transect, the beginning point will be established according to the location given on the site map. A 5-foot metal stake will be inserted at this point and GPS coordinates will be used to verify it is marked at the right location. A compass and measuring tape will be used to establish the other end point of the transect, and this location will also be marked with a 5-foot metal stake.

monitoring point 1

monitoring point 2

monitoring point 3

monitoring point 4

monitoring point 5

125 feet 500 feet Figure 5. A graphic demonstrating vegetation transect survey in the right-ofway. There will be 5 monitoring points along the 500-foot transect. A 3-foot square quadrat will be used to survey vegetation at each monitoring point. The quadrat must be placed within 5 feet of the transect line and monitoring point.

To sample vegetation during monitoring events, a person with excellent and verified plant identification knowledge will sample every 125 feet along the transect line (5 samples along the transect). A 3-foot square sampling quadrat will be used to delineate the sampling location at each sampling interval (Figure 6). This quadrant must be placed with 5 feet of the transect line. Overall vegetation coverage, number of species growing in the quadrant, and number of individuals of each species growing in the quadrant will be recorded. This information will be used to calculate the Simpsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Diversity Index and to determine what percentage of the vegetation is native.

Bioswale vegetation will also be monitored via 3-foot square quadrats. Five sampling locations along the length of the bioswale will be established and marked on the site map, so that monitoring can be replicated over the course of the 5-year monitoring plan. Since the bioswale is proposed in a high traffic area, metal staking will not be used to identify the sampling locations, as this would affect the aesthetics of the bioswale. Distinctive stone markers will be used to identify the locations, and the 3-foot quadrats must be placed within one foot of the marker for monitoring events. Data recorded during each monitoring event will include overall plant coverage and number of species growing within the quadrat. Number of individuals growing in the quadrat for each species does not need to be recorded, as the Simpsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Diversity Index is not being used to monitor the bioswale.

Vegetation Monitoring Materials Five-foot metal stakes (8), field measuring tape, hand-held GPS, 3-foot (1-meter) square quadrat, field data sheets, plant field guides, hand lens, camera, pens and pencils, clipboard, previous yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s data sheets (hardcopy or digital), As-Built Plan

Figure 6. An example of a 3-foot (1-meter) square quadrat used to sample vegetation.

60

MATERIALS + METHODS Wildlife Monitoring To survey adult butterflies, transect surveying will be conducted (Swengel, 2012). The same transects that are used for vegetation monitoring in the right-of-ways will be used for sampling butterflies. As described by the United Kingdom Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, those conducting the survey will record in field data sheets the butterfly species they observe within 2.5 meters (about 8 feet) on either side of the transect line (Figure 7). It is recommended that weekly surveys are completed from early April to late September, in order to observe a wide variety of species that have time-dependent emergence and activity (United Kingdom Butterfly Monitoring Scheme). Species abundance and species diversity will be recorded during each monitoring event, and the data recorded before the restoration will be compared with the data gathered after the restoration to see if there is a significant difference in species abundance and diversity. This collected data will assess whether the native plant communities in the restored right-of-ways better support pollinator species such as butterflies. In spring, early stages of butterflies (i.e. caterpillar and chrysalis stages) will also be noted on field data sheets if observed.

Those conducting the butterfly surveys must have excellent and verified butterfly identification knowledge.

16 feet

Butterfly Transect Surveys

Figure 7. A graphic demonstration the transect survey method for monitoring butterflies. Monitors will walk the transect line and record butterflies they observe within 8 feet on each side of the transect line.

Butterfly Transect Materials field data sheets, butterfly field guides, binoculars, compass, hand-held GPS, camera, pens and pencils, clipboard, previous yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s field data sheets (hardcopy or digital), As-Built Plan

Bird Point Count Surveys Bird surveys will also be conducted as part of the wildlife monitoring at the preserve. As done in the butterfly surveys, species abundance and diversity will be recorded in field data sheets during each monitoring event. Rather than using transects as in the butterfly survey, two point count survey locations will be established in each right-of-way segment that fragments the preserve. Thus, there will be a total of 4 bird monitoring locations. The beginning of each vegetation transect line (which is marked with a metal stake) will be used for the locations of the point count surveys. During each bird point count, species observed (by sight or sound) during 0-3 minutes, 3-5 minutes, 5-10 minutes, 10-15 minutes, and 15+ minutes will be recorded (Figure 7). The point count will cease once there has not been a bird sighting for a duration of 10 minutes.

There will also be at least 5 bird surveys occurring from May to August during the summer breeding season (McGraw, 2016).

Lancaster County Conservancy and the Pennsylvania Audubon Society will be contacted to identify top birders in the area who would be interested in conducting these point count surveys. field sparrow

yellow-breasted chat

Bird Point Count Materials

blue grosbeak

blue-winged warbler

field data sheets, bird field guides, binoculars, hand-held GPS, timer (in seconds) camera, pens and pencils, clipboard, previous yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s field data sheets (hardcopy or digital), As-Built Plan

Figure 8. Pictures of the bird indicator species.

Although species abundance and diversity will be recorded, specific indicator species have been identified for the site.

