Zoology - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

zoology Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : zoology BIODIVERSITY 1.

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Biodiversity Explanation and Biodiversity in India - Answer (click here) Taxonomic systems - Answer (click here) Introduction to taxa and species - Answer (click here) Phenetic method or Numerical taxonomy and Cytotaxonomy and Chemotaxonomy and Palaeotaxonomy Explaination - Answer (click here) Nomenclature methods and Basic principles of nomenclature and Identification keys - Answer (click here) Methods of grouping animals - Answer (click here) Phylum : Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata or Cnidaria - Answer (click here)

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Phylum: Platyhelminthes - Answer (click here) Phylum : Nematoda and Annelida - Answer (click here) Phylum : Arthropoda - Answer (click here) Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Echinodermata - Answer (click here) Phylum Chordata and Diversity and General Characters of Chordates Answer (click here)

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Classification of Phylum Chordata - Answer (click here) Sub phylum : Vertebrata (Craniata) and Classification of Vertebrata Class : Pisces and Tetrapoda - Answer (click here) Class : Amphibia - sub phylum Tetrapoda - Answer (click here) Class : Amniota - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here) Class : Aves - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here) Class : Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here) Monotremata, Marsupialia and Placentalia -Classification of Class : Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here) Scientific Names of Animals - Answer (click here) Plasmodium - Answer (click here) Life cycle in the mosquito - sporogony - Answer (click here) Control of Malaria - Answer (click here)

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Types of Malaria - Answer (click here) Earthworm : External features , External apertures - Answer (click here) Earthworm - Body wall ,Body Cavity,Locomotion - Answer (click here) Earthworm - Digestive System, Feeding - Answer (click here) Earthworm - Circulatory System - Answer (click here) Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here) Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here) Earthworm : Nervous System - Answer (click here) Earthworm : Reproductive System - Answer (click here) Pigeon : External features - Answer (click here) Pigeon : The wings - Answer (click here) Pigeon : Exoskeleton , Quill feather - Answer (click here) Pigeon : Endoskeleton : Flight muscles, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor or subclavius, Coracobrachialis - Answer (click here) Pigeon - Digestive system - Answer (click here) Pigeon - Respiratory System - Answer (click here) Pigeon - Circulatory system and Venous system - Answer (click here) Nervous system and Sense organ of Pigeon - Answer (click here) Pigeon - Urinogenital system and Male, Female reproductive organs Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY 1.

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Cell Biology - Answer (click here) Microscopy and Anton van Leeuwenhoek simple microscope - Answer (click here)

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Compound light, Dark field, Phase contrast, Oil - immersion and Electron microscope - Answer (click here) Cytological Techniques - Answer (click here) Plasma Membrane - Answer (click here) Mitochondria - Answer (click here) Ribosomes - Answer (click here) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum Answer (click here)

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Golgi apparatus - Answer (click here) Lysosomes - Answer (click here) Centrioles - Answer (click here) Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here) Chromosomes of Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here) Cancer biology - Answer (click here) Molecular biology of cancer - Answer (click here)

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Types of cancer and factor causes cancer - Answer (click here) Cancer and death - Answer (click here) Management of cancer : Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)

HUMAN ANATOMY 1.

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History of Human anatomy - Answer (click here) The Integumentary System - Skin and hypodermis - Answer (click here) The Integumentary System - hypodermis, Epidermis, Callus, Skin color, Hair, glands, Nails - Answer (click here) Human Skeletal System - Answer (click here) Structure of a typical long bone - Answer (click here) Skull - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here) Vertebrae - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here) Rib cage - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here) Appendicular skeleton - Pectoral girdle, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle or pelvis, Wrist, Hand, Leg, Ankle, Foot, Kinds of joints, Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints, Synovial joints - Answer (click here) Human Muscular System and Types of Muscular System - Answer (click here)

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Skeletal muscles - Human Muscular System - Answer (click here) Shapes of muscles and Naming of muscles - Human Muscular System Answer (click here)

