TamilNadu State board Higher Secondary 11th 12th - Lecture Notes, Study Materials

Higher Secondary School - 11th , 12th Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Importants questions answers 11th Standard Botany - (Click Here) Physics - (Click Here) Chemistry - (Click Here) zoology - (Click Here) Economics - (Click Here) History - (Click Here) Geography - (Click Here) 12th Standard Botany - (Click Here) Physics - (Click Here) Chemistry - (Click Here) zoology - (Click Here) Economics - (Click Here) History - (Click Here) Geography - (Click Here)

Subject : Botany BIODIVERSITY 1.

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Taxonomy and Phylogeny - Answer (click here) Two Kingdom System of Classification - Answer (click here) The Five Kingdom System of Classification - Answer (click here) Viruses - Introduction And General characteristics - Answer (click here) Viruses : Size, Shape And Structure of a Virus - Answer (click here) Classification of virus - Answer (click here) Lytic and Lysogenic Life cycle of a phage - Answer (click here) Plant viral disease : Bunchy top of banana, HIV, cancer, SARS Virion Answer (click here)

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A new disease called SARS Virion - Answer (click here) Bacteria : Introduction, Occurrence, Size - Answer (click here)

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Classification of bacteria based on the shape and arrangement - Answer (click here)

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Flagellation in Bacteria - Answer (click here) Nutrition in Plant Bacteria - Answer (click here) Respiration in Plant Bacteria - Answer (click here) Reproduction of Bacteria - Answer (click here) Harmful activities of Bacteria in Plants, Animal, Human beings - Answer (click here)

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Beneficial Activities of Bacteria - Answer (click here) Fungi : Salient and Distinguishing Features, Structure, Nutrition, Saprotrophs - Answer (click here) Fungai : Saprotrophs and Parasites - Answer (click here) Fungi Symbiosis - Answer (click here) Classification of Fungi - Answer (click here) Economic importance of Fungi : Useful and Harmful aspects of fungi Answer (click here)

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Mucor : Occurrence, Reproduction, Somatic structure - Answer (click here) Algae : Salient Features, Occurrence and Distribution, Thallus organization - Answer (click here) Algae : Cell Structure & Pigmentation - Answer (click here) Algea : Arranagement of Flagella - Answer (click here) Algea Reproduction : 1. Vegetative 2. Asexual 3. Sexual - Answer (click here)

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Classification of Algea - Answer (click here) Economic Importance of Algae - Food, Agriculture, Industry, space travel, Single cell protein, Sewage Disposal - Answer (click here) Harmful effects of Algae - Answer (click here) Spirogyra : Detail, Occurrence, Structure - Answer (click here) Algea : Reproduction - Answer (click here) Bryophytes : Salient and Distinguishing features of Bryophytes - Answer (click here)

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Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations - Answer (click here) Classification of Bryophyta - Answer (click here) Riccia And The structure of mature gametophyte - Answer (click here) Reproduction of Riccia - Answer (click here) Riccia - Fertilization, Sporophyte Generation - Answer (click here) Life cycle of Riccia - Answer (click here) Pteridophytes : Salient features and Salient features - Answer (click here) Characteristics of Pteridophytes and Economic importance - Answer (click here)

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Morphology of sporophyte - Answer (click here)

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Anatomy of Nephrolepsis - Answer (click here) Reproduction of Nephrolepsis - Answer (click here) Nephrolepsis : Fertilization - Answer (click here) Classification and Characteristic of Spermatophytes(Gymnosperms) Answer (click here)

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Salient features and Distinguishing features of Gymnosperms - Answer (click here)

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Cycas - Morphology of sporophyte - Answer (click here) Anatomy of Cycas - Answer (click here) Cycas - Reproduction - Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY 1.

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A brief history about the discovery of cells - Answer (click here) Dynamic nature of cell , Difference Between Plant Cell And Animal cell - Answer (click here) Development of Cell Theory And Exception to cell Theory - Answer (click here)

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prokaryotic cell And Ultra structure of a prokaryotic cell - Answer (click here)

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Eukaryotes - Answer (click here) Different Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell (Plant Cells) - Answer (click here)

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Light Microscope and Electron Microscope (TEM - Transmission Electron Microscopy & SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope ) - Answer (click here)

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Formation of the cell wall - Answer (click here) Structure of the cell wall - Answer (click here) Plasmodesmata, pits and Functions of cell wall - Answer (click here) Ultra structure of the cell membrane - Fluid mosaic Model, Lipids, Proteins - Answer (click here) Functions of plasma membrane - Answer (click here) Cell Membrane Transport - Answer (click here) List of Plant Cell Organelles - Answer (click here) Plant Cell Nucleus And Functions of Plant Cell Nucleus - Answer (click here)

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Plant Cell Mitochondria - Power house of the cell - Answer (click here) Plant Cell Plastids - chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts - Answer (click here)

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Plant Cell : Ribosomes - Answer (click here) Plant Cell Division - Cell Cycle 1.Amitosis 2.Mitosis 3. Meiosis - Answer (click here)

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Cell Division : Mitotic cell cycle : 1.Prophase 2. Metaphase 3.Anaphase 4. Telophase - Answer (click here) Cell Division - Meiosis Cell Cycle : Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase - Answer (click here)

PLANT MORPHOLOGY 1.

Morphology of flowering plants or Angiosperms - short notes - Answer (click here)

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Plant - Root System : Regions of a typical root and General Characteristic features of the root - Answer (click here) Types of Root System And Functions of roots - Answer (click here) Root Modifications for Taproot, adventitious roots - Answer (click here) Characteristic features and Functions of the stem - Answer (click here) Modifications of stem : 1. Aerial modifications 2. Sub aerial modifications 3. Under ground modifications - Answer (click here) Parts of a Leaf : 1. Leaf base 2. Petiole 3. Lamina - Answer (click here) Leaf Venation : Reticulate, Parallel : Pinnately, Palmately - Answer (click here)

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Leaf Modification - Answer (click here) Inflorescence : Racemose, Cymose, Mixed and Special types - Answer (click here)

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FLOWER - A Metamorphosed Shoot : Evidences to support that flower is a modified shoot - Answer (click here) Description of a flower - Answer (click here) Types of Placentation : Axile,Marginal, Parietal, Basal, Superficial Placentation - Answer (click here) Androecium And Gynoecium - Answer (click here) Plant Aestivation And Types of Aestivation - Answer (click here) Corolla : Shape of the petals in the corolla and Forms of Corolla - Answer (click here)

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Calyx : Variations and Duration of calyx - Answer (click here) The receptacle (thalamus) : Variation of the Receptacle, Insertion of floral leaves on the thalamus - Answer (click here) Parts of a flower - Answer (click here) Fruit : Types and Structure of fruit - Answer (click here) Simple fleshy fruits : baccate,drupaceous - Berry, Drupe, Hesperidium, Pepo, Pomo - Answer (click here) Simple Dry Fruits - .1. Dehiscent 2. Schizocarpic 3. Indehiscent - Answer (click here)

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aggregate and multiple or composite fruits - Answer (click here) Structure and Types of Seed - Answer (click here)

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Structure of gram seed - Answer (click here) Structure of Maize Grain - Answer (click here)

GENETICS 1.

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GENETICS : Concept of Heredity and Variation - Answer (click here) Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance - Answer (click here) Intermediate Inheritance (Incomplete Dominance) - Answer (click here) Epistasis - Gene Interaction - Answer (click here) Inheritance Laws of Mendel - Answer (click here) Biography of Mendel And Mendel's Experiments on Mendel's Laws of Inheritance - Answer (click here)

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1.

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Cell as a Physiological Unit - Answer (click here) Properties of Protoplasm : The Physical and Chemical Nature - Answer (click here)

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Cell - Water Relations - Answer (click here) Cells : Absorption and Movement - Imbibition, Diffusion - Answer (click here)

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Demonstration of Osmosis - Potato Osmoscope - Answer (click here) Plasmolysis and Significance of Plasmolysis - Answer (click here) Plant Cells : Permeability and Water Potential - Answer (click here) Water Transport in Plant - Answer (click here) Transpiration Pull Theory in plant water transport - Answer (click here) Factors Affecting Rate of Transpiration in Plant - Answer (click here) Structure of Stoma and Mechanism of Stomatal Opening and Closing Answer (click here)

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Factors Affecting Stomatal Movement - Answer (click here) Functions of Minerals Nutrition - Answer (click here) Hydroponics : Advantages and Disavantagges of Hydroponics - Answer (click here)

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Essential Major Elements and Trace Elements for Plant - Answer (click here)

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Plant Physiological Role and Deficiency Symptoms of Mineral Elements - Answer (click here) Theories of Translocation for Plant : Passive absorption and Active Absorption - Answer (click here) Plant Physiology : Translocation of Solutes - Answer (click here) Plant Physiology : Nitrogen Metabolism - Answer (click here) Plant Movements : Movements of locomotion and curvature - Answer

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Geotropism - Answer (click here) Phototropism And Turgor Growth Movements - Answer (click here)

REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY 1.

Reproduction in Angiosperms : Vegetative Propagation - Answer (click here)

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Natural Methods of Vegetative Propagation : Root, Stem, Leaves Answer (click here)

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Advantages of Vegetative propagation - Answer (click here) Artificial Method of Vegetative Propagation : Cuttings, Grafting Answer (click here)

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Reproduction in Angiosperm : Micropropagation - Answer (click here) Self Pollination - Sexual Reproduction : 1. autogamy 2. geitonogamy Answer (click here)

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Cross Pollination (Xenogamy, Allogamy) - Sexual Reproduction Answer (click here)

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Development of male and female gametophyte - Answer (click here) Development of female gametophyte : Megasporophyll, Megasporangium or ovule, Megasporogenesis - Answer (click here) Types of Plant Ovule - Answer (click here) Plant Reproduction : Double fertilization - Answer (click here) Development of dicot embryo - Answer (click here) Parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy - Answer (click here) Germination of Seed : Parts of Seed - Answer (click here) Process of seed germination - Answer (click here) Types of seed germination : Epigeal, Hypogeal germination, Vivipary Answer (click here)

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Factors necessary for seed gamination - Answer (click here) Abscission and Importance of Abscission - Answer (click here) senescence : Types, Physiology , Importance of senescence - Answer (click here)

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 1.

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Organisms and their Environment - Answer (click here) Organisms : Environmental Climatic Factors - Answer (click here) Organisms : Environment : Edaphic Factors - Answer (click here) Organisms : Environmental factors - Climatic, Edaphic, Biotic - Answer (click here)

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Relationships among Organisms : Positive and Negative Interactions Answer (click here)

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Hydrophytes And Classification of Hydrophytes - Answer (click here) Morphological and Anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes - Answer (click here)

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Xerophytes and Classification of Xerophytes - Answer (click here) Morphological, Anatomical and Physiological Adaptations of Xerophytes - Answer (click here) Mesophytes - Answer (click here) natural resources and Types of natural resources - Answer (click here) Sources of Energy resources - Answer (click here) Conservation of Energy - Answer (click here) Forest Resources - Answer (click here) Social Forestry and Conservation of Forests - Answer (click here) Conservation of Water and Types of Harvesting Rainwater - Answer (click here)

Subject : Physics Nature of the Physical World and Measurement 1.

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Scope of Physics - Answer (click here) Physics, Technology and Society - Answer (click here) Forces of nature - Answer (click here) Measurement - Answer (click here) Derived quantities and their units - Answer (click here) SI standards - Answer (click here) Rules and conventions for writing SI units and their symbols - Answer (click here)

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Expressing larger and smaller physical quantities - Answer (click here) Determination of distance, mass, time - Answer (click here) Accuracy and precision of measuring instruments - Answer (click here) Measurement: Significant figures - Answer (click here) Measurement: Rounding off - Answer (click here) Classification of Errors in Measurement - Answer (click here) Dimensional Analysis - Answer (click here) Uses and Limitations of Dimensional Analysis - Answer (click here)

Kinematics 1.

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Kinematics - Rest and Motion - Answer (click here) Motion in one dimension (rectilinear motion) - Answer (click here) Equations of motion - Answer (click here)

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Graphical representations - displacement, velocity,acceleration with time graph - Answer (click here) Representation of a vector quantities - Answer (click here) Different types of vectors - Answer (click here) Addition of vectors: Triangle and Parallelogram law of vectors - Answer (click here)

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Subtraction of vectors - Answer (click here) Resolution of vectors and rectangular components - Answer (click here) Multiplication of two vectors - Answer (click here) Projectile motion - Answer (click here) Motion of a projectile thrown horizontally - Answer (click here) Motion of a projectile projected at an angle with the horizontal (oblique projection) - Answer (click here) Newton's first law of motion - Answer (click here) Three types of the inertia - Answer (click here) Examples for Newton's first law of motion - Answer (click here) Newton's second law of motion - Answer (click here) Impulsive force and Impulse of a force - Answer (click here) Newton's third Law of motion - Answer (click here) Applications of Newton s third law of motion - Answer (click here) Proof and Applications of Law of conservation of momentum - Answer (click here)

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Concurrent forces and Coplanar forces - Answer (click here) Parallelogram and Triangle law of forces - Answer (click here) Experimental verification of triangle law, parallelogram law and Lami's theorem - Answer (click here) Uniform circular motion - Answer (click here) Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity - Answer (click here) Centripetal acceleration, Centripetal force and Centripetal reaction Answer (click here)

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Applications of centripetal forces - Answer (click here) Banking of curved roads and tracks and Condition for skidding - Answer (click here)

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Motion in a vertical circle - Answer (click here) Motion on a level circular road - Answer (click here) Work : Work done by a constant force and variable force - Answer (click here)

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Potential energy and Kinetic energy - Answer (click here) Principle of work and energy (work - energy theorem) Statement Answer (click here)

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Conservative forces and non-conservative forces - Answer (click here)

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Collision: Types - Elastic collision and Inelastic collision - Answer (click here)

Dynamics of Rotational Motion 1.