Tracking whether these indicator species are observed and what their abundance is across monitoring events after the restoration occurs will be an indicator if the restoration goals are being met. Bird species that are meadow and old-field specialists include the field sparrow, yellow-breasted chat, blue grosbeak, and blue-winged warbler(Figure 8). There have been eBird submissions for Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve since 2003, and there has been one reported field sparrow sighting, one blue-winged warbler sighting, and no sightings of the yellow-breasted chat or the blue grosbeak. Therefore, there is some indication of usage by meadow and old-field specialists, and the monitoring events can track if there is an increase in usage by these species over time after the restoration.

61

MATERIALS + METHODS American Kestrel Box Monitoring Another component of the wildlife monitoring in the right-of-ways will include monitoring American kestrel nest boxes (Figure 9). As the New England and Mid-Atlantic population of American kestrels has declined 88% percent from 1966-2010 (the largest regional population decline for kestrels in the US), American kestrels were the bird species chosen to provide nest boxes for on-site (The Peregrine Fund).

Population declines are largely misunderstood in terms of the reasons for their decline. Thus, nest box monitoring can not only provide nest sites for this bird species but also can provide the necessary research and monitoring to better understand where in the life cycle issues are arising. Two kestrel nest boxes will be established in the right-of-ways (one in each right-of-way). They will be installed a half-mile apart (to allow for territoriality) in areas of limited human activity (Shave, 2014). Kestrel box locations are denoted on the monitoring location site map. Boxes will be filled with wood shavings or animals beddings (3-4”) as kestrels do not build nests. The boxes will be installed on wooden poles at least 10 feet above the ground (Shave, 2014) and the entry hole should face south or east (Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2011) (Figure 10).

Monitoring of the boxes will commence annually in late winter (February or early March) to clean out nest boxes that were occupied during the previous year. New wood shavings or animal bedding will be provided at this time (Shave, 2014). The boxes will be checked weekly until June or July when fledglings leave the nest (Shave, 2014 and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary). Extra care should be taken during sensitive periods, including the first two weeks of their 30-day incubation period and during the last week of the kestrel nestling period to avoid premature fledging by the nestlings (Shave, 2014 and Audubon International). Boxes can be monitored a variety of ways, including manually opening the box (can be more disruptive though) or digitally with cameras or video cameras (Figure 11 and 12). Data will be recorded during each monitoring period on field data sheets, and will include nest usage, number of eggs laid (Figure 13), and survivorship of fledgings. Data will also be uploaded by the monitor to The Peregrine Fund’s Research Network Hub under the project account (http:// hub.peregrinefund.org/user). By late summer, the kestrels will have left the nest. Thus, boxes can be cleaned during this time, and monitoring will conclude until next breeding season (Audubon International).

Those monitoring the kestrel nest boxes should also look out for usage of the box by invasive European starlings. They typically inhabit kestrel boxes, and signs of their use include adding grass to the box and laying pale blue eggs (Figure 14). If the monitor observes occupation by European starlings, the bedding and eggs (if present) should be promptly removed and replaced with fresh bedding.

Figure 9. Picture of an American kestrel nest box.

American Kestrel Box Monitoring Materials wooden poles (2), American kestrel nest boxes (2), wood shavings or animal bedding, field data sheets, hand-held GPS, camera, pens and pencils, clipboard, previous year’s field data sheets (hardcopy or digital), As-Built Plan

Figure 10. Setting post for box.

Figure 11. Monitoring with camera.

Figure 12. American kestrels in nest box.

Figure 13. American kestrels eggs.

Figure 14. European starling eggs.

62

MATERIALS + METHODS Hydrology Monitoring The goal of the bioswale is to manage stormwater runoff from the proposed visitor center, parking lot, and nearby steep hillsides. To monitor the effectiveness of the bioswale, flow during storm events will be measured at the top of the bioswale (near the proposed visitor center) and at the bottom of the bioswale (before entering Grubb Hollow). The bioswale will be dry most of the time; thus, flow can only be measured during storm events when surface runoff is flowing into and through the bioswale. Consequently, Teledyne ISCO’s 1640 Liquid Level Actuator will be used, as it has a probe that can be placed in the flow stream bed (Figure 15). When the water in the bioswale rises to a predetermined height and activates the probe, the device signals to the sampler it is connected to and begins collecting data. A sampler such as Teledyne ISCO’s 6712C Compact Portable Sampler will be used to collect flow data once the probe of the 1640 Liquid Level Actuator is activated (Figure 16). This sampler also has a rain gauge to monitor precipitation amounts during storm events (Teledyne ISCO, 2012). This is important to measure and monitor so that comparisons can be made between storm events and the associated flow data (South Yuba River Citizens League [SYRCL] and Kyle Leach, 2011). Data will be collected and stored digitally.

Although not directly related to the primary goals of the restoration, water quality will also be monitored at the beginning and end of the bioswale to quantify if the bioswale is significantly filtering the water before entering Grubb Hollow. Water samples will be collected three times a year during storm events from the Teledyne ISCO’s 6712C Compact Portable Sampler and sent to an analytical lab for total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total phosphorus analysis.

Statistical analysis will be conducted to demonstrate if water quality is significantly improved after moving through the bioswale. Site visits will also be conducted to visually asses the structure of bioswale and to remove any debris that might have collected in bioswale (at least three times annually). Information gathered from site visits will be recorded in field data sheets.

