First 21 years of the Young Scientist

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YEARS OF THE AERLINGUS YOUNG SCIENTISTS EXHIBITION

A FLYING START FOR HIGH FLIERS

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se d'adh orm bheith i lathair nuair a osclaiodh an chead B hitaispeantas de shaothar n-Eolaithe Oga a sheol Aer Lingus i 1965. air

Is cuimhin liom go maith chomh togtha is a bhiomar go leir leis an tionscnamh nua ag an am. Ba mhor an gealladh a bhi faoi agus to fhios ag an saol mor chomh torthuil is a chruthaigh se idir an da linn.

Sceal fais agus fiuntais agus forbartha e sceal an taispeantais.

Is iontach an spreagadh ata tugtha aige dar ndaoine oga i gcaitheamh na mblianta. Ta eacht deanta aige. Guim tuilleadh fais agus ratha air.

The first Aer Lingus Young Scientists Exhibition in 1965 was an exciting and inspiring new venture.

How well the Exhibition has fulfilled its early promise is known to everybody. As a regular visitor to its annual display of excellence I have never failed to be impressed by the originality, range and quality of the projects submitted by the young participants.

The objective of the establishment of the Young Scientists Exhibition was to encourage an interest in science in young people.

That aim is as valid and important today as it has ever been. In an increasingly technological age Ireland's future prosperity depends on the energy, enthusiasm and creativity of highly motivated young people.

The Aer Lingus Young Scientists Exhibition provides motivation and encouragement in full measure. Long may it continue to do so.

Uachtaran na hEireann President of Ireland

YEARS OF THE AER LINGUS YOUNG SCIENTISTS EXHIBITION

A FLYING START FOR NTf.H 1PT_TFRS

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YEARS OF THE AER LINGUS YOUNG SCIENTISTS EXHIBITION

1FLY1I'& MAKI

OR IW H FT.TFR S

An Experiment In Changing Times We are living in the age of science , and despite the tremendous improvements that have already been brought about, we are merely standing on the threshold of new wonders.

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t might have been said yesterday - not 21 years ago. The plans for the first Aer Lingus Young Scientists Exhibition

were announced by the airline's general manager, Dr. J. F. Dempsey, in 1964, with words that are still relevant today.

At the time, Ireland's contribution to scientific progress was firmly rooted in the past. We had produced more illustrious scientists, perhaps, than is generally realised - men like the Galway chemist Richard Kirwan, who fuelled the controversy over the theory of combustion in the 18th century; the Rev. Nicholas Callan of Maynooth, inventor of the induction coil in the 19th century; the mathematician and Trinity College Professor of Astronomy William Rowan Hamilton, who lived at Dunsink Observatory in the 1830s and discovered the mathematical functions known as quaternions.

John Boyd Dunlop (1840-1921), Belfast pioneer of the pneumatic tyre.

Equally important was the work of Irish engineers, forerunners of today's technologists: John Dunlop of Belfast, pioneer of the pneumatic tyre; Sir Charles Parsons of Birr Castle, Co. Offaly, inventor of the steam turbine; Harry Ferguson of Co. Down, improver of the tractor and the first man to fly in Ireland - in a monoplane he built himself.

More recently, the Dublin physicist E. T. S. Walton, honorary chairman of the Young Scientists Judges for many years, won Ireland's first Nobel Prize for science - awarded for his splitting of the atom, in 1951.

The tradition of scientific experiment in Ireland was well established, but the efforts of individuals, significant as they were, could not yet combine to give the country a scientific base. Even in the 1960s, Ireland was scientifically underdeveloped - except in those few industries, such as Aer Lingus, which already depended on technology for survival.

Nevertheless, in Lemass's era, change was in the air, and it was in order to encourage science in schools, to prepare young people for an inescapably technological future, that the Exhibition was instigated. The brainchild of Father Tom Burke, a physicist from University College, Dublin, who had seen similar ventures in the United States, the first Aer Lingus Young Scientists Exhibition, modest in its proportions and aspirations, was held in January 1965.

Richard Kirwan (1733-1812), chemist and mineralogist , from Cloghballymore, Co. Galway.

Adimikk6k

The 21st Exhibition, in January 1985, has over 800 competitors, over 50 judges, over 200 prizes worth ÂŁ15,000, and - most important of all - a range of projects more sophisticated than ever before. Students aged between 12 and 18 are seizing on the latest technology and using it with confidence in complex scientific investigations. The Young Scientists Exhibition, itself an experiment, has developed a remarkable momentum of its own.

