Grammar guide to the english language

GRAMMAR GUIDE TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Helpful knowledge on English grammar

Juan Limeta-Rios

TABLE OF CONTENTS Nouns: Types, Identifiers, Functions ........................................... 1-2 Pronouns/Verbs........................................................................ 2-4 Adjectives/Adverbs ................................................................... 5-7 Conjunctions/Prepositions ......................................................... 7-8 Interjections/Transitions/Associated Terms ................................. 8-10 Phrases ................................................................................ 11-12 Clauses ................................................................................ 12-13 Sentence Parts ...................................................................... 14-15 Sentence Types ..................................................................... 15-16 Sentence Patterns ................................................................. 17-20 Sentence Errors .................................................................... 20-21 Paragraphs ........................................................................... 22-25 Essays ................................................................................. 26-27 Punctuation, Capitalization, Confused Words ............................. 28-32

INTRODUCTION TO GET STARTED THIS BOOK WAS CREATED TO FURTHER EXPLAIN GRAMMAR AND ALL IT CONSISTS OF. IN THIS BOOK, THE READER CAN GET A FURTHER UNDERSTANDING ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. THE BOOK ITSELF WILL HAVE MANY TOPICS THAT RELATE TO GRAMMAR.

“YOUR GRAMMAR IS A REFLECTION OF YOUR IMAGE. GOOD OR BAD, YOU HAVE MADE AN IMPRESSION. AND LIKE ALL IMPRESSIONS, YOU ARE IN TOTAL CONTROL.” -JEFFREY GITOMER

About the Author I'm just a kid from Los Angeles with dreams and aspirations just like anybody else. I am the younger of two children, being born on February 26, 1999. I learned to write at the same age as anyone else. Over time I learned new aspects to writing, eventually you get to the point where you know all there is to about the English language. All that’s left to do is practice it, constantly. I am still developing myself as a writer.

Nothing special, just an average writer. I wrote this grammar book in hopes of putting knowledge in the mind of those willing to read this book.

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I.

NOUNS A. Types of nouns: 1. Common Nouns: gymnasium, stadium, patriots, cornerbacks, center.

2. Proper Nouns: Levis Stadium, Patrick Willis, San Francisco.

3. Compound Nouns: Football, software, sunrise.

4. Concrete Nouns: Bench, cup, helmet, shoulder pads.

5. Abstract Nouns: Ambition, passion, intelligence, anger.

B. Noun identifiers: 1. Noun endings: Sadness Participation Heroism Artist Departure Attitude Movement Assistance Mobility Canister Advisory Engineer Adulthood 2. Following a noun marker (NM): Some footballs are orange (“some” is a noun marker because it acts as an adjective) 3. Plural form: footballs, players 4. Possessive form: Player’s jersey or players’ jersey 5. Following a preposition: NM N V Prep NM N The quarterback throws down the football NM N V NM N Prep N N A wide receiver catches the ball above his head C. Functions (How nouns are used): 1. Subject S V S V I threw a perfect spiral.

Coach Harbaugh spoke highly about his quarterback.

2. Direct Object: S V DO S V DO Punter kicked the football.

The halfback threw the ball to his target.

3. Indirect Object: S V DO IO The qb gave the ball to his fullback.

S V DO IO The linebacker stripped the football out of the halfbacks hands.

4. Adverbial Object: S V AO The players play in the evenings.

S V AO Most teams go to practice early in the morning.

5. Object of the Preposition: S V Prep OPrep The tight end ran across the goal line.

S V Prep OPrep

3

II.

4

The offense went against the playbook and went with their instincts instead.

6. Subject Complement: S LV SC Patrick Willis was the team captain.

S LV SC Roger Goodell is the commissioner of the nfl.

7. Object Complement S V DO OC The team elected Willis as captain.

S V DO. OC The coach elected Justin Smith as another team captain.

8. Appositives: S APP V Michael, my friend, told me he is a cowboys fan.

S APP Juan, my father, is not a big fan of football.

9. Adjectival: S V Adjvl The team went to the player locker room.

S V Adjvl Halftime meant the coaches went to the player locker room.

10. Noun in Direct Address: N Michael, who do you think will make the playoffs?

N Mais, what team will pull the biggest upset this season?

11. Object of the gerund: G OG Winning the coin toss gave an advantage to the team.

G OG Pinning the qb meant a loss of yards for the offense.

12. Object of the participle: Part Opart After the fantasy draft, people felt uneasy.

Part Opart After the real life draft, teams were trading players.

13. Object of the infinitive: Inf OInf The safety wanted to smash the halfback to the ground.

Inf OInf The players wanted to cry after losing the superbowl by a missed field goal.

PRONOUNS 1. Personal:

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

III.

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You thought one of them caught the ball, didn't you?

They suspected of him in regards to the missing equipment.

Relative: Who does that piece of paper belong to?

In regards to yesterdays practice, to whom did you speak about it?

Interrogative: Which gym section where you in?

We need to figure out who didn't rack their weights.

Reflexive: He bought himself a jersey and another one for his girlfriend.

The quarterback gave the halftime speech himself.

Demonstrative: Those footballs over there are to be inflated properly.

These jerseys are to be hand stitched with the superbowl patch.

Indefinite: Anyone that can come up with several good plays should assist the coach.

Anything that happens to anybody affects the whole team.

VERBS A. How verbs are identified 1. Verb ending: Apologize Advertise Analyze Intensify Ripen 2. Tense: 1) Simple past: became, began, bled 2) Past: been, become, begun 3) Past perfect: had studied, had seen, had begun 4) Past progressive: were playing, were studying, were seeing 5) Simple present: play, skips, eat 6) Present: jump, notice, knit 7) Present perfect: have played, has skipped, have eaten 8) Present progressive: are playing, are watching, are enjoying 9) Present perfect progressive: are going to play, are going to watch, are going to learn 10) Future: will eat, will learn, will play 11) Future perfect: will have played, will have learned, will have watched 3. Forms: a. Forms of “to be”: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being. b. Forms of “to do”: do, does, did, done, doing. c. Forms of “to have”: have, had, has, having.

4. Types: a. Auxiliary verbs: am, is, are b. Linking verbs: look, become, seem c. Lexical verbs: run, eat, sleep d. Dynamic verbs: ask, beg, call e. Stative verbs: adore, believe, desire

f. Finite verbs: tried, despises, does g. Nonfinite verbs: reading, to understand, sleeping h. Regular verbs: add, agree, allow i. Irregular verbs: break, build, buy j. Transitive verbs: instill, grab, ignite k. Intransitive verbs: alter, arrange, attack 5. Voice: The professor teaches the students The students are taught by the professor 6. Verbals (verb forms not used as verbs) a. Gerund: admit, finish, resist b. Participle:breaking, blowing, building c. Infinitive: agree, aim, appear

6

IV.

