Biopsychology 10th edition pinel test bank

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

CHAPTER 8 THE SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEM: HOW YOU MOVE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

Like the sensory systems, the sensorimotor system is a. b. c. d. e.

hierarchical. parallel. functionally segregated. all of the above none of the above

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 196–197 Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Type: Conceptual Rationale: The chapter is organized around these concepts, which are explicitly discussed.

2.

Which of the following is a principle of sensorimotor organization? a. b. c. d. e.

The sensorimotor system is hierarchically organized.

Motor output is guided by sensory input.

Learning changes the nature and locus of sensorimotor control. all of the above both B and C

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 196–197 Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Type: Conceptual Rationale: All three principles are emphasized in the text.

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

3.

Which kinds of movements are NOT influenced by sensory feedback? a. b. c. d. e.

innate movements unpracticed movements practiced movements ballistic movements reflexive movements

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 197 Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Type: Factual Rationale: Ballistic movements are too fast to be affected by sensory feedback.

4.

Without the sensory feedback carried by the somatosensory nerves of the arms, human neurological patients, such as G.O., have difficulty a. b. c. d. e.

swatting a fly. maintaining a constant appropriate level of manual muscle contraction. adjusting the output of the muscles of their arms to compensate for unexpected external disturbances (e.g., somebody brushing against an arm). all of the above both B and C

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 197 Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Type: Applied 5.

With respect to sensorimotor learning, the advantage of transferring control to lower circuits of the neural hierarchy is that it a. b. c. d. e.

frees the higher levels of the nervous system to deal with more complex issues. increases the reliability of movements. increases validity. increases conscious awareness of the response. all of the above

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 197 Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Type: Conceptual Rationale: B, C, and D are either wrong, irrelevant, or incomprehensible.

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

6.

During sensorimotor learning, a. b. c. d. e.

the locus of control is often shifted to lower levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy. the locus of control is often shifted from conscious to unconscious control mechanisms. individual responses are often integrated into continuous motor programs. all of the above both A and B

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 197 Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Type: Conceptual Rationale: All three of these principles of sensorimotor learning are emphasized in the text.

7.

Which structure is thought to be involved in the integration of the sensory information that is the basis for initiating a movement? a. b. c. d. e.

posterior parietal cortex primary somatosensory cortex primary auditory cortex frontal cortex primary visual cortex

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 198 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Factual 8.

Much of the output of the posterior parietal cortex goes to the a. b. c. d. e.

dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex. frontal eye fields. various areas of secondary motor cortex. all of the above both B and C

Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 198 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

9.

Apraxia is usually caused by lesions to the a. b. c. d. e.

the left parietal lobe. the right parietal lobe. the right primary motor cortex. the right secondary motor cortex. either temporal lobe.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 199 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Applied 10.

Apraxia typically affects a. b. c. d. e.

only the left side of the body. only the right side of the body. both sides of the body. only the arms. only the legs.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 199 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Applied Rationale: The bilateral nature of the deficits is difficult to understand; it is one of the main defining criteria of the disorder.

11.

Large lesions to the right parietal lobe sometimes produce a. b. c. d. e.

ipsilateral astereognosia. contralateral neglect. apraxia. all of the above both A and C

Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 199 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Applied Rationale: Apraxia is produced by left parietal lesions, and astereognosia is not produced by parietal lesions, therefore only B can be correct.

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

12.

A neurological patient who shaves only the right side of his face and does not put his left arm into his sweater likely has a lesion in his right a. b. c. d. e.

premotor area. supplementary motor cortex. posterior parietal lobe. dorsolateral frontal lobe. primary motor area.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 199–200 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Applied Rationale: Contralateral neglect usually results from right parietal damage, which affects the left side of the body.

13.

Contralateral neglect is usually associated with large lesions of the a. b. c. d. e.

right parietal lobe. left parietal lobe. right frontal lobe. left frontal lobe. right temporal lobe.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 200 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Applied 14.

The dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex a. b. c. d. e.

appears to be important in the initiation of complex voluntary movements. sends projections to the primary and secondary motor cortices. plays a critical role in the elicitation and blocking of reflexes. both A and B both B and C

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 200 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

15.

Evidence suggests that the decision to initiate a voluntary response comes from the ____________ in concert with other areas of cortex. a. b. c. d. e.

posterior occipital cortex dorsolateral prefrontal cortex primary motor cortex premotor cortex supplementary motor area

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 201 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Factual Rationale: Other areas that appear to participate in the initiation of a response, but none of these other areas is listed as an option.