No-one could have predicted the impact which science and technology have had on Irish life over the past 21 years.

During that time, the Young Scientists Exhibition has had a unique influence in developing a spirit of enquiry

and initiative in our young people.

DECLAN GLYNN Chief Executive of the National Board for Science and Technology

♌ The monoplane built in 1909 by the first man to fly in Ireland: Harry Ferguson (1884- 1960), who later revolutionised the tractor.

/Rev. Nicholas Callan of Maynooth (1799-1864), inventor of the induction coil in electromagnetism.

Sir William Rowan Hamilton (1805-65), mathematician and Astronomer Royal.

Trinity College physicist E. T.S. Walton, winner of Ireland's Nobel Prize for physics in 1951.

1965 winner with Taoiseach Sean Lemass

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Presidential reflection - The late Cearbhall O Dalaigh.

11th hour microsurgery.

Another example of controlled growth ?

Team sport - making a stand.

New Dimensions a Measure of Growth

Perfect hostess - keeping spanner out of works.

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1981 winner with David Kennedy, Chief

O ver 21 years and 10,000 participants, the history of the Young Scientists Exhibition is an A to Z of endeavour (astrophysics to zoology, albuminoids to zooids, acoustic braille to zonation patterns) across the whole spectrum of science disciplines. Undaunted by the work of professional researchers, students have investigated anything and everything, from the possibility of an automatic gate-opening device for a tractor to the probability of cosmic life; from the control of earwigs and the creation of better-sounding drums to the development of a system for landing aircraft in crosswinds.

As the projects have become more ambitious, the Exhibition itself has broadened its horizons. Since 1972, competitors from Northern Ireland have regularly taken part, forging potentially fruitful links between young scientists north and south. Since 1976, the top award winners have participated in the Philips European Contest at which four Aer Lingus Young Scientists have been outright winners, and a further four placed among the top six. Since 1983, with the help of Westinghouse Electrical Corporation, a Young Scientist winner has progressed to an international science fair in the United States - again with notable success.

In 21 years, science has transformed the Irish economy.

In the past decade alone, Ireland has become one of the major centres of microelectronics in Europe - and other sciencebased industries have become established here and continue to grow.

It is the new industries with a commitment to research and development that have the greatest capacity to achieve both growth and stability in Ireland. On these, rather than on easily relocated assembly industries, our country's future depends.

The industries of the future, and the industries that have a future, are knowledge - based . To ensure our place in these industries, Ireland needs a thorough grasp of science and technology . The Aer Lingus Young Scientists Exhibition has been a trailblazer that has pointed the way for young Irish people.

T. P. HARDIMAN Chairman of the Investment Bank of Ireland and Chairman of the Asahi Group, in Ireland

New research territory - every year.

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High pro/ile in a Newt, World of possibilities: John Monahan 8

Past Winners - Bright Futures 1965

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ohn Monahan, first Aer Lingus Young Scientist of them all, stands against Manhattan, a frontiersman in a brave New orld. In his precinct of the huge Hoffman La Roche headquarters, half an hour's drive west into New Jersey, elements of laboratory and hospital corridor are mixed with science fiction. Here, as Group Research Chief in the Department of Molecular Genetics, John Monahan is a genetic engineering pioneer.

"When I first arrived in the States, the day Nixon resigned in 1974, this whole field was brand new and very exciting.

Now it's more developed, but we're still a long way past the textbook stage. In other words, it's still exciting!"

Part of John Monahan's research is directed at new cancer treatments. By genetic engineering - introducing a particular gene into bacteria in a particular way - he sets out to produce, in pure form and unlimited quantities, vital proteins such as interferon, the new hope for cancer sufferers. Part of his work is concerned with discovering more about the causes of the disease, by isolating and analysing cancer genes. He makes gene-cloning sound as simple as fermenting wine, then mentions that the success rate is about one per cent - and a single, experiment may take up to five years.

As a child, he always conjured up his future as a scientist in a laboratory, performing crucial experiments. Now, as a scientist in a laboratory directing a score of crucial experiments at once, he thinks back to the childhood of a born scientist - buying scarifying substances from Lennox Chemicals in Dublin and researching madly in the lab he had at home in Straffan, Co. Kildare, often with explosive results.

He smiles. "Scientists are usually over-confident."

