Medical immunology - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Medical Immunology Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Medical Immunology Introduction 1.

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Historical Overview - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here) General Concepts - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here) Cells of the Immune System - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here) Antigens and Antibodies - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here) Lymphocytes and Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here) Self Versus Nonself Discrimination - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)

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General Overview - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here) Immunology and Medicine - Answer (click here)

Cells and Tissues Involved in the Immune Response 1.

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Cells of the Immune System - Answer (click here) Lymphoid Tissues and Organs - Answer (click here) Lymphocyte Traffic - Answer (click here)

Major Histocompatibility Complex 1.

Major Histocompatibility Complex - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)

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Classification, Structure, and Detection of HLA Genes and Gene Products - Answer (click here) Cellular Distribution of the MHC Antigens - Answer (click here) Chromosomal Localization and Arrangement of the MHC Genes Answer (click here)

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Genetics of the MHC(Major Histocompatibility Complex) - Answer (click here)

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MHC(Major Histocompatibility Complex) Complex and the Immune Response - Answer (click here) MHC-Disease Associations - Answer (click here)

The Induction of an Immune Response Antigens Lymphocytes and Accessory Cells 1.

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Antigenicity and Immunogenicity - Answer (click here) Antigenic Determinants - Answer (click here) Characteristics of Immunogenicity - Answer (click here) Factors Associated With the Induction of an Immune Response - Answer (click here)

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Exogenous and Endogenous Antigens - Answer (click here) T-B Cell Cooperation in Antibody Responses - Answer (click here) T-Dependent and T-Independent Antigens - Answer (click here) Induction of the Immune Response - Answer (click here) Activation of Helper T Lymphocytes - Answer (click here) Antigen Presentation and Activation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Answer (click here)

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Stimulation of a B-Lymphocyte Response by a T-Dependent Antigen Answer (click here)

Immunoglobulin Structure 1.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG): The Prototype Immunoglobulin Molecule Answer (click here)

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Structural and Antigenic Heterogeneity of Heavy and Light Chains Answer (click here)

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Immunoglobulin Regions and Domains - Answer (click here) The Immunoglobulin Superfamily of Proteins - Answer (click here) The Antibody-Combining Site - Answer (click here) Immunoglobulin M: A Polymeric Molecule - Answer (click here) Immunoglobulin A: A Molecularly Heterogeneous Immunoglobulin Answer (click here)

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The Minor Immunoglobulin Classes: IgD And IgE - Answer (click here)

Biosynthesis Metabolism and Biological Properties of Immunoglobulins 1.

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Immunoglobulin Biosynthesis - Answer (click here) Immunoglobulin Metabolism - Answer (click here) Biological Properties of Immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)

Genetics of Immunoglobulins 1.

Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement - Answer (click here)

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Genetic Basis of Antibody Diversity - Answer (click here) Antigenic Determinants of Immunoglobulin Molecules - Answer (click here)

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DNA Polymorphisms: RFLPS - Answer (click here) Allelic Exclusion - Answer (click here) GM Allotypes and IGG Subclass Concentrations - Answer (click here) Immunoglobulin Allotypes, Immune Response, and Diseases - Answer (click here)

Antigen Antibody Reactions 1.

General Characteristics of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction - Answer (click here)

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Specific Types of Antigen-Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here) Biological Consequences of the Antigen-Antibody Reaction - Answer (click here)

The Complement System 1.

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The Complement System - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here) The Classical Complement Pathway - Medical Immunology - Answer (click here)

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The Alternative Complement Pathway - Answer (click here) Activation and Inactivation of C3 - Answer (click here) Few Complement-Activation Pathways - Answer (click here) Complement Receptors in Human Cell Membranes - Answer (click here) Pathological Situations Associated With Exaggerated Complement Activation - Answer (click here) Complement Levels in Disease - Answer (click here) Microbial Anticomplementary Mechanisms - Answer (click here)

Lymphocyte Ontogeny and Membrane Markers 1.

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Lymphocyte Ontogeny and Membrane Markers - Answer (click here) Approaches to the Study of Lymphocyte Diversity and Ontogeny Answer (click here)

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Major Steps in the Differentiation of T And B Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)

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B Lymphocyte Ontogeny - Answer (click here) T-Lymphocyte Ontogeny - Answer (click here) Natural Killer Cells - Answer (click here) Dendritic Cells - Answer (click here)

Cell Mediated Immunity 1.