V.

7

Adjective Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns.

1. Kinds: i. Demonstrative: this football, these players, those helmets. ii.

Common: sharp quarterback, flexible schedule, huge fullback iii.

Proper: Chinese head coach, Mexican linebacker, Californian qb.

2. Endings: i.

–able: valuable ii.

–al: visual iii. –ant: insignificant iv.

–ary: secondary v.

–ed: blocked vi.

–en: listen vii.

–ent: persistent viii. –ful: helpful ix. –ic: unsympathetic x. –ing: sacking xi. –ish: childish xii. –ive: supportive xiii. –less: tireless xiv. –ous: ominous xv. –y: annoyingly 3. Conversions: i.

Apparently (adv) Apparent (adj) ii.

Respect (v) Respectful (adj) iii. Success (n) Successful (adj) 4. Articles: An article combines with a noun, usually being adjectives.

Only three articles, being the, a, and an. i.

The football is under inflated ii.

A right tackle is blocking for the quarterback iii. An offensive linemen protects their quarterback.

5. Comparatives/Superlatives: A comparative adjective is used to compare two things, while a superlative adjective is used when comparing three or more things. i.

Bigger, biggest ii.

Faster, fastest iii. Stronger, strongest Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

1. Endings: carefully, backwards, otherwise 2. Conversions: different parts of speech can be converted into adverbs by the suffixes used i.

Easy, Easily ii.

Loud, Loudly iii. Honest, Honestly 3. Types: Manner- How actions happened, loudly, fast, easily Frequency- How many times it happened, often, always, rarely Degree- Extent of an action, barely, almost, just Place- Where something happened, there, near, here Time- When something happened, now, soon, again 4. Intensifiers: completely- he completely ran the ball.

Really- He really scored the game winning touchdown.

Certain- They were certain is was a fumble.

5. Comparatives/Superlatives: Comparative: more seriously- In order to not be cut he had to take it more seriously.

Superlative: Fastest- To make the 53 man roster, he had to among the fastest.

Example Types: a) Manner: NM N Prep V Adv The stadium was filled up easily NM Adj N Prep V Adv V N The enormous stadium was filled up easily with excited faithful fans. b) Time: Adv NM N V Soon the game would begin NM Adv Part N Adv V The highly anticipated game would soon begin shortly. c) Place: NM N V V Adv The game was to be moved there.

NM V N Adv V Adv The sold-out game was instantly moved there. d) Degree:

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VI.

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NM V N Adv V They said he barely got the first down.

NM V V N Adv V N They just got the first down, got it by the player barely crossing the marker. e) Frequency: Adv prep N V V Often times the ball is not passed when it should.

NM N V V Adj V N Prep N The ball should have been passed to the wide open player down the field for the N. N easy touchdown.

Conjunctions: A. Coordinating: A conjunction placed between words C Contr N N V V Adv V N If it weren't for the ref, they would have quickly lost the game.

C N Contr V N N V V Adv V N If the ref hadn't flagged the play they would have quickly taken a loss for the N first game.

B. Correlative: pair of conjunctions that connect words N V Adv V C Prep C st They had to calmly choose either between the 1 down or a gain of 5 yards.

NM N V N C Adv V N C V N The coach had the option to either quickly get the 1st down or get a gain of 5 yards.

C. Subordinate: Connect two unequal parts.

PN Adv V N Prep N It was anxiously ruled a touchdown after the review NM N Adv V N Prep N N V The ref casually signaled a touchdown after they had reviewed the play.

D. Relative Pronouns: Connect two clauses.

NM N Adv V V NM N

The refs annoyingly asked who tampered with the equipment.

N V N V Adj N Adv Being confused, the refs asked the energetic players about who quietly

VII.

VIII.

V NM N N tampered with the equipment during halftime Prepositions: Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to the other parts of the sentence. They are never followed by verbs: aboard, about, according to, across, after, against, along, alongside, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, concerning, despite, down, except, for, from, including, inside, like, near, off, on outside, past, to toward, under, underneath, until, unto, versus, with, within, without.

1. According to the refs, the running back never had full control of the ball in addition to pulling the face mask of another player prior to running for the touchdown.

2. Alongside the sideline the players got into a little altercation, amid them were the head coaches.

3. Instead of blocking for the qb the left tackle blocked for the halfback despite being told that was not the play.

Interjections: A: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C: cheers, congratulations D: dang, drat, darn, duh E: eek, eh, encore, eureka F: fiddlesticks G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow,

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holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray O: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow R: rats S: shh, shoo T: thanks, there, tut-tut U: uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh W: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck The cheers from the fans led the team to victory.

The wide receiver put on an encore of touchdown after touchdown.

The CEO of the team gave his congratulations to the team for the SB win. vii. Antecedents: a thing or event that existed before.

The first ever SB marked the beginning of something great. ix. Complements: completes or goes well with something.

The tight end gave the qb some breathing room by blocking db’s. x. Objects: 1. Direct: receiver of action in sentence The linebacker sacked the qb hard into the ground.

2. Indirect: identifies to whom the action of the verb is preformed.

The retired player gave his kids all his money. xi. Modifiers: words that qualify the meaning of other words.

The player threw the ball to an open wideout. xii. Transitions: Size Transitions The largest, Larger than, The smallest, The small-sized, The tallest The next largest, Equal to, The next smallest, The medium-sized, The shortest The smallest, Smaller than, The largest, The largest-sized Time Transitions First, Now, At the beginning of, Thereafter, By this time, Before Then, Soon, In the middle of, Presently, At the same time, In the meantime Next, Then, At the end of, After a short time, At that instant, Meanwhile At last, Later, Soon thereafter, Immediately, During Simultaneously, Afterwards 11