16.

The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are considered to be areas of a. b. c. d. e.

the parietal lobe. association cortex. secondary somatosensory cortex. secondary motor cortex. the primary motor cortex.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 201 Topic: Secondary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 17.

The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are in the a. b. c. d. e.

frontal lobe. temporal lobe. parietal lobe. occipital lobe. limbic lobe.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 201 Topic: Secondary Motor Cortex Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

18.

Some of the supplementary motor area is in the a. b. c. d. e.

longitudinal fissure. lateral fissure. parietal cortex. temporal cortex. inferotemporal cortex.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 201 Topic: Secondary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 19.

Small areas of secondary motor cortex were discovered in the a. b. c. d. e.

dorsolateral frontal lobe. lateral prefrontal lobe. cingulate gyrus. posterior parietal lobe. cerebellum.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 201 Topic: Secondary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 20.

In general, the various areas of secondary motor cortex are thought to a. b. c. d. e.

terminate response sequences. specialize in guiding learned sequences. program specific patterns of movement. mediate reflexes. provide the major input to spinal motor circuits.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 201 Topic: Secondary Motor Cortex Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

21.

Neurons that fire in response to making a particular response, observing somebody else making the response, or just thinking about the response are called a. b. c. d. e.

supplementary motor neurons. premotor neurons. mirror neurons. ballistic neurons. somatotopic neurons.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 203 Topic: Secondary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 22.

In 1937, the primary motor cortex was mapped by electrically stimulating the cortex of conscious human patients who were undergoing neurosurgery. This was accomplished by a. b. c. d. e.

Hebb.

Pinel.

Jackson.

Penfield and Boldrey.

Sperry.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 203 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 23.

The somatotopic map of the primary motor cortex is called the a. b. c. d. e.

motor homunculus. somatosensory homunculus. stereognosis. somatotopic homunculus. supplementary map.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 204 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

24.

Which part of the body has been found to be doubly represented in each primary motor area of monkeys? a. b. c. d. e.

tongue contralateral lip contralateral hand genitals contralateral foot

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 204 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 25.

The only parts of each motor homunculus to receive somatosensory feedback directly from the skin are the a. b. c. d. e.

genital areas. lip areas. hand areas. foot areas. face areas.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 204 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 26.

The primary motor cortex receives cutaneous feedback from only one part of the body: the hands. This feedback likely plays an important role in a. b. c. d. e.

stereognosis. astereognosia. the homunculus. the cingulate motor areas. apraxia.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 204 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

27.

Long bursts of stimulation applied to the primary motor cortex elicit a. b. c. d. e.

simple movements of one joint. simple contractions of one muscle. complex natural-looking response sequences. reflexes. either A or B

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 204 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 28.

In the primary motor cortex, the neurons that participate in the movement of a particular finger are a. b. c. d. e.

located in one somatotopically segregated finger area. widely distributed over the somatotopic hand area. all located in a single column. all located in the left parietal lobe. all located in the right parietal lobe.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 204 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 29.

A study of the firing of primary motor cortex neurons while monkeys moved freely about indicated that their firing was often related to the a. b. c. d. e.

direction of the movement. speed of the movement. end point (i.e., target) of the movement. acceleration of the movement. purpose of the movement.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 204 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

30.

In a remarkable demonstration, Belle, the owl monkey, controlled the movements of a robotic arm a. b. c. d. e.

by pressing buttons. with the activity of neurons in her primary motor cortex. with speech sounds. with monkey calls. by providing visual feedback to the arm.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 205 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Applied Rationale: This indicates that, eventually, paralyzed patients might be able to control robots with the activity of their brains.

31.

A deficit in the ability to recognize objects by touch is called a. b. c. d. e.

apraxia. asomatognosia. stereognosis. astereognosia. homunculus.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 205 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Applied Rationale: C refers to the ability; D refers to a deficit in the ability: D is incorrect.

32.

The effects of damage to the primary motor cortex include a. b. c. d. e.

astereognosia. difficulty in moving one part of the body independently of others. paralysis. all of the above both A and B

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 205 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Applied Rationale: Many students assume that paralysis is consequence of primary motor cortex lesions.

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

33.