Figure 15. Teledyne ISCO’s Liquid Level Actuator

Hydrology Monitoring Materials Teledyne ISCO’s Liquid Level Actuators (2), Teledyne ISCO’s 6712C Compact Portable Samplers (with rain gauge) (2), field data sheets, pens and pencils, clipboard, previous year’s field data sheets, As-Built Plan

Photo Monitoring Photo monitoring will be used to visually document landscape changes over time. The endpoints of the linear transects (marked with metal staking and GPS-located) will be used for photo monitoring of the right-of-ways. At each stake, 2 landscape photos will be taken parallel to the right-of-way path so that the photo captures the full width or cross-section of the right-of-way. One photo will be looking northwest at the right-of-way width, and the other photo will be looking southeast of the right-of-way width. The bioswale will also be monitored with photos at two locations. Two stone markers (one at the beginning of the bioswale and one at the end of the bioswale) used to identify vegetation monitoring locations will also be used for photo monitoring. At each stone marker, one landscape photo will be taken perpendicular to the path of the bioswale. Overall, photos will be taken twice annually during vegetation surveys (once in May during the early growing season and once in late September or early October at the end of the growing season).

Figure 16. Teledyne ISCO’s 6712C Compact Portable Sampler

Photo Monitoring Materials camera, previous year’s photos (hardcopy or digital), As-Built Plan

63

Adaptive Management If any of the restoration monitoring goals (refer to the Monitoring Checklist section) are not being met or are not on track to being met by the end of the 5-year monitoring plan, then an adaptive management plan must be developed and implemented.

Monitoring Plan References Audubon International. “American Kestrel Fact Sheet.” (n.d.): n. pag. Audubon International. Web. <https://www.auduboninternational.org/Resources/Documents/WHM%20-%20Attracting%20Kestrels.pdf>.

Cornell Lab of Ornithology. “NestWatch.” NestWatch American Kestrel Comments. N.p., 2011. Web. 04 Apr. 2016. <http://nestwatch.org/learn/all-about-birdhouses/birds/american-kestrel/>.

McGraw, Michael. “Wildlife Monitoring.” Temple University Ambler Campus, Ambler. 12 Feb. 2016. Lecture.

North American Electric Reliability Incorporation. Transmission Vegetation Management NERC Standard FAC-003-2 Technical Reference. Rep. N.p.: n.p., 2009. Print.

Shave, Megan. “Information on Installing and Monitoring American Kestrel Nest Boxes in Orchards.” Information on Installing and Monitoring American Kestrel Nest Boxes in Orchards (2014): 1-3. Michigan State

University. Web. <http://birddamagetofruitcrops.info/PDFs/OrchardKestrelBoxFactSheet_20140310.pdf>.

South Yuba River Citizens League (SYRCL) and Kyle Leach. “Monitoring and Evaluation Report for Stormwater Demonstration Project at the Nevada County Rood Center.” American Rivers, n.d. Web.

<http://www.americanrivers.org/assets/pdfs/reports-and-publications/stormwater-monitoring-report.pdf?3ec0c7>.

Swengel, Ann B. Butterfly Conservation Management in Midwestern Open Habitats. Rep. N.p.: Southern Wisconsin Butterfly Association (SWBA), 2012. Print.

Teledyne ISCO. Stormwater Monitoring Guide. Publication. N.p.: n.p., 2012. Print.

United Kingdom Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. “Methods for Recording Butterfly Transects.” United Kingdom Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2016. <http://www.ukbms.org/Methods.aspx>.

Monitoring Plan Photo Credits http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/veg_measure/Modules/Lessons/Module%205(Density)/Mod_3_Pix&More/quadrat.jpg http://justabird.info/field-sparrow/ http://animaliaz-life.com/data_images/yellow-breasted-chat/yellow-breasted-chat5.jpg https://c1.staticflickr.com/4/3876/14935420800_4bf50d8a29_b.jpg http://animaliaz-life.com/data_images/blue-winged-warbler/blue-winged-warbler2.jpg http://kestrel.peregrinefund.org/visualmedia/photos/pro-photos/palmer-rob/RP23.jpg http://kestrel.peregrinefund.org/visualmedia/photos/pro-photos/palmer-rob/RP41.jpg https://natlands.org/tag/kestrels/ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Starling_eggs.jpeg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Kestrel_nest_03.JPG http://www.isco.com/webproductimages/6712C.jpg http://www.isco.com/webproductimages/1640-LLA.jpg

64

FIELD DATA SHEET + LONG-TERM TABLE Right-of-Way Vegetation Long-Term Table

Right-of-Way Vegetation Field Data Sheet Date: Time: Names of Monitors: Transect Number: GPS Coordinates: Current Weather Conditions: Vegetation coverage in quadrat (%):

Date

Transect Monitoring GPS Number Point Coordinates

Quadrat Veg. Coverage

Species

Common Name

Number of Individuals

Simpson's Diversity Index

Notes

Monitoring Point along Transect:

Notes:

Vegetation in Quadrat Species (Scientific Name)

Common Name

Number of Individuals

Notes

65

FIELD DATA SHEET + LONG-TERM TABLE Bioswale Vegetation Long-Term Table

Bioswale Vegetation Field Data Sheet Date: Time: Names of Monitors: Monitoring Point Number: GPS Coordinates: Current Weather Conditions: Vegetation coverage in quadrat (%):

Date

Monitoring Point

GPS Coordinates

Quadrat Vegetation Coverage

Species (Scientific Name)

Common Name

Number of Individuals

Notes

Notes:

Species (Scientific Name)

Vegetation in Quadrat Common Name

Notes

66

FIELD DATA SHEET + LONG-TERM TABLE Bioswale Hydrology Long-Term Table

Bioswale Site Visit Field Data Sheet Date: Names of Monitors: Current Weather Conditions:

Time:

Date

Precip. (in.)