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Distribution of human muscles - Muscles of the human head, Muscles of the Neck region, Muscles of the Trunk region, Muscles of the upper limb, Muscles of the lower limb - Answer (click here) Human Entire Digestive system process with diagram - Mouth or Buccal cavity, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Stomach, Small intestine, Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum, Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas, Caecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal canal - Answer (click here) Human Respiratory system with diagram - Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Lungs, Thoracic wall and muscles of respirations Answer (click here)

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The Human Circulatory System - Systemic and Pulmonary circulations Pulmonary circulation, Systemic circulation, Portal circulation - Answer (click here)

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Components of Human Circulatory system : Blood vessels, Types of blood vessels, The Heart - Answer (click here) The Human Heart structure with diagram - Answer (click here) Human Lymphatic system - Lymphoid cells and tissues, Thymus, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, The lymphatic circulation - Answer (click

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The structure of a peripheral nerve : Central nervous system (C N S) Peripheral nervous system Autonomous nervous system , brain - Answer (click here)

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Human Brain : Prosencephalon (Fore brain), Mesencephalon (mid brain), Rhombencephalon (hind brain), Brain stem, Pachymenix, Leptomeninges - Answer (click here) The Eye - Sensory Organ - Answer (click here) Ears (The organs of hearing) - The Sensory Organ - Answer (click here) Endocrine system and glands : Pituitary gland (or) Hypophysis, thyroid, parathy roids, pancreas, adrenals, testes and ovaries - Answer (click here) Urinary system : kidneys (renes), ureters, the uri-nary bladder (vesica urinaria) and the urethra - Answer (click here) Male reproductive organs - Answer (click here) Female reproductive organs - Answer (click here)

GENETICS 1.

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GENETICS - Answer (click here) Quantitive inheritance - GENETICS - Answer (click here) Genetics : Sex determination in Human beings - Answer (click here) Male haploidy or Haplo-diploidy mechanism - Answer (click here) Genetics : Sex - linked Inheritance - Answer (click here) Genetics : Pleiotropy - Answer (click here)

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 1.

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Developmental Biology - Gametogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Fertilization - Answer (click here) Types of eggs - Answer (click here) Cleavage and types - Frog's egg - Answer (click here) Gastrulation in frog embryo - Answer (click here) Organogenesis of Frog - Answer (click here)

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY 1.

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Corals - reef builders - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click here) Earthworm - Vermiculture - Answer (click here) Uses and types of Beneficial Insects : Productive Insects - Honey bee, Silk worms, Lac insects. Helpful Insects : Insect - Predators - Answer (click here)

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Prawns, Lobsters and Crabs - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click

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Pearl Oyster - Answer (click here) Fishes - Nutritive value - Answer (click here) Guano (Bird excreta) - Answer (click here) Aquarium - Setting up an aquarium tank - Answer (click here) Vivarium ( Zoo ) and List of important Zoos - Answer (click here) Disease causing organisms - Vectors : Housefly - Musca domestica, Sand flies - Phlebotomus papatasi, Rat fleas - Xenopsylla cheopis, The human louse - Pediculus humanus, Mosquitoes : Anopheles, Culex, Aedes sp - Answer (click here) Poisonous Organisms : Physalia, Scorpion, Centipede, Honey bees and Wasps, Poisonous fishes, Poisonous snakes - Answer (click here) Poisonous snakes : Cobra, Krait, Vipers, Sea Snakes and Poison Apparatus of a Snake - Answer (click here) Fouling Organisms - Answer (click here) Pests - Pests of Crops : Cotton, Paddy, Sugarcane, Vegetables, Coconut palm, Stored grains, household goods - Answer (click here)

ORIGIN OF LIFE 1.

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ORIGIN OF LIFE - Theories - Answer (click here) Geological time scale : Palaeozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era Answer (click here)

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Fossils : Fossilization, Evolutionary significance of fossils, List of Important fossils - Answer (click here) Extinct animals-mass extinction : Causes and Pattern of extiniction Answer (click here)

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 1.

