BRYOPOLIS

BRYOPOLIS

URBAN MORPHOGENESIS LAB MArch Urban Design BARTLETT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

AKM Saleh Ahmed Anik, Catherine Anand, Praveen Govindarajan CLAUDIA PASQUERO, FILIPPO NASSETTI

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Students AKM Saleh Ahmed Anik, Catherine Anand, Praveen Govindarajan Studio Tutors Claudia Pasquero, Filippo Nassetti, History and Theory Tutor Emmanouil Zaroukas Computational Tutors Filippo Nassetti, Michael Brewster The Bartlett School of Architecture MArch Urban Design 2019 - 2020 Lab Urban Morphogenesis | RC16

Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

INDEX 05

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

07

ABSTRACT

08

OVERVIEW

11

METHODOLOGY

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CHAPTER 1: URBAN SCENARIO 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

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Global warming Climate Change Impact on London Loss of Green Topology Air pollutants East London East London 2070

CHAPTER 2: BIO-INTELLIGENT MATERIAL 2.1 Common Feather Moss 2.2 Moss Voxel

54

CHAPTER 3: BRYOPOLIS 3.1 Moss Growth Algorithm 3.2 Machine Learning

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CHAPTER 4: PHOTOSYNTHETIC VOXEL Prototype 1 Prototype 2

90

instagram

project video

CHAPTER 5: BRYOSTRUCTURA 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

Carpenter’s Estate, Stratford Bryowall Urban Breather Category of Spaces Multiple Bryostructuras

144

CONCLUSION

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APPENDIX

162

BIBLIOGRAPHY

163

FIGURE LIST

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Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT T h i s re se arc h p ro j e c t is a p r o d u c t o f gr e a t e ffo r t s a n d h ard - wo rk d u ri n g th e la s t fe w m o n t h s . I t w o u ld n ’ t b e p o ssi b l e wi th o u t th e k in d s u p p o r t a n d u n d e r s t a n d in g b e twe e n th e g ro u p m e m b e r s . W e w o u ld lik e t o t h a n k e ac h an d e ve ry o rga n is a t io n w h o h a v e giv e n t h e ir w o n d e rf u l i n si g h ts to t h is p r o j e c t .

W e wo u l d l i k e to th an k o u r r e s e a r c h c lu s t e r t u t o r s C la u d ia P asq u e ro an d F i l i p p o N a s s e t t i fo r t h e ir gu id a n c e a n d co n stan t su p e rvi si o n s a s w e ll a s fo r p r o v id in g n e c e s s a r y cri ti c i sm o n th e p ro j e c t a n d h e lp in g u s t o c o m p le t e t h e p ro j e c t d u ri n g th i s u n p r e c e d e n t e d t im e s .

W e wo u l d al so l i k e to e xp r e s s o u r s p e c ia l gr a t it u d e a n d t h an k s to o u r th e o ry tu t o r E m m a n o u il Za r o u k a s fo r giv in g u s g re at an al yti c al k no w le d ge o n P o s t N a t u r a l C it ie s w it h r e sp e c t to o u r p ro j e c t .

W e wo u l d l i k e to e x p re s s o u r gr a t it u d e t o w a r d s o u r p a r e n t s fo r th e i r su p p o rt an d e n c o u r a ge m e n t w h ic h h e lp e d u s t i m e to ti m e .

W e wo u l d l i k e to tha n k F ilip p o N a s s e t t i a n d M ic h a e l B re wste r f o r th e so f t s k ill w o r k s h o p .

W e wo u l d l i k e to e x ten d o u r a p p r e c ia t io n t o w a r d s t h e B - m ad e staf f f o r th e ir gr e a t a t t e n t io n a n d t im e in t h e w o rk sh o p .

F i n al l y o u r th an k s an d a p p r e c ia t io n t o a ll t h e c o llo gu e s , s e n i o rs, f ri e n d s i n d e v e lo p in g t h e p r o j e c t a n d t o t h e p e o p l e wh o h ave wi l lin gly h e lp e d u s w it h t h e ir a b ilit ie s .

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ABSTRACT B ryo p o l i s i s a sp e c u l a t iv e ‘ P o s t - N a t u r a l’ p r o j e c t o f R C 1 6, th at p ro p o se s a n o v e l u r b a n m o d e l t o t h e c u r r e n t day c i ty o f L o n d o n . Th e p r o j e c t p r o p o s e s t h r e e d is c r e t e de si g n e l e m e n ts n am e ly “ B r y o p o lis ” , a P o s t - N a t u r a l c it y in th e u rb an sc al e f o l lo w e d b y “ P h o t o s y n t h e t ic V o xe ls ” , a b i o - i n te l l i g e n t ap p a r a t u s a t a p r o t o t y p ic a l s c a le a n d lastl y “ Bry o stru c tu ra” , t h e in fr a s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e b u ilt fo r m in an arc h i te c tu ral sca le . T h e s e a r e c r e a t e d t h r o u gh a co m b i n e d i n te l l i g e n c e o f h u m a n s a n d n o n - h u m a n s . T h e p ro j e c t p ro f o u n d l y re s e a r c h e s n o n - h u m a n s p e c ie s “ M o s s ” a n d e stab l i sh e s a d i str ib u t e d c o gn it io n b e t w e e n h u m a n s a n d n o n - h u m an s th ro u gh a t e c h n o lo gic a l in t e r v e n t io n .

T h e b ri d g e i n i n te l l i g e n c e is a p p lie d in a p a r t ic ip a t o r y s p ac e m ak i n g p ro c e s s , i. e . a p o s t - n a t u r a l u r b a n s p a c e cre ate d wi th th e c o m b in e d in t e llige n c e o f M o s s , H u m a n a n d AI .

T h e n e e d f o r a n e w m o d e l o f c it y a r is e s w it h a r e a lis a t io n o f t h e i m p ac t o f th e i n d u s t r ia l r e v o lu t io n a n d it s p r o gr e s s iv e de te ri o rati o n o n o u r e n v ir o n m e n t . T h e h igh e r d e m a n d in e n e rg y re q u i re m e n t a n d t h e r e a c t io n a r y e xp lo it a t io n of th e n atu ral re so u rce s r e fle c t e d in a n u n c o n t r o lla b le e m i ssi o n of g re e n h o u s e ga s e s and a t m o s p h e r ic im b al an c e . Th i s i m p u d e n c e a n d d is r e ga r d fo r n a t u r e h ave d ri ve n u s b l i n d fo ld e d t o A n t h r o p o c e n e , a p e r io d ch arac te ri ze d b y an th r o p o c e n t r ic d o m in a n c e . H o w e v e r , t h e wo rl d i s n o t l i m i ted t o h u m a n e xis t e n c e . A t h o r o u gh r e c o n si d e rati o n o f o u r a c t io n in t h e fir s t p la c e a n d a r e al i zati o n f o r i n c l u si v e u r b a n is m w h ic h is t h e n e e d o f t h e d ay.

T h e p ro j e c t Bry o p o l i s r e s e a r c h e s o n t h e c a u s e s a n d im p ac t o f g l o b al c l i m a t e c h a n ge in t h e c it y o f L o n d o n a l o n g wi th th e g o ve r n m e n t ’ s in it ia t iv e t o m it iga t e it .

H o we ve r, e ve n wi th t h e s e m it iga t iv e m e a s u r e s , w it h t h e cu rre n t tre n d s i n d e v e lo p m e n t , t h e p r o j e c t fo r e c a s t s dysto p i an u rb an i sm in t h e n e xt 5 0 y e a r s . T h e p r o j e c t p ro p o se s a sp e c u l at iv e u r b a n d e s ign , t h a t s u r p a s s e s t h e c o n ve n ti o n al p l a n n in g a n d p o lic ie s , t o c r e a t e a n u rb an sp ac e vi a tran s d is c ip lin a r y r e s e a r c h in b io lo gy , t e c h n o l o g y, arc h i te ct u r e , a n d u r b a n d e s ign . T h e p ro j e c t u se s c o m p u ta t io n a l t o o ls a n d m a c h in e le a r n in g a l g o ri th m s to an al y se a b u n d a n t d a t a a lo n g w it h c u t t in ge d g e te c h n o l o g i e s i n t h e u s e o f s e n s o r s a n d r o b o t ic a r m s t o c re ate a sp ac e th a t is n o v e l y e t t a n gib le in v a r io u s s c al e s o f wo rk i n g .

K e y wo rd s: Gl o b al warm in g, A ir p o llu t a n t s , A n t h r o p o c e n e , M o ss, M ac h i n e l e arn i n g, B r y o p o lis .

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URBA N S CE NARI O

GLOBAL WARMING OVER THE YEARS

B I O M A TE R I A L

N E W UR B A N CIT Y

COMMON FEATHER MOSS

MOSS GROWTH ALGORITHM

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON LONDON LOSS OF GREEN TOPOLOGY

MOSS VOXEL

CARBON EMISSION

NITROGEN EMISSION

MACHINE LEARNING MOSS GROWTH ALGORITHM

PM PARTICLE EMISSION

BRYOPOLIS EAST LONDON GREEN SPACE IN EAST LONDON

EAST LONDON 2070

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Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

P H O T O SY NT H ET I C V O X EL

B R Y O S TR UC TUR A

PROTOTYPE 1

CARPENTERS ESTATE

BRYOWALL

PROTOTYPE 2

URBAN BREATHER

CATEGORY OF SPACES

MULTIPLE BRYOSTRUCTURA

INPUT DATA OUTPUT DATA

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METHODOLOGY Bryopolis project started by profoundly analysing the urban a re as, th e i r i ssu e an d t h e ir im p a c t o n t h e e n v ir o n m e n t .

T h e p ro j e c t al so re se a r c h e s t h e is s u e s r e la t e d t o glo b a l cl i m ati c c h an g e , th e ir c a u s e a n d e ffe c t , a n d fin a lly t h e in te rg o ve rn m e n tal m it iga t io n s t r a t e gie s . T h e p r o j e c t ch o o se s East L o n d o n a s a n e xp e r im e n t a l s it e a ft e r s e v e r e s c ru ti n y o n th e u rb an a n d c lim a t ic is s u e s , p a r t ic u la r t o t h e c i ty o f L o n d o n .

T h e p ro j e c t ad o p ts a t r a n s d is c ip lin a r y s t u d y b e t w e e n b i o l o g y, arc h i te c tu re , u r b a n d e s ign , a n d c o m p u t a t io n a l t e c h n o l o g i e s to d e a l w it h t h e u r b a n is s u e in m o r e s o p h i sti c ate d way s. T o s t a r t w it h , a b u n d a n t d a t a w a s s c rap e d an d an al y se d u s in g c o m p u t a t io n a l t o o ls fo llo w e d b y th e e m p l o ym e n t of s e n s o r y d e v ic e s a t v a r io u s s t a ge s of th e p ro j e c t to p ro d u c e in h o u s e d a t a fo r r ic h e r r e s u lt s .