Average flow (ft./sec.) - Average flow (ft./sec.) TSS beginning of swale end of swale beginning

TSS end

TDS TP TDS end beginning beginning

TP end

Storm Details: Date of Most Recent Storm Event: Storm Event Details (in. of precipitation, storm category, etc.):

Bioswale Structure and Function: Is the structure of the bioswale intact and functioning properly?

If not, please describe issues and potential solutions

Any debris caught in the bioswale? (If so, remove and dispose): Water Quality Sampling: □ Collect water samples from the Teledyne ISCO’s 6712C Compact Portable Sampler □ Send samples to analytical lab for total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total phosphorus analysis

67

FIELD DATA SHEET + LONG-TERM TABLE Butterfly Transect Survey Long-Term Table

Butterfly Transect Field Data Sheet Date: Time: Names of Monitors: Transect Number: GPS Coordinates of transect end points: Current Weather Conditions:

Date

Transect Number

Species (Scientific Name)

Common Name

Number of Individuals

Notes

Notes? Any sightings of caterpillars or chrysalises?:

Species (Scientific Name)

Butterfly Data Common Name

Number of individuals

68

FIELD DATA SHEET + LONG-TERM TABLE Bird Point Count Field Data Sheet Date: Names of Monitors: Bird Monitoring Point Number: GPS Coordinates: Wind Spd. + Dir.:

Bird Count Long-Term Table

Start Time:

Stop Time:

Sky Cond.:

Temp.:

N

Wind 0 = none 1 = 1-3mph 2 = 4-7mph 3 = 8-12mph 4 = >12mph

W

E

Date

Monitoring Point

Alpha Code

Behavior Code

Dir. and Dist.

Flight 0-3 5-3 5-10 10-15 15+ from Point Direction minutes minutes minutes miuntes minutes

Sky Cond.

0 = <10% clouds 1 = partly cloudy 2 = mostly cloudy 3 = overcast 4 = rain 5 = fog

Bird Behavior F = flying S = soaring P = perching or on water Fo = foraging MD = mating display O = other

S Alpha Code

Dir. and Flight Behavior Dist. from Direction Code Point

Notes:

0-3 minutes

5-3 minutes

5-10 minutes

10-15 miuntes

15+ minutes

69

AP P END I X

71

P R E SER V E P L AN T LIS T - HER BACE OU S SPECIES

COMMON NAME

Acalypha rhomboidea three seeded mercury Actaea racemosa black cohosh Ageratina altissima snakeroot Allium tricoccum ramps Amphicarpaea bracteata hog peanut Anemone americana round leaf hepatica Anemone quinquefolia wood anemone Aplectrum hymale puttyroot Aquilegia canadensis columbine Arabis laevigata smooth rock cress Arabis lyrata lyre-leaved rockcress Asarum canadense ginger Campanula americana American bellflower Cardamine concatenata cutleaf toothwort Carex albursina white bear sedge Carex blanda eastern woodland sedge Carex conjucta soft fox sedge Carex jamesii Jame’s sedge Caulophyllum thalictroides blue cohosh Chamaelirium luteum devil’s bit Chelone glabra turtle head Chrysosplenium americanum golden saxifrage Claytonia virginica spring beauty Corallorhiza wisteriana Wister’s coralroot Corydalis flavula yellow corydalis Cryptotaenia canadensis honewort Dicentra canadensis squirrel corn Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman’s breeches Dioscorea villosa wild yam root Epifagus virginiana beechdrops Epipactis helleborine hellborine Elymus hystrix bottle brush grass Elymus villosus silky wild rye Erigeron annuus daisy fleabane Erigeron pulchellus Philadelphia fleabane Erythronium albidum white trout lily Erythronium americanum yellow trout lily Eurybia divaricata white wood aster Eutrochium purpureum purple-stem Joe pye weed Fescue obtusa nodding fescue Galearis spectablilis showy orchis Galium aparine bedstraw Galium circaezans wild licorice Geranium carolinianum Carolina cranesbill Geranium maculatum wild geranium Helianthus decapetalus thin-leaved sunflower Hemerocallis fulva orange daylily Heuchera americana American alumroot Hybanthus concolor green violet Hydrastis canadensis goldenseal Hydrophyllum canadense broad-leaved waterleaf Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia waterleaf Impatiens capensis jewelweed