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Nutrition : Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.), Proteins(Polypeptides), Lipids, Vitamins - Answer (click here) Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.) - Answer (click here) Proteins(Polypeptides) - Answer (click here) Lipids - Answer (click here) Vitamins : functions of vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency Ailments Answer (click here)

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Minerals, Water, Balanced diet, Calorie values, Obesity - Answer (click here)

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The digestive system and The process of digestion - Answer (click here) Dental Caries (Tooth decay) : Symptoms, Root Canal Treatment - Answer (click here)

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Peptic ulcer and Hernia : Causes of Peptic ulcer and Types of Hernia Answer (click here)

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Appendicitis, Gall Stones, Hepatitis, Hernia, Peptic ulcer - Answer (click here)

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Types of fractures, Mechanism of fracture, Healing of Bones in fracture, Dislocation of joints, Physiotherapy and rehabilitation, Arthiritis , Orthopedics, Rickets and steomalacia - Answer (click here) Structure of a skeletal muscle, sarcomere - Answer (click here) Mechanism and Types of muscle contraction - Answer (click here) Benefits of aerobic exercise - Answer (click here) Myasthenia Gravis Muscle Disease - Answer (click here) Process of pulmonary respiration - Answer (click here) Mechanism of Human Breathing : Expiration , Inspiration - Answer (click here)

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Gaseous exchange in the alveoli - Answer (click here) Herring - Breuer reflex - Answer (click here) Lungs Disease : Tuberculosis (TB), Herring - Breuer reflex, Acute and Chronic Bronchitis - Answer (click here) Human Circulatory System : Functioning of Human heart - Answer (click here)

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Myocardial infarction : Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors - Answer (click here)

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Angina pectoris - Answer (click here) Angiogram : Coronary Angiography and Coronary Angioplasty - Answer (click here)

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Atherosclerosis, Heart block, Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) - Answer (click here)

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ICCU - (Intensive Coronary Care Unit) - Answer (click here) Blood Pressure : Intensive of hypertension - Answer (click here) Composition of plasma : Components with Functions - Answer (click here) Types of blood cells or corpuscles - Answer (click here) Human Nervous system - Answer (click here) Human brain - Answer (click here) Types of memory - Answer (click here) Types of sleep - Answer (click here) Human Brain Stroke and Brain haemorrhage - Answer (click here) Alzheimer's Disease, Meningitis (Brain fever), Conditioned reflex Answer (click here)

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Right and Left Human brain concept - Answer (click here) Spinal cord functioning - Answer (click here) Functions of Endocrine glands - Answer (click here) Pituitary gland and The hormones of anterior pituitary - Answer (click here)

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Thyroid gland and thyroxine - Answer (click here) Human Insulin - Answer (click here) Human Glucagon - Answer (click here) Gonads : Testis and Overies - Answer (click here) Focusing Mechanism in the Human Eye - Answer (click here) Human eye : Errors of refraction - Answer (click here) Retinopathy - Human Eye Disease - Answer (click here) Human Eye : Cataract, Lens Replacement - Answer (click here) Human Eye : Glaucoma, Nyctalopia Disorder, Infections, Symptoms, Treatment - Answer (click here) EAR - Some Information - Answer (click here) Mechanism of hearing - Human Ear - Answer (click here) Defects of the Human ear - Answer (click here) Human Hearing Aid - Answer (click here) Noise pollution - Answer (click here) Human Skin and Functions of skin - Answer (click here) Functions of Human Skin Melanin - Answer (click here) Human Skin grafting and Dermatitis - Answer (click here) Human Tongue and Mechanism of Stimulation - Answer (click here) Human Excretion - Answer (click here) Mechanism of urine formation - Answer (click here) Renal Failure, Dialysis and Kidney Machines - Answer (click here) Human Kidney stone (Calculus) And Kidney transplantation - Answer (click here)

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Diabetes mellitus : Symptoms, Causes, prevention - Answer (click here) Functioning of male reproductive system - Answer (click here) Functioning of female reproductive system - Answer (click here) Female Menstrual cycle - 28 days - Answer (click here) In vitro fertilization (Test tube babies) and Birth control - Answer (click here)

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Contraception - Methods to prevention of pregnancy - Answer (click here)

MICROBIOLOGY 1.

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History of Medical microbiology - Answer (click here) Structure of Viruses And Viral genetics - Answer (click here) Viral Diseases - Answer (click here) Cultivation (culture) of Animal viruses - Answer (click here) Bacterial structure And Culture - Answer (click here) Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here) Bacterial Diseases - Answer (click here)

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Protozoan microbiology - Answer (click here) Larval microbiology - Answer (click here) AIDS (HIV) Structure, its control, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Control and Management - Answer (click here)

IMMUNOLOGY 1.

