Portfolio, 2017

Complex Adaptive Systems in the U.S. City NON-TRADITIONAL PLANNING FOR

GENERATIVE

STRATEGIES

CENTURIES

IN

USED

EXISTING

MEDITERRANEAN CITIES COULD BE SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED TO U.S.

MEDITERRANEAN URBANISM IN THE UNITED STATES CITY

ALTERNATE GENERATIVE URBAN PLANNING RESEARCH STATEMENT:

CITIES

COULD

STRATEGY

IMPLEMENT

THIS

(RELATIVELY

NEW

precedent analysis

IN EXISTING MEDITERRANEAN CITIES COULD BE SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED TO U.S.

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CITIES EXPERIENCING DECREASES IN POPULATION AND LABOR. THESE CITIES,

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COULD ACT ON THE LOW-RISK OPPORTUNITY TO IMPLEMENT THIS NEW STRATEGY

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AS A BOTTOM-UP RESPONSE TO ALREADY EXPERIENCED CITY-WIDE NEGATIVE 10 MILES

DETROIT IN LARGER CONTEXT

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LINE-GRAPH

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

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FOR POPULATION GROWTH RAVENNA, ITALY

LINE-GRAPH

MAP IMAGES: GOOGLE EARTH

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FOR SIMULATION OF CELLULAR AUTOMATA EMERGENCE IN GRID RIGIDITY

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POPULATION MICHIGAN

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GROWTH

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LINE-GRAPH

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FOR

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

DETROIT,

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POPULATION GROWTH LINE-GRAPH FOR RAVENNA, ITALY

REIGN OF JUSTINIAN I THROUGHOUT THE MEDITERRANEAN

FOR BALCONIES

4. 50-FOOT

JUSTINIAN I IMAGE: ARTSTORE

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POPULATION GROWTH DETROIT, MICHIGAN

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BYZANTINE MAP: HTTP://WWW.MMDTKW.ORG/ MEDROMUNIT0400-0PIXLIST.HTML

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2. NO HEIGHT LIMITATIONS 3. 10-FOOT CLEARANCE

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RAVENNA IN LARGER CONTEXT

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SHED

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10 MILES

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DETROIT POPULATION DATA: "CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING". CENSUS.GOV. ARCHIVED FROM THE ORIGINAL ON APRIL 22, 2013. RETRIEVED JUNE 4, 2015.

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EFFECTS SETTING A MODEL FOR OTHER FRAGILE TOP-DOWN PLANNED CITIES.

1. 100-MILE RADIUS VIEW

HTTPS://WWW.MVRDV.NL/EN/PROJECTS/OOSTERWOLD

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NON-TRADITIONAL GENERATIVE PLANNING STRATEGIES USED FOR CENTURIES

JUSTINIAN CODE:

CLEARANCE

DRAWING OF JUSTINIAN I WITH SUBJECT HOLDING CODEX

application

FROM FORESTED AREAS,

TO THE U.S.) AS A BOTTOM-UP,

PARKS,

SCULPTURES,

PUBLIC GARDENS

REIGN OF JUSTINIAN MEDITERRANEAN

I

THROUGHOUT

DRAWING OF JUSTINIAN I THE WITH SUBJECT HOLDING CODEX

LOW-RISK RESPONSE TO ALREADY

· 100-MILE RADIUS VIEW SHED

EXPERIENCED CITY-WIDE NEGATIVE

· NO HEIGHT LIMITATIONS MILE RADIUS OF DETROIT CITY LAYOUT IN JEFFERSONIAN GRID

EFFECTS, SETTING AN EXAMPLE

PRECEDENT: MVRDV'S "FREELAND" PLANNING MODEL

FOR OTHER FRAGILE TOP-DOWN

AN IMMEDIATE, CONTEMPORARY APPLICATION TO U.S. CITY. PRECEDENT TO SERVE AS CONTEMPORARY EXAMPLE IS "FREELAND"-- [BRIEF SUMMARY OF "FREELAND" AND PROPOSED/SUGGESTED METHODS OR MECHANISMS] TO MEET THE NEED TO DEVELOP