T h e p ro j e c t al so i n vo l v e d e xp e r im e n t a t io n a n d la b o r a t o r y a n al ysi s o n th e b e ha v io r a l a n d gr o w t h p a t t e r n o f a n o n - h u m an b i o l o g i c a l s p e c ie s “ M o s s ” . C o m p u t a t io n a l s i m u l ati o n s an d a wi d e r a n ge o f ge n e r a t iv e a lgo r it h m s w e re e m p l o y e d i n c r e a t in g d r a w in gs a n d v is u a lis a t io n s of o u r stu d y .

T h i s p ro j e c t al so p ro p o s e s a d e s ign s o lu t io n in d iffe r e n t s c al e s ran g i n g f ro m p r o t o t y p ic a l le v e l, a n a r c h it e c t u r a l s c al e ti l l u rb an l e ve l s . B e s id e s , t h e d e s ign s s u r p a s s t h e co n ve n ti o n al m o d e o f a d d r e s s in g t h e c lim a t ic a n d u r b a n r e l ate d i ssu e vi a sp e cu la t io n a n d a b d u c t iv e r e a s o n in g.

T h e d e si g n p ro p o sal in c lu d e s “ B r y o p o lis ” , a P o s t - N a t u r a l ci ty i n th e u rb an sc a le fo llo w e d b y “ P h o t o s y n t h e t ic V o x e l s” , a b i o - i n te l l i g en t a p p a r a t u s a t p r o t o t y p ic a l s c a le a n d f i n al l y d e si g n i n g “ B r y o s t r u c t u r a ” , t h e in fr a s t r u c t u r e a n d a b u i l t f o rm i n arc h it e c t u r a l s c a le .

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01 urban scenario 1.1

Gl obal W arm i ng over the years

1.2

Cl i mat e C hange Impac t on L ondon

1.3

L oss of Green Topol ogy

1.4

Ai r Pol l utants

1.5

East L ond on

1.6

East L ond on 2070

Fig u re 01 - Ashepoo River in South Carolina Depleted The combined effects of higher CO2 levels and rising temperatures would increase vegetative water intake. This would lead to water reductions in lakes and waterways

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Urban Scenario

Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

G lobal C limate C hange ;

the need of the hour

T his c ha pter i l l u strate s o u r p ro f o u n d r es ea rc h on the c au se an d i m p ac t o f t h e g lo ba l wa rmi ng o ve r th e y e ars. Th e n w e s ho w c a se the warm i n g si tu ati o n o f t h e L o nd on throug h a d ata an al ysi s o f t h e ur ban grow th rate , atm o sp h e ri c c ar b o n di-oxi d e v ol ume , vo l u m e o f o x i d e s o f nit r ogen, a nd p arti c u l ate m atte r s o f 2. 5 a nd 10 m i c ro n s i n atm o sp h e r e o f L o nd on. The d ata are vi su al i se d u s in g dig i ta l tool s. Th o u g h th e se an aly s e s w e na rrow d o wn o u r re se arc h t o o ne metropol i tan are a b ase d o n t h e pr o xi mi ti es suc h as al arm i n g rai se i n t h e env i ronmenta l d e te ri o rati o n , si ze o f t h e ar ea , a c c essi b i l i ty , an d rati o n al i ty.

Fir s tl y, i n orde r to g ro u n d o u r stan d in g to dea l wi th th e g l o b al c l i m ati c is s u e thr ough urba n d e si g n an d arc h i te ct u r e , w e present o u r re al i sati o n th rou gh o ur wi d e rese arc h b y f am o u s au th o r s , s cie nti sts a nd p h i l o so p h e rs.

T he a vera ge su rf ac e te m p e ratu re h a s increa sed by 1.6° F si n c e 1909 s a y s the a rti c l e from NATGe o . A b i g s h ift in w ea ther patte rn an d p re c i p i ta t io n , r ais e i n sea l e ve l , b l e ac h i n g o f c o r a l r eef, ra i se i n se a te m p e ratu re , f l o o d s in coa sta l reg i o n are a f e w th at w e have a l rea dy starte d e x p e ri e n c in g.

Cap e town d ay ze ro i s o n e we l l k n o w n ex a mpl e of c l i m ate c h an g e . Ho we v e r , Svante Arrhen i u s, a Swe d i sh sc i e n t is t w as qui te op ti m i sti c wi th th e i m p a c t o f c l i ma te c ha n g e . Hi s 1896 state m e n t “more equa b l e an d b e tte r c l i m a t e s ,

e s p e c ia lly a s r e ga r d s t h e c o ld e r r egion s o f t h e E a r t h ” p r o v e s h o w ligh t ly t h e is s ue h a s b e e n c o n s id e r e d . I t w a s on ly b y 1 9 8 8 t h e is s u e o f glo b a l w a r m in g g ain ed a s p o t ligh t a n I n t e r go v e r n m e n t a l Pan el o n C lim a t e C h a n ge w a s e s t a b lish ed t o d e a l w it h t h is is s u e .

L ia m y o u n g a s p e c u la t iv e a r ch it ect c o n t e n d s t h a t o u r r e a lis a t io n t o t h e c lim a t e c h a n ge is n o t a c o m p le t e t r ue p ic t u r e . T h e s h ift t o w a r d s r e n ewab le e n e r gy s u c h a s s o la r p o w e r , w in d p ower , n u c le a r p o w e r w ill n o t h e lp in a n y maj or w a y in r e d u c in g t h e im p a c t . H is lect ur e o n t h e fu t u r e c it y d e s c r ib e s t h e n ew u r b a n c it ie s “ s m e lls o f h a r d d r iv e an d fib r e o p t ic s ” w h ic h s t ill d e m a n d s a h uge s u p p ly o f e n e r gy a n d w h o s e s t or age d e m a n d s h u ge q u a n t it y o f lit h ium.

I m p ly in g t h e p r o d u c t io n o f lit h iu m us in g t h e s a lt e v a p o r a t iv e m e t h o d s h as n ot d o n e u s a n y fa v o u r in r e d u c ing t h e im p a c t o n e n v ir o n m e n t .

T h is o v e r e xp lo it a t io n o f t h e r e s o u r ce h as n o t o n ly im p a c t e d u s h u m a n b ut h ave a ls o a ffe c t e d t h e n o n - h u m a n s p ecies , p u t t in g t h e ir e xis t e n c e in j e op ar dy.

H e n c e , c r e a t in g a d e m a n d fo r in clus ive p la n n in g a n d d e v e lo p m e n t .

Urban Scenario

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Urban Scenario

Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

1.1 Global Warming over the years A r e t r o s p e c t o f w h a t le d t o t h e c u r r e n t d a y overwh e lm in g d is c o u r s e o n glo b a l w a r m in g a n d glob al c l i m a t ic c h a n ge s c a n b e t r a c e d b a c k t o t h e s cienti sts w o r k o f t h e y e a r 1 8 0 0 ’ s . N e w Y o r k T im e s p ubl i sh e d a n a r t ic le u n d e r t h e c o lu m n s c ie n c e in r eview ti tl e d W a r m e r c lim a t e o n t h e e a r t h m a y b e due t o m o r e C a r b o n D i- o xid e in t h e a ir ( 1 8 5 7 ) b y W a ldemar K aem p ffe r t . A s ixt y - y e a r - o ld r e s e a r c h w h ic h s aid C a r b o n D io xid e b e in g o n e o f t h e m a j o r c o n t r i b ut or s o f clim a t e c h a n ge w a s w id e ly d is m is s e d b y t h en un ti l A m e r ic a n s c ie n t is t D r . G ilb e r t P la s s r e - e xamin ed an d p r o v e d it e xp e r im e n t a lly . A c c o r d in g t o his carb o n d io xid e t h e o r y t h e t w o a b u n d a n t a t m o sp h er ic g as e s n a m e ly n it r o ge n a n d o xy ge n d o e s n o t a b s or b h e a t r a d ia t io n e m it t e d fr o m s u n . P r o v in g if t h e op p o s it e w e r e t o b e t r u e , t h e e a r t h a t m o s p h e r e would sto p d is s ip a t in g h e a t o u t e r s p a c e w h ic h would h av e m a d e e a r t h c o ld e r a lr e a d y . H e e v e n e xp lain s u si n g t h e gr e e n h o u s e a n a lo gy t h a t o z o n e , wat er vap o u r a n d c a r b o n d i- o xid e in a t m o s p h e r e a ct s as a gla s s t h a t t r a p s t h e h e a t in s id e a t m o s p h e r e . Carb o n d i o xid e , a c c o r d in g t o h im , d e s p it e it s meagr e q u a n t it y ( 0 . 0 3 % o f t o t a l v o lu m e o f a t m o s p h e r ic gas ) p rov e d t o b e a m a j o r p r o b le m . B e c a u s e h is ob s ervat io n o n c a r b o n d io xid e b a la n c e p r o v e d t hat t h e n at u r a l p r o c e s s o f p h o t o s y n t h e s is a n d e xc h a nge of C O 2 b e t w e e n t h e a t m o s p h e r e a n d t h e o c e an on ly b ala n c e s o u t t h e r e s p ir a t io n a l e m is s io n , decay, an d fe w n a t u r a l c a la m it ie s . H o w e v e r , h e p r e dict ed th e C O 2 ge n e r a t e d b y m a n t h r o u gh t h e b u r n in g of c o a l, o il, a n d w o o d fo r in d u s t r ia l p u r p o s e s would h av e a p r o fo u n d e ffe c t o n o u r c lim a t e . H e c o n t en de d t h a t t h is d o e s n o t s t o p u n t il t h e fo s s il fu e l r e s er ve b e c o m p le t e ly d r a in e d o v e r a 1 0 0 0 - y e a r s t r e t ch b y wh ic h t h e a m o u n t o f c o 2 in a t m o s p h e r e w o uld b e 17 t im e s t h e c a r b o n le v e l o f 1 8 6 0 ’ s .

F i gu r e 0 2 - D r y in g P u z h a l L a k e , T a m il N a d u , I ndia Satellite image released by ESA Sentinel shows rapidly depleting water levels in Puzhal lake one of five key water bodies keeping the city afloat Urban Scenario

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Fig u re 03 - Summer in London 2018 Records published by the Met Office revealed that 2018 was the hottest joint year ever for the UK, with an average of 15.8 degrees centigrade year-round.

The summer temperature was 35.3 degrees C.

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Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

1.2 Climate Change Impact on London Lond o n i s a m aj o r wo rl d c it y . C lim a t e c h a n ge im p a c t s glo b a lly w ill a ffec t th e c i ty . L o n d o n m a y b e p a r t ic u la r ly s e n s it iv e t o in c r e a s e s i n te m p e ratu re i n th e f u t u r e b e c a u s e o f t h e u r b a n h e a t is la n d effec t1. M o d e l s sh o w p ro gr e s s iv e in c r e a s e s in b o t h s u m m e r h e a t i sl a n d i n te n si ty an d f re q u e n c y w it h c lim a t e c h a n ge . T h is w ill h a v e detri m e n tal e f f e c ts o n air q u a lit y , s u m m e r e le c t r ic it y d e m a n d , a nd c o m f o rt i n th e c i ty’ s b u ild in gs a n d t r a n s p o r t n e t w o r k .

