Tender Submission for LOB

TENDER SUBMISSION FOR LONDON OFFICE BUILDINGS GROUP Report submitted as a part of K13IDM on 13/5/2015 4183047 | 4187823 | 4186893

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Tender Submission | K13IDM

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Long Eaton Services Consultants have been tasked by London Office

of escape. The vertical transport system more than adequately serves

Buildings with designing the services for a new office block.

the building, obtaining an ‘excellent’ service standard.

The

proposed building stands 10 storeys tall, with 9 floors of open plan

Installing triple glazing and additional insulation reduced energy

offices. Heating, cooling and ventilation systems were to be specified,

consumption and carbon emissions by 21%. Though environmentally

whilst considering potential enhancements to the building’s performance.

sound, they are not financially viable, as it would take 50 years to break

The building’s vertical transport systems and fire protection were to be

even.

assessed to ensure the building complies with Approved Document B and Smaller savings of 1-2% could be attained by providing total solar shading

British Standards 5655-6.

and additional thermal mass. Due to their minimal capital costs, they It was decided that a VAV Air Conditioning System would best suit the

provide immediate financial gains.

needs of the building. Peak heating and cooling requirements were To achieve the greatest savings in energy consumption and carbon

determined as 482kW and 432kW respectively, with an annual energy

emissions, all proposed changes should be implemented simultaneously.

consumption of 1.16 GWh and carbon footprint of 305 tonnes p.a.

Not only will LOB see net financial benefits, but will also help minimise Inspection of the building’s fire exits found breaches of regulation;

their impact on the environment.

appropriate solutions have been devised incorporating additional means (249)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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NOMENCLATURE Symbol

Definition

Unit

đ???

Air Change Rate

h−1

Q

Heat Gains

W

đ??•

Volume

m3

đ?‘š3 /đ?‘

f3

Intermittence factor

[dimensionless]

W/K

HDD

Number of heat degree days

[dimensionless]

Also : Flow Rate (distinguished in text) Îť A

Thermal Conductance Area

2

ṁ

Mass flow rate

W/m K

g

Moisture content

m

2

kg/s

U

U-value

φ

Lag

h

M

Mixing point

%

θ

Hour of incidence

h

RH

Relative humidity

%

f

Decrement Factor

[dimensionless]

h

Specific enthalpy

kJ/kg

Also Correction factor (distinguished in text)

[dimensionless]

β

Contact factor of cooling coil

G

G-Value

[dimensionless]

p

Pressure

Pa

T

Temperature

K or ℃

Âľ

Fan efficiency

%

Mean solar cooling load at incident hour

W/m2

t

Time

h

Also Height

m

u

Velocity

Ρ

Solar exposure ratio

%

C

Hueretic constant

W

Width

m

x

Throw

m

xs

Shadow x-component

m

L

Total lift flight

m

ys

Shadow y-component

m

v

Speed

R

Overhang

m

n

Lift capacity

[dimensionless]

n

Wall-solar azimuth angle

°

N

Number of lift cars

[dimensionless]

a

Altitude

°

RTT

Ď

Air density

kg/m3

Îś

c

Air specific heat capacity

W/kgK

V̇

Volume flow rate

H

NOMENCLATURE

m3 /s

iv

Round trip time Component loss factor

Kg/kg

[dimensionless]

m/s [dimensionless]

m/s

s [dimensionless]

CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION

2

2 BUILDING INFORMATION

4

2.1 Zoning 2.2 Occupancy 2.3 Building Fabric 3 EXTREME CONDITIONS: HEATING SEASON 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

5 7 8

10 10 11 12 13

4 EXTREME CONDITIONS: COOLING SEASON

16

5 BOILER PLANT 5.1 Sizing the Boiler 5.2 Annual Running Costs and Carbon Emissions 6 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (ACS) 6.1 Sizing System 6.2 Air conditioning system specification 6.3 Annual Running Costs 7 VENTILATION

Design Criteria duct configuration Fans supply diffuser choice

8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 8.1 Potential Changes 8.2 Comparison of Changes 8.3 Reccommendations

10

Casual Heat Gains Solar Heat Gains Fabric Losses Ventilation Losses Local Enviornmental Conditions

4.1 Fabric Losses 4.2 Solar Gains 4.3 Ventilation Heat Transfer

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4

9 FIRE PROTECTION 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5

17 18 20

Horizontal Escape Vertical Escape Compartmentalisation of spaces Protection of Ventilation Openings Location of Fire-fighting servces

10 VERTICAL TRANSPORT 10.1System Mechanics 10.2Firefighting Lifts 10.3Quality of service assessment

22 22 24 26 26 28 31

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42 42 43 44 46 46 48 48 49 50 52 53 55 55

11 CONCLUSIONS

58

12 BACK MATTER

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12.1References 12.2Appendix A 12.3Appendix B 12.4Appendix C

34

34 34 37 39

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FIGURES Figure 2-1: Proposed Building

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Figure 9-3: Entrance floor, not meeting maximum travel distances

47

Figure 2-2: Zoning arrangements

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Figure 9-4: Entrance floor, not meeting maximum travel distances

47

Figure 2-3: Exploded Building Iso

6

Figure 9-5: Compartment floor configuration, meeting approved

Figure 2-4: Occupancy Schedule

7

document Bs guidelines.

49

Figure 3-1: Fabric heat transfer

11

Figure 9-6: Pipe sleeving, taken from Approved Document B, [12]

49

Figure 3-2: Graph to show ventilation and infiltration losses

13

Figure 9-7: ground floor sprinkler system

50

Figure 4-1:Internal Gains Schedule

16

Figure 9-8: Office floor sprinkler system

50

Figure 4-2: Effect of lag and decrement on heat transfer

17

Figure 10-1: Exploded View of Building Showing Lifts

52

Figure 4-3: Overhang providing solar shading on glazed surfaces (orange) 19

Figure 10-2: Plan of Lift Showing Dimensions around Car as given in CIBSE

Figure 4-4: Range of Ventilation heat transfer for each Month

20

Guide D 0

Figure 5-1: Graph showing pre-heat times prior to occupancy, [6]

22

Figure 10-3: Comparison of Side Opening and Two-Speed Centre Opening

53

Figure 5-2: Graph to show number of heating degree-days, CIBSE Guide A 24

Doors

53

Figure 6-1: Monthly peak sensible heat gains

26

Figure 10-4: Single Wrap Pulley System

54

Figure 6-2: Air Conditioning complete Psychometric Process

27

Figure 6-3: Fan Assisted VAV system schematic

29

Figure 7-1: Duct Layout in Plan

35

Figure 7-2: Supply Duct layout in Section

35

Figure 7-3: Supply Index Run

36

Figure 8-1: Comparison of changes

44

Figure 9-1: Typical office floor, not meeting maximum travel distances

47

Figure 9-2: Typical office floor, meeting maximum travel distances

47

FIGURES

vi

TABLES Table 2-1: Building Geometry

4

Table 5-3: Fuel Prices, taken from Table 12 SAP 2012, [4]

24

Table 2-2: Zone Dimensions Ground Floor

6

Table 6-1: Peak Cooling Loads

26

Table 2-3: Zone Dimensions Typical Floor

6

Table 6-2: Psychometric properties of air

27

Table 2-4: Zone Occupancy

7

Table 6-3: Factors to consider when specifying an ACS

28

Table 2-5: Fabric Properties

8

Table 6-4: VAV system components

29

Table 2-6: Wall and Glazing Areas

8

Table 6-5: Advantages and Disadvantages of a VAV system

30

Table 3-1: Casual Internal Heat Gains

10

Table 6-6: Three approaches to estimate ACS cooling load

31

Table 3-2: Fabric Properties

11

Table 7-1: Ventilation Requirements

34

Table 3-3: Equation 1 parameters

11

Table 7-2: Total extract for each sanitary zone

36

Table 3-4: Ventilation Requirements

12

Table 7-3: Pressure Drop over Index Run

37

Table 4-1: Internal Gains

16

Table 7-4: Equation Parameters

38

Table 4-2: Equation 4-1 parameters

17

Table 7-5: Fan and energy characteristics

38

Table 4-3: Material properties

17

Table 7-6: Supply Diffuser Sizing

39

Table 4-4: Equation 4-2 parameters

18

Table 8-1: U-value comparison of Part L requirement and ACEB Gold

Table 4-5: Glazing parameters

18

Standard

42

Table 4-6: Peak solar cooling loads

18

Table 8-2: Comparing performance of double glazing vs triple glazing

42

Table 4-7: Equation 4-3 and 4-4 parameters

19

Table 8-3: Effect of increasing thermal mass

43

Table 4-8: Effect of Shading on Peak Solar Cooling loads

20

Table 8-4: Comparison of changes

43

Table 4-9: Equation 4-5 parameters

20

Table 8-5: Recommendations

44

Table 5-1: Equation 5-1 Parameters

22

Table 9-1 Maximum travel distances, taken from Approved Document B,

Table 5-2: Building Specifications calculated in section 3.5

22

[12]

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Table 9-2: Number of routes required, taken from Approved Document B,

Table 12-6: Annual Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions, using

[12]

46

data from SAAP Building Regulations 2010, Table 12.

Table 9-3: Minimum exit widths, Approved document B, [12]

48

Table 12-7: South Wall heat transfer (W) Example of Quasi-Dynamic Heat

Table 9-4: Compartment regulations, Approved document B, [12]

48

transfer calculation

VI

Table 9-5: Maximum sprinkler distances, BSEN pg 77 , [13], [14]

50

Table 12-8: Total Fabric heat transfer (W)

VII

Table 10-1: Lift Shaft Dimensions

52

Table 12-9: Ventilation Heat transfer (W)

VIII

Table 10-2: Breakdown of Car Capacity

53

Table 12-10: West Glazing unshaded solar gain (W) Example of solar

Table 10-3: System specification

55

cooling load

Table 10-4: Lift Calculations for Quality of Service

55

Table 12-11: West glazing shaded solar gain (W) Example of solar cooling

Table 12-1: Weather data used for Heating Season Calculations, taken

V

IX

load

IX

from CIBSE Guide J, Table 5.36

I

Table 12-12: Total Solar Gains accounting for shading (W)

X

Table 12-2: Fabric gains/Losses (Wall, Roof, Glazing)

II

Table 12-13: Total Sensible Heat transfer (W)

XI

Table 12-3: Total fabric gains/losses. (Wall, roof, glazing, Floor)

III

Table 12-14: Total pressure drop along pipes and method

XII

Table 12-4: Plant Sizing

IV

Table 12-15: Total Pressure loss calculations

XIII

Table 12-5: Heating Degree Days, taken from CIBSE Guide A, Table 2.23

IV

TABLES

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INTRODUCTION

Long Eaton Services Consultants would like to thank London Office

The primary aims of this report are:

Buildings for the invitation to apply for tender for designing the services



of their newly proposed office block.

To evaluate the thermal performance of the building to determine peak heating and cooling loads.



A requirement of the tender document was that consultants should design the heating, cooling and ventilation systems for the 10-storey

To appropriately size the building’s boiler and air conditioning systems capable of meeting these demands.



building.

To quantify a series of potential improvements to evaluate their economical and environmental feasibility.

It was also requested that the plans should be examined to identify any 

potential issues that exist. Areas of particular concern were the fire-safety

To ensure that the building conforms to Approved Document B of the UK Building Regulations with regards to fire protection.

and vertical transportation systems that could potentially be in breach of 

UK Building Regulations.

To ensure that the proposed vertical transport systems are capable of meeting the building’s requirements.

(178)

INTRODUCTION

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BUILDING INFORMATION Table 2-1: Building Geometry

The building under investigation is a 10- storey office block that is situated in London at the junction between City Road and King George Street. Of the 10 storeys, floors one to nine are open plan offices, whilst the ground floor serves as an entrance foyer. There is also a basement in the building, and a services block on the roof. Since they both lie are outside of the thermal envelope, neither and are considered in this report.

Figure 2-1: Proposed Building

BUILDING INFORMATION

4

Parameter

Value

Unit

Height

37.8

m

Ground Floor to Ceiling

4.2

m

Typical Floor to Ceiling

3.6

m

Depth

19.7

m

Width

50.0

m

Volume

36674

m

3

Envelope Area

6450

m

2

Wall Area

5331

m

2

Roof Area

985

m

2

Ground Area

852

m

2

Exposed Floor

133

m

2

Surface Area: Volume

0.18

m

Usable Floor Space

9717

m

Floors

10

(dimensionless)

Ground Floors

1

(dimensionless)

Typical Floors

9

(dimensionless)

-1 2

2.1

ZONING

Each floor is subdivided into distinct thermal zones. The ground floor is dominated by a large entrance zone; with facilities located in the central core, see Table 2-2. There is a void in the rear of the building, which provides service access.

The upper floors follow a similar pattern; with large occupied open plan office space, surrounding services and amenities, see Figure 2-2and Table 2-3.

Figure 2-2: Zoning arrangements

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Table 2-2: Zone Dimensions Ground Floor 2

3

Code

Zone

Width (m)

Depth (m)

Area (m )

Volume (m )

001

Entrance

50.0

19.7

689.8*

2897.2

002

Lobby

9.0

4.5

40.5

170.1

003

Male WC

3.0

4.5

13.5

56.7

004

Female WC

3.0

4.5

13.5

56.7

005

Circulation [W]

8.6

4.5

38.7

162.5

006

Circulation [E]

8.6

4.5

38.7

162.5

007

Lifts [W]

1.9

4.5

8.6

35.9

008

Lifts [E]

1.9

4.5

8.6

35.9

851.8

3577.6

Total

*Area defined as total floor area not accounted for in other zones inc. services void.