MILE RADIUS OF RAVENNA CITY LAYOUT PLAN IN GENERATIVE FORMATION

PRECEDENT: MVRDV'S "FREELAND" LAND USE RUBRIC

PLANNED CITIES. YOUTUBE PRESENTATION: HZBDZFCOH_M

HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/

SIMULATION OF CELLULAR AUTOMATA EMERGENCE IN GRID RIGIDITY

APPLICATION: PUBLIC GREENSPACE EXISTING STRUCTURE IN VIEW SHED

NEW* STRUCTURE NEW* STRUCURE EXISTING OUT OF VIEW SHED

100' DIAGRAM OF STREET SECTION EMPLOYING GENERATIVE STRATEGIES

CELLULAR AUTOMATA:

AGENTS

POLITICAL PARTY INFLUENTIAL MIGRATION JOB MARKET

GRAPH OF AGENT DYNAMISM EXAMPLE IN CELLULAR AUTOMATA

NEW* AND EXISTING STRUCTURES EXISTING IN VIEW SHED CORRIDOR OF THE DETROIT RIVER

SIMULATION OF NOBILI CELLULAR AUTOMATA EMERGENCE IN A GENERATIVE SYSTEM SUCH AS "FREELAND" AND RAVENNA

· 10-FOOT CLEARANCE FOR JUSTINIAN CODE: BALCONIES

10 miles

10 miles

DETROIT IN LARGER CONTEXT

RAVENNA IN LARGER CONTEXT

neighborhood 1: mvrdv's "freeland" planning model

mvrdv's "freeland" land use rubric

JUSTINIAN I IMAGE: ARTSTORE MAP IMAGES: GOOGLE EARTH

COLLABORATORS: CYNTHIA MCCALL TORRES, SHARON WOHL EMAIL: CSMCCALL@IASTATE.EDU, SWOHL@IASTATE.EDU YOUTUBE: HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/HZBDZFCOH_M

MILE RADIUS OF RAVENNA CITY LAYOUT PLAN IN GENERATIVE FORMATION

MILE RADIUS OF DETROIT CITY LAYOUT IN JEFFERSONIAN GRID

REFERENCES:

RAVENNA POPULATION DATA: HTTPS://WWW.QUANDL.COM/ DATA/CITYPOP/CITY_RAVENNAEMIITALY

NEW* STRUCTURE NEW* STRUCURE EXISTING OUT OF VIEW SHED

NEW* AND EXISTING STRUCTURES EXISTING IN VIEW SHED CORRIDOR OF THE DETROIT RIVER

100'

HTTPS://WWW.MVRDV.NL/EN/PROJECTS/OOSTERWOLD

HAKIM, BESIM S. MEDITERRANEAN URBANISM: HISTORIC URBAN / BUILDING RULES AND PROCESSES. DORDRECHT: SPRINGER, 2014.

EXISTING STRUCTURE IN VIEW SHED

50'

*NEW DOES NOT STRICTLY SUGGEST THE NEW CONSTRUCTION BUT REPURPOSED STRUCTURES AND SPACES

BYZANTINE MAP: HTTP://WWW.MMDTKW.ORG/ MEDROMUNIT0400-0PIXLIST.HTML

RAVENNA POPULATION DATA: HTTPS://WWW.QUANDL. COM/DATA/CITYPOP/CITY_RAVENNAEMIITALY

· 50-FOOT CLEARANCE FROM FORESTED AREAS, PARKS, SCULPTURES, PUBLIC GARDENS

GENERATIVE RULES APPLIED TO NEW* STRUCTURES: · 50' CLEARANCE OF PUBLIC GREENSPACES · 100' CLEARANCE OF LAKE ST. CLAIR/ DETROIT RIVER VIEWSHEDS

DETROIT POPULATION DATA: "CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING". CENSUS.GOV. ARCHIVED FROM THE ORIGINAL ON APRIL 22, 2013. RETRIEVED JUNE 4, 2015.

SIMULATION OF NOBILI CELLULAR AUTOMATA EMERGENCE IN A GENERATIVE SYSTEM SUCH AS "FREELAND" AND RAVENNA

HAKIM, BESIM S. MEDITERRANEAN URBANISM: HISTORIC URBAN / BUILDING RULES AND PROCESSES. DORDRECHT: SPRINGER, 2014.