First, In the morning, Yesterday, The first Second, Before noon, Today, A more recent Third, In the afternoon, Tomorrow The most recent Finally, In the evening, The day after tomorrow, In the past, The next day, This year,The earliest, In the present, Two weeks later, Next year, The next earliest In the future, Six months later, In the next few years, The most recent Space Transitions Behind, on the edge of, beside, in front of, west of, high Over, toward, around, facing, east of ,against Under, throughout, near, in back of , north of, alongside below, to the right of, side by side, in the center, south of, ahead of beneath, to the left of, close to, inside, at, the, here low, down, on top of, next to, outside, in, there on the bottom, at the top, down, at the end of, on, beyond on the corner, by, up, between, above, farther Importance Transitions The best, The most important, The first, The best The next best, Equally important, More important than, The next best The least best, The next important, Most important, The worst The least important Chain-Link Transitions On the one hand,One example of, In the first place, In other words, The first On the other hand, For instance, In the second place, In fact, The second Another example, In the third place, Also, The third Again, A further example Besides, For another example, Moreover,For example, OneBecauseFirst, Another, Since, Second, Still another, A further, As, Third, In addition, Further, Still, Specifically In the same way, Furthermore, While, More specifically In fact, Instead, In particular, The opposite of, Additionally, On the contrary side, Lastly, The last, Indeed,As a result, To the contrary, Similar to, Last, Although, Consequently, In contrast, Another similar, Even though, Naturally In spite of Likewise, Nevertheless, Even if, After all, Despite the Similarly, Nonetheless, A dissimilar Concluding Transitions To conclude, In sum, To sum up, As you can see, In conclusion, In brief, To summarize, As a result, In summary, In short, Therefore, Finally,

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xiii. Expletives: it takes the subject in a sentence, referring to the actual subject used later in the sentence.

It is the right skills that matter xiv. Agreements 1. Subject-verb: the players chased for the ball 2. Noun-pronoun: Willis went faster when he saw a clear shot at the qb.

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Phrases: a group of words that function as a part of speech A. Prepositional: Group of words that begin with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb N V Adv N V The coach was treated as a dirty infidel upon going outside of the stadium.

N V Adv V N IO The coach was seen and highly treated as an infidel outside of the stadium by the fans N

V

N

V

simply because his team lost a pivotal game.

B. Appositive: A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive.

N Adv V N V N Jim Tomsula, the new head coach, put in hard work in order to win the job.

N Adv V IO Jim Tomsula, the new head coach, was diligently working with the players in V N V DO order to get the job and to get a winning season.

C. Verbal: consists of a verbal and any objects or modifiers.

1. Gerund: consists of a gerund and any object or modifiers.

NM N Adv V N N V The football team explicitly required that players hair should be short as a N N safety requirement.

Adj N N Adv V N V The prestigious football team explicitly required that all players have their N V N N hair cut short for safety reasons.

2. Participle: Act as adjectives, end in –ing, -d, -t, or –n.

NM N Adv V N V N The coach vividly described his players as babies crying for getting upset at N NM N V any flag the ref threw up at them.

NM N

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Adv

V

N

N

V

The coach vividly describes his players as babies crying for they were getting N Adj N NM N V Adj N upset at all the bad calls the refs were making during the decisive game.

3. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to� (to go, to jump) used as noun, adjectives or adverbs S Adv V IO The rookie couldn't wait to see his idol player.

Adv V S Adv V IO V The eagerly patient rookie really could not wait to see the player he idolized N since he was a kid.

Clauses: Groups of words with a subject and a verb.

A. Independent: Can stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern.

S Adv V N Manning harshly spoke to the players.

S N Adv V Adj N Manning being the veteran harshly spoke to his exhausted teammates.

B. Subordinate (dependent): Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and must begin with a subordinate conjunction.

1. Noun Clause: perform the same functions in sentences as nouns do, a subject of a verb, an object of a verb, a subject complement, object of a preposition, an adjective complement.

N Adv V N Adv What Odell did was highly praised by most for the difficulty of it.

N Adv V N V Adv What Odell did was highly praised by most because that catch was incredibly V N difficult to make.

2. Adjective Clause: used to modify a noun in an independent clause.

A. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word.

B. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns.

N S V N Adv V IO The qb that Bowman sacked last Sunday is fortunately playing this week.

Adj N RP S V N Adv V The agile qb that Bowman sacked last Sunday is fortunately playing this 15

IO upcoming Sunday.

3. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession.

S Adv V N N The qb quickly ran when there was no defender close.

S Adv V V N N Colin quickly ran when he saw no defender even close to him.

4. Relative Clauses: Dependent clauses that begin with a relative pronoun.

S RP V N Adv V The halfback who finished first in training camp wouldn't have to once again train later.

Adj S RP V N V Adv The diligent halfback who finishes first in training camp would not have to once V N V again strain the body in training later that day.

5. Elliptical Clauses: adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.

S Adv Adv V N When running, the player always has to carefully look downfield.

S Adv V DO V N When throwing, the qb has to easily throw the ball directly into the catchers way.

6. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

S V N DO Adv V The player that most interested 49ers was Jarryd Hayne for quickly returning N punts.

S V N Adv V DO The player that mostly interested 49ers was the highly anticipated Jarryd Hayne N Adv V N mainly due to him being a quick returner for punts.

7. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

N Adv V Adj N

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The NFL season, which slowly began about 5 months ago, is currently now over.

Adv V N Adv V The highly anticipated NFL season, which slowly began nearly 5 months ago, is Adj N currently now over.

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Grammar Book Section 4 Sentences

Sentence Parts: 1. Subject: Who or what does the verb a. Complete: made of all the words that tell whom or what a sentence is about.

NM adj adj N Adv V N The big, tall defensive end aggressively grabbed the fumble from the ground N V adj adj N Adv V With the game ending, the big, tall defensive end aggressively grabbed the V N fumbled football off of the ground. b. Simple: main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about.

NM S Adv V N V The player dramatically dropped back a few yards and still got sacked.

NM Adj S Adv V N NM The agile player dramatically dropped back in the pocket and yet the defense still V N sacked him.

N

c. Compound: Two or more individual noun phrases are coordinated to form a single, larger noun phrase.

NM N Adv V N At the stadium, Jarryd and Carlos were shockingly surprised at the amount of fans there.

V NM N Adv V Arriving at the stadium, Jarryd and Carlos were shockingly surprised at the N N V N amount of fans attending that nights game.

2. Predicate: Necessary component of each sentence.

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a. Complete: Includes a verb or verb phrase but also all the words that give more information about it.

N Adv V NM N V N Rice quickly caught the football and scored the touchdown.

N Adv V NM N V N N V Rice quickly caught the football, juked three defenders while the fans went crazy and V N then scored the touchdown b. Simple: A verb or verb phrase.

NM N N N Adv V N The film play for last nights game quickly featured key plays.

Adj N Adj N Adv V N N The priceless film play for last nights intense game quickly featured many key plays. c. Compound: Two or more verbs or verb phrases that share the same subject and are joined by a conjunction.