Lond o n i s e x p o se d to fa r gr e a t e r p o t e n t ia l d a m a ge fr o m fl ood i n g th an an y o th e r u r b a n a r e a in t h e U K – d u e t o t h e v a l u e o f i ts asse ts an d th e fa c t t h a t a s ign ific a n t p r o p o r t io n o f Lond o n l i e s wi th i n th e f l o o d p la in o f t h e R iv e r T h a m e s a n d it s tri bu tari e s. Wh i l st f l o o d p r o t e c t io n le v e ls a r e p r e s e n t ly go o d , in the l o n g e r te rm ,u n l e ss c u r r e n t a c t io n t o in c r e a s e in v e s t m e n t s in fl ood m an ag e m e n t m e as u r e s d is c o n t in u e d , t h e in c r e a s e d r is k o f fl ood i n g f ro m c l i m ate c h a n ge c o u ld le a d t o d a m a ge t o b u ild in gs a nd p ro p e rty , an d d i sru p t io n o f L o n d o n ’ s t r a n s p o r t n e t w o r k . N e w Dev e l o p m e n ts to ad d re ss t h e gr o w in g d e m a n d fo r h o u s in g w ill need ad e q u ate f l o o d p ro t e c t io n fr o m a ll flo o d s o u r c e s .

The L o n d o n C l i m ate C ha n ge P a r t n e r s h ip ( L C C P ) a d e c is io n ma k i n g b o d y se t u p d e a l w it h t h e r e s e a r c h a n d p o lic ie s fo r c l i m ate i n L o n d o n . Th e y p r e d ic t t h a t t h e c u r r e n t t r e n d s in devel o p m e n t m ay l e ad t o a n e xt r e m e t e m p e r a t u r e a s o f N e w Y ork b y th e ye ar 2080. Al s o , t h e M a y o r o f L o n d o n a s s e r t s t h a t t h e da y te m p e ratu re d u ri n g s u m m e r s w ill b e 3 ° C w a r m e r a n d h o t w a v e s to b e m o re h o tte r a n d w in t e r s t o b e m ild e r w it h fr e q u e n t ra i nfal l s. To ad ap t an d m it iga t e t h is a ffe c t , L o n d o n in 2 0 1 9 pa ss e d a c l i m ate e m e rge n c y d e c la r a t io n t o a c h ie v e a z e r o emi s si o n rate b y th e ye ar 2 0 5 0 .

The b o d y strate g i c al l y p la n s t h e c it y t o r e gu la t e t h e e n e r gy dem an d s. C o m b i n e d H e a t in g a n d c o o lin g s y s t e m a n d dec e n tral i se d e n e rg y p la n t s a r e t h e s o m e o f t h e la t e s t i nfra stru c tu re s th at o p ti m is e s t h e e n e r gy u s a ge s . K in gs y a r d in Stra tf o rd i s o n e o f th e l a r ge s t d e c e n t r a lis e d e n e r gy p la n t s o f ea st L o n d o n . Th e p l an t n o t o n ly p r o d u c e s e le c t r ic it y , b u t a ls o uses th e h e at g e n e rate d in t h e p r o c e s s t o m e e t t h e h e a t in g dem an d o f th e su rro u n d in g r e s id e n c e . O t h e r p la n s fr o m t h e ma y o r o f L o n d o n i n c l u d es , b u t n o t lim it e d t o , r e t r o fit t in g t h e exi st i n g b u i l d i n g to c o p e w it h t h e c lim a t e c h a n ge , u s e o f n o n rene wab l e e n e rg y, o p ti m is e d m e t h o d s in m a n a gin g w a s t e a n d new te c h n o l o g i e s i n tran s p o r t n e t w o r k s , c r e a t io n o f m o r e gr e e n roofs, g re e n wal l s an d l o ca l gr e e n s p a c e s .

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Fig u re 04 - Loss o f Gre e n sp ac e s i n L o n d o n c it y o v e r t h e y e a r s

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1.3 Loss of Green Topology

T h e d i g i tal an al y si s o f t h e s a t e llit e im a ge s o v e r 3 d e c a d e s of th e L o n d o n c i ty sh o w c a s e s a n in c r e a s e d u r b a n a r e a a n d d e c re ase d ve g e t a t io n . E a s t L o n d o n fo r e xa m p le , u p d ate d th e i r l an d u s e p a t t e r n fr o m gr e e n c o v e r t o in d u stri al u se al o n g t h e le a r iv e r . T h is e v e n t h o u gh p ro j e c te d to b o o st th e e c o n o m y o f t h e c it y , o b s e r v a t io n s h o we d l arg e r i n c re a s e in in d u s t r ia l a r e a s t h a t c o u ld b e n e f i t th e wate r tra n s p o r t a t io n b u t h a v e in s ign ific a n t im p ro ve m e n t i n g re e n c o v e r . U r b a n d e n s ific a t io n b e c o m e s o n e an o th e r p r o b le m a s t h e c lo s e r p r o xim it y o f t h e i n d u stri e s e n d s u p c r e a t in g a n u r b a n h e a t is la n d . T h e r ate o f i n c re ase i n th e u r b a n a r e a a c c o u n t s t o a b o u t 4 % w h i l e at th e sam e ti me t h e d r o p in t h e gr e e n a r e a w a s a l so n o te d to b e 4% in fe r r in g, t h a t m a j o r gr e e n a r e a s w e re b e i n g c o ve re d .

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1.4 Air pollutants

T h e raw d atase t f ro m L o n d o n D a t a s t o r e w a s u s e d t o a n al yse th e ai r q u a lit y o f t h e L o n d o n . T h e L o n d o n A tm o sp h e ri c Em i ssi o n I n v e n t o r y ( L A E I ) p r o v id e s t h e d a t a of th e m aj o r p o l l u tan t s s u c h a s C a r b o n D io xid e , o xid e s of n i tro g e n , PM 2.5 a n d P M 1 0 e m it t e d in L o n d o n fo r t h e y e ars 2010, 2013 a n d 2 0 1 6 . A d a t a v is u a lis a t io n o f t h e ab o ve d ata was d o n e u s in g c o m p u t a t io n a l t o o ls .

T h e m ap s h e l p e d i n a n a ly s in g t h e r a t e o f in c r e a s e in t h e p o l l u ti o n rate o v e r t h e 3 t h r e e a b o v e m e n t io n e d y e ars. Th i s al so al l o we d u s t o r e la t e t h e r e a s o n fo r s u c h drasti c i n c re ase i n t h e p o llu t io n c o n t e n t s . T h e m a j o r p aram e te rs i n c l u d e d t h e in c r e a s e in t h e p o p u la t io n a n d th e i n c re ase d e n e r gy d e m a n d s . I n a ll t h e a n a ly s is , Ce n tral L o n d o n p ro ve d t o b e t h e h igh e s t c o n t r ib u t o r o f t h e p o l l u tan ts. Ho we v e r , a d d r e s s in g t h e p o llu t io n is s u e in d e n se l y p o p u l ate d , a n d e c o n o m ic a lly h u ge c e n t r a l Lo n d o n p o se d m an y co m p lic a t io n s a n d s o E a s t L o n d o n a s i te o f al arm i n g i n c re a s e in a ir p o llu t a n t s w a s c h o s e n a s a n e x p e ri m e n tal si te fo r o u r n e w c it y m o d e l.

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Fig u re 05 - Ca r b o n d i o x i d e e m i ssi o n o f L o n d o n c it y .

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C arb o n e m is s io n m a p illu s t r a t in g E a s t L o n d o n w it h h igh er e m i ssi o n ra t e .

(No rth L o n d o n : 3 , 2 4 8 , 5 3 6 t o n ; S o u t h L o n d o n : 2 , 7 7 6 , 5 97 t on ; E ast L o n d o n : 7 , 2 5 7 , 5 2 5 t o n ; W e s t L o n d o n : 5 , 8 2 9 , 2 7 6 t on ) Urban Scenario

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Fig u re 06 - Ni tro g e n o x i d e e m i ssi o n s o f L o n d o n c it y .

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Ni tro g e n o xid e m a p illu s t r a t in g in c r e a s in g e m is s io n r at e i n East L o n d o n .

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Fig u re 07 - P M Parti c l e d e n si ty i n L on d o n c it y .

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PM p arti cle a ir p o llu t a n t d e n s it y m a p illu s t r a t in g in c reas in g e m i ssi o n r a t e in E a s t L o n d o n .

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Fig u re 08 - Stratf o rd an d C an ary Wh a r f t o b e in fu t u r e a s t h e N e w M e t r o p o lit a n Cit y

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1.5 East London

E ast L o n d o n i s a p o p u la r ly a n d in fo r m a lly d e fin e d p a r t o f Lo n d o n , c ap i tal o f th e U n it e d K in gd o m . B y m o s t d e fin it io n s it i s e ast o f th e an c i e n t C it y o f L o n d o n a n d n o r t h o f t h e R i ve r Th am e s. I t b ro ad ly c o m p r is e s t h e L o n d o n b o r o u gh s of Bark i n g an d Dag e n h a m , H a c k n e y , H a v e r in g, N e w h a m , R e d b ri d g e , To we r Ham le t s a n d W a lt h a m F o r e s t .

S tratf o rd i s a d i stri c t in t h e E a s t E n d o f L o n d o n , in t h e Lo n d o n B o ro u g h o f New h a m , E n gla n d . I t is 6 m ile s ( 1 0 k m ) east- n o rth e ast o f C h a r in g C r o s s a n d is in E a s t L o n d o n .

H i sto ri c al l y an ag rar ia n s e t t le m e n t in t h e c o u n t y o f E sse x , Stratf o rd was tr a n s fo r m e d in t o a n in d u s t r ia l s u b u r b a f te r th e i n tro d u c ti o n o f t h e r a ilw a y in 1 8 3 9 . T h e la t e 2 0th c e n tu ry was a pe r io d o f s e v e r e e c o n o m ic d e c lin e , eve n tu al l y re ve rse d b y r e ge n e r a t io n a s s o c ia t e d w it h t h e 2012 Su m m e r Ol ym p ic s , fo r w h ic h S t r a t fo r d ’ s Qu e e n E l i zab e th Ol y m p i c Par k A s i t o f te n g o e s wi th d e v e lo p m e n t , it is t h e p o o r e s t p a r t s of th e c ap i tal th at b ea r t h e b r u n t o f t h e im p a c t .

S o i t i s th e re si d e n ts of t h e E a s t L o n d o n t h a t a r e s u ffe r in g t h e m o st f ro m th e c i ty ’ s t ir e le s s gr o w t h .

Le ve l s o f p o l l u ti o n i n t h e a r e a a r e t h e w o r s t in t h e w h o le ci ty an d j u st b re ath i n g is a s h a r m fu l a s s m o k in g 1 5 9 ci g are tte s a y e ar, ac co r d in g t o r e s e a r c h fr o m t h e B r it is h H e art F o u n d ati o n . An d t h is le v e l o f p o llu t io n is k illin g r e si d e n ts.

