Pay Me What I Am Worth - CA Black Women's Wages In CA Report

PAY ME WHAT I AM WORTH

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 03

Overview

06

The Women of California

09

Educational Attainment and the Impact on Wages

11

Black Women Population by Education Attainment and Mean Wage Comparison

25

California Women Wages by Parental and Marital Status

36

Conclusion

38

Policy Recommendations

40

About California Black Women’s Collective

42

About Authors

OVERVIEW

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California, the sixth largest economy in the world, isn’t taking care of all its residents through the lens of the intersection of race and gender. Black Californians, those who identify solely as African American or Black, constitute 5.8%, which is approximately 2.2 million residents. There is an additional 1.2% who identify as having partial African ancestry, which lifts the figure to 7.0% (2.8 million residents) based on the US Census data.i This is the fifth largest Black population in the country. Of those, 51% are Black Women and Girls.

Black Women have always been a part of the labor market in California. Like other states, policies and practices have created wage inequities in California. The migration to California did not remove the shackles of the South for most Black Californians. While the South was the epic center of Jim Crow laws, California exercised Jane Crow practices that overwhelmingly harmed Black Women and their ability to take care of and/or adequately contribute to their families. The result of centuries of exploitation, segregation and implicit bias has created systems that push Black Women into lower paying occupations, undervalue their work and penalize them for family responsibilities. Far too often, Black Women are delegated to work as caregivers and lower-paying service occupations including food service, domestic work and health care assistance.

At every turn in our economy, Black Women face racism and sexism including in California, which is considered one of the most liberal states in the nation. However, Black Women experience systemic barriers that impact their ability to strengthen their economic safety net. In California, approximately 67% of Black households are headed by single mothers. In our recent public opinion survey that surveyed more than 1,200 Black Women in California, nearly 2 in 5 Black Women work multiple jobs, yet face significant challenges meeting basic expenses, indicating the strain caused by inflation and the rising cost of living in the Golden State. Among Black Women who are employed, two thirds are considered primary breadwinners in their households.

PAY M E W H AT I A M W O R T H

4

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

Nearly half (40%) of respondents stated that racism and discrimination have limited their income and earning capacity, shedding light on the structural inequalities faced by Black Women in the state. Black Women named not having enough money saved for retirement (77%), maintaining, or achieving financial stability (76%) and being able to make ends meet (70%) as among other top concerns. A staggering 2 in 3 Black Women reported having difficulty dealing with stress, reflecting the emotional toll of navigating social and economic pressures.

In addition, there is clearly a jarring reality of the gender and racial wage gap that persists despite Black Women’s sharply increasing educational attainment. Educational attainment is often seen as a path to economic stability. Women account for more than half of college-educated adults in the U.S. labor force.ii And Black Women’s educational attainment has steadily increased in recent decades; over four times as many Black Women received Bachelor’s degrees during the 2020-21 than 1976-77 school year, compared to over 1.1 times as many White men.iii Despite these educational gains, Black Women are still typically paid less than White, non-Hispanic men with less educational attainment. In addition, Black Women experience a gender wage gap compared to Black men: among full-time, year-round workers, Black Women typically make just 93 cents for every dollar paid to Black men.iv Even though a pay gap exists within nearly every occupation, jobs traditionally associated with men tend to pay better than traditionally female-dominated jobs that require the same level of skill. In addition, Black Women hold the largest student loan debt. v And according to a report from The American Association of University Women, Black Women carry about 20% more student debt than White Women do. vi Researchers estimate that one year after graduation, White Women owe $33,851 in undergraduate loans, on average, while Black Women owe an average of $41,466.

Obtaining wage equity is the cornerstone of bridging the disparity wealth gap that exists today in California. This report outlines Black Women wages in California in comparison to other Women, based on parental status, marital status, type of work and educational attainment.

C A B L AC K W O M E N ’ S C O L L E C T I V E

5

EMPOWERMENT INSTITUTE

THE WOMEN OF CALIFORNIA

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, Black Women carry about 20% more student debt than White Women do. 6 Researcher e that one year a�er gradua�on, White Women owe $33,851 in undergraduate loans, on , while Black Women owe an average of $41,466.

ng wage equity is the cornerstone of bridging the disparity wealth gap that exists today in ia. This report outlines Black Women wages in California in comparison to other Women ntal status, marital status, type of work and educa�onal atainment.

Black Women represents 6% of all Women in contribute to the labor force in the state. The California, compared to White Women at 42%; Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that among Latina at 30%; Asian American, Native Hawaiian, adult Women in California, Black Women Pacific Islander (AANHPI) at 17%; and American (60.6%) were more likely to participate in the omenIndian represents 6% of all Women in California, compared to White Women at 42%; La� or Alaskan Native and Other at 5% labor force than were Asian Women (58.8%), combined. Black Women in California are oneIslander of Latinas (58.2%), and White Women (56.4%).vii OfIndian o ian American, Na�ve Hawaiian, Pacific (AANHPI) at 17%; and American the 1,077 executives for the top 100 companies the smallest percentages but disproportionately

Women of California

nd Other at 5% combined. Black Women in California are one of the smallest percentage or�onately contribute to the labor force in the state. The Bureau of Labor Sta�s�cs repor

2021 POPULATION OF CA WOMEN, BY RACE American Indian or Alaskan Native 1%

Other Black 4% 6%

AANHPI 17% White 42% Latina 30%

Source: US Census Bureau, “American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and American Indian or Alaskan Native race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Es�mates: 2017–2021". calculated by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”.

Includes Women ages 16 and older.

ack, White, AANHPI, and American Indian or Alaskan Na�ve race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “La�na” catego ed by collec�ng respondents who iden�fied as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. Includes Women ages 16 and older.

adult Women in California, Black Women (60.6%) were more likely to par�cipate in the la an were Asian Women (58.8%), La�nas (58.2%), and White Women (56.4%). 7 Of the 1,07

ww.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/09/26/Women-now-outnumber-men-in-the-u-s-college-educated-laborext=Women%20now%20outnumber%20men%20in%20the%20U.S.%20 ’s degrees conferred and sex of student: ESelected 7 CA B L AC K W O Mby E Npostsecondary ’ S C O L L E C T I V E ins�tu�ons, by race/ethnicity M P O W E Racademic M E N T I N S T years, I T U T E 1976-7 able 322.20. (Na�onal Center for Educa�on Sta�s�cs) htps://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d22/tables/dt22_322.20.asp.

execu�ves for the top 100 companies headquartered in California, Black Women represent less than 3%.

White Women, AANHPI Women, La�nas and Indigenous Women represent 24%, 4.6%, .8% and .04% respec�vely. The overall wages of Black Women in California fall below the overall wages of all Californians. From 2017 to 2021, Black Women have seen their wages grow from $23,583 to $30,127 equaling a $6,544 increase. However, White and AANHPI growth was higher at $8,929 and $7,349 respec�vely. In order to bridge the wage gap for all Women, all �des will need to rise at the same pace and the equity gap will need to be addressed.

$25,000 $20,000

2021

$31,063 $33,713 $36,372 $36,278 $38,412

2020

$17,024 $18,724 $21,380 $20,666 $20,065

$30,000

2019

$15,612 $16,178 $17,754 $19,343 $19,821

$35,000

2018

$25,507 $26,238 $27,516 $31,109 $32,436

$40,000

2017 $23,583 $25,393 $25,763 $28,989 $30,127

$45,000

$32,974 $34,656 $36,565 $37,454 $38,471

MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA RESIDENTS VS ALL CA WOMEN BY RACE 2017–2021

$15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $0

ALL CA

BLACK

WHITE

LATINA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau, “American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Note: Black, White, and American Indian or Alaskan Native1-Year race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is Source: USAANHPI, Census Bureau, "American Community Survey Estimates: 2017–2021". calculated by collecting respondents identifiedIndian as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”.

Income only includes wagesis Note: Black, White, AANHPI, who and American or Alaskan Native race groups are singlecalculated race, non-Hispanic.

Theincome “Latina”from category and salaries

calculated by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries

headquartered in California, Black Women grow $23,583 to $30,127 equaling a $6,544 Educa�onal Atainment and the Impact onfrom Wages represent less than 3%. White Women, AANHPI increase. However, White and AANHPI growth was Educa�on supposed to beWomen the golden �cket to higher Educa�onal influences Women, Latinasisand Indigenous represent higher wages. at $8,929 and $7,349atainment respectively.

In order wages. journeyThe foroverall Black Californians is marked with barriersallthat have 24%,However, 4.6%, .8% the andeduca�onal .04% respectively. to bridge the wage gapsystemic for all Women, tides will plagued students decades. With the overturning of to Affirma�ve 1996, students wages of Black Womenfor in California fall below need rise at theAc�on same in pace andBlack the equity gapin the overall wages of struggled all Californians.

From that 2017was never willcreated need tofor bethem addressed.

California have in a system to succeed in. Black Californians to 2021, Black Women have seen their wages have one of the highest dropout rates and lowest gradua�on rates. In 2020, Black students had a 76.8%

gradua�on rate, which was lower than in 2019, according to the California Department of Educa�on. 8 In addi�on, in the same year, 13% of Black Students dropped out of school. Dropping out of high school can have significant consequences for one’s economic and social well-being. High school dropouts are more likely to face unemployment, poverty, incarcera�on, and health problems than those who complete their educa�on. 9 There are also dispari�es among Women based on the level of educa�on.

The “good girl” and “bad girl” dichotomy, as chronicled by Monique W. Morris in Pushout: The Criminaliza�on of Black Girls in Schools, is a systemic situa�on that has plagued Black Girls and Women especially in the educa�onal system. The way in which society judges Black Girls is deeply entrenched and influenced by racism and patriarchy. This has led to consistent mischaracteriza�ons of Black Girls PAY M E W H AT I A M W O R T H BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA who are being their authen�c self, which is full 8of energy and inquisi�veness.