It has been estimated that over half the neurons of the brain are in a structure that constitutes only 10% of the brain’s total mass. This structure is the a. b. c. d. e.

neocortex. cerebellum. hippocampus. brain stem. corpus callosum.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 206 Topic: Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Type: Factual 34.

The cerebellum is thought to a. b. c. d. e.

correct ongoing movements that deviate from their intended course. play a major role in motor learning, particularly when timing is critical. mediate astereognosia. all of the above both A and B

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 206 Topic: Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Type: Factual 35.

The consequences of widespread cerebellar damage include a. b. c. d. e.

difficulty in maintaining steady postures. inability to precisely control the direction, force, velocity, and amplitude of movements. inability to adapt patterns of motor output to changing conditions. severe disturbances of balance, gait, speech, and eye movement. all of the above

Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 206 Topic: Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Type: Applied Rationale: The text emphasizes the devastating effects of diffuse cerebellar damage, including the four effects listed here.

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

36.

Recent fMRI studies have challenged the traditional view of the cerebellum by suggesting that in addition to its sensorimotor functions it is involved in a. b. c. d. e.

motor learning. control and learning of cognitive responses. learning motor sequences. correcting motor sequences. integrating motor sequences.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 206 Topic: Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Type: Factual Rationale: The cerebellum seems to be involved in all five of the options, but only C was recently demonstrated by fMRI studies and only it has substantially changed how we think about the cerebellum.

37.

Which of the following receives information from various parts of the cortex and feeds it back to motor cortex? a. b. c. d. e.

basal ganglia cerebellum red nucleus reticular formation substantia nigra

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 206 Topic: Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Type: Factual 38.

Which structure is part of a neural loop including the cortex and the basal ganglia? a. b. c. d. e.

thalamus vestibular nucleus cerebellum red nucleus substantia nigra

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 206 Topic: Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Type: Factual 495 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

39.

Current theories of the function of the basal ganglia emphasize their a. b. c. d. e.

role in modulating motor output. involvement in a variety of cognitive processes. systematic anatomical organization. all of the above both A and B

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 206 Topic: Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Type: Factual 40.

Signals from the left primary motor cortex descend through the spinal cord white matter in one of a. b. c. d. e.

three major tracts. four major tracts. five major tracts. six major tracts. eight major tracts.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 207 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 41.

The decussation in the medullary pyramids is part of the a. b. c. d. e.

dorsolateral corticospinal tract. dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract. ventromedial corticospinal tract. ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract. both C and D

Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 207 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

42.

The cell bodies of Betz cells are found in the a. b. c. d. e.

premotor cortex. primary motor cortex. supplementary motor cortex. cerebellum. basal ganglia.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 207 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 43.

The axons of Betz cells are part of the a. b. c. d. e.

dorsolateral corticospinal tract. dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract. anterolateral pathway. ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract. ventromedial corticospinal tract.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 207 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 44.

In general, the dorsolateral corticospinal tract controls the muscles of the a. b. c. d. e.

thighs. body core. hands and feet. proximal limbs. legs.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 207 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

45.

Only primates and a few other species, such as hamsters and raccoons, have cortical neurons that synapse directly on a. b. c. d. e.

muscles. muscles of the fingers and thumb. motor neurons that project to the muscles of the fingers and thumb. spinal interneurons. targets in the PNS.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 207 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 46.

In neuroanatomy, “rubro” refers to the a. b. c. d. e.

substantia nigra. vestibular system. caudate. red nucleus. cerebellum.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 207 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 47.

Most axons of the dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract synapse on a. b. c. d. e.

muscles of the fingers and thumb. muscles of the hands and wrists. interneurons of the spinal gray matter that in turn synapse on motor neurons that project to the distal muscles of the arms and legs. motor neurons that project to the fingers.

Betz cells.

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 207 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

48.

In contrast to the ventromedial corticospinal tract, before descending to the spinal cord, the ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract interacts with the a. b. c. d. e.

tectum. reticular formation. vestibular nuclei. all of the above none of the above

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 208 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 49.

Which of the following brain stem structures receives direct sensory information about balance? a. b. c. d. e.

cerebellum reticular formation vestibular nucleus tectum red nucleus

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 208 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 50.

Which midbrain structure receives visual and auditory information about spatial location? a. b. c. d. e.

tectum cerebellum basal ganglia tegmentum vestibular nucleus

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 208 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

51.

