Renaissance Magazine

renaissance 14th to 17th century

CULTURE

Leonardo da Vinci and his crazy sleep schedule- it's worse than yours!

Other features in Art, Literature, Music, and Relgion

POLITICS

Royals and Ruling Families Beef with the Catholic Church?

Perhaps.

SCIENCE

SHOCKING discoveries- the Earth WHAT? MORE beef with the Catholic Church Space, we love to see it.

ECONOMY

Banking, but make it Italian EPIC trade routes Spain and Portugal sing "Row, row, row your boat" as they explore the seas

a g e

o f

r e b i r t h

Christina Nguyen & Yosan Aloula

E L B A T

What was the Renaissance?

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A R T

Overview + Leonardo da Vinci

L I T E R A T U R E

Overview + Shakespeare

R E L G I G I O N

M U S I C

Overview + Famous Composers

S C I E N C E

Overview + Influencial Figures

P O L I T I C S

Overview + 3 Forms of Governments

P O L I T I C S

Overview + 3 Forms of Governments

W O R K S

C I T E D

CONTENTS

F O

I N T R O D U C T I O N

WHAT WAS THE

R e n a i s s a n c e ?

The Last Supper

The Creation of Adam

The Renaissance, which literally translates to "rebirth" was a period of European cultural, artistic, political, and economic rebirth after the Middle Ages. Roughly lasting from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art. This was a revival of the classical learning of the Greeks and Romans. The Renaissance was also more than just a "rebirth" of previous learning, as there were many discoveries. The Renaissance is also often defined in terms of the political, economic, and social changes that occurred throughout Western Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Renaissance art, when viewed through a historical lens, provides evidence for the impact these characteristics had on society

ART

ART

JUNE 2020

Art during the Renaissance was made possible due to combined influences of an increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a more individualistic view of man.

Renaissance art was driven by the new notion of Humanism, a cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance, emphasizing human potential to achieve excellence and promoted direct study of the literature, art, and civilization of classical Greece and Rome. The effect of Humanism on art was the increased attention to detail in human faces and bodies,

Self Portrait of Raphael

FAMOUS ARTISTS

Growing popularity of art gave Renaissance artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael to build a legacy throughout history with their work.

RAPHAEL

Italian Renaissance painter and architect Raphael was born Raffaello Sanzio on April 6, 1483, in Urbino, Italy. His father taught him basic painting techniques, exposing him to the principles of humanistic philosophy MICHEALANGELO

Michelangelo was also known for his use of the human figure in sculptures, sketches, and paintings. His most famous paintings include the Sistine Chapel where there is the Last Judgement fresco, and The Creation of Adam.

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Michelangelo's work of art in the Sistine Chapel

ART

LEONARDO DA VINCI: DOES THE MAN EVER SLEEP? Leonardo Da Vinci's inventions, writings, and architectural designs are certainly impressive, his famous paintings are iconic. His ability to use the golden ratio in his paintings, made them much more realistic and recognizable. Some of his most famous works include The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and the Vitruvian Man. One may inquire how he was able to do so much in his lifetime. This answer was undeniably in his bizarre sleep pattern, which has similarly been used by geniuses throughout history, such as Albert Einstein. Leonardo da Vinci's sleep schedule included 20minute naps every four hours. Da Vinci followed an extreme form of a polyphasic sleep schedule called the Uberman sleep cycle, which consisted of 20-minute naps every four hours. One might call this sleep schedule shocking and baffling, but Leonardo seemed to have lived a "Life well spent," where he used the full extent of his day to bring his visionary ideas to life.

Leonardo da Vinci's sleep schedule has us all baffled.

"As a well-spent day brings happy sleep, so a life well spent brings happy death" RENAISSANCE MAGAZINE | 2

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LITERATURE

They Read in the Renaissance

Renaissance literature, characterized the new Humanist philosophy, was also apart of the renewed interest in the classical Greek and Roman learning.

The invention of the printing press meant quick, mass reproduction of texts leading to a wider audience. This invention changed the lives of people in Europe and all over the world. Books were much less expensive and many more people could afford them. With the knowledge that was in the books, many more people were empowered and as a result many changes began to

Hamlet, by a prominent writer from the Renaissance, William Shakespeare

occur. The weakening of the Catholic Church’s influence on the daily lives of the people, among other things, enabled Renaissance writers to express their beliefs in new ways, although literature during the renaissance was most influenced by the invention of printing.