They are mislabeled

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND THE IMPACT ON WAGES

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Education is supposed to be the golden ticket to higher wages. Educational attainment influences wages. However, the educational journey for Black Californians is marked with systemic barriers that have plagued students for decades. With the overturning of Affirmative Action in 1996, Black students in California have struggled in a system that was never created for them to succeed in. Black Californians have one of the highest dropout rates and lowest graduation rates. In 2020, Black students had a 76.8% graduation rate, which was lower than in 2019, according to the California Department of Education.vii In addition, in the same year, 13% of Black Students dropped out of school. Dropping out of high school can have significant consequences for one’s economic and social well-being. High school dropouts are more likely to face unemployment, poverty, incarceration, and health problems than those who complete their education.ix There are also disparities among Women based on the level of education.

The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools, is a systemic situation that has plagued Black Girls and Women especially in the educational system. The way in which society judges Black Girls is deeply entrenched and influenced by racism and patriarchy. This has led to consistent mischaracterizations of Black Girls who are being their authentic self, which is full of energy and inquisitiveness. They are mislabeled because of how they dress, look, talk, and act. For example, in 2017-2018, Black Girls had 4.19 times the risk of receiving an out-of-school suspension compared to White girls. Nationally, they are the only group of girls disproportionately suspended in relation to their enrollment. This has a significant impact on whether they finish high school, go to college, and graduate college.

As Black Women and Girls navigate success throughout their educational journey, they must recognize that there is a collation between education attainment and wages.

The “good girl” and “bad girl” dichotomy, as chronicled by Monique W. Morris in Pushout:

PAY M E W H AT I A M W O R T H

10

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

BLACK WOMEN POPULATION

BY EDUCATION ATTAINMENT AND MEAN WAGE COMPARISON

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of girls dispropor�onately suspended in rela�on to their enrollment. This has a significant impact on whether they finish high school, go to college, and graduate college.

As Black Women and Girls navigate success throughout their educa�onal journey, they must recognize that there is a colla�on between educa�on atainment and wages.

Black Women represent 3.64% all WomenAtainment who did not finish highWage school in California. For all who did Black Women Popula�on byofEduca�on and Mean Comparison not finish high school, their wages are suppressed.

Black Women represent 3.64% of all Women who did not finish high school in California. For all who did not finish high school, their wages are suppressed.

POPULATION OF CA WOMEN WITH LESS THAN A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA, BY RACE 2017–2021 100%

75%

50%

25%

0% Other

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

1.91%

1.81%

1.84%

2.40%

2.86%

American Indian or Alaskan Native

1.05%

0.98%

1.07%

2.04%

2.05%

AANHPI

11.18%

10.88%

11.01%

11.93%

11.04%

Latina

29.46%

27.22%

27.73%

54.24%

58.96%

White

52.15%

55.26%

54.20%

25.37%

21.46%

Black

4.24%

3.85%

4.15%

4.02%

3.64%

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Source: Census Bureau, “American Community 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Note:US Black, White, AANHPI, and American Indian Survey or Alaskan Native race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and American Indian or Alaskan Native race groups are single race, non-Hispanic.

Theindicates “Latina”the category calculated by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”.

The “education” category highestislevel of calculated by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. The “education” category indicates the highest level education attained by respondents. of education attained by respondents.

For Women in California, the educa�onal disparity gap is significant compared to all California. For Women without a high school diploma, mean wage was as low as $3,733 in 2017 for Black Women to as high as $8,326, which was what Black Women made in 2021. Unfortunately, that is s�ll a 65% and 31% For Women in California, the educational over the age of 18 years old. The likelihood of difference among all Californians.

Approximately 50%stability of the Women represented in this in disparity gaprespec�vely is significant compared to all economic is unrealistic for Women data are over the age of 18 years old. school The likelihood ofthis economic stability is unrealis�c for Women California.

For Women without a high category.

California is considered onein ofthis the diploma, mean wage is was as low asone $3,733 in 2017 most expensive places live in the category.

California considered of the most expensive places to live in thetocountry.

Thecountry. average The 10 the state of California is $61,483 forsalary BlackinWomen toof asCalifornia high as $8,326, which average the state is $61,483 perwas year or $29.56 persalary hour.in These wages fall far short of what Black Women made in 2021. Unfortunately, per year or $29.56 hour.x These that. The need to increase gradua�on rates and decrease dropout rates areper important if we wages want tofall li�far short of that. The need to increase graduation that is still a 65% and 31% difference respectively the overall wages of Black Women. 50% rates and decrease dropout rates are important if among all Californians.

Approximately we want to lift the overall wages of Black Women.

of the Women represented in this data are

PAY htps://www.ziprecruiter.com/Salaries/--in-California M E W H AT I A M W O R T H 10

12

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA RESIDENTS VS. CA WOMEN WITH LESS THAN HIGH SCHOOL DEGREE, BY RACE 2017–2021 2019

2020

2021

$4,000

$5,586 $5,987 $6,982 $7,904 $8,114

$3,733

$6,000

$6,056 $5,245 $6,208 $6,219 $5,393

$8,000

$6,845 $7,257 $8,336 $8,159 $7,880

$10,000

$5,731 $6,000 $6,518 $6,010 $5,488

$12,000

$6,677 $4,932 $7,052 $8,326

$14,000

2018

$10,545 $10,922 $11,986 $11,973 $12,093

2017

$2,000 $0

ALL CA

BLACK

WHITE

LATINA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Source:Note: US Census “American Survey 2017–2021”.

Black, Bureau, White, AANHPI, and Community AIAN race groups are1-Year single Estimates: race, non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting respondents Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIAN race groups are single race, non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” is calculated byThe collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”.

Income calculated only includes incomecategory from wages and salaries. “education” category who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries. The “education” category indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents. indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents.

Black Women represent over 6% of all Women who have a high school diploma. Over a five-year period, the percentage has remained consistent compared to their White counterparts, which has decreased while La�nas have increased.

Black Women represent over 6% of all Women who have a high school diploma. Over a five-year period, the percentage has remained consistent compared to their White counterparts, which has decreased

POPULATION OF CA WOMEN WITH A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA, BY RACE 2017–2021

100% 75% 50% 25% 0% C A B L AC K W O M E N ’ S C O L L E C T I V E

Other

2017 2.34%

13

2018

2019

2.15%

2.23%

2020

2021

3.13%

3.36%

EMPOWERMENT INSTITUTE

ALL CA

BLACK

WHITE

LATINA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIAN race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries. The “education” category indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents.

Black Women represent over 6% of all Women who have a high school diploma. Over a five-year period, the percentage has remained consistent compared to their White counterparts, which has decreased while La�nas have increased.

POPULATION OF CA WOMEN WITH A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA, BY RACE 2017–2021 100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Other

2.34%

2.15%

2.23%

3.13%

3.36%

American Indian or Alaskan Native

0.98%

1.08%

1.10%

1.96%

1.56%

AANHPI

12.61%

12.05%

12.29%

12.70%

12.27%

Latina

18.26%

18.27%

17.55%

35.57%

39.35%

White

59.26%

60.09%

60.24%

40.61%

37.39%

Black

6.55%

6.37%

6.59%

6.03%

6.06%

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Note:US Black, White, AANHPI, and American Indian or Alaskan Native race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is Source: Census Bureau, “American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”. calculated by collecting respondents who identified “Other single “Hispanic”.

Therace, “education” category indicates the highest level of Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and American Indian orasAlaskan Nativerace” race and groups are single non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” category is education by respondents. calculated byattained collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. The “education” category indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents.

Women who have a high school diploma have a lower mean wage compared to all Californians.

This trend is consistent over a five-year period of 2017-2021. Black Women with a high school diploma have the highest median wage of all

PAY M E W H AT I A M W O R T H

race groups in 2021 at $16,512. This is 25% lower than all Californians. In addition, their mean wage has not significantly changed from 2019-2021 compared to their counterparts that have had more fluctuations.

14

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

the highest median wage of all race groups in 2021 at $16,512. This is 25% lower than all Californians. In addi�on, their mean wage has not significantly changed from 2019-2021 compared to their counterparts that have had more fluctua�ons.

WHITE

2021

$12,314 $14,052 $15,767 $15,794 $13,701

BLACK

2020

$12,408 $12,279 $14,203 $14,115 $12,352

2019

$14,945 $15,009 $15,785 $15,996 $15,976

$15,000

2018

$13,913 $14,413 $14,882 $13,734 $14,101

$20,000

2017

$13,848 $14,276 $16,577 $16,553 $16,512

$25,000

$19,616 $20,515 $21,563 $21,614 $21,823

MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA RESIDENTS VS. CA WOMEN A HIGH SCHOOL DEGREE, BY RACE 2017–2021

$10,000 $5,000 $0

ALL CA

LATINA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau, “American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Note: Black, AANHPI, and AIAN race groups are single race,Estimates: non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting respondents Source:White, US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year 2017–2021". who identified as White, “OtherAANHPI, single race” and “Hispanic”. calculated only includes incomecategory from wages and salaries.

The “education” Note: Black, and AIAN race groupsIncome are single race, non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” is calculated by collecting respondentscategory indicates highest of single education by respondents. whothe identified aslevel “Other race” attained and “Hispanic”.

Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries. The “education” category

indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents.