T h i s si tu ati o n warran t s fo r d e v e lo p in g a s t r a t e gy t h a t w o u l d e n ab l e th e c i ty t o s u r v iv e a n d r e fo r m t o b e c o m e a b e tte r p l ac e to l i ve. O u r p r o j e c t fo c u s e s t o d e v e lo p a de si g n p ro p o sal o n a b u ild in g a t C a r p e n t e r E s t a t e n e a r S tratf o rd stati o n an d gr o w s o u t t o t h a t n e igh b o u r h o o d .

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Fig u re 09 - Tree s i n 7 b o ro u g h s o f Ea s t L o n d o n

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M ap o f 1 7 3 t h o u s a n d s t r e e t t r e e s . T h e a b s o r p t ion r at e ac c o u n t s in s ign ific a n t c o m p a r e d t o t h e e m is s io n r a t es .

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2020

2045

2070

Figure 10 - Green house gases and urban sprawlcausing the deteriorated London city

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1.6 East London 2070

A n arti c l e b y Si m o n I n gr a m ( J u ly 2 0 1 9 ) p u b lis h e d in t h e n ati o n al g e o g ra p h ic p a ge , p r o j e c t in g t h e d a t a a n d f ac ts, arri vi n g at a c o n c lu s io n t h a t t h e c lim a t e o f Lo n d o n wo u l d re se m b le t h a t o f M e d it e r r a n e a n o r S o u t h A m e ri c an c l i m ate . Th e y e v e n p ic t u r e a n a c u t e d r o u gh t a n d d i sc o m f o rt al l th r o u gh t h e s u m m e r s b e c a u s e o f t h e in c re ase d i n te n si ty of h e a t w a v e s , t u r b u le n t w e a t h e r s y ste m s an d th e e c o l ogic a l im p a c t o f r is in g t e m p e r a t u r e s .

T h e e c o l o g i c al i m b a la n c e , fo r e xa m p le , t h e h o t t e s t w e ath e r l e ad s to ac u t e w a t e r s h o r t a ge . T h e c it y o f Lo n d o n wi th n o d ry s e a s o n is p r e d ic t e d t o e xp e r ie n c e w arm su m m e r b y 204 5 w h ic h e v e n t u a lly b e c o m e s d r y s e aso n wi th h o t su m m e r s b y 2 0 7 0 . T h e c lim a t e c h a n ge im p ac ts th e rai n p atte r n d r a s t ic a lly le a d in g t o a fr e q u e n t dro u g h t af f e c ti n g th e in v e r t e b r a t e s . T h e c u r r e n t t r e n d s in u rb an e n c ro ac h m e n t in c r e a s e t h e lo s s o f gr e e n s p a c e s t o o af f e c ti n g b i o d i ver s it y a s a w h o le .

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02 bio intelligent material 2.1

Com m on Feat her Moss

2.2

Moss V oxel

Fig u re 11 - Mo ss an d i n ve rte b rate .

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B io I ntelligent M aterial : M oss I n the Ea rth’s t i m e - l i n e , th e p l an ts w e r e the fi rst to i nh ab i t th e p l an e t, f o l l ow e d by the wi l d l i fe an d to th e re c e n t t im e us , we huma ns .

T his c ha pter f o c u sse s o n M o ss, T h e pr imi ti v e pl an t being th e Earth’s ecol ogi c a l i gn i ti o n an d th e u se as a b io int el l i gent ma te ri al .

T he moss grow s o n th e Earth ’ s su rf a c e , it t a kes the te rrai n as i ts c an vas a n d cr ea tes the ec o l o g y. I n th e sam e m an n e r , w ith di gi ta l i sa ti o n , th e c i ty i s e x p lo r e d as a c a nv a s o f vo x e l s. C o n si d e ri n g t h e elem ents of th e m o ss - n e i g h b o u rh o o d chara c teri sti c s i .e th e e c o l o gic a l ig niti on a nd h o w th i s p l an t c re at e s a co ha bi ta ti on an d i n te rac ti o n sp ac es fo r all li fe forms. Th e se e l e m e n ts c o n st it u t e the post na tur al c i ty – B ryo p o l i s.

Mo ss bei ng th e e c o l o g i c al I g n it io n , the bi o i ntel l i g e n c e o f th i s o rg a n is m is expl ored . I t i s a so u rc e o f e n e r gy , O xygen produ c ti o n an d an ai r q u a lit y index of the e n vi ro n m e n t. Th i s b io int el l i genc e i s af f e c te d b y i ts g ro wth t h a t ar e humi d i ty/m o i stu re , Ac i d i c so i l a n d s unli ght a nd sh ad e . F i n al l y, c o n si d er in g the c ombi ned e f f e c ts o f i n c re ase d C O 2 and wa rmer te m p e ratu re s e n ab lin g f as t er grow th o f p l an t l i f e .

Mo sses hel ped e n ri c h e arl y E arth w it h o xygen. The e vo l u ti o n o f th e f i rst la n d plants i nc l ud i n g m o sse s m ay e x p l a in a lo ng-sta nd i ng m y ste ry o f h o w E a r t h ’ s at mosphere b e c am e e n ri c h e d w it h o xygen, a c c ord i n g to an i n te rn ati o n a l s t udy l ed by th e U n i ve rsi ty o f E x e te r .

I n a stud y p u b l i sh e d i n th e j o u r n a l Pr o ceed i ngs o f th e Nati o n al Ac ad e m y o f Sc i enc es, Pro f e sso r Ti m L e n t o n ,

o f t h e U n iv e r s it y o f E xe t e r , a n d h is c o lle a gu e s t h e o r is e d t h a t t h e e ar lies t la n d p la n t s , w h ic h c o lo n is e d t h e lan d fr o m 4 7 0 m illio n y e a r s a go o n war ds , a r e r e s p o n s ib le fo r t h e le v e ls o f ox ygen t h a t s u s t a in s o u r liv e s t o d a y . T h eir e m e r ge n c e a n d e v o lu t io n p e r m an en t ly in c r e a s e d t h e flu x o f o r ga n ic car b on in t o s e d im e n t a r y r o c k s , t h e p r imar y s o u r c e fo r a t m o s p h e r ic o xy ge n, t h us d r iv in g u p o xy ge n le v e ls in a secon d o xy ge n a t io n e v e n t a n d e s t a b lis h in g a n e w , s t a b le o xy ge n c y c le . A ls o M os s es h e lp e d e n r ic h e a r ly E a r t h w it h ox ygen h e lp in g a lo t .

E a r t h ’ s e a r ly p la n t b io s p h e r e c on s is t ed o f s im p le b r y o p h y t e s , s u c h a s mos s , w h ic h a r e n o n - v a s c u la r – m ean in g t h e y d o n o t h a v e v e in - lik e s y s t e ms t o c o n d u c t w a t e r a n d m in e r a ls ar oun d t h e p la n t . U s in g c o m p u t e r s im u lat ion s , t h e r e s e a r c h e r s fir s t e s t im a t e d t h at t h e s e p la n t s c o u ld h a v e ge n er at ed r o u gh ly 3 0 % o f t o d a y ’ s glo b a l t e r r es t r ial n e t p r im a r y p r o d u c t iv it y b y a b out 445 m illio n y e a r s a go .

When the p r o p e r t ie s of moder n b r y o p h y t e s w e r e t a k e n in t o a ccoun t , in c lu d in g t h e ir e le m e n t a l c o m p os it ion a n d e ffe c t s o n r o c k w e a t h e r in g , t h ey fo u n d t h a t m o d e r n le v e ls o f a t m o sp h er ic o xy ge n w e r e a c h ie v e d b y 4 2 0 t o 400 m illio n y e a r s a go , c o n s is t e n t wit h in d e p e n d e n t e v id e n c e .

T h e s e fin d in gs t h e r e fo r e s u gge s t t h at t h e fir s t la n d p la n t s , s u c h a s t h e h umb le m o s s , c r e a t e d t h e s t a b le o xy gen -r ich a t m o s p h e r e t h a t a llo w e d la r ge , mob ile, in t e llige n t a n im a l life , in c lu d in g h u man s , t o e v o lv e

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Figure 12 - Common Feather Moss Sample used for the experiment One of the commonest mosses in lowland Britain. It is found on banks, in turf, on the ground in woodland, on logs, and it ascends the trunks and branches of trees, at least in sheltered places. It is also present in many lawns

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2.1 Common Feather Moss

T h e m o ss u se d i n th e exp e r im e n t is c o m m o n fe a t h e r m o s s , n am e d Eu rh y u i u m Sti a t u m . I t gr o w s a s a m a t , e xt e n d in g ove r l arg e r are a. Th e y d o n o t s t e m n o r r o o t s , b u t r h iz o id s t h at h e l p to sti c k to t h e s u b s t r a t u m . T h e a b s o r p t io n o f w ate r tak e s p l ac e th r o u gh t h e ir le a v e s . T h e y a r e w id e ly a vai l ab l e ac ro ss L o n do n , m a j o r ly s e e n o n t h e gr o u n d s a l o n g wi th g rasse s, a r o u n d t h e s t o n e s a n d o n a ll d a m p co m p o u n d wal l s.

T h e p ro p e rti e s o f th i s m o s s in c lu d e , • • • • • •

Ab so rp ti o n o f C O 2 a n d N O x M i l d vo l tag e g en e r a t io n .

Wate r Re te n ti o n ( U p t o 2 0 t im e s it s w e igh t ) Gro wth i n Ex tre m e C o n d it io n Pro d u c ti o n o f O xy ge n Su p p o rt i n ve rte b r a t e s

Mo ss i s al so u se d as a B io - p h o t o v o lt a ic c e ll a n d a s A ir Qu al i ty m o n i to r

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Fig u re 13 - Mo ss Vo x e l Se tu p

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2.2 Moss Voxel

Moss Vo x e l was a d e vi c e w e d e v e lo p e d fo r e xa m in in g t h e gr o w t h pa tt e rn an d b e h avi o u r c ha r a c t e r is t ic . T h r e e v o xe ls s iz e s o f 1 6 0 m m x 16 0m m x 160m m , 80m m x8 0 m m x8 0 m m , 4 0 m m x4 0 m m x4 0 m m w a s devise d to o b se rve th e i n it ia l gr o w t h p a t t e r n .

The vo x e l s we re p l ac e d u n d e r d iffe r e n t e n v ir o n m e n t a l c o n d it io n s to ex am i n e th e b e h avi o u r p a t t e r n . T h e p a r a m e t e r s in c lu d e d temp e ratu re l e ve l , h u m id it y le v e l, w a t e r c o n t e n t , a m o u n t o f l i ght an d si ze o f vo x e l s. A ll t h e p a r a m e t e r s w e r e c h e c k e d a lo n g 3 c on d i ti o n s n am e l y h i g h , m e d iu m , a n d lo w .

The i n f e re n c e f ro m th e e xp e r im e n t s w e r e a s fo llo w .

• Sm al l e r vo x e l b o x e s s h o w e d n o s ign ific a n t gr o w t h . B igge r v oxe l s se tu p o n th e o th e r h a n d s h o w c a s e d m a xim u m gr o w t h .