Table 2-3: Zone Dimensions Typical Floor 2

3

Code

Zone

Width (m)

Depth (m)

Area (m )

Volume (m )

101

Office

50.0

19.7

793.8*

2857.5

102

Lobby

9.0

4.5

40.5

145.8

103

Male WC

7.5

4.5

33.8

121.5

104

Female WC

5.0

4.5

22.5

81.0

105

Circulation [W]

8.6

4.5

38.7

139.3

106

Circulation [E]

8.6

4.5

38.7

139.3

107

Lifts [W]

1.9

4.5

8.6

30.8

108

Lifts [E]

1.9

4.5

8.6

30.8

985.0

3546.0

Total

*Area defined as total floor area not accounted for in other zones Figure 2-3: Exploded Building Iso

BUILDING INFORMATION

6

2.2

Table 2-4: Zone Occupancy

OCCUPANCY

The occupancy for each zone in shown in Table 2 4. The total occupancy for the building is 722 people, only 11 of whom are most in the office.

The occupancy profile is modelled on a typical 09:00 to 17:00 working day, see Figure 2-4. To simulate gradual arrival and departure of occupants it increases/decreases incrementally over the course of three

Proportion of peak Occupancy

hours. Occupancy also drops to have capacity during lunch hours.

1 0.75 0.5 0.25

2

Code

Zone

Area (m )

Occupancy Density 2 (m /person)

Occupancy (people)

001

Entrance

689.8

0*

0

002

Lobby

40.5

4†

11

003

Male WC

13.5

0

0

004

Female WC

13.5

0

0

005

Circulation [W]

38.7

0

0

006

Circulation [E]

38.7

0

0

007

Lifts [W]

8.6

0

0

008

Lifts [E]

8.6

0

0

101

Office

793.8

10

79

102

Lobby

40.5

0

0

103

Male WC

33.8

0

0

104

Female WC

22.5

0

0

105

Circulation [W]

38.7

0

0

106

Circulation [E]

38.7

0

0

107

Lifts [W]

8.6

0

0

108

Lifts [E]

8.6

0

0

*Occupancy specified as 0 as occupancy in entrance specified under lobby

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324

†Occupancy Density specified using CIBSE guide A Table 6.2 for a Hotel Lobby [1]

Hour number (hours)

Figure 2-4: Occupancy Schedule

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2.3

Table 2-6: Wall and Glazing Areas

BUILDING FABRIC

The building is assumed to be thermally lightweight. The dimensions and U-values for each element of the building fabric are shown in Table 2-5.

The U-values comply to the limiting standards given in building

Wall

Glazing Ratios

Wall total area (m2)

Wall area (m2)

Glazing Area (m2)

Wall N

61%

1814

713

1101

Wall E

34%

745

488

256

Wall S

61%

1890

743

1147

Wall W

34%

745

488

256

regulations document L2 [2]. The wall and glazing areas for each façade are shown in Table 2-6 Table 2-5: Fabric Properties Surface

Construction

Limiting U2 Value (W/m K)

INFILTRATION

Surface Area

The infiltration rate is set at the standard value of 0.4đ?‘Žđ?‘?ℎ−1 throughout

2

(m ) Roof

Waterproof roof covering, 35mm polyurethane insulation, vapour control layer, 19mm timber decking, unventilated airspace, 12.5 mm plasterboard

0.25

105mm brick, 50mm airspace, 19mm plywood sheathing, 95mm studding, 12.5mm plasterboard.

0.35

10 m carpet, 19mm timber on100 mm joists, 100mm mineral fibre insulation between joists, 12mm cementitious building board on underside.

0.25

Glazing

Double Glazing in aluminium frames

2.2

2762

Vehicle Access Doors

Metal roller doors

1.5

138

Wall

Floor

BUILDING INFORMATION

the building [1]. The resulting air permeability is 2.17đ?‘š3 /â„Ž/đ?‘š2 *. This

985

outperforms best practice guidelines, predominantly due to the large surface are to volume ratio of the building. In reality, the air leakage

2432

would likely be higher, closer to 5đ?‘š3 /â„Ž/đ?‘š2 .

985

(347)

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EXTREME CONDITIONS: HEATING SEASON Table 3-1: Casual Internal Heat Gains

The building’s thermal performance is analysed to determine its heating load and size its boiler. Heat is lost via convection due to ventilation and

Zone

Floor Area 2 (m )

QOcc, sensible (W)

QLighting, sensible (W)

QEquip, sensible (W)

Entrance Lobby Sanitary Accom. ♂ Sanitary Accom. ♀ Circulation [W] Circulation [E] Lifts [W] Lifts [E] Office Lobby Sanitary Accom. ♂ Sanitary Accom. ♀ Circulation [W] Circulation [E] Lifts [W] Lifts [E] Total

689.8 40.5 13.5

825 -

10347 405 -

10347 405 -

Total Sensible Gains (W) 10347 405 -

13.5

-

-

-

-

38.7

-

-

-

-

38.7

-

-

-

-

8.55 8.55 793.75 40.5 33.75

5530 -

7937 405 -

7937 405 -

7937 405 -

22.5

-

-

-

-

38.7

-

-

-

-

38.7

-

-

-

-

8.55 8.55

50595

85834

109181

245611

conduction from the buildings fabric.

3.1

CASUAL HEAT GAINS

People, lighting and equipment generate internal heat gains, calculated using CIBSE Guide A [1] for each zone totalling 24.6 kW, see Table 3-1.

Though not accounted for in plant sizing, casual heat gains effectively reduce the heating requirement of the building and boiler.

3.2

SOLAR HEAT GAINS

Solar gains are not considered when assessing the building’s heating load.

This is because the peak-heating load is calculated for the worst-case scenario, no solar exposure. Building form and orientation could be considered to optimise the influence of solar gains.

EXTREME CONDITIONS: HEATING SEASON

10

3.3

Table 3-3: Equation 1 parameters

FABRIC LOSSES Symbol đ?œ† A U

The performance of the building’s thermal envelope determines the rate of fabric heat lost/gained. The rate of heat lost per unit of temperature

Parameter Thermal Conductance Area U-Value

Unit W/K 2 m 2 W/m K

difference through each surface is calculated using equation 3-1. đ?œ† = đ?‘ˆđ??´ [3-1]

Example calculation: Total thermal conductance ÎŁđ?‘ˆđ??´ = (0.25 đ?‘Ľ 985) + (0.35 đ?‘Ľ 2432) + (0.25 đ?‘Ľ 985) + (2.2 đ?‘Ľ762) + (1.5đ?‘Ľ138) = 7626 W/K

Table 3-2: Fabric Properties Surface

Limiting U-Value 2 (W/m K)

Floor Area

Roof

0.25

985

246

Wall

0.35

2432

851

Floor

0.25

985

246

Glazing

2.2

2762

6075

Vehicle Access Doors

1.5

138

207

Total

Thermal Conductance (W/K)

2

(m )

Figure 3-1: Fabric heat transfer

7626

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3.4

VENTILATION LOSSES

Ventilation requirements for each zone were approximated using table Example Calculation: Ventilation requirements for the Office 1.5, CIBSE Guide A [1], seen in Table 3-4. Ventilation provides fresh air to

Ventilation: 79 people x 10 L/s = 790 L/s = 0.79 m3 /s

the occupants, removing pollutants. Infiltration, via adventitious

Infiltration: 0.4 ađ?‘?ℎ−1 x 2857.5 m3 = 1143 m3 /h = 0.3175 m3 /s

openings, has also been considered.

Table 3-4: Ventilation Requirements Zone

Floor Area (đ?’Žđ?&#x;? )

Volume (đ?’Žđ?&#x;‘ )

Entrance

689.8

2897.16

0

Lobby

40.5

170.1

11

Male WC

13.5

56.7

0

Female WC

13.5

56.7

0

Circulation [W]

38.7

162.54

Circulation [E]

38.7

162.54

Lifts [W]

8.55

Lifts [E]

8.55

Office Lobby

Total ventilation rate per zone (L/s)

Total ventilation rate per zone (đ?’Žđ?&#x;‘ /s)

Infiltration (ađ?’„đ?’‰âˆ’đ?&#x;? )

Infiltration rate (đ?’Žđ?&#x;‘ /h)

Infiltration rate (đ?’Žđ?&#x;‘ /s)

0

0.4

1158.864

0.321906667

110

0.11

0.4

68.04

0.0189

0

0

0.4

22.68

0.0063

0

0

0.4

22.68

0.0063

0

0

0

0.4

65.016

0.01806

0

0

0

0.4

65.016

0.01806

35.91

0

0

0

0.4

14.364

0.00399

35.91

0

0

0

0.4

14.364

0.00399

793.75

2857.5

79

0.79

0.4

1143

0.3175

40.5

145.8

0

0

0

0.4

58.32

0.0162

Male WC

33.75

121.5

0

0

0

0.4

48.6

0.0135

Female WC

22.5

81

0

0

0

0.4

32.4

0.009

Circulation [W]

38.7

139.32

0

0

0

0.4

55.728

0.01548

Circulation [E]

38.7

139.32

0

0

0

0.4

55.728

0.01548

Lifts [W]

8.55

30.78

0

0

0

0.4

12.312

0.00342

Lifts [E]

8.55

30.78

0

0

0

0.4

12.312

0.00342

Total

EXTREME CONDITIONS: HEATING SEASON

Occupancy (people)

Ventilatio n Rate Required per person (L/s)

Total ventilation rate per person per zone (L/s)

10

110

0

10

790

35491

790

7220

12

7.22

3.94

Ventilation requirements state that 7.22 đ?‘š3/s of air is needed for the

Example Calculation: Total Air Change Rate for whole building

building. With infiltration set at 0.4 ađ?‘?ℎ−1 per zone, it results in a net loss

7.22 đ?‘š3 /s + 3.9đ?‘š3 /s = 11.2 đ?‘š3 /s x 3600 = 40188.6 đ?‘š3 /h

of 3.9đ?‘š3 /s of air. Figure 3-2 shows infiltration making up 35% of the

40188.6 đ?‘š3 /h / 35491 40188.6 đ?‘š3 = 1.13 đ?’‚đ?’„đ?’‰âˆ’đ?&#x;?

ventilation losses.

3.5

LOCAL ENVIORNMENTAL CONDITIONS

The annual external temperatures in London for each hour of the day, each month of the year are used to calculate the buildings peak-heating

35% Ventilation

load.

Appendix B details the weather data. The internal design

Infiltration

temperatures for winter and summer, were 22Ëš and 23Ëš respectively,

65%

taken from CIBSE Guide A, table 1.5.

(272)

Figure 3-2: Graph to show ventilation and infiltration losses

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EXTREME CONDITIONS: HEATING SEASON

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EXTREME CONDITIONS: COOLING SEASON

Casual Heat Gains (kW)

The internal gains are estimated using heat gain densities specific to a zone’s function (Table 6.3, CIBSE Guide A [1]) and are compiled in Table 4-1.

The gains operate proportionally to the occupancy schedule.

300

Sensible Latent

200 100

0 Hour

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Table 4-1: Internal Gains

Zone

Entrance Lobby Sanitary Accom. ♂ Sanitary Accom. ♀ Circulation [W] Circulation [E] Lifts [W] Lifts [E] Office Lobby Sanitary Accom. ♂ Sanitary Accom. ♀ Circulation [W] Circulation [E] Lifts [W] Lifts [E]

Floor 2 Area (m )

Occupancy (persons)

689.8 40.5 13.5 13.5 38.7 38.7 8.55 8.55 793.75 40.5 33.75 22.5 38.7 38.7 8.55 8.55

0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sensible heat gains per person (W) 75 70 -

Latent heat gains per person (W) 55 45 -

Figure 4-1:Internal Gains Schedule

Lighting gain, Area Weighted 2 (W/m ) 15 10 10 10 -

Total

EXTREME CONDITIONS: COOLING SEASON

16

Equipment gains, Area Weighted 2 (W/m ) 5 15 5 -

QOcc, sensible (W) 825 5530 -

QOcc, latent (W) 605 3555 -

QLighting, sensible (W) 10347 405 7937 405 -

QEquip, sensible (W) 0 202 0 0 0 0 0 0 11906 202 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Sensible Gains (W) 10347 1432 0 0 0 0 0 0 25374 608 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Latent Gains (W) 0 605 0 0 0 0 0 0 3555 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

50595

50595

85834

109181

245611

32600

4.1

Table 4-2: Equation 4-1 parameters

FABRIC LOSSES Symbol

Fabric losses are calculated using quasi-dynamic calculations (equation 4-

đ?‘„đ?œƒ+đ?œ‘

1) that take into account both a time lag and decrement in the transfer of heat through the building’s fabric, (Figure 4-2).

These values are

đ?‘„đ?œƒ+đ?œ‘ = đ??´đ?‘ˆ(đ?‘‡đ?‘’đ?‘š − đ?‘‡đ?‘&#x;đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘š ) + đ??´đ?‘ˆ(đ?‘‡đ?‘’0 − đ?‘‡đ?‘’đ?‘š )đ?‘“

[4-1]

Unit

Heat transfer at time đ?‘Ą = đ?œƒ + đ?œ‘

đ?‘Š

đ??´

Area

đ?‘š2

đ?‘ˆ

U-value

đ?œ‘

Lag

â„Ž

đ?œƒ

Hour of incidence

â„Ž

đ?‘“

Decrement Factor

[đ?‘‘đ?‘–đ?‘šđ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘ đ?‘–đ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘™đ?‘’đ?‘ đ?‘ ]

approximated using construction of comparable performance in table 3.49 CIBSE guide A.

Parameter

đ?‘Š/đ?‘š2 đ??ž

���

Mean sol-air temperature

℃

��0

Room air temperature

℃

���

Sol-air temperature at time đ?‘Ą = đ?œƒ

℃

Table 4-3: Material properties Surface

Figure 4-2: Effect of lag and decrement on heat transfer

Example Calculation – Transfer through West Wall on June 21st at 17:00 For a west facing light coloured wall đ?‘‡đ?‘’0 = 19.2 & đ?‘‡đ?‘’đ?‘š = 22.5 , đ?‘ đ?‘˘đ?‘šđ?‘šđ?‘’đ?‘&#x; đ?‘‡đ?‘&#x;đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘š = 23 [2]. đ?‘„17:00 = 488 Ă— 0.35(22.5 − 23) + 488 Ă— 0.35(19.2 − 22.5) Ă— 0.21 đ?‘„17:00 = −204đ?‘Š

2

2

U-Value (W/m K)

Area (m )

f

φ

Colour

Wall North

0.35

713

0.21

9

Light

Wall East

0.35

488

0.21

9

Light

Wall South

0.35

743

0.21

9

Light

Wall West

0.35

488

0.21

9

Light

Glazing North

2.20

1101

-

0

-

Glazing East

2.20

256

-

0

-

Glazing South

2.2

1147

-

0

-

Glazing West

2.2

256

-

0

-

Roof

0.25

985

0.15

10

Dark

Exposed Floor

0.25

133

0.15

9

Light

Access Doors (delivery void)

1.5

138

1.00

1

Light

Calculations for hourly heat transfers for all surfaces can be found in Appendix B.

