Biochemistry - Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Biochemistry Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Biochemistry Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells 1.

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How does biochemistry describe life processes? - Answer (click here) How did living things originate? - Answer (click here) Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry - Answer (click here) How and when did the Earth come to be? - Answer (click here) How were biomolecules likely to have formed on the early Earth? Answer (click here)

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Molecules to Cells: Which came first - the catalysts or the hereditary molecules? - Answer (click here) The Biggest Biological Distinction-Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)

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How is prokaryotic DNA organized without a nucleus? - Answer (click here)

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Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here) Five Kingdoms, Three Domains - Answer (click here) Extremophiles: The Toast of the Industry - Answer (click here) Common Ground for All Cells - Answer (click here) Did eukaryotes develop from prokaryotes? - Answer (click here) Did symbiosis play a role in the development of eukaryotes? - Answer (click here)

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Biochemical Energetics - Answer (click here) Energy and Change: What kinds of energy changes take place in living cells? - Answer (click here) Spontaneity in Biochemical Reactions - Answer (click here) Life and Thermodynamics - Answer (click here) Predicting Reactions - Answer (click here)

Water The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions 1.

Water and Polarity - Answer (click here)

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What is polarity? - Answer (click here) Solvent Properties of Water - Answer (click here) Hydrogen Bonds - Answer (click here) Acids, Bases, and pH - Answer (click here) Titration Curves - Answer (click here) Buffers - Answer (click here) How do buffers work? - Answer (click here) How do we choose a buffer? - Answer (click here) How do we make buffers in the laboratory? - Answer (click here) Are naturally occurring pH buffers present in living organisms? - Answer (click here)

Amino Acids and Peptides 1.

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Amino Acids Exist in a Three-Dimensional World - Answer (click here) Individual Amino Acids:Their Structures and Properties - Answer (click here)

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Uncommon Amino Acids - Answer (click here) Amino Acids to Calm Down and Pep Up - Answer (click here) Amino Acids Can Act as Both Acids and Bases - Answer (click here) The Peptide Bond - Answer (click here) Small Peptides with Physiological Activity - Answer (click here) Phenylketonuria-Little Molecules Have Big Effects - Answer (click here) Peptide Hormones-More Small Molecules with Big Effects - Answer (click here)

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Amino Acids Go Many Different Places - Answer (click here)

The Three Dimensional Structure of Proteins 1.

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Protein Structure and Function - Answer (click here) Primary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here) Secondary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here) Complete Proteins and Nutrition - Answer (click here) Periodic Structures in Protein Backbones - Answer (click here) Secondary Structure of Proteins: Irregularities in Regular Structures Answer (click here)

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Supersecondary Structures and Domains of Proteins - Answer (click here) The Collagen Triple Helix - Answer (click here) Two Types of Protein Conformations: Fibrous and Globular - Answer (click here)

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Tertiary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here) Forces Involved in Tertiary Structures - Answer (click here)

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Myoglobin: An Example of Protein Structure - Answer (click here) Denaturation and Refolding - Answer (click here) Quaternary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here) Protein Folding Dynamics - Answer (click here) Hydrophobic Interactions:A Case Study in Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)

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Protein Folding Dynamics: The Importance of Correct Folding - Answer (click here)

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Protein-Folding Chaperones - Answer (click here) Prions and Disease - Answer (click here)

Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques 1.

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Extracting Pure Proteins from Cells - Answer (click here) Column Chromatography - Answer (click here) What are the different types of chromatography? - Answer (click here) Electrophoresis - Answer (click here) Determining the Primary Structure of a Protein - Answer (click here) Cleavage of the Protein into Peptides - Answer (click here) Sequencing of Peptides: The Edman Method - Answer (click here) Protein Purification: Pulling It All Together - Answer (click here)

The Behavior of Proteins Enzymes 1.

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Enzymes Are Effective Biological Catalysts - Answer (click here) Kinetics versus Thermodynamics - Answer (click here) Enzymes as Markers for Disease - Answer (click here) Enzyme Kinetic Equations - Answer (click here) Enzyme-Substrate Binding - Answer (click here) Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions - Answer (click here) The Michaelis–Menten Approachto Enzyme Kinetics - Answer (click here) Enzyme Inhibition - Answer (click here) Practical Information from Kinetic Data - Answer (click here) Enzyme Inhibition in the Treatment of AIDS - Answer (click here)

The Behavior of Proteins Enzymes Mechanisms and Control 1.