The Printing Press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg

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LITERATURE

1564

Shakespeare

Shakespeare's works include 38 plays, 2 narrative poems, 154 sonnets, and a variety of other poems. His plays have had many modern adaptations such as the very popular movies Romeo+Juliet, Hamlet, and West Side Story, furthering Shakespeare's legacy.

Photographer Sabino Joson | Stylist Teagan Yatco | MUA Laura Divero

A

lthough not many details are known about William Shakespeares life since he lived more than 400 years ago, the famous works he completed over his years are widely known and celebrated. He was born in 1564 and he lived in Stratford, while he worked in London which was the center of English theatre.

1616

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RELIGION

JUNE 2020

RELIGION IN THE RENAISSANCE The Catholic Church's influence was weakening as the 15th century began, due to many factors. The reemergence of classical texts and the rise in Renaissance Humanism led Europeans to question the role of the Roman Catholic church during the Renaissance. As more people learned how to read and write they began to closely examine and critique religion as they knew it.

Humanism was very important as it changed society's approach to religion and the authority of the Church, A big shift in the church was Martin Luther who highlighted their wrongdoings.

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The Catholic Church also began to lose its power as church officials argued and lost unity. At one point there were even two popes at the same time, each one claiming to be the true Pope. During the Renaissance, men began to challenge some of the practices of the Catholic Church. An Englishman, named John Wycliffe felt the Church should be poor, like the early apostles of Jesus. Wycliffe also believed that the Bible should be translated into English, so people could understand its message. Martin Luther was also influential, changing the Church forever with his 95 theses, further weakening Church authority.

MUSIC

RENAISSANCE TUNES: MUSIC TO ALL EARS Music in the Renaissance

A

t the start of the Renaissance, music composers followed strict rules and controlled elements between text and music in an orderly way. By the 16th and 17th centuries, composers showed greater freedom in their music by expressing full arrays of human emotion in their pieces.

Renaissance composers were seen as craftsmen because they created music to please their audiences’ aesthetic and taste.

Many aristocratic families as well as religious institutions hired composers to create music for them. This was common in the Italian city-states.

Little Greek music survived so Renaissance composers were free to explore and experiment with styles, emotion, and drama. Opera was created at the end of the Renaissance, a music genre which conveys vivid emotion, by composers in Florence and Claudio Monteverdi.

Music was brought closer to the people because of religious reforms. Lutheran hymns were created to involve the church gatherers with the service.

Italian city-states rulers would even compete on who had the best composer RENAISSANCE MAGAZINE | 6

MUSIC

JUNE 2020

FAMOUS COMPOSERS 1

2

WILLIAM BYRD (1540–1623)

JOSQUIN DES PREZ (1450/1455–1521)

William Byrd was one of the most famous English composers in the Renaissance and now. He started playing the organ at a young age and held a position in the Royal Chapel of Queen Elizabeth. Byrd was a Catholic living in Protestant England but still stayed loyal to the royal court. His Latin pieces were popular during his lifetime, and are still the most widely performed of his compositions. However, William Byrd’s most impressive examples of his compositions are seen in his keyboard pieces. The keyboard pieces show a substantial development of style .

Josquin Des Prez was a famous Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance. His compositions fell into the three principal categories: motets, masses, and chansons. He wrote both religious and nonreligious pieces in so many different ways that scholars today have difficulty identifying characteristics of his style. His most famous piece is Ave Maria virgo serena, which is a motet that is often sung to this day.

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Views on science were also changing during the Renaissance. The Catholic Church had accepted the findings of the ancient Greek man, Ptolemy, who said that the earth was the center of the universe, and all the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars revolved around

ECNASSIANER

OVERVIEW

SCIENCE

the stationary earth.

ECNEICS

This theory is called the geocentric, or earthcentered, theory. Nicolas Copernicus (from Poland) challenged this theory, he was convinced that the planets, including earth, revolved around the sun, and that the earth spun in its axis.

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SCIENCE

INFLUENTIAL FIGURES NICOLAS COPERNICUS Nicolaus Copernicus, a mathematician and astronomer who believed the sun was stationary in the center of the universe. Knowing that his findings would be unpopular, Copernicus waited until he was dying to publish his work called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543.

GALILEO GALILEI He used a telescope, saw that the planet Venus showed phases similar to the moon. He also conducted motion experiments on pendulums and falling objects. For his findings, he was sent to prison. The Catholic Church forced him to spend the last nine years of his life under house arrest.

JOHANNES KEPLER Being one of the first to incorporate the field of physics and the field of astronomy, Johannes was responsible for creating Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Causing some controversy at the time, his ideas later became more widely accepted after his death.