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Centre of mass - Answer (click here) Centre of gravity - Answer (click here) Equilibrium of bodies and types of equilibrium - Answer (click here) Rotational motion of rigid bodies - Answer (click here) Rotational kinetic energy and moment of inertia of a rigid body - Answer (click here)

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Theorems of moment of inertia : Perpendicular and Parallel axes theorem - Answer (click here) Moment of a force - Answer (click here) Couple and moment of the couple (Torque) - Answer (click here) Angular momentum of a rigid body - Answer (click here) Relation between torque and angular acceleration - Answer (click here) Conservation of angular momentum with Illustration - Answer (click here)

Gravitation and Space Science 1.

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Newton's law of gravitation - Answer (click here) Acceleration due to gravity - Answer (click here) Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Earth - Answer (click here) Variation of acceleration due to gravity - Answer (click here) Gravitational field: potential difference and potential energy - Answer (click here)

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Inertial mass and Gravitational mass - Answer (click here) Escape speed derivation and with the atmosphere of a planet - Answer (click here)

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Satellites: Orbital velocity, Time period and Energy - Answer (click here) Geo-stationary satellites and Polar satellites - Answer (click here) Uses of satellites - Answer (click here) Indian space programme: List of Indian satellites and Indian Launch Vehicles (Rockets) - Answer (click here) Weightlessness, Rockets - principle and Types of fuels - Answer (click here) The Solar system - Answer (click here) Kepler's laws of planetary motion: The law of orbits, areas, periods Answer (click here)

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Size, Surface temperatures, Mass, Atmosphere of the planets - Answer (click here)

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Conditions for life on any planet - Answer (click here)

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Asteroids, Comets, Meteors and Meteorites inthe Solar system - Answer (click here)

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Stars, Constellations, Galaxy in the Solar system - Answer (click here) Milky Way galaxy - Answer (click here) Origin of the Universe - Answer (click here)

Mechanics of Solids and Fluids 1.

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Mechanics of Solids and Fluids - Answer (click here) Intermolecular or interatomic forces - Answer (click here) Elasticity: Stress, strain Elastic limit, Hooke's law - Answer (click here) Experimental verification of Hooke's law - Answer (click here) Study of stress - strain relationship - Answer (click here) Three moduli of elasticity - Answer (click here) Relation between the three moduli of elasticity - Answer (click here) Determination of Young's modulusby Searle's method - Answer (click here) Applications of modulus of elasticity - Answer (click here) Pressure due to a liquid column - Answer (click here) Pascal's law and effect of gravity - Answer (click here) Applications of Pascal's law: Hydraulic lift and brake - Answer (click here) Co-efficient of viscosity - Answer (click here) Viscosity: Streamline flow and Turbulent flow - Answer (click here) Stoke's law (for highly viscous liquids) - Answer (click here) Determination of coefficient of viscosity of water by Poiseuille's flow method - Answer (click here) Surface tension: Intermolecular, Cohesive, Adhesive force - Answer (click here)

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Experiments to demonstrate surface tension - Answer (click here) Molecular theory of surface tension - Answer (click here) Fluid Surface energy and surface tension - Answer (click here) Pressure difference and pressure inside a liquid drop and a soap bubble Answer (click here)

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Capillarity and Illustrations of capillarity - Answer (click here) Experimental determination of surface tension of water by capillary rise method - Answer (click here) Factors affecting and Applications surface tension - Answer (click here) Total energy of a liquid: Pressure, Kineti, Potential energy - Answer (click here)

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Fluid Equation of continuity - Answer (click here) Bernoulli's theorem - Answer (click here) Application of Bernoulli's theorem - Answer (click here)

Oscillations 1.

The projection of uniform circular motion on a diameter is SHM - Answer (click here)

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Important terms in simple harmonic motion - Answer (click here) Dynamics of harmonic oscillations - Answer (click here) Angular harmonic oscillator - Answer (click here) Horizontal and Vertical oscillations of spring - Answer (click here) Oscillation of liquid column in a U - tube - Answer (click here) Oscillations of a simple pendulum - Answer (click here) Laws of pendulum - Answer (click here) Kinetic and Potential in simple harmonic motion - Answer (click here) Types of oscillations - Answer (click here)

Wave Motion 1.

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Characteristics of wave motion - Answer (click here) Mechanical wave motion - Transverse and Longitudinal wave motion Answer (click here)

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Relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength of a wave Answer (click here)

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Velocity of wave in different media - Answer (click here) Laplace?s correction - Answer (click here) Factors affecting velocity of sound in gases - Answer (click here) Equation of a plane progressive wave - Answer (click here) Characteristics of progressive wave - Answer (click here) Progressive wave : Intensity and sound level - Answer (click here) Applications of reflection of sound waves - Answer (click here) Applications of refraction of sound - Answer (click here) Superposition principle of waves - Answer (click here) Interference of waves - Answer (click here) Experimental demonstration of interference of sound - Answer (click here) Beats - Analytical method and Uses of beats - Answer (click here) Analytical method and Characteristics of stationary waves - Answer (click here)

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Standing waves in strings - Sonometer - Answer (click here) Vibrations of air column in Organ pipes - Answer (click here) Resonance air column apparatus - Answer (click here) Doppler effect : Different cases and Applications - Answer (click here)

Heat and Thermodynamics

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Heat and Thermodynamics - Introduction - Answer (click here) Postulates of Kinetic theory of gases - Answer (click here) Pressure exerted by a gas - Answer (click here) Degrees of freedom of molecule - Answer (click here) Law of equipartition of energy - Answer (click here) Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click here) Molar specific heat capacity of a gas - Answer (click here) First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here) Relation between Cp and Cv (Meyer's relation) - Answer (click here) Indicator diagram (P-V diagram) - Answer (click here) Isothermal process and Workdone in an isothermal expansion - Answer (click here)

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Adiabatic process and Work done in an adiabatic expansion - Answer (click here)

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Thermodynamic : Reversible and irreversible processes - Answer (click here)

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Second law of thermodynamics- Kelvin's, Clausius, Kelvin - Planck's statement - Answer (click here) Carnot engine - Essential parts, Working, four stages of operations Answer (click here)

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Refrigerator : Coefficient of performance and Inferences - Answer (click here)

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Transfer of heat - Conduction, Convection, Radiation - Answer (click here) Perfect black body - Answer (click here) Experimental verification of Newton's law of cooling - Answer (click here) Surface temperature of the Sun - Answer (click here) Angstrom pyrheliometer - Answer (click here)

Ray Optics 1.

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Reflection of light - Answer (click here) Image in a plane mirror - Answer (click here) Reflection at curved surfaces - Answer (click here) Total internal reflection - Answer (click here) Applications of Total internal reflection - Answer (click here) Michelson's method - Answer (click here) Importance of velocity of light - Answer (click here) Refraction of light - Answer (click here) Refraction at a spherical surface - Answer (click here) Lens maker's formula and lens formula and Magnification - Answer (click here)

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Combination of thin lenses in contact - Answer (click here)

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Refraction of light through a prism - Answer (click here) Dispersion of light and Dispersive power - Answer (click here) Spectrometer - Answer (click here) Basic Parts and Adjustments of the spectrometer - Answer (click here) Determination of the refractive index of the material of the prism Answer (click here)

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Formation of rainbows - Answer (click here)

Magnetism 1.

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Earth?s magnetic field and magnetic elements - Answer (click here) Basic properties of magnets - Answer (click here) Force between two magnetic poles - Answer (click here) Magnetic induction at a point along the axial line due to a magnetic dipole (Bar magnet) - Answer (click here) Magnetic induction at a point along the equatorial line of a bar magnet Answer (click here)

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Mapping of magnetic field due to a bar magnet - Answer (click here) Torque on a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field - Answer (click here)

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Tangent law - Answer (click here) End-on (or) Tan A position- Deflection magnetometer - Answer (click here) Broad?side on (or) Tan B position - Deflection magnetometer - Answer (click here)

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Magnetic properties of materials - Answer (click here) Properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic substances Answer (click here)

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Hysteresis and Hysteresis loss - Answer (click here) Uses of ferromagnetic materials - Answer (click here)

Subject : Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Chemical Calculations 1.

Chemical Calculations : Formula Weight (FW) or Formula Mass Answer (click here)

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Mole Concept and Molar Mass with Example Problems - Answer (click here)

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Converting Grams of Substances to Moles and Grams with Solved Problems - Answer (click here)

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Calculation of Empirical Formula from Quantitative Analysis and Percentage composition - Answer (click here) Stoichiometry Equations - Answer (click here) Rules for writing stoichiometric equations - Answer (click here) Balancing chemical equation in its molecular form - Answer (click here) General Rules for assigning Oxidation Number to an atom - Answer (click here)

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Balancing Redox reaction by Oxidation Number Method - Answer (click here)

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Methods of Expressing the concentration of solution - Answer (click here) Volumetric Analysis - Law with Solved problem - Answer (click here) Determination of equivalent masses of elements - Answer (click here) Equivalent mass of acid, base, salt, oxidising agent and reducing agent Answer (click here)

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Determination of Molecular Mass Victor-Meyer's Method - Answer (click here)

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Calculations based on Principle of Volumetric Analysis - Answer (click here)

General Introduction to Metallurgy 1.

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Metallurgy - Ores and Minerals - Answer (click here) Sources from earth, living systems and in sea - Answer (click here) Metallurgy - Purification of ores - Answer (click here) Metallurgical processes - Answer (click here) Metallurgy - Purification of metals - Answer (click here)

Atomic Structure I 1.

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Rutherford's Scattering Experiment - Answer (click here) Defects of Rutherford's model - Answer (click here) Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom - Answer (click here) Limitation of Bohr's Theory - Answer (click here) Electronic configuration and quantum numbers - Answer (click here) Shapes or boundary surfaces of Orbitals - Answer (click here) Pauli's exclusion principle and Uses - Answer (click here) Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Answer (click here) Aufbau Principle - Answer (click here) Stability of orbitals - Answer (click here)

Periodic Classification I

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Brief history of periodic classification - Answer (click here) Earlier periodic classification - Answer (click here) Modern Periodic Law - Answer (click here) IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements with Z greater than 100 - Answer (click here)

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Electronic configuration and periodic table - Answer (click here) Types of elements: s-, p-,d-, f- Blocks - Answer (click here) Atomic and ionic radii - Answer (click here) Variation of Ionization Energy in the periodic Table - Answer (click here) Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy - Answer (click here) Electron affinity - Answer (click here) Electronegativity - Answer (click here) Anomalous periodic properties in terms of screening constant, stability etc. - Answer (click here)

Group 1 sBlock elements 1.

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The structure of the three isotopes of hydrogen - Answer (click here) Deuterium: Methods of Preparation, properties and Uses - Answer (click here)

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Tritium - preparation, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here) Ortho and Para hydrogen: Conversion and Properties - Answer (click here) Heavy water: Preparation, Principle, Properties, Important reactions, Uses - Answer (click here) Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation, Properties, reactions, Uses - Answer (click here)

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Liquid hydrogen as a fuel - Answer (click here) Alkali Metals: General characteristics, Physical Properties - Answer (click here)

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Lithium : Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)

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Sodium: Extraction, Physical and Chemical Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)

Group 2 sBlock elements 1.

2.

Group 2 s - Block Elements - Answer (click here) Magnesium: Important Ores, Metallurgy, Properties, Uses - Answer (click here)

3.

Compounds of alkaline earth metals - Answer (click here)

pBlock elements

1.

2.

p-Block Elements - General Characteristics - Answer (click here) Group 13 - Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl): Extraction, Properties Answer (click here)

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Carbon group elements: properties, Structure, Uses - Answer (click here) Structure of Diamond, Graphite, Buckminster fullerenes - Answer (click here)

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Metallic character of Carbon group elements - Answer (click here) Nitrogen Group - Answer (click here) Nitric acid: Preparation, Properties - Answer (click here) Importance of molecular oxygen - Answer (click here) Oxygen: Oxides Classification - Answer (click here) Ozone: Laboratory preparation, Properties, Uses, structure, layer - Answer (click here)

11.