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The Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes - Answer (click here) The Concerted and Sequential Models for Allosteric Enzymes - Answer (click here)

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Control of Enzyme Activity by Phosphorylation - Answer (click here) Zymogens - Answer (click here)

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The Nature of the Active Site - Answer (click here) Chemical Reactions Involved in Enzyme Mechanisms - Answer (click here) The Active Site and Transition States - Answer (click here) Families of Enzymes: Proteases - Answer (click here) Coenzymes - Answer (click here) Catalytic Antibodies against Cocaine - Answer (click here) Catalysts for Green Chemistry - Answer (click here)

Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes 1.

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The Definition of a Lipid - Answer (click here) The Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types - Answer (click here) What are fatty acids? - Answer (click here) What are triacylglycerols? - Answer (click here) What are phosphoacylglycerols? - Answer (click here) What are waxes and sphingolipids? - Answer (click here) What are glycolipids? - Answer (click here) What are steroids? - Answer (click here) Biological Membranes - Answer (click here) What is the structure of lipid bilayers? - Answer (click here) How does the composition of the bilayer affect its properties? - Answer (click here)

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Butter versus Margarine-Which Is Healthier? - Answer (click here) The Kinds of Membrane Proteins - Answer (click here) The Fluid-Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure - Answer (click here) Membranes in Drug Delivery - Answer (click here) The Functions of Biological Membranes - Answer (click here) Lipid Droplets Are Not Just Great Balls of Fat - Answer (click here) Lipid-Soluble Vitamins and Their Functions - Answer (click here) Vision Has Great Chemistry - Answer (click here) Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes - Answer (click here) Why Should We Eat More Salmon? - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acids How Structure Conveys Information 1.

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Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here) The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides - Answer (click here) The DNA Family Tree - Answer (click here) The Structure of DNA - Answer (click here) What is the nature of the DNA double helix? - Answer (click here) Are there other possible conformations of the double helix? - Answer (click

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How does prokaryotic DNA supercoil into its tertiary structure? - Answer (click here)

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How does supercoiling take place in eukaryotic DNA? - Answer (click here) What Makes a Triple Helix Useful in Drug Design? - Answer (click here) Denaturation of DNA - Answer (click here) The Principal Kinds of RNA and Their Structures - Answer (click here) What kinds of RNA play a role in life processes? - Answer (click here) What is the role of transfer RNA in protein synthesis? - Answer (click here) How does ribosomal RNA combine with proteins to form the site of protein synthesis? - Answer (click here) The Human Genome Project: Treasure or Pandora’s Box? - Answer (click here)

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Why Identical Twins Are Not Identical - Answer (click here)

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids Replication 1.

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The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell - Answer (click here) Replication of DNA - Answer (click here) DNA Polymerase - Answer (click here) Semidiscontinuous DNA Replication - Answer (click here) DNA Polymerase from E. coli - Answer (click here) Proteins Required for DNA Replication - Answer (click here) Proofreading and Repair - Answer (click here) Why Does DNA Contain Thymine and Not Uracil? - Answer (click here) Eukaryotic DNA Replication - Answer (click here) The SOS Response in E. coli - Answer (click here) Telomerase and Cancer - Answer (click here)

Transcription of the Genetic Code The Biosynthesis of RNA 1.

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Transcription of the Genetic Code - Answer (click here) Transcription in Prokaryotes - Answer (click here) Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes - Answer (click here) Transcription in Eukaryotes - Answer (click here) Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes - Answer (click here) Structural Motifs in DNA-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here) Post transcriptional RNA Modification - Answer (click here) Lupus: An Autoimmune Disease Involving RNA Processing - Answer (click here)

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Ribozymes - Answer (click here) What are the characteristics of a ribozyme? - Answer (click here)

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Proofreading in Transcription? RNA Fills In Another Missing Piece Answer (click here)

Protein Synthesis Translation of the Genetic Message 1.

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Translating the Genetic Message - Answer (click here) The Genetic Code - Answer (click here) Codon–Anticodon Pairing and Wobble - Answer (click here) Amino Acid Activation - Answer (click here) Prokaryotic Translation - Answer (click here) Eukaryotic Translation - Answer (click here) Posttranslational Modification of Proteins - Answer (click here) Protein Degradation - Answer (click here) Chaperones: Preventing Unsuitable Associations - Answer (click here) Silent Mutations Are Not Always Silent - Answer (click here) How Do We Adapt to High Altitude? - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acid Biotechnology 1.