PUBLIC GREENSPACE

OTHER POSSIBLE GENERATIVE RULES: · DEVELOPMENT MUST INCLUDE NET-ZERO ENERGY SOURCE SUCH AS FUEL CELLS OR WIND TURBINES · PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE PATHS MUST CONNECT ALL NEIGHBORHOODS AND SCHOOLS

50'

REFERENCES:

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GENERATIVE STRATEGIES:

cellular automata

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PRECEDENT ANALYSIS:

CITIES EXPERIENCING DECREASES IN POPULATION AND LABOR. THESE

generative strategies:

an immediate, contemporary application to the u.s. city, mvrdv's precedent, "freeland" serves as a contemporary example of "selforganization" meeting individual needs of development "without the rules of urban planning".

agents

neighborhood 2:

neighborhood 3:

political party influential migration job market

GRAPH OF AGENT DYNAMISM EXAMPLE IN CELLULAR AUTOMATA. REQUIREMENTS: SPATIAL, DYNAMIC, LOCAL INTERACTION.

diagram of street section employing generative strategies

generative rules applied to new* structures: · 50' clearance of public greenspaces · 100' clearance of lake st. clair/detroit river viewsheds

other possible generative rules: · development must include net-zero energy source such as fuel cells or wind turbines · pedestrian and bicycle paths must connect all neighborhoods and

schools

*new does not strictly suggest the new construction but repurposed structures and spaces

Rhinoceros, Grasshopper: Modeling Shigeru Ban Architects' Onagawa Station ONAGAWA TERMINAL IS LOCATED

precedent

rhinoceros

grasshopper

IN THE ONAGAWA OSHIKA DISTRICT, MIYAGI PREFECTURE AND SERVICES 314

DAILY

TOTAL

PASSENGERS.

FLOOR

AREA

THE

EQUALS

2,952.75 SQUARE FEET AND IS A APPROXIMATELY 492.125 FEET INLAND FROM THE OLD STATION ORIGINALLY DESTROYED

BUILT BY

A

IN

1939

TSUNAMI

ON

BACK FACADE AND EXTERIOR CONTEXT PERSPECTIVE OF WINDOWS AND DOORS

MARCH 11TH, 2011.

AXONOMETRIC OF ROOF LAYERS PERSPECTIVE OF COMPONENTS MODELED WITH GRASSHOPPER SECOND LEVEL INTERIOR

FRONT FACADE

TOP: AERIAL VIEW OF MODELED SITE WITH MODELED TERMINAL, CENTER: EXTRUSIONS, SURFACES, AND CURVE OFFSETS MADE IN RHINO AND GRASSHOPPER, BOTTOM: SITE SECTION

PARTITION WALLS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE

1,000 FT

LOCATION OF TERMINAL ON GOOGLE EARTH MAP WITH SCALE AND NORTH ARROW

MULLLIONS LOCATED THROUGHOUT THE TERMINAL

PERSPECTIVE OF INTERIOR EXTERIOR STAIRS IN TERMINAL

AND MODELING ROOF FASCIA AND CULMINATION OF GRASSHOPPER MODELING

ENTRANCE OF ONAGAWA TERMINAL (STEPS AND SEATING ARE INTERPRETIVE)

TOP: STRUCTURAL DETAIL. CENTER: STAIRS, MULLIONS, AND STRUCTURAL COLUMNS AT GROUND LEVEL. BOTTOM: INTERIOR VIEW OF BATHS LOCATED ON SECOND LEVEL