The descending pathway illustrated here is the

a. b. c. d. e.

dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract. dorsolateral corticospinal tract. ventromedial corticospinal tract. ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract. none of the above

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 208 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

52.

In contrast to the axons of the descending dorsolateral motor pathways, individual axons of the ventromedial pathways often terminate a. b. c. d. e.

directly on motor neurons. in two or more segments. on both sides of the spinal cord. both A and B both B and C

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 208 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 53.

In contrast to the descending dorsolateral motor pathways, the ventromedial pathways a. b. c. d. e.

control the trunk. are more diffuse. are more strictly contralateral. all of the above both A and B

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 208 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 54.

In general, the ventromedial descending motor tracts control the muscles of the a. b. c. d. e.

thumbs. fingers. trunk. toes. face.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 208 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

55.

In one classic experiment, monkeys had difficulty letting go of food after their a. b. c. d. e.

dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tracts were transected. dorsolateral corticospinal tracts were transected. ventromedial corticospinal tracts were transected. cerebellum was lesioned. basal ganglia were lesioned.

Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 209 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 56.

In the classic transection experiments of Lawrence and Kuypers, monkeys with all their dorsolateral motor pathways transected sat with their arms hanging limply by their sides.

However, these same monkeys had no difficulty a. b. c. d. e.

picking up pieces of food and then releasing them. using their arms for standing, walking, and climbing. reaching for moving objects. moving their fingers independently. all of the above

Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 209 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 57.

In the classic experiments of Lawrence and Kuypers, the descending motor tracts of monkeys were transected. The results of these experiments suggest that the function of the ventromedial pathways is the control of a. b. c. d. e.

posture. movements of the body core and associated arm movements. reaching for objects. all of the above both A and B

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 209 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

58.

When a motor neuron fires, all of the muscle fibers of its motor a. b. c. d. e.

unit contract together. pool contract together. segment contract together. equivalence contract together. feedback contract together.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 210 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 59.

In which of the following structures would the motor units likely be the smallest? a. b. c. d. e.

finger leg arm foot back

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 210 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 60.

The motor units of the thumb, fingers, and face contain the a. b. c. d. e.

fewest muscle fibers. most muscle fibers. fewest motor neurons. most motor neurons. most extensors.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 210 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

61.

About how many motor neurons are there in the typical motor unit? a. b. c. d. e.

4 1 100 1,000 150

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 210 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual Rationale: By definition, a motor unit is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.

62.

All of the motor neurons that innervate the fibers of a single muscle are called its a. b. c. d. e.

motor unit. discharge unit. motor pool. antagonists. agonists.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 210 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 63.

So-called fast muscle fibers a. b. c. d. e.

are pale. are bright red. can generate great force for long periods. are found exclusively in extensors. are found exclusively in flexors.

Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 210 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual Rationale: Fast muscle fibers are pale because they are poorly vascularized.

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

64.

The biceps and triceps are a. b. c. d. e.

synergistic. dynamic. isometric. extensors. antagonistic.

Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 210 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 65.

Bob tried to open a jar of pickles, but the lid did not budge. As he struggled against the unmoving lid, the muscles of his hands and arms were a. b. c. d. e.

in isometric contraction. in dynamic contraction. locked in a stretch reflex. in motor pools. in extension.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 211 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 66.

Increases in muscle tension in the absence of any shortening of the muscle are said to be a. b. c. d. e.

contractions. dynamic. extensions. isometric. synergistic.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 211 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

67.

The tension of a muscle can be increased by increasing a. b. c. d. e.

the number of active neurons in its motor pool. the level of activity of neurons in its motor pool. the number of active neurons in its motor unit. all of the above both A and B

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 211 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual Rationale: C is incorrect because by definition all motor units have one neuron; also, muscles do not have motor units.

68.

Muscles are protected from damage caused by excessive contraction by a. b. c. d. e.

gamma efferents. spindle afferents. extrafusal motor pools.

Golgi tendon organs. synergistic muscles.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 211 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 69.

Muscle spindles provide the CNS with information about muscle a. b. c. d. e.

fatigue. length. tension. color. location.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 211 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

70.

Intrafusal is to extrafusal as a. b. c. d. e.

voluntary is to ballistic. muscle spindle is to skeletal muscle. voluntary is to reflex. dynamic is to static.