NM N V NM N NM N Adv V The qb threw the ball and the receiver carefully caught it.

Adj N V N N N V N Adv V The agile qb threw the perfect spiral and the wide open receiver carefully caught it.

Sentence Types 1. Declarative: makes a statement.

NM N V N Adv V DO The number one pick of the draft aggressively played his first game.

Adj N V N Adv V N DO The young number one pick of the draft aggressively played his first game last week.

2. Interrogative: NM N Adv V N V V N The fans were anxiously asking “who will be playing the Superbowl?�

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Adj N Adv V N V V N The excited fans were anxiously asking “who will be playing the Superbowl?”

3. Imperative: Adj N V NM N V Adj N DO The star player asked the coach to just leave the heavy package by his locker.

Adj N N Adv V NM N V Adj N The extraordinary star player politely asked the coach to just leave the heavy package Adj N by his spacious locker.

4. Exclamatory: N. V. N. N. Adv. V. N DO When they lost the game they loudly yelled at the ref “do your job!”

Adv V N V N Adv V N DO When the hard working players lost the game they loudly yelled at the ref “do your job”

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Grammar Book Section 4 Sentences Sentence Patterns 1. Simple: Sentence with just one independent clause.

S Adv V Adj N V Montana patiently waited for the late bus to arrive.

S Adv V Adv V N V Montana patiently waited for the extremely late bus to arrive.

2. Complex: One independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

S S Adv V NM N V V After Rice and Montana slowly arrived at the hotel late, they were chewed out at NM N the practice facility.

S S Adv V Adj N. V After Rice and Montana slowly arrived at the luxurious hotel late, they were Adv V Adj N thoroughly chewed out once at the large practice facility.

3. Compound: Sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses.

S Adv V. NM. N. N. V. V Montana impatiently waited for the snap, but the snap was delivered too late.

S. Adv. V. NM. N. N. V. V Montana impatiently waited for the snap, but the snap was delivered too late V. V. N N. V. Adj. N resulting in a delay of game penalty which cost them precious yards.

4. Complex/Compound: Sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause Conj.

Adj. N. N. Adv. V. N Although they were loyal fans, they didn’t have time to quickly attend any games, N. V. or anyone to go with.

Conj Adj Adj N N Adv V Although they were long, loyal fans, they didn’t have time to quickly attend any N N V

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games, or anyone to go with.

5. Loose Sentence: sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either clause or phrase) S

V

N N

Adv

V

V

N

N Manning took the day off of hard practice, didn't tell anyone, and got in trouble

for it.

S

V

NM N Prep

Adv

V

N

V

N

Manning took the day off of hard practice, he didn't bother to tell anyone, Adv

V

Adv

V

N

and therefore got in trouble for his wrongly chosen choice.

6. Periodic Sentence: Sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense.

Prep Adv Adj N Adj N NM N Despite really low temperatures and abundant snowfall, the players still yet Adv V N N slowly played the rest of the game.

Prep Adv Adj N Adj N Adj Despite the really low temperatures and the abundance in snowfall, the cold N Adv V N N players slowly played the rest of the game.

7. Balanced Sentence: Phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length.

Adj N V DO N V The veteran player did not like washing his clothes or doing any cleaning to his N Adv V room so he slowly cleaned.

Adj N V DO N Adj The veteran player did not like washing his clothes or doing any extensive V N Adv Adv V cleaning to his room therefore he slowly cleaned.

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8. Parallel Structure: Sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written.

V N NM N V V V To get back in shape the rookie went slowly into swimming, hiking, and V bicycling.

V N NM Adj N Adv V V V To get back in shape the young rookie slowly went back into swimming, hiking V V V N and bicycling which he needed to do after his injury.

9. Chiasmus: Sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order.

Adv V N NM N N Adj N After severely losing the Superbowl, the player had a career bad season the Prep N V following year making the quote, “You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget.” (The Road) applicable to his situation.

Adv V N N NM N N Adj N After severely losing the Superbowl game, the player had a career bad season the Prep N V V V following year, making the quote, “You forget what you want to remember, and V V you remember what you want to forget.” (The Road) applicable to his situation.

10. Asyndeton: Sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for rhetorical purpose.

Adj N Adv V Adj V Adj Good teammates can frequently communicate without talking, and without V N making a sound.

Adj N Adv V Adj V Adj Good teammates can frequently communicate without talking, and without V N N V DO V

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making a sound, they can just look at each other and know what to do.

11. Polysyndeton: Sentence using multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses, for a rhetorical purpose.

NM N Adv V V V V The running back had to quickly catch, and run and tackle and score.

Adj Adj N V Adv V V The young new running back was excited that he had to quickly catch, and run, V V DO and tackle and score throughout the whole game.

12. Anaphora: Sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention.

Adv V N V N N V The extremely nervous player fumbled the ball and the opposing team picked it up.

Adv V N V NM N Adj N The extremely nervous player fumbled the ball and the desperate opposing team Adv V V N quickly picked it up and ran it in to score.

13. Epistrophe: Sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words.

Adv V NM N V Adj After being aggressively tackled, the qb got up and was shaken up so bad that he V was asking “Who now? What now? Where now? How now?”

Adv V NM N Adv Adv V After being aggressively tackled, the qb got up slowly and was clearly shaken up V bad because he kept asking “Who now? What now? Where now? How now?”

Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) 1. Run-On/Rambling: V

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N

N

N

V

V NM N

Error: I love watching football games I would watch all of them if I had the time to.

V N N N V N V NM N Correction: I love watching football games. I would watch all of them if I had the time to.

2. Fused: N

V

V

N

N

V

N

V Error: Favre promised to go on a diet all the while he skipped practice and was Adv V N N happily eating a burger with fries.

N V V N N V N Correction: Favre promised to go on a diet, all the while he skipped practice and V V Adv V N N was seen happily eating a burger with fries.

3. Fragment: V Adv V N V Error: And ran quickly to have recruiters asking about him.

N V Adv V N V Correction: Hyde ran quickly enough to have many recruiters asking about him.

4. Misplaced Modifier: N N Adv. V. N. N Error: At red uptown dealership, Willis happily bought himself a new car.

N. N. Adv. V. N. Adj Correction: At an uptown dealership, Willis happily bought himself a luxurious N new red car.

5. Double Negative: V.

N.

N.

V.

N.

Adv. V

Error: Leaving chores until Sunday wont do you no good, you'll sadly miss the N football game.

