The Linguist - Winter Edition 2022

BSAK’s

The Linguist MFL Magazine 2021/2022 Winter Edition

CONTENTS Preface- Editors Note

1

A message from the Senior Editors

2 3

Meet the Language Ambassadors

4

secundo coniuratio catilinae Sara Sheikh

‫ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة واﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻔﺘﻲ اﻟﻨﯿﻞ‬:‫اﻷﻗﺼﺮ‬

6

Youmna El Hennawy

Sites Emblématiques en France

8

Iona Connolly

ತುಳು: ಅಳಿವಿನಂ ನಲಿ್ಲರುವ ದಾಪ್ರವಿಡ ಭಾಷೆ

10

L'impact De La Révolution Française

12

Sharadhi Somayaji

Liyan Mustafa

‫ﺣﻔﻞ زﻓﺎف ﺳﻮداﻧﻲ‬ Sujood Tofeig

Vol-au-vent Recipe

14 16

Fuad Ruslan and James Taoutaou

Chocolate Eclair Recipe Isabelle Iskandarani

The Interview

18 20

Madame Mathieu

Puzzles

21

PREFACE EDITOR’S NOTE Dear Reader, I am incredibly excited to share with you the first edition of The Linguist 2021. After a successful launch of the magazine last year, I hope to bring everyone together again through the knowledge, traditions, stories, and languages that frame our differences yet with which we unite.

As COVID restrictions ease and life at BSAK slowly returns to what it had been, our aim is to strengthen the community bond and promote communication in light of the strain the pandemic has had on our interactions. With every challenge we face, a new door of inspiration and ideas is unlocked. The languages department, our co-editors, language ambassadors, marketing team and distinguished writers have all had their role in the making of this magazine. Celebrating the diversity of our school, these pages hold the history and values of varying civilisations; ranging from an eye-opening article about Endangered Dravidian Languages to a delicious Vol-au-vent recipe created by an aspiring Chef.

This edition includes works of students in Latin, Arabic, French, and Kannada. This time in our interview, Madame Mathieu gives us rare insight into teaching at BSAK amidst the pandemic as well as useful advice to learning and mastering a new language. In order to make the magazine more interactive, I have added QR codes for videos to watch and a crossword puzzle/word search at the end. Moreover, I’d like to thank the entire MFL team for their commitment to making learning as enjoyable as possible, Sharadhi, Youmna, Iona for helping me put this all together, and Anika who decided to start ‘The Linguist' last year and paved the way for us to follow.

“Language is a city to the building of which every human being brought a stone” Happy Reading!

Liyan Mustafa Editor in Chief

A MESSAGE FROM OUR SENIOR EDITORS Sharadhi, Youmna, and Iona

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MFL? Modern foreign languages are the languages spoken in the world today that are different from the past which are no longer commonly spoken, such as Latin. They include all languages that are not English, and are usually studied by someone when the language is not native to them.

Although it is generally associated with European languages such as French, Spanish and German, MFL is much more diverse and expands to every continent of the world. Some widely spoken modern foreign languages include Arabic, Mandarin, Hindi, and even American Sign Language.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF SPEAKING SEVERAL LANGUAGES? Not only does speaking more than one language give you multiple opportunities throughout your life,(eg. job opportunities, meeting new people, travelling to new countries), but will also help you out with the less “linguistic” parts of life. People who speak more than one language tend to have improved memory, problem-solving and critical-thinking skills, enhanced concentration, ability to multitask, and better listening skills. Languages help us to preserve our cultures, yet also allow us to learn about others and spread ideas quickly.

WHY YOU SHOULD JOIN MFL MAGAZINE Joining MFL will give you the opportunity to not only learn about other languages and cultures within the school but also share yours with others. Being part of such a diverse school, it will expose you to the huge variety within our community and allow you to learn more about your peers. In each of the editions, we will have a variety of articles and poems from students as well as activities you can do. If you’re interested, let us know if you would like to write anything for the magazine.

2 The Linguist

MEET THE LANGUAGE AMBASSADORS Isabelle, Sharadhi, and Leila

Isabelle Iskandarani: My name is Isabelle Iskandarani and I am very honoured and delighted to be one of the French Ambassadors in Y12. I transferred from a French school to BSAK and joined year 9 and have taken French as one of my main subjects. I am always happy to reach out to students in any year group to give guidance, help, and support when needed. My interests and passions include horse riding, baking, cooking, travelling, and broadening my cultural awareness. On a sweet note, I am sharing with you one of my favourite french pastry recipes, the famous éclairs. Bon Appétit!

Sharadhi Somayaji: My name is Sharadhi Somayaji, and I am honoured to be Spanish ambassador. I am currently in Year 12 and have been in BSAK for 10 years. I really enjoy learning languages and about different cultures, and that is what drew me to this position. My interests include music and swimming, and I wish to pursue a career in medicine. I believe that it is my responsibility to bring the diverse range of cultural and social backgrounds at BSAK together, and I am very excited to meet and work with all of you. ¡Gracias!

Leila Fahmy: My name is Leila Fahmy, and I am one of the two Y12 French Ambassadors in BSAK. I have been at BSAK my whole life and have chosen French as my third A-Level and enjoyed and excelled in it for GCSE too. Our aim as ambassadors is to ensure that all French students feel supported and happy in this amazing subject and are always comfortable to come and ask us questions. I am fluent in English and Arabic too, so I really enjoy learning new languages, especially French, since I am hoping to go to university in Montreal! I am also a drummer and love to get myself involved in community service, and I hope to pursue a career in Psychology and Linguistics. I personally think Languages are extremely important when it comes to building relationships and friendships and I really hope we can raise the profile of them in BSAK! I am really looking forward to meeting all of our fellow linguists. Merci!

3 The Linguist

SARA SHEIKH

‘secundo coniuratio catilinae’ pictora ‘vindicta Fulviae’ pictora pictori, quis Montaner nominabant, Fulvia inspectat caput intercisum consulis pristini Marcī Tulliī Cicerōnis, sicut Cassius Dio dixit, ante linguam cum discerniculum aulus percutit, sicut vindicta potentiaeque eloquentiae rhetoricam Cicerōnis. tamesti, suam vita finivit in defectumque crudelitas, ingenii suam in rhetorica eum servatorem Romae laudarunt.

exigue Cicero fugit occidium in November 7, et postride, evocavit senatum templō Iovī, condendis ipse sicut conditor Romae, Romulum, dare denuntiatium Catilinae, clarissimi laboris eius. eius deprendere, Catilina ibi erat. Catilina saeviēbat, adhortorvit senatum meminit eius familiī et genī et historia politicae suprā obiectum ‘novum homom’ supponitere. tamen, Romam evenivit. proficivit sicut iussum Ciceronīs dixit per speciem turpitudinis in exilium eundi, in Etruria conspirare perseverans.

in anno 63 AC, Roma in tumultuator erat, cum Lucius Sergius Catilina sicut praetorque cum multum viros in similum fortunam erant: in debtium ingens, in infaustus politicus, et desperant; et ita, pars ingens Catilinae dant auxilliō pauperem erant. maxime ad suum debitum relevium consiliumque cupius meliī vitae condicioni. ita sicut Catilina, primus arbiter, desipintia movitium eorum erant. quicquid sympathia posse evocavit ex fortunam suum, incendere Roma cogitaveruntque civilos officialos interfecerunt capere senatos.

Gallorum legatio, Allobroges, Romae erat ad tollendum tyrannum praefectum, cum Catilina exercitum paravit. Lentulus Sura, conscii, subsidium Gallo offeravit. Cicero informabat quomodo coniuratio continua e legatio Gallum et tangibile testimonium petavit. Litterae ad Allobrogas e principibus coniuratis interceptae sunt in Galliam. lectae sunt litterae apud senatum a Cicerone. sicut ne ceteri coniurati Surae liberarent; Cicero eum statim strangulaverat; ambulatit eum ad Tullianum ipse. coniurati sine iudicio necati sunt, provocantes talionis Iulii Caesaris. supplicium civis denuntiavit cum unum verbum: Vixere.

4 The Linguist

4

SARA SHEIKH

‘The Second Catiline Conspiracy’ The 1888 painting The vengeance of Fulvia

by Francisco Maura Y Montaner shows Fulvia inspecting the severed head of the former consul Cicero, before, as recorded by Cassius Dio, piercing it’s tongue with a golden hair pin, requisite revenge for the power and eloquence of Cicero’s speech.