CNS is to PNS.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 212 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 71.

The patellar tendon reflex is a a. b. c. d. e.

withdrawal reflex. reciprocal reflex. stretch reflex. recurrent reflex. multisynaptic reflex.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 212 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

72.

The tiny muscle at the end of the pointer line is

a. b. c. d. e.

an intrafusal muscle. an extrafusal muscle. a skeletal muscle. both A and C Both B and C

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 212 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

73.

The tiny motor neuron illustrated here is

a. b. c. d. e.

a spindle afferent neuron. an intrafusal neuron. an extrafusal neuron. an agonist neuron. an antagonist neuron.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 212 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

74.

Illustrated here is a

a. b. c. d. e.

patellar tendon reflex. withdrawal reflex. stretch reflex. both A and B both A and C

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 212 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 75.

The patellar tendon reflex is a a. b. c. d. e.

conditioned reflex. stretch reflex. withdrawal reflex. monosynaptic reflex. both B and D

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 213 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

76.

During a stretch reflex, the extrafusal motor neuron is excited directly by the a. b. c. d. e.

intrafusal motor neuron. muscle spindle receptor. spindle afferent neuron. intrafusal muscle. muscle.

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 213 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 77.

The latency of withdrawal reflexes indicates that they involve a. b. c. d. e.

no synapses. at least 1 synapse. at least 2 synapses. at least 3 synapses. more than 3 synapses.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 213 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 78.

Which of the following requires an inhibitory interneuron? a. b. c. d. e.

reciprocal innervation recurrent collateral inhibition isometric contraction all of the above both A and B

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 214 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

79.

Which of the following helps distribute the work between different motor neurons of a muscle’s motor pool? a. b. c. d. e.

cocontraction recurrent collateral inhibition reciprocal inhibition muscle-spindle feedback withdrawal reflex

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 214 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 80.

Recurrent collateral inhibition is mediated by a. b. c. d. e.

cocontraction.

Renshaw cells.

Golgi organs. muscle spindles. reciprocal innervation.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 214 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 81.

If given the correct sensory feedback, the cat spinal cord is capable of controlling a. b. c. d. e.

walking movements. volition. problem solving. the grasp reflex. astereognosia.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 215 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

82.

The results of the treadmill experiment by Grillner (1985) suggest that part of the central sensorimotor program for walking is in the a. b. c. d. e.

cerebellum. spinal cord. primary motor cortex. primary sensory cortex. red nucleus.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 215 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 83.

According to current theory, the sensorimotor system a. b. c. d. e.

is largely ballistic. is largely, if not entirely, ipsilateral. comprises a hierarchy of central sensorimotor programs. all of the above both A and B

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 216 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Conceptual Rationale: The concept of central sensorimotor programs is emphasized in the text; A and B are clearly incorrect.

84.

The fact that the same basic movement can be carried out in different ways involving different muscles is called a. b. c. d. e.

cocontraction. a central sensorimotor program. motor equivalence. recurrent collateral inhibition. sensorimotor equipotentiality.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 216 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

85.

One fMRI study indicated that the central sensorimotor programs for signing one’s name are stored in a. b. c. d. e.

primary motor cortex. secondary motor cortex. association cortex. spinal interneuronal pools. descending motor pathways.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 216 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Factual 86.

An important point made by Fentress’s study of grooming movements in forelimbless mice was that a. b. c. d. e.

the complex species-common grooming movements of mice are not learned. feedback is an important component of the central sensorimotor program for mouse grooming. feedback is necessary to shape paw movements but not to shape those of the proximal limbs. species-common grooming movements must be learned. both A and B

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 217 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

87.

A highly skilled typist can type 120 words per minute only because a. b. c. d. e.

the neural circuits responsible for activating each key press become active before the preceding key press has been completed. different neural circuits at the lower levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy can be simultaneously active without interfering with one another. the key presses have been chunked. all of the above he receives flowers from his boss at least once a month.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 217–218 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Factual 88.

Response chunking and changing the level of control are thought to be important processes in a. b. c. d. e.

the stretch reflex. walking. sensorimotor learning. the withdrawal reflex. recurrent collateral inhibition.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 217 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

89.