Complex Adaptive Systems and Participatory Design THIS ABSTRACT IS THE RESPONSE TO A WRITING ASSIGNMENT ON THE SUBJECT OF COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS. THIS RESPONSE IS AN ATTEMPT TO CONSIDER C.A.S. AS A BENEFICIAL PRACTICAL DESIGN PHILOSOPHY. AN ACTUAL SITUATION OF SPATIAL CONFLICT WAS APPLIED TO THE CONSIDERATION. THE PAIRING ITSELF IS COMPLIMENTARY IN THAT C.A.S. APPLICATION IN THE UNITED STATES IS AS ATYPICALAS THE SUBJECT GROUP IN TERMS OF MAINSTREAM ARCHITECTURAL BENEFICIARIES. THIS IS TO ALSO SAY, AN ALTERNATE APPROACH MAY BE APPROPRIATE TOWARD WHAT IS IDENTIFIED AS "PUBLIC INTEREST" ARCHITECTURE. IF ARCHITECTURE IS DEFINED AS A SERVICE OF DESIGNING LIVING SPACES, THEN IT CAN ALSO BE SAID THAT BY DEFAULT THERE ARE LIMITATIONS OR SHORT-COMINGS TO ARCHITECTURE BECAUSE CERTAIN SPACES REMAIN DISTANCED FROM ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN. RESOURCES ON THE SUBJECT OF PARTICIPATORY DESIGN CONTRIBUTE TO SELECTIVE DESIGN APPROACH THAT SOMEHOW, TO SOME INADVERTENT EXTENT, DELINEATES WHAT HUMAN BEINGS CAN BENEFIT FROM DESIGN.

AGENCY AND CONSIDERATION THROUGH GENERATIVE SYSTEMS Cynthia McCall Torres Iowa State University Introduction

The fields of architecture, planning, and design services situations and circumstances in need of spatial manipulation.

Yet, this service does not habitually include particular niches. Issues related to historical disenfranchisement, geographic location, politics, socio-economic status, alienation, placement in the cultural fabric within society, and distrust have complicated and contributed to lack of service. Notwithstanding, as is the case for any individual or group, shelter and comfort are necessary and quotidian needs. What must also be considered and respected are existing methods of providing shelter and comfort existing well before mainstream technological advancements and developments. Further, top-down regulations, housing, and planning many times fail these groups. Given this perpetuation of involuntary exclusion, I would like to explore benefits and disadvantages of bottom-up design. Specifically, of Generative System Strategies informed by spatial constraints of communityrecognized sites of importance. These sites may or may not be federally protected but are resoundingly recognized as extraordinarily important to the niche group. A current exemplary situation is the conflict of Standing Rock Indian Reservation and the Dakota Access Pipeline. This exploration will ask a contemporary and thereby practical question, how can a group of people that are immediate beneficiaries of this space freely access and use sites vulnerable to unwanted exploitation typically created by top-down power? What is the designer’s role in this design methodology? I contend the practice of bottomup generative systems in niche communities can provide socio-cultural agency that would relieve outsider practices hindering robust spaces.

Theory

In bottom-up generative strategies the means of spatial generation and organization processes is not primary focus. Rather, the end result or shared vision (Manzini and Rizzo, 2011) is the objective. Basim Hakim (2007) discusses guiding principles of generative systems, including meta-principles “comprised of ethical/legal norms derived from the history and value system of the society for which such a program is proposed” (88).

Another rule under the generative system strategy is equitable and fair public and private rights that are “clearly articulated and understood by the public” (90).

A few strategies and concepts fundamentally bottomup added nuance to objective of generative design.

Participatory design is the umbrella bottom-up strategy including user collaboration with designers and planners (Ssozi-Mugarwa et al, 2016). Manzini and Rizzo also define participatory design as “a constellation of design initiatives aiming at the construction of socio-material assemblies where social innovation can take place” (202).

RPD (responsive participatory design) (Fung, 2001) is a proactive attempt to correct things such as crime caused by spatial arrangement. This method is better-suited to manage unintended consequences, attract direct participation from citizens, and is called “public policy” by the article.

Socially responsive design is philosophically related and defines the role of the designer not that of a mediator, but “as a co-actor within a co-design process” (Thorpe and Gamman, 2011). This approach suggests an alternate investment is required of the designer considered a social investment, contrasted with a typical investment or commitment of time and skill. The plurality inherent in co-designing compels a hierarchy in the prioritization of responsive design by the designer underlined by context and resource limitations. Further, plurality is understood as equity among the co-designing, socially responsive approach to design. This alleviates having to arbitrarily devalue some stakeholders in projects.