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4.2

Table 4-4: Equation 4-2 parameters

SOLAR GAINS

Solar gains though an un-shaded glazed surface are calculated using Equation 4-2, where each parameter is defined by the building’s location (London), response factor (fast), and the window’s glazing type and orientation (Table 4-5). đ?‘„đ?‘ đ?‘œđ?‘™đ?‘Žđ?‘&#x; = đ??´ Ă— đ??ť Ă— đ??ş Ă— đ?‘“

Symbol

Parameter

Unit

đ?‘„đ?‘ đ?‘œđ?‘™đ?‘Žđ?‘&#x;

Solar heat gain

đ?‘Š

đ??´

Area

đ?‘š2

đ??ş

G-Value

[đ?‘‘đ?‘–đ?‘šđ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘ đ?‘–đ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘™đ?‘’đ?‘ đ?‘ ]

đ?‘“

Correction factor

[đ?‘‘đ?‘–đ?‘šđ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘ đ?‘–đ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘™đ?‘’đ?‘ đ?‘ ]

đ??ť

Mean solar cooling load at incident hour

đ?‘Š/đ?‘š2

Table 4-5: Glazing parameters

[4-2] Window

2

Azimuth (°)

Area (m )

Glazing type

G

f

Example calculation – East façade glazing at 14:30 on September 4th

Glazing North

0

1101

Clear/reflective

0.41[3]

0.50 [3]

For an East facing surface in SE England at 14:30 on Sep 4th, đ??ť is 132W/ m2 [3].

Glazing East

90

256

Clear/reflective

0.41

0.50

Glazing South

180

1147

Clear/reflective

0.41

0.50

Glazing West

270

256

Clear/reflective

0.41

0.50

14:30,đ?‘†đ?‘’đ?‘? 4đ?‘Ąâ„Ž đ?‘„đ?‘ đ?‘œđ?‘™đ?‘Žđ?‘&#x;, đ??¸đ?‘Žđ?‘ đ?‘Ą

2

2

= 256m Ă— 132đ?‘Š/đ?‘š Ă— 0.41 Ă— 0.50 14:30,đ?‘†đ?‘’đ?‘? 4đ?‘Ąâ„Ž đ??¸đ?‘Žđ?‘ đ?‘Ą

đ?‘„đ?‘ đ?‘œđ?‘™đ?‘Žđ?‘&#x;,

Table 4-6: Peak solar cooling loads

= 6927W Glazing

The shortcoming using this approach is that no solar cooling loads are

Peak solar cooling load (W)

Date

Time

154495

April 28th

12:30

of which North

34772

June 21st

12:30 and 13:30

of which East

30432

June 21st

08:30

of which South

133124

November 4th

12:30

of which West

30379

June 21st

17:30

Ground Floor

35313

April 28th

12:30

Typical Floor

13242

April 28th

12:30

Whole Building

provided outside of 07:30 to 17:30. This is not too significant as they would fall outside of the office’s operational times. They would also be far smaller than solar gains inside the working day, making it highly improbable that they would affect the peak cooling load of the building.

Calculations for full hourly solar gains for all glazed surfaces can be found in Appendix B.

EXTREME CONDITIONS: COOLING SEASON

18

SOLAR SHADING

Example – Window on South façade glazing at 14:30 on September 4th

Recesses cause solar shading on the building’s windows, the extent of

đ?‘„đ?‘˘đ?‘›đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘Žđ?‘‘đ?‘’đ?‘‘ = 103253đ?‘Š, đ?‘„đ?‘ đ?‘œđ?‘&#x;đ?‘Ąâ„Ž = 18515đ?‘Š, đ?‘Ž = 37°, đ?‘› = 49°, đ?‘Šđ?‘Š = 3.85đ?‘š, đ??ťđ?‘¤ = 1.50đ?‘š and đ?‘… = 0.5đ?‘š.

which is calculated using equation 4-3. The portion of glazing in shade

đ?‘Ľđ?‘ = 0.5đ?‘š Ă— tan 49° = 0.58đ?‘š, đ?‘Śđ?‘ = 0.5đ?‘š Ă— sec 49° Ă— tan 37° = 0.57đ?‘š

receives no direct sunlight and is recalculated as a north facing window. Ρ= Ρ= Where:

(đ?‘Šđ?‘¤ − đ?‘Ľđ?‘ ) Ă— (đ??ťđ?‘¤ − đ?‘Śđ?‘ ) đ?‘Šđ?‘¤ Ă— đ??ťđ?‘¤

[4-3]

(3.85 − 0.58) Ă— (1.5 − 0.57) = 53% 3.85 Ă— 1.50

Therefore the cooling load accommodating for shading is: đ?‘„đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘Žđ?‘‘đ?‘’đ?‘‘ = 53% Ă— 103253đ?‘Š + 47% Ă— 18515đ?‘Š = 63426đ?‘Š

đ?‘Ľđ?‘ = đ?‘… Ă— tan đ?‘› and đ?‘Śđ?‘ = đ?‘… Ă— sec đ?‘› Ă— tan đ?‘Ž

Table 4-7: Equation 4-3 and 4-4 parameters

The adjusted solar gain through a window is: đ?‘„đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘Žđ?‘‘đ?‘’đ?‘‘ = đ?œ‚ Ă— đ?‘„đ?‘˘đ?‘›đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘Žđ?‘‘đ?‘’đ?‘‘ + (1 − đ?œ‚) Ă— đ?‘„đ?‘ đ?‘œđ?‘&#x;đ?‘Ąâ„Ž

Symbol

[4-4]

Parameter

Unit

đ??´

Area

đ?‘š2

đ?œ‚

Solar exposure ratio

%

��

Window width

đ?‘š

đ??ťđ?‘¤

Window Height

đ?‘š

đ?‘Ľđ?‘

Shadow x-component

đ?‘š

đ?‘Śđ?‘

Shadow y-component

đ?‘š

đ?‘…

Overhang

đ?‘š

đ?‘›

Wall-solar azimuth angle

°

đ?‘Ž

Altitude

°

đ?‘„đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘Žđ?‘‘đ?‘’đ?‘‘ đ?‘„đ?‘˘đ?‘›đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘Žđ?‘‘đ?‘’đ?‘‘ Figure 4-3: Overhang providing solar shading on glazed surfaces (orange)

đ?‘„đ?‘ đ?‘œđ?‘&#x;đ?‘Ąâ„Ž

19

Solar gain of window accounting for shading

đ?‘Š

Solar gain of window without shading

đ?‘Š

Solar gain of identical window facing North

đ?‘Š

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This shading only results in a 1% reduction in solar gain. It would be

4.3

VENTILATION HEAT TRANSFER

advisable to implement shading devices that can provide total shading,

Combined losses due to purpose provided and adventitious ventilation is

which would result in a reduction in peak solar gain by as much as 75%.

calculated using equation 4-5 using the air flow rates defined earlier. đ?‘„đ?‘Łđ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘Ą = đ?œŒ Ă— đ?‘? Ă— đ?‘‰Ě‡ Ă— (đ?‘‡đ?‘&#x;đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘š − đ?‘‡đ?‘Žđ?‘–đ?‘&#x; )

Table 4-8: Effect of Shading on Peak Solar Cooling loads Glazing

Whole Building

[4-5]

Peak solar cooling load, un-shaded (W)

Peak solar cooling load, with shading adjustment (W)

Reduction due to shading (%)

154495

153093

0.91%

�����

Air density

đ?‘˜đ?‘”/đ?‘š3 đ?‘Š/đ?‘˜đ?‘”đ??ž

Table 4-9: Equation 4-5 parameters Symbol

Parameter

Unit đ?‘Š

Heat loss due to ventilation

North

34772

34772

0.00%

đ?œŒ

East

30432

30218

0.70%

đ?‘? đ?‘‰Ě‡

Air specific heat capacity

đ?‘‡đ?‘Žđ?‘–đ?‘&#x;

External air temperature

đ??ž

Room temperature

đ??ž

133124

132787

0.25%

West

30379

30379

0.00%

Ground Floor

35313

34993

0.91%

Typical Floor

13242

13122

0.91%

đ?‘‡đ?‘&#x;đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘š

đ?‘š3 /đ?‘

50 Ventilation Heat Transfer (kW)

South

Volume flow rate

0 -50 -100 -150 -200

-250 -300 -350

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 4-4: Range of Ventilation heat transfer for each Month

(277)

EXTREME CONDITIONS: COOLING SEASON

20

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5

BOILER PLANT

5.1

SIZING THE BOILER

Table 5-1: Equation 5-1 Parameters

The building’s boiler can be sized using the steady state equation

Symbol

Parameter

Unit

đ??”

U-Value

�/�2 K

�

Area

đ?‘š2

đ?‘ľ

Air Change Rate

ℎ−1

đ?‘˝

Building Volume

đ?‘š3

đ?‘ťđ??ź

Design Inside Temperature

ËšC

đ?‘ťđ?’…đ?’?

Design Outside Temperature

ËšC

(equation 5-1). Heating systems are designed to heat the building when unoccupied with no casual/solar gains, see Figure 5-1

Using the internal design temperatures and weather data from CIBSE Guide J, the annual energy demand is calculated using equation 5-1 and Table 5-2.

Table 5-2: Building Specifications calculated in section 3.5

Figure 5-1: Graph showing pre-heat times prior to occupancy, [6]

Qd = [ÎŁ đ?‘ˆđ??´ + 0.33đ?‘ đ?‘‰](đ?‘‡đ?‘– − đ?‘‡đ?‘‘đ?‘œ )

BOILER PLANT

[5-1]

22

���

N

V

(W/K)

(đ?’‚đ?’„đ?’‰âˆ’đ?&#x;? )

(đ?’Žđ?&#x;‘ )

7626

1.13

36674

hours of occupancy and two additional hours of pre-heating, requiring an

The peak-heating load occurs in December between 06:00 and 07:00.

đ?‘“3 value of 1.2 .

Example Calculation: Peak heating load

Qd = 7626 + 0.33 đ?‘Ľ 1.13 đ?‘Ľ 36674đ?‘‰](22−— 0.4)

Example Calculation: Actual Peak Heating load

= -482075 W of heat energy lost

1.2 x 482075 = 578490 W

Peak Heating load = 482075 W = 482 kW

= 578 kW

Heating systems are designed to meet the maximum heating load likely to occur. However, additional capacity is needed to overcome thermal inertia so that the building may reach an operational temperature quickly.

The required boiler capacity is calculated by applying an intermittence factor,đ?‘“3,that takes into account the thermal response of the building and the hours of plant operation (equation 5-3). đ?‘ƒđ?‘’đ?‘Žđ?‘˜ â„Žđ?‘’đ?‘Žđ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘” đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘Žđ?‘‘ = đ?‘“3 đ?‘Ľ đ?‘ đ?‘?đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ â„Žđ?‘’đ?‘Žđ?‘Ą đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘Žđ?‘‘ [5-3] Table 1.11 in CIBSE Guide B, [3], recommends plant size ratios according to heating periods. The boiler must operate for 16 hours, to serve the 14

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5.2

ANNUAL RUNNING COSTS AND CARBON EMISSIONS

Equation 5-4 shows the amount of heat lost in one year.

The annual energy consumption of the heating system is calculated to

đ?‘„đ?‘Ś = 24(ÎŁ đ?‘ˆđ??´ + 0.33đ?‘ đ?‘‰)HDD [5-4]

estimate its running costs and carbon emissions. This is done by Example Calculation: Heat lost in one year

estimating the number of heating degree-days for which the external

�� = 24(7626 + 0.33 � 1.13 � 36674�)1936

temperature is below a base temperature, 15.5ËšC taken from CIBSE guide

= 988504 kWh of energy lost

A[1]. Figure 5-2 shows the HDD for London for an average year.

Number of Heating Degree Days

Table 5-3 states the costs and carbon emissions per kWh. 350 Table 5-3: Fuel Prices, taken from Table 12 SAP 2012, [4]

300 250

Fuel

Unit price (p/kWh)

Emissions (kg CO2 per kWh)

200

Mains Gas

3.48

0.216

150 100

Example Calculation: Annual Cost

50 0

= 988 504 x 3.48=ÂŁ34,399 p.a Example Calculation: Annual carbon emissions = 988 504 x 0.216 = 213 516 kg of carbon

Months of the Year

= 214 tonnes CO2 (245)

Figure 5-2: Graph to show number of heating degree-days, CIBSE Guide A

BOILER PLANT

24

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6

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (ACS)

6.1

SIZING SYSTEM

AIR PROPERTIES

The ACS must be capable of offsetting both the peak sensible and latent

The sensible cooling load is used in conjunction with equation 6-1 to

heat gains in the building, coinciding at 14:00- 15:00 on August 4th.

determine the mass flow rate of supply air. đ?‘„đ?‘ đ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘ đ?‘–đ?‘?đ?‘™đ?‘’ = đ?‘šĚ‡ Ă— đ?‘? Ă— Δđ?‘‡đ?‘…−đ?‘†

Table 6-1: Peak Cooling Loads Type

Load

Date

Time

Sensible

443.0kW

August 4th

14:00 – 15:00

Latent

32.6kW

Every day

9:00 – 13:00 and 14:00 – 17:00

[6-1]

To calculate the mass flow rate the temperature difference between the supply and room ( Δđ?‘‡đ?‘…−đ?‘† ) must be specified, in this case as 9°đ??ś , recommended by Roy Jones of Gilberts [5].

