Creatures of Myth and Legend Book of Writing

Creatures of Myth & Legends Book of Writing

By Paula Baltazar

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Table of Contents

Introduction..................................................................................................3 About The author........................................................................................4 Dedication.........................................................................................................5 Section 1............................................................................................................6-8 Section 2............................................................................................................9-16 Section 3............................................................................................................17-19 Section 4............................................................................................................20-23 Section 5............................................................................................................24-27 Section 6............................................................................................................ 28-29

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Brief Introduction

Welcome to my book, this book covers how to better your writing with multiple steps.

However this book also carries stories of different mythological or folklore creatures around the world. These stories are known to be myths passed down from generation in different cultures to explain the unnatural and uncommon. Myths are recognised to be works of fiction, but there is always a chance that the stories you read may be true.

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About the Author

Hello, my name is Paula Baltazar and am a Highschool student at Bravo Medical Magnet Highschool. I have created this book in my English class as a final assignment after the pandemic caused many people to adapt to online school. I enjoy reading about the mysterious, spooky and unexpected. I find it quite trilling so I decided to share some of the myths I found quite fascinating..

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Dedication

I dedicate this book to supernatural lovers and english learners. I dedicated this book to people who wonder if there is something more to this world than just humanity to the procrastinators who work hard at the last minute. As well as english learners since we all need a refresher of how we should be writing and what we should be doing to get A’s in essays.

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SECTION 1

PUNCTUATION and CAPITALIZATION Punctuation – Identify the function and create one (1) example sentence of the uses for each mark.

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12.

( . ) Around the world, Myths have been used as traditional stories to explain the social phenomenon or supernaturalness of the world.

(, ) Latin America, it’s known to be full of fascinating myths which many Hispanic children grow up to.

( – ) An example is the Chupacabra(s)- Literal “Goatsucker” a myth that dates back to the 1995’s.

( - ) When the Chupacabra is described it's been said to have wings, hairy arms, and red eyes, people report it as an alien-like creature that stands in an upright position.

( : ) Many people believe that the Chupacabra is responsible for the deaths of thousands of their livestock in just one year at a 1:1000 ratio. ( ; ) However, the Chupacabra started to be reported in the Mainlands too; either the creature migrated or the stories of the Chupacabra inspired a copycat.

( ?) So what makes the Chupacabra so fascinating? well after the first killings, locals suspected it was from a Satanic cult.

( ! ) Apparently, eight sheep were killed and completely drained of blood with three puncture wounds in each of the sheep’s chests!

( ‘ ) Authorities wouldn't believe it was anything Satanic, but they also didn’t have a full explanation for the killings.

( “ ” ) One thing is certain farmers always have the Chupacabra in their consciousness, apparently it “a beast whose alleged existence has plagued farmers for a time now.” ( … ) I’ve learned…that many Latin Americans keep this tale in their consciousness since they have no other explanation, and what if the Chupacabra is real?

( [ ] ) Later on, similar reports were described in other places of the world[Miami, Southwest, and Mexico] it became a worldwide known story.

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13. ( ​( )​ )Still, the Chupacabra is considered a mythical creature that many people end up

believing that it’s not really like many other mythical creatures (Vampires, Fairies, ghosts, etc.) and believe there is a good reason for everything.

14. ( / ) The Chupacabra is a beast of the night that feeds on livestock, some say it has wings and/or walks on two legs that it's a big muscular creature; do you believe in this mythical creature?

EX: Comma​ ​(used to switch words around in a list)​ – Students at Bravo can freely choose between AP World History​,​ ​AP US History​, AP Government​, ​and AP European History.

Capitalization – Identify and create one (1) example sentence for each rule of capitalization.

1. (Capitalize the First Word of a Sentence)

A​ccording to folklore in the Dominican Republic, there are beautiful hypnotic mythical creatures called La Ciguapa.

2. Capitalize Names and Other Proper Nouns

La ​C​iguapa takes form as a woman with backward-facing feet, they are said to have long hair and are mute​.

3. D ​ on’t Capitalize After a Colon (Usually) Ciguapas usually only do one thing: lurk in the highlands mountains and deep forest of the island waiting to lure men inside their forest to make them disappear.

4. C ​ apitalize the First Word of a Quote (Sometimes) The first mention of the Ciguapa was,​ “​I​n Francisco Javier Angulo Guridi’s short story ​La Ciguapa​ in 1866.”