Factors affecting ozone layer - Answer (click here)

Physical Chemistry Solid state I 1.

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3.

Crystalline solids and Amorphous solids - Answer (click here) Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids - Answer (click here) Characteristic parameters and seven classes of unit cell - Answer (click here)

4.

Miller Indices - Answer (click here)

Gaseous state I 1.

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Properties of gases - Answer (click here) The gas laws: Boyle's law and Charle's Law - Answer (click here) Numerical values of gas constant (R) - Answer (click here) Dalton's law of partial Pressures - Answer (click here) Graham's Law of Diffusion - Answer (click here) Causes for deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour - Answer (click here) Vanderwaal's Equation of state : Units, Significance, Limitations Answer (click here)

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Gaseous state - Critical phenomena - Answer (click here) Joule-Thomson Effect and Inversion temperature (Ti) - Answer (click here) Conditions of liquefaction of gases: Linde's Method, Claude's process Answer (click here)

Chemical Bonding 1.

Elementary theories on Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here)

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Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding - Answer (click here) Ionic (or) Electrovalent bond - Answer (click here) Lattice energy and Born - Haber's cycle - Answer (click here) Determination and Calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl - Answer (click here)

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Properties of electrovalent (or) ionic compounds - Answer (click here) Covalent bond: Lewis dot structure and Double bond formation - Answer (click here)

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Characteristics of covalent compounds - Answer (click here) Fajan's rules: Covalent character of ionic bonds - Answer (click here) Polarity of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here) Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) Theory - Answer (click here)

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Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds - Answer (click here) Theory of Hybridisation - Answer (click here) Chemical Bonding: Concept of Resonance - Answer (click here) Co-ordinate-covalent bonding or Dative bonding - Answer (click here)

Colligative Properties 1.

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Colligative Properties and its Scope - Answer (click here) Lowering of Vapour Pressure - Answer (click here) Raoult's Law and Dynamic method (or) Ostwald - Walker method Answer (click here)

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Depression of freezing point of dilute solution - Answer (click here) Measurement of freezing point depression by Beckmann method Answer (click here)

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Elevation of boiling point of dilute solutions and Cottrell's Method Answer (click here)

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Osmosis in solution - Answer (click here) Determination of molecular weight and osmotic pressure by BerkleyHartley method - Answer (click here) Abnormal Colligative Properties - Answer (click here)

Thermodynamics I 1.

Introduction and Terminology used in Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)

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Thermodynamics: State functions of a system - Answer (click here) Thermodyanamic processes - Answer (click here) Different between Exothermic and endothermic processes - Answer (click here)

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Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible process - Answer (click here) Nature of thermodynamic functions - Answer (click here) Zeroth law of thermodynamics or Thermal equilibrium - Answer (click here)

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Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy - Answer (click here) First law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here) Relation between enthalpy `H' and internal energy `U' - Answer (click here) Thermochemical equations - Answer (click here) Enthalpy of combustion - Bomb calorimeter - Answer (click here) Enthalpy of neutralisation - Answer (click here)

Chemical Equilibrium I 1.

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Scope and Nature of Chemical Equilibrium - Answer (click here) Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes - Answer (click here) Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant with example Answer (click here)

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Formation of HI from H2 and I2 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of dissociation - Answer (click here) Dissociation of PCl5 - Equilibrium constants in terms of degree of dissociation - Answer (click here) Characteristics of Equilibrium constant - Answer (click here) Heterogeneous equilibria - Answer (click here)

Chemical Kinetics I 1.

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Scope of chemical kinetics - Answer (click here) Rate of chemical reactions - Answer (click here) Factors influencing reaction rates - Answer (click here) Chemical Kinetics: Unit of rate constant - Answer (click here) Molecularity of the reaction - Answer (click here) Classification of rates based on the order of the reaction - Answer (click here)

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Characteristics of organic compounds - Answer (click here) Purification of Organic compounds: Crystallisation - Answer (click here) Sublimation - Purification of Organic compounds - Answer (click here) Methods for the purification of liquids Distillation - Answer (click here) Chromatography and Different Chromatographic Techniques - Answer (click here)

Organic Chemistry Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry 1.

2.

Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry - Introduction - Answer (click here) Classification of Organic Compounds: open chain, cyclic compounds Answer (click here)

Subject : zoology BIODIVERSITY 1.

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Biodiversity Explanation and Biodiversity in India - Answer (click here) Taxonomic systems - Answer (click here) Introduction to taxa and species - Answer (click here) Phenetic method or Numerical taxonomy and Cytotaxonomy and Chemotaxonomy and Palaeotaxonomy Explaination - Answer (click here) Nomenclature methods and Basic principles of nomenclature and Identification keys - Answer (click here) Methods of grouping animals - Answer (click here) Phylum : Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata or Cnidaria - Answer (click here)

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Phylum: Platyhelminthes - Answer (click here) Phylum : Nematoda and Annelida - Answer (click here) Phylum : Arthropoda - Answer (click here) Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Echinodermata - Answer (click here) Phylum Chordata and Diversity and General Characters of Chordates Answer (click here)

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Classification of Phylum Chordata - Answer (click here) Sub phylum : Vertebrata (Craniata) and Classification of Vertebrata Class : Pisces and Tetrapoda - Answer (click here) Class : Amphibia - sub phylum Tetrapoda - Answer (click here) Class : Amniota - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here) Class : Aves - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here) Class : Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here) Monotremata, Marsupialia and Placentalia -Classification of Class : Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here) Scientific Names of Animals - Answer (click here) Plasmodium - Answer (click here) Life cycle in the mosquito - sporogony - Answer (click here) Control of Malaria - Answer (click here)

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Types of Malaria - Answer (click here) Earthworm : External features , External apertures - Answer (click here) Earthworm - Body wall ,Body Cavity,Locomotion - Answer (click here) Earthworm - Digestive System, Feeding - Answer (click here) Earthworm - Circulatory System - Answer (click here) Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here) Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here) Earthworm : Nervous System - Answer (click here) Earthworm : Reproductive System - Answer (click here) Pigeon : External features - Answer (click here) Pigeon : The wings - Answer (click here) Pigeon : Exoskeleton , Quill feather - Answer (click here) Pigeon : Endoskeleton : Flight muscles, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor or subclavius, Coracobrachialis - Answer (click here) Pigeon - Digestive system - Answer (click here) Pigeon - Respiratory System - Answer (click here) Pigeon - Circulatory system and Venous system - Answer (click here) Nervous system and Sense organ of Pigeon - Answer (click here) Pigeon - Urinogenital system and Male, Female reproductive organs Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY 1.

2.

Cell Biology - Answer (click here) Microscopy and Anton van Leeuwenhoek simple microscope - Answer (click here)

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Compound light, Dark field, Phase contrast, Oil - immersion and Electron microscope - Answer (click here) Cytological Techniques - Answer (click here) Plasma Membrane - Answer (click here) Mitochondria - Answer (click here) Ribosomes - Answer (click here) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum Answer (click here)

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Golgi apparatus - Answer (click here) Lysosomes - Answer (click here) Centrioles - Answer (click here) Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here) Chromosomes of Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here) Cancer biology - Answer (click here) Molecular biology of cancer - Answer (click here)

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Types of cancer and factor causes cancer - Answer (click here) Cancer and death - Answer (click here) Management of cancer : Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)

HUMAN ANATOMY 1.

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History of Human anatomy - Answer (click here) The Integumentary System - Skin and hypodermis - Answer (click here) The Integumentary System - hypodermis, Epidermis, Callus, Skin color, Hair, glands, Nails - Answer (click here) Human Skeletal System - Answer (click here) Structure of a typical long bone - Answer (click here) Skull - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here) Vertebrae - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here) Rib cage - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here) Appendicular skeleton - Pectoral girdle, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle or pelvis, Wrist, Hand, Leg, Ankle, Foot, Kinds of joints, Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints, Synovial joints - Answer (click here) Human Muscular System and Types of Muscular System - Answer (click here)

11.

12.

Skeletal muscles - Human Muscular System - Answer (click here) Shapes of muscles and Naming of muscles - Human Muscular System Answer (click here)

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Distribution of human muscles - Muscles of the human head, Muscles of the Neck region, Muscles of the Trunk region, Muscles of the upper limb, Muscles of the lower limb - Answer (click here) Human Entire Digestive system process with diagram - Mouth or Buccal cavity, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Stomach, Small intestine, Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum, Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas, Caecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal canal - Answer (click here) Human Respiratory system with diagram - Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Lungs, Thoracic wall and muscles of respirations Answer (click here)

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The Human Circulatory System - Systemic and Pulmonary circulations Pulmonary circulation, Systemic circulation, Portal circulation - Answer (click here)

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Components of Human Circulatory system : Blood vessels, Types of blood vessels, The Heart - Answer (click here) The Human Heart structure with diagram - Answer (click here) Human Lymphatic system - Lymphoid cells and tissues, Thymus, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, The lymphatic circulation - Answer (click

here) 20.

The structure of a peripheral nerve : Central nervous system (C N S) Peripheral nervous system Autonomous nervous system , brain - Answer (click here)

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Human Brain : Prosencephalon (Fore brain), Mesencephalon (mid brain), Rhombencephalon (hind brain), Brain stem, Pachymenix, Leptomeninges - Answer (click here) The Eye - Sensory Organ - Answer (click here) Ears (The organs of hearing) - The Sensory Organ - Answer (click here) Endocrine system and glands : Pituitary gland (or) Hypophysis, thyroid, parathy roids, pancreas, adrenals, testes and ovaries - Answer (click here) Urinary system : kidneys (renes), ureters, the uri-nary bladder (vesica urinaria) and the urethra - Answer (click here) Male reproductive organs - Answer (click here) Female reproductive organs - Answer (click here)

GENETICS 1.

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GENETICS - Answer (click here) Quantitive inheritance - GENETICS - Answer (click here) Genetics : Sex determination in Human beings - Answer (click here) Male haploidy or Haplo-diploidy mechanism - Answer (click here) Genetics : Sex - linked Inheritance - Answer (click here) Genetics : Pleiotropy - Answer (click here)

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 1.

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Developmental Biology - Gametogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Fertilization - Answer (click here) Types of eggs - Answer (click here) Cleavage and types - Frog's egg - Answer (click here) Gastrulation in frog embryo - Answer (click here) Organogenesis of Frog - Answer (click here)

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY 1.

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Corals - reef builders - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click here) Earthworm - Vermiculture - Answer (click here) Uses and types of Beneficial Insects : Productive Insects - Honey bee, Silk worms, Lac insects. Helpful Insects : Insect - Predators - Answer (click here)

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Prawns, Lobsters and Crabs - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click

here) 5.

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Pearl Oyster - Answer (click here) Fishes - Nutritive value - Answer (click here) Guano (Bird excreta) - Answer (click here) Aquarium - Setting up an aquarium tank - Answer (click here) Vivarium ( Zoo ) and List of important Zoos - Answer (click here) Disease causing organisms - Vectors : Housefly - Musca domestica, Sand flies - Phlebotomus papatasi, Rat fleas - Xenopsylla cheopis, The human louse - Pediculus humanus, Mosquitoes : Anopheles, Culex, Aedes sp - Answer (click here) Poisonous Organisms : Physalia, Scorpion, Centipede, Honey bees and Wasps, Poisonous fishes, Poisonous snakes - Answer (click here) Poisonous snakes : Cobra, Krait, Vipers, Sea Snakes and Poison Apparatus of a Snake - Answer (click here) Fouling Organisms - Answer (click here) Pests - Pests of Crops : Cotton, Paddy, Sugarcane, Vegetables, Coconut palm, Stored grains, household goods - Answer (click here)

ORIGIN OF LIFE 1.

2.

ORIGIN OF LIFE - Theories - Answer (click here) Geological time scale : Palaeozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era Answer (click here)

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Fossils : Fossilization, Evolutionary significance of fossils, List of Important fossils - Answer (click here) Extinct animals-mass extinction : Causes and Pattern of extiniction Answer (click here)

Subject : Economics 1 Economic Growth and Development 1.

Indian Economy : Economic Growth and Development - Answer (click here)

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Characteristics of underdeveloped countries - Answer (click here) Role of the State in Economic Development - Answer (click here) Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth - Answer (click here)

2 Population 1.

2.

Population and Factors determining population growth - Answer (click here) Causes of Population Explosion - Answer (click here)

3.

Population Explosion as an obstacle to Economic Development - Answer (click here)

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5.

Steps to check rapid growth of population - Answer (click here) Theories of Population : Malthusian, Demographic Transition - Answer (click here)

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Census and The Use of Population Census - Answer (click here) Population growth in India and National Population Policy 2000 Measures, Action Plans - Answer (click here)

3 Poverty and Unemployment 1.

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Definitions of Poverty - Answer (click here) Types of poverty - Answer (click here) Poverty Line and Characteristics of Poor Households - Answer (click here) Causes of Poverty in India - Answer (click here) Land Reforms in India - Answer (click here) Unemployment - Answer (click here) Measures to Solve Unemployment Problem in India - Answer (click here)

4 National Income 1.

2.