V

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N

N

V

N

Correction: Leaving chores until Sunday wont do you any good at all, you will Adv V N N sadly miss your teams football game.

6. Comma Splice: NM N V NM N V NM N Adv V Error: The qb used the O-line to block the defenders, he patiently waited until it N V was too late, he was already sacked on the turf.

NM N V NM N V NM N Adv V Correction: The qb used the O-line to block the defenders, he patiently waited N N V Adv N until it was way too late, for he was already sacked viciously on the turf.

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Grammar Book Section 5: Paragraphs 1. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) a. Hook (Lead) i.

Anecdotal: Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic.

NM N. N. V. N 1. Throughout the history of football, the main concern for players is the N. V. Adj V idea of head concussions. The straight head to head hits between the N V N N. V NM N football players may lead to future complications involving the head.

Adj. N V V N Adj Ignorant people just don’t pay any attention to this problem. As regular N. V Adj N people they don’t know any better, whereas those who are owners and Adv V so on should definitely know. ii.

Query Based: Question that brings reader to the topic.

N. Adv. V. N. 2. Should players be more openly aware to this information that can Adv V Adj V N. N really have a negative impact on the players’ health?

b. Thesis Statements: The purpose of the piece of writing – usually one sentence in length – and something that is arguable. i. Assertion: Claim.

N N V. N. Adv. 1. Helmet to helmet collisions cause players to have sever concussions.

V

ii. Fact: Empirically Verifiable.

V. Adj. N N V. Adv. V 1. Causing intentional helmet to helmet collisions is permanently banned N N in most football leagues.

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iii. Opinion: Personal position on a topic.

N. V. Adj N. Adv. 1. Helmet collisions are the worst injuries that can possibly happen in N football.

V

iv. Belief: Social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily.

Adv. V. N. V. Adv. V. N 1. Intentionally causing helmet collisions is a sinfully wrong thing. v. Generalization: using absolute or statistical pronouns (all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement) N. Adv. N. V. Adv. V 1. Every time there is a helmet collision there is a concussion. vi. Document based: cites a specific source and its position on a topic 1. In Helmet-to-Helmet Collisions: Scientists Model How Vibrations N. N. V. N From Football Hits Wobble the Brain, a research team built a model V. Adv. V. N. V. V representing the severe damage the brain takes when impacted. vii. Theory: statement that can be tested and potentially proven.

N. V. Adv. V. N. N. N 1. Helmet collisions can eventually lead to head traumas in a players life.

2.

Body Paragraphs a. Topic Sentence: Specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph Adj N N Adv V N 1. Multiple online resources will also undoubtedly indicate that helmet V N V N N collisions can have long term affects on someones life b. Evidence from Quotations: quotes should be embedded

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N.

N Adv V V Adj N 1. Many scientists constantly agree that , “the fast vibrational motion of the V V V N N N N hit translates into a sloshing motion of the brain inside the skull.”

(Acoustical Society of America, ASA) i.

Paraphrase: reword the quote to other words of the same length V Adj N V V 1. Original Quote: “the fast vibrational motion of the hit translates V N N N NM N into a sloshing motion of the brain inside the skull.”

(Acoustical Society of America, ASA) Adv V N V V V 2. The quick vibrant action of the collision goes to a squelching one NM N V N of the brain inside the skull (Acoustical Society of America, ASA)

ii.

Summary: condensing V Adj N V 1. Original Quote : “the fast vibrational motion of the hit translates

V

V N N V N into a sloshing motion of the brain inside the skull.”

(Acoustical Society of America, ASA)

Adv V N V N 2. Hard collisions cause the brain to squelch in the skull.

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iii.

Abstract examples: “what if” examples – AVOID) N V V N Adv V 1. Helmet collisions can be avoided if the players quickly tackle the N lower body.

iv.

Concrete Examples: reference-able examples V N N N N N 1. According to a research team from the U.S. Naval Academy in N N Adv V N V

Annapolis, Md., they have efficiently created a model that shows V N V N N the damage the brain takes in the skull when there's helmet V collisions.

2. Closing Sentences: mist end the discussion of the topic with a transition or culminating word and should echo the thesis of the essay Adv. N. V. N. N. Adv. V. 1. Clearly the head collisions issue is something already looked upon and Adv. V. N. V. N. N is undoubtedly backed up by science in regards to negative health V. Adj. V effects on the long run.

3. Closing Paragraph: (conclusions) a. Statement(s) of Extension: extends the thesis using the consequence of disregarding implications of the thesis.

N. N. V. Adv. V. V. 1. If helmet to helmet contact is perfectly fine, then there would be no accounts of V. N. V. N. N any deaths or chronic injuries to any football player.

V

b. Final Sentence: Connects to the hook V. Adv. N. N. V 1. Knowing the negativity of this problem, people still find it entertaining and Adv. V. N exquisitely exciting even though it's at the cost of the player.

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A. Types: I.

Persuasive: A persuasive essay is used to show that an idea is better than another. It is used by the writer to persuade the reader into viewing an argument a certain way, whether it be by agreeing or disagreeing II. Expository: 1. Definition: Investigate an idea by using and evaluating evidence, leading to the creation of an argument concerning the said idea in a clear and concise manner.

2. Process: Have a concise and clear thesis. The body paragraphs should include evidential support. The conclusion readdresses the thesis based on the evidence in the body paragraphs.

3. Compare and Contrast: Here the writer would examine similarities as well as differences in order to find a common ground and from there bring forth a conclusion 4. Cause and Effect: The writer would identify the causes and effects of something.

III. Analytical/Critical: 1. Evaluative: The writer demonstrates the quality of a certain product, should come out as reasoned and unbiased. Establish fair criteria, judgment and evidence.

2. Interpretive: Identify the author and title of the literary work as well as giving a brief summary. Clearly interpret the authors message and purpose. Provide solid details to support the interpretation.

IV. Narrative: 1. Personal Anecdote: a short story about an incident that is interesting in nature, can be used strongly in persuasive essays. Tells a story from one point of view, that being the writers.

V. Research: 1. MLA Format: used in research papers to indicate the sources you used throughout the paper. Used to not be called out on plagiarism when using sources.

2. APA Format: used to cite sources within the social sciences.

VI. Timed: 1. Document Based Question: this is an essay made by students’ preexisting knowledge on the topic as well as using the information given.

Usually on timed history exams like the AP exams.

2. Prompt Based: Essays that are based on statements that focus on a topic or an issue, always followed by a question. Usually to test writing, reasoning and analytical skills.

B. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps I. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining: Pre-writing would be a form of brainstorming, a way to get ideas on paper before actually writing out an essay. Analyzing the prompt will help you get a better understanding on what it is the prompt asks. It helps to not go

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writing an essay blindly. Outlining helps to structure how the essay will shape up.

II. Research/Evaluation of Sources: Research is important to any essay, it is a key tool used to support the thesis. Furthermore, the writer doesn’t want to use false information when writing. Research helps back up the knowledge the writer already has related to the topic.

C. Work Cited Page: I. MLA Format: MLA format is used to list all the sources used. An example would be as follows.

Jans, Nick. The Last Light Breaking: Life among Alaska's Inupiat Eskimos. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1993. Print.

II. APA Format: List sources related to social sciences.

Sagarin, B. J., & Lawler-Sagarin, K. A. (2005). Critically evaluating competing theories: An exercise based on the Kitty Genovese murder.

Teaching of Psychology, 32(3), 167–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top3203_8

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7. Capitalization: a) Capitalize all important words in a title.

Ex: Social Problems IN A DIVERSE SOCIETY b) Capitalize titles that replace a persons first name.

Ex: Mother, Father, Uncle Ben c) Capitalize the name of organizations Ex: HOLA d) Capitalize names of days, months, holidays.

Ex: Halloween e) Capitalize a proper adjective but not the modified noun unless it’s a title.

Ex: the Friday meeting f) Capitalize brand names only, not the products.

Ex: Nike, Adidas g) Capitalize business names.

Ex: American Airlines h) Capitalize institution names.

Ex: University of Southern California i) Capitalize names of specific geographic locations.

Ex: Gulf of Mexico j) Capitalize historical events, periods of time & historical documents.

Ex: Mexican Revolution k) Capitalize religions, denominations, documents, churches & supreme beings Ex: Catholic, The Holy Bible l) Capitalize languages.

Ex: Spanish, French m) Capitalize specific names of structures.

Ex: Eiffel Tower, Golden Gate Bridge n) Capitalize names, initials & title appearing with with names.

Ex: Nataly, J.M., Dr. Elik o) Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence.

Ex: He fell as he ran to catch the bus. p) Capitalize the pronoun I. Ex: I ran q) Capitalize the first letter in the first word in most lines in poetry.

Ex: “ r) Capitalize Roman numerals & the letters for the first major topics in an outline.

Ex: I. Pain A. Types s) Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation.

Ex: She asked, “What do you mean?” t) Capitalize government departments & bodies.

Ex: Congress u) Capitalize races and ethnic groups.

Ex: Mexican, American, Korean v) Capitalize North, South, East, West, northeast, northwest, southeast & southwest when referred to a region of the country or world.

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Ex: We're heading East w) Capitalize political parties.

Ex: Democrats, Republicans x) Capitalize president when referred to the leader of the United States.

Ex: The President has just landed in LA y) Capitalize a specific well known area.

Ex: Oval Office, White House z) Capitalize the first word of the greeting & closing of the letter.

Ex: Dear Nataly, 8. Punctuation: a. ( ) : parentheses are used to separate explanations within a sentence. The part inside the parentheses is called a parenthetical remark Ex: When he died (1845) he became a legend.

She was born (1989) in Scotland. b. . : a period is used to mark the end of a declarative sentence.

Ex: They ran to catch the bus before it left.

He already gave up on AP Chemistry by the fifteenth week of school. c. , : a comma is used to separate phrases or items in a list.

Ex: At the market the couple picked up eggs, milk, cheese, bread and bananas.

Students were expected to buy notebooks, pens, paper, whiteout and binders. d. - : a hyphen is used between parts of a compound word or name. Also used to split words by syllables to fit on a line of text.

Ex: The seventeen-year-old boy dropped out of HS. The Mexican-American student strived to get straight A’s. e. — : a dash is used to separate parts of a sentence.

Ex: The students—juniors and seniors—had a protest against some of the football rules.

The field—cold and wet in winter—was rarely used to practice. f. : : a colon is used before a list or quote, separate hours and minutes, separate elements of a mathematical ratio.

Ex: At training camp they learned so much: passing, throwing, catching, and blocking.

Watching last nights game they observed: missed calls, turnovers, open receivers and all other of their mistakes. g. ; : a semi colon is used to separate two independent clauses in a compound sentence, separate items in a series where commas have already been used.

Ex: Practice was canceled yesterday; the training staff took the day off.

Training camp was delayed; the players were still on strike. h. ? : a question mark is used at the end of a question.

Ex: Did they win the game?

Was the game winner caught or dropped? i. ! : an exclamation point is used to show emphasis or excitement.

Ex: He caught the ball and won the game!

He caught the touchdown with one hand as the game ended! j. ‘ : an apostrophe is used to substitute a missing letter(s) in a word, show possessive case.

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Ex: He couldn't believe that the refs missed that decisive call.

The fans said they wouldn't hate the team if they lost. k. “ : quotation marks are used at the beginning and end of a phrase to show it's written exactly as it was originally said or written.

Ex: The coach kept on yelling, “Throw the ball!”

The qb told his o-line, “block for me so I can throw the ball properly.” l. … : an ellipsis indicates that part of the text has been left out.

Ex: The clock kept running 10,9,8…2,1, until the game ended.

The time out was slowly running out from 30,29,28…4,3,2,1, then the players entered the game again m. [ ] : a bracket is used to set a word or phrase apart from the rest of the sentence.

Ex: Footballs used [in games] should not be under inflated.

Many NFL accessories [ships] left the port.

9. Commonly Confused Words: i.

Who/Whom: who is used as a subject of a verb or complement of a linking verb, while whom is used as the object of the verb or the object of the preposition.

Ex: Who is irresponsible player who undoubtedly left the weight room completely a mess?

Every team desperately wanted that rookie, a rookie whom is a football genius, according to multiple sources. ii. Their/There/They're: there is used to indicate location, there is used to indicate belonging or used in titles, there is they are.

Ex: Their sons undeniably grew up to be two great quarterbacks to play the game.

The coach told his players to carefully leave the trophy on the shelf but they still didn’t know where to put it so the coach pointed and yelled “there!”

According to analysts, they're expected to be in last place after slowly losing all their key players during the offseason. iii. Lie/Lay: to lie is to be in a resting position while to lay is to put down carefully.

Ex: After the exhausting game, the player quickly walked to the locker room and just threw himself on the floor, being careful of where he would lie himself.

When he tore is acl he just lay there on the field shouting loudly in agony and pain. iv.