Black Women in California have made remarkable strides in college atainment, showcasing their commitment to educa�on and their determina�on to overcome historical barriers. From 2011 to 2016, Blackthe Women in California madethan remarkable coursework in high schools, rising numbers of four-year gradua�on have rate more doubled increasing from 10% to 24% for Black Women strides in college attainment, showcasing Black students taking and passing transfer-level freshmen at the California State University (CSU) System. In addi�on, during the same period more than theirhalf commitment to education and their coursework in their atincreased a community of Black Women who enroll in the CSU as freshmen graduate within six first years.year Their determination to overcome historical barriers. college, and majora growth associate and college success not only signifies individual achievement but also reflects broader in commitment to Fromhigher 2011 to 2016, the four-year graduation rate bachelor’s degrees awarded to Black educa�on, empowerment, and the pursuit of opportuni�es that, in turn, contribute to aCalifornians. more morediverse, than doubled increasing 10% society. to 24% Nevertheless, disparity gaps continue to persist knowledgeable, and from equitable for Black Women freshmen at the California State especially for Black Women. According to the University (CSU) System. In addition, during the report, 36% of Black men ages 25-64 have a In The State of Higher Educa�on for Black Californians, published in February 2021, the Lumina same period more than half of Black Women who college degree compared to 56% of White men.

Founda�on found that Black students in California have made substan�al gains including significant enroll in the CSU as freshmen graduate within six And 41% of Black Women have a college degree increases in access to college-level coursework in high schools, rising numbers of Black students taking years. Their increased college success not only compared to 59% of White Women, a gap of and passing transfer-level coursework in their first year at a community college, and major growth in signifies individual achievement but also reflects 18 percentage points. In addition, a third of all associate and bachelor’s degrees awarded to Black Californians.

Nevertheless, gaps college con�nuebut to a broader commitment to higher education, Black men and Womendisparity have some persist especially for Black Women.

According to the report, 36% ofwhich Black creates men ages 25-64 havebarriers a college empowerment, and the pursuit of opportunities no degree, additional such degree compared to 56% of White men.

And 41% of Black Women have a college degree compared that, in turn, contribute to a more diverse, as paying off student loan debt with lowerto wages 59% of Whiteand Women, a gap society. of 18 percentage points. In addi�on, a third of all Black and Women knowledgeable, equitable than their counterparts whomen finished school.

have some college but no degree, which creates addi�onal barriers such as paying off student loan debt

In The State of wages Higherthan Education for Black who finishedBlack Women rely heavily on the community with lower their counterparts school.

Californians, published in February 2021, the college system with just over 60 percent of Black Lumina Foundation that Black studentscollege in Women enrolled California Community Black Women relyfound heavily on the community system with just overin60a percent of Black Women California have made substantial gains including College.

Nine percent of Black Women enrolled in a California Community College. Nine percent of Black Women are enrolled at the CSU,are while significant increases in access to college-level enrolled at the CSU, while only 3% of Black C A B L AC K W O M E N ’ S C O L L E C T I V E

15

EMPOWERMENT INSTITUTE

Women are enrolled in a UC. Among firstmarket. On average, individuals with a college time freshmen, 52% of Black Women start at a degree earn higher 52% wages to those only 3% of Black Women are enrolled in a UC. Among first-�me freshmen, of compared Black Women start at a community college. However, only 10% of Black with only a high school diploma or lower levels community college. However, only 10% of Black Women who enrolled in the California Community Women who enrolled in the California Community of education. This wage differential reflects the College System in the 2016-17 academic year graduated with a degree or cer�ficate within four years 11.

College System in the 2016-17 academic year economic value placed on the expertise, critical Higher educa�on atainment significantly impacts by providing advanced knowledge andacquired skills for graduated with a degree or certificate within four wages thinking, and problem-solving abilities an ever increasing, compe��ve job market.

On average, individuals with a college degree earn higher xi years. Higher education attainment significantly through higher education. For Black Women, their wages compared to those with only a high school diploma or to lower levels ofcollege educa�on.

This wage impacts wages by providing advanced knowledge ability complete ties considerably to differen�al reflects economic value placed on the exper�se, cri�cal thinking, and problem-solving and skills for an ever the increasing, competitive job their wages.

abili�es acquired through higher educa�on. For Black Women, their ability to complete college �es considerably to their wages.

POPULATION OF CA WOMEN WITH SOME COLLEGE,

BY RACE 2017–2021 100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Other

3.19%

3.43%

3.07%

4.31%

4.78%

American Indian or Alaskan Native

0.90%

0.90%

0.94%

1.38%

1.47%

AANHPI

10.83%

11.71%

11.24%

11.17%

11.21%

Latina

14.21%

13.19%

13.37%

27.73%

30.63%

White

62.87%

62.99%

63.33%

47.50%

44.35%

Black

8.01%

7.77%

8.05%

7.92%

7.55%

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Source: Census Bureau, “American Community 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Note:US Black, White, AANHPI, and American IndianSurvey or Alaskan Native race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and American Indian or as Alaskan are singleThe race, non-Hispanic.

Theindicates “Latina” category is level of calculated by collecting respondents who identified “OtherNative single race race”groups and “Hispanic”. “education” category the highest calculated by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”.

The “education” category indicates the highest level education attained by respondents. of education attained by respondents.

Black Women in California represent less than 8% of all Women who have some college completed. Their mean wage is higher than their counterparts but falls over $6,000 short of the state’s overall mean income for 2021. However, over a five-year period Black Women with some college completed had the largest salary growth than the overall state and their counterparts with some college completed.

PAY M E W H AT I A M W O R T H

16

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

2021

BLACK

WHITE

LATINA

AANHPI

$17,219 $18,266 $21,467 $19,933 $20,860

2020

$18,634 $19,224 $19,632 $18,992 $20,248

2019

$18,206 $17,898 $20,344 $20,147 $20,825

$20,000

2018

$18,543 $19,238 $20,246 $19,936 $20,615

$25,000

2017 $18,577 $19,735 $19,736 $20,851 $21,702

$30,000

$24,806 $25,450 $26,719 $26,334 $27,646

MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA RESIDENTS VS. CA WOMEN WITH SOME COLLEGE COMPLETED, BY RACE 2017–2021

$15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $0

ALL CA

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Source: US Census Bureau, “American Community 1-Year 2017–2021”.

Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIAN race groupsSurvey are single race,Estimates: non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting respondents Note: Black, White, as AANHPI, and AIAN groups are singlecalculated race, non-Hispanic.

“Latina” category is calculated by collecting respondents who identified “Other single race” race and “Hispanic”.

Income only includes The income from wages and salaries.

The “education” category who identified as “Other single andattained “Hispanic”.

Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries. The “education” category indicates the highest level of race” education by respondents. indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents.

POPULATION OF CA WOMEN WITH AN ASSOCIATES DEGREE, BY RACE 2017–2021

Black Women in California represent less than 8% 100% of all Women who have some college completed.

Their mean wage is higher than75% their counterparts but falls over $6,000 short of the state’s overall mean income for 2021. However, 50%over a five-year period Black Women with some college

completed had the largest salary growth than the overall state and their counterparts with some college completed.

25% 0%

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Other

3.06%

2.68%

2.93%

3.91%

4.88%

American Indian or Alaskan Native

0.86%

0.72%

0.78%

1.32%

1.15%

AANHPI

15.65%

15.58%

16.15%

15.51%

15.04%

Latina

10.03%

9.31%

10.17%

23.11%

23.57%

White

63.50%

64.26%

63.11%

49.73%

48.29%

Black

6.90%

7.46%

6.86%

6.43%

7.06%

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and American Indian or Alaskan Native race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is byM collecting who and “Hispanic”. The “education” category indicates the C A B Lcalculated AC K W O E N ’ S Crespondents OLLEC TIV E identified as “Other single race” 17 EMPO Whighest E R M Elevel N T of INSTITUTE education attained by respondents.

ALL CA

BLACK

WHITE

LATINA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIAN race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries. The “education” category indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents.

POPULATION OF CA WOMEN WITH AN ASSOCIATES DEGREE, BY RACE 2017–2021 100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Other

3.06%

2.68%

2.93%

3.91%

4.88%

American Indian or Alaskan Native

0.86%

0.72%

0.78%

1.32%

1.15%

AANHPI

15.65%

15.58%

16.15%

15.51%

15.04%

Latina

10.03%

9.31%

10.17%

23.11%

23.57%

White

63.50%

64.26%

63.11%

49.73%

48.29%

Black

6.90%

7.46%

6.86%

6.43%

7.06%

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Note:US Black, White, AANHPI, and American Indian or Alaskan race 2017–2021”. groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is Source: Census Bureau, “American Community Survey 1-YearNative Estimates: Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and American or Alaskan Native race groups single race, Hispanic.The “Latina” category calculated calculated by collecting respondents whoIndian identified as “Other single race” and are “Hispanic”.

Thenon “education” category indicates the is highest level of by education collectingattained respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. The “education” category indicates the highest level of by respondents. education attained by respondents.

In 2020-21, Black Women represented 13% of associate degrees (AA) conferred according to the Na�onal Center for Educa�onal Sta�s�cs. Nevertheless, there is a significant disparity compared to White Women who conferred 48% of the more than 680,000 associate degrees that were awarded 12.

In 2020-21, Black Women represented 13% of associate degrees (AA) conferred according to the 12 National Center for Educational Statistics. htps://nces.ed.gov/FastFacts/display.asp?id=72 Nevertheless, there is a significant disparity compared to White Women who conferred 48% of the more than 680,000 associate degrees that were awarded.xii That trend is consistent in California as well with Black Women holding approximately 7% of the AA degrees with their

PAY M E W H AT I A M W O R T H

White counterparts holding more than 48%.

As it relates to mean wages, all Women fall short of the state 5-year average of $32,236. Black Women have seen the largest decrease in mean wages in a five-year period dropping from $29,215 in 2017, which was the highest to $25,528 in 2021, which is one of the lowest and more than $6,000, which is lower than the state mean wage. During this 5-year period, Black Women with an AA

18

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

which was the highest to $25,528 in 2021, which is one of the lowest and more than $6,000, which is lower than the state mean wage. During this 5-year period, Black Women with an AA Degree averaged $26,340.

MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA RESIDENTS VS. CA WOMEN WITH AN ASSOCIATE'S DEGREE, BY RACE 2017–2021

WHITE

LATINA

$25,781 $27,274 $28,998 $26,307 $25,979

BLACK

$28,154 $29,767 $30,406

2021

$17,993 $18,014

$25,000

2020

$23,046 $24,145 $25,760 $25,999 $26,934

$30,000

2019

$24,924 $25,375 $26,889 $25,230 $26,253

$35,000

2018

$29,215 $22,724 $27,077 $26,154 $26,528

$40,000

$30,845 $32,140 $33,449 $31,994 $32,754

2017

$20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $0

ALL CA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

USBureau, Census Bureau,Community “American Community Survey2017–2021".

1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Source:Source: US Census "American Survey 1-Year Estimates: Note:White, Black,AANHPI, White,and AANHPI, and AIAN groups are single race, non-Hispanic.

“Latina” is calculated by Note: Black, AIAN race groups arerace single race, non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” category isThe calculated by category collecting respondents collecting respondents who as “Other singleonly race” and “Hispanic”.

Income includes income who identified as “Other single race” andidentified “Hispanic”. Income calculated includes income from wages andcalculated salaries. Theonly “education” category from and of salaries.

The “education” category indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents. indicates the wages highest level education attained by respondents.

POPULATION OF CA WOMEN WITH A BACHELOR'S DEGREE, BY RACE 2017–2021 100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Other

3.36%

3.22%

3.37%

4.38%

4.65%

American Indian or Alaskan Native

0.34%

0.36%

0.46%

0.67%

0.77%

AANHPI

26.67%

26.49%

26.54%

25.38%

26.22%

Latina

5.63%

5.70%

5.96%

14.22%

15.02%

White

59.18%

59.41%

58.98%

50.57%

48.82%

Black

4.82%

4.82%

4.69%

4.77%

4.53%

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Source: USWhite, Census Bureau, Community Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Note: Black, AANHPI, and“American American Indian or AlaskanSurvey Native1-Year race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and American or single Alaskan Native race groups single race, non-Hispanic. calculated by collecting respondents who identifiedIndian as “Other race” and “Hispanic”.

The are “education” category indicates theThe highest level of “Latina” category calculated by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. The education attained byisrespondents. “education” category indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents.’

In 2021, Black Women in California represent under 5% of Women bachelor’s degree holders, compared to White (48.82%), AANHPI (26.22%), and La�na Women (15.02%). From 20217 to 2021, La�nas have C A B L AC K W O M E N ’ S C O L L E C T I V E EMPOWERMENT INSTITUTE had the largest rela�ve growth with approximately19a 10-percentage point increase. Black Women have remained rela�vely flat. White Women s�ll hold the majority percentage of bachelor’s degrees among

In 2021, Black Women in California represent under 5% of Women bachelor’s degree holders, compared to White (48.82%), AANHPI (26.22%), and Latina Women (15.02%). From 20217 to 2021, Latinas have had the largest relative growth with approximately a 10-percentage point increase.

Black Women have remained relatively flat. White Women still hold the majority percentage of bachelor’s degrees among Women.

with bachelor’s degrees still make less than the state average. For Black Women, there is a $13,000 difference and for American Indian/Alaskan Indians, it’s a $20,000 difference.

Even with the attainment of higher education, Women with bachelor’s degrees often find themselves contending with a persistent wage gap, reflecting the broader gender inequalities ingrained in the workforce. Despite investing time and effort in securing a higher education, Women with BAs face wage differentials when compared to their male counterparts. The reasons behind this gap are multifaceted, encompassing factors such as occupational segregation, implicit biases, and a lack of representation in leadership roles.

In regard to wages, all Women’s wages are comparable except for American Indian/Alaskan Indian’s, which are approximately $10,000 lower than their counterparts’. Black Women with a bachelor’s degree in 2021 made relatively the same as their White counterparts. Overall, Women

MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA RESIDENTS VS. CA WOMEN WITH A BACHELOR'S DEGREE, BY RACE 2017–2021

WHITE

$40,787 $43,672 $46,017 $46,313 $49,019

BLACK

2021

$43,738 $43,400 $38,734 $34,666 $39,711

$40,000

2020

$33,989 $34,545 $36,792 $38,211 $41,928

$50,000

2019

$41,414 $43,194 $44,632 $45,542 $47,080

$60,000

2018

$38,309 $42,892 $41,468 $46,794 $47,177

$70,000

$53,616 $55,985 $58,023 $58,445 $60,350

2017

$30,000 $20,000 $10,000 $0

ALL CA

LATINA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau,“American "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Source: US Census Bureau, Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”.

White, AANHPI,and andAIAN AIAN race areare single race,race, non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” calculatedisbycalculated collecting respondents Note: Note: Black,Black, White, AANHPI, racegroups groups single non-Hispanic.

Thecategory “Latina”iscategory by collecting respondents who identified as “Othersingle singlerace” race” and Income calculated only includes income from wages from and salaries. “education” category who identified as “Other and“Hispanic”.

“Hispanic”.

Income calculated only includes income wagesThe and salaries. The “education” indicates the highest level of education by respondents. category indicates the highest level of attained education attained by respondents.

POPULATION OF CA WOMEN WITH A MASTER'S DEGREE, BY RACE 2017–2021 100% 75% PAY M E W H AT I A M W O R T H

50%

20

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

$0

ALL CA

BLACK

WHITE

LATINA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIAN race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries. The “education” category indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents.

POPULATION OF CA WOMEN WITH A MASTER'S DEGREE, BY RACE 2017–2021 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Other

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

3.00%

3.12%

3.20%

4.86%

5.00%

American Indian or Alaskan Native

0.27%

0.33%

0.38%

0.75%

0.49%

AANHPI

23.30%

24.54%

24.70%

23.77%

25.29%

Latina

3.74%

3.59%

3.27%

9.59%

10.83%

White

64.50%

63.44%

63.50%

55.45%

53.43%

Black

5.19%

4.99%

4.94%

5.58%

4.96%

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Es�mates: 2017–2021".

Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and American Indian or Alaskan Na�ve race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “La�na” category is Source: US Census Bureau, “American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”. by collec�ng iden�fied as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. “educa�on” categoryThe indicates thecategory highest level Note: Black,calculated White, AANHPI, andrespondents American who Indian or Alaskan Native race groups are singleThe race, non-Hispanic.

“Latina” is of educa�on atained by respondents.

“Master’s degree” includes tradi�onal Master’s degrees as well as professional degrees above a highest level calculated by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. The “education” category indicates the Bachelor’s degree. of education attained by respondents. “Master’s degree” includes traditional Master’s degrees as well as professional degrees above a Bachelor’s degree.

Similar to Black Women with bachelor’s degrees, Black Women represent a small percentage of Women with master’s degrees at less than 5%. La�nas’ representa�on of Women with a master’s degree con�nues to grow while that of White Women decreased Black Women remain rela�vely flat from 2017 to 2022.

Similar to Black Women with bachelor’s degrees, Black Women represent a small percentage of Women with master’s degrees at less than 5%.

Latinas’ representation of Women with a master’s degree continues to grow while that of White Women decreased Black Women remain relatively flat from 2017 to 2022.

deeply ingrained gender disparities in the state’s workforce. Overall, Women see a significant increase in their salaries when obtaining a master’s degree compared to just having their four-year degree. However, compared to the state average, they still fall short of the 5-year average of $83,735. From 2017 to 2021, Black Women in California with a master’s degree increased their wages by more than $15,000 with a 5-year average of $65,652. That was the highest increase among all Women.

Despite obtaining advanced degrees, Women with master’s degrees in California continue to grapple with a persistent wage gap that reflects

C A B L AC K W O M E N ’ S C O L L E C T I V E

21

EMPOWERMENT INSTITUTE

Despite obtaining advanced degrees, Women with master's degrees in California con�nue to grapple with a persistent wage gap that reflects deeply ingrained gender dispari�es in the state's workforce.

Overall, Women see a significant increase in their salaries when obtaining a master’s degree compared to just having their four-year degree. However, compared to the state average, they s�ll fall short of the 5-year average of $83,735. From 2017 to 2021, Black Women in California with a master’s degree increased their wages by more than $15,000 with a 5-year average of $65,652. That was the highest increase among all Women.

2021

BLACK

WHITE

LATINA

$50,000

$64,355 $55,350 $60,373 $61,854 $47,892

$60,000

2020

$67,676 $73,072 $77,078 $75,041 $79,736

$70,000

2019

$52,056 $52,607 $55,095 $60,669 $63,093

$80,000

2018

$58,836 $58,565 $60,344 $59,390 $63,371

$90,000

2017 $59,574 $64,407 $64,443 $65,248 $74,586

$100,000

$78,649 $81,258 $85,292 $84,246 $89,234

MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA RESIDENTS VS. CA WOMEN WITH A MASTER'S DEGREE, BY RACE 2017–2021

$40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $10,000 $0

ALL CA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau, "AmericanCommunity Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Source: US Census Bureau, “American Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIANrace race groups groups are race, non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIAN aresingle single race, non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” category is calculated byrespondents collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race”and and“Hispanic”.

“Hispanic”. Income calculated only only includes incomeincome from wages and salaries.

The “education” category who identified as “Other single race” Income calculated includes from wages and salaries.

The “education” indicates the highest level of level education attained byattained respondents.

“Master’s degree” includesdegree” traditional Master’straditional degrees as well as professional category indicates the highest of education by respondents.