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T-Cell Activation - Answer (click here) Inactivation of T-Cell Responses - Answer (click here) T-Helper-Cell Subsets and their Regulatory Roles - Answer (click here) The Role of Helper T Cells in Inflammatory Responses - Answer (click here)

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T-Cell Help and the Humoral Immune Response - Answer (click here) Activation and Differentiation of Cd8+ Cytotoxic T Cells - Answer (click here)

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Activation and Function of Natural Killer Cells - Answer (click here) Regulatory Cells and the Immune Response - Answer (click here)

The Humoral Immune Response and Its Induction by Active Immunization 1.

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Overview of the Induction of a Humoral Immune Response to an Immunogen - Answer (click here) The Primary Immune Response - Answer (click here) The Secondary or Anamnestic Response - Answer (click here) The Fate of Antigens on the Primary and Secondary Responses - Answer (click here)

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The Mucosal Humoral Immune Response - Answer (click here) Immunization - Answer (click here) Types of Vaccines - Answer (click here)

Phagocytic Cells 1.

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Physiology of the Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes - Answer (click here) Physiology of the Monocyte/Macrophage - Answer (click here) Laboratory Evaluation of Phagocytic Function - Answer (click here)

Infections and Immunity 1.

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Nonspecific Anti-Infectious Defense Mechanisms - Answer (click here) Natural Antibodies - Answer (click here) The Protective Role of Antibodies - Answer (click here) The Protective Role of Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here) Immune Deficiency Syndromes as Models For Study Of Immune Defenses Against Infections in Humans - Answer (click here) Escape From the Immune Response - Answer (click here) Abnormal Consequences of the Immune Response - Answer (click here)

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Epilogue - Answer (click here)

Diagnostic Immunology 1.

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General Principles of Immunoserology - Answer (click here) Precipitation Assays - Immunoserology - Answer (click here) Assay Methods Based on Agglutination - Immunoserology - Answer (click here)

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Tests Based on Complement Fixation - Immunoserology - Answer (click here)

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Tests Based on Immunofluorescence - Answer (click here) Radioimmunoassay - Answer (click here) Enzyme Immunoassay - Answer (click here) Laboratory Tests for Assessment of Phagocytic Cell Function - Answer (click here)

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Laboratory Tests For Assessment of Lymphocyte Function - Answer (click here)

Tolerance and Autoimmunity 1.

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Historical Introduction - Tolerance and Autoimmunity - Answer (click here) Definition and General Characteristics of Tolerance - Answer (click here) Acquired Tolerance; Tolerogenic Conditions - Answer (click here) Experimental Approaches to the Definition of the Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Tolerance - Answer (click here) T-Lymphocyte Tolerance Models - Answer (click here) Downregulation of the Immune Response - Answer (click here) Termination of Tolerance - Answer (click here) Autoimmunity - Answer (click here) Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here) Pathogenic Factors Involved in the Onset of Autoimmune Diseases Answer (click here)

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Animal Models of Autoimmunity - Answer (click here) Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)

Organ Specific Autoimmune Diseases 1.

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Autoimmune Diseases of the Thyroid Gland - Answer (click here) Addison’s Disease (Chronic Primary Hypoadrenalism) - Answer (click here) Autoimmune Diseases of the Pancreas - Answer (click here) Autoimmune Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver - Answer (click here)

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Autoimmune Diseases of the Neuromuscular Systems - Answer (click here) Autoimmune Diseases of the Blood Cells - Answer (click here)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 1.

Clinical Manifestations - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Answer (click here)

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Immunological Abnormalities in SLE(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) Answer (click here)

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Pathogenesis of SLE(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) - Answer (click here) Treatment - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Answer (click here)

Rheumatoid Arthritis 1.

Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)

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Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here) Rheumatoid Factor and Anti-immunoglobulin Antibodies - Answer (click here)

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Genetic Factors in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here) Cell-Mediated Immunity Abnormalities in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)

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Overview of Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here) Therapy - Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click here)

Hypersensitivity Reactions 1.