500 Sensible 443.0 kW

Peak Heat Gain (kW)

400

Higher values of đ?›Ľđ?‘‡đ?‘…−đ?‘† may be used, reducing the required air supply rate. This may be

Latent

necessary if the diffusers specified are incapable of meeting design requirements at higher air supply velocities.

300

đ?‘šĚ‡ = đ?‘„đ?‘ đ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘ đ?‘–đ?‘?đ?‘™đ?‘’ /(đ?‘? Ă— Δđ?‘‡đ?‘…−đ?‘† )

200

đ?‘šĚ‡ = 443.0đ?‘˜đ?‘Š/(1.02đ?‘˜đ??˝/đ?‘˜đ?‘”đ??ž Ă— 9°đ??ś) = 48.3đ?‘˜đ?‘”/đ?‘

100 0

To find the properties of air at the supply point of the system, both

32.6kW

Jan

Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec

đ?‘‡đ?‘‘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘Ś đ?‘?đ?‘˘đ?‘™đ?‘? and đ?‘…đ??ť must be fixed. đ?‘‡đ?‘‘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘Ś đ?‘?đ?‘˘đ?‘™đ?‘? is calculated as đ?‘‡đ?‘…,đ?‘‘đ?‘? − ∆đ?‘‡đ?‘…−đ?‘†

Figure 6-1: Monthly peak sensible heat gains

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (ACS)

(23 − 9 = 14°đ??ś) whilst RH is pre-set at a typical value of 95% [6].

26

The room air’s properties can be found by using đ?‘‡đ?‘… combined with the room moisture content (đ?‘”đ?‘&#x; ), calculated with the building’s latent gains: đ?‘„đ?‘™đ?‘Žđ?‘Ąđ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘Ą = đ?‘š ̇ Ă— đ??ż Ă— Δđ?‘”đ?‘…−đ?‘†

∴ Δđ?‘”đ?‘…−đ?‘† = đ?‘„đ?‘™đ?‘Žđ?‘Ąđ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘Ą /đ?‘šĚ‡đ??ż

Δđ?‘”đ?‘…−đ?‘† = 32.6đ?‘˜đ?‘Š/(48.3đ?‘˜đ?‘”/đ?‘ Ă— 2450đ?‘˜đ??˝/đ?‘˜đ?‘”) = 0.00027đ?‘˜đ?‘”/đ?‘˜đ?‘” Allowing for calculation of đ?‘”đ?‘… = đ?‘”đ?‘† + Δđ?‘”đ?‘…−đ?‘† đ?‘”đ?‘… = 0.00946 + 0.00027 = 0.009743đ?‘˜đ?‘”/đ?‘˜đ?‘” CONDITIONING PROCESS The ACS in the building uses recirculation to reduce energy consumption.

Figure 6-2: Air Conditioning complete Psychometric Process

To find the mixing point: ̇ ̇ đ?‘€ = 100% − đ?‘‰đ?‘“đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘ â„Ž đ?‘Žđ?‘–đ?‘&#x; /đ?‘‰đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘™đ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘” 7.22đ?‘š3 /đ?‘ = 100% − = 81.9% 39.8đ?‘š3 /đ?‘

Table 6-2: Psychometric properties of air Parameter

Symbol

Unit Outside

Where the volume flow rate of cooling air (đ?‘‰Ě‡đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘™đ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘” ) is calculated from the mass flow rate (đ?‘šĚ‡) derived above, using the specific volume of air (đ?‘Ł ) at the supply. đ?‘‰Ě‡đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘™đ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘” = đ?‘šĚ‡ Ă— đ?‘Ł = 47.1đ?‘˜đ?‘”/đ?‘ Ă— 0.825đ?‘š3 /đ?‘˜đ?‘” = 7.22đ?‘š3 /đ?‘

Air at Point: Supply Room

Mixing

Dry Bulb Temperature

đ?‘‡đ?‘‘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘Ś đ?‘?đ?‘˘đ?‘™đ?‘?

°đ??ś

25.8*

14.0

23.0â€

23.5

Wet bulb Temperature

đ?‘‡đ?‘¤đ?‘’đ?‘Ą đ?‘?đ?‘˘đ?‘™đ?‘?

°đ??ś

16.7*

13.8

17.3

17.50

Relative Humidity

đ?‘…đ??ť

%

39.3%*

95.0%

55.0%

55.5%

Specific Enthalpy

â„Ž

đ?‘˜đ??˝/đ?‘˜đ?‘”

46.6*

38.0

47.6

49.0

Moisture Content

đ?‘”

đ?‘˜đ?‘”/đ?‘˜đ?‘”

0.00813*

0.00946

0.009743

0.00944

th

* Obtained from CIBSE Guide J design day data, August 4 14:00-15:00

27

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APPARATUS DEW POINT

6.2

The Apparatus Dew Point (ADP) of the cooling coil is marked on Figure 6-2

Natural ventilation is the preferred method of cooling a building for

at 13.3°C.

environmental and financial reasons.

The contact factor of the cooling coil can also be �→�

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

However, natural ventilation

cannot disperse as much heat as mechanical systems. CIBSE recommend

determined đ?›˝ = đ?‘€â†’đ??´đ??ˇđ?‘ƒ = 0.92.

any buildings with sensible gains of over 40đ?‘Š/đ?‘š2 to employ mechanical PLANT SIZING

ACS’s. The building’s sensible gains are 44.4�/�2 , implying it requires a

To ensure the ACS can cool the building if the cooling load were ever to mechanical cooling system. exceed the peak design load, a Plant Size Ratio (đ?‘ƒđ?‘†đ?‘…) is employed, at a Table 6-3: Factors to consider when specifying an ACS

typical value of 1.2.

đ?‘„đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘™đ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘” = đ?‘šĚ‡ Ă— (â„Žđ?‘€ − â„Žđ?‘† ) = 48.3đ?‘˜đ?‘”/đ?‘ Ă— (49.0đ?‘˜đ??˝/đ?‘˜đ?‘” − 38.0đ?‘˜đ??˝/đ?‘˜đ?‘”) = 530.8đ?‘˜đ?‘Š đ?‘„đ?‘ƒđ?‘™đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ą = đ?‘„đ??śđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘™đ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘” Ă— đ?‘ƒđ?‘†đ?‘…

Factor

Reason

Comfort

The ability of the ACS to meet the variable requirements of the occupants is paramount to ensure that the workforce function effectively.

Financial

If LOB intends to retain and operate the building it would be advisable to install a more efficient ACS, as the reduced maintenance and energy costs will make the greater capital investment worthwhile.

Control

Since the cooling demand of the building varies greatly throughout the day, the ACS must be able to operate under a variable schedule. This prevents the ACS being active when it is not necessary, minimising energy use and environmental impact.

Noise Production

Noise production should adhere to an acceptable volume defined by occupants

Environmental

CO2 production and energy consumption should be minimised by selecting an efficient ACS.

= 530.8đ?‘˜đ?‘Š Ă— 1.2 = 637.0đ?‘˜đ?‘Š

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (ACS)

28

Table 6-4: VAV system components

SYSTEM SELECTION Component

Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems are the most widely employed ACS in

The chiller provides a supply of chilled water to the AHU’s cooling coils

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

The AHU is the unit where air is treated. It contains the primary heating and cooling coils (powered by the boiler and chiller, controlling temperature), a steam humidifier (to control moisture content) and a large fan to circulate air though the duct network. It also contains a mixing box, which mixes fresh air with recirculated air.

VAV Terminal Units

VAV terminal units are located at each zone, where they can limit the flow rate of air passing into a specific zone (capped at 60% reduction). They also contain a fan to assist with local recirculation, and a heating coil (a legacy component from a time when energy costs were cheaper).

Room based Diffusers

The diffusers are mounted on the perimeter of occupied zones to distribute treated air to the spaces. They come in a variety of shapes, each working in a different manner, many by inducing the coanda effect.

Filters

Filters are placed in the network to remove particle based pollutants such as smoke or dust. If they were to build up it could cause decreased efficiency or health issues. An

Fans

Fans are used to move air through the duct network by increasing pressure at key points.

All fans would need to be sized carefully to ensure adequate pressures to circulate air.

Figure 6-3: Fan Assisted VAV system schematic

29

Description

Chiller

modern office buildings. A centralised VAV system is specified for this building, with fan assisted terminals incorporated into the system.

Image

Tender Submission | K13IDM

Table 6-5: Advantages and Disadvantages of a VAV system Advantages

Disadvantages

 Good temperature control is achieved by thermoregulatory devices in VAV terminal units

 The complex system contains numerous components, and requires substantial maintenance.

 Uneven heating or cooling requirements can be met by varying air flow rates at each zone’s VAV terminal unit. Perimeter zones will generally have a greater cooling load than core zones. (e.g. đ?‘„đ?‘œđ?‘“đ?‘“đ?‘–đ?‘?đ?‘’ > đ?‘„đ?‘?đ?‘–đ?‘&#x;đ?‘?đ?‘˘đ?‘™đ?‘Žđ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘œđ?‘› )

 A large plant room must be available to house the large boilers, chiller and AHU. Sufficient void space must also be available within the ceilings of the building to accommodate the large ducts that circulate treated air.

 Very flexible system is able to accommodate any future changes in AC requirement

 Requires careful planning and design of system as well as quality commissioning to ensure it functions correctly

 Fan assisted VAV units allow for zone by zone control of air flow rates, with up to 60% throttling of the system volume flow rate minimising energy wasting.  Recirculation can be employed easily within the terminal units, improving the efficiency of the ACS.

CONTROL The ACS should be controlled via a schedule that is refined with feedback from post-occupancy evaluation.

control should also be employed, operated by occupants for real time comfort adjustments. This should be through either real or perceived control (e.g. thermostats and fan controls; or false switches).

 Excess noise could occur if the fan assisted VAV terminal units are not acoustically insulated from occupied spaces.  Implementation of fan-assisted terminal units will increase capital and maintenance costs.

 Fan assistance ensures proper mixing, preventing air dumping.  Fresh air is supplied in the system, so no additional ventilation system is required.

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (ACS)

Intuitive devices with partial local

30

6.3

ANNUAL RUNNING COSTS

Table 6-6: Three approaches to estimate ACS cooling load Estimation 1

Estimation 2

Estimation 3

Using general operational costs from CIBSE Guide F Table 7.5

Using general energy demand costs from CIBSE Guide B Table 2.2

Centralised VAV system assumption:

Type 3 (standard air-conditioned office) cooling load:

Using method to calculate the annual energy consumption based on peak cooling demand, as described by Chadderton.



Building occupied floor area: 9717đ?‘š2



Building occupied floor area: 9717đ?‘š2



CO2 emission: 40đ?‘˜đ?‘”/đ?‘š2 đ?‘?. đ?‘Ž



Energy Consumption: 31đ?‘˜đ?‘Šâ„Ž/đ?‘š2 đ?‘?. đ?‘Ž



ÂŁ2.40/đ?‘š2 đ?‘?. đ?‘Ž

Running Cost:

đ??¸đ?‘›đ?‘’đ?‘&#x;đ?‘”đ?‘Ś đ?‘‘đ?‘’đ?‘šđ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘‘ = đ??¸đ?‘›đ?‘’đ?‘&#x;đ?‘”đ?‘Ś đ?‘˘đ?‘ đ?‘’ đ?‘?đ?‘’đ?‘&#x; đ?‘š2 Ă— đ?‘“đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘&#x; đ?‘Žđ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž đ?‘†đ?‘Śđ?‘ đ?‘Ąđ?‘’đ?‘š đ?‘ƒđ?‘&#x;đ?‘–đ?‘?đ?‘’ = đ??śđ?‘œđ?‘ đ?‘Ą đ?‘?đ?‘’đ?‘&#x; đ?‘š2 Ă— đ?‘“đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘&#x; đ?‘Žđ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž đ??śđ?‘‚2 đ?‘’đ?‘šđ?‘–đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘–đ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘ đ?‘’ = đ??¸đ?‘šđ?‘–đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘–đ?‘œđ?‘› đ?‘?đ?‘’đ?‘&#x; đ?‘š2 Ă— đ?‘“đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘&#x; đ?‘Žđ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

Find the peak temperature of mixed (đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;,đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ľ ) air prior to cooling (based on volume flow rates of outdoor air (đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x153; ), recirculated air (đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x; ) and total air (đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;Ą ) and the design outdoor temp (đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A; ) and recirculation Temperature (đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x; ). đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x153; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x153; + đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x; 7.22 Ă&#x2014; 25.8 + 32.6 Ă&#x2014; 23 đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;,đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ľ = = = 23.5°đ??ś đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;Ą 39.8 Finding the average cooling required (Î&#x201D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;&#x2019; ) required. Î&#x201D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;â&#x2C6;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;,đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ľ = đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;,đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ľ â&#x2C6;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018; = 23.5 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 14.0 = 9.5°đ??ś Assuming sinusoidal fluctuation in outdoor air temperature finds the mean mixed air temperature đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;,đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;&#x2019; by multiplying đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ľ by 70.7%. The average cooling power (đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;,đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;&#x2019; ) of the ACS can then be determined with the total volume flow rate of air, air density (đ?&#x153;&#x152;) and specific heat capacity of air (đ?&#x2018;?). đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;,đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;&#x2019; = đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x153;&#x152; Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x2018;? Ă&#x2014; (Î&#x201D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;&#x2019; Ă&#x2014; 70.7%) = 39.8 Ă&#x2014; 1.21 Ă&#x2014; 1020 Ă&#x2014; (9.5°đ??ś Ă&#x2014; 70.7%) = 330.9đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x160; Hours of operation (đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; ) are determined as any time when đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; < đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; . The number is determined based on the proportion of hours during summer (CIBSE Guide A Table 2.13) that exceeds đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; , multiplied by hours in a year.