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Purification and Detection of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here) Restriction Endonucleases - Answer (click here) Cloning - Answer (click here) What is cloning? - Answer (click here) What are plasmids? - Answer (click here) Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here) Genetic Engineering in Agriculture - Answer (click here) Human Proteins through Genetic Recombination Techniques - Answer (click here)

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Fusion Proteins and Fast Purifications - Answer (click here) DNA Libraries - Answer (click here) The Polymerase Chain Reaction - Answer (click here) DNA Fingerprinting - Answer (click here) CSI: Biochemistry - Forensic Uses of DNA Testing - Answer (click here) Sequencing DNA - Answer (click here) RNA Interference - The Newest Way to Study Genes - Answer (click here) Genomics and Proteomics - Answer (click here)

Viruses Cancer and Immunology 1.

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Viruses - Answer (click here) What is the structure of a virus? - Answer (click here) Families of Viruses - Answer (click here)

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Virus Life Cycles - Answer (click here) Why are viruses important? - Answer (click here) Retroviruses - Answer (click here) Why are retroviruses important? - Answer (click here) Viruses are Used for Gene Therapy - Answer (click here) The Immune System - Answer (click here) Innate Immunity-The Front Lines of Defense - Answer (click here) Acquired Immunity: Cellular Aspects - Answer (click here) T-Cell Functions - Answer (click here) T-Cell Memory - Answer (click here) The Immune System: Molecular Aspects - Answer (click here) The Immune System: Distinguishing Self from Nonself - Answer (click here)

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Viral RNAs Outwit the Immune System - Answer (click here) Cancer - Answer (click here) Oncogenes - Answer (click here) Tumor Suppressors - Answer (click here) Viruses and Cancer - Answer (click here) Viruses Helping Cure Cancer - Answer (click here) Attacking the Symptoms instead of the Disease? - Answer (click here)

The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism 1.

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Standard States for Free-Energy Changes - Answer (click here) A Modified Standard State for Biochemical Applications - Answer (click here)

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Living Things Need Energy-How Do They Use It? - Answer (click here) The Nature of Metabolism - Answer (click here) Living Things Are Unique Thermodynamic Systems - Answer (click here) The Role of Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism - Answer (click here) Coenzymes in Biologically Important Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Answer (click here)

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Coupling of Production and Use of Energy - Answer (click here) Coenzyme A in Activation of Metabolic Pathways - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrates 1.

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Sugars: Their Structures and Stereochemistry - Answer (click here) What is unique about the structures of sugars? - Answer (click here) What happens if a sugar forms a cyclic molecule? - Answer (click here)

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Reactions of Monosaccharides - Answer (click here) Vitamin C Is Related to Sugars - Answer (click here) Some Important Oligosaccharides - Answer (click here) Fruits, Flowers, Striking Colors, and Medicinal Uses Too - Answer (click here)

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Lactose Intolerance: Why Do So Many People Not Want to Drink Milk?

- Answer (click here) Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides - Answer (click here) Why Is Dietary Fiber So Good for You? - Answer (click here) Glycoproteins - Answer (click here) Low-Carbohydrate Diets - Answer (click here) Glycoproteins and Blood Transfusions - Answer (click here)

Glycolysis 1.

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The Overall Pathway of Glycolysis - Answer (click here) Biofuels from Fermentation - Answer (click here) Conversion of Six-Carbon Glucose toThree-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3Phosphate - Answer (click here) Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate - Answer (click here) Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate - Answer (click here) What Is the Connection between Anaerobic Metabolism and Dental Plaque? - Answer (click here) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Answer (click here) Energy Production in Glycolysis - Answer (click here)

Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism 1.

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How Glycogen Is Produced and Degraded - Answer (click here) How does the breakdown of glycogen take place? - Answer (click here) How is glycogen formed from glucose? - Answer (click here) How is glycogen metabolism controlled? - Answer (click here) Why Do Athletes Go In for Glycogen Loading? - Answer (click here) Gluconeogenesis Produces Glucose from Pyruvate - Answer (click here) Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here) Glucose Is Sometimes Diverted throughthe Pentose Phosphate Pathway Answer (click here)

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The Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Hemolytic Anemia - Answer (click here)

The Citric Acid Cycle

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The Central Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Metabolism - Answer (click here)

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The Overall Pathway of the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here) How Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl-CoA - Answer (click here) The Individual Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here) Plant Poisons and the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here) Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here) The Glyoxylate Cycle: A Related Pathway - Answer (click here) The Citric Acid Cycle in Catabolism - Answer (click here) The Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism - Answer (click here) Why Can’t Animals Use All the Same Energy Sources as Plants and Bacteria? - Answer (click here) The Link to Oxygen - Answer (click here) Why Is It So Hard to Lose Weight? - Answer (click here)

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 1.