Definitions of National Income - Answer (click here) Basic Concepts of National Income - GNP, GDP, GNI, NNP, NNI, PCI Answer (click here)

3.

Circular Flow of Income and Need for the Study of National Income Answer (click here)

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Methods of Calculating National Income - Answer (click here) Problems in calculating National Income - Answer (click here) National Income Series in India - Answer (click here)

5 Economic Planning 1.

Meaning and Need for Economic Planning and Laissez faire - Answer (click here)

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Characteristics of Economic Planning - Answer (click here) Types of Planning - Answer (click here) Evolution and Objectives of Planning in India - Answer (click here) National Income - Hindu rate of growth - Answer (click here) Ninth(9th) Five Year Plan (1997 - 2002) - India - Answer (click here) Tenth(10th) Five Year Plan (2002 - 2007) - India - Answer (click here)

6 Agriculture

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Role of Agriculture in Economic Development - Answer (click here) Relationship between Agricultural and non-agricultural sector - Answer (click here)

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Components of Agricultural Growth - Answer (click here) Agricul.tural Crops and Cropping Pattern - Answer (click here) Importance of agricultural marketing - Answer (click here) Nature and Causes of food problem in India - Answer (click here) Food policy of Government of India - Answer (click here) Public Distribution System (PDS) - Answer (click here) Agricultural Price Policies of the Government - India - Answer (click here) Trends of Agricultural Productivity in India - Answer (click here)

7 Industrial Sector 1.

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Need for Industrialisation - Answer (click here) Patterns of Industrial Development - Answer (click here) Significance of Public Sector - Answer (click here) Pattern of Indian Industrial Growth - Textiles, Cement, Sugar, Steel Industry - Answer (click here) Indian Industrial Policies - Answer (click here) New Industrial Policy 1991 - India - Answer (click here) Liberalization and Privatization - Answer (click here) Environmental Hazards - Answer (click here) Role of Small Scale Industries in Economic Development - Answer (click here)

8 Banking 1.

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Indian Economy :History of Banking - Answer (click here) Definition of Banking - Answer (click here) Role of Banks in economic development - Answer (click here) Commercial Banks and Functions of Commercial Banks - Answer (click here)

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central bank - Definition, Functions - Answer (click here) Methods of credit control employed by the central bank - Answer (click here)

7.

Nationalisation of Banks - Answer (click here)

9 Foreign Trade 1.

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Foreign Trade : Globalization, Liberalization - Answer (click here) Foreign Investment - Answer (click here)

3.

Evolution of Trade from barter system to money economy - Answer (click here)

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Need for International Trade - Answer (click here) Contribution of foreign trade to economic development - Answer (click here)

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International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Answer (click here) Trends in Foreign Trade - Answer (click here) Volume of India's foreign trade - Answer (click here) Composition and Direction of Trade - Export, Imports of India - Answer (click here)

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Balance of Trade and Balance of Payment - Answer (click here) The Role of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Answer (click here)

12.

World Trade Organization (WTO) and Major Functions - Answer (click here)

13.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - Answer (click here)

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Special Action Programme (SAP) and Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) - Answer (click here) IFC, IDA, MIGA - Answer (click here)

10 Human Resource Development 1.

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Human Resource Development - Answer (click here) HRD and Economic Development - Answer (click here) Educational Development in India since 1951 - Answer (click here) Educational progress in Tamil Nadu - Answer (click here) Non - Formal Education (NFE) and Adult Literacy - Answer (click here) Early childhood care and education programme in India - Answer (click here)

11 Statistical Analysis and Measures of Central Tendency 1.

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Statistical Analysis and Measures of Central Tendency - Answer (click here) Statistical Analysis : Classification of Data - Answer (click here) Difference between classification and Tabulation - Answer (click here) Types of Diagrams : 1.Bar chart 2.Pie chart 3.Pictograms or cartograms Answer (click here)

Subject : History India

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The Himalayan Mountains - Answer (click here) The Indo-Gangetic Plain - Answer (click here) The Southern Peninsula - Answer (click here) India - A Land of Unity in Diversity - Answer (click here) Paleolithic or Old Stone Age - Answer (click here) Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age - Answer (click here) Neolithic Age - Answer (click here) Metal Age - Answer (click here) The Harappan Civilization - Answer (click here) Salient Features of the Harappan Culture - Answer (click here) The vedic culture - Answer (click here) Rig Vedic Age or Early Vedic Period (1500 - 1000 B.C.) - Answer (click here)

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Later Vedic Period (1000 - 600 B.C.) - Answer (click here) Causes for the Rise of Jainism and Buddhism - Answer (click here) Life and Teachings of Vardhamana Mahavira (539- 467 B.C.) and Spread of Jainism - Answer (click here) Life and Teachings of Gautama Buddha And Spread of Buddhism Answer (click here)

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The rise of magadha and alexander's invasion - Answer (click here) Persian and greek invasions - Answer (click here) Alexander's Invasion of India - Answer (click here) The mauryan empire - Answer (click here) Political history of the mauryas chandragupta Maurya - Answer (click here) Extent of Asoka's Empire - Answer (click here) Mauryan Administration - Answer (click here) Post-mauryan india - Answer (click here) Foreign Invasions of Northwest India - Answer (click here) History : Kanishka (78 - 120 A.D.) - Answer (click here) Sangam age and Sangam Literature - Answer (click here) Sangam age Political History - Cheras, Cholas, Pandyas - Answer (click here)

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Sangam age - Society, Religion, Position of Women, Fine Arts - Answer (click here)

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Economy of the Sangam Age - Answer (click here) History : Gupta empire - Chandragupta I, II ,Samudragupta - Answer (click here)

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History : Samudragupta and Extant of Samudragupta's Empire - Answer (click here)

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History : Chandragupta II - Estimate, Successors, Western India Conquest - Answer (click here)

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Gupta Administration and Social Life - Answer (click here) Gupta Empire - Art, Culture,Architecture, Literature, Science - Answer (click here)

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History : Harshavardhana - Early Life of Harsha - Answer (click here) Harshavardhana - Harsha's Military Conquests - Answer (click here) Harshavardhana - Kanauj Assembly, Allahabad Conference - Answer (click here)

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Harsha's Administration, Society and Economy - Answer (click here) Harshavardhana - Nalanda University - Answer (click here) South Indian Kingdoms - I : PallavasOrgin and History - Answer (click here)

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Pallavas - Mahendravarman I - Answer (click here) Pallavas - Narasimhavarman I (630-668 A.D.) - Answer (click here) Pallavas - Narasimhavarman II or Rajasimha - Answer (click here) Administration and Society under the Pallavas - Answer (click here) Pallava - Education, Literature, Pallava Art and Architecture - Answer (click here)

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South Indian Kingdoms : Chalukyas, Pulakesin II - Answer (click here) Art, Architecture, Administration, Social Life under the Chalukyas Answer (click here)

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Rashtrakutas - South Indian Kingdom - Answer (click here) Rashtrakutas - Administration, Society, Cultural, Economy, Art and Architecture - Answer (click here) Imperial cholas - Rajaraja I, Rajendra I - Answer (click here) Chola Administration - Government, Revenue, Provincial, Military Answer (click here)

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Chola Kingdom : Socio-economic Life - Answer (click here) Chola Kingdom : Education, Literature, Art and Architecture - Answer (click here)

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The spread of indian culture in other asian countries - Answer (click here) Indian Culture in South East Asia - Answer (click here) Indian culture in Central Asia - Answer (click here) Early medieval india - Answer (click here) Rajput Kingdoms - Answer (click here) Arab Conquest of Sind (712 A.D.) - Answer (click here) Mahmud of Ghazni and his Invasions - Answer (click here) Muhammad Ghori and The Battle of Tarain - Answer (click here) Delhi sultanate - Qutbuddin Aibak - Answer (click here) Delhi sultanate - Slave Dynasty - Answer (click here) Delhi sultanate - Ilbari dynasty by Iltutmish - Answer (click here) Delhi sultanate - First Ilbari dynasty : Iltutmish, Raziya, Balban - Answer (click here)

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Delhi sultanate - Second Ilbari dynasty : Balban, Khalji, Alauddin Khalji - Answer (click here) Era of Balban (1246-1287) - Answer (click here) Delhi sultanate - The Khalji Dynasty - Answer (click here) Delhi sultanate - The Tughlaq Dynasty - Answer (click here) Delhi sultanate - Firoz Tughlaq - Answer (click here) Delhi sultanate - Muhammad bin Tughlaq - Answer (click here) Delhi sultanate - Sayyids and Lodis - Answer (click here) India under the delhi sultanate - Answer (click here) Delhi sultanate - Administration and Government - Answer (click here) Delhi sultanate - Social Life - Answer (click here) Delhi sultanate - Art, Architecture, Literature and Music - Answer (click here)

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Bhakti movement in medieval india - Answer (click here) Bhakti Movement - Answer (click here) Bhakti Movement - Ramananda, Kabir, Guru Nanak, Chaitanya, Gnanadeva, Namadeva, Ekanatha - Answer (click here) Vijayanagar and bahmani kingdoms - Sources, Political History - Answer (click here)

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Krishna Deva Raya - Answer (click here) Krishna Deva Raya - Administration and Social Life - Answer (click here) Krishna Deva Raya - Economic Condition, Cultural Contributions Answer (click here)

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90.

Bahmani Kingdom and Mahmud Gawan - Answer (click here) The mughal empire : Babur - Answer (click here) The mughal empire : Humayun - Answer (click here) The mughal empire : Sher Shah Sur - Answer (click here) The mughal empire : Humayun and Sur Interregnum - Answer (click here) The mughal empire : Akbar - Administration, Mansabdari System Answer (click here)

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The mughal empire : Jahangir and Nur Jahan - Answer (click here) The mughal empire : Shah Jahan - Answer (click here) The mughal empire : Aurangazeb - Deccan and Religious Policy - Answer (click here)

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Causes for the Downfall of the Mughals - Answer (click here) India under the mughals - Answer (click here) The mughal empire : Art and Architecture - Answer (click here) The mughal empire : Paintings and Music - Answer (click here) The mughal empire : Rural Masses, Agriculture, Growth of Trade Answer (click here)

99.

The Marathas - The Rise of the Marathas - Answer (click here)

100.

The Marathas - Shivaji : His Life, Conquests and Administration Answer (click here)

101.

The Peshwas - Balaji Viswanath, Balaji Baji Rao, Baji Rao I - Answer (click here)

102.

The coming of Europeans to India - Answer (click here)

Subject : Geography EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE Human and their Environment 1.

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Human and their Environment - Answer (click here) The impacts of science technology and industrialization on environment - Answer (click here) Earth System Science - Answer (click here)

Earth System Science 1.

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The Earth system - Answer (click here) The Planetary System and The Solar System - Answer (click here)

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS Lithosphere and Tectonic Plates 1.

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Lithosphere and tectonic plates - Answer (click here) Lithosphere : Convergent Boundary - Answer (click here) The Continents and its features - Answer (click here) Classification of Rocks : Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic rocks Answer (click here)

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Weathering and Products of Weathering - Answer (click here)

Hydrosphere and Currents 1.

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Hydrosphere : Sea and Ocean Differance - Answer (click here) Ocean Floor topography - Answer (click here) Ocean Wave, The Currents : 4 currents of North Atlantic Ocean Gyre Answer (click here)

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E1 Nino years and La Nino years - Answer (click here)

Atmosphere and Solar Radiation

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Atmosphere and Solar Radiation - Answer (click here) Layers of the Atmosphere - Answer (click here) Ozone - Depleting Substances and Urban heat islands - Answer (click here)

BIOTIC COMPONENTS Nutrient Cycles and Ecosystems 1.

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Nutrient cycles and ecosystems - Answer (click here) The Carbon Cycle - Answer (click here) The Nitrogen Cycle - Answer (click here) The Phosphorous Cycle - Answer (click here) Major Components of an Ecosystem and Ecosystem Types - Answer (click here)

The Biomes : Natural and Agricultural 1.

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Natural Biomes : Forests, Grasslands, Deserts, Tundra - Answer (click here) Agricultural Biome : 1.Nutrients 2.Seeds: 3.Water 4.Agri Chemical Products - Answer (click here)

Ecosystem Management and Conservation 1.

2.

Ecosystem - Concept Maps - Answer (click here) Ecosystem management and conservation : Current Extinction Rates Answer (click here)

Subject : Botany TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS 1.