Data provided is for 1992 cost so by applying inflation, according to the bank of England, the corrected running cost is ÂŁ4.43/đ?&#x2018;&#x161;2 đ?&#x2018;?. đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;

â&#x20AC; Energy load is converted to monetary value/ CO2 emission load using standard conversion factors as provided by the energy savings trust, 1kWh = ÂŁ0.1319 and 0.519kgCO2, dated 2015

đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; = 11.49% Ă&#x2014; 8760â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;/đ?&#x2018;Śđ?&#x2018;&#x; = 1007â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018; The annual energy can then be calculated as đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;¤đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x; Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019; Ă&#x2014; đ??śđ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;. (Chadderton recommends 2.50 in cases where value is not specified)

Energy

n/a

301,227 kWh p.a

133,215 kWh p.a

Price

ÂŁ43,045 p.a

ÂŁ42,322 p.a â&#x20AC;

ÂŁ17,571 p.a â&#x20AC;

CO2

388.7 tonnes p.a

147.6 tonnes p.a â&#x20AC;

69.1 tonnes p.a â&#x20AC;

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Tender Submission | K13IDM

The three approaches predict significantly different cost and CO2 emissions. However the costs are of a comparable magnitude, implying an annual cost of ÂŁ20-40,000 for cooling.

The CO2 emissions are far less coherent, with the older approach (1) predicting carbon emissions over 500% higher than the modern approach (3).

This is potentially due to the increase in renewable electricity

production since 1992, reducing the amount of CO2 produced per kWh. It would be expected that Estimation 3 would be most accurate, as it is derived from the actual buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s performance, as opposed to generic area-weighted assumptions.

The only way to evaluate expenses

accurately would be by examining the building once it is in service.

(477)

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (ACS)

32

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7

VENTILATION

7.1

DESIGN CRITERIA

Table 7-1: Ventilation Requirements Parameter

To ensure that the ventilation system will adhere to Approved Document

Offices

Lobby

Required Fresh Airflow Rate per Floor (m /s)

0.79

0.11

Mixing Ratio [dimensionless]

0.82

0.82

Total Airflow Rate Per Floor (m /s)

3.57

0.50

Number of Diffusers Per Floor [dimensionless]

8

2

Airflow per Diffuser (m /s)

0.45

0.25

Throw length (m)

7

4.5

Sound Level dbA *

30

24

3

F [9] it must:

3



Supply adequate fresh air

3



Supply the total air required for heating and cooling to occupied zones

*from gilberts curved blade grills documentation [8]. Must not exceed 30 dbA in office



Ensure mixing of air

buildings. Can be reduced using more adjustable blades



Not produce excessive noise

7.2



Provide extraction in sanitary accommodations

The primary vertical ductwork can be housed in the existing services

DUCT CONFIGURATION

shafts. By dividing the system into two symmetrical networks pressure losses are reduced.

The ducts to the supply diffusers will run within the ceiling void, see Figure 7-1 and 7-2

VENTILATION

34

Figure 7-2: Supply Duct layout in Section

SANITARY AND NON-SANITARY ACCOMMODATION The ventilation in the sanitary accommodations uses local extraction. The zone is depressurised to avoid any mixing with air in non-sanitary zones Approved document F [9] specifies the requirement for this is an intermittent air extract of 6 L/s per WC or Urinal. The total extract for each zone is shown Table 7-2.The supply air is drawn from other ventilated zones.

Figure 7-1: Duct Layout in Plan

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Tender Submission | K13IDM

Table 7-2: Total extract for each sanitary zone

Sanitary Accommodation

Configuration

Total Extract for Zone (L/s) 18

Ground Floor Male

1 WC 2 Urinals

Ground Floor Female

3 WCs

18

Typical Floor Male

4 WCs 3 Urinals

42

Typical Floor Female

5 WCs

30

SUPPLY INDEX RUN The supply index run shown in Figure 7-3 runs from the plant room to the furthest supply terminal on the first floor (not the ground floor as terminals are only located in the central core, close to the main riser).

Figure 7-3: Supply Index Run

VENTILATION

36

Table 7-3: Pressure Drop over Index Run

SUPPLY INDEX RUN PRESSURE DROP The total pressure loss over the index run is a combination of the pressure loss along the pipes due to friction and the pressure loss over components.

The pressure loss along pipes is given by:

Parameter

Value

Unit

Pressure loss along Pipes (Friction)*

40.21

Pa

Pressure loss over components*

103.58

Pa

Total pressure drop over index run

143.79

Pa

Found using method CIBSE Guide B [3] and values from CIBSE Guide C [10] for breakdown please see appendix C

1

Î&#x201D;p = Îť â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 2 Ď đ?&#x2018;? 2

[7-1]

7.3

FANS

The energy consumption of the system fans is calculated using the

Where Îť is the friction factor found using chart 4.2 in CIBSE Guide C, Ď is the density of air (1.2 kg/m3) and c is the specific heat capacity of air (1.0

method given in CIBSE Guide B chapter 3 [3]:

kJ/kg.K). [10]

đ??´đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;¤đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x; = đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;?

1

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;? = Îś 2 Ď đ?&#x2018;? 2

[7-3]

đ??´đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;¤đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x; = 16.3 Ă&#x2014; 143.79 = 2343đ?&#x2018;&#x160;

[7-2]

The electrical power required based on the fanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s efficiency (90% [6])

Where Îś is the component loss factor obtained from tables in CIBSE Guide C Chapter 4.

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;? đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;¤đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x; =

đ??´đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;¤đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ?&#x153;&#x2021;

[7-4]

The results of these calculations are found in Table 7-3 and detailed in depth in Appendix C.

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Tender Submission | K13IDM

There are four fans in the building; two supply and two extract. The total

Each fanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy consumption is given by: đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x201D;đ?&#x2018;Ś đ??śđ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; = đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;? đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;? đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;¤đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;

energy consumption and a summary of data in this section are given in

[7-5]

Table 7-5 Table 7-4: Equation Parameters Table 7-5: Fan and energy characteristics

Term

Definition

top

operational time

Parameter

Value

Unit

(17 hours a day during warm up period and occupation, week days)

Total Pressure Drop

143.79

Pa

Air power

2,343

W

Fan Efficiency

90%

[percentage]

Electric Power

2,604

W

Operational Time

4080

hr

Energy Consumption Fan

10,623

kWhr

Number of Fans

4

[dimensionless]

Total Electric Power

10,414.56

W

Total Energy Consumption

42,491

kWhr

QT

total flow rate (16.30 m/s)

Î&#x201D;p

total pressure loss over the index circuit

System Calculations Electric Power = 2343/0.9 = 2604W Top= 17hours*240days = 4080hrs Therefore Energy consumption = 4080*2.604 = 42491 kWhrs

VENTILATION

38

7.4

SUPPLY DIFFUSER CHOICE

The supply diffusers are situated in the ceiling due to the duct placement and to take advantage of the coanda effect They are sized using equation 7-6. đ??śđ?&#x2018;&#x201E;

đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ľ = đ?&#x2018;Ľđ??´0.5 andđ??´đ?&#x2018;&#x2019; = 0.6đ??´đ?&#x2018;&#x153;

[7-6]

đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;

Table 7-6: Supply Diffuser Sizing Term

Definition

Offices

Lobby

Umax

Umax (m/s)

0.25

0.25

C

Hueretic Constant

5.5

5.5

x

Throw (m)

7

4.5

0.45

0.25

1.96

1.47

3.27

2.46

Q Ae Ao

3

Flow Rate (m /s) 2

Effective Area Opening (m ) 2

Area Diffuser (m )

Example calculation (office diffuser) Ae = ((5.5*0.45)/(7*0.25))2 Ao = 1.96/0.6

= 1.96m2

= 3.27m2

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VENTILATION

40

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8

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Reductions in the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy consumption and carbon emissions

INSTALLING TRIPLE GLAZING

can be achieved by making a series of changes to the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s geometry

The heat lost though the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s glazing can be

and thermal envelope.

reduced by installing triple glazing.

8.1

The triple

glazing will slightly reduce the solar radiant gains as

POTENTIAL CHANGES

well, reducing the cooling load during summer.

IMPROVING FABRIC THERMAL PERFORMANCE Table 8-2: Comparing performance of double glazing vs triple glazing

Reduced conductive heat transfer though the

Window Type

thermal envelope can be obtained by reducing

2

U-Value (W/m K)

G-Value

Response Factor

Double Glazing (reflective coating)

2.2

0.41

0.50

Triple Glazing (reflective coating)

0.9

0.35

0.43

fabric U-values. To quantify the potential savings, the U-values are reduced to 0.15đ?&#x2018;&#x160;/đ?&#x2018;&#x161;2 đ??ž, in line with ACEB Gold Standard building TOTAL SOLAR SHADING performance [11].

The peak cooling load can be reduced by applying Table 8-1: U-value comparison of Part L requirement and ACEB Gold Standard Fabric Element

2

total solar shading to the building. The solar load 2

Part L Minimum (W/m K)

ACEB Gold Standard (W/m K)

Wall

0.35

0.15

Floor

0.25

0.15

Roof

0.25

0.15

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

on each façade is redefined as north facing.

42

INCREASING THERMAL MASS

8.2

COMPARISON OF CHANGES Table 8-4: Comparison of changes

The effect of environmental changes can be offset Alteration

by increasing the thermal mass of the building; changing it to a slow response building.

Table 8-3: Effect of increasing thermal mass Building Element

Lag, φ (hrs)

Decrement Factor, f

Response Factor

Fast

Slow

Fast

Slow

Fast

Slow

Wall

5

9

0.58

0.21

-

-

Roof

2

10

0.93

0.15

-

-

Floor

2

9

0.91

0.15

-

-

Vehicle Access Doors

1

1

1

1

-

-

Glazing

-

Affects Heating Load?

Affects Cooling Load?

Affects Ventilation Load

Energy Demand (kWh)

Saving (%)

CO2 Emissions (Tonnes)

Saving (%)

Original

n/a

n/a

n/a

1164210

-

305

-

Triple Glazing

✓

✓

✓

960134

18.0%

249

18.0%

Fabric Uvalues

✓

✓

✓

1130812

3.0%

297

3.0%

Total Solar Shading

✓

✓

1137502

2.0%

291

5.0%

Increase Thermal Mass

✓

✓

1150135

1.0%

301

1.0%

925,295

21.0%

241

21.0%

Net effect

Note: Each of the changes only alters the sensible loads, not the latent loads, resulting in a -

-

-

0.50

different room ratio. This slightly alters the psychometric process for the air conditioning

0.43

cycle. However, the changes in enthalpies are so small that the margin of error incurred becomes negligible (<1%) when considering the inaccuracies in the original calculations.

The heating load is far greater than the cooling load. Changes that affect only the cooling load of the building will therefore have a lesser impact on the total energy demand, but comparatively high financial savings due to the relative expense of electricity compared to gas.

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8.3

RECCOMMENDATIONS Table 8-5: Recommendations

Alteration

Energy Saving (%)

CO2 Saving (%)

18.00%

18.00%

Triple Glazing

made. However, it is only cost effective to employ most of the changes if By installing triple glazing, upwards of £8000 p.a could be saved. The expense of the upgrade is around £500,000 making the payback around 50 years [4]. Financially, it may not be in LOB’s best interests if they want a quick return on their investment. It would however be environmentally beneficial as significant amounts of energy and CO2 can be saved.

Fabric U-values

3.00%

3.00%

A saving of around £1500 p.a. could be attained by adding insulation to the walls roof and floors. The payback time of such an upgrade would be in the region of 50 years [11]. Other elements of the building’s fabric could also be improved, seeing comparable benefits.

Total Solar Shading

2.00%

5.00%

Up to £2000 p.a. could be saved by adding solar shading. Shading should definitely be implemented, either by adding louvres or increasing window recesses, as there are minimal capital costs for such modifications (an effective shading device should overhang the windows by 2.8m).

Increase Thermal Mass

1.00%

1.00%

The response time of the building should be increased to save energy and money at no additional capital cost. Free night cooling could also be employed to further increase energy savings.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

From an environmental standpoint all the above changes should be

Feasibility

LOB plan to operate the building for 50 years to see payback on their additional investment.

Figure 8-1: Comparison of changes

(226)

44

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9

FIRE PROTECTION Table 9-2: Number of routes required, taken from Approved Document B, [12]

The building is assessed for fire protection, to ensure that it conforms to Approved Document B of the UK Building Regulations. It must be protected from the effects of heat, using fire resistant construction, and

Floor

Number of People

Office Entrance

79 11

Required number of exit routes 2 1

protect occupants from smoke, using compartmentalisation.

Figures 9-1 to 9-4 show the available exits and 18m travel routes from the 9.1

HORIZONTAL ESCAPE office and entrance floors respectively. Not all areas of the floor are

Escape routes and travel distances are assed. Maximum travel distances within 18m of a fire exit; so additional doors will need to be fitted to from any point on a floor to that storeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exit can be seen in Table 9-1. meet the minimum guidelines.

Table 9-1 Maximum travel distances, taken from Approved Document B, [12]

Room Office (Floors 1-10) Entrance (Ground floor)

Primary Direction (m) 18 18

Inner rooms such as the sanitary accommodation, must also adhere to

Secondary Direction (m) 45 45

the guidelines, and open directly onto the access floor.

For each upper floor there are two means of horizontal escape, and three for the ground floor. Table 9-2 shows that the current conditions meet required standards.

FIRE PROTECTION

46

Figure 9-1: Typical office floor, not meeting maximum travel distances

Figure 9-3: Entrance floor, not meeting maximum travel distances

Figure 9-2: Typical office floor, meeting maximum travel distances

Figure 9-4: Entrance floor, not meeting maximum travel distances

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9.2

VERTICAL ESCAPE

9.3

COMPARTMENTALISATION OF SPACES

Stair carrying capacities and widths are assessed. Table 9-3 shows the

To control the spread of fire the internal spaces are compartmentalised,

minimum escape widths required. A fire may prevent one of the exits

separated by fire resistant walls and floors. The number of compartments

from being used so all exit widths must adhere to these guidelines.

depends on:

Table 9-3: Minimum exit widths, Approved document B, [12]

Floor Office Entrance

Number of People 79 11

Exit Width (mm) 850 750

ď&#x201A;§

Building use

ď&#x201A;§

Building height

ď&#x201A;§

Availability of a sprinkler system

Since the office is open plan, all staircases must be capable of

Table 9-4 shows that the building requires all storeys to be separated by

simultaneous evacuation.

compartment floors, but compartment walls will not be necessary. Figure 9-5 shows the configuration.