Laid/Lain: lain is to be in a resting position on a supporting surface while laid is to be put down carefully.

Ex: When checking into a hotel he was very picky about where he would be lain the might before the big game.

The defender roughly laid out the wide receiver after catching the ball. v. Affect/Effect: an affect is to have an effect on or make a difference to while effect is a change resulted in consequence of an action or other cause.

Ex: The many head concussions would severely affect his life on the long run.

The compound fracture would without a doubt quickly effect his career. vi.

Accept/Except: accept is to receive while except is to exclude.

Ex: The coach sorrowfully accepted the news that he would soon be fired.

The player accepted any difficulty brought to him, except for the difficulty of playing for another team.

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vii.

viii.

ix.

x.

xi.

xii.

xiii.

xiv.

xv.

xvi.

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Should have vs Should of: should have is a missed obligation in the past, should of is not the same as should’ve. Should’ve is what should have is contracted to.

Ex: The players should have called in advance to notify the coach that they would be absent from practice.

The player should, of course, take the day off to spend with his terminally ill child.

Loath/Loathe: to loath is to be reluctant or unwilling whereas loathe is to feel intense dislike or disgust for.

Ex: The defensive ends were loath to do anything to win, especially cheating.

The loathing that the giants have for eagles is excitingly fascinating.

Infer/Imply: infer is to conclude info from evidence & reasoning rather than from statements, imply is to strongly suggest the truth.

Ex: The refs were inferring that the patriots had cheated by under inflating the footballs.

Everyone was implying that the 49ers would have a horrible season after losing so many players.

Weary/Wary: weary is feeling or showing tiredness while wary is showing cautions for possible dangers.

Ex: The 280 pound linebacker grew extremely weary by the end of the 3rd quarter.

Being in a town that despised him, he was surprisingly not wary of anything at all.

Proceed/Precede: to proceed is to begin or continue a course of action, to precede is to come before something in time.

Ex: As the game clock ran out, they were allowed the proceed the game for they snapped the ball before the clock hit zero.

The team that preceded the 2013 49ers was a very questionably stacked team.

Discrete/Discreet: discrete is individually separate and distinct, discreet is to be careful in ones speech or actions.

Ex: The two players were distinctly discrete, for one is quicker than the other.

The coach had to be discreet or else he would be quickly ejected from the game.

Conscience/Conscious: conscience is an inner voice serving as a guide to right and wrong in someones behavior, conscious is being aware and responding to ones surroundings.

Ex: The fans conscience got the better of him and he quickly apologized for bad mouthing the other teams fan After being hit helmet to helmet, they were both carefully inspected to see if they were conscious.

Can/May: can is to be able to, while may is expressing possibility.

Ex: The players aren't sure that the coach can tackle down an offensive linemen after he said that he could.

The coach told the player that he may wear pink gloves supporting a good cause.

Advice/Advise: advice is a recommendation while advise is to recommend.

Ex: The advice that the HoF gave to the rookie was a very strange one according to the rookie himself.

The owner of the team was absurdly advised to fire the head coach.

Aisle/Isle: an aisle is space between rows and an isle is an island.

xvii.

xviii.

xix.

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Ex: When shopping for a last minute Superbowl party, they didn't know which aisle to go to.

A person Not knowing about deflate-gate means that they have lived in an isle for at least a year.

Allude/Elude: allude is to make an indirect reference to while elude is to avoid.

Ex: The analyst was alluding that the player resembled a young Ronnie Lott, which to some was seen as an absurd comment.

The players didn't seem to elude the ex head coach as some though they would have.

Allot/A lot: to allot is to divide and portion out, a lot is a quantity; usually a large amount of something.

Ex: In order to keep the winning team they had and sign new rookies, the players all decided to allot their salary.

The amount of money the team saved due to this led to them having a lot of money to sign potential future starting rookies.

Accent/Ascent/Assent: an accent is pronunciation common to a region, ascent is the act or rising, assent is consent or agreement.

Ex: His accent to others sounded to bad that they couldn't really understand what he said, which was significantly crucial considering that he was the assistant coach calling out plays.

The ascent for some players into stardom is easy whereas for some it is a difficult objective.

The two teams met to assent on the trade between four players, two defensive and two special teams players.

Quiz #1 1. Which is an example of a manner adverb? a. Barely b. Soon c. Often d. Easily 2. A degree adverb is defined as? a. How actions happened. b. How many times it happened. c. Extent of an action. d. When something happened.

3. Which of these is a preposition? a. Under b. Quietly c. Absolute d. None of the above 4. A relative pronoun connects two unequal parts. True or False?

5. Which has an adjective ending? a. Football b. Stadium c. Valuable d. Flexible 6. Which would be considered an article? a. An b. The c. A d. All of the above 7. A conversion is how different parts of speech can be converted into adverbs by the suffixes used. True or False?

8. A correlative is a pair of conjunctions that connect a word. True or False?

9. An example of time adverbs would be? a. Often b. Always c. Rarely d. Soon 10. Which exemplifies an intensifier? a. Rarely b. Completely c. Just d. Now

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Quiz #2 1. A prepositional phrase is which of the following? a. Words that begin with a preposition and end with a noun b. Words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive c. Words that consists of a verbal and modifiers d. None of the above 2. An infinitive is a verb preceded by the word “to” used as a noun, adjectives or nouns. True or False?

3. “The rookie couldn't wait to see his idol player.” Is an example of? a. Infinitive b. Participle c. Gerund d. Appositive 4. “The coach was treated as a dirty infidel upon going outside the stadium.” Is an example of? a. Verbal b. Gerund c. Prepositional d. None of the above 5. A verbal phrase is… a. Words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive b. Words that begin with a preposition and ends with a noun, used as an adjective or an adverb c. Consists of a verbal and any objects or modifiers. d. None of the above 6. “Jim Tomsula, the new head coach, put in the hard work in order to win the job.”

Is an example of which phrase? a. Prepositional b. Verbal c. Gerund d. Appositive 7. A participle phrase is a. Word ending in –ing or –ed used as an adjective b. Acts as an adjective end in –ing, -d, -t, or –n c. Word ending in –ing used as a noun d. All of the above 8. A phrase is a group of words that function as a part of speech. True or False?

9. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund and any object or modifiers. True or False 10. “The coach vividly described his players as babies crying for getting upset at any flag the refs threw up at them.” Is an example of what phrase? a. Participle b. Gerund c. Infinitive d. Prepositional 39

Quiz 3 1. A relative clause is a dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. True or False?