“Master’s includes Master’s degrees as well as degreesdegrees above a Bachelor’s degree. professional above a Bachelor’s degree.

PAY M E W H AT I A M W O R T H

22

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

POPULATION OF CA WOMEN WITH A PHD. OR OTHER DOCTORAL DEGREE, BY RACE 2017–2021 100% 75% 50% 25% 0%

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Other

3.32%

3.99%

3.00%

4.68%

4.71%

American Indian or Alaskan Native

0.06%

0.67%

0.24%

0.44%

0.40%

AANHPI

25.94%

25.76%

28.44%

26.83%

27.14%

Latina

2.37%

1.64%

2.41%

6.37%

6.99%

White

63.88%

63.24%

61.98%

57.13%

55.64%

Black

4.42%

4.70%

3.93%

4.56%

5.11%

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Black, White,“American AANHPI, andCommunity American Indian or Alaskan race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is Source: USNote: Census Bureau, Survey 1-YearNative Estimates: 2017–2021”. calculated by collecting respondents identified as “Other singlerace race”groups and “Hispanic”.

Therace, “education” category The indicates the highest levelisof Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and Americanwho Indian or Alaskan Native are single non-Hispanic.

“Latina” category attained by respondents. calculatededucation by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. The “education” category indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents.

Out of the 170,000 doctorate degrees awarded in 2020-21, Women conferred 58% according to the Na�onal Center of Educa�on Sta�s�cs. Of those, Black Women represented 11%. In California, Black Women only holds 5% of the PhDs and other doctoral degrees of all Women.

The170,000 pursuit ofdoctorate a doctoratedegrees degree byawarded Black Women crucial and challenging, the Out of the in is both barriers, including limitedencapsula�ng representation, of intersec�onality of race and gender within the realm of higher educa�on.

Ataining a 2020-21,complexi�es Women conferred 58% according to the unequal access to resources, and pervasive doctoral degree is not only a personal achievement but holds immense importance for the broader National Center of Education Statistics. Of those, biases. These challenges underscore the urgent societalrepresented landscape. Black Women with doctorates invaluable perspec�ves to academia, Black Women 11%.

In California, Black contribute need for educational institutions to address and5% various professional enriching these spaces with diversity provide and unique insights. and Womenresearch, only holds of the PhDs andfields, other structural inequities, mentorship doctoral degrees of all Women. support networks, and actively work towards However, the journey to obtaining a doctorate for Black Womeninclusive is o�en marked by systemicRecognizing barriers, creating environments. and including representa�on, and pervasive biases. These challenges The pursuit of a limited doctorate degree byunequal Black access to resources, overcoming these obstacles is essential not only the urgent need for educa�onal ins�tu�ons address structural inequi�es, Womenunderscore is both crucial and challenging, fortothe empowerment of Blackprovide Women but also mentorship support networks, and ac�vely work towards crea�ng inclusive environments. and vibrant encapsulating the and complexities of for fostering a more representative Recognizing overcoming these obstacles not onlycommunity for the empowerment of Black Women intersectionality ofand race and gender within the is essen�al scholarly that benefits society as but also for fostering a more representa�ve and vibrant scholarly community that benefits society as a realm of higher education. Attaining a doctoral a whole. whole. degree is not only a personal achievement but holds immense importance for the broader Similar to other levels of educational attainment, to other levelsWomen of educa�onal atainment, Women in California fall under state the average. societalSimilar landscape.

Black with doctorates Women in California fallthe under stateThe average. wage gap con�nues to be a significant issue regardlessThe of degree In 2021, AANHPI with aissue contribute invaluable perspectives to academia, wage status. gap continues to be aWomen significant research, and various professional fields, enriching regardless degree status.

In 2021,Black AANHPI doctorate degree made only $1,000 more than the state average ofof$109,619.

In this category, these spaces with and uniqueininsights. withcompared a doctorate degree made only Women havediversity the highest increase mean wage fromWomen 2017 to 2021 to their counterparts. $1,000compared more than the state of $109,619.

Nonetheless, Black Women 5-year average was only $52,549 to overall stateaverage 5-year average of However, the journey to obtaining a doctorate In this category, Black Women have the highest $99,483 as well as $74.877 for White Women, $67,059 for La�nas and $97,809 for AANHPI Women. for Black Women is often marked by systemic increase in mean wage from 2017 to 2021

C A B L AC K W O M E N ’ S C O L L E C T I V E

23

EMPOWERMENT INSTITUTE

$67,000 $69,749

$86,291 $93,028 $100,329 $99,779 $109,619

WHITE

2021 $82,908 $80,684 $71,065

BLACK

2020

$33,411 $39,269 $49,388

$60,000

2019

$48,830 $51,810

$80,000

2018

$71,857 $68,512 $72,856 $85,303 $75,859

$100,000

2017 $58,858 $50,860 $57,614 $61,801 $86,158

$120,000

$91,477 $96,065 $100,538 $100,519 $108,818

MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA RESIDENTS VS. CA WOMEN WITH A PHD. OR OTHER DOCTORAL DEGREE, BY RACE 2017–2021

$40,000 $20,000 $0

ALL CA

LATINA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Source: US Census Bureau, “American Survey Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIANCommunity race groups are single1-Year race, non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting respondents Note: Black, White,as AANHPI, and race” AIANand race groups are single race, non-Hispanic.

The from “Latina” category is calculated by collecting who identified “Other single “Hispanic”.

Income calculated only includes income wages and salaries.

The “education” category respondents who identified as highest “Otherlevel single race” and “Hispanic”.

Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries. The “education” indicates the of education attained by respondents. category indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents.

Overall, Black Women in California can improve their economic status through educa�onal atainment.

There is an eight-fold increase in mean income between Black Women who have less than a high school diploma and those who have their PhD or doctorate degree. Over the 5-year period of 2017-2021, Black Women without a high school diploma on average made $4,479 compared to $15,553 with a high school diploma.

AsWomen they con�nue to atain higher levels of educa�on, their average meanthis wage improves.

Black Overall, Black in California can improve In order to address issue, it is imperative that with status some college average is $20,120; $26,340 with an AAeducation degree; $43,328 with pathways a BA degree; theirWomen economic through educational higher creates of success that $65,648 with a MA degree; and $62,458 with a PhD or other degree.

However, the wage gap attainment.

There is an eight-fold increase aredoctorate intentional and addresses the intersection con�nues to exist with Black Women making less than on average over the 5-year period of 2017-2021 in mean income between Black Women who of race and gender. In addition, policy makers atainment. haveregardless less thanofaeduca�onal high school diploma and those can address systemic barriers that Black Women who have their PhD or doctorate degree. Over face in the educational system as well as allocate In order to address this issue, it is impera�ve that higher educa�on creates pathways of success that that are the 5-year period of 2017-2021, Black Women adequate funding for programs focus on inten�onal and addresses the intersec�on of race and gender.

In addi�on, policy makers can address without a high school diploma on average made lived experiences of American descendants systemic barrierstothat Black Women face in the educa�onalofsystem as well as allocate Although adequate funding $4,479 compared $15,553 with a high school slavery in California.

Proposition for programs that focus on lived experiences of American descendants of slavery in California.

Although diploma. As they continue to attain higher levels 209 limits California from making investments Proposi�ontheir 209 limits California making investments for for educa�onal programs basedbased on race of education, average meanfrom wage improves. educational programs onand race and ethnicity, there are best prac�ces that can be scaled and sustained that have demonstrated success and Black Women with some college average is ethnicity, there are best practices that can be can help improve educa�onal outcomes for Black Women and Girls.and sustained that have demonstrated $20,120; $26,340 with an AA degree; $43,328 scaled with a BA degree; $65,648 with a MA degree; and success and can help improve educational $62,458 with a PhD or other doctorate degree. outcomes for Black Women and Girls.

However, the wage gap continues to exist with Black Women making less than on average over the 5-year period of 2017-2021 regardless of educational attainment.

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24

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

CALIFORNIA BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES

BY PARENTAL AND MARITAL STATUS

image: amani-nation

MEAN INCOME OF BLACK WOMEN, BY EDUCATION 2017–2021 2019

2020

2021

$90,000 $80,000

$60,000

$20,000 $10,000 $0

$3,733 $6,677 $4,932 $7,052 $8,326

$29,215 $22,724 $27,077 $26,154 $26,528

$30,000

$13,848 $14,276 $16,577 $16,553 $16,512

$40,000

$18,577 $19,735 $19,736 $20,851 $21,702

$50,000

LESS THAN HIGH SCHOOL SOME COLLEGE ASSOCIATES HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA OR DEGREE DIPLOMA EQUIVALENT

$38,309 $42,892 $41,468 $46,794 $47,177

$70,000

BACHELORS DEGREE

$59,574 $64,407 $64,443 $65,248 $74,586

$100,000

MASTERS DEGREE

$86,158

2018

$58,858 $50,860 $57,614 $61,801

2017

PHD OR DOCTORAL DEGREE

Source: US Census Bureau, “American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Note: The Black race group includes only single race, non-Hispanic Black respondents. The “education” category indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents.

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Note: The Black race group includes only single race, non-Hispanic Black respondents. The “education” category indicates the highest level of education attained by respondents.

California Black Women’s Wages Parental andoften Marital Status xiii In California, 65% of Black Women are by single. exacerbated by systemic inequalities Compared to their counterparts in the state, they and economic disparities. Balancing the 13 In California, 65% ofheads Black Women are singleBlack . Compared to their counterparts in the state, while they are are disproportionately of households. responsibilities of raising a family addressing dispropor�onately heads of households.

Black Women in California are also more likely to be single Women in California are also more likely to be financial constraints underscores the resilience compared to their counterparts.

For Black with children underWomen 18 yearsin oldthe in the singleparents parents compared to their counterparts.