After his project on enzymes in the digestive system had made him Young Scientist of the Year, John moved swiftly from Newbridge College, Co. Kildare, to a biochemistry degree at University College, Dublin, a doctorate at McMaster University in Ontario, a medical research post in Houston, Texas, before joining Hoffman La Roche in Nutley, N.J. That, one suspects, is merely another point on a rising career graph that may eventually take John Monahan back to Ireland. With an eye well trained in the art of observation, he notes the emergence here of biotechnology companies specks on the industrial horizon which may soon grow, like his colonies of cells.

"Irish people have a unique way of looking at scientific problems," he says. "And biotechnology is the third phase of the industrial revolution, after mechanisation and computerisation." John Monahan will surely find a way of fusing the two.

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A goose in the hand, worth ten in the tundra , and (right) bearable inter/ rence: Micheal Og 6 Briain on his Arctic !nission.

1977

M

icheal Og O Briain developed his taste for nature during

early expeditions to the country on the crossbar of his father's bike. As a Leaving Certificate student at Colaiste Mhuire in Dublin's city centre, he was nominated Young Scientist of the Year for an ecological study of Rogerstown Estuary in north Co. Dublin, which also necessitated frequent bicycle rides.

Micheal's latest expedition in the name of ecology was to Bathurst Island, 600 miles inside the Arctic Circle, last summer. The objective was to study, in their summer habitat, the Brent geese that winter around Irish shores - at Strangford Lough, Tralee, Dingle, Dublin Bay, and north of it in Rogerstown, where Micheal had first observed them for his Aer Lingus project.

The Arctic mission, undertaken with five colleagues, was a test of resourcefulness involving more than a Brent goose chase through a hundred square miles of Canadian tundra.

There were intermittent encounters, mercifully not close, with bewildered polar bears, kept at bay by an Irish percussion band of saucepan lids and biscuit tins of stones. (If that had failed, there were shotguns under the sleeping bags firearms training provided, courtesy of the Irish Army, in advance.)

The support the Irish Brent Goose Expedition received from international research bodies, including UNESCO, was a clear indication of the project's significance. It yielded extremely valuable information on the habits of this protected species when they are 4,000 miles away. "It's essential to have a full picture of their behaviour before attempting to come up with any suggestions for their conservation," says Micheal, who is distilling the findings into a thesis for his Doctorate in Zoology at University College, Dublin.

The team managed to catch and ring half of the 300 geese they spotted, with the help of a helicopter and a corral of nets.

Last autumn, their research came full circle when six birds with the Irish expedition's coded yellow bands were seen in Dublin Bay. For Micheal, the Arctic was exciting new research territory, where caribou and musk oxen, Arctic foxes and lemmings, added to the thrill generated by the Brent. "It was a marvellous opportunity to see how a natural system of animals and plants, unspoilt by man, actually works." It was the chance of a lifetime, he says, this baptism of ice - but not, perhaps, a once-in-a-lifetime experience. There is a hint of restlessness, a suggestion, already, that he may travel to other untramped lands, like the direct descendant of some Victorian naturalist-cum-explorer - bitten by the notion of science in the raw, if not by the Arctic frost.

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1980

K

aren Ruddock is regularly to be found pottering around

the potting sheds of the Botanic Gardens that belong to Trinity College. With the green -fingered dedication of a gardener intent on producing prizewinning blooms, she is cultivating specimens of Cyperus papyrus, the original Egyptian paper reed - in order to ensure a steady supply of leaves to cut to pieces. Her goal is not the recreation of the scroll. The analysis of the plant' s storage system which she has undertaken as part of final -year botany may help, with other research, to determine whether or not this reed can be a worthwhile source of bioenergy in the tropics. A case, it might be said, of burning ambition.

For Karen, the process of cutting up C. papyrus has supplanted the business of boiling up lichens . Over three full years at Alexandra College, Dublin, first at break and lunchhour, eventually full-time, she expanded and perfected a chemical analysis of three Irish lichens for the Young Scientists Exhibition, winning in 1980 the top award both in Dublin and at the Philips European Contest in Amsterdam.

Through the lichen study, which examined the damaging effects of sulphur dioxide on the plants, Karen developed an interest in pollution which she was able to explore further one summer vacation, by helping to monitor pollution in Dublin for a Trinity study.

After taking her degree, she hopes to do further research, gravitating eventually towards some area of applied plant science. As she talks, her eyes are bright with the fervour of a new convert : the implication is that scientists can be born or made. "I was never very motivated in my school work, and certainly never very studious . Then I began work on the lichen project, and really got involved . The Young Scientists Exhibition opened the door to a new world of possibilities . Discovering science was like discovering God."