SPECIES

COMMON NAME

Lamium amplexicaule henbit Lamium purpureum purple deadnettle Laportea canadensis wood nettle Lilium superbum Turk’s cap lily Lilium tigrinum tiger lily Maianthemum racemosum false Solomon’s seal Menispermum canadense moonseed Mertensia virginica mertensia Mitella diphylla miterwort Monarda clinopodia basil balm Myosotis verna early scorpion grass Orobanche uniflora one-flowered cancer root Osmorhiza claytonii sweet-cicely Osmorhiza longistylis anise root Packera aurea golden ragwort Panax quinquefolia ginseng Panax trifolium dwarf ginseng Panicum clandestinum deer-tongue grass Persicaria longiseta

Oriental lady’s thumb Persicaria virginiana jumpseed Phlox divaricata blue wood phlox Pilea pumila clearweed Poa cuspidata early bluegrass Poa trivialis

rough bluegrass Podophyllum peltatum May apple Polygonatum biflorum smooth Solomon’s seal Polymnia canadensis small flowered leafcup Pycnanthemum muticum mountain mint Ranunculus abortivus small-flowered crowfoot Ranunculus ficaria lesser celandine Ranunculus recurvatus hooked buttercup Sanguinaria canadensis bloodroot Sanicula canadensis short-styled snakeroot Sanicula odorata yellow-flowered sanicle Saxifraga virginiensis early saxifrage Scrophularia marilandica Maryland figwort Scutellaria incana downy skullcap Sedum ternatum wild stonecrop Smilax herbacea carrion flower Solidago altissima tall goldenrod Solidago caesia blue-stem goldenrod Solidago flexicaulis zig-zag goldenrod Stellaria media common chickweed Symphotrichum cordifolium heart-leaved aster Symphyotrichum lowrieanum Lowrie’s blue wood aster Symplocarpus foetidus skunk cabbage Thalictrum dioicum early rue Thalictrum thalictroides rue anemone Tipularia discolor cranefly orchid Trillium erectum x flexipes hybrid trillium Triodanis perfoliata Venus’s looking glass Triosteum aurantiacum wild coffee Valeriana pauciflora valerian

SPECIES

COMMON NAME

Valerianella locusta corn salad Valerianella umbilicata corn salad Veronica hederifolia ivy-leaved speedwell Viola bicolor field pansy Viola labradorica dog violet Viola pubescens yellow violet Viola sororia common blue violet Viola striata cream violet

The plant survey and list was carried out by Joan King of the Muhlenberg Botanical Society in March 2015. This plant list includes both native and non-native plant species. Non-native plants are denoted with red text.

72

P R E SER V E P L AN T LIS T - WOODY SP E CIE S + FER NS AND FER N ALLIE S WOODY SPECIES SPECIES

FERNS AND FERN ALLIES COMMON NAME

Acer negundo box elder Acer saccharinum sugar maple Acer saccharum silver maple Asimina triloba pawpaw Ailanthus altissima tree-of-heaven Betula lenta sweet birch Celastrus orbiculatus oriental bittersweet Celtis occidentalis hackberry Cercis canadensis redbud Cornus alternifolia alternate-leaved dogwood Cornus florida flowering dogwood Corylus americana American hazelnut Euonymus alatus winged euonymus Euonymus atropurpureus eastern wahoo Fagus grandifolia American beech Hydrangea arborescens wild hydrangea Lindera benzoin spicebush Liriodendron tulipifera tulip poplar Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera maackii bush honeysuckle Ostrya virginiana ironwood Platanus occidentalis sycamore Quercus alba white oak Quecus muhlenbergii yellow oak Privet sp. privet Rhodotypos scandens jetbead Rosa multiflora multiflora rose Smilax hispida bristly greenbrier Staphylea trifolia bladdernut Ulmus rubra slippery elm Vitis riparia river grape

SPECIES

COMMON NAME

Adiantum pedutm Northern maidenhair fern Asplenium platyneuron ebony spleenwort Asplenium rhizophyllum walking fern Athyrium filix-femina lady fern Botrychium dissectum grape fern Botrychium virginianum rattlesnake fern Cystopteris protrusa protruding fragile fern Cystopteris tenuis Mackayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fragile fern Dennstaedtia punctilobula hay-scented fern Deparia acrostichoides silvery glade fern Diplazium pycnocarpon glade fern Dryopteris carthusiana spinulose wood fern Dryopteris intermedia evergreen wood fern Dryopteris marginalis marginal wood fern Equisetum arvense field horse tail Onoclea sensibilis sensitive fern Equisetum hymenale var. affine scouring rush Osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern Osmunda claytoniana interrupted fern Pellaea atropurpurea purple cliffbrake Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern Thelypteris noveboracensis New York fern Thelypteris palustris marsh fern Woodsia obtusa blunt-lobed woodsia

The plant survey and list was carried out by Joan King of the Muhlenberg Botanical Society in March 2015. This plant list includes both native and non-native plant species.

Non-native plants are denoted with red text.