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS : Types of classification - Answer (click here)

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Biosystematics nomenclature - Answer (click here) Binomial nomenclature - Answer (click here) Herbaria and uses, Importance of Herbaria - Answer (click here) Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants : Dicotyledonae, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae - Answer (click here) Merits and Demerits of Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants Answer (click here)

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DICOT FAMILIES : MALVACEAE - the cotton family - Answer (click here)

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Botanical description of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - Answer (click here)

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FABACEAE - the bean family - Answer (click here) Botanical description and Economical of Clitoria ternatea - Answer (click here)

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RUBIACEAE - the coffee family - Answer (click here) Botanical description and Economic Importance of Ixora coccinea Answer (click here)

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ASTERACEAE - the sunflower family - Answer (click here) Botanical description and Economic importance of Tridax procumbens Answer (click here)

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SOLANACEAE - the potato family - Answer (click here) Botanical description and Economic importance of Datura metal - Answer (click here)

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EUPHORBIACEAE - the castor family - Answer (click here) Botanical description and Economic importance of Ricinus communis Answer (click here)

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MUSACEAE - the banana family Systematic position - Answer (click here) Botanical description and Economical importance of Musa paradisiaca Answer (click here)

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ARECACEAE - the palm family - Answer (click here) Botanical description and Economic importance of Cocos nucifera Answer (click here)

PLANT ANATOMY 1.

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Classification and Characteristics of meristematic cells - Answer (click here) Classification of permanent tissue : Simple and Complex tissue - Answer (click here)

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Permanent Simple tissue Types : parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma - Answer (click here) Permanent Complex tissue and Types : Xylem, Phloem - Answer (click here)

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Phloem : Sieve elements, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres - Answer (click here) Epidermal tissue system and its functions - Answer (click here) Vascular tissue system - Answer (click here) Ground or fundamental tissue system - Answer (click here) Primary structure of monocotyledonous root - Maize root - Answer (click here)

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Primary structure of dicotyledonous root - Bean root - Answer (click here) Primary structure of monocot stem - Maize stem - Answer (click here) Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem - Sunflower stem - Answer (click here)

13.

Anatomy of a dicot leaf - Sunflower leaf - Answer (click here)

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Anatomy of a monocot leaf - Grass leaf - Answer (click here) Secondary growth in dicot stem - Answer (click here)

CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS 1.

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Structure of chromosome - Answer (click here) Types of chromosomes - Answer (click here) Special types of chromosomes - Answer (click here) Gene and genome - Answer (click here) Linkage and crossing over - Answer (click here) Significance of crossing over and Uses of gene mapping - Answer (click here)

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Recombination of chromosome - Answer (click here) Gene mutation : Significance, Classification, Mutagenic agents - Answer (click here)

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Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Answer (click here) Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Answer (click here) Hereditary role of DNA - Bacterial transformation - Answer (click here) Structure of DNA - Answer (click here) Function and Replication of DNA - Answer (click here) Structure of RNA and its types - Answer (click here) Characteristics of genetic code and Central dogma of molecular biology - Answer (click here)

BIOTECHNOLOGY 1.

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Recombinant DNA technology - Answer (click here) Gene transfer in plants - Answer (click here) How DNA is cut? - Answer (click here) Transgenic plants : foreign gene, Transgenic (modified) plants - Answer (click here)

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Practical application of genetic transformation - Answer (click here) Use of genetically engineered bacterial strain - Answer (click here) Concept of Plant tissue culture - Answer (click here) Applications of plant tissue culture - Answer (click here) Basic techniques of plant tissue culture - Answer (click here) Protoplast fusion : Isolation of protoplast - Mechanical and Enzymatic method - Answer (click here) Single cell protein (SCP) - Answer (click here)

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

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Enzymes : Classification, Properties of Enzymes - Answer (click here) Theories explaining the mechanism of enzyme action - Answer (click here) Significance of photosynthesis - Answer (click here) Site of photosynthesis - Answer (click here) Photochemical and biosynthetic phases, Mechanism of photosynthesis Answer (click here)

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EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS : 1.Ganong's light screen 2.Test tube and funnel experiment - Answer (click here) Plant Mode of nutrition - Answer (click here) Chemosynthesis - Chemosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs - Answer (click here)

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Plant Respiration and structure of ATP - Answer (click here) Plant Respiration : Glycolysis - Answer (click here) Plant Respiration : Krebs cycle and Significance of Krebs cycle - Answer (click here)

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Plant Respiration : Electron transport chain - Answer (click here) Plant Respiration : Pentose phosphate pathway - Answer (click here) Kuhne's fermentation tube experiment - Answer (click here) Plant growth and Measurement of plant growth - Answer (click here) auxins and Physiological effects of auxin - Answer (click here) Gibberellins and Physiological effects of gibberellin - Answer (click here) Physiological effects of cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid - Answer (click here)

19.

Photoperiodism and vernalization - Answer (click here)

BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE 1.

BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE : Food production - Answer (click here)

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Plant breeding : Aims, Major Aspects of plant breeding - Answer (click here)

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Plant Breeding : Selection - Answer (click here) Plant Breeding : Hybridization, Mutation breeding - Answer (click here) Plant breeding : Genetic engineering - Answer (click here) Role of biofertilizers and Benefits from biofertilizers - Answer (click here) Plant Disease in Rice - Oryza sativa - Answer (click here) Plant Tikka disease in Groundnut or peanut - Arachis hypogea - Answer (click here)

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Citrus canker and Tungro disease of rice - Answer (click here) Biopesticides and Biocontrol of insect pests - Answer (click here) Genetically modified food : Edible, Edible, Edible antibodies - Answer (click here)

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Bio-war - Answer (click here) Bio-piracy - Answer (click here) Bio-patent - Answer (click here) Sustained agriculture - Answer (click here) Medicinal plants including microbes - Answer (click here) Commonly available medicinal plants and microbes - Answer (click here) Economic importance Plants : Food, Rice, Oil, Fibre, Timber yielding plant - Answer (click here)

Subject : Physics Electrostatics 1.

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Electrostatics - frictional electricity - Answer (click here) Basic properties of electric charge - Answer (click here) Definition of Coulomb's law , Principle of Superposition, Electric Field, Electric Field Intensity (E) - Answer (click here) Electric Field: Definition of Electric lines of force and Properties of lines of forces - Answer (click here) Electric potential: Definition of Electric potential and Relation between electric field and potential - Answer (click here) Gauss's law and its applications - Answer (click here) Electrostatic induction - Answer (click here) Principle of a capacitor and Energy stored in a capacitor - Answer (click here)

9.

Lightning conductor -Van de Graaff Generator- working principle and construction - Answer (click here)

Current Electricity 1.

Definition of Electric current and discription of Current Electricity Answer (click here)

2.

Combination of resistors: Resistors in series and parallel - Answer (click here)

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Kirchoff's law and Potentiometer - Answer (click here) Superconductivity Defination and Applications of superconductors Answer (click here)

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Carbon resistors and Colour code for carbon resistors - Answer (click here) Temperature dependence of resistance and Internal resistance of a cell Answer (click here)

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Electric energy and electric power - Answer (click here) Faraday's laws of electrolysis | Chemical effect of current | Verification

9.

10.

11.

of Faraday's laws of electrolysis - Answer (click here) Electric cells and Voltaic cell - Answer (click here) Primary Cell - Daniel cell, Leclanche cell - Answer (click here) Secondary Cells - Lead - Acid accumulator - Applications of secondary cells - Answer (click here)

Effects of Electric Current 1.

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Applications of Joule heating - Answer (click here) Seebeck effect - Answer (click here) Neutral and Inversion temperature - Answer (click here) Peltier effect and Peltier Co-efficient (Ď€) - Answer (click here) Thomson effect and Thomson coefficient (Ďƒ) - Answer (click here) Thermopile - Answer (click here) Biot - Savart Law - Answer (click here) Tangent galvanometer : Theory and Construction of Tangent galvanometer - Answer (click here) Solenoid and Right hand palm rule - Answer (click here) Magnetic Lorentz force - Answer (click here) Cyclotron- Principle, Construction, Working and Limitations of Cyclotron - Answer (click here) Moving coil galvanometer : Principle, Construction, Pointer type moving coil galvanometer, Current sensitivity of a galvanometer - Answer (click here)

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Heating effect : Joule's law - Answer (click here) Verification of Joule's law - Answer (click here) Magnetic effect of current - Answer (click here) Magnetic field around a straight conductor carrying current - Answer (click here)

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20.

Magnetic field due to a circular loop carrying current - Answer (click here) Biot Savart Law and Magnetic induction - Answer (click here) Ampere's Circuital Law - Answer (click here) Magnetic induction due to a long solenoid carrying current - Answer (click here)

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22.

Magnetic Lorentz force and Cyclotron - Answer (click here) Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field - Answer (click here)

23.

Force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field - Answer (click here)

24.

Force between two long parallel current-carrying conductors - Answer (click here)

25.

Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field -

Answer (click here) 26.

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28.

29.

Conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter - Answer (click here) Conversion of galvanometer into a voltmeter - Answer (click here) Current loop as a magnetic dipole - Answer (click here) The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron - Answer (click here)

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current 1.

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AC generator (Dynamo) - Single phase and AC generator (Alternator) Three phase - Answer (click here) Eddy currents and Applications of Eddy current - Answer (click here) Transformer Principle - Efficiency of a transformer - Energy losses in a transformer - Answer (click here) Electromagnetic induction - Answer (click here) Magnetic flux - Answer (click here) Induced emf and current - Electromagnetic induction - Answer (click here) Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction - Answer (click here) Lenz's law - Answer (click here) Self Induction - Answer (click here) Coefficient of self induction - Answer (click here) Self inductance of a long solenoid - Answer (click here) Mutual induction and Coefficient of mutual induction - Answer (click here) Methods of producing induced emf - Answer (click here) AC generator (Dynamo) - Single phase - Answer (click here) Eddy currents - Answer (click here) Transformer - Answer (click here) Long distance power transmission - Answer (click here) Alternating current - Answer (click here) AC Circuit with resistor, inductor and capacitor - Answer (click here) Choke coil: Construction and Working - Answer (click here)

Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Optics 1.

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Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman(C.V.Raman) Life - Answer (click here) Uses of electromagnetic spectrum - Answer (click here) Types of spectra - Emission spectra, Line spectrum, Band Spectrum, Absorption Spectra - Answer (click here) Fraunhofer lines - Fluorescence - Phosphorescence - Answer (click here) Theories of light : Corpuscular theory, Wave theory, Electromagnetic theory, Quantum theory - Answer (click here) Scattering of light : Tyndal scattering, Raman effect - Answer (click here)

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Wave front : Huygen's principle - Answer (click here) Condition for sustained interference and Young's double slit experiment - Answer (click here) Newton's rings : Experiment, Theory - Answer (click here) Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction - Answer (click here) Diffraction grating explanation with Theory - Answer (click here) Polarisation of transverse waves - Answer (click here) Double refraction - Answer (click here) Polaroids explanation and Uses of Polaroid - Answer (click here) Nicol prism and Types of crystals - Answer (click here) Optical activity - Answer (click here) Specific rotation - Answer (click here) Electromagnetic Waves and Wave optics - Answer (click here) Characteristics of electromagnetic waves - Answer (click here) Hertz experiment - Answer (click here) Types of spectra - Answer (click here) Theories of light - Answer (click here) Scattering of light - Answer (click here) Wave front - Answer (click here) Superposition principle - Answer (click here) Diffraction - Answer (click here) Polarisation - Answer (click here)

Atomic Physics 1.

2.

3.

Discharge of electricity through gases at low pressure - Discovery of electrons - Answer (click here) Properties of Cathode rays - Answer (click here) Canal rays and Properties of Positive rays (or) Canal rays - Answer (click here)

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Thomson's method - Determination of specific charge (e/m) of an electron - Answer (click here) Millikan's oil drop experiment - Determination of charge of an electron Answer (click here)

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Thomson atom model and its Drawbacks - Answer (click here) Rutherford's Îą - particle scattering experiment - Answer (click here) Rutherford atom model and its Drawbacks - Answer (click here) Bohr atom model - Answer (click here) Spectral series of hydrogen atom and Energy level diagram - Answer (click here)

11.

Excitation and ionization potential of an atom - Answer (click here)

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Shortcomings of Bohr's theory - Answer (click here) Sommerfeld atom model and its Drawbacks - Answer (click here) Production of X-rays - Modern Coolidge tube - Answer (click here) Types of X-rays: Soft and Hard X-rays - Answer (click here) Properties of X-rays - Answer (click here) Detection, Diffraction and Absorption of X-rays - Answer (click here) Laue experiment - Answer (click here) Bragg's law for X-ray diffraction - Answer (click here) Bragg's X-ray spectrometer - Answer (click here) X-ray spectra - continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra - Answer (click here)

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23.

Moseley's law and Applications of Moseley's law - Answer (click here) Medical, Industrial and Scientific Applications of X-rays - Answer (click here)

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26.

Spontaneous and stimulated emission of Laser - Answer (click here) Ruby laser - Generation Process and Energy Level - Answer (click here) Helium neon laser - Generation Process and Energy Level - Answer (click here)

27.

Medical, Industrial and Scientific Applications of laser - Answer (click here)

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter and Relativity 1.