Approach

My intent is to explore generative systems and supplemental social and participatory design strategies in the context of servicing niche user groups. Exploring this issue will focus, create, and amplify discourse about groups already disenfranchised by top-down systems, rendered resource-less by inhibiting policy and economics. Although the use of generative systems to inform space is typically non-Western, its use in bottomup initiatives is appropriate because of its bottom-up, dynamic methodology.

Regarding generative systems application, the implementation of introductory change is ideologically inherent, consistently responding to surroundings existing more temporally than permanently. This does not constrict potentiality or development because of the adaptive nature of generative systems.

These new generative systems would be responsive not only to proprietary cultural context and spatial limitations, but to user-established meta-principles.

Further, if the initiative indeed falls within a metaphoric basin of attraction created by approval and appropriateness, then the system would become additive in its generative philosophy. These established feedback loops would inform subtractive or additive changes and reinforces the uselessness of a master plan or timed, linear, imposed top-down phases.

There is a connection with redesign applications (Fung) to be made with Native appropriated sites. Such is the case of the Coeur d’Alene in Northern Idaho, having recently regained land ownership. With this ownership comes the accountability of responding to an historic, outsider structure protected by federal and state historic registries.

Discussion

In support of the mentioned approaches, serving to improve the understanding of current sociocultural sentiments, I propose the familiarization of sociological and psychological discourse. This would provide valuable empirical or actual scientific data revealing outsider and insider ideologies. This serves to become aware of, if not understand, opposition from outsiders irrespective of substantiation. This knowledge in turn becomes supplemental, informing preparedness toward possible adversities in future efforts.

With the anticipation of the use of Thorpe and Gamman’s socially responsive design, relegating design hierarchy to contextual priorities may actually prove to be unprofessional instead of a useful approach to social or participatory design. It would be unprofessional to not primarily favor the client’s needs over any context.

On the other hand, generative systems’ metaprinciples are expected to be vitally important particularly for niche groups. Just as important, is the gathering of users to shape a foundation for agency as an act of self-agency.

Conclusion

strategies, expectations of levels of success based on these characteristics are not acceptable indicators of the replication of an outcome.

In addition to the resources used, data from bottom-up, generative, or emergent systems applied to any United States niche group community historically and systemically disenfranchised would most certainly be of benefit. The benefit would be contextual similarity, as opposed to resource precedent dissimilarities. Whatever the relation geographically or historically, the caveat of expectations fed by coincidental familiarities between groups from past research and contemporary application remains. Despite the commonality of being culturally appropriated groups sharing long-standing roots in land now named the United States of America, a vast amount of variance within these groups combined with the variation in spaces inhabited cannot be the basis for reasonably determining a uniform outcome. With this said, the intention of this proposed paper is to document, relate, and include results in the already existing body of bottom-up, complex adaptive systems scholarship. The intention is not to fetishize or generalize complex adaptive systems results by the infectious notion of Otherness.

Annotated bibliography

Global non-Western generative methods used in historic towns have an inherent connection with ancient peoples of the United States.

Bratteteig, Tone, and Ina Wagner. “What is a participatory design result?.” Proceedings of the 14th Participatory Design Conference: Full papers-Volume 1, pp. 141-150.

ACM, 2016.

Primary studies of strategies using social design, participatory design, or generative strategies take place in dissimilar places such as cities or other geographical locations. And the users in these studies differ in cultural or ethnic backgrounds but the takeaway to these examples is the application of cultural groups being serviced by bottom-up strategies while intentionally circumventing from top-down strategies. Since racial or ethnic similarities are not relevant indicators of similar outcomes in generative

The basics of participatory design are discussed in this article, as is the relationship between contributing users and designers. The inclusion of politics as a practicality in article scope suggests a wide-angled approach at presenting the article’s holistic discussion of participatory design. The authors’ intention with this article is to emphasize that participatory design results are tangential to participatory design success. Bias is neutralized with the discussion of impediments to participatory design, yet success from article applications should be a cautioned

expectation. It is important to understand and compare the objective of this paper to the outcome and structure of participatory design in rudimentary from presented in actual scenarios. The article’s content is supported with previous references, presumably, to pundits in the discourse of participatory design. It is also supported by selected projects and by the author duo’s other written works.