Theories of sensorimotor learning emphasize two kinds of learning-related changes in sensorimotor programs: a. b. c. d. e.

chunking and increasing conscious control of the learned sensorimotor response. transferring the neural control of the learned sensorimotor response to lower levels of the CNS and increasing conscious control of it. chunking and increasing the degree of neural control. transferring the neural control of the learned sensorimotor response to higher levels of the CNS and increasing the conscious control of it. chunking and transferring much of the control of the response to lower levels of the nervous system.

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 217 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Factual 90.

Which of the following is a major finding of the Jenkins and colleagues PET study of motor learning? a.

b. c. d. e.

Posterior parietal cortex was more activated during the performance of both newly learned sequences than during the performance of well-practiced sequences.

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was activated during the performance of newly learned but not well-practiced sequences.

The cerebellum was activated during both newly learned and well-practiced sequences but more during newly learned sequences.

Contralateral primary motor and somatosensory cortices were equally activated during the performance of newly learned and well-practiced sequences. all of the above

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 218 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

91.

Which of the following is a major finding of the Jenkins and colleagues PET study of motor learning? a. b. c. d. e.

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was activated during well-practiced but not newly learned sequences.

The cerebellum was more active during well-practiced than during newly learned sequences.

Contralateral primary motor and somatosensory cortexes were activated during both well-practiced and newly learned sequences. all of the above both A and B

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 218 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Factual FILL-IN-THE-BLANK QUESTIONS 1.

The only movements that are not greatly influenced by sensory feedback are __________ movements.

Answer: ballistic Diff: 2 Page Ref: 197 Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Type: Factual 2.

The area of association cortex that is thought to integrate the spatial information that is required to initiate an accurate movement is the __________ cortex.

Answer: posterior parietal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 198 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Factual 3.

Patients with __________ have particular difficulty making accurate movements when asked to do so, particularly when they are asked to make them out of context.

Answer: apraxia Diff: 1 Page Ref: 199 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Applied 517 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

4.

Contralateral neglect typically results from damage to the __________ posterior parietal lobe.

Answer: right Diff: 2 Page Ref: 199 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Applied 5.

The somatotopic map of the primary motor cortex is called the motor __________.

Answer: homunculus Diff: 2 Page Ref: 204 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 6.

The only part of the primary motor cortex to receive sensory feedback from the skin is that part that controls the contralateral __________.

Answer: hand Diff: 1 Page Ref: 204 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 7.

__________ is the ability to recognize objects by touch.

Answer: Stereognosis Diff: 3 Page Ref: 204 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 8.

The __________ constitutes about 10% of the brains total mass but includes over half its neurons.

Answer: cerebellum Diff: 1 Page Ref: 206 Topic: Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

9.

The basal ganglia receive signals from various parts of the cortex and transmit them back to the cortex via the __________.

Answer: thalamus Diff: 3 Page Ref: 206 Topic: Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Type: Factual 10.

The particularly large pyramidal neurons of primary motor cortex are known as __________ cells.

Answer: Betz Diff: 2 Page Ref: 207 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 11.

Neurons descending from the primary motor cortex in the corticorubrospinal tract synapse in the __________ before the tract reaches the spinal cord.

Answer: red nucleus Diff: 3 Page Ref: 207 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 12.

The two descending __________ motor pathways control movements of the trunk.

Answer: ventromedial Diff: 3 Page Ref: 208 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 13.

The number of motor neurons in a motor unit is __________.

Answer: one Diff: 3 Page Ref: 210 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

15.

Two muscles whose contraction produces the same movement of a joint are said to be __________ muscles.

Answer: synergistic Diff: 2 Page Ref: 210 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 14.

Muscle contraction in the absence of movement is called __________ contraction.

Answer: isometric Diff: 1 Page Ref: 211 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 16.

Muscle spindles are receptors that respond to changes in muscle __________.

Answer: length Diff: 2 Page Ref: 211 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual 17.

The patellar tendon reflex is an example of a __________ reflex.

Answer: stretch Diff: 2 Page Ref: 212 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits 18.

__________ inhibition is mediated by Renshaw cells and helps distribute the work among the motor neurons of a muscle’s motor pool.

Answer: Recurrent collateral Diff: 3 Page Ref: 214 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

19.

The same basic movement (such as signing one’s name) can be made in a variety of ways involving different limbs and muscles: This important principle is called motor __________.

Answer: equivalence Diff: 2 Page Ref: 216 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Factual 20.