Although his career ended in failure and cruelty, it was his abilities in rhetoric that lauded him as the saviour of Rome.

Catiline, his most famous work; framing himself as the founder, Romulus.

To his surprise, Catiline was also in the audience. In a fit of rage, Catiline urged the senate to remember his family's political history and lineage, asking them to trust his family’s honour over the accusations of a ‘novum homo’, as supposed to his status as a ‘nobilis’. Despite this, he left Rome complying with Cicero’s request under a pretence of going into a vile try exile, but continuing to conspire in Etruria.

In the 63rd year BC, rome was in a state of tumult, lead by Lucius Sergius Catilina and supported by several other men in similar situations as Catilina, that is: Debt-Ridden, Politically unsuccessful, and is essence, desperate; and thus, a substantial part of those bannering for him were the poor of Rome, mainly due to his policies concerning debt relief and a desire for more habitable living conditions. So like the primary arbitrator of the Second Catiline Conspirators, they were motivated by their desperation.

A Gaulish delegation of the Allobroges was in Rome when Catiline was preparing an army, in search of alleviating their tyrannical governor. Lentulus Sura, a conspirator, offered the Gauls relief. Cicero was informed by the envoys of the continuation of the conspiracy, and asked them for tangible evidence. The letters were read before the Senate by Cicero. To prevent the other conspirators from freeing Sura, Cicero had him strangled immediately, accompanying him to the Tullianam himself. The conspirators were executed without trial, stirring the retaliations of Julius Caesar. He announced the execution to the public with one word: ‘Vixere’ (They have lived).

Whatever the empathy that may be evoked by the pitiable state that drove these men to Conspire, the plot devised was supposedly to burn Rome and its civil officials to be taken care of via assassinations.

Cicero scarcely escaped being assassinated by the conspirators on November 7th, and the next day summoned that senate to the temple of Jupiter to deliver a denouncement of

5

5 The Linguist

‫‪YOUMNA EL-HENNAWY‬‬

‫'اﻷﻗﺼﺮ‪ :‬اﻟﺤﯿﺎة واﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻔﺘﻲ اﻟﻨﯿﻞ'‬

‫اﻷﻗﺻر‪ ،‬ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻣﺻرﯾﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌد ‪ 670‬ﻛم ﺟﻧوب اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﺎھرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺿﻔﺔ اﻟﺷرﻗﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻧﮭر اﻟﻧﯾل ‪ .‬ﺗﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻷﻗﺻر ﺣواﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 416‬ﻛم‪ ،‬واﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﺄھوﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻛﺎن ھﻲ ‪ 208‬ﻛم‪ ،‬وﯾﺑﻠﻎ ﻋدد ﺳﻛﺎﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺎرب ‪ 487,896‬ﻧﺳﻣﺔ ﺑﺣﺳب إﺣﺻﺎء ﻋﺎم ‪.2010‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻷﻗﺻر ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﺗﺢ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺳم " طﯾﺑﺔ "‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻷﻗﺻر ﻓﮭو اﺳم اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻟذي أطﻠﻘﮫ اﻟﻌرب ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﺑﺳﺑب ﻛﺛرة‬ ‫ﻗﺻورھﺎ واﻟﺻروح ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗزال ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﯾوم ﺷﺎھدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺿﺎرة اﻟﻧﯾل اﻟذي ﯾﻘﺳﻣﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺷرق وﻏرب‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻣﯾز اﻷﻗﺻر ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﻣزار ﺳﯾﺎﺣﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﺗﺿم وﺣدھﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺎرب ﺛﻠث آﺛﺎر اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‪ ،‬ﻟذﻟك ﺗﻌد ﺑﻛوﻧﮭﺎ أﺣد أھم اﻟﻣدن اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﺛرﯾﺔ‪ .‬واﻟرﺣﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻗﺻُر ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬إذ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻠزاﺋر أن ﯾﻌدھﺎ ﻣوﻗﻌﺎ ً ﯾﺧﺗﻠط ﺑﮫ اﻟزﻣن‪ ،‬ﻗدﯾﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث اﻟﻣﻌﺎﺑد اﻟﻔرﻋوﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﻣدﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺷﺎھﻘﺔ‬ ‫وﻧﻘوش ﺟدراﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺣﺟرﯾﺔ اﻷﺧﱠ ﺎذة‪ ،‬وﺣﺎﺿره‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث "اﻟﻣﻌدﱢﯾﺔ"اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻣل أھل اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﯾوﻣﯾﺎ ً ﻣن ﺷرق إﻟﻰ ﻏرب اﻟﻧﯾل ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺗوزﱠ ع ﻣﻌﺎﺑد اﻷﻗﺻر اﻟﻔرﻋوﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﻧﻲ ﻣﻌظﻣﮭﺎ ﻣن اﻟﺣﺟر اﻟرﻣﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻔﺗﻲ اﻟﻧﯾل‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ اﻟﺿﻔﺔ اﻟﺷرﻗﯾﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻗﺻور اﻟﻣﻠوك واﻟﻣﻌﺎﺑد‬ ‫اﻟدﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺛل اﻟﻛرﻧك واﻷﻗﺻر‪ -‬واﻟذي ﯾرﺑط ﺑﯾﻧﮭﻣﺎ طرﯾق اﻟﻛﺑﺎش‪ -‬وﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ھذه اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺑﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻷﺣﯾﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑل ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻷﻣوات‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﯾث اﻟﻣﻌﺎﺑد اﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋزﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗوﺟد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺿﻔﺔ اﻟﻐرﺑﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻧﮭر‪ ،‬وﻣن أﺑرزھﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑر وادي اﻟﻣﻠوك واﻟﻣﻌﺑد اﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋزي ﻟﻠﻣﻠﻛﺔ ﺣﺗﺷﺑﺳوت‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻣﺎ زاﻟت اﻻﻗﺻر ﺗﺗﻸﻷ ﺑﺎﻛﺗﺷﺎﻓﺎت ﺣدﯾﺛﮫ اﻟﻰ ﯾوﻣﻧﺎ ھذا ‪،‬ﻓﺗم اﻛﺗﺷﺎف "اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻟذھﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻔﻘودة" ﻓﻲ اﻵوﻧﺔ اﻷﺧﯾرة اﻟﺗﻲ ﻋﺛر ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﺗﺣت‬ ‫اﻟرﻣﺎل وﯾﻌود ﺗﺎرﯾﺧﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ أﻛﺛر ﻣن ‪ 3000‬ﻋﺎم‪ .‬أﻣﺎ زاﻟت اﻷﻗﺻر ﺗﺣﺗﻔظ ﺑﻛﻧوز اﺧرى ﻟﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل؟‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪The Linguist‬‬

YOUMNA EL-HENNAWY

‘The city of Luxor’ Luxor, an Egyptian city located 670 km south of the capital, Cairo, on the eastern bank of the Nile river. Luxor has an area of approximately 416 km, an inhabited area of 208 km, and à population of approximately 487,896 (2010).

Before the Islamic conquest, the city of Luxor was called “Thebes,” however the name “Luxor” is the name given to the city by the Arabs. This was due to the city’s many palaces and temples, which still exist to this day, evidence of the civilisation of the Nile, which divides the city into the east and west.

Luxor is well known as a global tourist attraction, as it alone contains nearly a third of the world’s monuments, and is regarded as one of the most important tourist and archaeological cities. The trip to Luxor is wonderous, where past present and future mix, ancient, where the Pharaonic temples with their towering columns, and the inscriptions of their impressive stone walls. As well as its present, where the ferry carries the people of the cities daily from East to West.

Luxor’s Pharaonic temples, most of which were built of sandstone, are distributed on both banks of the Nile. On the eastern bank are the palaces of the kings and religious temples such as Karnak and Luxor- which is linked by the Rams Road- and this area was called the “City of the Living,” in contrast to the city of the dead on the western bank of the river, most notably the tombs of the Valley of Kings and and the mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut.

Luxor still sparkles with many modern discoveries to this day. The “Lost Golden City” was recently discovered under the sand, and dates back to more than 3000 years. Will Luxor still surprise with other, new treasures in the future?

7 The Linguist

IONA CONNOLLY

‘Sites Emblématiques en France’ La France a un nombre de sites iconiques, connus mondialement. Quelque sites que cet article regardera sont La Tour Eiffel, Le Musée du Louvre, Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, Le Château de Versailles et L'Arc de Triomphe.

La Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris: Notre-Dame est le monument le plus visité à Paris avec plus de 13 millions de visiteurs chaque année (environ 35, 000 chaque jour).

Il est distingué par sa taille et son intérêt architectural (c’est 69 mètres de haut). La construction de Notre Dame a commencé en 1163 et n’a pas terminée jusqu'à 1345.

Malheureusement, en Avril 2019, il y a eu un incendie dans la Cathédrale ou un flèche et une pièce de chêne ont été effondrées. Cependant, seulement deux jours après l’incendie, plus de ont eu collecté 800 millions d'euros pour reconstruire l’église.

La Tour Eiffel: La construction de la Tour Eiffel a commencé en janvier 1887 et s’est terminée un peu plus de deux ans après. Depuis l’ouverture en 1889, la Tour a accueilli plus de 300 millions de visiteurs avec 7 millions par an. La tour a été construite par Gustave Eiffel et inclut 7,500 tonnes de fer et 2,5 millions de rivets. Maintenant, chaque année, à peu près 60 tonnes de peinture sont appliquées à la tour pour éviter la rouille.

L’intention initiale était que la tour serait démontée après 20 ans, cependant Eiffel avait mis une antenne radio et un télégraphe sans fil dans la Tour, et le gouvernement a finalement décidé que c'était plus utile à démolir. Gustave Eiffel a inclus un appartement privé pour recevoir les invités célèbres comme Thomas Edison. De nos jours, cet appartement est ouvert pour les visites publiques.

Il y a aussi un bureau de poste dans la Tour Eiffel ou on peut obtenir une carte postale et un timbre et on peut envoyer cette carte de la Tour Eiffel donc c’est distribué avec un cachet de la poste unique.

Le château de Versailles: Le château de Versailles est l'ancienne résidence royale Français et centre de gouvernement.

Il est situé dans la ville de Versailles à environ 16 km sud-ouest de Paris. Aujourd'hui c’est utilisé comme un musée et la palais contient 2,300 pièces sur 63,154 mètres carrés.

La résidence originale était principalement un pavillon de chasse et refuge privé pour Louis XIII et sa famille. Un des attractions principales au château de Versailles sont des fontaines à eau et des systèmes hydrauliques commandés par Louis XIV en imitation de ceux du château de Vaux-le-Vicomte de Nicolas Fouquet. Les jardins de Versailles était prévu par André Le Nôtre, un des architectes paysagistes plus célèbre et influent au cours de l’histoire Français.

Le Musée du Louvre: Le Musée du Louvre est le musée le plus grand et le plus visité dans le monde. La galerie est 15 quarante ares et la pyramide de verre est 21 mètres de haut.

Au début, Le Louvre a été construit comme une forteresse grandiose à Paris et plus tard, c’était transformé en un palais royal au 16e siècle avant de devenir un musée en 1793. En 2018, Le musée du Louvre a vu un record de visiteurs de 10,2 millions personnes. 66% de l’Art à le musée ont été faits par des artistes françaises. Il y a tellement de tableaux au Musée du Louvre que si on passe 30 secondes avec toute l'œuvre d’art, cela prendrait 100 jours consécutifs pour les voir tous (sans dormir, les repas ou des pauses). En plus, c’est la résidence d’un de tableau le plus célèbre dans le monde; La Joconde de Léonard de Vinci et c’est responsable pour de nombreux visiteurs.

L’Arc de Triomphe: L’Arc de Triomphe est un monument très iconique à Paris. Il s’assied dans une place circulaire dequel 12 avenues grandes sont attachées qui forme une étoile qui est pourquoi l’autre nom pour L’Arc de Triomphe est Arc de Triomphe de l’Étoile. L’Arc était dessiné par Jean-François-Thérès Chalgrin et ç'a pris 50 ans à construire. La construction pour la site a commencé en 15 août 1806, l’anniversaire de Napoléon. L’arc est 50 mètres de haut et 45 mètres de large. Chaque année, la course cycliste de la Tour de France finit près de L’Arc et le défilé militaire le 14 Juillet -sont tous les deux connus comme les jours nationaux Français et le jour de Bastille qui commence son voyage à L’arch.

8 The Linguist

IONA CONNOLLY

‘Iconic Sites in France’ France has a number of iconic sites, known all around the world. Some sites that this article will look at are the Eiffel tower, the Louvre Museum, the Notre-Dame Cathedral, the Palace of Versailles and the Arc de Triomphe.

The Notre-Dame Cathedral of Paris: Notre-Dame is the most visited monument in Paris with more than 13 million visitors each year (around 35,000 each day). It is distinguished by its size and architectural interest (it is 69 meters high). Le construction of the Notre-dame started in 1163 and was not finished until 1345. Unfortunately in april 2019, there was a fire in the Cathedral where a spire and oak room collapsed. However, only two days after the fire, more than 800 million euros had been collected in order to rebuild the church.

The Eiffel Tower: The construction of the Eiffel Tower started in January 1887 and finished no more than two years later. Since the opening in 1889, the tower has welcomed more than 300 million visitors with 7 million each year. The tower was built by Gustave Eiffel and includes 7,500 tonnes of iron and 2.5 million rivets. Now, each year, nearly 60 tonnes of paint are applied to the tower to avoid rusting. The initial intention was that the tower would be taken down after 20 years, however Eiffel had put a radio antenna and a wireless telegraph in the tower, and the government eventually decided that it was too useful to demolish. Gustave Eiffel included a private apartment to receive famous guests like Thomas Edison. Nowadays this apartment is open for public visits. There is also a post office in the Eiffel Tower where one can obtain a postcard and a stamp and you can send this Eiffel Tower card so it is sent out with a unique postmark.

The Palace of Versailles: The Palace of Versailles is the former Royal French residence and centre of government. It is located in the town of Versailles about 16 km Southwest of Paris. Today it is used as a museum and the palace contains 2,300 rooms over 63,154 square meters. The original residence was primarily a hunting lodge and a private place for Louis XIII and his family. One of the main attractions at the palace of Versailles are the water fountains and hydraulic systems commissioned by Louis XIV in imitation of those at the Château of Vaux-le-Vicomte by Nicolas Fouquet. The gardens of Versailles were planned

by André Le Nôtre, one of the most famous and influential landscape architects in french history.

The Louvre Museum: The Louvre Museum is the largest museum and the most visited in the world. The gallery is 15 quarante acres and the pyramid of glass is 21 metre high. At the start, the Louvre was built as a grand fortress in Paris and later, it was transformed into a royal palace in the 16th century before becoming a museum in 1793. In 2018, the Louvre Museum saw a record number of visitors at 10.2 million people. 66% of the Art at the museum was made by French artists.

There are so many paintings in the Louvre Museum that if you spent 30 seconds with every piece of art, it would take you 100 consecutive days to see them all (without sleep, meals or stopping for breaks). In addition, it is the residence of the most famous painting in the world; The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci which is responsible for many of the

7

The Arc de Trimphe: The Arc de Triomphe is a very iconic monument in Paris. It sits in a circular plaza of which 12 grand avenues are attached that form a star which is why the other name for the Arc de Triomphe is Arc de Triomphe de l’Etoile (étoile being a star). The Arc was designed by Jean-François-Thérès Chalgrin and took 50 years to build. The construction for the site began on 15th August 1806, Napoleon’s birthday.

The arch is 50 meters high and 44 meters wide.

Each year, the Tour de France cycling race finishes near the Arc and the military parade marking July 14th - known both as French National Days as well as Bastille Day which begins its journey to the arch.

9 The Linguist

SHARADHI SOMAYAJI

‘ತುಳು: ಅಳಿವಿನಂ ನಲಿ್ಲರುವ ದಾಪ್ರವಿಡ ಭಾಷೆ’ ಅಸಿ್ತತ್ವದಲಿ್ಲರುವ ಐದು ದಾಪ್ರವಿಡ ಭಾಷೆಗಳಲಿ್ಲ ತುಳು ಬಹುಶಃ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಹಳೆಯ ಮತು್ತ ಸುಂದರವಾದದು್ದಾ, ಆದರೆ ಇದು ಕೇವಲ ಒಂದು ನೂ್ಯನತೆಯನು್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ: ಇದು ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಅಳಿವಿನಂ ನಲಿ್ಲದೆ. ಪಪ್ರತಿ ವಷರ್ಷ, ಕಡಿ ಮತು್ತ ಕಡಿ ಮಾತನಾಡುವವರು ಇದಾ್ದಾರೆ, ಮತು್ತ ಯುನೆಸೊ್ಕೕ ಪಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಈ ಆಕಷರ್ಷಕ ಭಾಷೆ ಶತಮಾನದ ಅಂತ್ಯದ ವೇಳೆಗೆ ಕಣ್ಮರೆಯಾಗಬಹುದು, ಅದರ ಜನರ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಮತು್ತ ಶಿಪ್ರೕಮಂತ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಯನು್ನು ಅಳಿಸಿಹಾಕುತ್ತದೆ.