Fung, Archon. “Beyond and Below the New Urbanism: Citizen Participation and Responsive Spatial Reconstruction”, 2001. Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 28, no. 4 (2001): 615-635.

This article presents contrasts in public policy based on the inclusion or exclusion of community beneficiaries.

Specifically, the article focuses on the addition of developments, indicating article discourse is not derived from new developments; that there exists prior constraints and history to be reconciled with these later developments.

The article lacks background information explaining why the article focuses on community policing is a focus and what this means for the community in reference.

Assumptions can be made based on negative statistical generalized knowledge of the “south-side” of Chicago known for high gun homicide. It is to be determined whether the application of the 5-step process for residents is still considered top-down systemic policy since it seems they are policies meant to be used by others or in other spaces.

Further, Chicago could be considered an exclusive example (and thereby less useful of applicable) given its unique history, population, and geographical location.

On the other hand, the sequence and organization of the article’s content formidably presents its findings. This flow concretely supports the article’s argument that bottomup responsive participatory redesign public policies are effective as shown in the section, “Three Cases”.

Hakim, Besim S. “Generative Processes for Revitalizing Historic Towns or Heritage Districts.” Urban Design International 12 (2011): 87-99.

This advocates town and neighborhood development as products of dynamic generative processes. Also discussed are components of a dynamic system and how it can be utilized for revitalization within historic town or heritage areas. Despite my area of interest not having immediate affect by preceding historic environments, a dynamic and generative bottom-up establishment of community and space will reinforce the establishment of such to be robust. This will allow continuous use to the immediate beneficiaries instead of succumbing to the time limitations of static, prescriptive development; Hakim explains static prescriptive planning relegates spaces to become relics. This article also becomes useful in its substantial definition of generative systems. This means I will have an inform basis of understanding to connect my interests to. The case study that will be most appropriate is that of Old Town Albuquerque, New Mexico due to the strong presence of heritage, as opposed to the alternative study in Bahrain influenced by historic presence.

Manzini, Ezio, and Francesca Rizzo. “Small Projects/large Changes: Participatory Design as an Open Participated Process,” CoDesign: International Journal of CoCreation in Design and the Arts 7, nos. 3–4 (2011): 199–215.

This article examines large-scale, sustainable co-design with user corroboration. Referring to a previous work, the article posits a less traditional approach at participatory design using a binary approach of smaller, diverse project supporting a larger objective. The downside to accepting this idea is hindered by the single resource. But the informative take-away is the bottom-up methodologies inherent in generative design that can employ various immediate beneficiaries within a group to produce an overall desired outcome. The concept of applying largescale capabilities to small groups is a worthy exploration and is highly useful; a considerable strength of this article. Also of value is the methodological hierarchy acknowledging secondary, supplementary linear processes needed to produce the large-scale objective of “acupunctural planning”.

Ssozi-Mugarura, Fiona, Edwin Blake, and Ulrike Rivett. n.d. “Supporting Community Needs for Rural Water Management through Community-Based CoDesign”, 2016.

Rather than promoting a new or alternative approach, this article presents findings of the implemented strategies in three rural communities. These actual results stem from the push to empower through technology identified as ICT (Information and Communication Technologies). Relevance is found in contemporary issues affecting communities living away from mainstream culture or space and void of ICT. Additionally, the prioritization of water by the communities and thereby these supplemental efforts actually relate to current conflicts of water rights and protection between niche groups and top-down entities. Yet geographical differences may prove to be too idiosyncratic and as a result inapplicable if extracted from these contexts. In addition to primary resources, also included in article research is the history of participatory design. This inclusion could be useful in contributing to the rudimentary understanding of participatory design.

Thorpe, Adam, and Lorraine Gamman. “Design with Society,” CoDesign 7, nos. 3-4 (2011): 217–30.

This article is a proponent of socially responsive design. Apropos, it proffers ideas leading to robust and sustainable design, contrasting market-led design philosophy. Although the opposition between social and market-led design could translate overly divisive, the suggestion of including stakeholders in social design could provide sufficient counter-balance. Research methodology is achieved with the inclusion of previous thought, designer and conflict typologies. This in turn will relate to problems to be expected with the option of extracting also from the context of market-led versus social design.