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The Role of Electron Transport in Metabolism - Answer (click here) Reduction Potentials in the Electron Transport Chain - Answer (click here) Organization of Electron Transport Complexes - Answer (click here) The Connection between Electron Transportand Phosphorylation Answer (click here)

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The Mechanism of Coupling in Oxidative Phosphorylation - Answer (click here)

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Respiratory Inhibitors Can Be Usedto Study Electron Transport - Answer (click here)

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Shuttle Mechanisms - Answer (click here) What Does Brown Adipose Tissue Have to Do with Obesity? - Answer (click here)

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The ATP Yield from Complete Oxidation of Glucose - Answer (click here) Sports and Metabolism - Answer (click here) The Darker Side of Sports - Answer (click here)

Lipid Metabolism 1.

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Catabolism of Lipids - Answer (click here) The Energy Yield from the Oxidationof Fatty Acids - Answer (click here) Catabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids Answer (click here)

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Ketone Bodies - Answer (click here) Fatty-Acid Biosynthesis - Answer (click here) Ketone Bodies and Effective Weight Loss - Answer (click here)

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Synthesis of Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids - Answer (click here) A Gene for Obesity - Answer (click here) Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase-A New Target in the Fight against Obesity? Answer (click here)

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Cholesterol Biosynthesis - Answer (click here) Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)

Photosynthesis 1.

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Chloroplasts Are the Site of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here) The Relationship between Wavelength and Energy of Light - Answer (click here)

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Photosystems I and II and the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)

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Cyclic Electron Transport in Photosystem I - Answer (click here) Photosynthesis and ATP Production - Answer (click here) Killing Weeds by Inhibiting Photosynthesis - Answer (click here) Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis with and without Oxygen Answer (click here)

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Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis Fix CO2 - Answer (click here) Chloroplast Genes - Answer (click here) CO2 Fixation in Tropical Plants - Answer (click here)

The Metabolism of Nitrogen 1.

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Nitrogen Metabolism: An Overview - Answer (click here) Nitrogen Fixation - Answer (click here) Why Is the Nitrogen Content of Fertilizers So Important? - Answer (click here)

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Feedback Inhibition in Nitrogen Metabolism - Answer (click here) Amino Acid Biosynthesis - Answer (click here) Essential Amino Acids - Answer (click here) Amino Acid Catabolism - Answer (click here) Water and the Disposal of Nitrogen Wastes - Answer (click here) Chemotherapy and Antibiotics - Taking Advantage of the Need for Folic Acid - Answer (click here) Purine Biosynthesis - Answer (click here) Purine Catabolism - Answer (click here) Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome - Answer (click here) Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Catabolism - Answer (click here) Conversion of Ribonucleotides to Deoxyribonucleotides - Answer (click here)

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Conversion of dUTP to dTTP - Answer (click here)

Integration of Metabolism Cellular Signaling 1.

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Connections between Metabolic Pathways - Answer (click here) Biochemistry and Nutrition - Answer (click here) What are required nutrients? - Answer (click here) Why do we need vitamins? - Answer (click here) What are minerals? - Answer (click here) The Food Pyramid - Answer (click here) What is obesity? - Answer (click here) Alcohol Consumption and Addiction - Answer (click here) Iron: An Example of a Mineral Requirement - Answer (click here) Hormones and Second Messengers - Answer (click here) What are hormones? - Answer (click here) How do second messengers work? Cyclic AMP and G Proteins - Answer (click here)

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Calcium Ion as a Second Messenger - Answer (click here) Receptor Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here) Hormones and the Control of Metabolism - Answer (click here) Insulin and Its Effects - Answer (click here) Insulin and Low-Carbohydrate Diets - Answer (click here) A Workout a Day Keeps Diabetes Away? - Answer (click here) The Search for Longevity - Answer (click here)

Living Cell 1.