ಪತೆ್ತಯಾದ ಆರಂಭಿಕ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯವು 15 ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಷು್ಟು ಹಿಂದಿನದು, ಆದರೆ ತುಳು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯವನು್ನು ಸಾ್ವಧೀನಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಳು್ಳುವುದು ತುಂಬಾ ಕಷ್ಟುಕರವಾಗಿದೆ ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಅವರು ಬರೆದ ತಾಳೆಗರಿಗಳ ಸುರುಳಿಗಳನು್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಸಲು ಇದು ಸಂ ೕಣರ್ಷ ಮತು್ತ ಸಮಯ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳು್ಳುವ ಪಪ್ರ ಪ್ರಯೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ತುಳುವನು್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಸಲು ಸಕಾರ್ಷರವು ಮಾಡಿದ ಪಪ್ರಯತ್ನುಗಳ ಕೊರತೆಯಿಂದಾಗಿ, ಇದು ಪಪ್ರಸು್ತತ ಅಪಾಯದ ಮಟ್ಟುದಲಿ್ಲ ಅಸುರಕ್ಷತವಾಗಿದೆ.

ತುಳು, ಮೂಲ-ದಾಪ್ರವಿಡದಿಂದ ಹು ್ಟುಕೊಂಡಿದೆ, ಅದರ ಭಾಷಿಕರು ದಕ್ಷಣ ಭಾರತದ ಭೌಗೋಳಿಕ ಪಪ್ರದೇಶದಲಿ್ಲ ಕೇಂದಿಪ್ರೕಕೃತವಾಗಿದೆ, ಇದನು್ನು ಅನಧಿಕೃತವಾಗಿ ತುಳುನಾಡು ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಕನಾರ್ಷಟಕದ ಎರಡು ಕರಾವಳಿ ಜಿಲೆ್ಲಗಳು ಮತು್ತ ಕೇರಳದ ಕಾಸರಗೋಡಿನ ಉತ್ತರ ಭಾಗದಲಿ್ಲ. ಕರಾವಳಿ ಜಿಲೆ್ಲಗಳು, ದಕ್ಷಣ ಕನ್ನುಡ ಮತು್ತ ದಕ್ಷಣ ಉಡುಪಿ ಮತು್ತ ಉತ್ತರ ಕಾಸರಗೋಡು ಎಂದು ಹೆಸರಿಸಲಾಗಿದು್ದಾ, 2011 ರ ಜನಗಣತಿಯ ಪಪ್ರಕಾರ ತುಳುವ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ 1.85 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ ಸ್ಥಾಳೀಯ ತುಳು ಭಾಷಿಕರನು್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಇತರ ದಾಪ್ರವಿಡ ಭಾಷೆಗಳನು್ನು ಮಾತನಾಡುವವರ ಸಂಖೆ್ಯಗೆ ಹೋಲಿಸಿದರೆ ಈ ಅಂ ಅಂಶವು ಕ್ಕದಾಗಿದೆ, ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ 70 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ ಮಾತನಾಡುವವರು ತಮಿಳು ಮತು್ತ 75 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ ಮಾತನಾಡುವವರು ತೆಲುಗು. ತುಳು ಭಾಷೆಯನು್ನು ಹೆಚಾಚ್ಚಿಗಿ ಮಾತನಾಡುವ ಕನಾರ್ಷಟಕದ ಕ್ಕಮಗಳೂರು ಜಿಲೆ್ಲಯ ಕಳಸ ಮತು್ತ ಮೂಡಿಗೆರೆ ತಾಲೂಕುಗಳು ಅಥವಾ ಪಟ್ಟುಣಗಳಲಿ್ಲ ಮಾತನಾಡುವವರು ದಟ್ಟುವಾದ ಜನಸಂಖೆ್ಯಯನು್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದಾ್ದಾರೆ. ಆದರೆ, ದೇಶ-ವಿದೇಶಗಳಿಗೆ ವಲಸೆ ಬಂದ ತುಳು ಭಾಷಿಗರೂ ಇದಾ್ದಾರೆ. ಭಾರತದೊಳಗೆ, ಅವರನು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಮತು್ತ ಚೆನೆ್ನುೖನಲಿ್ಲ ಕಾಣಬಹುದು ಮತು್ತ ವಿದೇಶಗಳಲಿ್ಲ, ಅವು ಕೆಲವು ಇಂಗಿ್ಲಷ್ ಮಾತನಾಡುವ ದೇಶಗಳಲಿ್ಲ ಮತು್ತ GCC ಯಲಿ್ಲಯೂ ಕಂಡುಬರುತಾರೆ. ವಿನಾಶದ ಅಂ ನಲಿ್ಲರುವ ಭಾಷೆಯನು್ನು ಮಾತನಾಡುವವರು ನಮಗೆ ತುಂಬಾ ಹತಿ್ತರದಲಿ್ಲದಾ್ದಾರೆ ಎಂದು ೕ ಸಿದರೆ ಆಶಚ್ಚಿಯರ್ಷವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ!

ತುಳು ವಾ್ಯಪಕವಾಗಿ ಮಾತನಾಡುವ ಭಾಷೆಯಾಗಿಲ್ಲ, ಕೇವಲ ಮನೆಯ ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆಗೆ ಸೀಮಿತವಾಗಿದೆ. ಭಾರತದಲಿ್ಲ ತುಳು-ಮಾಧ್ಯಮ ಶಾಲೆಗಳು ಜನಪಿಪ್ರಯವಾಗಿಲ್ಲ, ಆದ್ದಾರಿಂದ ಜನರು ತಮ್ಮ ಮಾತೃಭಾಷೆಯನು್ನು ಮಾತನಾಡಲು ಕಡಿ ಅವಕಾಶಗಳನು್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದಾ್ದಾರೆ. ಕನಾರ್ಷಟಕದಲಿ್ಲ ಕನ್ನುಡ ಭಾಷೆಯು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಮಾತನಾಡುವುದರಿಂದ, ಕನ್ನುಡವು ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಭಾಷೆಯಾಗಿ ಉಳಿಯಬೇಕೆಂದು ಕನಾರ್ಷಟಕ ಸಕಾರ್ಷರವು ತುಳು ಮತು್ತ ಇತರ ಕನ್ನುಡೇತರ ಭಾಷೆಗಳನು್ನು ಬರ್ಷಂಧಿಸುತಿ್ತದೆ. ಅದರ ದುಬರ್ಷಲತೆಯ ಹೊರತಾಗಿಯೂ, ಭಾಷೆಯ ೕಲೆ ಅಂತಗರ್ಷತ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಮತು್ತ ಪರಂಪರೆಯನು್ನು ಅಳವಡಿಸಿಕೊಳು್ಳುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಅದನು್ನು ಇನೂ್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಸಬಹುದು, ಶಾಲೆಗಳಲಿ್ಲ ಎರಡನೇ ಭಾಷೆಯಾಗಿ ಕಲಿಸುವುದು ಅಥವಾ ಹೆ ಚ್ಚಿನ ತುಳು-ಮಾಧ್ಯಮ ಪಠ್ಯಕಪ್ರಮ, ಸಾಂಪಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ತುಳು ರಂಗಭೂಮಿಯಂತಹ ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ ಕಾಯರ್ಷಕಪ್ರಮಗಳು ಮತು್ತ ಕನಾರ್ಷಟಕ ಸಕಾರ್ಷರವನು್ನು ಒತಾ್ತಯಿಸುವುದು. ಅದನು್ನು ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಭಾಷೆಯನಾ್ನುಗಿ ಮಾಡಲು. ತುಳು ಲಿಪಿಯ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆಗೆ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ೕಡಲು ಹೆ ಚ್ಚಿನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯವನು್ನು ತಯಾರಿಸಲು ತುಳು ಲೇಖಕರನು್ನು ಪ್ರೕತಾ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು ಮತು್ತ ಭಾರತದ ಹೊರಗಿನ ಸ್ಥಾಳೀಯ ತುಳು ಭಾಷಿಕರಿಗೆ ಬೆಂಬಲ ೕಡುವುದು ಇತರ ಪಯಾರ್ಷಯಗಳು. ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ನೆನಪಿಡಬೇಕಾದ ಅಂಶವೆಂದರೆ ತುಳು ಕನ್ನುಡದ ಆಡುಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲ; ಅದು ತನ್ನುದೇ ಆದ ಭಾಷೆ. ಭಾಷಿಗರು ಕ್ಷೕಣಿಸುತಿ್ತರುವಾಗಲೂ ತುಳುವು ಯಾವುದೇ ರಾಜ ೕಯ ಬೆಂಬಲವಿಲ್ಲದೆ ಸಾವಿರಾರು ವಷರ್ಷಗಳಿಂದ ಉಳಿದುಕೊಂಡಿದೆ, ಈ ಸಿಹಿ ಮತು್ತ ಸೊಗಸಾದ ನಾಲಿಗೆ ಮತು್ತ ಅದರ ಜನರ ಸಿ್ಥಾತಿಸಾ್ಥಾಪಕತ್ವವನು್ನು ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ತುಳು ತನ್ನು ಉಳಿವಿಗಾಗಿ ಹೋರಾಟ ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಿ ಪರಂಪರೆಯನು್ನು ಬಿಟು್ಟು ಹೋಗಲಿ ಎಂದು ಹಾರೈಸಬಹುದು.