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Photoelectric effect - Dual Nature of Radiation - Answer (click here) Hallwachs Experiment - photo electric effect - Answer (click here) Effect of potential difference on the photoelectric current - Answer (click here)

4.

Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential - Answer (click here)

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Laws of photoelectric emission - Answer (click here) Einstein's photoelectric equation - Answer (click here) Photoelectric cells and their types, applications - Answer (click here) de Broglie wavelength of matter waves and an electron - Answer (click here)

9.

Electron microscope: Construction, working, Uses, Limitations - Answer (click here)

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Relativity: Concept of Space and Frame of reference - Answer (click here) Special theory of relativity - Answer (click here) Einstein's mass-energy equivalence - Answer (click here)

Nuclear Physics

1.

Classification of nuclei and Properties of nucleus Nuclear size - Answer (click here)

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Explanation of Nuclear binding energy curve - Answer (click here) Bainbridge mass spectrometer - Determination of isotopic masses of nuclei - Answer (click here) Nuclear force and Radioactivity - Answer (click here) Properties of Alpha α, beta β and gamma γ rays - Answer (click here) Radioactive displacement law - Answer (click here) Neutron - Discovery and Properties of neutrons - Answer (click here) Artificial radioactivity - Answer (click here) Applications of radio-isotopes - Answer (click here) Biological hazards of nuclear radiations - Answer (click here) Artificial radioactivity transmutation and Particle accelerators - Answer (click here)

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Geiger - Muller counter: Construction and Operation - Answer (click here) Energy released in Nuclear fission - Answer (click here) Radioactive Chain reaction - Answer (click here) Atom bomb - Principle and construction - Answer (click here) Nuclear reactor: Design and Function of parts, Uses - Answer (click here) Nuclear power programme in India - Answer (click here) Nuclear fusion: Hydrogen bomb and Stellar energy - Answer (click here) Cosmic Rays: Latitude effect, Altitude effect, Cosmic ray showers Answer (click here)

20.

Elementary particles of atom - new nuclear particles - Answer (click here)

Semiconductor Devices and their Applications 1.

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Semiconductors: Energy band in solids - Answer (click here) Semiconductors: Valence band, conduction band and forbidden energy gap - Answer (click here) Insulators, semiconductors and conductors - forbidden energy gap Answer (click here)

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Electrons and holes in semiconductors - Answer (click here) Intrinsic semiconductor - Answer (click here) Extrinsic semiconductor: N and P -type semiconductor - Answer (click here) PN Junction diode: Forward and Reverse bias characteristics - Answer (click here)

8.

PN junction diode as Half wave and Bridge wave rectifier - Answer (click here)

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Avalanche and zener Breakdown mechanisms - Answer (click here) Zener diode and Zener diode as voltage regulator - Answer (click here) Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Answer (click here)

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Junction transistor - Answer (click here) Working of a PNP transistor - Answer (click here) Transistor circuit configurations - Answer (click here) Characteristics of an NPN transistor in common emitter configuration Answer (click here)

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Transistor as a switch - Answer (click here) Transistor amplifier - Operating point, Working - Answer (click here) Transistor biasing - Voltage divider bias - Answer (click here) Single stage CE amplifier - Answer (click here) Multistage amplifiers - Answer (click here) Feedback in amplifiers- Principle of feedback and - Answer (click here) Transistor oscillators - Barkhausen condition for oscillation - Answer (click here)

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Generation of sinusoidal waves by a tuned LC circuit - Answer (click here) Essentials of LC oscillator - Answer (click here) Colpitt's oscillator - Answer (click here) Integrated circuit (IC) - Answer (click here) Digital electronics - Analog signal, Digital signal and logic levels Answer (click here)

28.

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30.

Basic logic gates using discrete components - Answer (click here) Operational amplifier (OP - AMP) - Answer (click here) Circuit symbol and Pin-out configuration of an OP-AMP - Answer (click here)

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Basic OP-AMP circuits: Inverting, Non-inverting, Summing, Difference amplifier - Answer (click here) Cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) - Answer (click here) Multimeter - Answer (click here)

Communication Systems 1.

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Propagation of electromagnetic waves - Answer (click here) Amplitude modulation (AM): Modulation factor, Analysis, Advantages, Limitations - Answer (click here) Frequency modulation (FM): Advantages and Disadvantages - Answer (click here)

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Phase modulation (PM) - Answer (click here) Radio transmission - AM, FM transmitter and AF, RF section - Answer (click here)

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Radio reception: simple, AM and FM receiver - Answer (click here) Television: Construction and Working of Vidicon camera tube - Answer (click here)

8.

Television: Scanning and synchronising - Answer (click here)

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Monochrome picture tube - Answer (click here) Monochrome TV transmission - Answer (click here) Monochrome TV receiver - Answer (click here) RADAR: Principle, Applications, Transmission and reception of radar Answer (click here)

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Analog communication and digital communication - Answer (click here) Modem and Fax (or) Facsimile - Answer (click here) Wire and Cable - Answer (click here) Fiber optical communication: Advantages, Applications - Answer (click here)

17.

Satellite Communication: Merits and Demerits - Answer (click here)

Subject : Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Atomic Structure II 1.

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Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Answer (click here) Dual Property of an Electron - Answer (click here) Difference between a particle and a wave - Answer (click here) Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons - Answer (click here)

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The Uncertainty Principle - Answer (click here) de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Answer (click here)

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The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Answer (click here) Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Answer (click here) Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals Answer (click here)

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Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with molecular behaviour - Answer (click here) Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical, Nitrogen, Oxygen - Answer (click here) Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Answer (click here) Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular Forces - Answer (click here)

Periodic Classification II 1.

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Review Of Periodic Properties - Answer (click here) Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Answer (click here)

3.

Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Answer (click here)

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Factors governing ionization energy - Answer (click here) Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Answer (click here) Factors affecting electron affinity - Answer (click here) Electronegativity Scales - Answer (click here) Applications of electronegativity - Answer (click here)

p Block Elements 1.

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General characteristics of p-block elements - Answer (click here) Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Answer (click here) Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Answer (click here) Silicones - structure and uses - Answer (click here) Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification, Uses Answer (click here)

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Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Answer (click here) Compounds of Phosphorus - Answer (click here) Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here) Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)

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Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here)

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Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Answer (click here) Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Answer (click here) Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Answer (click here) Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Answer (click here) Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Answer (click here)

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Structures of interhalogen compounds - Answer (click here) Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Answer (click here) Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's Method Answer (click here)

19.

Uses Of Noble Gas - Answer (click here)

d Block Elements 1.

Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements - Answer (click here)

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General characteristics of d-block elements - Answer (click here) Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -

Answer (click here) 4.

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Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses and alloys - Answer (click here) Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)

6.

silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)

7.

Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)

8.

Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process Answer (click here)

9.

Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)

10.

Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses Answer (click here)

11.

Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Answer (click here)

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Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and Uses Answer (click here)

f Block Elements 1.

General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Answer (click here)

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General properties of Lanthanides - Answer (click here) General Properties of Actinide Series - Answer (click here) Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Answer (click here) Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Answer (click here) Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Answer (click here)

Coordination Compounds and BioCoordination Compounds 1.

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Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Answer (click here) IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds Answer (click here)

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6.

Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Answer (click here) Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence bond theory - Answer (click here) Uses of coordination compounds - Answer (click here) Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Answer (click here)

Nuclear Chemistry

1.

2.

Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Answer (click here) Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions - Answer (click here)

3.

4.

5.

Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Answer (click here) Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Answer (click here) Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Answer (click here)

Physical Chemistry Solid State II 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Types of Cubic System - Answer (click here) Bragg's Equation and spectrometer method - Answer (click here) Types Of Crystals - Answer (click here) Imperfections In Solids - Answer (click here) Super conductors property of Crystalline solids - Answer (click here) Glasses - Amorphous solids - Answer (click here)

Thermodynamics II 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Limitations Of First Law Of Thermodynamics - Answer (click here) Second law of thermodynamics - Answer (click here) Entropy And Entropy Change - Answer (click here) Characteristics of entropy 'S' - Answer (click here) Gibbs free energy 'G' and Standard free energy (Gďż˝) - Answer (click here) Characteristics of Free energy 'G' - Answer (click here) Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here)

Chemical Equilibrium II 1.

2.

Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Answer (click here) Attainment Of Equilibrium In Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)

Chemical Kinetics II 1.

2.

3.

4.

Rate And Order Of A Reaction - Answer (click here) Rate equation for first order reactions - Answer (click here) Pseudo-First Order Reactions - Answer (click here) Determination of rate constant of acid catalysed hydrolysis of an ester Answer (click here)

5.

6.

Temperature Dependance Of Rate Constant - Answer (click here) Simple And Complex Reactions : Difference and Types - Answer (click

here)

Surface Chemistry 1.

Classification, Factors affecting of adsorption of gases on solids - Answer (click here)

2.

General characteristics and Types of catalytic reactions - Answer (click here)

3.

4.

5.

6.

Types of catalysts - Answer (click here) Theories Of Catalysis - Answer (click here) Colloids and Types of Colloids - Answer (click here) Preparation Of Colloids : Dispersion and Condensation method - Answer (click here)

7.

8.

9.

10.

Purification Methods Of Sols - Answer (click here) Properties of Colloids - Answer (click here) Natural and Technical Applications Of Colloids - Answer (click here) Emulsions and Types of emulsions - Answer (click here)

Electro Chemistry I 1.

Electro Chemistry: Conductors , Insulators And Semi Conductors Answer (click here)

2.

3.

4.

Theory Of Electrolytic Conductance - Answer (click here) Postulates of Arrhenius Theory - Answer (click here) Evidences of Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation - Answer (click here)

5.

6.

7.

8.

Ostwald's dilution law for weak electrolytes - Answer (click here) Faraday's Laws Of Electrolysis - Answer (click here) Electrical Conductance Quantities - Answer (click here) Variation Of Equivalent Conductance With Concentration - Answer (click here)

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Kohlraush's Law - Application with example - Answer (click here) Ionic Product Of Water : The pH of solutions - Answer (click here) Buffer Solutions - Answer (click here) Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and its Significance - Answer (click here) Selection of pH indicators and Titration - Answer (click here) Ostwald's theory and Quinonoid Theory - Answer (click here)

Electro Chemistry II 1.

2.

3.

Electrochemistry - Cells and Daniel cell - Answer (click here) Electro Chemistry - Cell Terminology - Answer (click here) Single Electrode Potential - Answer (click here)

Subject : zoology HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Nutrition : Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.), Proteins(Polypeptides), Lipids, Vitamins - Answer (click here) Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.) - Answer (click here) Proteins(Polypeptides) - Answer (click here) Lipids - Answer (click here) Vitamins : functions of vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency Ailments Answer (click here)

6.

Minerals, Water, Balanced diet, Calorie values, Obesity - Answer (click here)

7.

8.

The digestive system and The process of digestion - Answer (click here) Dental Caries (Tooth decay) : Symptoms, Root Canal Treatment - Answer (click here)

9.

Peptic ulcer and Hernia : Causes of Peptic ulcer and Types of Hernia Answer (click here)

10.

Appendicitis, Gall Stones, Hepatitis, Hernia, Peptic ulcer - Answer (click here)

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Types of fractures, Mechanism of fracture, Healing of Bones in fracture, Dislocation of joints, Physiotherapy and rehabilitation, Arthiritis , Orthopedics, Rickets and steomalacia - Answer (click here) Structure of a skeletal muscle, sarcomere - Answer (click here) Mechanism and Types of muscle contraction - Answer (click here) Benefits of aerobic exercise - Answer (click here) Myasthenia Gravis Muscle Disease - Answer (click here) Process of pulmonary respiration - Answer (click here) Mechanism of Human Breathing : Expiration , Inspiration - Answer (click here)

18.

19.

20.

21.

Gaseous exchange in the alveoli - Answer (click here) Herring - Breuer reflex - Answer (click here) Lungs Disease : Tuberculosis (TB), Herring - Breuer reflex, Acute and Chronic Bronchitis - Answer (click here) Human Circulatory System : Functioning of Human heart - Answer (click here)

22.

Myocardial infarction : Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors - Answer (click here)

23.

24.

Angina pectoris - Answer (click here) Angiogram : Coronary Angiography and Coronary Angioplasty - Answer (click here)

25.