• Hi g h e r te m p e ratu re a n d d ir e c t s u n ligh t in h ib it gr o w t h .

Temp e ratu re ran g i n g b e t w e e n 1 8 a n d 2 2 w a s o p t im u m fo r t h e growth .

• L o we r h u m i d i ty af f e c t s t h e gr o w t h r a t e , 6 0 % t o 8 0 % h u m id it y show c ase d ap p ro p ri ate g r o w t h .

We c arri e d o n e m o re e xp e r im e n t t o a n a ly s e t h e a s e xu a l prop ag ati o n o f m o ss, wh e r e w e c u t t h e m a t u r e s p e c ie s in t o pi ec e s an d m i x e d i t wi th a gr o w in g m e d iu m c o n t a in in g p e a t , nutri e n t an d m u d . Th e mo s s gr e w s lo w ly o v e r a w e e k a n d t o o k nea r l y 4 m o th s to sh o w d is t in c t iv e le a v e s .

One o f th e su c c e ssf u l l y gr o w n s p e c ie s o f m o s s w h ic h w photo g rap h e d o ve r we e k w a s a n a ly s e d fo r gr o w t h u s in g im a ge sa mp l i n g to o l s. A p o i n t c lo u d o f t h e m o s s w a s c r e a t e d a n d w a s a na l y se d wi th th e p re vi o u s w e e k ’ s p h o t o gr a p h ic s a m p le s . M o s s grows as b ran c h e s. Th e se b r a n c h e s a r e m a d e u p o f s e gm e n t s .

Bra n c h e s g ro w b y th e c r e a t io n o f a n e w s e g¬ m e n t a t it s e n d .

We i n te rp re te d th i s g ro w t h p a t t e r n u s in g a s p a c e c o lo n iz a t io n a l go ri th m . We re f e r th i s a lgo r it h m a s m o s s gr o w t h a lgo r it h m bec au se o f th e si m i l ari ti e s w it h t h e a c t u a l m o s s gr o w t h .

We e m p l o y e d th i s al g o r it h m in o u r s p e c u la t iv e d e s ign in prot o ty p i c al , arc h i te c tu ra l, a n d u r b a n s c a le fo llo w in g a ll b a s ic l ogi c o f th e m o ss g ro wt h . W e e v e n e xp lo r e d v a r io u s d e s ign a ppl i c ati o n s an d m o d e s o f v is u a l r e p r e s e n t a t io n ( a p p e n d ix) tha t wi l l b e e x p l ai n e d i n t h e c o m in g c h a p t e r s .

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Figure 14 - Sample 1 Experiment

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Section

G r o w n in 8 cm x 8 c m x 8 c m acr ylic c e ll, u n d e r 8 2 %8 8 % h u m id it y a n d t e m p e r a t ur e b e t w e e n 1 8 -20 d e gr e e C e ls ius .

T h e s a m p le showed no p r o m in e n t g r owt h .

Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

20.02

27.02

04.03

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Figure 15 - Sample 2 Experiment

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Section

P la c e d u n d e r s a m e c o n d it ion b u t in 1 6 x1 6 x 16 b o x. O b s e r v e d s ign ific a n t d e v e lo p m e n t .

T h e v o lu m e of t h e b o x p la y e d an im p o r t a n t r ole.

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13.03 Figure 16 - Sample 3 Experiment

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Section

M o s s c u t in t o t in y p ie c e s a n d mix ed w it h m a n ur e to s t u d y t h e a s ex ual p r o p e r t ie s .

T h en gr e w t h e m in s ide a 1 6 x1 6 x1 6 b ox of s a m e e n v ir on men t as the p revious s a m p le s .

The la s t im a ge is t h e gr o w t h in 2 m o n t h s o f t ime. T o c o m p le t e ly gr ow a n d m a t u r e i t t ak es 4 to 6 months.

Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

20.02

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Figure 17 - Sample 4 Experiment

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Section

P la c e d a w a y fr om t h e s u n ligh t did n ot s h o w a n y g r owt h .

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Fig u re 18 - Mo ss sam p l e d d i g i tal l y

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Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

This is s a m p le d d igit a lly t o in t e r p r e t g r owt h p a t t e r n u s in g t h e s p a c e c o lo n is a t io n a lgor it h m.

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Fig u re 19 - Di g i tal l y Sam p l e d m o ss a n d m o s s gr o w t h A lgo r it h m

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Fig u re 20 - Mo ss g ro wth c atal o g u e

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Base d o n th e p a p e r B io p h y s ic a l I n s igh t s in t o M o s s M or p h ol o g y & Org a n e lle M o t ilit y , M o s s gr o w s a s b r a n c h e s . T h es e b ran c h e s a r e m a d e u p o f s e gm e n t s . B r a n c h e s gr o w b y t h e c re ati o n o f a n e w s e gm e n t a t it s e n d . S im ila r ly , t h e gr owt h p atte rn o f t h e m o s s fo llo w s a n a lgo r it h m c a lle d s p a c e colo n i zati o n wh ic h s t a r t s b y la y in g d o w n a s in gle s e gm e nt . Segm e n ts are a p p e n d e d t o t h e e n d o f t h e p r e v io u s b r a n ch es Bio Intelligent Material

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03 bryopolis 3.1

Moss Grow th Al gori thm

3.2

Machi ne L earni ng

URBAN AIR POLLUTANT DATA

MOSS GROWTH ALGORITHM

2D TO 3D DATA

GROWTH DATA

MACHINE LEARNING

BRYOPOLIS

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Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

N ew U rban C ity : B ryopolis Br yopol i s i s a n o ve l u rb an m o d e l g enera ted wi th a sp e c u l ati o n f o r n o n huma n c entri c c i ty . Th e b i o - i n te l l i g e n c e o f c ommon fea th e r m o ss was e m p l o y e d in the c i ty-mak i n g p ro c e ss. A n e w ur ban morphol o g y o n a c i ty sc al e go t g enera ted th ro u g h e x p an d i n g the r es ea rc h on mo ss g ro wth al g o ri th m fr o m chapter 2 . Th e m e th o d s i n vo l ve d in mak i ng thi s no ve l c i ty f o l l o w th e b elo w s t eps: • Appl i c a t i o n o f th e m o ss g ro w t h alg ori thm i n E ast L o n d o n , c o n si d er in g the ma jorl y po l l u te d are as wi th a h igh e r co nc entra ti on o f C O2 an d NOx , as t h e s o urc e to w h i c h th e g ro wth i n i ti a t e s .

T his i s vi sua l i se d i n f o rm o f f i b r o u s mo rphol ogy ove r th e c i ty.

• T h e 3 D d a t a s c a p e w a s fur t h er a n a ly s e d t o fin d t h e a r e a w it h g r eat er gr o w t h d e n s it y . T h e r e gio n ar oun d t h e Qu e e n s O ly m p ic p a r k in dicat ed h igh e r d e n s it y , h e n c e c h o s e n for t h e e xp e r im e n t a t io n o f t h e n e w c it y .

• T h e t h r e e - d im e n s io n a l d a t as cap e o b t a in e d a n d t h e c u r r e n t d a y s a t ellit e im a ge o f t h e O ly m p ic p a r k w a s fed t o a G e n e r a t iv e A d v e r s a r ia l N e t w o r k (G A N ) s y s t e m . T h e m a c h in e - ge n e r a t e d a n ew m o d e l o f t h e c it y w h ic h w a s t e r m ed as ‘ B r y o p o lis ’ .

• The d a ta o f tre e d e n si ty i n t h e s e r eg ions were c al c u l ate d wi th a re p u ls iv e r adius of 50 0m was g e n e rate d to a v o id the d i stri buti on o f g re e n c o ve r.

• The mos s g ro wth n e two rk s w e r e o verl a pped w i th th e g ri d o f th e c it y ( r o ad network s) an d a n e w ty p e o f f ibr ous netw ork was g e n e rate d u si n g t h e s ho rtest pa th al g o ri th m . Th i s sp e c u l a t iv e ex peri menta ti on was d o n e to f o rec a s t the c a rbon syn c rati o wi th m o ss b e in g g r o wn a l l ov er th e c i ty.

• The 2- d i m e n si o n al fibrous data sc a pe was g i ve n a 3- d i m e n si o n a lit y us ing hei ghtfi e l d to o l s.

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Fig u re 21 - Mo ss Gro wth Al g o ri th m in E a s t L o n d o n

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Bryopolis

Ap p lic a t io n o f t h e m o s s gr o w t h a lgo r it h m in t h e 7 b o r o u gh s o f E a s t L o n d o n . C a r b o n d io xide t h e f o o d s o u r c e t h a t d e r iv e s t h e p a t t e r n o f t h e g r owt h .

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Fig u re 22 - P hase s o f m o ss g ro wth i n E a s t L o n d o n

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Fig u re 23 - P hase s o f m o ss vo x e l d i st r ib u t io n in E a s t L o n d o n

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Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

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Fig u re 24 - Di stri b u ti o n o f m o ss vo x e l in E a s t L o n d o n a n d it s im p a c t

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Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

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Fig u re 25 - 3D d atasc ap e o f m o ss voxe l d is t r ib u t io n in E a s t L o n d o n

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Fig u re 26 - Mo ss Gro wth De n si ty an a ly s is in E a s t L o n d o n

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Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

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Fig u re 27 - Mac h i n e l e arn i n g wi th E a s t L o n d o n

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Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

3.2 Machine Learning

Cy c l e GAN was e m p lo y e d fo r t h e m a c h in e le a r n in g p ro c e ss. GAN was d e v e lo p e d b y I a n G o o d fe llo w a n d h i s p artn e rs i n 2014. I n t h is m e t h o d , t w o n e u r a l n e t w o r k s ( g e n e rato r an d d i sc ri m in a t o r ) c o n t e s t w it h e a c h o t h e r in a g am e . I t g e n e rate s c o m p le t e ly n e w d a t a e xc h a n gin g t h e c h arac te rs o f d a t a b e t w e e n t h e in p u t d a t a s e t s .

T h e o u tp u t o f th i s p r o c e s s ge n e r a t e s fa k e im a ge s b y a sso c i ati n g th e p i x e ls c h a r a c t e r s b e t w e e n t h e t w o datase ts. Th i s te c h n i q u e is n e w a n d it s a p p lic a t io n o n a n u rb an sc al e i s l ate l y s u r fa c in g. O u r r e s e a r c h p u t s in t h e u se o f th i s sy ste m to s p e c u la t e a n u r b a n s c e n a r io w h e r e mo d e rn - d ay zo n i n g a n d la n d u s e c o n c e p t in u r b a n de si g n i s o b so l e te .

T h e i n p u t o f th e c y c l e G A N in o u r e xp e r im e n t a t io n w a s a 3 d d atasc ap e o f th e m o s s gr o w t h a lgo r it h m ( d a t a s e t - A ) a n d th e sate l l i te i m a ge o f t h e r e gio n a r o u n d O ly m p ic p ark (d atase t- B). 160 0 0 im a ge s ( s iz e - 1 2 8 p x x 1 2 8 p x) w e re trai n e d ag ai n st o n e a n o t h e r w h o s e r e s u lt a n t w a s a se t o f h i g h - re so l u ti on fa k e im a ge . A r e s u lt a n t s a t e llit e im ag e i s a m ac h i n e - g en e r a t e d u r b a n s c e n a r io ( b r y o p o lis ) p re d i c te d f o r th e y e a r 2 0 7 0 .