Example Calculation: Width of Stairs, using table 7 Approved Document B Table 9-4: Compartment regulations, Approved document B, [12]

79 people x 9 upper floors = 711 people 711 people = 1400mm width of stairs required Guidelines LOB

FIRE PROTECTION

48

Maximum Total Height without compartment floors (m)

Maximum Floor Area without compartment walls (đ?&#x2019;&#x17D;đ?&#x;? )

30 37.5

2000 985

9.4

PROTECTION OF VENTILATION OPENINGS

In some cases ventilation openings breach the dividers that separate adjacent fire compartments. They need to be protected so the fire barrier remains intact. They can be protected by:   

Fire dampers Fire-resisting enclosures Fire resisting ductwork

Fire dampers should be installed around the openings with sufficient tolerance to allow access for maintenance and room for expansion in the heat of a fire. Pipes below 160mm internal diameter, that penetrate through the fire-separating compartments will require sleeving of noncombustible pipe, see Figure 9-6.

Figure 9-5: Compartment floor configuration, meeting approved document Bs guidelines.

Figure 9-6: Pipe sleeving, taken from Approved Document B, [12]

49

Tender Submission | K13IDM

9.5

LOCATION OF FIRE-FIGHTING SERVCES

Hydrants, hoses, risers and sprinklers must be suitably placed to assist fire fighters in time of need. Fire mains with valves must be installed within the building so that fire fighters can connect hoses for water rapidly. The fire fighting shafts and necessary escape stairs must be equipped with fire mains. The mains can be â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;dryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; type due to the building being less than Figure 9-7: ground floor sprinkler system

50m tall.

A sprinkler system must be installed throughout the building since it is taller than 30m. These systems ensure occupant safety and reduce fire damage. Table 9-5 sets out the standards for a sprinkler system, and Figures 9-7 and 9-8 shows an appropriate configuration for the building.

Table 9-5: Maximum sprinkler distances, BSEN pg 77 , [13], [14] Hazard Class Ordinary

Space required below roof and ceiling sprinklers (m) 0.5

Maximum area per sprinkler (đ?&#x2019;&#x17D;đ?&#x;? ) 12

Maximum distances between sprinklers (m)

Figure 9-8: Office floor sprinkler system

The main sprinkler riser should be placed centrally with primary pipelines

4

running horizontally across each floor.

(484)

FIRE PROTECTION

50

51

Tender Submission | K13IDM

10

VERTICAL TRANSPORT

The building is served by four lift shafts, two on either side of the lobby.

The dimensions of each shaft are shown in Table 10-1. The buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lift to floor ratio of 1:2.5 places it in the excellent quality of service category according to British standards lifts and lift services section 6.4.5 [16].

Table 10-1: Lift Shaft Dimensions

Parameter

Value

Unit

Width

0.95

m

Depth

4.5

m

Height

37.8

m

Area

4.3

m

2

161.6

m

3

Volume

Figure 10-1: Exploded View of Building Showing Lifts

VERTICAL TRANSPORT

52

10.1

Table 10-2: Breakdown of Car Capacity

SYSTEM MECHANICS

PASSENGERS PER CAR The total area of a lift shaft is 4.1m2. The corresponding car floor area is 2

2.4m to allow space for the counterweight and runners between car and

2

Component

Area (m )

Total Lift Shaft Area

4.30

Counterweight including movement tolerance

0.68

Space for Runners

0.67

Car Area

2.41

Capacity

12 People

shaft walls, as shown in Figure 10-2.

The capacity of each car is calculated assuming each passenger requires

DOOR TYPE

0.2m2 of floor space, see Table 10-2.

Current plans suggest a side opening. As stated in section 5.2.4 of British standards [16] a centre opening would provide improved operation (door opening/closing) times and aesthetics

Figure 10-3: Comparison of Side Opening and Two-Speed Centre Opening Doors Figure 10-2: Plan of Lift Showing Dimensions around Car as given in CIBSE Guide D 0

53

Tender Submission | K13IDM

ROPING MECHANISM

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DISABLED

The roping mechanism is housed at the top of the building to allow the

Lift is essential in this building for disabled access as it over one story. The

load to act directly downwards. Since the lifts only have a capacity of 12

distance from a lift to the furthest point away from a lift is about 30m this

a single wrap pulley system can be used. This is the most economical and

is well under the maximum walking distance limit of 45m [16] and so

efficient system.

allows for any deviation from the direct route due to, for example, furniture layout.

Figure 10-4: Single Wrap Pulley System CAR SPEED

The recommended car speed for a building 37m tall is 2.5 m/s, as specified in table 6 of British standards lifts and lift services document [16].

VERTICAL TRANSPORT

54

10.2

Table 10-3: System specification

FIREFIGHTING LIFTS Starting Values

Fire-fighting lifts are a requirement for the transportation of the disabled in the event of a fire. These lifts must be situated within the fire-fighting shaft enclosed by a fire resistant structure that also contains stairs.

All buildings with over 900m^2 must have two fire-fighting lifts installed.

However if a sprinkler system is in place, one lift is sufficient, providing the entire floor area is within 60m of the lift shaft. [16].

10.3

No. of Stories

10

People Above Ground

722

Total Occupancy

Floor Height (m)

3.6 (typical)

4.2 (ground)

Total Lift Flight L (m)

33

4.2+8*3.6

Door Width w (m)

1

Door Speed vd (m/s)

0.4

Lift Capacity n

12

Lift Speed v (m/s)

2.5

Number of Cars N

4

Aim (people in 5 minutes)

87

typical CIBSE guide d

12% population in five minutes (CIbSE Guide D)

Table 10-4: Lift Calculations for Quality of Service

QUALITY OF SERVICE ASSESSMENT

The round trip calculations are shown in Table 10-4. Table 10-3 collates relevant values already established. 116 people can be carried by the system in five minutes, well above the recommended 87. The maximum waiting time of 31.1s puts the system in the excellent category for quality of service. [16]

55

Tender Submission | K13IDM

Calculations Probable Number of Stops S1

Calculated Value

đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;1 = đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; (

đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;â&#x2C6;&#x2019;1 đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;

)

where S = Maximum number of stops = 9

n = lift capacity =12

6.8

8 12

= 9â&#x2C6;&#x2019;9( ) 9

Upward journey time Tu

đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;˘ = đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;1 (

đ??ż

đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;1 đ?&#x2018;Ł 33

= 6.8 ( Downward journey time Td

+ 2đ?&#x2018;Ł)

6.8â&#x2C6;&#x2014;2.5

where L = Total lift flight = 33m v = Lift velocity = 2.5 m/s

43.0s

+ 2 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 2.5)

đ??ż

đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; = ( + 2đ?&#x2018;Ł) đ?&#x2018;Ł

at peak demand car is assumed to run non=stop from top to bottom

18.2s

where W = door width = 1m Vd = door velocity = 0.4 m/s

39.1s

2 seconds per passenger is assumed

24.0s

33 =( + 2 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 2.5) 2.5 Door opening time To

đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x153; = 2(đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;1 + 1)

đ?&#x2018;&#x160; đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; 1

= 2(6.8 + 1)

0.4

Passenger transfer time Tt

đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;Ą = 2đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; = 2 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 12

Round trip time RTT

đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; = đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;˘ + đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; + đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x153; + đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;Ą = 43 + 18.2 + 39.1 + 24

Interval for group

đ??źđ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; =

đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; đ?&#x2018;

124.3s

where N = number of lift cars = 4

124.3 4 5 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 60 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; đ?&#x2018; đ??˝đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;˘đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018; = đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; 5 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 60 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; 4 = 124.3 đ?&#x2018;ľđ?&#x2019;?. đ?&#x2019;?đ?&#x2019;&#x2021; đ?&#x2018;ˇđ?&#x2019;&#x2020;đ?&#x2019;?đ?&#x2019;&#x2018;đ?&#x2019;?đ?&#x2019;&#x2020; = đ?&#x2018;ąđ?&#x2019;?đ?&#x2019;&#x2013;đ?&#x2019;&#x201C;đ?&#x2019;?đ?&#x2019;&#x160;đ?&#x2019;&#x2020;đ?&#x2019;&#x201D; Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x2019;? = đ?&#x;&#x2014;. đ?&#x;&#x2022; Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x;?đ?&#x;?

31.1s

=

Number of journeys in five minutes

Number of people carried in five minutes

9.7

116

(382)

VERTICAL TRANSPORT

56

57

Tender Submission | K13IDM

11

CONCLUSIONS less financially viable as they will take 50 years to see a financial

The key findings from this investigation are: ď&#x201A;§

return.

The peak-heating load for the building is 482 kW, occurring ď&#x201A;§

between 06:00 and 07:00, December 4th. This requires a boiler

have less effect on energy and đ??śđ?&#x2018;&#x201A;2 savings, between 1 and 5%,

plant size of 578 kW capable of meeting peak requirements. ď&#x201A;§

however they are more financially feasible.

The peak-cooling load for the building is 443 kW, occurring between 14:00 and 15:00, August 4th.

ď&#x201A;§

This requires an air

ď&#x201A;§

meeting maximum horizontal travel distances. Additional fire

The series of potential improvements included altering: o

Fabric properties

o

Glazing type

o

Shading

o

Thermal mass

The building does not conform to Approved Document B of the UK Building Regulations with regards to fire protection, when

conditioning system of 637 kW. ď&#x201A;§

In the short-term total solar shading and increased thermal mass

doors must be implemented to rectify this. ď&#x201A;§

It was seen that the current configuration of proposed vertical transport system more than capable of meeting the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirements, putting the building into the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;excellentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; category according to British Standards for lifts and lift services.

The two changes that save the greatest amount of energy and đ??śđ?&#x2018;&#x201A;2 are installing triple glazing windows and upgrading the fabric in line with ACEB Gold Standard regulations. They are however

(230)

CONCLUSIONS

58

59

Tender Submission | K13IDM

CONCLUSIONS

60

12

BACK MATTER

12.1

REFERENCES

[9] HM Government. Approved Document F: Ventilation (Building Regulations). 2000

[1] CIBSE. Guide A: Environmental Design. 2006

[10] CIBSE. Guide C: Reference Data. 2007

[2] HM Government. Approved Document L2: Conservation of Fuel and Power in New Buildings Other than Dwellings (Building

[11] AECB. CarbonLite Program Guidance. 2009

Regulation). 2010 [12] HM Government. Approved Document B volume 2: Fire Safety [3] CIBSE. Guide B: Heating, ventilating, air conditioning and

– Buildings other than dwelling houses (Building Regulations).

refrigeration. 2005

2010

[4] BRE. The Government’s Standard Assessment Procedure for

[13] British Standard. BS EN

Energy Rating of Dwellings. 2012

12845:2004 +A2:2009: Fixed

firefighting systems – Automatic sprinkler systems – Design, installation and maintenance. 2004, 2009.

[5] R. Jones. Gilberts. Guest Lecture at the University of Nottingham. 2015

[14] British Automatic Fire Sprinkler Association (BAFSA). Using Sprinkler Systems in Buildings and Structures, Compliance with

[6] B. Jones. Air Conditioning Lecture notes. University of

Current Fire Safety Guidance. 2011

Nottingham. 2015

[15] CIBSE. Guide J: Weather, solar and illuminance data. 2002

[7] D. Oughton. Faber & Kell's Heating & Air-conditioning of Buildings. 2008

[16] BSI Standards Publishing. BS 5655-6 Lifts and Lift Services. 2011

[8] Gilberts. Series G curved blade Grilles. 2012

CIBSE. Guide D: Transportation in buildings. 2010

I

Tender Submission | K13IDM

BACK MATTER

II

12.2

APPENDIX A Table 12-1: Weather data used for Heating Season Calculations, taken from CIBSE Guide J, Table 5.36

Hour 1

January 29th 2.5

February 26th 2.3

March 29th

April 28th

May 29th

June 21st

July 4th

August 4th

October 4th

15.7

September 4th 11.6

4.8

7.1

9.8

13.9

14.8

9

November 4th 5.2

December 4th 1.3

2

2

2

4.3

6.4

9.2

13.1

14.2

15

11.1

8.6

5

1.1

3

1.9

1.9

4.1

6

8.7

12.4

13.6

14.4

10.4

8.2

4.5

0.7

4

1.4

1.5

3.5

5.6

8.3

12

13.2

13.9

9.9

7.8

4.3

0.2

5

1.2

1.4

3.2

5.3

8.1

12.2

13.3

13.4

9.6

7.5

3.9

0

6

0.9

1.2

3

5.7

9.2

13.3

14.3

14

9.6

7.4

3.7

-0.2

7

0.7

1.1

3.2

7.4

10.9

15

15.9

15.6

10.6

7.8

3.7

-0.4

8

0.7

1.4

4.6

9.4

12.7

16.8

17.7

17.4

12.7

9.2

3.9

-0.3

9

1.2

2.5

6.6

11.1

14.4

18.5

19.5

19.4

15.1

11.4

5.4

-0.1

10

2.3

3.8

8.2

12.8

16

20.1

21

21.2

17.2

13.4

7

1.2

11

3.7

5.2

9.7

14.3

17.4

21.5

22.5

22.6

18.6

14.8

8.4

2.7

12

4.7

6.3

11.1

15.2

18.4

22.7

23.4

23.9

19.6

15.9

9.5

4

13

5.5

7.1

12.1

16

19.3

23.6

24.2

24.8

20.4

16.4

9.9

4.9

14

5.9

7.7

12.6

16.4

19.8

24.4

24.8

25.4

21

16.6

10.2

5.4

15

5.8

7.7

12.7

16.4

20.1

24.5

25.3

25.8

21.2

16.8

10

5.1

16

5.3

7.2

12.6

16.1

20

24.4

25.4

25.7

21.1

15.9

9.1

4.1

17

4.3

6.1

12.1

15.5

19.6

24.2

25

25.2

20.5

14.9

7.9

3.3

18

3.7

5

10.9

14.6

18.8

23.5

24.4

24.3

19.4

13.6

7.3

2.7

19

3.3

4.4

9.7

13.2

17.4

22.5

23.3

23

18

12.8

6.7

2.2

20

3

3.8

8.6

11.8

15.7

20.9

21.7

21.3

16.6

11.9

6.3

1.8

21

2.7

3.3

7.7

10.8

14.3

19.3

20.1

20

15.4

11.1

5.9

1.6

22

2.2

3

6.8

9.7

13.1

17.9

18.9

18.9

14.4

10.5

5.7

1.4

23

1.8

2.7

5.8

9.1

12.1

16.8

17.5

18

13.5

9.8

5.4

1.1

24

1.8

2.5

5.6

8.3

11.4

15.7

16.7

17.1

12.9

9.5

5

0.7

Average

2.9

3.8

7.6

11.0

14.4

18.7

19.6

19.8

15.4

11.7

6.4

1.9

I

Tender Submission | K13IDM

Table 12-2: Fabric gains/Losses (Wall, Roof, Glazing)