Atherosclerosis, Heart block, Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) - Answer

(click here) 26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

ICCU - (Intensive Coronary Care Unit) - Answer (click here) Blood Pressure : Intensive of hypertension - Answer (click here) Composition of plasma : Components with Functions - Answer (click here) Types of blood cells or corpuscles - Answer (click here) Human Nervous system - Answer (click here) Human brain - Answer (click here) Types of memory - Answer (click here) Types of sleep - Answer (click here) Human Brain Stroke and Brain haemorrhage - Answer (click here) Alzheimer's Disease, Meningitis (Brain fever), Conditioned reflex Answer (click here)

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

Right and Left Human brain concept - Answer (click here) Spinal cord functioning - Answer (click here) Functions of Endocrine glands - Answer (click here) Pituitary gland and The hormones of anterior pituitary - Answer (click here) Thyroid gland and thyroxine - Answer (click here) Human Insulin - Answer (click here) Human Glucagon - Answer (click here) Gonads : Testis and Overies - Answer (click here) Focusing Mechanism in the Human Eye - Answer (click here) Human eye : Errors of refraction - Answer (click here) Retinopathy - Human Eye Disease - Answer (click here) Human Eye : Cataract, Lens Replacement - Answer (click here) Human Eye : Glaucoma, Nyctalopia Disorder, Infections, Symptoms, Treatment - Answer (click here) EAR - Some Information - Answer (click here) Mechanism of hearing - Human Ear - Answer (click here) Defects of the Human ear - Answer (click here) Human Hearing Aid - Answer (click here) Noise pollution - Answer (click here) Human Skin and Functions of skin - Answer (click here) Functions of Human Skin Melanin - Answer (click here) Human Skin grafting and Dermatitis - Answer (click here) Human Tongue and Mechanism of Stimulation - Answer (click here) Human Excretion - Answer (click here) Mechanism of urine formation - Answer (click here) Renal Failure, Dialysis and Kidney Machines - Answer (click here) Human Kidney stone (Calculus) And Kidney transplantation - Answer (click here)

62.

Diabetes mellitus : Symptoms, Causes, prevention - Answer (click here)

63.

64.

65.

66.

Functioning of male reproductive system - Answer (click here) Functioning of female reproductive system - Answer (click here) Female Menstrual cycle - 28 days - Answer (click here) In vitro fertilization (Test tube babies) and Birth control - Answer (click here)

67.

Contraception - Methods to prevention of pregnancy - Answer (click here)

MICROBIOLOGY 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

History of Medical microbiology - Answer (click here) Structure of Viruses And Viral genetics - Answer (click here) Viral Diseases - Answer (click here) Cultivation (culture) of Animal viruses - Answer (click here) Bacterial structure And Culture - Answer (click here) Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here) Bacterial Diseases - Answer (click here) Protozoan microbiology - Answer (click here) Larval microbiology - Answer (click here) AIDS (HIV) Structure, its control, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Control and Management - Answer (click here)

IMMUNOLOGY 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

IMMUNOLOGY : Innate Immunity (Non-specific) And Acquired Immunity (Specific immunity) - Answer (click here) Primary Lymphoid Organ Thymus - Answer (click here) Peripheral Lymphoid Organs : Lymph nodes, Spleen - Answer (click here) Secondary Lymphoid Organs : Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) - Answer (click here) Antibodies - Immunoglobulins, Region of polypeptide chains, Transplantation immunology - Answer (click here) Classification of grafts - Answer (click here) Immune system disorders - Answer (click here)

MODERN GENETICS 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Human Genetics - Karyotyping - Answer (click here) Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology) - Answer (click here) Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here) Human Genome Project (HGP) - Answer (click here) Cloning : Differentiation, Cloning of Sheep (Mechanism), Ethical Issues, Merits and Demerits of cloning - Answer (click here)

6.

Transgenic organisms : Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) -

Answer (click here) 7. Gene therapy - Answer (click here) 8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Bioinformatics : Definition, History, Applications - Answer (click here) Scope of Genetic Engineering And Bioinformatics - Answer (click here) Nucleic acid, Protein sequence databases And Genome sequencing, DNA library - Answer (click here) Protein Structure, Protein Model And Uses - Answer (click here) Human population and explosion - Issues - Answer (click here)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Reasons for the Explosion. Impacts Of Growing Population and Environmental - Answer (click here) Global warming : Green house effect - Answer (click here) Types of Greenhouse Gases - Answer (click here) Effects of Global warming - Answer (click here) Ozone layer depletion : Ozone hole, Preventing And Effect of Ozone depletions - Answer (click here) Waste management - Answer (click here) Waste management : Classification of wastes - Answer (click here) Management of hazardous wastes - Answer (click here) Management of non-hazardous wastes- Solid Waste Management Answer (click here)

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Biodiversity conservation (Biosphere reserves) Government and non Governmental organizations - Answer (click here) Energy crisis and its environmental impact - Answer (click here) Steps to be taken to resolve energy crisis - Answer (click here) Environmental impacts : Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear Power, Solar energy, Fossil fuels - Answer (click here) Poverty and Environmental : issues, alleviation - Answer (click here) Fresh water crisis and management - Answer (click here) Freshwater resources - Answer (click here) Freshwater shortages - Answer (click here) Freshwater Management - Answer (click here)

APPLIED BIOLOGY 1.

2.

Important cattle breeds and their characteristics - Answer (click here) cattle breeds : Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds, Dual purpose breeds, Draught breeds - Answer (click here)

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Milch breeds (or) Dairy Cattle breeds : Sindhi (Red Sindhi, Red Karachi), Gir (Kathiawarhi, Surti) - Answer (click here) Dual purpose Cattle breeds - Ongole : Nellore - Answer (click here) Draught Cattle breeds : Kangayam, Hallikar, Jersey - Answer (click here) Common diseases and control for Cattle - Answer (click here) Poultry Breeds - Answer (click here) Poultry Farming methods - Answer (click here) Factors involved in brooding - Answer (click here) Pisciculture : Characters of cultivable fish - Answer (click here) Fish Pond : Types and Preparation of pond, Management and Feeding Answer (click here)

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Edible Fishes Of Tamilnadu (India) - Answer (click here) Stethoscope and Uses of Stethoscope - Answer (click here) Sphygmomanometer - Answer (click here) Haemocytometer - Answer (click here) Urine - Sugar analysis - Answer (click here) ECG-Electrocardiogram - Answer (click here) Computed Tomography (CT)(OR) Computerized axial tomography (CAT) - Advantages and Uses - Answer (click here) Types of Endoscopy - Answer (click here) Artificial Pacemaker And Autoanalyser - Answer (click here)

THEORIES OF EVOLUTION 1.

2.

3.

4.

THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Lamarckism - Answer (click here) THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Neo-lamarckism - Answer (click here) THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Darwinism - Answer (click here) Modern concept of Natural Selection (or) Modern synthetic theory of Evolution - Answer (click here)

Subject : Economics 1 Nature and Scope of Economics 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Nature and Scope of Economics - Answer (click here) Definitions of Economics - Answer (click here) Adam Smith's Definition (Wealth Definition) - Answer (click here) Alfred Marshall's Definition (Welfare Definition) - Answer (click here) Lionel Robbins' definition (Scarcity Definition) - Answer (click here) Samuelson's Definition (Modern Definition of Economics) - Answer (click here)

2 Basic Economic Problems 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Main Divisions of Economics - Answer (click here) Economics : positive or normative science ? - Answer (click here) Economics in relation to other social sciences - Answer (click here) Economics and Politics , Economics and History - Answer (click here) Economics and Ethics , Economics and psychology - Answer (click here) Economics, mathematics and statistics - Answer (click here) Economics as a science - Answer (click here) Methods of Economic Analysis - Answer (click here) Economic Laws and Importance of Economic Laws - Answer (click here) Characteristics and Classification of Wealth - Answer (click here) Goods - Answer (click here) Income and Types of Income - Answer (click here) Economics : Value and Price - Answer (click here) Markets and Classification of Markets - Answer (click here) Importance of Economics - Answer (click here) Basic Economic Problems and Economic Systems - Answer (click here) Capitalist Economy : salient features, Merits and Disadvantages - Answer (click here)

18.

Socialist Economy : salient features, Merits and Disadvantages - Answer (click here)

19.

Mixed Economy : salient features, Merits and Demerits - Answer (click here)

20.

Production Possibility Curve - Answer (click here)

3 Theory of Consumer Behaviour 1.

2.

Theory of Consumer Behaviour - Answer (click here) Economics : Consumer Behaviour : Characteristics of wants - Answer (click here)

3.

Economics : Consumer Behavior : Classification of Wants - Answer (click here)

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Concept of Utility : Total, Marginal Utility - Answer (click here) Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility(DMU) - Definition, Explanation, Importance, Criticism - Answer (click here) Law Of Equi-Marginal Utility - Definition, Explanation, Importance, Criticism - Answer (click here) Limitations of the Equi-Marginal Utility Law - Answer (click here) Importance of Equi-Marginal Utility Law - Answer (click here) Consumer's surplus : Definition, Explanation, Importance, Criticism Answer (click here)

10.

Indifference Curve Approach : Definition, Schedule, curve, map - Answer (click here)

4 Demand and Supply 1.

2.

3.

4.

Law of Demand with Schedule and curve - Answer (click here) Exceptions to the Law of Demand - Answer (click here) Factors determining demand - Answer (click here) Elasticity of Demand and Types of Elasticity of Demand - Answer (click here)

5.

6.

7.

Importance of Elasticity of demand - Answer (click here) Factors determining supply - Answer (click here) Elasticity of supply : concept, Types, Factors determining - Answer (click here)

5 Equilibrium Price 1.

2.

3.

Equilibrium Price - Answer (click here) Shift in Demand and Supply - Answer (click here) Economics : Time Periods and Price Fixation - Answer (click here)

6 Production 1.

2.

Production - Answer (click here) Factors of production : Land, Labour, Capital and Organisation - Answer (click here)

3.

4.

5.

Forms of Capital and Characteristics of capital - Answer (click here) Labour : Characteristics and Division of Labour - Answer (click here) Identifying the optimum combination of factors of production - Answer (click here)

6.

7.

Short-run and Long-run production function - Answer (click here) Short-run production function - The law of variable proportions - Answer (click here)

8.

9.

10.

Long-run production function - Increasing, Constant, Decreasing Returns to Scale - Answer (click here) Characteristics of an isoquant - Answer (click here) Producer's Equilibrium and The Cobb Douglas Production Function Answer (click here)

11.

Economies of Scale - Internal - Internal, External economies - Answer (click here)

7 Cost and Revenue

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Cost function, concepts and classifications - Answer (click here) Short run average cost curves - Average Fixed, Average variable and Average Total Cost - Answer (click here) Marginal Cost - Answer (click here) Long run Average Cost Curve (LAC) - Answer (click here) Accounting Cost and Economic cost - Answer (click here) Concepts Of Revenue : Average, Marginal Revenue(AR,MR) - Answer (click here)

7.

Measurement of Profit - Answer (click here)

8 Market Structure and Pricing 1.

2.

Meaning, Definition and Characteristics of Market - Answer (click here) Classification of Markets according to Area, time, Competition - Answer (click here)

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Features and Conditions of perfect competition - Answer (click here) Nature of Revenue curves - Answer (click here) Monopoly : Characteristics and Causes - Answer (click here) Monopoly : Price and Output Determination : Advantages, Disadvantages - Answer (click here) Methods of Controlling Monopoly - Answer (click here) Definition and Conditions of Price Discrimination - Answer (click here) Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition - Answer (click here) Determination of Equilibrium price and output under monopolistic competition - Answer (click here) Wastages of Monopolistic competition - Answer (click here) Characteristics of Oligopoly - Answer (click here)

9 Marginal Productivity Theory of Distribution 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Marginal Productivity Theory of Distribution - Answer (click here) The Ricardian theory of Rent - Answer (click here) Modern Theory of Rent and Quasi-Rent - Answer (click here) Theories of wages - Answer (click here) Early theories of wages - Answer (click here) Recent Theories of wages - Answer (click here) Theories of Interest - Answer (click here) Loanable funds theory (Neo - classical theory) of Interest - Answer (click here)

9.

Liquidity preference theory (Keynesian theory) of interest - Answer (click here)

10.

Rent theory of profits - Answer (click here)

10 Simple Theory of Income Determination 1.

2.

3.

4.

Simple Theory of Income Determination - Answer (click here) Say's Law of Market - Answer (click here) Keynesian Theory of Income Determination - Answer (click here) Keynesian Theory Aggregate Demand : Consumption Function - Answer (click here)

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Keynesian Theory Aggregate Demand : Inducement to invest (Investment function) - Answer (click here) Rate of interest: Liquidity Preference Theory - Answer (click here) Functions of Money - Answer (click here) Economics : Importance of Money - Answer (click here) Money supply and Reserve Money of India - Answer (click here)

11 Monetary Policy 1.

2.

3.

Monetary Policy of India - Answer (click here) Monetary Transmission - Answer (click here) Economics : Inflation and Deflation, Types of Inflation - Answer (click here)

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Effects of changes in prices - Answer (click here) Definition of Fiscal Policy or public finance - Answer (click here) Subject matter of public finance(Fiscal Policy) - Answer (click here) Meaning and definition of a tax - Answer (click here) Canons of Taxation - Answer (click here) Kinds or Types of tax - Answer (click here) Meaning, Definition and Kinds(Types) of Budget - Answer (click here)

12 Fiscal Policy 1.

Fiscal policy : Meaning, Objectives, Limitations of Fiscal policy - Answer (click here)

Subject : History India Under the English East India Company: Warren Hastings (1772 1785) 1.

India Under The English East India Company: Warren Hastings - Answer (click here)

2.

3.