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Engrossed in a good reed: Karen Ruddock with C:vperus papy rus. 13

14 4-ARMED against the future: Turan Mirza , William Murphy and Gareth Clarke deliver their red alert to a Cincinnati rival.

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1983 uran Mirza, William Murphy and Gareth Clarke found

the means of combining scraps of tin from metalwork class with wood from an old Carrickfergus Grammar School desk, motors made for windscreen wipers and gears meant for Meccano . Nerve, it must be said , was a vital ingredient in the mixture . The result: a microcomputer-based robotic arm, with four degrees of movement . They called it 4-ARM - being scientists of wit as well as wisdom - and imply it is the sort of weapon we need to grapple with the technological revolution, and end up on the winning side.

"We had read various government reports pointing out how few robots there are in industry," they explain. "We decided to make a teaching device to show schools how easy robots are to make." Easy? "Well . . . we knew it couldn't be that hard."

With Turan in charge of the electronics , Gareth the mechanics and William the computer ("but we each had to know what the others were doing all the time"), 4-ARM took shape over a three-month period and finally acquired robotic chic with a coat of red car spray paint . It was the first group project to win the Young Scientists Exhibition , and later in the year came third in the Philips contest in Copenhagen.

In preparation for this, William had added sophistication to the robot by developing a completely new software package suitable not merely for 4-ARM, but for use by any school which might decide to build a similar teaching arm. He even wrote a new language, which he masterfully baptised ROBOL. "It took much more research than I imagined," he says, "but it was such a challenge that I kept going. The bigger the problem, the better!"

William is now studying Computing Science, and Turan Electronic Engineering, at the University of Ulster at Jordanstown, while Gareth strives to turn himself into a technology teaching device, through training at Stranmillis College of Education in Belfast.

4-ARM, meanwhile, visits schools from time to time to demonstrate his strong arm tactics. Otherwise, he may be seen in repose in various honorable places, such as here - the Robotics Laboratory of the University of Ulster. He is overshadowed, it is true, by a rival from Cincinnati whose six degrees of movement, controlled by six computers, have the power to function simultaneously. But if 4-ARM had a face, you might detect a tin smile. After all, the Cincinnati chap cost ÂŁ70,000 - and he was built for less than ÂŁ50.

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Young Scientists of Past Years 1965 JOHN MONAHAN of Newbridge College, Co. Kildare, now a genetic engineering researcher with Hoffman La Roche in Nutlev, New Jersey, U.S.A. 1966 MARY FINN of Ursuline Convent, Sligo, now teaching physics in a second-level school in Dublin.

1967 WALTER HAYES of St Vincent's CBS, Glasnevin, Dublin, no longer involved in science.

1968 GEORGE REYNOLDS of St James's CBS, Dublin, now a geophysicist with Billiton Espanola Minerales, Madrid.

1969 LUKE O'CONNOR-DRURY of Wesley College, Dublin, now an astrophysicist at the Max Planck Institute of Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg.

1970 MARIA EDGEWORTH of the Convent of Mercy, Longford, now a biochemist, specialising in equine medicine, in Ireland.

1971 PETER SHORTT of Presentation Convent, Clane, Co. Kildare, now a pharmaceuticals marketing executive in Perth, Australia.

1972 JOHN BIRMINGHAM of Colaiste Mhuire, Dublin, now on the staff of Dundee University while completing his doctorate in biophysics.

1973 TADHG BEGLEY of North Monastery CBS, Cork, now on a post- chemistry-doctorate scholarship to Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

1974 RICHARD ELLIOTT of Portora Royal School, Enniskillen, Co. Fermanagh, now practising medicine in Edinburgh.

1975 NOEL BOYLE of St Finian's College, Mullingar, now studying medicine, having obtained a doctorate in physics at Trinity College.

1976 MARY KELLY-QUINN of Our Lady's Secondary School, Castleblayney, now teaching biology in Dublin and studying fora doctorate at University College, Dublin.

1977 MICHEAL OG O BRIAIN of Colaiste Mhuire, Dublin, now studying for a doctorate in zoology at University College, Dublin.

1978 DONALD McDONNELL of Crescent College Comprehensive School, Dooradoyle, Limerick, now taking a postgraduate degree in biochemistry at Baylor College, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. 1979 JERVIS GOOD of Midleton College, Co. Cork, now studying for a doctorate in zoology at University College, Cork.