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eBIR D DATA SPECIES Northern cardinal turkey vulture Carolina chickadee wood thrush tufted titmouse American goldfinch American crow red-bellied woodpecker Louisiana waterthrush ovenbird red-eyed vireo Acadian flycatcher Northern parula blue-gray gnatcatcher wild turkey blue jay Eastern wood-pewee brown-headed cowbird Indigo bunting downy woodpecker white-throated sparrow pileated woodpecker scarlet tanager black vulture Carolina wren American robin Baltimore oriole mourning dove worm-eating warbler Carolina wren ring-billed gull Eastern towhee red-tailed hawk white-breasted nuthatch chipping sparrow Eastern phoebe gray catbird great crested flycatcher Northern flicker yellow-throated vireo American redstart

Canada goose common grackle dark-eyed junco

Eastern bluebird

European starling fish crow

SIGHTINGS* 52 52 50 40 34 32 30 30 24 24 21 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 16 13 13 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

SPECIES hairy woodpecker tree swallow belted kingfisher black-throated green warbler common yellowthroat fox sparrow house finch orchard oriole yellow-billed cuckoo black-throated blue warbler Kentucky warbler ring-necked pheasant ruby-crowned kinglet ruby-throated hummingbird willow flycatcher

yellow-rumped warbler yellow-throated warbler American kestrel bald eagle black-and-white warbler blackburnian warbler blue-winged warbler Cooperâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hawk double-crested cormorant Eastern kingbird field sparrow golden-winged warbler house wren mallard mourning warbler Northern rough-winged swallow Northern waterthrush prairie warbler savannah sparrow sharp-shinned hawk song sparrow veery warbling vireo winter wren

SIGHTINGS* 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

*birds were identified by sight or sound

This word cloud was generated using eBird data. Each species name was made proportional to the total counts that species was observed from 2003 to present day. A complete list of species is to the left.

ovenbird

wood thrush

red-bellied woodpecker

American kestrel

The bird sighting data was found on eBirdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s website, a site where the public can upload their bird sighting data for particular locations. Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve has data dating back to April 2003. The table to the left compiles this data from April 2003 to January 2016.

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R E F ER EN CE S + CR E D I T S

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R E FER ENCE S Appleton, Bonnie L. “Designing and Implementing Utility Line Arboreta.” Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32.2 (2006): 80-85. Web. Audubon International. “American Kestrel Fact Sheet.” (n.d.): n. pag. Audubon International. Web. <https://www.auduboninternational.org/Resources/Documents/WHM%20-%20Attracting%20Kestrels.pdf>.

Ballard, Benjamin D., Kevin T. McLoughlin, and Christopher A. Nowak. “New Diagrams and Applications for the Wire Zone–Border Zone Approach to Vegetation Management on Electric Transmission Line Rights-of-Way.” Arboriculture & Urban Forestry

33.6 (2007): 435-39. Web. Blosner, Steve, Dave Creamer, Carolyn Napper, Barry Scheetz, and Tim Ziegler. Environmentally Sensitive Road Maintenance Practices for Dirt and Gravel Roads. Rep. N.p.: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 2012. Print.

The Bramble Byrnes Projects. “Low Volume Basal Bark Herbicide.” The Bramble Byrnes Projects. N.p., 2014. Web. <http://brambleandbyrnes.com/integrated-vegetation-management/low-volume-basal-bark-herbicide/>.

Braun, E. Lucy. Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. Caldwell, NJ: Blackburn, 2001. Print.

Cadenasso, Mary L., Stewart T. A. Pickett, Kathleen C. Weathers, and Clive G. Jones. “A Framework for a Theory of Ecological Boundaries.” BioScience 53.8 (2003): 750-58. Web. Chesapeake Wildlife Heritage. “Vegetation Studies in Power-line Rights-of-way (ROWs).” N.p., 18 Dec. 2014. Web. 1 Sept. 2015. <http://www.cheswildlife.org/2014/12/vegetation-studies-in-power-line-rights-of-way-rows/>.

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. “Chapter 93: Water Quality Standards.” Pennsylvania Code. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, n.d. Web. <http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/chap93toc.html>.

The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. “Bald Eagle.” All About Birds. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Bald_Eagle/lifehistory>.

Cornell Lab of Ornithology. “NestWatch.” NestWatch American Kestrel Comments. N.p., 2011. Web. 04 Apr. 2016. <http://nestwatch.org/learn/all-about-birdhouses/birds/american-kestrel/>.

DCNR. “Piedmont Upland Section Piedmont Province.” n. pag. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. <http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/field/map13/13pus/index.htm>.

Defenders of Wildlife. “Basic Facts About Bald Eagles.” Defenders of Wildlife. N.p., 15 Feb. 2012. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <http://www.defenders.org/bald-eagle/basic-facts>.

Furby, Lita, Paul Slovic, Baruch Fischhoff, and Robin Gregory. “Public Perceptions of Electric Power Transmission Lines.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 8 (1988): 19-43. Web. Godfrey, Michael A. A Sierra Club’s Guide to the Piedmont. Sierra Club Books, 1980. Print.

Gordon, Jeffrey A. “How to Identify Bald Eagles, Young and Old » Bird Watcher’s Digest.” Bird Watcher’s Digest. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2016. <http://www.birdwatchersdigest.com/bwdsite/birdwire-features/how-to-identify-bald-eagles.php>.

History.com Staff. “Conestoga Wagon.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2010. Web. <http://www.history.com/topics/conestoga-wagon>.