B ry o p o l i s sh o ws an 80 % in c r e a s e in u r b a n gr e e n s p a c e s .

T h e c h an g e i n th e m or p h o lo gy o f t h e c it y is illu s t r a t e d in 9 p h ase s starti n g f ro m t h e y e a r 2 0 2 0 . T h e c it y c h a n ge s in m o rp h o l o g y b y a b s o r b in g t h e a ir p o llu t a n t s . T h e in i ti al p h ase c o m m e nc e s a lo n g t h e r e gio n s w it h a h igh e r co n c e n trati o n o f p o l l u t a n t s .

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Fig u re 28 - Mac h i n e l e arn i n g p ro c e s s

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Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

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2020

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Fig u re 29 - Bryop o l i s Evo l u ti o n

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04 photosynthetic voxel Prot otype 1 Prot otype 2

Fig u re 31 - P ho to sy n th e ti c Vo x e l s e m b e d d e d

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Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

P hotosynthetic V oxel T he photosynth e ti c vo x e l i s an e x te n s io n o f our voxel se tu p , an i n te g ra t e d pr o totype w i th th e se n so rs an d re l a t e d cir cui t embed d e d i n si d e . Th e p ro tot y p e co nsi sts of 3 p arts. Ei th e r e n d are t h e s pac e for the m o ss g ro wth . Th e se t u p co nsi sts of a p e at l aye r h e l d i n p la c e us ing c hi c ken wi re m e sh e s. Th i s n o t o nly hol ds the m o ss i n p l ac e b u t a ls o increa ses the are a f o r th e m o ss g ro w t h .

Ex terna l sensors su c h as M Q 135, DHT 1 1 is lo cated a l ong wi th th e m o ss to d e t e c t air qua l i ty, hu m i d i ty an d te m p ­ e rat u r e .

Below the pe at l aye r i s a se ri e s o f electroni c c o n n e c ti o n s th at c o n n e c t s the sensors to th e c e n tral c o re o f t h e pr o totype. The c e n tral c o re i s 100 m m in w i d e a nd ac c o m m o d ate s Ard u in o bo ard, ba tter y , an d rad i o tran sc e iv e r mo dul e. The i n d i vi d u al m o ss u n it is called V OX EL m e asu ri n g 160x 160x 420 m m length. A 3D pri n te d c yl i n d ri c al p i t s it s in the ba se of ei th e r e n d o f th e p ro to t y p e .

I t is used to di sp e n se m i st to th e m os s .

T he setup c o n si sts o f 2 f e e d b a c k mec ha ni sm. Th e f i rst o n e d e t e c t s tempera ture an d h u m i d i ty. Th e m is t dis p enser i s tri g g e re d wh e n th e h u ­ midi ty drops b e l o w 60% an d i n c re as e s it to 80% to 85 %. Th e se c o n d l o o p i n vo lv e s an a i r qua l i ty se n so r th at d e t­e c ts t h e car b on l ev el e ve ry m i n u te . Th e se n s o r o ut puts the fl u x i n c arb o n i n p p m . T h is then bec omes th e b ase b y wh i c h t h e car b on a bsorp ti o n rate o f th e b u i l din gs co n­t a i ni ng our p ro to ty p e i s d e te rm in e d .

T he d a ta a re c o n ti n u o u sl y m o n i tor e d ,

r e c o r d e d , gr a p h e d , a n d a r e t r a n smit t ed to a server.

T h e r e c e iv in g e n d o f t h e t r a n s r eceiver m o d u le is p lu gge d in t o a c o mp ut er .

A gr a p h o f c a r b o n c o n c e n tr at ion , h u m id it y a n d t e m p e r a t u r e is o bt ain ed is p r o d u c e d . T h is d a t a is fu r t h er us ed fo r t h e d e s ign d e v e lo p m e n t of t h e p r o t o t y p e a n d o p t im i­ s a t io n of t h e v o xe l e n v ir o n m e n t . T h is A I e m b edded p r o t o t y p e is o n e o f t h e t w o p r ot ot yp e t y p o lo gie s . I t a ls o c o m e s in 8 0 m m an d 4 0 m m fa c e s iz e s w it h o u t e m b e d ded A I. Anodes and cathodes are als o in t r o d u c e d b e t w e e n t h e r h iz o ids wit h a la y e r o f h y d r o ge l b e d d in g. T h e b iop h o t o v o lt a ic p r o p e r t y o f t h e mos s is e xp lo it e d t o c a p t u r e t h e m ild volt age ge n e r a t e d . T h e c o n d u c t e d e xp e r imen t s h o w c a s e d a v o lt a ge o f 0 . 1 5 t o 0 .3 un it s w h ic h o n a ggr e ga t in g w it h t h e a dj acen t m o d u le s c a n b e u t iliz e d t o p o w e r up t h e AI embedded prototypes.

T h e s e c o n d t y p o lo gy o f t h e p r ot ot yp e w a s d e v e lo p e d t o a llo w u n c o nt r olled o r u n b o u n d e d gr o w t h o f m os s . A s im p le v o xe l o f s iz e s 1 0 m m a n d 20mm ( c o n gr e ga t e d t o ge t h e r ) m a d e fr om p e a t o r a p o r o u s m a t e r ia l lik e c on cr et e o r t im b e r fo r m in g r id ge s o f h igh er r e s o lu t io n c o m p le x m o r p h o lo gy .

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Fig u re 32 - Bi o - Ph o to vo l tai c C e l l a n d m e c h a n is m o f p h o t o s y n t h e t ic v o xe l.

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Bartlett School of Architecture | MArch UD | RC 16

The wit h

e xp e r im e n t a t io n a l s e t u p o f m o s s in t e gr a t e d sensors and A r d u in o

vox el un it s .

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Figure 33 - Experiment data output T he output of th e c arb o n c o n c e n tra t io n a t t h e t r a n s m it t e r end a nd the grap h m ad e at re c e i ve r e n d .

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Fig ure 3 4 - Cross Se c ti o n - Ph o to sy n t h e t ic V o xe l Photosynthetic Voxel

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Fig u re 35 - Axo n o m e tri c vi e w o f Ph o t o s y n t h e t ic V o xe l

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Artificial Intelligence and Bio-intelligence integrated p ro t o t y p ic a l m o d u le “ P h o t o s y n t h e t ic V ox el�.

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Fig u re 36 - Unre stri c te d g ro wth o f M o s s o n P r o t o t y p e

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05 bryostructura 5.1

C arpenter Estate, Stratfor d

5.2

B ryow al l

5.3

Urban B reat her

5.4

C ategory of Spaces

5.5

Mul ti pl e B ryostructuras

CARPENTERS ESTATE

BRYOWALL

BRYOPOLIS

URBAN BREATHER

CATEGORY OF SPACES

MULTIPLE BRYOSTRUCTURA

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B ryostructura Cha pter 5 expl o re s th e i n te g rati o n of t h e r es ea rc h d one i n c h ap te r 3 an d c h a p t e r 4. Fi rstl y, the n o ve l c i ty “ Bry o p o l i s”w a s g enera ted by ap p l yi n g m o ss g ro w t h alg ori thm over E ast L o n d o n an d e vo l v in g the output by using Generative Adversary Net w ork. Then a d e tai l e d wo rk i n g of o u r pr o totype “Th e Ph o to syn th e ti c Vo xe l” co nta i ni ng th e b i o - i n te l l i g e n c e m o s s illus tra tes the a b so rp ti o n o f atm o sp h e r ic CO 2 a nd N Ox . Bry o stru c tu ra i s t h e app l i c a ti on o f o u r p ro to typ e at t h e micro a nd ma c ro d e si g n l e ve l s. I t i s t h e s t r ucture a nd i n f rastru c tu re m ad e fr o m o ur photosynth e ti c vo x e l s. Th e s t e p s invol ved i n a c h i e vi n g th i s i n c l u d e s:

T h is a ggr e ga t io n m e t h o d s a r e p r op os ed o n C a r p e n t e r E s t a t e , t o ge n e r a t e a n ew t y p e o f c o - h a b it a t io n s y s t e m fo r h uman a n d n o n - h u m a n . F in a lly , a n e w in t er face a n d p r o gr a m m e fo r t h e s p a c es get s c a t e go r is e d b a s e d o n t h e n e ed an d d e m a n d o f h u m a n a n d n o n - h u m an .

T h is o n e in fr a s t r u c t u r e e xp a n d s t h r ough a ggr e ga t io n t o m u lt ip le in fr a s t r u ct ur es b o t h in b u ilt fo r m a n d t e rr it or ial la n d s c a p e e v e n t u a lly c r e a t in g a n ew s y n t h e t ic e c o s y s t e m .

Sele c ti on of a si te wi th h i g h e r p o l l u t a n t level s, then th ro u g h an al y si n g t h e change i n th e m o rp h o l o g y b e tw e e n the projec ted c i ty an d th e c u rre n t d a y city sa tel l i te i m ag e ry, a b u i l d i n g w a s s elec ted for fu rth e r e x p l o rati o n .

So la r ra di a ti on an al ysi s o n th e su rf a c e s o f the bui l di n g was d o n e to l o ca t e plac es wi th non - d i re c t su n l i g h t wh e r e in the moss gro wth p atte rn wo u l d b e app l i ed.

I n order to di stri b u te th e vo x e l s o n the sel ec ted su rf ac e , a c o m p le x mo rphol ogi c a l su rf ac e was g e n e ra t e d w ith the moss g ro wth p atte rn o n t h e s ur f ac e. The a rran g e m e n t i n th i s w a y am p l i fi es the fu n c ti o n al i ty o f th e wa ll b y ena bl i ng one vo x e l , e n ab l i n g sh ad e t o adja c ent v oxel s.

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Fig u re 37 - Ca r p e n te rs Estate L o c atio n & D e n n is s o n p o in t

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5.1 Carpenters Estate, Stratford

W i th East L o n d o n h avi n g t h e h igh e s t c a r b o n e m is s io n a n d S tratf o rd b e i n g th e p r im e lo c a t io n fo r h igh N O x a n d p m P arti c l e d u e to th e h i gh in flo w o f t r a ffic a n d u p c o m in g de ve l o p m e n ts.

T h e C arp e n te rs E state is lo c a t e d in S t r a t fo r d , a d j a c e n t t o t h e Q u e e n E l i zab e th O ly m p ic P a r k . T h e e s t a t e is fo r m e d o f lo w ri se so c i al h o u si n g a n d t h r e e t o w e r b lo c k s . T h e e s t a t e h as b e e n c o n ti n u al l y e a r m a r k e d fo r r e d e v e lo p m e n t .