ತುಳು ಭಾಷೆಯು ತನ್ನುದೇ ಆದ ಲಿಪಿಯನು್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ ಮತು್ತ 4 ಉಪಭಾಷೆಗಳನು್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ: ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ತುಳು, ಬಾಪ್ರಹ್ಮಣ ತುಳು, ಜೈನ ಉಪಭಾಷೆ ಮತು್ತ ಆದಿವಾಸಿ ಉಪಭಾಷೆ. ಇದನು್ನು ಈಗ ಕನ್ನುಡ ಲಿಪಿಯನು್ನು ಬಳಸಿ ಬರೆಯಲಾಗಿದೆ ಮತು್ತ ಇದು ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬ ಅಂಶದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿಕೊಂಡರೆ ತುಳು ಲಿಪಿ ಬಹುತೇಕ ಅಳಿವಿನಂ ನಲಿ್ಲದೆ.

9

10 The Linguist

SHARADHI SOMAYAJI

‘Tulu: an Endangered Dravidian Language’

9

Tulu is perhaps one of the oldest and most beautiful of the five Dravidian languages to exist, but it has only one flaw: it is dangerously endangered. Every year, there are fewer and fewer speakers, and according to UNESCO, this charming language may vanish by the end of the century, erasing the history and rich culture of its people.

The earliest literature discovered dates back to the 15th century, but it is very difficult to acquire Tulu literature because it is a complicated and time-consuming process to conserve the palm leaf scrolls they were written on. Due to the lack of efforts made by the government to preserve Tulu, it is currently unsafe on the degree of endangerment scale.

Tulu, derived from Proto-Dravidian, has its speakers concentrated in a geographical region in Southern India that is unofficially called Tulunadu, in two coastal districts of Karnataka and the northern part of Kasaragod in Kerala.

The coastal districts, named Dakshina Kannada and southern Udupi, and northern Kasaragod, hold 1.85 million native Tulu speakers, known as Tuluva as per the 2011 census. This figure is miniscule compared to the number of speakers of other Dravidian languages, such as Tamil with 70 million speakers and Telugu with 75 million speakers. Speakers are densely populated in the Kalasa and Mudigere taluks, or townships, in the Chikkamagaluru district in Karnataka, the state in which Tulu is mostly spoken. However, there are many Tulu speakers that have emigrated domestically and abroad. Within India, they can be found in Bengaluru, Maharashtra and Chennai, and abroad, they are found in some English-speaking countries and even in the GCC. It is surprising to think that speakers of a language nearing the brink of extinction are so near to us!

The language itself has its own script and has 4 dialects: common Tulu, Brahmin Tulu, the Jain dialect and the Adivasi dialect. It is now written using the Kannada script, and this, combined with the fact that it is not an official Indian language, means that the Tulu script is almost extinct.

Not being a widely spoken language, Tulu is only limited to household conversation. Tulu-medium schools are not popular in India, so people have fewer opportunities to speak their mother tongue. As the language is mainly spoken in Karnataka, Tulu and other non-Kannada languages are being blocked by the government of Karnataka to ensure that Kannada remains the official language. Despite its vulnerability, it can still be preserved through intergenerational education on the language and embracing the heritage, teaching it as a second language in schools or having more Tulu-medium curricula, cultural events such as traditional Tulu theatre, and urging the government of Karnataka to make it an official language. Other alternatives could be to encourage Tulu authors to produce more literature to contribute to the conservation of the Tulu script, and support for native Tulu speakers outside of India. An important thing to remember is that Tulu is not a dialect of Kannada; it is its own language. Although speakers are dwindling, Tulu has managed to survive for thousands of years without any political support, showing the resilience of this sweet and elegant tongue and its people. One can only hope that Tulu continues to fight for its survival and leave a legacy behind.

11 The Linguist

LIYAN MUSTAFA

‘L’impact de la Révolution Française’ Ce que l'on pourrait appeler l'un des événements les plus marquants de l'histoire européenne a commencé en 1789 et s'est terminé à la fin des années 1790 ; la révolution française. C'est l'époque où les Français, mécontents des inégalités, des conditions de vie difficiles et de la mauvaise politique économique de Louis XVI, se révoltent contre la monarchie et le système féodal et remodèlent le paysage politique du pays. Alors que la Révolution française est notamment associée à la mort tristement célèbre de Marie Antoinette par la guillotine et au conseil de laisser la population « manger du gâteau », elle a eu une influence bien plus importante et durable sur le monde que ce qui est perçu. La révolution a joué un rôle essentiel dans l'élaboration de la politique moderne et de la gouvernance mondiale, reconnaissant le pouvoir inhérent à la volonté du peuple.

Le catholicisme avait été la religion officielle en France et l'Église catholique française était très puissante. Elle possédait environ 10 % des terres. Il recevait également la dîme, qui était un dixième des revenus annuels des gens du commun pris comme impôt pour soutenir le clergé. De cette position dominante, l'Église catholique française fut presque détruite pendant la Révolution. Ses prêtres et religieuses furent expulsés, ses chefs exécutés ou exilés, ses biens contrôlés par l'État et les dîmes furent abolis jusqu'au Concordat de 1801 qui fixa les règles d'une relation avec l'Église.

L'abolition de la suprématie de l'Église à la suite de la révolution française a conduit au principe constitutionnel actuel de la laïcité dans la France moderne.

Après la Révolution française, aucun gouvernement n'a été accepté comme légitime sans justification. Les républicains défient les partisans de la monarchie. Même au sein des républicains, certains prônent un gouvernement dirigé par l'élite tandis que d'autres préféreraient une structure plus démocratique. Plusieurs alternatives idéologiques sont apparues en raison de la Révolution française, notamment le nationalisme, le libéralisme, le socialisme et finalement le communisme. Il existe des parallèles irréfutables entre la Révolution française, la Révolution d'Octobre et la Révolution haïtienne.

L'impact immédiat de la Révolution française fut la fin de 400 ans de règne des Bourbons. La monarchie a été abolie en France en 1792 et remplacée par la forme républicaine de gouvernement. Malgré la réémergence de la monarchie après la chute de Napoléon Bonaparte en 1815, elle ne dura qu'en 1830, date à laquelle elle fut finalement renversée lors de la Révolution de Juillet. Cela a conduit au remplacement de la garde royale par la garde nationale, l'armée révolutionnaire dont le rôle était de protéger les acquis de la Révolution française. À la fin de 1793, la Garde nationale comprenait 700 000 soldats bien entraînés qui protégeaient les personnes et leurs biens.

Par ailleurs, la révolution a aussi profondément modifié la propriété foncière en France puis dans le reste du monde. Le seigneur rialisme faisait partie intégrante du féodalisme par lequel les paysans étaient rendus dépendants de leur terre et de leur seigneur. La dîme était un dixième du produit annuel ou des revenus pris comme impôt pour le soutien de l'église. Ces deux taxes ont été abolies pendant la Révolution française. Les deux tiers de la France étaient occupés à l'agriculture et la suppression de ces impôts apporta beaucoup de répit aux paysans. Les exploitations agricoles de la France rurale deviennent plus indépendantes.