Komomen, Atte, Terhi Lensu, and Janne S. Kotiaho. “Optimal Timing of Power Line Rights-of-ways Management for the Conservation of Butterflies.” Insect Conservation and Diversity 6 (2013): 522-29. Web. Latzko, David. “The Shenks Ferry Doane Cancellation.” (n.d.): n. pag. Penn State University. Web. Lensu, Terhi, Atte Komonen, Outi Hiltula, Jussi Päivinen, Veli Saari, and Janne S. Kotiaho. “The Role of Power Line Rights-of-way as an Alternative Habitat for Declined Mire Butterflies.” Journal of Environmental Management 92 (2011): 2539-546. Web. Lentz, Joel. “25 Years of Ultra Low Volume with the THINVERT® Application System.” Utility Arborist Newsline (2014): 29-30. Web. <http://www.arborchem.com/library/THINVERT_Nov-Dec2014_UAN.pdf>.

“Massacre of the Indians at Lancaster by the Paxton Boys in 1763, by John Wilmer, 1841.” Explore PA History. N.p., 2011. Web. <http://explorepahistory.com/displayimage.php?imgId=1-2-52F>.

McGraw, Michael. “Wildlife Monitoring.” Temple University Ambler Campus, Ambler. 12 Feb. 2016. Lecture.

Minderhout, David. “The Shenks Ferry Indians on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, 1300 to 1550 A.D.” Accounts of the Union County Historical Society 4.1 (2014): 11-22. Web. Missouri Department of Conservation. “Chinese Yam.” (2010): n. pag. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. <http://mdc.mo.gov/sites/default/files/resources/2010/08/9676_6622.pdf>.

National Grid. “Rebalancing the Economy: The 12th Five-Year Plan.” Five Year Vegetation Management Plan 2014-2018 (2013): n. pag. Web. <Five Year Vegetation Management Plan 2014-2018>.

Native Return, LLC. “Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) Right-of-Way Native Grassland Project.” (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. <http://www.nativereturn.com/PECOAbstract1final.pdf>.

Native Return, LLC. “Native Return’s Manor Road Project Receives Prestigious Wildlife at Work Certification from Wildlife Habitat Council.” n. pag. 03 Jan. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. <http://east33.org/?p=2736>.

Natural Lands Trust. “Land for Life: A Handbook on Caring for Natural Lands.” (2014): n. pag. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. <https://natlands.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2014/09/LandForLife-2014-07-24LR.pdf>.

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Niering, William A., and Richard H. Goodwin. “Creation of Relatively Stable Shrublands with Herbicides: Arresting “Succession” on Right-of-Way and Pastureland.” Ecology 55.4 (1974): 784-95. Web. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1934414>.

Niering, William A. “Principles of Sound Right-of-Way Vegetation Management.” Economic Botany 12 (1958): 140-44. Web. North American Electric Reliability Incorporation. Transmission Vegetation Management NERC Standard FAC-003-2 Technical Reference. Rep. N.p.: n.p., 2009. Print.

Nowak, Christopher A., and Benjamin D. Ballard. “A Framework for Applying Integrated Vegetation Management on Rights-of-way.” Journal of Arboriculture 31.1 (2005): 28-37. Web. Pennsylvania Sustainable Landscaping Resources. “Northern Piedmont” n. page. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. <http://www.pennystone.com/ecoregions/EPA64.php>.

Petzinger, Sharon, Tom A. Langen, Jacob E. Kubel, Amber Roth, and Sara Barker Swarthout. Best Management Practices For Golden-winged Warbler Habitat on Utility Rights-of-way in the Appalachians. Rep. n.p.: Golden-winged Warbler Working Group,

n.d. Print.

Pollinator Partnership. “Pollination.” Pollinator Partnership. N.p., 2015. Web. <http://www.pollinator.org/pollination.htm>.

PPL. “Shenks Ferry Wildflower Preserve.” (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. <http://archive.delawareonline.com/assets/pdf/BL154831331.PDF>.

Providence Township. “Enola Low Grade Trail – Providence Township Section Master Plan.” (2012): 1-42. Web. <http://providencetownship.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Enola_Low_Grade_Master_Plan_-_Low_Resolution_Draft.pdf>.

Roehl, Joel. “ROW Management: High-quality Results from Low-volume Herbicide.” Electric Light & Power. N.p., n.d. Web. Rubino, Darrin L., and Charles E. Williams. “Herbaceous Layer Contrast and Alien Plant Occurrence in Utility Corridors and Riparian Forests of the Allegheny HIgh Plateau.” Journal of Torrey Botanical Society 129.2 (2002): 125-35. Web. Safe Harbor Water Power Corporation. “About Safe Harbor Water Power Corporation.” Safe Harbor Water Power Corporation. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.shwpc.com/about.html>.

Shave, Megan. “Information on Installing and Monitoring American Kestrel Nest Boxes in Orchards.” Information on Installing and Monitoring American Kestrel Nest Boxes in Orchards (2014): 1-3. Michigan State University. Web.

<http://birddamagetofruitcrops.info/PDFs/OrchardKestrelBoxFactSheet_20140310.pdf>.

South Yuba River Citizens League (SYRCL) and Kyle Leach. “Monitoring and Evaluation Report for Stormwater Demonstration Project at the Nevada County Rood Center.” American Rivers, n.d. Web.