For mothers and strength of Black face of 71%children are single,under divorced, widowed, or separated.

Comparably, 33% offind White mothers; 46% Black household, mothers with 18 years old in adversity.

Black Women themselves grappling La�na mothers; 23.5% of AANHPI mothers; and 39.7% with Indigenous mothers the household, 71% are single, divorced, widowed, limited accessare to single. quality education, job or separated. Comparably, 33% of White mothers; opportunities, and fair wages, contributing to a 46% Latina mothers; 23.5% of AANHPI mothers; cycle of economic hardship. and 39.7% Indigenous mothers are single.

Navigating the role of single parenthood as Black Women presents a unique set of challenges,

PAY M E W H AT I A M W O R T H

26

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

PARENTAL STATUS

image: sai-de-silva

Naviga�ng the role of single parenthood as Black Women presents a unique set of challenges, o�en exacerbated by systemic inequali�es and economic dispari�es. Balancing the responsibili�es of raising a family while addressing financial constraints underscores the resilience and strength of Black Women in the face of adversity. Black Women find themselves grappling with limited access to quality educa�on, the roleand of single parenthood as Black presents a unique set of challenges, o�en Naviga�ng job opportuni�es, fair wages, contribu�ng toWomen a cycle of economic hardship. exacerbated by systemic inequali�es and economic dispari�es. Balancing the responsibili�es of raising a family while addressing financial constraints underscores the resilience and strength of Black Women in PARENTAL STATUS the face of adversity. Black Women find themselves grappling with limited access to quality educa�on, job opportuni�es, and fair wages, contribu�ng to a cycle of economic hardship.

SHARE OF BLACK WOMEN AGES 18+ WITH OWN CHILD PARENTAL STATUS IN HOUSE, 2021 NEVER MARRIED SHARE OF BLACK WOMEN AGES35.3% 18+ WITH OWN CHILD WIDOWED

35.3%

NEVER MARRIED DIVORCED WIDOWED SEPARATED

15.7% 8.5% 3.9% 15.7%

DIVORCED MARRIED SEPARATED

0.0%

IN HOUSE, 2021

8.5%

36.6% 3.9% 10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

36.6%

MARRIED

SHARE OF WHITE WOMEN AGES 18+ WITH OWN CHILD IN 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% HOUSE, 2021 NEVER MARRIED 10.1% SHARE OF WHITE WOMEN AGES 18+ WITH OWN CHILD IN

HOUSE, 2021

WIDOWED

7.4%

NEVER MARRIED

10.1%

DIVORCED WIDOWED

13.3% 7.4%

SEPARATED

2.4%

DIVORCED

13.3%

MARRIED SEPARATED

0.0%

66.9% 2.4% 10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

MARRIED 0.0%

PAY M E W H AT I A M W O R T H

70.0%

80.0%

66.9% 10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

28

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

SHARE OF LATINA WOMEN AGES 18+ WITH OWN CHILD IN HOUSE, 2021 NEVER MARRIED

20.9%

SHARE OF LATINA WOMEN AGES 18+ WITH OWN CHILD IN HOUSE, 2021 WIDOWED 5.8% NEVER DIVORCED MARRIED SEPARATED WIDOWED MARRIED DIVORCED SEPARATED 0.0%

9.5%

20.9%

4.4% 5.8% 59.4%

9.5% 10.0% 4.4%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

MARRIED

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

59.4%

SHARE OF ASIAN WOMEN AGES 18+ WITH OWN CHILD IN HOUSE, 2021 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%

NEVER MARRIED

5.4%

NEVER DIVORCED MARRIED

7.0% 5.4%

SEPARATED WIDOWED

1.7% 9.4%

MARRIED DIVORCED

7.0%

80.0%

SHARE OF ASIAN WOMEN AGES 18+ WITH OWN CHILD WIDOWED 9.4% IN HOUSE, 2021

70.0%

80.0%

SHARE OF INDIGENOUS WOMEN AGES 18+ WITH OWN CHILD IN HOUSE, 2021

76.5%

SEPARATED

0.0%

10.0% 1.7%

76.5% 20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

MARRIED

0.0%

10.0%

NEVER MARRIED

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

19.3%

SHARE OF INDIGENOUS WOMEN AGES 18+ WITH OWN CHILD IN HOUSE, 2021 6.2%

WIDOWED

NEVER DIVORCED MARRIED C A B L AC K W O M E N ’ S C O L L E C T I V E

SEPARATED WIDOWED

10.3% 19.3% 3.9% 6.2%

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NEVER MARRIED

5.4%

WIDOWED DIVORCED SEPARATED

9.4% 7.0% 1.7%

MARRIED 0.0%

76.5% 10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

SHARE OF INDIGENOUS WOMEN AGES 18+ WITH OWN CHILD IN HOUSE, 2021 NEVER MARRIED WIDOWED

19.3% 6.2%

DIVORCED SEPARATED

10.3% 3.9%

MARRIED 0.0%

60.3% 10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

Wages of Parents There are stark differentials in wages between overall parents in California and those who are single parents when it comes to wages. There is even more of a difference when the intersection of race and gender is added. The average mean wage of all parents over the 5-year of 2017-2021 was $58,513. Comparably, the average mean wages

PAY M E W H AT I A M W O R T H

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

for California Black Women were $37,151 over the same five-year period. White Women parents had a mean wage of $42,056; Latinas were $21,677; AANHPI Women were at $53,728; and American Indian/Alaskan Native were at $24,277. All fall below the state mean wage.

30

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

Wages of Parents

There are stark differen�als in wages between overall parents in California and those who are single parents when it comes to wages. There is even more of a difference when the intersec�on of race and gender is added. The average mean wage of all parents over the 5-year of 2017-2021 was $58,513.

Comparably, the average mean wages for California Black Women were $37,151 over the same five-year period. White Women parents had a mean wage of $42,056; La�nas were $21,677; AANHPI Women were at $53,728; and American Indian/Alaskan Na�ve were at $24,277. All fall below the state mean wage.

$30,000 $20,000

2021 $47,442 $51,304 $55,838 $55,977 $58,079

2020

$20,343 $24,299 $26,669 $27,751 $22,323

$40,000

2019

$18,999 $19,342 $20,205 $24,711 $25,129

$50,000

2018

$35,318 $36,204 $38,373 $49,746 $50,639

$60,000

2017

$32,506 $35,017 $34,660 $41,995 $41,575

$70,000

$52,127 $55,926 $58,688 $62,244 $63,579

MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA PARENTS VS FEMALE PARENTS, BY RACE 2017–2021

$10,000 $0

ALL CA

BLACK

WHITE

LATINA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Source: US Census “American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Note: Black,Bureau, White, AANHPI, and American Indian or Alaskan Native race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is Note: Black, White,by AANHPI, American Indian or Alaskan race groups are single race, non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” category calculated collectingand respondents who identified as “OtherNative single race” and “Hispanic”.

Income calculated only includes income from wages is calculated bysalaries. collecting respondents who identified as “Other singlewhose race” own and children “Hispanic”. calculated onlyduring includes income and Parental status is calculated by identifying respondents live inIncome their home at some time the year and from wages and salaries.

Parental status is identifying whose eldest children arecalculated 17 years oldby and younger. respondents whose own children live in their home at some time during the year and whose eldest children are 17 years old and younger.

Single Mothers also fall below the state average mean wage of $35,602 except for AANHPI Single Mothers who has an average mean wage of $43,892 during the 2017-2021 5-year period. Black Single Mothers, who represent the majority of Black Households in the state, average mean wage was $30,907, which wasalso nearly dollars less than the overall average mean wage.

La�nawas Single Mothers Single Mothers fall$5,000 below the state average wage state was $30,907, which nearly $5,000 and American Indian/Alaskan had the lowest average mean the 5-year period.state mean mean wage of $35,602 except forNa�ve AANHPI dollars lesswage thanduring the overall average Single Mothers who has an average mean wage of $43,892 during the 2017-2021 5-year period.

Black Single Mothers, who represent the majority of Black Households in the state, average mean

C A B L AC K W O M E N ’ S C O L L E C T I V E

wage. Latina Single Mothers and American Indian/ Alaskan Native had the lowest average mean wage during the 5-year period.

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EMPOWERMENT INSTITUTE

$20,000

2020

2021

$19,437 $22,609 $20,446 $30,288 $21,206

$30,000

2019

$19,422 $19,862 $20,011 $23,330 $23,507

$40,000

$26,614 $28,438 $31,300 $34,314 $33,871

$50,000

$32,299 $33,678 $35,618 $37,380 $39,036

$60,000

2018

$29,556 $29,478 $32,266 $38,884 $43,426

2017

$40,660 $40,324 $43,471 $45,381 $49,626

MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA SINGLE PARENTS VS. CA SINGLE MOTHERS, BY RACE 2017–2021

$10,000 $0

ALL CA

BLACK

WHITE

LATINA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Black, White, “American AANHPI, andCommunity American Indian or Alaskan race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is Source: USNote: Census Bureau, Survey 1-YearNative Estimates: 2017–2021”. calculated collecting respondents identified as “Other singlerace race”groups and “Hispanic”.

Income only includes income from wagesis Note: Black, White, by AANHPI, and Americanwho Indian or Alaskan Native are single race,calculated non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” category Parental status is calculated by identifying respondents own “Hispanic”. children live in their home at some only time during the year and from wages calculatedand by salaries. collecting respondents who identified as “Other single whose race” and Income calculated includes income whose eldest children 17 years old younger. Single status is calculated by identifying respondents areat either separated, divorced, and salaries.

Parental status isare calculated byand identifying respondents whose own children live in theirwho home some time during the year and whose eldest children are 17 years old and younger. Single status is calculated by identifying respondents who are either separated, divorced, widowed, or never married. widowed, or never married.