1980 KAREN RUDDOCK of Alexandra College, Dublin, now studying for finals in botany at Trinity College.

1981 CATHERINE CONLON of Muckross Park College, Dublin, now studying medicine at University College, Dublin.

1982 MARTYNN SHEEHAN of the Convent of Mercy, Moate, Co. Westmeath, now studying science at University College, Galway 1983 TURAN MIRZA, WILLIAM MURPHY and GARETH CLARKE of Carrickfergus Grammar School, Co. Antrim, now, respectively, studying electronic engineering at the University of Ulster at Jordanstown, studying computing science at the same university, and undertaking teacher-training in craft technology at Stranmillis College of Education, Belfast.

1984 EOIN WALSH of Colaiste Choilm CBS, Swords, Co. Dublin, has just started on a science degree course at Trinity College.

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Science Comes to Life

T

hose are just a few of the many Aer Lingus Young Scientists of past years whose careers have taken off.

But even competitors who do not win awards (a disappearing species, now that there are more special category prizes than ever before) are enthusiastic about the benefits of participating in a major event where they meet other young people with similar interests.

In preparing their projects, many students find they are fired with more enthusiasm for their subject, and possessed of more patience for problem-solving, than they would ever have believed possible. The dry principles of science acquire new fascination when they are applied in a practical way - whether to experimental rocketry or to the effect of sport participation on flat feet. And that practical application of scientific theory is the very basis of technology.

Over the years, the emphasis on applied sciences at the Aer Lingus Young Scientists Exhibition has increased. The project categories have been broadened, to allow for more flexibility, and an interdisciplinary approach is encouraged in group projects, first introduced in 1976.

In industry, problem-solving is very much a team effort, and group projects are splendid training for that . The group members learn how to build mutual co-operation, how to develop research techniques that will suit the requirements of their co- workers, and how to switch course if they find themselves in a blind alley. They also learn that they can only succeed if they each pull their weight.

Teacher of Top Award-winning Group

On behalf of industry, I congratulate Aer Lingus on 21 years of promoting an interest in the application of science among school pupils. I have no doubt that the benefits of this heightened awareness of scientific methods to our economic and social life have been enormous.

LIAM CONNELLAN Director General of the Confederation of Irish Industry

The Exhibition of the Future?

Like the experiments it encourages, the Aer Lingus Young Scientists Exhibition is itself a changing process, constantly under scrutiny. Its formula is not rigid, nor does it have a readymade solution to the question of how it should evolve in the next 21 years. In that way, perhaps, it proves George Bernard Shaw wasn't altogether wrong when he said: "Science is always wrong. It never solves a problem without creating ten more.

Organisers, judges and educational advisers will analyse new problems and decide on new directions - as they have done in the past. If it is to mirror a rapidly changing society, indeed to foreshadow social change, the Exhibition itself must be open to innovation in its form.

By adapting to emerging needs, and balancing the impetus for technological innovation against the necessity for free experimentation, it can - and will - continue to be a worthwhile longterm investment in Ireland's future.

How relevant is the Aer Lingus Young Scientists Exhibition to life in 1985 ... and 2006?

We hope you will come and see - at the Royal Dublin Society, Ballsbridge, from January 9 to 13.

New insights -hidden depths of an aircraft engine.

I think that in many ways the face of Ireland in the years to come will be changed by the Aer Lingus Young Scientists Exhibition.

DR GARRET FITZGERALD Taoiseach

Patience for problem-solving - Aer Lingus avionics.

New directions? Dr Garret Fitz Gerald points the way.

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Combined Talents

Lingus is proud to celebrate 21 years of the Young Scientists ArExhibition.

We are immensely encouraged by the steady growth of the Exhibition, the increasing variety and complexity of the projects, and the extraordinarily supportive atmosphere in which the organisers work. As a physicist, I have a very personal interest in the Young Scientists Exhibition . I am delighted that the enthusiasm I feel is so widely shared.

On behalf of Aer Lingus, I would like to thank our many sponsors for their generosity and practical help; the many teachers who have prompted their students to take part ; our eminent and painstaking judges; and, most of all, the 10, 000 young people who have worked hard to prepare fascinating projects over 21 years.

Their talent is the real key to the future.

DAVID M . KENNEDY Chief Executive of Aer Lingus

JUDGES AT THE 1985 EXHIBITION Chairman: Mr. N. G. Weldon, Company Secretary & General Manager -Corporate Affairs, Aer Lingus Ms. M. Coyne, Exhibition Director, Aer Lingus Honorary Member: Professor E. T. S. Walton, Trinity College, Dublin, Nobel prizewinner in Physics in 1951.