<http://www.americanrivers.org/assets/pdfs/reports-and-publications/stormwater-monitoring-report.pdf?3ec0c7>.

Swengel, Ann B. Butterfly Conservation Management in Midwestern Open Habitats. Rep. N.p.: Southern Wisconsin Butterfly Association (SWBA), 2012. Print.

Teledyne ISCO. Stormwater Monitoring Guide. Rep. N.p.: n.p., 2012. Print.

United Kingdom Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. “Methods for Recording Butterfly Transects.” United Kingdom Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2016. <http://www.ukbms.org/Methods.aspx>.

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P HO T O CR EDI T S Page 10:

a) http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/pa-heritage/advanced-technology-rubs-ancient-past.html

b) http://weiszhistory7.wikispaces.com/file/view/fur_trade_new_england.png/294592762/fur_trade_new_england.png

c) https://actionswitchboard.net/scheme/people%E2%80%99s-tourism-bureau

d) http://michaelfroio.com/blog/2013/05/30/shenks-ferry

e) http://explorepahistory.com/displayimage.php?imgId=1-2-119

f) http://www.northeast.railfan.net/images/prr5076.jpg

g) http://michaelfroio.com/blog/

h) http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~pacahs/dyno.htm

i) https://www.flickr.com/photos/55167823@N07/5546867567

j) http://www.lancastercountymag.com/enola-low-grade-rail-trail/ Page 11:

a) Penn Pilot and Google Earth Aerial Imagery Page 17:

a) http://department.bloomu.edu/biology/ricketts/Rosa/R_mult/pics/R_mult_leaf1tn.JPG

b) http://hoodriverswcd.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Alliaria_petiolata_-_garlic_mustard_-_desc-flowers_buds_

seedpods.jpg

c) http://freebigpictures.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/lesser-celandine.jpg Page 18:

a) http://www.fungoceva.it/erbe_ceb/image_erbe/Artemisia_vulgare_1.jpg

b) http://ridgefieldbirds.com/Images07July/ridgefield_NWR_canada_thistle_plant_07-14-07.jpg Page 28:

a) http://atasteforthewoods.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/100_2581-978x734.jpg

b) http://www.flightturf.com/assets/Uploads/_resampled/SetRatioSize800800-image059.png Page 31:

a) http://inhabitat.com/%E2%80%9Ca-path-in-the-forest%E2%80%9D-by-tetsuo-kondo-is-a-floating-woodland-trail-in-

estonia/

b) http://www.directembedcoating.com/portfolio-item/longwood-gardens-interpretive-signage/

Page 43:

a) http://botany.cz/foto2/symphyolaeveherb1.jpg

b) http://newfs.s3.amazonaws.com/taxon-images-1000s1000/Dryopteridaceae/polystichum-acrostichoides-le-dcamer

on-b.jpg

c) https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/udata/r9ndp23q/white/white-snakeroot-100_0077.jpg

d) https://smileherb.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/lindera_benzoin_fruiting_plant.jpg

e) http://plants.gertens.com/Content/Images/Photos/F001-04.jpg

f) http://joshfecteau.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/blackchokeberry.jpg

g) http://www.schulbiologiezentrum.info/Bilder%205.4%20Staudenliste/Aster%20divaricatus%20Weisse%20Herbstaster

.jpg

h) http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_UCBFruJeOuA/S-1EsP796SI/AAAAAAAAA2w/yMaPqDo_D2c/s1600/IMG_7180.JPG

i) http://www.beautifulflowerpictures.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/bluebells_2.jpg

j) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Eupatorium_perfoliatum_001.JPG

k) http://www.perennialmarket.com/images/products/(pennsylvania%20sedge).jpg

l) http://www.zaepfel.org/ferns/fernpictures/onoclea_sensibilis.jpg Page 46:

a) http://www.communita.net/signage-wayfinding.html

b) http://www.directembedcoating.com/portfolio-item/longwood-gardens-interpretive-signage/ Page 73:

a) http://s3.amazonaws.com/birdfellow-production/content/bird_photos/000/003/110/identification/Ovenbird_-_01.

jpg?1264523142

b) http://www.fllt.org/content/uploads/2014/12/1-wood_thrush_11.jpg

c) https://www.thinglink.com/scene/646848315765293058

d) http://www.larkwire.com/static/content/images/ipad/LBNA1/AmericanKestrel.jpg

*All other photos throughout the booklet are taken by Caitlin Morrissey Glagola

Page 33:

a) http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2015/03/wylde-mountain-bike-trail-by-groupgsa/wylde_mountain_bike_

trail-groupgsa-01/ Page 35:

a) https://www.pinterest.com/pin/112378953180394324/

b) Google Earth Aerial Imagery Page 41:

a) http://www.homedit.com/wintergreen-montain-cabin-by-balance-associates-architects/

b) http://msrdesign.com/project/eastman-nature-center/

c) http://www.trendir.com/house-design/waterside-home-design-features-custom-douglas-fir-millwork.html

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THE END

SHENKS FERRY WILDFLOWER PRESERVE: knit ting together a fragmented landscape Caitlin Morrissey Glagola, Temple Universit y