Women without children did not see any difference in their mean wage compared to Women with children. Only AANHPI Women without children had a higher average mean wage than the state’s overall average state mean wage at $31,948 and $$29,718 respec�vely. Black Women without children during had an average mean averageand wage$$29,718 was $16,704 and American Women2017-2021 without children did not seewage any of $23,097. La�nas at $31,948 respectively.

Black Women Indian/Alaskan Na�ve Women average wage was $17,967. difference in their mean wage compared to without children during 2017-2021 had an average Women with children. Only AANHPI Women mean wage of $23,097. Latinas average wage was without children hadMEAN a higher average mean wage $16,704CHILDREN and American Native WAGE OF CA RESIDENTS WITHOUT VS. CAIndian/Alaskan WOMEN than the state’s overall average state mean wage Women average wage was $17,967.

$20,000 $15,000

2020

2021

$17,015 $16,523 $19,832 $17,802 $18,665

$25,000

2019

$14,238 $15,591 $17,217 $18,025 $18,476

$30,000

2018

$22,801 $23,874 $24,878 $26,279 $27,674

$35,000

$20,473 $21,999 $22,409 $24,934 $26,472

$40,000

$27,391 $28,821 $30,358 $30,458 $31,562

2017

$28,163 $30,785 $32,956 $32,573 $35,265

WITHOUT CHILDREN, BY RACE 2017–2021

$10,000 $5,000 PAY M E W H AT $0 I AM WORTH

ALL CA

BLACK

32 WHITE

LATINA

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN

Women without children did not see any difference in their mean wage compared to Women with children. Only AANHPI Women without children had a higher average mean wage than the state’s overall average state mean wage at $31,948 and $$29,718 respec�vely. Black Women without children during 2017-2021 had an average mean wage of $23,097. La�nas average wage was $16,704 and American Indian/Alaskan Na�ve Women average wage was $17,967.

BLACK

WHITE

$20,000 $15,000

2021

$17,015 $16,523 $19,832 $17,802 $18,665

$25,000

2020

$14,238 $15,591 $17,217 $18,025 $18,476

$30,000

2019

$22,801 $23,874 $24,878 $26,279 $27,674

$35,000

2018

$20,473 $21,999 $22,409 $24,934 $26,472

$40,000

$27,391 $28,821 $30,358 $30,458 $31,562

2017

$28,163 $30,785 $32,956 $32,573 $35,265

MEAN WAGE OF CA RESIDENTS WITHOUT CHILDREN VS. CA WOMEN WITHOUT CHILDREN, BY RACE 2017–2021

$10,000 $5,000 $0

ALL CA

LATINA

AANHPI

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Note: Black,Bureau, White, AANHPI, and American IndianSurvey or Alaskan Native race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is Source: US Census “American Community 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”. calculated collectingand respondents whoIndian identified as “OtherNative single race” “Hispanic”.

Income calculated only includes from wages is Note: Black, White,byAANHPI, American or Alaskan race and groups are single race, non-Hispanic.

Theincome “Latina” category andby salaries. calculated collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries.

WORK STATUS Part-time work plays a significant role in today’s labor market, offering flexibility for individuals seeking to balance work with other commitments, such as education, caregiving responsibilities, or pursuing additional interests. According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), as of January 2022, around 18.5 million Americans were employed part-time for economic reasons, reflecting either the inability to secure full-time employment or the preference for part-time work.

Black Women fell below the overall average mean wage every year. While part-time positions provide flexibility, they may also be associated with challenges such as lower wages and limited access to benefits.

The importance of Women working full time extends beyond individual economic well-being to societal and economic development. When Women participate fully in the workforce, it not only enhances their financial independence but also contributes significantly to overall economic growth. The societal benefits of Women working full time are also underscored by the increased representation of diverse perspectives and talents in decision-making processes. As Women’s contributions become more recognized and valued in the workforce, it paves the way for greater gender equality and fosters a more

Additionally, a report by the National Bureau of Economic Research suggests that part-time work can be a steppingstone for individuals entering or re-entering the workforce. Even though there are not a lot of Black Women who can afford to work part time, the wage disparity gap still exists.

During 2017-2021, the average mean wage for

C A B L AC K W O M E N ’ S C O L L E C T I V E

33

EMPOWERMENT INSTITUTE

inclusive and dynamic economy. However, there is still a lot of progress that need to be made especially for Black Women in the workplace when it comes to representation and wages.

$69,661. Black Women’s average wage was an 18% difference at $56,888. The gap did decrease from 2017 to 2021, which was $11,966 and $10,528 respectively. However, this still has a significant financial impact on the household income and limits Black Women’s ability to achieve wealth.

In our Quality-of-Life Index Survey that we conducted with more than 1,200 Black Women in California, 2 out of 5 respondents stated that they work two jobs to make ends meet. According to a report by the Urban Institute, income is a key determinant of wealth, as it enables individuals to build savings, make homeownership possible, and invest in vehicles like retirement accounts.

A report by McKinsey & Company emphasizes the positive impact of gender diversity in the workplace, stating that companies with more diverse workforces, including Women in leadership roles, tend to outperform their less diverse counterparts. The report also highlights the lack of diversity in executive leadership stating that Women represent roughly one in four C-suite leaders, and Women of color just one in 16. Although Women are making strides according to the report, Black Women are still encountering the glass ceiling disproportionately to their counterparts. Progress for early-career Black Women remains the furthest behind. Although the number of Black Women promoted was as high as 96 to every 100 men in 2020 and 2021 promotion rates have fallen to 2018 levels, with only 54 Black Women promoted for every 100 men in 2023. This is the lowest among all Women.

Income plays a pivotal role in wealth building, serving as the primary source for accumulating assets and financial stability. Higher income levels provide individuals and households with the means to save, invest, and acquire assets over time. This, in turn, contributes to the growth of wealth. Wealth, encompassing assets like real estate and investments, represents a more comprehensive measure of financial health. Understanding the link between income and wealth is crucial for policymakers and organizations to address economic disparities and promote inclusive financial strategies for Black Women in California.

The average mean wage for Black Women who worked full time in California in 2017-2021 highlights the difficulties that they face when it comes to the wage gap. The overall average wage for all of California for full time work was

PAY M E W H AT I A M W O R T H

34

BLACK WOMEN’S WAGES IN CALIFORNIA

MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA WORKERS VS CA WOMEN WORKING FULL TIME,

BY RACE 2017–2021

$30,000 $50,000 $20,000 $40,000

2020

2021

$41,587 $44,445 $41,587 $44,445 $53,133 $53,133 $46,097 $46,097 $44,790 $44,790

$40,000 $60,000

2019

$65,824 $70,661$65,824 $74,794$70,661 $76,525 $74,794 $76,525 $83,068 $83,068

$50,000 $70,000

2018

$34,082 $34,831 $34,082 $37,061 $34,831 $42,506$37,061 $44,111 $42,506 $44,111

$60,000 $80,000

2017

$59,824 $60,769 $59,824 $63,267 $60,769 $63,267 $72,865 $77,010$72,865 $77,010

$70,000 $90,000

$50,755 $53,954 $50,755 $54,442 $53,954 $60,024$54,442 $65,267$60,024 $65,267

$80,000

$63,829 $66,573 $63,829 $69,548 $66,573 $72,561 $69,548 $75,795 $72,561 $75,795

$90,000

2018 VS2019 2020 2021 MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA 2017 WORKERS CA WOMEN WORKING FULL TIME,

BY RACE 2017–2021

$10,000 $30,000 $20,000$0 $10,000

ALL CA

BLACK

WHITE

LATINA

AANHPI

$0

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

CA "American Community BLACK WHITE LATINA AANHPI AMERICAN Source: US CensusALL Bureau, Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

INDIANrespondents OR Source: US Census “American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Note: Black,Bureau, White, AANHPI, and AIAN race groups are single race, non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIAN race groups are single non-Hispanic.

The “Latina” is salaries. calculated by collecting respondents ALASKAN NATIVE who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”.

Incomerace, calculated only includes income fromcategory wages and The “full-time” category who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”.

Income calculated only includes income and salaries.

The “full-time” category is calculated by identifying respondents who are actively employed and indicated that they usuallyfrom work wages 40 hours or more per week.

Source: Census Bureau, "American who Community Survey employed 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021". is calculated byUSidentifying respondents are actively and indicated that they usually work 40 hours or more per week.

Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIAN race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries. The “full-time” category MEAN WAGE CAemployed WORKERS VS CA WORKING PART is calculated by identifying respondents whoOF are ALL actively and indicated that WOMEN they usually work 40 hours or more perTIME, week.

BY RACE 2017–2021

ALL CA

BLACK

$15,000 $5,000 $10,000 $0 $5,000 $0

WHITE

2020

2021

LATINA

AANHPI

$13,161 $13,135 $13,161 $13,135 $15,861 $18,418$15,861 $17,050 $18,418 $17,050

$20,000 $10,000

2019

$23,611 $24,315 $23,611 $24,315 $27,784 $26,367 $27,784 $26,367 $29,284 $29,284

$25,000 $15,000

2018

$13,425 $13,962 $13,425 $15,797$13,962 $16,217 $15,797 $17,439 $16,217 $17,439

$30,000 $20,000

$19,863 $19,899 $19,863 $21,523$19,899 $23,022 $21,523 $25,150$23,022 $25,150

$35,000 $25,000

2017

$18,217 $19,842$18,217 $20,440 $19,842 $20,440 $18,580 $18,580 $22,955 $22,955

$30,000

$19,594 $19,925 $19,594 $22,208$19,925 $21,946 $22,208 $23,402 $21,946 $23,402

$35,000

2018 VS2019 2020 2021 MEAN WAGE OF ALL CA 2017 WORKERS CA WOMEN WORKING PART TIME,

BY RACE 2017–2021

AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE

CA "American Community BLACK Survey 1-YearWHITE LATINA AANHPI AMERICAN INDIAN Estimates: 2017–2021".