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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Introduction - Answer (click here) Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions (IGE-Mediated Hypersensitivity, Immediate Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here) Cytotoxic Reactions (Type Ii Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here) Immune Complex–Induced Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type III Hypersensitivity) - Answer (click here) Delayed (Type IV) Hypersensitivity Reactions - Answer (click here)

IgE Mediated Immediate Hypersensitivity 1.

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Major Clinical Expressions - IgE-Mediated (Immediate) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here) Pathogenesis - IgE Mediated (Immediate) Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here)

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IgE Antibodies - Answer (click here) The IgE Antibody Response - Answer (click here)

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Genetic Control of IgE Synthesis - Answer (click here) Interaction of IgE with Cell Surface Receptors - Answer (click here) Early and Late Phases in Type I Hypersensitivity - Answer (click here) Prevention and Therapy - IgE-Mediated (Immediate) Hypersensitivity Answer (click here)

Immunohematology 1.

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Introduction: Blood Groups - Immunohematology - Answer (click here) Serological Principles of Blood Transfusion - Answer (click here) Blood Transfusion Reactions - Answer (click here) Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) - Answer (click here)

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Immune Hemolytic Anemias - Answer (click here)

Immune Complex Diseases 1.

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Immune Complex Diseases - Answer (click here) Physiopathology of Immune Complex Disease - Answer (click here) Host Factors that Influence the Development of Immune Complex Disease - Answer (click here) Detection of Soluble Immune Complexes - Answer (click here) The Role of Immune Complexes in Human Disease - Answer (click here) Therapeutic Approaches to Immune Complex Disease - Answer (click here)

Immune System Modulators 1.

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Immune System Modulators: Introduction - Answer (click here) Immunosuppression: Introduction - Answer (click here) Immunosuppressive Drugs: Pharmacological and Immunological Aspects - Answer (click here) Use of Immunosuppressive Drugs in Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here) Adverse Consequences of Prolonged Immunosuppression - Answer (click here)

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Cytokine Modifiers - Answer (click here) Immunopotentiation - Answer (click here)

Transplantation Immunology 1.

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Transplantation Immunology: Introduction - Answer (click here) Donor-Recipient Matching - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click

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Graft Rejection - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here) Immunosuppression - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here) Graft-Versus-Host Reaction - Transplantation Immunology - Answer (click here)

Tumor Immunology 1.

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Tumor Immunology: Introduction - Answer (click here) Immunogenicity of Tumors - Answer (click here) Effector Mechanisms in Cancer Immunity - Answer (click here) Factors Affecting Tumor Immunogenicity - Answer (click here) Immunotherapy - Answer (click here)

Malignancies of the Immune System 1.

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B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here) Physiopathology of B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here) Clinical Presentations of B-Cell Dyscrasias - Answer (click here) Leukemias and Lymphomas - Answer (click here) Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - Answer (click here) Hairy Cell Leukemia - Answer (click here) Acute Lymphocytic Leukemias - Answer (click here)

Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases 1.

Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases: Introduction - Answer (click here)

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Diagnostic Studies - Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)

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Diagnostic Evaluation of Humoral Immunity - Answer (click here) Diagnostic Evaluation of Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here) Diagnostic Evaluation of Phagocytic Cell Function - Answer (click here) Diagnostic Evaluation of Complement Function - Answer (click here)

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases 1.

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Humoral Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here) Infantile Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton-Janeway Syndrome) - Answer (click here)

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Common, Variable, Unclassified Immunodeficiency (“Acquired�

Hypogammaglobulinemia) - Answer (click here) Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency - Answer (click here)

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X-Linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome - Answer (click here) Antigen-Selective Immune Deficiencies - Answer (click here) Cellular Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here) Severe, Combined Immunodeficiency - Answer (click here) Other Forms of Combined Immune Deficiency - Answer (click here) Phagocytic Cell Deficiencies - Answer (click here) Complement Deficiencies - Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Answer (click here)

AIDS and Other Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases 1.

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Secondary Immunodeficiencies - Answer (click here) The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here) General Characteristics of HIV - Answer (click here) Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS - Answer (click here) HIV and the Immune System - Answer (click here) Natural History of an HIV Infection - Answer (click here) Clinical Stages of HIV Infection - Answer (click here) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here) Serological Diagnosis of HIV Infection - Answer (click here) Therapy - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here) Immunoprophylaxis - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - Answer (click here)