5. ​Capitalize Days, Months, and Holidays, But Not Seasons

The Ciguapa is a mischievous creature that likes to take food from villages, they get hungry no matter if it’s a ​M​onday or ​F​riday.

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6. ​Capitalize Most Words in Titles

The Ciguapa is recognised and a popular myth which leads the myth to have many movies like ​The Secret Footsteps​ ​ and Chichi Peralta’s ​ ​La Ciguapa.

7. ​Capitalize Cities, Countries, Nationalities, and Languages

La Ciguapa is recognised from​ D​ominical ​R​epublican Lore but they are also recognised as an ​A​rawak legend so there is a chance the legend is from ​A​frican ​A​merican culture.

8. Capitalize Time Periods and Events (Sometimes) ​Ciguapa are considered to be Taino women who died trying to hide from ​Sp​ anish ​S​ettlers in the ​C​ordillera

C​entral around the 1570’s.

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SECTION 2 PARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS Types of nouns: · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. ​EX: ​Female, Vampires, Myths, Mother, Victims​, · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized).

EX: ​Penanggalan, Manananggal, SouthEast Asia. · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun.

EX:​Supernatural, Newborn, Bloodsuckers. · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places.

EX:​Windows, Roofs, Floorboards. · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes.

EX: ​Smart, Scary, Patient, Functions​ (How nouns are used): · Subject​ (comes before the verb) The ​Penanggal​ preys on pregnant women and newborn babies for their blood. · Direct Object​ (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) The Penanggal was created when a young woman uses black magic to have everlasting beauty, according to traditional ​Malaysian​ folklore. · Indirect Object​ (answers to who or to whom) The Penanggal sucks on v​ ictims​ ​with its invisible tongue to get blood and feast on the flesh of the victims.

PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

Personal: Nominative (subjects) I/we you/you He, she, it, one/they

​Possessive My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s

​ O ​ bjective (objects) me/us you/you him, her, it, one/them our, ours your, yours their, theirs

Relative:

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Nominative​ who That

​ Objective ​ whom that those/this

​Possessive whose of that

Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive:​ (personal pronouns plus the suffix ​–self o ​ r ​–selves)​ Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: - He explained ​himself but sometimes Penanggalas are created by curses.

She caused ​herself​ to become a Penanggalan. to intensify a point: - It is said that the devil himself explained the actions of the pact woman go through to become beautiful, and if the woman were to eat meat before the 40 day they were to become Penanggalas.

Demonstrative: this, these that, those

Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such​.

Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

VERBS

Tense: ​verbs indicate time via tenses​: simple past past past perfect past progressive

simple present present present perfect present progressive

present perfect progressive future future perfect

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Types: ​There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) Voice:​ Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. ​ Active:​ ​The Penanggalan creates sores after eating from the mother which leads to an incurable disease and the mother or new-born dies.

Passive: ​Sores are created after the Penangala is done feeding which leads to the mother or newborn to have incurable diseases that end up killing them.

Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund:​ ​ word ending in “ing” used as a noun.​ · After a night of head-floating and feeding the Penanggalan will use vinegar to shrink it’s organs to be able to be reattached into its body.

Participle:​ ​word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · It is said that if you're in labor in Malaysia the best way in protecting yourself against the Penanggala is to spread thorny leaves around your roof and windows. · It is believed that the torns will hurt or entrap the Penanggala by its dangling viscera.

Infinitive:​ ​verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · Some families like to plant pineapple trees months before the baby's birth to ensure the Penanggala won’t go through the floorboards and find the mother.

ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns​. · Kinds​: Demonstrative, Common, Proper - Traditional homes will even have long stilts under their homes to stop the Penanggala from getting inside the house.

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Malanisians will do anything possible for the Penanggala to not get close to the new born or mother since it could lead to the death of both.

- This folklore allows pregnant women to be wary and it’s also a myth that gives a reason to why some mothers die after giving labor.

ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings Actually, Penanggala are seen as regular women in the day time and go feed at night with just their head and organs. · Conversions “Death” becomes “Deadly” “Hunger” becomes “Hungerly” “Witty” becomes “Wittyly” · Types​: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time Example Types: ​Manner​ – ​Penanggalas will swiftly take the life of a woman and her newborn.

Time​ –​The Penanggalan will feed nightly.

Place​ – ​The Penanggalan are able to be outdoors and indoors of homes to feed.

Degree​ – ​Penanggala are extremely well at keeping their double life a secret and maintaining their image.

Frequency​ – ​The Penanggalan will always be considered a myth but we can choose to believe in it or not.

CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating​ ​(FANBOYS):​ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative​: ​ ​Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate​: ​after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns​: ​who (refers to people), which (refers to non living object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence.

Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are ​one-word prepositions​ and complex prepositions. ​These are ​some​ common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, 12

away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are the final part of speech.

Transitions of Logic Chart

Milder

Stronger

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Addition

a further and and then then also too next another other nor

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

Comparison

just as ... so too a similar another... like

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

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Time

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

Place

there here beyond nearby next to

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

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Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly

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SECTION 3 PHRASES and CLAUSES Phrases​ ​– groups of words that function as a part of speech.

Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun​.

All Golems​ are widely considered to be artifacts created by magic to help their creator.

Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that ​function as a verb​.

Apparently Golems had charms inside their mouths or on their heads and once it ​was removed the golam would become lifeless once again.

Prepositional Phrase​: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ​ends with a noun​, and ​functions as an adjective or an adverb​.

The Golem could almost be considered the perfect servant.

Appositive Phrase​: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective ​- IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS. However, the golem servant, was too literal or mechanical in trying to complete its tasks.

Verbal Phrases​: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ​ends with a noun​. ● Gerund Phrase​ verb ending in -ing that ​functions as a noun​.

Defending​ the Jewis when they were persecuted was considered the job of the Golem. ● Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective​.

The ​Golem is recognized​ as a popular servant in many shows and movies. ● Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that ​function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs​.

However the Golem can also be recognised ​to betray its master and disobedient towards their creator.

CLAUSES Clauses​ – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech.

There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”)

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INDEPENDENT – ​CAN​ stand alone as a ​complete sentence​, known as a ​simple sentence pattern​.

The Grootslang is the guardian of treasure.

DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – ​CANNOT​ stand alone as a complete sentence and ​MUST​ begin with a ​SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION​. There are seven (7) kinds: Noun Clause​: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. ○ The Grootslang lives in a deep cave with its diamonds. ○ That the creature is seen as a premitaral creature is obvious. ○ Apparently the creature has gems for eye sockets ○ It is said that the gods were new to creating and made a mistake.

Adjective Clause​: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: ○ They created the Grootslang, an intelligent, strong, and cunning creature. ○ The gods wanted to fix the creature until they created the first snake and elephant. ○ When the creature is mentioned it is said that the creature is a huge elephant with a tale of a snake.

Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: ■ However before all the Grootslangs were eradicated one escaped.

■ Then the Grootslang were created, and apparently fed on elephants.

■ Guides are scared of entering the cave that is known to be home to Grootslang.

■ The cavern is also known as that cave with a “bottomless pit.”

■ The Grootslang is spoken of constantly by local tribes.

■ There are various reports of people who have gone into the cave and run frightened out of the cave.

■ The Grootslang is recognised as a bringer of evil and terror.

Adverb Clause​: Used to ​modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs​ in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate ​time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession​.

Mod​ifying verbs: ■ Various reports are near the Orange river.

■ Frequently it is said that the creature is greedy for gems. (time) ■ So it is said that people who see the creature can bargain for it’s life if they have enough gems. (purpose) ■ Many citizens talk about the Grootslang as if it’s a demon that can adapt. (condition) Modifying adjectives: ■ This creature and it’s myth has been said to live since the world was created which is thousands of years more than anyone else.

■ The Grootslang is seen as an extremely deadly creature, a mistake from the gods.

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Modifying adverbs: ■ The Grootslang is typically considered to be the cause of many peoples' disappearance like the english businessman Peter Grayson. . (condition) Relative Clauses​: Dependent clause that begins with a ​relative pronoun​. ○ The Grootslang who are considered to be quite scary are also never fully depicted by their pictures.

Elliptical Clauses​: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. ○

When described, ​the Grootslang is considered to have a red gem in front of its head​.

Essential Clauses​: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

When the Grootslang is mentioned it expressed it’s also depicted as an elephant head with the body of a snake.

Nonessential Clauses​: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ The Grootslang is the caretaker of its diamonds in it’s bottomless pit cave. ○

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SECTION 4 SENTENCES Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate​ and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.

Sentence Parts Subject – what/who the sentence is about The Banshee​ is seen as the bringer of doom and death.

Predicate – what the subject does The Banshee is recognised by different names The little washerwoman, Hag of mist, and Hag of the black mist among us.

Sentence Types Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement (ends with a period mark) The Banshee is linked to the realm of death and is also a fairy.