Source: US Census ALL Bureau, ORrespondents ALASKAN Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIAN race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting NATIVE who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries. The “part-time” category calculated by identifying respondents who areSurvey actively1-Year employed and indicated that they usually work between 1 and 39 hours per week.

Source: USis Census Bureau, “American Community Estimates: 2017–2021”.

Source: US Census Bureau, "American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: 2017–2021".

Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIAN race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting respondents Note: Black, White, AANHPI, and AIAN race groups are single race, non-Hispanic. The “Latina” category is calculated by collecting respondents who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries. The “part-time” category who identified as “Other single race” and “Hispanic”. Income calculated only includes income from wages and salaries. The “part-time” category is calculated by identifying respondents who are actively employed and indicated that they usually work between 1 and 39 hours per week. is calculated by identifying respondents who are actively employed and indicated that they usually work between 1 and 39 hours per week.

Conclusion The experience of Black Women highlights the urgent need for comprehensive social and economic reforms. Addressing systemic barriers that hinder access to educa�on and employment opportuni�es, as Conclusion 35 C A B L AC K WOMEN’S COLLEC TIVE EMPOWERMENT INSTITUTE The experience of Black Women highlights the urgent need for comprehensive social and economic

CONCLUSION

image: jennifer-marquez

The experience of Black Women highlights the urgent need for comprehensive social and economic reforms. Addressing systemic barriers that hinder access to education and employment opportunities, as well as advocating for policies that ensure fair wages and affordable childcare, are crucial steps toward providing equitable support. Additionally, fostering inclusive community networks and dismantling discriminatory practices can contribute to creating a more supportive environment for Black Women.

Recognizing and addressing the unique intersectional challenges faced by Black Women is vital for building a society that values and uplifts the diverse experiences of all Californians.

Women and Girls; and Elevate the agenda and collective power of Black Women locally and nationally to secure the social and economic safety-net.

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Policy & Practice Transformation Addressing the wage gap for Black women requires a multifaceted approach that combines legislative, corporate, and societal initiatives. Below are policy and practice transformation recommendations to help bridge the wage gap that Black Women face in California:

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Continue to Strengthen and Enforce Equal Pay Laws: Advocate for the enforcement and enhancement of existing equal pay laws.

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Promote Diversity and Inclusion: Encourage companies to implement and strengthen diversity and inclusion initiatives that go beyond the check box.

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Provide Salary Negotiation Training: Support programs that offer salary negotiation training, particularly targeting Black women.

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Strengthen Anti-Discrimination Laws: Tackle workplace fairness issues to secure opportunities and end discrimination. Enhance laws that prohibit workplace discrimination based on race and gender. Push to require companies in California to train staff and leadership on issues that impact Black Women in the workplace (e.g. Hair Discrimination, Menopause, Maternal Care).

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Expand Family-Friendly Policies: Advocate for the expansion of family leave policies, affordable childcare, and flexible work arrangements. Identify areas of improvement for current policies that uniquely address single parents, sole providers, and caregivers.

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Invest in Education and Skills Development: Support programs that provide educational and skill-building opportunities for Black women. Support programs that help Black Women secure job opportunities in the public, non-traditional and emerging sectors.

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Address Intersectionality: Recognize and address the intersectionality of race and gender. Policies should consider the unique challenges faced by Black women in the workforce and tailor solutions accordingly.

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Conduct Regular Pay Equity Audits: Require companies to conduct regular pay equity audits to identify and rectify wage disparities for transparency and accountability.

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Improve Data Collection: Require government departments to increase intersectional data collection. Enhance data collection methods to gather comprehensive information on race and gender pay gaps. Call on public and private entities to track employment trends of Black Women.

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Build Specific Collectives: Develop a statewide workgroup with Black Women Human Resource leaders to review best practices and create cultural competency training toolkits for employers who are sole providers, single parents, and caregivers. Create a statewide professional mentorship program for Black Women and Girls.

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Address the Living Wage Gap: Support policies that bridge the gap between the living wage and the cost of living in California.

Increase the state minimum wage to $20/hour This will help Black Women improve their economic safety net.

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Report on California: Create a survey to assess California companies on their efforts to hire, retain and promote Black Women and issue best places to work for Black Women report highlighting California companies’ efforts to recruit and retain Black Women.

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Eliminate Systemic Barriers: Advocate for breaking the relationship between ZIP code and school performance through public private partnerships and policy change. Push for more public resources to provide economic literacy in targeted communities and for groups.

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Support Black Women Workers: Work with industry partners to develop and implement tools to bridge success gaps including plug and play internships; career planning and mapping programs; information sharing tools; mentor-ship and sponsorship programs; and market analysis on positions annually that includes its impact on Women.

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Support reparations!

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ABOUT CALIFORNIA BLACK WOMEN’S COLLECTIVE EMPOWERMENT INSTITUTE

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The California Black Women’s Collective Empowerment Institute (CABWCEI), a 501C3 non-profit organization, focuses on improving the lives of Black Women and Girls throughout the state. Through partnerships with corporate, social, not for profit, public, and advocacy entities, the Empowerment Institute develops programs and initiatives that have a meaningful impact on dismantling systemic social, economic, and physical barriers. The purpose of the Empowerment Institute is to:

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Serve as the anchor organization for the California Black Women’s Think Tank with academic partner, California State University at Dominguez Hills

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Elevate our voice, power, and participation to secure adequate representation and reparations;

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Amplify our issues and priorities that are vital to elevate Black Women;

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Organize, leverage, and utilize our extensive talent, influence, networks, and brilliance into areas of collective alignment;

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Eliminate the racist and sexist attacks on Black Women and Girls; and

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Elevate the agenda and collective power of Black Women locally and nationally to secure the social and economic safety-net.

Our mission is to uplift the voices and issues of Black Women and Girls in California. Our vision is to improve the lives of California Black Women and Girls. The foundation of our work is anchored by our values – Resilient, Elevate, Advocate, Collaborate, and Hopeful (REACH).

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CABWCEI has three core programs The California Black Women’s Think Tank

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Conversations for Black Women

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Protect Black Women and Girls.

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ABOUT AUTHORS

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Author Kellie Todd Griffin is the founding President and CEO of the CA Black Women’s Collective Empowerment Institute. Through her efforts, Todd Griffin secured state funds to create the Black Women’s Think Tank at California State University, Dominguez Hills, the first in the nation. This dynamic leader develops research that focuses on the intersection of race and gender; drives policy change; and creates practice transformation to address barriers that Black Women and Girls face in California. She is the initiator and author of two State of Black Women in CA reports that outline the quality-of-life indexes of Black females in the golden state. For over two decades, she has worked for three Fortune 500 companies, two international organizations, and various political figures at the local, state, and national levels. Throughout her two decades of meaningful work, she has obtained a result driven reputation and experience, which includes creating innovative, nationally recognized, and award-winning campaigns, initiatives, and programs.

Todd Griffin served on the board of directors for the International Black Women’s Public Policy Institute, California Black Health Network, Black Women Organized for Political Action and was appointed to the Los Angeles County Commission on Women.

She also is a former board member of Sacramento Urban League, Sacramento NAACP, Elite Public Schools, and Sacramento Black Chamber of Commerce. She is an author of Sista Girl @ Work, a practical guide of success for women of color. Todd Griffin is a sought-after expert speaker on issues such as Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion; Black Women Issues and Empowerment; Public Policy Reform; and the Economic and Social Safety Net. She holds a bachelor’s degree in communications from the University of Texas at Arlington.

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Data Analytics Raksha Kopparam is the Senior Research Associate at the CA Black Women’s Collective Empowerment Institute. Kopparam earned her bachelor’s degree in political economy from the University of California, Berkeley. Prior to joining the Empowerment Institute, she was a researcher at the Washington Center for Equitable Growth and an intern at the Federal Housing Finance Agency, working with their Division of Housing Mission and Goals.

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htps://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CA/PST045222 htps://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/09/26/Women-now-outnumber-men-in-the-u-s-college-educated-labor-force/#:~:text=Women%20now%20outnumber%20men%20in%20 the%20U.S.%20 iii ”Bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and sex of student: Selected academic years, 1976-77 through 2020-21” Table 322.20. (National Center for Education Statistics) htps://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d22/tables/dt22_322.20.asp. Figures were calculated by dividing the total number of Black Women who received degrees in 2020-21 (134,435) by the number who received degrees in 1976-77 (33,489) and by dividing the total number of White men who received degrees in 2020-21 (499,092) by the number who received degrees in 1976-77 (438,161). iv htps://nwlc.org/resource/Black-Womens-equal-pay-day-factsheet/ v Ariane Hegewisch and Heidi Hartmann, “Occupational Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap: A Job Half Done” (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Women’s Policy Research, January 2014), htps:// iwpr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/C419.pdf. 2 “South Carolina’s ‘Black Code,’” Lowcountry Digital History Initiative, December 1865, htps://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/ show/after_ slavery_educator/unit_three_documents/document_ eight. vi htps://www.aauw.org/resources/research/deeper-in-debt/ vii htps://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/2021/home.htm viii htps://www.cde.ca.gov/nr/ne/yr20/yr20rel101.asp ix htps://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/by-the-numbers-dropping-out-of-high-school/ x htps://www.ziprecruiter.com/Salaries/--in-California xi htps://www.luminafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/the-state-of-higher-education-for-Black-californians.pdf xii htps://nces.ed.gov/FastFacts/display.asp?id=72 xiii Births, by Mother’s Marital Status and Race/Ethnicity (California & U.S. Only) - Kidsdata.org i

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