T h e e state was su b j ec t t o e xp a n s io n a n d im p r o v e m e n t p ro p o sal s f ro m 2001 o n w a r d s . I n 2 0 0 4 , t h e N e w h a m Co u n c i l re p o rte d th a t “ t h e e s t a t e h a d fa lle n in t o di sre p ai r an d re q u i re d m a j o r r e n o v a t io n w o r k t o ge t it u p to a c u rre n t l e ve l a n d p r e s e r v e it , ” b u t t h a t “ a ft e r co st an al ysi s, i t b e c a m e e v id e n t t h a t t h is w o u ld b e a ex p e n si ve o p e rati o n . W h e n N e w h a m r e - e n gin e e r e d p arts o f Stratf o rd f o r th e 2 0 1 2 O ly m p ic G a m e s , t h e fu t u r e of th e e state was o n c e a ga in u n d e r t h e m ic r o s c o p e de sp i te i ts p ro x i m i ty.

While th e d i sc o u rs e of r e d e v e lo p m e n t stresses n e i g h b o u rh o o d e n g age m e n t , p u b lic - p r iv a t e p a r t n e r s h ip s a n d th e d e ve l o p m e n t o f n e w in t e gr a t e d n e igh b o u r h o o d s , fac t to o o f te n m e an s r e lo c a t io n , d is e n fr a n c h is e m e n t a n d m arg i n al i sati o n o f p r e - e xis t in g n e igh b o u r h o o d s t h a t do n o t b e n e f i t f ro m in c r e a s e d p r o s p e r it y o r a r e u n a b le t o c o p e wi th i n c re asi n g p r o p e r t y p r ic e s .

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Fig u re 38 - Agg re g ati o n o f p ro to typ e s

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5.2 Bryowall

Th e B r y o w a ll is a m o r p h o lo gic a l w a ll m a d e t hr ough aggr e ga t io n o f o u r p h o t o s y n t h e t ic v o xe ls , w h ich is d e t e r m in e d b y t h e c u r v a t u r e o f t h e s u r fa c e c r eat in g q u it e c o m p le x h igh - r e s o lu t io n m o r p h o lo gies . T h e ri c h n e s s o f t h e m o r p h o lo gy is a c c e n t u a t e d us in g two t y p e s o f v o xe l p r o t o t y p e s . T h e s iz e s o f s q uar e f ace r a n ge s fr o m 1 6 0 m m t o 1 0 m m w it h t h e b igger m o d u le ( 1 6 0 m m x 1 6 0 m m x 4 0 0 m m ) h a v in g A I e m b e d d e d in it . O t h e r m o d u le s s u c h a s 8 0 mm x 80 m m x 4 0 0 m m a n d 4 0 m m x 4 0 m m x 4 0 0 m m allows m o s s t o gr o w o n ly o n t h e e xp o s e d a r e a s . W h er eas 20 m m x 2 0 m m x 4 0 0 m m a n d 1 0 m m x 1 0 m m x 400 m m d o e s n o t r e s t r ic t t h e m o s s gr o w t h .

I n o r d e r t o in v e s t iga t e t h e e ffic ie n c y o f t h e mos s g ro w t h o n o u r B r y o w a ll, w e e m p lo y e d s o la r a n alys is stud y . This ev en help ed us to c a lc ula te the a b s orp tion rat e o f C O 2 a n d N O x b y d iffe r e n t m o r p h o logies of wa lls o v e r d iffe r e n t s e a s o n s fo r o n e c o m p le t e year .

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Fig u re 39 - Sol a r Ex p o su re an al y si s o f B r y o w a ll

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The s o la r e xp o s u r e a n a ly s is o n t h e d iffe r e n t m or p h o lo gie s o f B r y o w a ll t o c a lc u la t e t h e s haded are a o v e r d iffe r e n t s e a s o n s . T h is a n a ly s is h e l p s d et e r m in in g t h e b e s t w a ll m o r p h o lo gy w it h high er g r o w t h p r o b a b ilit ie s .

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Fig u re 40 - Sol a r e x p o su re an al y si s o f B r y o w a ll

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The s o la r e xp o s u r e a n a ly s is o n t h e r e a r s id e s of t h e ab o v e s e e n B r y o w a ll m o r p h o lo gie s . T h is illu s tr at es c om p le x fa c e s e xh ib it s b e t t e r s h a d in g fe a t ur es .

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Fig u re 41 - Bryo wal l ab so rp ti o n o f O xid e s - C a r b o n a n d N it r o ge n

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The c a r b o n d io xid e a n d o xid e s o f n it r o ge n ab s o r p t io n r a t e fo r t h e s a m e m o r p h o lo gie s .

Si m u la t io n illu s t r a t e s c o m p le x fa c e s e xh ib it s b et t er p e r fo r m a n c e .

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Fig u re 42 - P ho to sy n th e ti c vo x e l o n fa c a d e - B r y o s t r u c t u r a

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5.3 Urban Breather

T h i s se c ti o n d i sc u sse s h o w t h e a ggr e ga t io n o f t h e v o xe ls can tran sf o rm th e Den n is o n P o in t b u ild in g a n d c r e a t e a n e w typ e o f c o - h a b it a b le in fr a s t r u c t u r e fo r h u m a n a n d n o n - h u m an . We t e r m t h is n e w in fr a s t r u c t u r e a s B ry o stru c tu ra. To ac h ie v e t h is , s e v e r a l s y s t e m a t ic s t e p s w e re f o l l o we d : • So l ar rad i ati o n an a ly s is o n t h e b u ild in g • Ap p l i c ati o n o f m o s s gr o w t h a lgo r it h m • Di stri b u ti o n o f p h o t o s y n t h e t ic v o xe ls .

T h e Bry o stru c tu ra we ge n e r a t e d h a s 6 , 7 1 1 , 2 9 5 v o xe ls o f v aryi n g si ze s. As p e r o u r e s t im a t io n , t h is B r y o s t r u c t u r a c a n a b so rb ap p ro x i m ate l y 6 0 0 0 t o n s o f C O 2 a n d 5 5 0 0 t o n s N OX ye arl y. Th e am o u n t o f a b s o r p t io n w ill v a r y s e a s o n t o se aso n as th e m o s s gr o w t h is d iffe r e n t in e a c h t im e .

T h i s B ryo stru c tu ra f u n c t io n a lly b e c o m e s a m a j o r u r b a n b re ath e r an d c an m a k e s p a c e s fo r n o v e l p r o gr a m m e s s u c h as ve rti c al p ark fo r t h e s u r r o u n d in g c o m m u n it y .

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Fig u re 4 3 - Sol ar an al y si s o n B u i l d i n g

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M o s s h a s a p h o t o p o s it iv e q u a lit y , it p r o p agat es tow a r d s t h e d ir e c t io n o f t h e ligh t . H e r e each b u ild in g is a s a s u b s t r a t e fo r m o s s gr o w t h . So an i n t e r n a l a n d e xt e r n a l s o la r r a d ia t io n a n a ly s is was done of our chosen substrate.

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Fig u re 44 - Mo ss g ro wth al g o ri th m o n t h e s u b s t r a t e

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Based on the solar radiation analysis, points were distributed on the whole substratum. These distributed points were then used as a food point about which the space colonization algorithm (moss growth algorithm) was applied. The bio-intelligence propagates from one fibre to multiple dense fibrous network.

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Fig u re 45 - V er ti c al stac k s i n B ryo stru c t u r a

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To d is t r ib u t e t h e v o xe ls o n t h e s u b s t r a t e , w e se le c t e d a s m a lle r v o lu m e fr o m t h e s u b s t r a t e m e a s u r in g 1 6 m x 3 2 m x 1 6 m . B a s e d o n t h e m os s g r o w t h a lgo r it h m v o xe ls w e r e d is t r ib u t e d o n t h e su b s t r a t e in t o 6 d iffe r e n t v e r t ic a l s t a c k s . E a ch sta c k s h o w s d iffe r e n t k in d s o f v o xe l m o r p h o logy as th e gr o w t h o f t h e m o s s is d iffe r e n t in e v e r y s t ack .

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Fig u re 46 - V er ti c al stac k s i n B ryo stru c t u r a

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Fig u re 47 - V er ti c al stac k s i n B ryo stru c t u r a

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Fig u re 48 - V er ti c al stac k s i n th e b u ild in g

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Fig u re 49 - V er ti c al stac k s i n B ryo stru c t u r a

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Fig u re 50 - V er ti c al stac k s i n B ryo stru c t u r a

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Fig u re 51 - A l l Ve rti c al stac k s i n B ry o s t r u c t u r a

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Sta c k 0 1

Sta c k 0 2

Fig u re 52 - V er ti c al stac k d i stri b u ti o n o n e n t ir e B r y o s t r u c t u r a

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St a ck 04

Stac k 05

Stack 06

Si m ila r ly , v o xe ls w e r e d is t r ib u t e d fo r t h e e n t ire 56 m x 1 6 m x 7 2 m s u b s t r a t e . T h e s e s t a c k s r e p lace th e c u r r e n t s t r u c t u r e s y s t e m o f t h e b u ild in g a n d c re a t e a n e w s p a t ia l s y s t e m .

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Fig u re 53 - P l a n o f Bry o stru c tu ra

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Fig u re 54 - P ho to sy n th e ti c vo x e l o n fa c a d e - B r y o s t r u c t u r a

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5.4 Category of Spaces

A fte r th e re d i stri b u ti o n o f t h e v o xe l o n t h e e n t ir e s u b s t r a t e , w e c a te g o ri ze d th e sp ac e s b a s e d o n u s a b le n e e d s o f n o n - h u m a n a nd h u m an .

Bryostru c tu ra f ac i l i tate s s p a c e s fo r in v e r t e b r a t e s w h ic h c a n c l i m b ve rti c al l y o r c an f l y s u c h a s m o t h , b e e t le s , a p h id s , a n t s , mi te s, an d sp i d e rs. I n th eir w h o le life c y c le , t h e s e in v e r t e b r a t e s ha v e 4 m aj o r ac ti vi ti e s v iz . n e s t in g, fe e d in g, r e p r o d u c t io n a n d devel o p m e n t o f th e o f f sp r in g ( la r v a a n d p u p a ) . B a s e d o n t h e s e l i fe c yc l e ac ti vi ti e s, we d e v e lo p e d t h e in t e r fa c e s o f n o n - h u m a n usi ng ty p e - 2 p h o to syn th e t ic v o xe ls . T h e s e v o xe ls m a d e a h igh e r resol u ti o n to p o l o g y (si ze - 1 0 / 2 0 m m x 1 0 / 2 0 m m x 4 0 0 m m ) , w h ic h ena b l e d u s to g e n e rate th r e e t y p e s o f n o n - h u m a n s p a c e s ( s u n k e n a nd sm o o th , f l at an d m i n o r u n d u la t io n a n d r id ge s ) . E a c h t y p e ha s th re e su b typ e s b ase d o n t h e r e s o lu t io n . A s t h e s e in t e r fa c e s a re ge n e rate d b y th e type - 2 p h o t o s y n t h e t ic v o xe ls , m o s s gr o w t h i s un re stri c te d h e re . Th e lo c a t io n o f t h e s e v o xe ls is m a in ly o n the f ac ad e o f th e su b stra t e ( s t a c k 1 a n d s t a c k 6 ) s o t h a t t h e i nverte b rate s c an e asi l y c o n n e c t t o t h e s e s y n t h e t ic s y s t e m s .