Imperative – a sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark) If you see her then you must pray for the safety of your family and friends.

Interrogative – a sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) But why does the Banshee go by multiple names?

Exclamatory – a sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark) If you hear shrieking is the signal of the banshee!

Sentence Patterns Simple Sentence: A sentence that is ​just one independent clause​.

The streaking of the banshee is said to be able to shatter glass.

Compound Sentence: A sentence with ​multiple independent clauses​, but ​no​ dependent clauses - connected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;).

The banshee is also called the little washwoman, since she has been spotted to be the blood stains off cloth that belong to people who are about to die.

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Complex Sentence: A sentence with ​one independent clause and at least one dependent clause​.

The banshee can be dated back to the 1380, but it can also be found in Norman literature.

Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with ​multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause​.

It is said that the banshee can appear in three forms, one is a young woman, she will lure people towards her with her sweet singing voice.

Loose Sentence: ​A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) ​with your main point at the ​beginning​.

The banshee will have permanent red eyes, no matter what she wears in any of her three forms when calling out to people.

Periodic Sentence: ​A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense ​with the main point coming at the end​.

A full figure matron, an old wench or a young woman whatever her form is, she will be dressed in a grey cloak and her eyes will be permanently red from crying.

Parallel Structure: A sentence ​using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that ​match in tense or structure ​to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written ​- this sentence requires symmetry​.

Banshee predicts death, she appears when it's unlikely a person will survive, and cries out for the person that will die soon.

Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end parallel each other​ by virtue of their likeness of ​structure​, ​meaning​, or ​length​ - this sentence requires symmetry.

Many soldiers have heard the banshee shriek and have run from war because of her warning.

Chiasmus: A sentence that includes ​a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order​ - this sentence requires symmetry.

As soldiers fled the war they would get captured and then they would die causing the myth of the Banshee to grow.

Asyndeton: A sentence ​that leaves out conjunctions​ between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

The banshee doesn’t look terrifying but it’s shek brings people terror, fright, dread, alarmed.

Polysyndeton: A sentence ​that uses multiple conjunctions​ in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

The banshee doesn’t look terrifying but it’s shrek can cause unusual terror, fright dread, and ultamilty a state of alarm.

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Anaphora: A sentence that ​features the purposeful repetition​ of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention.

The Banshee is recognised as the bringer of death, but it is said that the Banshee only appears to some families, and the Banshee won’t appear to other families, but that’s only based on the person who says the myth.

Epistrophe: A sentence featuring ​several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words​.

The origin of the banshee started in medieval times where a Keener would sing sad songs at funerals, being a Keener was a good job and the better you were a Kenner the more you earned, since it was said that if people moved more in a certain funeral it was because of the Kenner.

Sentence Errors Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly ​without punctuation​.

Powerful families believed that a fairy woman would appear too keen at the funeral they were much more talented than a human. [WRONG] Many powerful families believed that a fairy woman would appear too keen at the funeral because the fairy women would be better singers than any human. [RIGHT] Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly ​using commas Later on the word Keener changed to Banshee, and stories were created into the stories we know now, especially since Kenner’s were paid with alcohol and later ended up as the elderly alcoholic woman banished from villages.

[WRONG]

Later on the work Kenner changed to Banshee and stories were created into what we know now. Especially since Kenner’s were paid with alcohol and this led many of the Kenners to become banished elderly drunk women.

[RIGHT]

Fragment – ​incomplete sentence pieces​ that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause Because it used to only appear in violent and painful deaths. [WRONG]

Because the Banshee was seen as a bringer of death, it would only appear to people who would suffer painful and violent deaths. [RIGHT] Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence​ and a ​dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify Many people believed the tale was just an old wivestale and it was actually just owls. [WRONG]

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Many didn’t believe in the Banshee, instead they believed the stories were just wive tales and the noise actually came from owls and other animals. [RIGHT] Double Negative – ​combining two or more negative words​ in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force The origin of the banshee doesn't express no way of how the banshee came to life. [WRONG] The origin of the banshee does not express any way of how the Banshee creature itself was made. [RIGHT]

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SECTION 5 PARAGRAPHS Paragraphs​ – ​a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic.

Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) Hook ​(Lead) – can begin with the title ​Anecdotal​ (Brief story to set the mood and lead the reader into the topic) Ex. Everyone is capable of having a good idea, but the world is created and molded in a way that makes everyone scared to express their thoughts. Instead the world is compressed into groupies and yes-men. But it’s time to fight back since anyone is capable of having an idea. Since “the world doesn’t suffer from creative ideas it suffers from the people who lack to champion them” as Adam Grant said in a youtube video once. We need to challenge the ideas of the world like going against the grain or battling conformity and even go against old traditions to improve the world we live in. ​Query Based​ (Question that brings the reader to the topic - avoid second person POV “you”) Ex. But how do we create new ideas, practices or policies without risking all we already have?

Thesis Statements​ (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable) Assertion​ (claim - a subject + a “so what” about the subject) Ex. If an idea hasn’t been done before it doesn’t mean this idea won’t work.

Fact​ (empirically verifiable but often difficult to argue extensively about - better used as evidence to support a claim) Ex. There are only two routes to achieving success: the routes of comfortability and the route of originality.

Opinion​ (personal position on a topic) Ex. Nothing is a fully original idea anymore since all ideas are influenced by what we know/learned about the world. ​Belief​ (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily factual – often involves a judgement) Ex. The only way an idea, by definition can be original is to make it original to the point that it becomes uncommon in a certain way that can change/improve something.

Generalization​ (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – ​avoid using this type of thesis statement ​unless​ citing the source of the data​) Ex. Original people will be people who take advantage of their inventiveness and make their thoughts come true.

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Document Based​ (cites a specific source, author, and position on a topic) Ex. In ​Originals:How Non-Conformist move the World in the story of “Creative destruction”(The risky business of going against the grain), A ​ dam Grant argues that Originality starters with creativity; by creating an idea that can be useful and then take initiative and making a certain idea a reality.

Theory​ (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven - often answers a research question) Ex. Trying and failing is better than not trying at all.

Clarification/Expansion of Thesis​ (could extend the thesis, preview the evidence supporting the thesis, give the purpose of thesis, establish the importance or significance of examining the intricacies of the thesis – ​this could be several sentences long​) Ex. To be original is to not go by a basic route instead find other routes and figuring out where they can take you. There are thousands of people and examples where people could have chosen to take the route everyone else took but instead they decided to go a different and unpredictable route. (preview of evidence)

Ex. The author explains in his book that people should be original and create their own paths. (purpose of thesis)

Ex. With the information of the book we’re not just becoming more expressive with our thoughts we’re capable of expressing that anything is possible if we actually try our only limit is our own imagination. (establishing the

importance or significance of thesis) Body Paragraphs​ (must have ​echoes of the thesis​ in each AND present evidence to support or expand on the thesis)

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Topic Sentences​ (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and/or area of evidence or support – could start with a “Transition of Logic” that connects to the previous paragraph to give context) Ex. To start, originality begins by taking advantage of your creativity and curiosity.

(Now every sentence in this paragraph must be related to the connection between fast food and health) Presenting Evidence from Quotations​ (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Nothing is completely original, in the sense that all of our ideas are influenced by what we learn about the world around us ” (Grant 40).

- Ex. According to the test results, “Having taken the initiative to improve their circumstances, they had little reason to leave...they created the job they wanted ” (Grant 49).

- Ex. After comparing, “People who suffer the most from a given state of affair are paradoxically the least likely to question, challenge, reject or change it.” (Grant 51).

- Ex. However, “The hallmark of originality is rejecting the default and exploring whether a better option existes.” (Grant 52).

- Ex. But, “When we become curious about the dissatisfying default in the world , we begin to recognize that… rules and systems were created by people.” (Grant 54).

- Ex. However, “Instead of aiming for unique accomplishment, the intense desire to succeed leads us to strive for guaranteed success” (Grant 59).

Examining the Evidence Paraphrasing​ (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source - useful for examining the quote and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “ The drive to succeed and the accompanying fear of failure have held back some of the greatest creators and change agents in history.” (Grant 60).

Ex. PARAPHRASE – “The fear of failure/success has caused us to miss out on great opportunities for change.” (Grant 60).

Summarizing​ (condensing larger quotes or sections - useful for closing the examination of the quote/evidence and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Although Americais a land of individuality and unique self-expression...most of us chose to fit in rather than stand out.” (Grant

Ex. SUMMARY – “Even though people fought for their rights of freedom and a nation people still choose to stay silent instead of expressing their thoughts.” (Grant 65)

Abstract Examples​ (hypothetical, “what if” examples that do not refer to a source – AVOID USING THEM AS EVIDENCE – but useful for examining the quote)

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Ex. The world we live in might have been different had we chose not to hold back our ideas.