PHYSICAL , MATHEMATICAL & APPLIED SCIENCES Professor G. T. Best, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Derry.

Rev. Dr. T. Burke, University College, Dublin.

Professor S. Corish, Trinity College, Dublin.

Professor J. Cunningham, University College, Cork.

Mr. J. Farrell, Cara the Computer People, Dublin.

Mr. B. Hayden, Aer Lingus, Dublin.

Professor F. Imbusch, University College, Galway.

Dr. D. Kearney, National Board for Science & Technology, Dublin.

Mr. D. Madden, Regional Technical College, Waterford.

Mr. C. McCabe, Electricity Supply Board, Dublin.

Professor D. L. McQuillan, University College, Dublin.

Mr. D. Melody, Loctite Ireland Limited, Dublin.

Mr. C. Mulhall, Devtec Limited, Dublin.

Dr. R. J. Nichol, Institute for Industrial Research & Standards, Dublin.

Professor B. Scaife, Trinity College, Dublin.

Dr. J. A. Scott, University College, Dublin.

Professor D. Spearman, Trinity College, Dublin.

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL SCIENCES

Mr. S. Blain, Department of Education, Dublin.

P. Breathnach, Uasal, St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, Co. Kildare.

Dr. M. Dillon, St. Patrick's College of Education, Drumcondra, Dublin

Miss B. Foy, City of Dublin Vocational Education Committee.

Dr. D. Gillmor, Trinity College, Dublin.

Mr. R. Goodwillie, An Foras Forbartha, Dublin.

Dr. D. Jeffrey, Trinity College, Dublin.

Miss C. Kelleher, An Foras Taluntais, Dublin.

Dr. D. McCluskey, University College, Dublin.

Dr. G. O'Brien, Aer Lingus, Dublin.

Dr. I. Sanders, Trinity College, Dublin Dr. C. Stillman, Trinity College, Dublin.

Mr. M. Walsh, Co. Wicklow. Vocational Education Committee.

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Dr. J. Bracken, University College, Dublin.

Dr. E. Colleran, University College, Galway.

Professor D. M. X. Donnelly, University College, Dublin.

Mr. P. Fox, Department of Education, Dublin.

Dr. A. N. Glynn, National Institute for Higher Education, Dublin.

Professor M. G. Harrington, University College, Dublin.

Dr. D. Headon, University College, Galway.

Dr. M. Hennerty, University College, Dublin.

Dr. C. Hussey, University College, Dublin.

Professor J. A. Kavanagh, University College, Dublin Mr. R. McMullan, St. Columba's College, Dublin.

E. Ni Lamhna, Uasal, An Foras Forbartha, Dublin.

Mr. J. O'Connor, National Dairy Council, Dublin Dr. F. 0' Gorman, Irish Wildlife Federation, Dublin.

Miss B. Rosney, Pobalscoil Rosmini, Dublin.

Miss M. Scannell, The National Botanic Gardens, Dublin.

Mrs. M . Singleton, Queen's University, Belfast.

Mr. P. Wilson, Zoological Gardens, Dublin.

Dr. R. K. Wilson, An Foras Taluntais, Dunsinea, Dublin.

DISPLAY AWARDS Mr. D. Skehan, Aer Lingus.

Mr. R. Uhlemann, Aer Lingus.

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The following organisations/institutes have provided significant and generous support to the Aer Lingus Young Scientists Exhibition.

National Board for Science & Technology Philips Electrical (Ireland) Limited Westinghouse Electric Corporation

Youth Employment Agency Cara the Computer People Commission of the European Communities, Dublin Department of Education Irish Science Teachers' Association Royal Dublin Society Jurys Hotel Aer Lingus wishes to recognise the special award sponsors in the Young Scientists Exhibition.

Association of Secondary Teachers, Ireland The Confederation of Irish Industry An Foras Taluntais, Institute of Biology of Ireland Institute of Chemistry of Ireland/ Royal Society of Chemistry Institution of Electrical Engineers, Irish Branch.

The Institution of Engineers of Ireland

Institute of Food Science & Technology of Ireland The Insurance Institute of Ireland The Institute of Physics, Irish Branch International Youth Year - National Committee Irish Astronomical Society Irish Computer Society Irish Geological Association National Rehabilitation Board Operations Research Society of Ireland Professors of Botany in Ireland Sociological Association of Ireland Solar Energy Society of Ireland

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