Hour

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

1

-415929

-420195

-366871

-339142

-281552

-194100

-174904

-155707

-243159

-277286

-358339

-441525

2

-426594

-426594

-377536

-354073

-294350

-211164

-187701

-170638

-253823

-285818

-362605

-445791

3

-428727

-428727

-381802

-362605

-305015

-226095

-200499

-183435

-268754

-294350

-373270

-454323

4

-439392

-437259

-394600

-371137

-313547

-234627

-209031

-194100

-279419

-302882

-377536

-464988

5

-443658

-439392

-400998

-377536

-317813

-230361

-206898

-204765

-285818

-309281

-386068

-469253

6

-450057

-443658

-405264

-369004

-294350

-206898

-185568

-191967

-285818

-311414

-390334

-473519

7

-454323

-445791

-400998

-332743

-258089

-170638

-151441

-157840

-264488

-302882

-390334

-477785

8

-454323

-439392

-371137

-290084

-219696

-132244

-113047

-119446

-219696

-273020

-386068

-475652

9

-443658

-415929

-328477

-253823

-183435

-95984

-74654

-76787

-168505

-226095

-354073

-471386

10

-420195

-388201

-294350

-217563

-149308

-61856

-42659

-38393

-123712

-183435

-319946

-443658

11

-390334

-358339

-262355

-185568

-119446

-31995

-10665

-8532

-93851

-153574

-290084

-411663

12

-369004

-334876

-232494

-166372

-98117

-6399

8532

19197

-72521

-130111

-266621

-383935

13

-351940

-317813

-211164

-149308

-78920

12798

25596

38393

-55457

-119446

-258089

-364738

14

-343408

-305015

-200499

-140776

-68255

29862

38393

51191

-42659

-115180

-251691

-354073

15

-345541

-305015

-198366

-140776

-61856

31995

49058

59723

-38393

-110914

-255956

-360472

16

-356206

-315680

-200499

-147175

-63989

29862

51191

57590

-40526

-130111

-275153

-381802

17

-377536

-339142

-211164

-159973

-72521

25596

42659

46925

-53324

-151441

-300749

-398865

18

-390334

-362605

-236760

-179170

-89585

10665

29862

27729

-76787

-179170

-313547

-411663

19

-398865

-375403

-262355

-209031

-119446

-10665

6399

0

-106649

-196233

-326344

-422328

20

-405264

-388201

-285818

-238893

-155707

-44792

-27729

-36260

-136510

-215430

-334876

-430860

21

-411663

-398865

-305015

-260222

-185568

-78920

-61856

-63989

-162106

-232494

-343408

-435126

22

-422328

-405264

-324211

-283685

-211164

-108781

-87452

-87452

-183435

-245292

-347674

-439392

23

-430860

-411663

-345541

-296483

-232494

-132244

-117313

-106649

-202632

-260222

-354073

-445791

24

-430860

-415929

-349807

-313547

-247425

-155707

-134377

-125845

-215430

-266621

-362605

-454323

Average

-408375

-388289

-306170

-255779

-184235

-91362

-72254

-67544

-161395

-219696

-332477

-429705

BACK MATTER

II

Table 12-3: Total fabric gains/losses. (Wall, roof, glazing, Floor)

Hour

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

1

-420006

-424072

-369928

-341483

-283178

-194799

-175412

-156168

-244557

-279480

-361658

-445815

2

-430671

-430471

-380592

-356414

-295976

-211863

-188210

-171099

-255222

-288011

-365924

-450081

3

-432804

-432604

-384858

-364946

-306641

-226794

-201008

-183897

-270153

-296543

-376589

-458613

4

-443469

-441135

-397656

-373478

-315173

-235326

-209540

-194562

-280817

-305075

-380855

-469278

5

-447735

-443268

-404055

-379876

-319439

-231060

-207407

-205227

-287216

-311474

-389387

-473544

6

-454134

-447534

-408321

-371345

-295976

-207597

-186077

-192429

-287216

-313607

-393653

-477809

7

-458400

-449667

-404055

-335084

-259716

-171337

-151949

-158301

-265887

-305075

-393653

-482075

8

-458400

-443268

-374194

-292425

-221322

-132943

-113556

-119908

-221094

-275214

-389387

-479942

9

-447735

-419806

-331534

-256164

-185062

-96683

-75162

-77248

-169903

-228288

-357392

-475677

10

-424272

-392077

-297407

-219904

-150934

-62555

-43168

-38855

-125111

-185629

-323265

-447948

11

-394411

-362216

-265412

-187909

-121073

-32694

-11173

-8993

-95249

-155767

-293403

-415953

12

-373081

-338753

-235550

-168712

-99743

-7098

8023

18735

-73919

-132305

-269941

-388225

13

-356017

-321689

-214221

-151649

-80546

12099

25087

37932

-56856

-121640

-261409

-369028

14

-347485

-308891

-203556

-143117

-69881

29162

37885

50730

-44058

-117374

-255010

-358363

15

-349618

-308891

-201423

-143117

-63483

31295

48550

59262

-39792

-113108

-259276

-364762

16

-360283

-319556

-203556

-149516

-65616

29162

50683

57129

-41925

-132305

-278473

-386092

17

-381613

-343019

-214221

-162313

-74147

24896

42151

46464

-54723

-153634

-304068

-403156

18

-394411

-366482

-239816

-181510

-91211

9966

29353

27267

-78185

-181363

-316866

-415953

19

-402943

-379279

-265412

-211372

-121073

-11364

5890

-461

-108047

-198427

-329664

-426618

20

-409341

-392077

-288875

-241233

-157333

-45492

-28237

-36722

-137908

-217623

-338196

-435150

21

-415740

-402742

-308071

-262563

-187195

-79619

-62365

-64451

-163504

-234687

-346728

-439416

22

-426405

-409141

-327268

-286026

-212790

-109481

-87960

-87913

-184834

-247485

-350994

-443682

23

-434937

-415540

-348598

-298824

-234120

-132943

-117822

-107110

-204031

-262416

-357392

-450081

24

-434937

-419806

-352864

-315887

-249051

-156406

-134886

-126307

-216828

-268815

-365924

-458613

Mean

-412452

-392166

-309227

-258119

-185862

-92061

-72763

-68005

-162793

-221889

-335796

-433995

III

Tender Submission | K13IDM

Table 12-4: Plant Sizing Peak Heating Load (W)

482075

PSR

1.2

Plant Heating Capacity (W)

578490

Plant Capacity (kW)

578

Table 12-5: Heating Degree Days, taken from CIBSE Guide A, Table 2.23

BACK MATTER

Month

Number of Heating Degree Days

January

314

February

290

March

255

April

192

May

105

June

45

July

16

August

18

September

51

October

124

November

228

December

293

Total

1931

IV

Table 12-6: Annual Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions, using data from SAAP Building Regulations 2010, Table 12.

Parameter

Value

Number of Degree Days

1931

Number of hours per day (h)

24

ÎŁđ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??´ + 0.33NV

1330

Total Energy Used (kWh)

988504

Kg of Carbon per kWh

0.216

Total Carbon Used (Tonnes)

214

Price of Mains Gas per kWh (ÂŁ)

0.0348

Price of energy used (ÂŁ)

34, 400

V

Tender Submission | K13IDM

12.3

APPENDIX B Table 12-7: South Wall heat transfer (W) Example of Quasi-Dynamic Heat transfer calculation