Concrete Examples​ (actual examples that do refer to a source – useful for enhancing your analysis of the quote) Ex. Martin Luther King was nervous to lead the civil rights movement he wouldn’t have chosen to do it.

However after Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in the bus a group of civil activists boycotted the bus.

And they ended up nominating King as the president of their association. King was nominated to lead the movement and by 1963 his speeches united the country for freedom.

Closing Sentences​ (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) Ex. It’s clear that originality begins with a little creativity and a good opportunity to speak your mind and stand out.

Closing Paragraphs​ (Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis​ ​(establishing the potential consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT – could be one or more sentences) Ex. If the mass always stayed silent and never expressed their originality then the world we know would have never existed instead we would be taking a step back in our society.

Statement(s) of Extension​ (extending the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences) Ex. Actually, silence and oppression go hand and hand since civilians not expressing their thoughts has led people to never question the status they are put in since it’s seen as a natural way of living to them.

Reestablishing the Significance of the Thesis​ (could be one or more sentences) Ex. Thus, originality is seen as creating something new and never seen before, however originality is actually to think independently and speak up, to be curious of our world and reevaluate what’s “normal” in our society is, and create change out of it.

Final Sentence​ (connects to the hook and finishes the essay (finish your argument) – the “Smokey the Bear”/”Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment…)

Ex. The world is full of people telling you what is right and what is wrong, however we need to stop letting others take advantage of our silence and start recreating our world in our own original way..

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SECTION 6 ESSAYS Essays​ –​The essay is writing non-fiction that talks about a certain topic. An essay composed of five parts: an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Depending on what kind of essay you're writing then there can be added parts like a counter argument in an argumentative essay. The essay is made to discuss a specific topic from a certain point of view. This causes the reader to understand the perspective of the writer but also be able to get new knowledge about a certain topic.

Types ​– Persuasive​ (Argumentative) A persuasive essay is supposed to convince the reader to say or do something.

Expository​ (Informative) Definition or Description​:An essay that exposes certain information in detail so that the reader doesn’t get confused.

Process (How-to):​ Paragraph 1: Introduce the information, and a thesis statement Paragraph 2-4: Identify the topic you're going to write about and include specific details. Start with an introduction sentence.

Paragraph 5: Sum up all the major points that you have stated in your body paragraphs, you don’t just repeat what you have said before in your body paragraphs. Make a comment about your point of view on the topic.

Compare and Contrast:​ To figure out the similarities and differences of a topic and create a concluding statement out of it.

Cause and Effect:​To figure out the cause or effect of something.

Analytical/Critical This kind of essay breaks information into parts. The goal of the essay is to explain the topic bit by bit so that the reader can have a better understanding of the topic.

Evaluative: ​To examine the topic thoroughly.

Interpretive:​ By examining the topic the writer explains what they figure out and expresses the topic in their own words for a better understanding for the reader.

Narrative​ ​(Tells a story) Narrator who is telling a story from experience or summary of something they have seen.

Personal Statement/Anecdote: Narrative that describes a certain part of a story or the narrator.

Research An essay that is based on answering a certain question.

Timed Document Based Question (DBQ): ​An exam question that needs to be answered in an essay form.

Synthesis:​ ​A written discussion with different views and information that is related to the thesis.

Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps​ ​– ​Explain how to plan and organize essays and how to analyze and break down prompts.

Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining

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Prewriting is the first step to take once you're going to write your essay. It can be a draft or an outline that gets revised before creating a final draft.

- Prompt Analysis explained to the writer what they are going to write about.

- Outlining is to write a detailed writing of your ideas and information to be able to keep track of how your essay will be.

Researching/Evaluating of Sources - Researching is to investigate the topic before writing and finding information related to the topic.

- Evaluating sources is when you evaluate the information you have and see if it's information is correct and useful to the topic.

Work Cited Page​ – ​Explain and give an example of how to set up a works cited entry in both MLA and APA formats - there are subtle differences between each format, so be sure to identify them clearly .

MLA Format:​ To start the MLA format can be done if you want to cite a page of the internet.

You would have to list the author of the website and then a page number for reference. After the page number the title of the web page is tagged to the format. Finally the link of the page is added with the date of the day you accessed the source.

Example​: Grant, Adam “Originals: How Non-Conformist move the World” ​Overdrive, https://www.overdrive.com/media/3032454/originals. Assessed 16 December 2020.

APA Format​:​ When you format for APA you add the authors last name and the year the source was published.

Example: (Grant 2016)

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