The English East India Company - Answer (click here) The Regulating Act of 1773 and Merits and Demerits of the Act - Answer

(click here) 4.

5.

6.

First Anglo-Maratha War - Answer (click here) The Second Anglo-Mysore War - Answer (click here) The Impeachment and Estimate of Warren Hastings - Answer (click here)

Lord Cornwallis (1786 1793) 1.

2.

3.

Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) - Answer (click here) Tipu Sultan and the Third Mysore War - Answer (click here) Cornwallis : Administrative, Revenue, Judicial Reforms - Answer (click here)

The Marquess of Wellesley (1798 1805) 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

The Marquess Of Wellesley (1798-1805) - Answer (click here) The Marquess Of Wellesley : The Subsidiary System - Answer (click here) The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) - Answer (click here) Wellesley and the Marathas - Answer (click here) The Second Maratha War (1803-1805) - Answer (click here)

Lord Hastings (1813 1823) 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Lord Hastings (1813-1823) - Answer (click here) War against the Gurkhas (1814-16) - Answer (click here) Suppression of the Pindaris - Answer (click here) Downfall of the Maratha Confederacy - Answer (click here) Third Maratha War (1817-1819) - Answer (click here)

Lord William Bentinck (1828 1835) 1.

2.

3.

Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835) - Answer (click here) Charter Act of 1833 - Answer (click here) Reforms of Lord William Bentinck - Answer (click here)

Lord Dalhousie (1848 1856) 1.

2.

3.

Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) - Answer (click here) Lord Dalhousie : Policy of Annexation - Answer (click here) Domestic Reforms of Dalhousie - Answer (click here)

Revenue Administration and Economic Policy of the British 1.

Revenue Administration And Economic Policy Of The British - Answer

(click here) 2.

3.

4.

British Agrarian Policy - Answer (click here) Zamindari, Ryotwari, Mahalwari Settlement - Answer (click here) British Policy towards Indian Handicrafts - Answer (click here)

Educational and Social Reforms 1.

2.

3.

Educational And Social Reforms of British in India - Answer (click here) Language and Education Policy of British in India - Answer (click here) Struggle against the Caste System and the related Legislation in India Answer (click here)

Palayakkarar Rebellion 1.

2.

3.

4.

Palayakkarar Rebellion - Answer (click here) Puli Thevar - Answer (click here) History : Vira Pandya Kattabomman - Answer (click here) History : Marudu Brothers - Answer (click here)

Vellore Mutiny 1.

Vellore Mutiny - Answer (click here)

The Great Revolt of 1857 1.

2.

3.

The Great Revolt Of 1857 - Answer (click here) Causes of the Great Revolt Of 1857 - Answer (click here) Causes for the Failure of the 1857 Revolt and Significance, Effects of the Mutiny - Answer (click here)

British India After 1858: Lord Lytton (1876 1880) 1.

History : Lord Lytton (1876-1880) - Answer (click here)

Lord Ripon (1880 1884) And Lord Curzon (1899 1905) 1.

2.

History : Lord Ripon (1880-84) - Answer (click here) History : Lord Curzon (1899-1905) - Answer (click here)

Socio Religious Reform Movements 1.

2.

Raja Rammohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj - Answer (click here) Swami Dayanand Saraswathi and the Arya Samaj - Answer (click here)

3.

4.

Self-Respect Movement and Periyar E.V.R. - Answer (click here) Indian Socio-Religious Reform Movements - Answer (click here)

Indian National Movement (1885 1905) 1.

2.

3.

Indian National Movement (1885-1905) - Answer (click here) Factors Promoting the Growth of Nationalism in India - Answer (click here) The Indian National Congress (1885) - Answer (click here)

Indian National Movement (1905 1916) 1.

2.

Indian National Movement (1905-1916) - Answer (click here) Partition of Bengal and the Rise of Extremism - Swadeshi Movement Answer (click here)

The Indian National Movement (1917 1947) 1.

The Indian National Movement (1917-1947) : Advent of Gandhi - Answer (click here)

2.

Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Khilafat Movement - Answer (click here)

3.

4.

5.

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) - Answer (click here) Simon Commission (1927) - Answer (click here) Quit India Movement (1942-1944) - Answer (click here)

Role of Tamil Nadu in the Indian National Movement 1.

Role Of Tamil Nadu In The Indian National Movement - Answer (click here)

2.

Non-co-operation Movement in TamilNadu, India - Answer (click here)

The Justice Party Rule 1.

The Justice Party rule in the Madras Presidency constitutes - Answer (click here)

Constitutional Development (1858 1947) 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Indian Constitutional Development (1858 - 1947) - Answer (click here) Indian Councils Act of 1861 and 1892 - Answer (click here) Minto- Morley Reforms of 1909 - Answer (click here) The Government of India Act of 1935 - Answer (click here) Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 - Answer (click here)

India After Independence 1.

2.

India After Independence - Answer (click here) Indian Polity (1947 - 2000) - Answer (click here)

Renaissance 1.

2.

Renaissance - Answer (click here) Renaissance Literature, Art, Sculpture - Answer (click here)

Geographical Discoveries 1.

The Geographical Discoveries of the 15th and 16th centuries - Answer (click here)

2.

3.

Impact of the Geographical Discoveries - Answer (click here) Geographical Discoveries : Portugal and Spain - Answer (click here)

The Reformation and Counter Reformation 1.

2.

3.

Causes for the Reformation - Answer (click here) Martin Luther (1483-1546) - Answer (click here) Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) and John Calvin (1509-1564) - Answer (click here)

4.

5.

Counter-Reformation - Answer (click here) Effects of Reformation - Answer (click here)

The American War of Independence (1776 1783) 1.

2.

The American War Of Independence (1776-1783) - Answer (click here) The English Colonies in America - Answer (click here)

French Revolution 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Causes of the French Revolution - Answer (click here) French Revolution : The French Philosophers - Answer (click here) Impact of the American War of Independence - Answer (click here) Work of the National Assembly (1789 - 1791) - Answer (click here) The National Convention (1792 - 1795) - Answer (click here)

Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions 1.

2.

Agricultural Revolution - Answer (click here) Industrial Revolution : Causes, Merits, Demerits - Answer (click here)

First World War 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

First World War (1914 -1919) - Answer (click here) First World War - Colonialism - Answer (click here) Causes of First World War - Answer (click here) Course of the First World War - Answer (click here) Results of the First World War - Answer (click here)

Russian Revolution of 1917 1.

2.

3.

4.

Russian Revolution Of 1917 - Answer (click here) Causes of the Russian Revolution - Answer (click here) February Revolution and October Revolution of 1917 - Answer (click here) Results of Russian Revolution Of 1917 - Answer (click here)

The League of Nations 1.

2.

3.

4.

The League Of Nations - Answer (click here) Establishment of League of Nations - Answer (click here) Achievements Of The League Of Nations - Answer (click here) Causes for the Failure of League of Nations - Answer (click here)

Rise of Fascism and Nazism 1.

2.

3.

4.

Causes for the Growth of Fascism in Italy - Answer (click here) Rise of Mussolini - Answer (click here) Mussolini as the Prime Minster of Italy - Answer (click here) Nazism In Germany : Hitler and the Nazi Germany - Answer (click here)

Second World War 1.

2.

3.

Second World War - Answer (click here) Causes of the Second World War - Answer (click here) Course and Results of the Second World War - Answer (click here)

Growth of Asian Nations: China And Japan 1.

Growth Of Asian Nations: China And Japan - Answer (click here)

United Nations Organisation 1.

2.

United Nations Organisation - Answer (click here) Achievements of the U N O - Answer (click here)

3.

Organization of the U.N.O. - Answer (click here)

The Cold War 1.

2.

The Cold War - Answer (click here) Beginning and End of the Cold War - Answer (click here)

World Today 1.

History : World Today - Answer (click here)

Subject : Geography THEORY BIOSPHERE Plants, Animals and Humans 1.

2.

Biosphere : Plants and Animals, The Biomes - Answer (click here) The forest biomes : Coniferous, Temperate, Tropical forests - Answer (click here)

3.

4.

5.

6.

Temperate And Tropical Grassland Biomes - Answer (click here) Cold and Tropical deserts Biomes - Answer (click here) Harvesting Forests and Shrinking Forests - Answer (click here) Sea Ecosystems - Answer (click here)

The Human Potential 1.

2.

3.

4.

Human Evolution and Human Civilisations - Answer (click here) Growth, Distribution and Density - Answer (click here) Structure, Composition and Population Explosion - Answer (click here) Malthus- Population Theory and Marx's Ideas on Population - Answer (click here)

HUMAN MADE ECOSYSTEMS I Settlement Systems 1.

2.

3.

4.

Human-made ecosystems : settlement systems - Answer (click here) Classification of Settlements - Answer (click here) Urban Growth and Problems - Answer (click here) Central Place Theory - Answer (click here)

Industrial Systems

1.

2.

Classification of Industrial systems - Answer (click here) Industrial System : Functional Characteristics and linkage - Answer (click here)

3.

4.

Factors of Industrial Location - Answer (click here) Theory of Industrial Location : Weber's Theory of Location - Answer (click here)

Trade Systems 1.

2.

Role of Geographical Factors in Trade - Answer (click here) Geographical and Stage of Technological Development - Answer (click here)

3.

4.

5.

Geographical Trade Types - Answer (click here) Geographical Trade Blocs - Answer (click here) Benefits from Trade Blocs and Trade Trap and the Fall of Markets Answer (click here)

HUMAN MADE ECOSYSTEMS II Transport and Communication Systems 1.

Human-made ecosystems : Transport and communication systems Answer (click here)

2.

Human-made ecosystems : Transport Systems and Transport Types Answer (click here)

3.

Transport Types and Classification : Road, Train, Sea, Air - Answer (click here)

4.

5.

6.

7.

The Cargo Traffic - Answer (click here) Ecosystems : Information and Communication Systems : Technological, Technical Development - Answer (click here) Importance of Information Technology - Answer (click here) Communication Revolution - Answer (click here)

Space Technologies 1.

2.

Remote Sensing Systems : Types and Uses - Answer (click here) Classification of Satellite Remote Sensing : Geo, Sun, Spy Satellites Answer (click here)

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Elements of Remote Sensing Systems - Answer (click here) Uses of Remote Sensing - Answer (click here) Indian Space Programme - Answer (click here) Water, a Valuable Resource - Answer (click here) Water: Quantity and Quality - Answer (click here)

8.

9.

10.

11.

Quantity of Water - Answer (click here) Quality of Water - Answer (click here) Water Based, Related and Waterborne Diseases - Answer (click here) Water Supply and Demand and Drinking Water Scarcity - Answer (click here)

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONS MANAGEMENT Global Freshwater 1.

2.

3.

4.

Global freshwater : Urbanisation - Answer (click here) Global fresh water : Industrialisation - Answer (click here) Land and Water Pollution - Answer (click here) Water Ethics and Management, Irrigation, Political Dimension - Answer (click here)

5.

6.

7.

8.

Water Management and Basin Management - Answer (click here) Water Supply and Sanitation - Answer (click here) Disaster, Hazard and Vulnerability, the Meaning - Answer (click here) Resilience and Emergency - Answer (click here)

Natural Disasters 1.

2.

3.

4.

Disaster Management, Mitigation and Prevention - Answer (click here) Earthquakes and Landslides - Answer (click here) The Turkey Earthquake 1999 - Answer (click here) Disasters and Health Epidemic, Emergency Response to Disasters Answer (click here)

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Global Warming - Answer (click here) Floods as Hazard and Major Flood Disasters in world - Answer (click here) Flood Warning and Emergency Planning - Answer (click here) Desertification - Answer (click here) Advancing Deserts of the World - Answer (click here) Programmes and Projects - Desertification and Drought in India - Answer (click here)

Conservation and Resource Management 1.

2.

3.

4.

Conservation and resource management - Answer (click here) History of Conservation and Resource Management - Answer (click here) History of Conservation and Resource Management In the mid-20th century - Answer (click here) Water Resources Management and Conservation Techniques - Answer

(click here) 5.

6.

Rainwater Harvesting and Techniques - Answer (click here) Inter-State River Linkages - Answer (click here)

MAP INTERPRETATION AND SURVEYING Map Interpretation 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Map interpretation : Basic Map Components (Parts) - Answer (click here) Map interpretation : Basic Principles of Map Reading - Answer (click here) Suggested, Sequential Learning of Map Skills - Answer (click here) Weather Maps and Images Interpretation - Answer (click here) Map Symbols for Weather and Clouds - Answer (click here) Weather Maps : Winds - Low, High - Answer (click here) Weather Forecasting and its Methods - Answer (click here)

Surveying GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS Database Management Systems and Geographical Information systems 1.

2.

3.

What is Geographical Information System? - Answer (click here) Database Management Systems - Databases - Answer (click here) Applications of Geographical Information Systems - Answer (click here)

Global Positioning Systems 1.

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a Satellite Navigation System Answer (click here)

2.

Carrier Phase Tracking (Surveying): An Application of GPS - Answer (click here)