Ea c h n o n - h u m an i n te rf ace w ill a llo w t h e in v e r t e b r a t e s t o c a r r y out th e i r d i f f e re n t stag e s o f t h e life c y c le w it h o u t in t e r fe r in g t h e hum an wh o wi l l i n h ab i t th e in t e r io r o f t h e s u b s t r a t e .

H um an sp ac e s are sh ap e d b y t y p e - 1 p h o t o s y n t h e t ic v o xe ls w hi ch m ak e s c o n si d e rab l y le s s r e s o lu t io n o f t o p o lo gy t h a n t y p e 2 c l u ste rs (40/80/160 m m x 4 0 / 8 0 / 1 6 0 m m x 4 0 0 m m ) . T h e in t e r io r sta c k s (stac k s 2 to 6) ar e ge n e r a t e d b y t h e s e v o xe ls . T y p e - 1 v oxe l re stri c te d m o ss g ro w t h w h ic h e n a b le d h u m a n s t o c o n t r o l the i n te ri o r e n vi ro n m e n t a s t h ie r fu n c t io n s . T h e r e a r e t w o t y p e s of hu m an i n te rf ac e s (u n d e r 2 4 0 0 m m e xt r u s io n a n d o v e r 2 4 0 0 m m extru si o n ) an d e ac h typ e h a s t h r e e s u b t y p e s . T o a s s ign fu n c t io n s i n eac h i n te rf ac e , we e v a lu a t e d h u m a n n e e d s b a s e d o n a ge (c hi l d re n , ad u l ts an d e l de r ly p e o p le ) . A ls o , t w o s p e c ia l t y p e s of pe o p l e (stre e t arti sts a n d p e r fo r m e r s ) w e r e in t r o d u c e d in t h e hum an d e m an d e val u ati o n s y s t e m . B a s e d o n t h e e v a lu a t io n s , w e p ro p o se d sp ac e s f o r e xe r c is e , m e d it a t io n , ga r d e n in g, a r t exhi b i ti o n , stre e t p e rf o r m a n c e , r u n n in g a n d j o ggin g, s m a ll pl a y f i e l d f o r c h i l d re n an d s o c ia liz in g e v e n t s ( fa m ily ga t h e r in g, reun i o n s e tc .) Th e se sp ac e s b e c o m e a m a j o r c o m m u n it y a r e a in the c l o g g e d u rb an n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f t h e C a r p e n t e r E s t a t e .

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Fig u re 55 - Ca t e g o ri e s o f n o n h u m a n s p a c e s

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Fig u re 56 - Ca te g o ri e s o f h u m an sp a c e s

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Fig u re 57 - V ol u m e tri c c i ty g ri d

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5.5 Multiple Bryostructuras

W h e n e vo l ve d f ro m on e s u b s t r a t e t o m u lt ip le s u b s t r a t e s , mo ss i s n o t re stri c te d t o v e r t ic a l b o u n d s b u t a ls o e xt e n d s h o ri zo n tal l y o n th e ter r it o r ia l la n d s c a p e . T o ge n e r a t e a t e rri to ri al syn th e ti c l an d s c a p e , w e c h o s e a n a r e a o f 2 . 5 k m b y 1.5 k m n e ar Stratf o r d s t a t io n . B a s e d o n t h e m o s s gr o w t h a l g o ri th m , vo x e l s we re d is t r ib u t e d a ll o v e r t h e a r e a . T h e fac ad e s o f e ac h su b s t r a t e e xp a n d a n d c r e a t e a n e w t y p e o f sy n th e ti c l an ds c a p e o n gr o u n d le v e l. T h is a llo w s t h e so i l to c o n n e c t w it h t h e s y n t h e t ic e c o s y s t e m - s u c h a s sn ai l s an d wo rm s. T h e s e gr o u n d in v e r t e b r a t e s a r e t h e fo u n d i n g sp e c i e s o f a n e c o s y s t e m a n d a c c o m m o d a t in g t h e m o n th e sy n th e ti c la n d s c a p e w ill a llo w t h e p r im a r y , s e c o n d ary an d te rti a r y c o n s u m e r s o f t h e e c o s y s t e m t o in te rac t m o re wi th th e t e r r it o r ia l la n d s c a p e . E v e n t u a lly , t h i s m u l ti p l i c ati o n o f t h e B r y o s t r u c t u r a w ill c r e a t e a p o s t n atu ral sc e n ari o wh er e t h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n n a t u r e a n d arti f i c i al i s am b i g u o u s .

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Fig u re 58 - Ev o l u ti o n o f Bry o stru c tu r a t o B r y o p o lis

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Fig u re 59 - Bryo stru c tu ra i n B ryo p o l is

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Fig u re 60 - Bryo p o l i s; Sy n th e ti c E c o s y s t e m

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Fig u re 61 - The b e g i n n i n g o f Bry o p o lis

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CONCLUSION In re tro sp e c t, th e p ro j e c t B r y o p o lis e n v is a ge s a n o v e l s p ac e th at n o t o n l y a d d r e s s e s t h e c u r r e n t d a y is s u e of c l i m ate c atastro p h e b u t a ls o e xt e n d s in c r e a t in g a n arc h i te c tu re wi th n o p r e d e t e r m in e d p r o gr a m s o r fu n c ti o n s. Th e u se o f m a c h in e le a r n in g a lgo r it h m s a n d ge n e rati ve al g o ri th m s a id e d in r ic h e r a n d s o p h is t ic a t e d de si g n i n g . Ho we ve r, t h e p r o j e c t d o e s n o t e m p h a s iz e t h e im p o rtan c e o f te c h n o lo gy in t e r v e n t io n in s p a c e m a k in g.

It e l u c i d ate s th at th e fu s io n o f n a t u r e a n d t e c h n o lo gy co u l d b e a n e w n o rm a l in t h e s p a c e m a k in g p r o c e s s .

B ry o p o l i s c o u l d b e t h e fu t u r e c it y o f E a s t L o n d o n ch arac te ri se d as a ze r o - e m is s io n , s e n s ib le s e lf- r e gu la t in g a n d i n te rc o n n e c te d cit y . T h e in h a b it a n t s a r e d iv e r s ifie d h u m an an d n o n - h u m a n c it iz e n s . T h e c it y is c r e a t e d t o b re ak th e an th ro p o c e n t r ic t r e n d s w it h it s m u lt ip le d e s ign in te rve n ti o n s su c h as P h o t o s y n t h e t ic V o xe ls , B r y o w a ll, B ry o stru c tu ra an d B r y o p o lis . D is c r e t e ly t h e s e d e s ign el e m e n ts are se l f - su sta in in g a n d c a n c r e a t e a n e w b io m e fro m m i c ro to m ac ro s c a le s .

T h e sp e c u l ati o n i n vo lv e d c o u ld r a is e m u lt ip le q u e s t io n s on so c i al , p o l i ti c al , an d e c o n o m ic a l gr o u n d s . T h e p r o j e c t a n ti c i p ate s an d e n c ou r a ge s t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e s e casc ad i n g q u e sti o n s t h a t c o u ld o p e n t h e n e w d is c o u r s e .

A n atte m p t to an swer s u c h q u e s t io n s is w h a t m a k e s u s t h i n k th e u n th i n k ab l e .

Conclusion

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App end i x 1

2010

2013

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2016

Car bon di oxi de e m i ssi o n o f East L o n d o n Eas t London havi n g th e h i g h e st e m is s io n w it h the emi ssi on gro wi n g d rasti c al l y o ver t h e y e a r s .

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Appendi x 2

S pace c ol oni sa ti o n al g o ri th m i n M o s s gr o w t h

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Apparatus Moss Voxel R u d im e n t ar y e xp e r im e n t s e t u p w it h all t h e in s t r umen t s fo r m e a s ur in g t h e v a r io us c h a r a c t e r is t ics of moss.

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D is t ri buti on of M o ss g ro wth b ase d on t r e e s p r o xim it y

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M a c h in e le a r n in g w it h d iffe r e n t s a t e llit e im a ge s o f t h e c it y a n d v ox el m o r p h o lo gie s Appendix

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M a c h in e le a r n in g w it h d iffe r e n t s a t e llit e im a ge s o f t h e c it y a n d v ox el m o r p h o lo gie s Appendix

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Mo ss Col oni za ti o n

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Moss colonization on the structure with the moss being skin of the structure.

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FIGURE LIST

FI GURE 01 Cl i m ate C h an g e , Ph o to g r a p h e r V in c e n t J . M u s i; N a t G e o I m a ge Collect io n; Ava i l a bl e f ro m h ttp s://www.n a t io n a lge o gr a p h ic . c o m / s c ie n c e / 2 0 1 9 / 1 0 / p lan t s co n sume-more- wate r- c l i m ate - c h an ge - t h ir s t y - fu t u r e / FI GURE 02 Che n n ai ’ s Pu zh al l ak e ; T h e A s ia n A ge I m a ge C o lle c t io n ; A v a ila b le fr om ht tps:/ /www.a si an ag e .c o m /i n d i a/a ll- in d ia / 2 6 0 6 1 9 / w a t c h - t im e - la p s e - v id e o - s h ows chenna i s-puzh al - l ak e - d ryi n g - u p - i n - m o n t h s . h t m l FI GURE 03 Cl i m ate C h an g e , Ph o to g r a p h e r G u y C o r b is h le y ; A la m y L iv e N e w s ; A vailable from http s://www.n ati o n al g e o gr a p h ic . c o . u k / e n v ir o n m e n t - a n d - c o n s e r v a t ion2019 07 l ond ons- c l i m ate - wi l l - re se m b l e - b a r c e lo n a s - 2 0 5 0 - s t u d y - r e v e a ls FI GURE 04 - 07 Au th o r’ s Wo rk FI GURE 08 Ea s t L o n d o n ; Go o g l e m a p s ; A v a ila b le fr o m h t t p s : / / w w w . go o gle . co m/ma ps/pl a c e /E ast+ L o n d o n ,+ L o n d o n / @ 5 1 . 5 6 5 2 5 4 9 , - 0 . 0 2 5 3 4 0 4 , 1 1 z / d a t a =!3m1!4b1!4m5 ! 3m 4! 1s0x 47d 8a689a 0 c 6 d 8 1 d : 0 x8 6 9 c 4 1 7 a e 7 8 b 7 e 4 !8 m 2 !3 d 5 1 . 5 5 633!

4d0.0 65 50 92 FI GURE 09 - 36 Au th o r’ s Wo rk FI GURE 37 Ca r p e n te rs E state ; Sawy e r F ie ld in g; A v a ila b le fr o m h t t p s : / / s a w y e r fielding .c o.uk/ c a rp e n te rs- e state / FI GURE 38 - 61 Au th o r’ s Wo rk

Figure List

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