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Living Cell - Answer (click here) Types of Living cells - Answer (click here) Sub cellular Organelles - Answer (click here) Cell Membrane and its Functions - Answer (click here) Cell Wall and its Functions - Answer (click here) Nucleus and its Functions - Answer (click here) Mitochondria and its Functions - Answer (click here) Endoplasmic reticulum and its Functions - Answer (click here) Golgi apparatus and its Functions - Answer (click here) Ribosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here) Lysosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here) Peroxisomes and its Functions - Answer (click here) Cytoplasm and its Functions - Answer (click here) Chloroplasts and its Functions - Answer (click here)

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Cell Vacuoles - Answer (click here) Blood: Composition and Functions - Answer (click here) Formation of blood - Answer (click here) Body Fluids - Answer (click here) Buffers - Answer (click here) Uses of buffer - Answer (click here) Buffers of blood - Answer (click here) Acids and bases - Answer (click here)

Biomolecules 1.

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Biomolecule: Carbohydrates - Answer (click here) Classification and Functions of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here) Proteins: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here) Lipids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here) Nucleic acids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)

Enzymes 1.

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Enzymes - Answer (click here) Chemical nature of enzymes - Answer (click here) Naming of enzymes - Answer (click here) Classification of enzymes - Answer (click here) Factors influencing enzyme activity - Answer (click here) Types of enzyme inhibition - Answer (click here) Iso enzymes - Answer (click here) Importance of enzymes - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrates 1.

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Functions of carbohydrates - Answer (click here) Classification of carbohydrates - Answer (click here) Monosaccharides - Answer (click here) Physical properties of monosaccharides - Answer (click here) Chemical properties of glucose - Answer (click here) Haworth projection formula of glucose and fructose - Answer (click here) Disaccharides - Answer (click here) Poly saccharides - Answer (click here)

Proteins 1.

Proteins and Sources of protein - Answer (click here)

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Amino acids - Answer (click here) Properties of amino acids - Answer (click here) Classification of amino acids - Answer (click here) Physical and Chemical Properties of proteins - Answer (click here) Protein structure - Answer (click here) Biologically important proteins - Answer (click here)

Lipids 1.

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Lipids - Answer (click here) Classification of Fatty acids - Answer (click here) Essential fatty acid (EFA): Structure, Functions - Answer (click here) Structure of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here) Physical and Chemical Properties of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here) Phospholipids - Answer (click here) Classification of Phospholipids - Answer (click here) Properties of glycero phospholipids and sphingo phospholipids - Answer (click here)

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Importance of phospholipids - Answer (click here) Sterols - Answer (click here) Cholesterol: Structure, Properties - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acids 1.

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Structure and Properties of pyrimidine bases - Answer (click here) Purine bases: Structure and Properties - Answer (click here) Nucleic acids - Answer (click here) Nucleic acids: Nucleosides and Nucleotides - Answer (click here) Structure of DNA - Answer (click here) Functions of DNA - Answer (click here) Structure and types of RNA - Answer (click here)

Vitamins 1.

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Vitamins - Answer (click here) Fat soluble vitamins - Answer (click here) Water soluble vitamins - Answer (click here) Vitamin - A - Answer (click here) Vitamin D - Answer (click here) Vitamin E - Answer (click here) Vitamin K - Answer (click here) Thiamine (B1) - Answer (click here)

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Riboflavin (B2) - Answer (click here) Niacin (B3) - Answer (click here) Pyridoxine (B6) - Answer (click here) Folic acid - Answer (click here) Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here) Pantothenic acid (B5) - Answer (click here) Biotin - Answer (click here) Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) - Answer (click here)

Minerals 1.

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Minerals Introduction - Answer (click here) Calcium - Answer (click here) Phosphorus - Answer (click here) Sodium - Answer (click here) Potassium - Answer (click here) Chlorine - Answer (click here) Magnesium - Answer (click here) Sulphur - Answer (click here) Iron - Answer (click here) Copper - Answer (click here) Iodine - Answer (click here) Fluorine - Answer (click here) Zinc - Answer (click here) Cobalt - Answer (click here) Manganese - Answer (click here) Chromium - Answer (click here) Molybdenum - Answer (click here) Selenium - Answer (click here)

Biochemical Techniques 1.

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Chromatography - Answer (click here) Types of chromatography - Answer (click here) Column chromatography: Types, Principle - Answer (click here) Thin Layer chromatography - Answer (click here) Paper chromatography - Answer (click here) Applications of chromatography - Answer (click here) Electrophoresis: principle, Types - Answer (click here) Centrifugation techniques: Principle, Types, Uses - Answer (click here) Differential centrifugation technique - Answer (click here)

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Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here) The photoelectric colorimeter - Answer (click here) Applications of spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)

Cell Membrane 1.