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IMMUNOLOGY : Innate Immunity (Non-specific) And Acquired Immunity (Specific immunity) - Answer (click here) Primary Lymphoid Organ Thymus - Answer (click here) Peripheral Lymphoid Organs : Lymph nodes, Spleen - Answer (click here) Secondary Lymphoid Organs : Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) - Answer (click here) Antibodies - Immunoglobulins, Region of polypeptide chains, Transplantation immunology - Answer (click here) Classification of grafts - Answer (click here) Immune system disorders - Answer (click here)

MODERN GENETICS 1.

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Human Genetics - Karyotyping - Answer (click here) Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology) - Answer (click here) Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here) Human Genome Project (HGP) - Answer (click here) Cloning : Differentiation, Cloning of Sheep (Mechanism), Ethical Issues, Merits and Demerits of cloning - Answer (click here) Transgenic organisms : Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) -

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Bioinformatics : Definition, History, Applications - Answer (click here) Scope of Genetic Engineering And Bioinformatics - Answer (click here) Nucleic acid, Protein sequence databases And Genome sequencing, DNA library - Answer (click here) Protein Structure, Protein Model And Uses - Answer (click here) Human population and explosion - Issues - Answer (click here)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 1.

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Reasons for the Explosion. Impacts Of Growing Population and Environmental - Answer (click here) Global warming : Green house effect - Answer (click here) Types of Greenhouse Gases - Answer (click here)

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Effects of Global warming - Answer (click here) Ozone layer depletion : Ozone hole, Preventing And Effect of Ozone depletions - Answer (click here) Waste management - Answer (click here) Waste management : Classification of wastes - Answer (click here) Management of hazardous wastes - Answer (click here) Management of non-hazardous wastes- Solid Waste Management Answer (click here)

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Biodiversity conservation (Biosphere reserves) Government and non Governmental organizations - Answer (click here) Energy crisis and its environmental impact - Answer (click here) Steps to be taken to resolve energy crisis - Answer (click here) Environmental impacts : Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear Power, Solar energy, Fossil fuels - Answer (click here) Poverty and Environmental : issues, alleviation - Answer (click here) Fresh water crisis and management - Answer (click here) Freshwater resources - Answer (click here) Freshwater shortages - Answer (click here) Freshwater Management - Answer (click here)

APPLIED BIOLOGY 1.

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Important cattle breeds and their characteristics - Answer (click here) cattle breeds : Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds, Dual purpose breeds, Draught breeds - Answer (click here) Milch breeds (or) Dairy Cattle breeds : Sindhi (Red Sindhi, Red Karachi), Gir (Kathiawarhi, Surti) - Answer (click here) Dual purpose Cattle breeds - Ongole : Nellore - Answer (click here) Draught Cattle breeds : Kangayam, Hallikar, Jersey - Answer (click here) Common diseases and control for Cattle - Answer (click here) Poultry Breeds - Answer (click here) Poultry Farming methods - Answer (click here) Factors involved in brooding - Answer (click here) Pisciculture : Characters of cultivable fish - Answer (click here) Fish Pond : Types and Preparation of pond, Management and Feeding Answer (click here)

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Edible Fishes Of Tamilnadu (India) - Answer (click here) Stethoscope and Uses of Stethoscope - Answer (click here) Sphygmomanometer - Answer (click here) Haemocytometer - Answer (click here) Urine - Sugar analysis - Answer (click here)

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ECG-Electrocardiogram - Answer (click here) Computed Tomography (CT)(OR) Computerized axial tomography (CAT) - Advantages and Uses - Answer (click here) Types of Endoscopy - Answer (click here) Artificial Pacemaker And Autoanalyser - Answer (click here)

THEORIES OF EVOLUTION 1.

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THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Lamarckism - Answer (click here) THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Neo-lamarckism - Answer (click here) THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Darwinism - Answer (click here) Modern concept of Natural Selection (or) Modern synthetic theory of Evolution - Answer (click here)