Theories of sensorimotor learning emphasize two kinds of changes to sensorimotor programs: transfer of control to lower levels of the neural hierarchy and response __________.

Answer: chunking Diff: 2 Page Ref: 217 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Factual ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.

Discuss three principles of sensorimotor function.

Answer: 50% for naming the three principles: hierarchical organization, critical role of sensory input, and learning changes the nature and locus of neural control 50% for discussion of the three principles Diff: 1 Page Ref: 196–198 Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Type: Conceptual 2.

Discuss the two effects of damage to the posterior parietal cortex.

Answer: 20% for identifying apraxia 20% for identifying contralateral neglect 30% for discussing apraxia 30% for discussing contralateral neglect Diff: 2 Page Ref: 198–200 Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Type: Applied

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

3.

Discuss the organization and functions of primary motor cortex. Compare the traditional view with the modern view, emphasizing the relevant evidence.

Answer: 20% for describing traditional view 30% for describing the modern view 50% for describing relevant research Diff: 2 Page Ref: 201–205 Topic: Primary Motor Cortex Type: Factual 4.

Describe the four descending motor pathways and their function. Include a description of the classic study of Lawrence and Kuypers, who lesioned these pathways in monkeys and assessed the effects.

Answer: 40% for describing the anatomy of the four pathways 40% for describing the study of Lawrence and Kuypers 20% for describing the functions of the four pathways Diff: 3 Page Ref: 207–210 Topic: Descending Motor Pathways Type: Factual 5.

Discuss the anatomy, circuitry, and function of muscle spindles. Use diagrams of the muscle spindle feedback circuit in your answer.

Answer: 20% for describing the anatomy of muscle spindles 30% for describing the feedback circuit 30% for describing the function 20% for effective use of drawings Diff: 3 Page Ref: 211–215 Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

6.

Discuss the concept of central sensorimotor programs. Describe and discuss three of their important features.

Answer: 25% for explaining the concept 75% for describing and discussing three important features Diff: 2 Page Ref: 216–218 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Conceptual 7.

Many aspects of the sensory motor system are demonstrated by the chapter-ending PET study of Jenkins and colleagues. Describe their methods, four major results, and the conclusions based on them. Illustrate the results with a drawing of the study.

Answer: 20% for describing the methods 60% for describing four major results and the related conclusions 20% for illustrating the results Diff: 3 Page Ref: 218 Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning Type: Factual

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS EOM_8.1.1 The main advantage to a hierarchical organization of the sensorimotor system is that a. b. c. d.

parallel processing can occur with less interference from other input sources. the brain is better able to compensate for deficiencies caused by impairment. many alternate routes are available for sensory feedback. higher levels of the hierarchy are left free to perform more complex functions.

Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 8.1 In the context of the sensorimotor system, explain what hierarchically organized means.

Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy EOM_8.1.2 The only responses that are not normally guided by sensory feedback are a. b. c. d.

parallel movements. ballistic movements. sideways movements. stereotypical movements.

Answer: B Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Explain the important role of sensory input for motor output.

Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

EOM_8.1.3 Sensorimotor learning is characterized by a. b. c. d.

the organization of individual responses into continuous motor programs. the transfer of control of individual movements to lower levels of the CNS. the segregation of the control response chains into a series of independent motor programs. both a and b

Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Describe how learning changes the nature and locus of sensorimotor control.

Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Moderate EOM_8.1.4 Association cortices are _______________ in the sensorimotor hierarchy than secondary motor cortices. a. b. c. d.

much lower higher lower more parallel

Answer: B Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Describe and/or draw the general model of sensorimotor function.

Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System

EOM_8.1.5 Hannah, a dancer, has been learning a new routine. As she practices her moves, she watches herself carefully in the mirror, thinks about each movement, and takes mental note of any errors she makes. With continued practice, Hannah’s sensorimotor system will allow her to a. b. c. d.

adjust sensory feedback with conscious regulation. adjust sensory feedback without conscious regulation. anticipate movements as she subvocalizes. break down each movement into separate units to sub-visually analyze while she dances.

Answer: B Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Describe how learning changes the nature and locus of sensorimotor control.

Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate EOM_8.2.1 A striking consequence of posterior parietal cortex damage is a. b. c. d.

apraxia. contralateral neglect. auditory agnosia. both a and b

Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Explain the role of the posterior parietal cortex in sensorimotor function, and describe what happens when it is damaged or stimulated.

Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy

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