Le nationalisme est une idéologie politique qui met l'accent sur la loyauté, le dévouement ou l'allégeance d'une nation par rapport à d'autres intérêts individuels ou de groupe. La Révolution française a déclenché le mouvement des États-nations modernes et a contribué à l'émergence du nationalisme dans toute l'Europe.

Alors que les forces de Napoléon Bonaparte conquièrent de nouvelles terres, la philosophie du nationalisme s'étend à toute l'Europe. La Révolution a eu un impact profond et durable sur les intellectuels européens, pas seulement sur le nationalisme français. En conséquence, la libération nationale est devenue l'un des thèmes les plus importants de la politique européenne et mondiale aux XIXe et XXe siècles.

12 The Linguist

8

LIYAN MUSTAFA

‘The Impact of the French Revolution’ What could be referred to as one of the most pivotal events in European history began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s; the French revolution. This was the period in which French citizens, who were discontent with the inequality, harsh living conditions and poor economic policies of Louis XVI, revolted against the monarchy and feudal system, and redesigned the country's political landscape. Whilst the French revolution is most notably associated with Marie Antoinette’s infamous death by the guillotine and advice to let the population “eat cake”, it has had a far more important, and lasting influence on the world than what is perceived. The revolution played a critical role in shaping modern day politics and global governance, recognizing the power inherent in the will of the people.

Catholicism had been the official religion in France and the French Catholic Church was very powerful. It owned around 10% of the land. It also received tithes, which was one-tenth of the annual earnings of the common people taken as tax to support the clergy. From this dominant position, the French Catholic Church was almost destroyed during the Revolution. Its priests and nuns were turned out, its leaders executed or exiled, its property controlled by the state and tithes was abolished until The Concordat of 1801 that set rules for a relationship with the Church.

The abolition of Church supremacy as a consequence of the french revolution led to the current constitutional principle of secularism in modern France.

After the French Revolution, no government was accepted as legitimate without justification. The republicans challenged those who favored the monarchy. Even within republicans, some advocated a government directed by the elite while others preferred a more democratic structure. Several ideological alternatives arose due to the French Revolution including nationalism, liberalism, socialism and eventually communism. There are irrefutable parallels between the French Revolution, October Revolution, and the Haitian revolution.

The immediate impact of the French Revolution was the end of 400 years of Bourbon reign.

Monarchy was abolished in France in 1792 and replaced with the Republican form of Government. Despite the re-emergence of the monarchy after the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, it lasted till only 1830 when it was finally overthrown in the July Revolution.

This led to the replacement of the royal guard with the national guard, the revolutionary army whose role was to protect the achievements of the French Revolution. By the end of 1793, the National Guard comprised 700,000 well trained soldiers that protected people and their property.

Nationalism is a political ideology that stresses a nation's loyalty, dedication, or allegiance over other individual or group interests. The French Revolution sparked the modern nation-state movement and was instrumental in the emergence of nationalism throughout Europe.

As Napoleon Bonaparte's forces conquered new lands, the nationalism philosophy expanded throughout Europe. The Revolution had a deep and long-lasting impact on European intellectuals, not only on French nationalism. As a result, national liberation became one of the most important themes in European and global politics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Moreover, the revolution also greatly changed land ownership in France and subsequently the rest of the world. Manorialism was an integral part of feudalism by which peasants were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord. Tithes was one tenth of annual produce or earnings taken as a tax for the support of the church. Both these taxes were abolished during the French Revolution. Two thirds of France was employed in agriculture and abolition of these taxes brought much respite for the peasants.

Farms in rural France became more independent.

13 The Linguist

8

‫‪SUJOOD TOFEIG‬‬

‫’ﺣﻔﻞ زﻓﺎف ﺳﻮداﻧﻲ‘‬ ‫ﺑدﻻ ﻣن ھذا ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌروس ﻟﻣدة ﺷﮭر ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ ً ﻗﺑل اﻟزﻓﺎف ‪ ،‬ﯾﺗم ﺣﺑس‬ ‫اﻟﻌروس اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧزل ‪ ،‬وﯾﺗم ﺗﻧظﯾﻔﮭﺎ ﯾوﻣﯾًﺎ ﺑﻣﻛوﻧﺎت ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻛرﻛم واﻟﻘﮭوة واﻟﻠوز اﻟﻣطﺣون واﻷرز وﺧﺷب اﻟﺻﻧدل‪ .‬ﺛم‬ ‫ﺗوﺿﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺎ ً ﻓوق ﺣﻔرة ﻣن اﻟﺧﺷب اﻟﻣﻌطر اﻟﻣﺣﺗرق ﻟﻣﻧﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺷرة ﻟوﻧﺎ ً راﺋﻌﺎ ً وراﺋﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﯾﺗم إزاﻟﺔ ﺷﻌر ﺟﺳدھﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣل ورﺳم‬ ‫ﯾدﯾﮭﺎ وﻗدﻣﯾﮭﺎ ﺑﺗﺻﺎﻣﯾم ﻣﻌﻘدة ﻣن اﻟﺣﻧﺎء‪ .‬ﯾﺗم ذﻟك ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﺧرج‬ ‫اﻟﻌروس ﻣن ﻛوﻧﮭﺎ ﻏﯾر ﻣرﺋﯾﺔ وﻣﻌزوﻟﺔ ﻋن اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺑﺷرﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﺗوھﺟﺔ وﻣﺑﮭرة ‪ -‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺟﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﺗﺑرز ﺣﻘًﺎ ﻣن ﺑﯾن اﻟﺣﺷود‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﯾوﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﺧﺎص‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧت اﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎﻻت اﻟﻔرﻋوﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗوارﺛﺔ ﻋﺑر آﻻف اﻟﺳﻧﯾن أﻛﺛر‬ ‫أھﻣﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺗﻘﺎﻟﯾد اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌروس ‪ ،‬ﺟوھرة ﺗﺗوھﺞ ﻓﻲ ﯾوم زﻓﺎﻓﮭﺎ ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗﻌﯾن ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ أن‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻔوق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ ‪ ،‬ﯾﺟب أن ﯾﺧﺿﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻟﻠﻌدﯾد ﻣن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻌدادات اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﯾﺗﺄﻟﻘوا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻔل ‪ .‬أﺣد ھذه اﻻﺳﺗﻌدادات‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔﻼت اﻟزﻓﺎف اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ ﺣﯾث ﺗﻧﻘﺳم إﻟﻰ أﻗﺳﺎم ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻟوان ﻧﺎﺑﺿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﯾﺎة وﺗﻘﺎﻟﯾد ﻗدﯾﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬أﺣدھﺎ ھو اﻟﺟرﺗق‪ .‬اﺧﺗرت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﮫ اﻟﺗﺣدﯾد ھذه اﻟﻠﺣظﺔ اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔﻼت اﻟزﻓﺎف‬ ‫اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ ﻷن ﺣﻔل اﻟﺟرﺗق ھو ﻣن ﺑﯾن ﺳﺑﻌﺔ ﻣن ﻣراﺳم اﻟزﻓﺎف‬ ‫اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﯾرﺗدي اﻟﻌروس واﻟﻌرﯾس اﻟﻣﻼﺑس اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﺗرﺗدي اﻟﻌروس ﺳﺗرة ﺣﻣراء واﻟﻌرﯾس ﯾرﺗدي ﺟﻼﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺞ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟك ‪ ،‬ﯾﺟب أن ﯾﻛون ﻟﻛل ﻣن اﻟﻌروس‬ ‫واﻟﻌرﯾس اﻟﺣﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ أﯾدﯾﮭم وأرﺟﻠﮭم‪ .‬ﺧﻼل اﻟﺟرﺗق ‪ ،‬ﯾﺟﻠس‬ ‫اﻟﻌروس واﻟﻌرﯾس ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻧﺻﺔ ﺣﻣراء ﺣﯾث ﺗﺿﻊ اﻷﻣﮭﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﺟدات اﻟﺗواﺑل اﻟروﺣﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟوه ورؤوس اﻟﻣﺗزوﺟﯾن ﺣدﯾﺛًﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل طﻘوس "اﻟﺟرﺗق" ‪ ،‬ﯾﺗﻧﺑﺄ رﺋﯾس اﻟﻣﻧزل ﺑﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧت‬ ‫اﻟﻌروس أو اﻟﻌرﯾس ﯾﺑﺻق اﻟﺣﻠﯾب أوﻻً ﻓﻲ وﺟﮫ اﻵﺧر‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺟزء اﻟﻣﻔﺿل ﻟدﯾﻧﺎ ﻣن ﻛل ﺷﻲء ھو اﻟﺗﺣﺿﯾر ﻟﻣدة أﺳﺑوﻋﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن ﻋﻼﺟﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﻣﯾل اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺿﻊ ﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﻌروس اﻟﺟدﯾدة ﻓﻲ أﯾدي‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺗﮫ وأﺻﮭﺎره ﻗﺑل ﺗﻘدﯾﻣﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ زوﺟﮭﺎ! ﯾﺳﺗﻠزم ذﻟك اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻔرك واﻟﻧﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻣﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺣﻠﯾب واﻟزﯾوت اﻟﻌطرﯾﺔ ‪ -‬أﻻ ﯾﺑدو‬ ‫ﻛل ھذا راﺋﻌًﺎ!‬ ‫ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟك ‪ ،‬ﯾﺟب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌروس واﻟﻌرﯾس أن ﯾﺑﺻﻘوا‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻠﯾب ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺿﮭﻣﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض ﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ واﻻﻟﺗزام‪ .‬أﺛﻧﺎء‬ ‫إﺟراء اﻟﺣﻔل ‪ ،‬ﯾﻐﻧﻲ اﻟﻣوﺳﯾﻘﯾون اﻟﺑرﻛﺎت ﻟﻠﻌروﺳﯾن اﻟﺟدد‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺳﺎء ﯾرددن اﻟﺗﮭﻧﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻌروس و ﯾﻐﻧون ﯾﻠوﺣن ﺑﺎﻟﺑﺧور واﻟﻌطور‬ ‫وﯾﺷﻛل داﺋرة ﺿﯾﻘﺔ ﺣول اﻟزوﺟﯾن‪ :‬ﯾرﺗدي ﻗﻣﺎﺷًﺎ أﺑﯾض وﯾﺣﻣل‬ ‫ﺳﯾﻔًﺎ ﺿﺧﻣًﺎ ؛ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗرﺗدي ﻣﻼﺑس ﺣﻣراء زاھﯾﺔ وﺗﻘطر ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟذھب‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺣرﯾر واﻷﻗﻣﺷﺔ اﻟﺣﻣراء واﻟذھﺑﯾﺔ واﻟﺣﻧﺎء وﻓرة ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟوھرات اﻟذھﺑﯾﺔ وﺣﻔل ﺳﺑﻌﺔ أﯾﺎم ﺑوظﺎﺋف واﺣﺗﻔﺎﻻت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌروس واﻟﻌرﯾس! ﺑﻌد أن ﯾﺗزﯾن اﻟﻌروس واﻟﻌرﯾس ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻧﺎء‬ ‫واﻟﻠﺑﺎس اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب واﻟﺧرز واﻟذھب ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻧﻲ اﻟﻧﺳﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﻼﺗﮭم‬ ‫وﯾرﻗﺻن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺿورھﺎ ‪ ،‬وﯾرﺳﻠن اﻟﺑرﻛﺎت ﻟﻠﻌروﺳﯾن!‬