Hour

Effective Time

Jan-29

Feb-26

Mar-29

Apr-28

May-29

Jun-21

Jul-04

Aug-04

Sep-04

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

1

6

-5055

-4958

-4103

-3712

-3014

-1853

-1654

-1447

-2522

-3080

-4189

-5432

2

7

-5116

-5004

-4163

-3818

-3104

-2003

-1775

-1568

-2628

-3125

-4249

-5462

3

8

-5146

-5034

-4209

-3878

-3180

-2124

-1865

-1673

-2718

-3185

-4295

-5522

4

9

-5236

-5079

-4329

-3954

-3240

-2169

-1941

-1764

-2809

-3261

-4355

-5628

5

10

-5266

-5094

-4374

-4014

-3195

-2049

-1835

-1794

-2869

-3306

-4415

-5673

6

11

-5312

-5124

-4390

-3848

-2803

-1626

-1428

-1492

-2839

-3306

-4460

-5703

7

12

-5357

-5139

-4148

-3335

-2351

-1144

-976

-1055

-2311

-3200

-4475

-5718

8

13

-5357

-4642

-3063

-2446

-1747

-571

-388

-196

-1135

-1994

-4385

-5703

9

14

-4196

-3541

-2007

-1436

-843

469

592

890

71

-652

-2485

-5583

10

15

-3065

-2652

-1118

-622

-59

1344

1346

1734

900

403

-1294

-3125

11

16

-2206

-1943

-455

-64

469

1932

1904

2337

1382

915

-646

-1964

12

17

-1920

-1476

58

238

785

2248

2160

2624

1714

976

-254

-1557

13

18

-1874

-1506

118

343

876

2308

2341

2684

1895

991

-495

-1602

14

19

-2327

-1702

-108

87

740

2143

2175

2518

1729

795

-902

-1949

15

20

-3035

-2199

-515

-335

363

1690

1813

2111

1277

312

-1566

-2989

16

21

-3970

-2983

-1269

-953

-195

1072

1271

1478

598

-517

-2591

-4949

17

22

-4799

-3993

-2143

-1647

-828

424

592

754

-276

-1406

-3782

-5130

18

23

-4890

-4521

-3003

-2280

-1220

77

246

196

-1060

-2311

-3903

-5236

19

0

-4935

-4642

-3364

-2642

-1582

-254

-86

-120

-1527

-2492

-3978

-5296

20

1

-4980

-4732

-3530

-2928

-1974

-662

-478

-527

-1753

-2612

-4038

-5356

21

2

-5025

-4808

-3666

-3094

-2230

-993

-780

-738

-1934

-2748

-4099

-5387

22

3

-5116

-4883

-3832

-3260

-2426

-1204

-991

-919

-2100

-2838

-4129

-5432

23

4

-5161

-4928

-3982

-3381

-2607

-1400

-1217

-1070

-2251

-2944

-4189

-5447

24

5

-5176

-4943

-4013

-3501

-2743

-1581

-1368

-1221

-2357

-3004

-4234

-5537

-4355.0

-3980.3

-2733.7

-2270.1

-1504.4

-246.9

-97.5

72.6

-980.2

-1732.9

-3225.4

-4640.9

Mean

BACK MATTER

VI

Table 12-8: Total Fabric heat transfer (W) Hour

Jan-29

Feb-26

Mar-29

Apr-28

May-29

Jun-21

Jul-04

Aug-04

Sep-04

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

1

-27958

-26862

-21541

-17888

-13090

-6560

-5617

-5726

-12487

-16725

-23458

-29997

2

-27944

-27178

-22161

-18951

-14568

-8354

-7107

-6996

-13557

-17353

-23648

-30129

3

-28115

-27467

-22920

-20047

-15800

-9764

-8415

-8166

-14484

-17864

-23798

-30160

4

-28408

-27757

-23556

-20706

-16675

-10854

-9435

-9034

-15283

-18393

-24138

-30344

5

-28634

-27921

-23898

-21285

-17331

-11670

-10212

-9834

-15931

-18775

-24447

-30889

6

-28458

-28091

-24487

-22212

-18218

-12429

-11266

-10771

-16736

-19213

-24508

-30787

7

-28793

-28284

-24806

-21915

-16808

-10683

-10269

-10095

-17100

-19462

-24894

-31050

8

-29008

-28455

-24794

-20883

-15250

-8952

-8513

-8900

-16651

-19513

-25140

-31320

9

-29382

-28464

-23660

-18945

-13813

-7373

-6728

-7151

-14507

-18957

-25261

-31625

10

-29277

-27446

-21385

-16940

-11620

-4572

-4111

-4651

-12024

-16872

-24700

-31626

11

-28202

-25755

-19364

-13051

-6489

1251

969

23

-9457

-14435

-23011

-30868

12

-26888

-24312

-16175

-9248

-3516

4532

4023

3421

-4696

-12235

-21318

-29052

13

-25664

-21740

-11926

-6336

-1214

6707

6519

6587

-1080

-7647

-19849

-27645

14

-22725

-18570

-8896

-3823

1044

9021

8816

9125

1815

-4570

-15153

-26519

15

-20520

-16898

-7288

-2334

2481

10420

10359

10556

3497

-2702

-13278

-22054

16

-19628

-16179

-6730

-2140

2914

10745

10751

11006

3768

-2392

-12918

-20856

17

-20234

-16491

-6949

-2807

2426

9935

10124

10360

3158

-3486

-13570

-21642

18

-21102

-17662

-8034

-3711

1591

8969

9341

9302

2254

-4827

-15134

-22665

19

-22051

-18826

-9583

-4905

895

8512

8355

8222

849

-6274

-16387

-23143

20

-23106

-20139

-11542

-6838

-633

6969

6730

6411

-1288

-8096

-17447

-24667

21

-24861

-21714

-13685

-9513

-3740

3509

3914

3520

-3696

-9962

-19359

-28181

22

-26825

-24145

-15720

-11759

-6398

581

1194

835

-5982

-12129

-22175

-28894

23

-27323

-25904

-18584

-13775

-8086

-1133

-636

-1179

-8435

-15175

-22690

-29376

24

-27688

-26467

-20697

-15835

-10005

-2955

-2569

-3186

-11295

-16066

-23095

-29672

VII

Tender Submission | K13IDM

Table 12-9: Ventilation Heat transfer (W) Hour

Jan-29

Feb-26

Mar-29

Apr-28

May-29

Jun-21

Jul-04

Aug-04

Sep-04

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

1

-266451

-269183

-235023

-217260

-180367

-124344

-112046

-99748

-155771

-177634

-229557

-282848

2

-273283

-273283

-241855

-226825

-188565

-135275

-120244

-109313

-162603

-183099

-232290

-285580

3

-274649

-274649

-244588

-232290

-195397

-144840

-128443

-117512

-172168

-188565

-239122

-291046

4

-281481

-280115

-252786

-237756

-200863

-150305

-133908

-124344

-179000

-194031

-241855

-297878

5

-284214

-281481

-256886

-241855

-203596

-147573

-132542

-131176

-183099

-198130

-247321

-300611

6

-288313

-284214

-259619

-236389

-188565

-132542

-118878

-122977

-183099

-199496

-250054

-303344

7

-291046

-285580

-256886

-213160

-165336

-109313

-97015

-101115

-169435

-194031

-250054

-306077

8

-291046

-281481

-237756

-185832

-140741

-84718

-72420

-76519

-140741

-174901

-247321

-304710

9

-284214

-266451

-210428

-162603

-117512

-61489

-47824

-49191

-107947

-144840

-226825

-301977

10

-269183

-248687

-188565

-139374

-95649

-39626

-27328

-24595

-79252

-117512

-204962

-284214

11

-250054

-229557

-168069

-118878

-76519

-20496

-6832

-5466

-60122

-98382

-185832

-263718

12

-236389

-214527

-148939

-106580

-62855

-4099

5466

12298

-46458

-83351

-170802

-245954

13

-225458

-203596

-135275

-95649

-50557

8198

16397

24595

-35527

-76519

-165336

-233657

14

-219993

-195397

-128443

-90183

-43725

19130

24595

32794

-27328

-73786

-161237

-226825

15

-221359

-195397

-127076

-90183

-39626

20496

31428

38260

-24595

-71053

-163970

-230924

16

-228191

-202229

-128443

-94283

-40992

19130

32794

36893

-25962

-83351

-176267

-244588

17

-241855

-217260

-135275

-102481

-46458

16397

27328

30061

-34160

-97015

-192664

-255519

18

-250054

-232290

-151672

-114779

-57389

6832

19130

17763

-49191

-114779

-200863

-263718

19

-255519

-240489

-168069

-133908

-76519

-6832

4099

0

-68321

-125710

-209061

-270550

20

-259619

-248687

-183099

-153038

-99748

-28695

-17763

-23229

-87450

-138008

-214527

-276015

21

-263718

-255519

-195397

-166702

-118878

-50557

-39626

-40992

-103847

-148939

-219993

-278748

22

-270550

-259619

-207695

-181733

-135275

-69687

-56023

-56023

-117512

-157138

-222725

-281481

23

-276015

-263718

-221359

-189931

-148939

-84718

-75153

-68321

-129809

-166702

-226825

-285580

24

-276015

-266451

-224092

-200863

-158504

-99748

-86084

-80618

-138008

-170802

-232290

-291046

BACK MATTER

VIII

Table 12-10: West Glazing unshaded solar gain (W) Example of solar cooling load Hour

Jan 29th

Feb 26th

Mar 29th

Apr 28th

May 29th

Jun 21st

Jul 4th

Aug 4th

Sep 4th

Oct 4th

Nov 4th

Dec 4th

07:30

1051

2365

4573

7253

8935

9723

8830

7043

5203

2838

1314

841

08:30

1367

2786

5308

8094

9671

10354

9566

7779

5887

3364

1629

841

09:30

1787

3416

6044

8777

10302

10880

10091

8462

6517

3994

2102

1261

10:30

2260

4100

6622

9250

10722

11300

10617

8935

7201

4520

2628

1682

11:30

2628

4520

7095

9671

11037

11563

10985

9250

7674

4941

2943

2102

12:30

3311

5308

7884

10459

11721

12194

11616

9934

8304

5729

3627

2628

13:30

4520

6570

9198

11878

12982

13508

12877

11300

9618

7043

4993

3837

14:30

8777

12089

15400

18448

19499

20078

18921

17555

16083

12772

9829

8094

15:30

10039

16030

20445

24440

25439

26122

24545

23126

21444

17029

12351

9723

16:30

8252

15663

22075

27226

28592

29486

27804

25228

23652

17082

11248

5887

17:30

4100

10985

19447

26963

29118

30379

28487

23862

21234

13981

5781

841

PEAK

10039

16030

22075

27226 29118 30379 28487 25228 23652 Table 12-11: West glazing shaded solar gain (W) Example of solar cooling load

17082

12351

9723

Hour

Jan 29th

Feb 26th

Mar 29th

Apr 28th

May 29th

Jun 21st

Jul 4th

Aug 4th

Sep 4th

Oct 4th

Nov 4th

Dec 4th

07:30

1050

2361

4563

7243

8933

9722

8829

7036

5192

2832

1313

841

08:30

1361

2770

5274

8050

9637

10326

9537

7744

5848

3343

1622

839

09:30

1769

3367

5944

8640

10179

10770

9985

8343

6401

3932

2076

1249

10:30

2194

3922

6279

8758

10248

10889

10196

8516

6796

4311

2528

1633

11:30

1970

2996

4362

5781

7201

7936

7463

5939

4520

3101

2011

1545

12:30

3311

5308

7884

10459

11721

12194

11616

9934

8304

5729

3627

2628

13:30

4520

6570

9198

11878

12982

13508

12877

11300

9618

7043

4993

3837

14:30

8777

12089

15400

18448

19499

20078

18921

17555

16083

12772

9829

8094

15:30

10039

16030

20445

24440

25439

26122

24545

23126

21444

17029

12351

9723

16:30

8252

15663

22075

27226

28592

29486

27804

25228

23652

17082

11248

5887

17:30

4100

10985

19447

26963

29118

30379

28487

23862

21234

13981

5781

841

PEAK

10039

16030

22075

27226

29118

30379

28487

25228

23652

17082

12351

9723

IX

Tender Submission | K13IDM

Table 12-12: Total Solar Gains accounting for shading (W) Hour

Jan-29

Feb-26

Mar-29

Apr-28

May-29

Jun-21

Jul-04

Aug-04

Sep-04

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

7

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

8

21910

36383

48797

62530

88279

104110

92134

66094

54458

42755

25606

19102

9

39266

56210

73908

87054

93381

103684

94306

82957

80263

70971

49191

21828

10

70915

87756

104959

112524

109403

113505

106278

104533

108357

105106

89878

55553

11

105372

118644

128615

131266

126666

129154

121857

123213

130088

133582

125953

101287

12

124441

132281

134317

133777

127803

129348

123148

126241

130949

136387

136347

122369

13

137007

149832

153093

152963

144259

145734

138925

141630

146250

145175

150365

134812

14

135250

146336

150161

150979

140674

142782

136801

138554

146655

142690

141415

129460

15

118303

137829

142750

141613

132276

133417

127769

131573

139987

137039

128038

116525

16

88561

119398

125140

123609

110905

110826

107156

112366

122211

120328

103797

89445

17

58886

87378

94904

77929

94177

105645

96773

77776

90769

88921

73097

46976

18

34162

54475

45529

86928

91748

99201

90974

80199

51436

60346

41603

19102

19

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

21

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

22

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

23

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

24

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

BACK MATTER

X

Table 12-13: Total Sensible Heat transfer (W) Hour

Jan-29

Feb-26

Mar-29

Apr-28

May-29

Jun-21

Jul-04

Aug-04

Sep-04

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

1

-412878

-415730

-361061

-331746

-273652

-186189

-167481

-149824

-237517

-273338

-355082

-438604

2

-422734

-421968

-371551

-346626

-286973

-203775

-180814

-164912

-248457

-281863

-359220

-442685

3

-424879

-424231

-376257

-355619

-298075

-219003

-193966

-177925

-263202

-290269

-369239

-450612

4

-435042

-432417

-388737

-364174

-306845

-227988

-202882

-188664

-273871

-298694

-373527

-460665

5

-439215

-434554

-395001

-370675

-311450

-224856

-201685

-199333

-280441

-304998

-381732

-465158

6

-444962

-438673

-399537

-363705

-290623

-203903

-182999

-188427

-281245

-307410

-385741

-469004

7

-387841

-379437

-334506

-268449

-194254

-107196

-89017

-94765

-200467

-238360

-324724

-411812

8

-304744

-275901

-196659

-104005

-7483

95578

101807

69458

-42704

-106618

-234014

-329604

9

-216490

-172966

-69532

17417

94016

191691

202697

188952

94021

26984

-119537

-261832

10

-101619

-53338

56780

139852

205218

297299

308299

309961

227455

164084

14697

-141044

11

-38452

6877

112066

192092

255247

346407

358567

360951

279388

222634

80096

-64943

12

1670

43670

148593

216172

279096

373569

380677

393038

304750

249351

113896

-16383

13

31253

79584

191356

254061

315619

409895

414742

429358

339458

272598

137279

15233

14

-82476

-31704

78519

139681

201357

302244

303953

317859

231796

154333

16141

-101930

15

23614

84267

197495

254609

323123

419057

429139

443010

353563

277303

123497

6485

16

-15106

56686

178469

230876

300212

394818

410893

422280

334085

243136

81851

-39137

17

-65126

2640

138144

172687

275099

384878

391987

377174

290189

190896

26811

-98184

18

-163964

-114551

2594

101613

194641

302248

312158

299371

166836

73915

-79494

-200328

19

-268374

-243436

-129573

-75547

13160

121448

137082

131027

24957

-65072

-195596

-291180

20

-336754

-317995

-214648

-166518

-83328

26919

42472

34257

-66218

-146063

-265954

-362002

21

-405833

-390843

-295960

-250335

-175474

-69527

-53330

-55699

-153717

-225122

-337165

-430867

22

-417667

-399196

-315760

-274294

-201819

-100090

-79738

-80097

-175741

-239133

-343929

-435528

23

-426061

-406876

-338364

-288154

-223247

-123518

-109203

-99876

-195961

-255996

-350366

-441932

24

-426426

-411388

-344425

-306005

-238984

-147053

-126928

-119649

-210664

-262810

-358666

-450124

Peak

31253

84267

197495

254609

323123

419057

429139

443010

353563

277303

137279

15233

XI

Tender Submission | K13IDM

12.4

APPENDIX C Table 12-14: Total pressure drop along pipes and method

Section of Duct

Q (m3/s)

Velocity (m/s)*

Duct CSA (m2)

Duct Diameter (m)

Pressure Drop per Unit Length (Pa)†

Duct Length (m)

Pressure Drop Along Pipe (pa)

1

16.30

10

1.63

1.44

0.5

4

2

2

14.51

10

1.45

1.36

0.6

3.6

2.16

3

12.73

10

1.27

1.27

0.6

3.6

2.16

4

10.95

10

1.09

1.18

0.7

3.6

2.52

5

9.16

10

0.92

1.08

0.8

3.6

2.88

6

7.38

10

0.74

0.97

0.9

3.6

3.24

7

5.60

10

0.56

0.84

1.1

3.6

3.96

8

3.81

10

0.38

0.70

1.4

3.6

5.04

9

2.03

10

0.20

0.51

2

3.6

7.2

10

0.89

4

0.22

0.53

0.35

13

4.55

11

0.45

4

0.11

0.38

0.5

9

4.5

Total Pressure Drop (Pa)

40.21

*values to prevent excessive fan power form CIBSE Guide B 2.3.11.4 [3] †From Chart 4.2 CIBSE Guide C [10]

BACK MATTER

XII

Table 12-15: Total Pressure loss calculations Component

Description

Component Loss Factor Îś*

Velocity (m/s)

Pressure Drop Due to Component (Pa)

Branch 1 - Unequal T

Configuration A, Flow ratio 0.9, Straight factor,

2

10

20

2

10

20

1.8

10

18

1.2

10

12

1.2

10

12

1

10

10

0.21

10

2.1

0.1

10

1

0.05

4

0.2

Estimate for higher diameter than table provides Branch 2 - Unequal T

Configuration A, Flow ratio 0.9, Straight factor, Estimate for higher diameter than table provides

Branch 3 - Unequal T

Configuration A, Flow ratio 0.9, Straight factor, Estimate for higher diameter than table provides

Branch 4 - Unequal T

Configuration A, Flow ratio 0.8, Straight factor, Estimate for higher diameter than table provides

Branch 5 - Unequal T

Configuration A, Flow ratio 0.8, Straight factor, Estimate for higher diameter than table provides

Branch 6 - Unequal T

Configuration A, Flow ratio 0.8, Straight factor, Estimate for higher diameter than table provides

Branch 7 - Unequal T

Configuration A, Flow ratio 0.7, Straight factor, Estimate for higher diameter than table provides

Branch 8 - Unequal T

Configuration A, Flow ratio 0.5, Straight factor, Estimate for higher diameter than table provides

Diverging flow - Unequal T

Configuration A, Flow ratio 0.4, Branch factor, Estimate for higher diameter than table provides

Smooth elbow

Value Assumed tended to at higher diameters

0.7

4

2.8

Diverging flow - Equal T

Configuration B, Flow ratio 0.5

0.67

4

2.68

Smooth elbow

Value assumed tended to at higher diameters

0.7

4

2.8 Total Pressure Drop from Components (Pa)

XIII

103.58

Tender Submission | K13IDM

BACK MATTER

XIV

XV

Tender Submission | K13IDM