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Cell Membrane: Introduction - Answer (click here) Cell Membrane: Chemical Composition - Answer (click here) Models proposed for the plasma membrane - Answer (click here) Membrane Transport - Answer (click here) Cell Membrane: Viscosity - Answer (click here) Surface tension - Answer (click here) Osmosis and Biological Significance - Answer (click here) Buffers - Answer (click here)

Digestion 1.

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Biochemistry: Digestion - Answer (click here) Carbohydrates in Digestion - Answer (click here) Digestion of Proteins - Answer (click here) Digestion of Lipids - Answer (click here) Digestion of Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)

Carbohydrate Metabolism 1.

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Biochemistry: Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here) Carbohydrate as a source of energy - Answer (click here) Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) - Answer (click here) HMP shunt pathway - Answer (click here) Glycogen - Answer (click here) Glycogen biosynthesis - Answer (click here) Degradation of glycogen (Glycogenolysis) - Answer (click here) Gluconeogenesis - Answer (click here) Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)

Protein Metabolism 1.

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Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here) Protein biosynthesis - Answer (click here) Protein Metabolism Translation - Answer (click here) Metabolism of Proteins - Answer (click here) Urea Cycle - Answer (click here)

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Formation of Niacin - Answer (click here) Formation of Melanin - Answer (click here) Formation of thyroid hormone - Answer (click here) Formation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)

Lipid Metabolism 1.

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Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here) Biological functions of Lipids - Answer (click here) Fatty acids - Answer (click here) Biosynthesis of fatty acids - Answer (click here) Oxidation of Fatty Acids - Answer (click here) Cholesterol Biosynthesis - Answer (click here) Biosynthesis of cholesterol - Answer (click here) Important products derived from cholesterol - Answer (click here) Biosynthesis of phospholipids - Answer (click here) Cephalin - Answer (click here) Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)

Nucleic Acid Metabolism 1.

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Nucleic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click here) Biosynthesis of DNA - Answer (click here) Replication and Models of Replication - Answer (click here) Sequential Process of Replication Initiation of DNA replication - Answer (click here)

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Catabolism of DNA by Deoxyribonucleases - Answer (click here) Biosynthesis of RNA (Transcription) - Answer (click here) Processing of mRNA molecules - Answer (click here) mRNA Processing of tRNA Molecules - Answer (click here) Role of tRNA in protein synthesis - Answer (click here)

Inborn Errors of Metabolism 1.

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Inborn Errors of Metabolism - Answer (click here) Galactosemia: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here) Von - Gierke’s Disease : Cause, Symptoms - Answer (click here) Hemophilia: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here) Albinism - Answer (click here) Alkaptonuria: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here) Taysach’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here) Neoplasm - Answer (click here)

Biological Oxidation 1.

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Biological Oxidation - Answer (click here) Redox Couple - Answer (click here) Electron transport chain - Answer (click here) Oxidative phosphorylation - Answer (click here) High energy compounds - Answer (click here)

Enzyme Kinetics 1.

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Enzyme Kinetics - Answer (click here) Derivation of M - M Equation - Answer (click here) Enzyme Action - Answer (click here) Enzyme Inhibitor - Concepts - Answer (click here)

Immunology 1.

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Immunology - Answer (click here) Infections - Answer (click here) Immunity - Answer (click here) Natural Immunity - Answer (click here) Acquired immunity - Answer (click here) Humoral immunity - Answer (click here) Cell mediated immunity - Answer (click here) Antigens - Answer (click here) Structure and Types of Antigens - Answer (click here) Factors influencing the antigenicity of antigens - Answer (click here) Antibodies - Answer (click here) Antibody Structure - Answer (click here) Immunoglobulin and their functions, Types - Answer (click here) Antigen antibody reactions - Answer (click here) Blood groups - Answer (click here)

Practicals 1.

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Collection of Blood - Answer (click here) Preparation of Starch From Potatoes - Answer (click here) Preparation of Casein From Milk - Answer (click here) Estimation of Protein (Biuret Method) - Colorimetric Estimation - Answer (click here)

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Estimation of Glucose (Orthotoluidine method) - Answer (click here) Estimation of Calcium (Titrimetric Method) - Answer (click here)

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Determination of Blood Grouping - Answer (click here)