‫اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﯾﺷﺎرك ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔل زﻓﺎف ﺳوداﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﯾﻌﻣل اﻟﻌﺷرات ﻣن‬ ‫أﻓراد اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ واﻷﺻدﻗﺎء ﺟﻣﯾﻌًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻋداد أطﺑﺎق ﻏرﯾﺑﺔ وﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫زﺧﺎرف ﻣﺗﻘﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺟﺗﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼت واﻷﺻدﻗﺎء ﻣﻌًﺎ ﻹرﺳﺎل ﺣزم‬ ‫ھداﯾﺎ ﻟﻠﻌروس وﻋﺎﺋﻠﺗﮭﺎ ﺗﺗراوح ﻣن اﻟﺷﻣوع إﻟﻰ اﻟﺑﺧور ‪ -‬ﻋطر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯾدي ﻣﺻﻧوع ﻣن ﺧﻠﯾط ﻣن اﻟزﯾوت واﻟﺷواﺋب اﻟﻣﻣزوﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﺣﺎء اﻟﺧﺷب ﻟﯾﺗم ﺣرﻗﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻛن ﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻌراﺋس ھﻲ ﻋدم اﻟﻘﯾﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺄي ﺷﻲء‪.‬‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪The Linguist‬‬

SUJOOD TOFEIG

‘Sudanese Wedding Celebration’ The traditional ceremonies handed down over thousands of years were more important than Islamic traditions. The bride - a jewel that glows on her wedding day as she has to outshine everyone, everyone has to undergo many Sudanese preparations to shine in this.

Sudanese weddings are divided into different sections with vibrant colors and ancient traditions, one of which is the Jertik. I specifically chose this important moment Sudanese weddings because the Jertik ceremony is among the seven of the Sudanese wedding ceremonies. The bride and groom wear traditional Sudanese clothes.The bride wears a red cloth also known as ‘thobe’ and the groom wears a beige jalabiya. In addition, both the bride and groom should have henna on their hands and feet. During the jertik, the bride and groom sit on a red platform where mothers and grandmothers put spiritual spices on the faces and heads of the newlyweds.

But the bride's responsibility is to do nothing.

Instead, for about a month before the wedding, the Sudanese bride is locked up in the house, and is cleaned daily with notes of turmeric, coffee, ground almonds, cedar and sandalwood.

They are then placed high above a pit of burnt scented wood to give the skin a great color and scent. All her body hair is removed and her hands and feet are painted with intricate henna designs.

Our favorite part of it all is preparing for the two weeks of beauty treatments that the new bride undergoes in the hands of her family and in-laws before being introduced to her husband! This takes a lot of rubbing and soaking in milk baths and essential oils doesn't that all sound great! Furthermore, the

Women chant congratulations to the bride and

bride and groom should spit milk on each

sing, waving incense and perfume and forming

other to represent protection and

a narrow circle around the couple: he is

commitment. During the ceremony, the

dressed in white cloth and carries a huge

musicians sing blessings to the newlyweds.

sword; She is dressed in bright red clothes and drips of gold. Everyone participates in a

Silk, red and gold fabrics, henna, an

Sudanese wedding. Dozens of family and

abundance of gold jewelry, a seven-day party

friends are all working on exotic dishes and

with different functions and celebrations for

elaborate decorations. Families and friends

the bride and groom! After the bride and

come together to send gift packages to the

groom are both adorned in henna and the

bride and her family ranging from candles to

proper attire, beads and gold, the women in

incense - a traditional fragrance made from a

their families sing and dance in their presence,

mixture of oils and impurities mixed with

sending blessings to the newlyweds!

wood bark to be burned.

15 The Linguist

8

-The MenuFuad Ruslan and James Taoutaou

Chicken and Leek Vol-au-Vent

What is a Vol-au-vent?

Ingredients: Vol-au-vent cases 5pcs

A vol-au-vent (French for "windblown", to describe its lightness) is a small hollow case of puff pastry. It was formerly also called a patty case. A vol-au-vent is typically made by cutting two circles in rolled out puff pastry, cutting a hole in one of them, then stacking the ring-shaped piece on top of the disc-shaped piece. The pastry is cooked, then filled with any of a variety of savory or sweet fillings.

Onion (chopped) 15 g Leeks (chopped) 15 g Chicken (diced) 30 g Butter 10 g Flour 5 g Milk 30 ml Cream 30 ml Egg wash 20 ml (one egg) Salt and pepper as required Fresh Parsley Method: 1.

2.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

RECIPE

3.

Melt butter in a pan; add chopped onions and leeks, and sweat.

Add the diced chicken. Sprinkle the flour and sauté, until chicken is cooked.

Add the milk and cream and cook till sauce is thick.

Adjust seasoning and set aside.

Preheat the oven at 180°C. Place the Vol-au-vent cases on a baking tray, egg wash and bake for 12-13 minutes, until golden in colour.

Remove from oven, cool and cut the top cap of the case using a paring knife.

Carefully spoon the filling into the centre of the baked cases, taking care to keep a neat appearance.