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Politics Because the Renaissance had mostly brought an end to feudalism, the need for strong political rule surfaced. Both Northern and Southern parts of Europe established central governments. In Northern Europe king-led national monarchies rose to power while territorial citystates were headed by wealthy oligarchic families in the South.

Territorial unification occurred in England, Spain, and France.

POLITICS

The Protestant Reformation was a movement that pushed to reform the Catholic Church. Many people saw it corrupt and using God's name to exploit followers. Martin Luther was upset when he saw a monk who sold indulgences, forgiveness for sin. Then he took action and challenged the church by nailing his '95 Theses,' which exposed the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church with anger, on the door of the castle church.

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POLITICS

3 Basic Forms of Government Renaissance states had 3 basic forms of government. These were princedoms, monarchies, and oligarchies (called republics).

PRINCEDOMS The ruler of a state, usually with the support of his family, was a prince. This could be called a duke, count, marquis, or just signore (lord). "Prince" meant they had authority to make decisions that affected the people without check by representative body, constitution, or court.

MONARCHIES A monarchies are larger and stronger than princedoms and typically ruled subjects that spoke different dialects and languages. Most of the monarchies were hereditary but a few like Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia were elective.

During the Renaissance, monarchies grew in power and size.

OLIGARCHIES (REPUBLICS) These were the smallest and most unusual political units.

Oligarchies, which were usually elite merchants, ruled these republics. These republics were city-states that were made of a major town/city and its surrounding territory of farms and villages. This government was centered around connected, balanced councils. Large assemblies of men would be selected/elected to debate and create laws.

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ECONOMY

Exploring the Renaissance's Economy During the Italian Renaissance, Italian citystate commerce was at such an advanced level that barely any nations and states could compete with it.

The Medici family dominated trade in Florence, and their wealth was built by Giovanni di Bicci de Medici as well as his son Cosimo. The Medici Bank was founded by Giovanni who passed it down to his son Cosimo, who built political power for the family. This bank was not an actual bank but a network of branches set up by the family. The Medici family became one of the most powerful and wealthy families in Europe.

Venice, a group of small islands in the northern Adriatic Sea, was also an international trade power during the Renaissance. This geography created a dependency on maritime trade. Marco Polo, a famous Venetian merchant, established trade routes that connected all of Asia and Venice. This allowed Venice to have precious goods like porcelain, exotic dyes, and gems.

The development of Spanish and Portuguese trade in the 1500s was thanks to overseas exploration in which silver, slaves, sugar, and other goods were imported and exported. Once the Portuguese began trade with Asia, they swept the spice trade from beneath the Venetians.

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ECONOMY

Contributions to the Economy Spanish & Portuguese Trade

Medici

Venetian

Family

Trade

Spices, silver, porcelain, other prized goods

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WORKS CITED

Christina Nguyen

THANK YOU FOR A GREAT YEAR

Yosan Aloula

https://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/renaissance/renaissance_music.html https://news.psu.edu/story/141885/2011/08/09/research/probing-question-what-defines-renaissancemusic https://uh.edu/~tkoozin/projects/ogan/Byrd.html http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/byrd.php https://www.britannica.com/biography/Josquin-des-Prez https://www.pcmsconcerts.org/composer/josquin-des-prez/ http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/ren.html https://www.penfield.edu/webpages/jgiotto/onlinetextbook.cfm?subpage=1512314 https://www.iep.utm.edu/renaissa/ https://www.novelguide.com/reportessay/history/european-history/political-effects-renaissance https://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literaryterms/literature-general/renaissance https://globaledge.msu.edu/blog/post/54520/renaissance-economies-italian-trade-prac https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-andmaps/economy-and-trade https://careergps.mass.edu/art-history https://www.radford.edu/rbarris/art216upd2012/Raphael%20and%20Leonardo%20S11.html http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/renaissance-art.htm https://www.britannica.com/art/Renaissance-art https://people.umass.edu/eng2/per/renaissance.html https://www.britannica.com/art/English-literature/The-Renaissance-period-1550-1660 https://westernreservepublicmedia.org/middleages/reform_art.htm http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/ren.html https://www.penfield.edu/webpages/jgiotto/onlinetextbook.cfm? subpage=1512314https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance https://humanism.org.uk/humanism/the-humanist-tradition/renaissance/ https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/science-renaissance https://blogs.umass.edu/p139ell/2012/11/19/the-renaissance-and-the-scientific-revolution/ RENAISSANCE MAGAZINE | 14