2. An elliptical clause is an adverb clause in which part of the clause is omitted.

True or False?

3. An essential clause is a clause that is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. True or False?

4. A nonessential clause is a clause that is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. True or False?

5. “The halfback who finished first in training camp wouldn't have to once again train later.” Exemplifies which? a. Relative b. Nonessential c. Elliptical d. None of the above 6. “When running, the player always has to carefully look downfield.” Exemplifies which? a. Nonessential b. Relative c. Essential d. Elliptical 7. “The player that most interested the 49ers was Jarryd Hayne for quickly returning punts.” Exemplified which? a. Elliptical b. Nonessential c. Relative d. None of the above 8. “The NFL season, which slowly began about 5 months ago, is currently now over.” Exemplifies which? a. Nonessential b. Relative c. Essential d. None of the above 9. What's the difference between an essential and nonessential clause? a. Clause is either necessary or not necessary b. The clause is omitted while it sometimes isn't c. One is a dependent clause, the other isn't d. None of the above 10. An elliptical clause can stand alone as a complete sentence. True or False

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

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Quiz 4 “I love watching football games I would watch them all day if I had time to.”

Exemplifies which? a. Run-on b. Fused c. Fragment d. Double Negative Favre promised to go on a diet all the while he skipped practice and was happily eating a burger and fries.” Shows an example of? a. Fragment b. Fused c. Misplaced modifier d. Rambling “And ran quickly to have recruiters asking about him.” Is an example of? a. Fragment b. Run-on c. Fused d. Double negative “At red uptown dealership, Willis happily bought himself a new car.” Is an example of? a. Fused b. Double negative c. Run-on d. None of the above “Leaving chores until Sunday won't do you no good, you'll sadly miss the football game.” Is an example of? a. Comma splice b. Double negative c. Fused d. Run-on “The qb used the o-line to block the defenders, he patiently waited until it was too late, he was already sacked on the turf.” Exemplifies which? a. Comma splice b. Double Negative c. Fragment d. None of the above I know him, he's a halfback. a. Run-on b. Fused c. Misplaced modifier d. None of the above A run-on is a sentence with two or more main clauses that aren't separated by a period. True or False?

A fragment is a complete sentence. True or False

10. A fused sentence may sometimes also be referred to as a run-on. True or False?

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Quiz 5 1. Statement of extension extends the thesis using the consequence of disregarding implications of the thesis. True or False 2. A final sentence does not connect to the hook. True or False 3. The conclusion shouldn't stress the importance of the thesis. True or False 4. You should leave an impression on the leader with your conclusion. True or False 5. A good idea would be to echo the introduction. True or False 6. A closing paragraph is not needed to end an essay. True or False 7. The conclusion doesn’t give the essay any sense of completeness. True or False 8. You should never poise a question directly at the reader. True or False 9. Including a quotation to finish off the essay can be effective. True or False 10. You should always state the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion and not the introduction. True or False.

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Quiz 6 1. You can do a research essay without a works cited page. True or False 2. A persuasive essay is used to show that one idea is better than the other. True or False 3. An expository is a short story about an incident that is interesting in nature. True or False 4. A cause and effect is used to demonstrate the cause and effect of something.

True or False 5. A narrative is an essay from the view point of someone else and not the writers.

True or False 6. When doing a research paper, the best way to cite would be MLA. True or False 7. You should always have a strategy to write a strong essay. True or False 8. APA format is used to cite sources within the social sciences. True or False 9. An expository essay should compare and contrast. True or False 10. A personal anecdote would be best used in a narrative. True or False.

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Quiz 7 1. Always remember to capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quote.

True or False.

2. You don’t need to capitalize all important words in a title. True or False 3. What is the correct way to capitalize university of southern california? a. University of southern California b. University of Southern california c. university of Souther California d. University of Southern California 4. Used to mark the end of a declarative sentence. a. . b. , c. ( ) d. — 5. An apostrophe is used to substitute a missing letter in a word, or show possessive case. True or False 6. Brackets are the same as parentheses. True or False 7. You need to capitalize all of these except a. Business names b. Organizations c. Brand names d. Products 8. It's important to capitalize titles that replace a persons first name. True or False 9. A comma is used to separate phrases or items in a list. True or False 10. A question mark shows emphasis or excitement. True or False

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Quiz #1 Answer Key 1. D. Easily 2. C. Extent of an action 3. A. Under 4. False, a relative pronoun connects two clauses 5. C. Valuable 6. D. All of the above 7. True 8. True 9. D. Soon 10. B. Completely

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Quiz #2 Answer Key 1. A. Words that begin with a preposition and end with a noun 2. True 3. A. Infinitive 4. C. Prepositional 5. C. Consists of a verbal and any objects or modifiers.

6. D. Appositive 7. B. Acts as an adjective end in –ing, -d, -t, or –n 8. True 9. True 10. A. Participle

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Quiz 3 Answer Key 1. True 2. True 3. False, clause necessary to the meaning of the sentence 4. False, clause that isn't necessary to the meaning of the sentence 5. A. Relative 6. D. Elliptical 7. D. None of the above 8. A. Nonessential 9. A. Clause is either necessary or not necessary 10. False, an elliptical clause is adverbs clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.

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Quiz 4 Answer Key 1. A. Run-on 2. B. Fused 3. A. Fragment 4. D. None of the above 5. B. Double Negative 6. A. Comma Splice 7. A. Run-on 8. True 9. False, a fragment is an incomplete sentence.

10. True

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Quiz 5 Answer Key 1. True 2. False, it connects to the hook 3. False, the conclusion should stress the importance of the thesis 4. True 5. True 6. False, a conclusion is always needed for an essay.

7. False, the conclusion does give the essay a sense of completeness 8. True 9. True 10. False, the thesis should only be echoed throughout the conclusion.

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Quiz 6 Answer Key 1. False, without a works cited page it is considered plagiarism 2. True 3. False, an expository essay is one that investigates an idea by using and evaluating evidence.

4. True 5. False, a narrative is told from the point of view of the writer.

6. True 7. True 8. True 9. True 10. True

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Quiz 7 Answer Key 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

True False, always capitalize important words in a title.

D. University of Southern California A. .

True False, brackets set a word or phrase apart from the sentence while parentheses separate explanations in a sentence 7. D. Products 8. True 9. True 10. False, a question mark is used at the end of a question.

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Back Cover Dedication

I would like to dedicate this to all the 5-Hour energies that kept me up at night when I felt like giving up.

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