Garnish with parsley and serve hot.

16 The Linguist

-The MenuFuad Ruslan and James Taoutaou

A brief history of Vol-au-vent: Invented in the early 1800s in Antonin Carême’s pastry store in Paris, these round, light, airy puff pastries are baked such that the center part can be removed, creating a cavity that is then filled with either sweet or savory fillings.

Carême’s signature vol-au-vent was known as the financière, the filling of which consisted of minced chicken, breadcrumbs, and mushrooms in a Madeira sauce. Today, vol-au-vent is typically served as a snack or an appetizer with either a chicken or fish filling. There is also a Belgian variety of vol-au-vent that can be found in most restaurants, filled with a combination of chicken, mushrooms, and tiny meatballs and served with a side of french fries or mashed potatoes.

Creamy Chicken Vol-au-Vent Ingredients: Vol-au-vent cases 6pcs Beef bacon strips 6pcs Medium leeks (chopped) 2 pcs Medium sweet yellow pepper/ capsicun (diced) 1 pc Rotisserie chicken 1 cup/ 140 g Cream cheese (softened) 8 ounces/ 225 g Butter 15 g Egg wash 20 ml (one egg) Salt and pepper as required Fresh Parsley

RECIPE

Method: 1.

In a large skillet, cook bacon over medium heat until crisp.

2.

Remove to paper towels to drain.

3.

Melt butter in a pan; add leeks and pepper; cook and stir over medium-high heat until tender, 5-7 minutes.

4.

Reduce heat to low; stir in bacon, chicken, cream cheese, salt and pepper.

5.

Cook and stir until blended; remove from heat.

6.

Preheat the oven at 180°C. 7.

Place the Vol-au-vent cases on a baking tray, egg wash and bake for 12-13 minutes, until golden in colour.

8.

Remove from oven, cool and cut the top cap of the case using a paring knife.

9.

Carefully spoon the filling into the centre of the baked cases, taking care to keep a neat appearance.

10.

Garnish with parsley and serve hot.

17 The Linguist

-The MenuIsabelle Iskandarani

Chocolate Eclairs What is a chocolate eclair/éclair au chocolat?

Chocolate eclair or in French, éclair au chocolat is a french pastry made with choux dough filled with custard creme and chocolate icing. This delicious french pastry originated in France around the 19th century. It was first invented by a French pastry chef known as Marie Autoine for the French royals.

- 113 g of unsalted butter - 1 cup of water (240ml) - ½ tsp of salt - 1 ½ tsp of sugar - 1 cup or 128g of all purpose flour - 3 eggs and 1 extra - 1 tsp of milk Ingredients for the custard: - 2 cups of whole milk - 1 tsp of vanilla extract - 6 eggs - ⅔ cup of sugar or 134g - ¼ cup of cornstarch or 31g - 1 cup of heavy whipped cream - 2 tsp of sugar

RECIPE

Method: 1.

Bring a pot and add your 113g of butter, 1 cup of water, ½ tsp of salt and 1 ½ tsp of sugar. Then put this on high heat and bring to a boil.

2.

Once it has come to a boil, take it off the heat and then add 1 cup of all purpose flour and stir well until it's all incorporated.

3.

Then bring it back to the heat and stir for another 30 seconds until it starts to form like a ball shape.

4.

Put your dough in a stand mixer and then crack 1 egg at a time before mixing it. So, every time you crack an egg make sure to mix it straight away before cracking another one.

Not all at the same time! Repeat until you have used all 3 eggs. It should have a nice fluffy texture.

5.

Transfer your dough to a piping bag. A star tip nozzle is strongly recommended for piping your eclairs, because it will give the pastry a nice shape.

6.

Then pipe it out onto a baking tray. To make the egg wash, mix 1 tsp of milk and 1 egg. This will give the eclairs a nice golden brown color.

Ingredients for choux pastry:

18 The Linguist

Ingredients for the chocolate ganache: - 5 oz semisweet chocolate - ½ cup of heavy cream or 120g

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

-The MenuIsabelle Iskandarani Ccc

Sss Chocolate Eclairs

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

15.

16.

RECIPE

14.

Put it in the oven at 425 degrees for 15 minutes, then reduce the heat to 370 degrees for an additional 25 minutes until it has a golden brown color.

To make the custard, pour 2 cups of whole milk into a pot and add your vanilla extract.

Bring it just to a boil then get it off the heat.

Separate 6 egg white and egg yolks. You need only the egg yolks. Add ⅔ cups of sugar and whisk it until it's lighter in color.

Sieve ¼ a cup of cornstarch and whisk. Put a small amount of the milk with the egg yolk and mix it properly. Then carefully pour it all in. Mix it very well.

Strain it back into the pot and put it over the heat. It should start thickening up as well.

Once it's ready let it chill for the night or for a couple of hours.

To make the chocolate ganache. Chop 5 oz of chocolate and prepare half a cup of hot heavy cream. Then combine the chocolate with the heavy cream. 12. To make the chocolate ganache. Chop 5 oz of chocolate and prepare half a cup of hot heavy cream. Then combine the chocolate with the heavy cream.

Once your custard is nice and cold. Prepare 1 full cup of heavy cream and 2 tsp of sugar in a mixer and mix it. Add a splash of vanilla.

Then add the cream into the custard. Mix well.

Then put the custard into a piping bag and fill the eclairs from the bottom of the pastry.

Dip the top part of your eclair into the chocolate and voila!

Enjoy!

19 The Linguist

THE INTERVIEW with Madame Mathieu

What has been the best part of teaching French?

I’ve been lucky enough to be able to teach some students from their early years of French to a high level. Watching them develop in French over the years to then in some cases pursue their French career at university or in work statements has been the most rewarding thing.

Why are languages a good thing to learn, how are they beneficial for people?

To me, languages are a way to open to other cultures, being able to communicate with people and learn about their cultures. It’s a way to show our humanity.

How have languages benefitted you and increased your opportunities?

On a human point of view, it has really made travelling different. It’s enabled me to create a real bond with people, not be a simple tourist! I like to learn new languages (some basic expressions before visiting a new country). I have done that in Abu Dhabi too as there are many different cultures and people usually appreciate it when I try to communicate with them. It’s also given me the opportunity to live and work in a different country when I moved to England. It was a great challenge when I was 20! It’s made me want to see more of the world.

What advice would you give to students learning another language?

If they have the chance, they must try and spend time in the country. It will give them another dimension and enrich their experience.

They will also definitely learn much more than what we teach them!

How has the pandemic impacted your teaching methods?

It has been a challenge to try and keep the interactive part of teaching a language on Zoom lessons, as learning a language starts with listening and speaking. I have spent a lot of time making up activities that could be used in groups, to keep the students interacting with me or each other. I also worked hard to try and make the lessons as fun as I possibly could as I was very concerned about the students low morale as younger students remained on distance learning for a very long time.

What is your favourite part about being able to speak another language?

Try to communicate and create a bond. As Mandela once said: “If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head.

If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart.”

How does it feel to teach your native language?

It is a good opportunity to try and open young people’s minds. It gives skills that are essential nowadays.

20 The Linguist

The Linguist

Puzzles TRUE OR FALSE: ● ● ●

Mandarin Chinese is the most spoken language in the world.

The Cambodian language (Khmer) has the longest alphabet.

Amharic is the most spoken language in Africa.

WORD SEARCH:

CROSSWORD: ACROSS 2. Valued objects and qualities such as historic buildings and cultural traditions that have been passed down from previous generations 3. Including or involving people from a range of different social and ethnic backgrounds 4. Spoken in the UAE 6. A nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

Culture Patrimoine Comunidad Pays Etnicidad Speech Tradicion Communication Mr Davies Voyager Lague Ciudad Identidad Histoire BSAK

DOWN 1.The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way 5. Spoken in France

21 The Linguist

The Linguist

Puzzle Answers CROSSWORD: ACROSS

2.Valued objects and qualities such as historic buildings and cultural traditions that have been passed down from previous generations. (Heritage) 3.Including or involving people from a range of different social and ethnic backgrounds. (Diversity) 4.Spoken in the UAE. (Arabic) 6.A nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory. (Country) DOWN

1.The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way. (Tradition) 5. Spoken in France. (French) WORD SEARCH:

TRUE OR FALSE: ● False, the most spoken language in the world in English. ● True. ● False, the most spoken language in Africa is Arabic.

22 The Linguist

“Avoir une autre langue, c’est posséder une deuxième âme.”

25