"A New Birth of Freedom - Abraham Lincoln's Bicentennial

1809 2009

A NEW BIRTH

OF FREEDOM

ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S BICENTENNIAL

THE ARTISTS’ INSPIRATION Artists throughout the ages have been inspired by Lincoln

www.abrahamlincoln200.org

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THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF Delegating authority – but not responsibility

C-SPAN: The TV Network of the Lincoln Bicentennial This year, the C-SPAN Networks will bring you programs exploring the life and times of Lincoln, including the rededication of the Lincoln Memorial, the joint session of Congress in honor of Lincoln's birthday, and much more.

For TV schedules, video archives, a photo gallery, and more, visit c-span.org/lincoln200years.

READ the COMPANION BOOK Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President A C-SPAN Reader edited by Brian Lamb and Susan Swain Available from your favorite bookseller or online at c-span.org/lincolnbook.

Any royalties from the sale of this book will be directed to the C-SPAN Education Foundation.

Created by Cable.

Offered as a Public Service.

1809 2009

A NEW BIRTH

OF FREEDOM ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S BICENTENNIAL

Editor Consulting Editor Group Editorial Director Managing Editors Copy Editor Researcher Executive Director ALBC Deputy Executive Director ALBC Communications Director ALBC Program Associate ALBC Group Art Director Art Editors Designer Group Production Director

Don Wycliff Dianne Donovan Claire Manuel Suzy Robinson Lauren Rose-Smith Nick Gordon Grant E. Wycliff Eileen Mackevich Jennifer Rosenfeld David Early Courtney Barefoot David Cooper James White Nicky Macro Zac Casey Tim Richards

Group Sales Director Sales Manager Sales Executives

Andrew Howard Naveed Chaudhuri Todd Skaggs, Tony Norton, Laurence Rowe, Simon Bester, Neil McPhee Client Relations Director Natalie Spencer Vice President Business Development Maysoon Kaibni Group Commercial Director Deputy Chief Executive Officer Publisher and Chief Executive Officer

Mark Payne Hugh Robinson Alan Spence

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Pictures: Corbis, Getty, Alamy Printed by Fry Communications, Inc. ISBN: 978-1-905435-87-6

On behalf of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission P.O. Box 15244 Washington, DC 20003-5244 www.abrahamlincoln200.org

Co-Chairs U.S. Senator Richard Durbin U.S. Representative Ray LaHood Harold Holzer Members Dr. Jean T. D. Bandler Dr. Darrel E. Bigham Dr. Gabor Boritt U.S. Senator Jim Bunning Julie Cellini Joan Flinspach Dr. James O. Horton U.S. Representative Jesse L. Jackson, Jr. Lura Lynn Ryan Louise Taper Judge Tommy Turner Chief Justice Frank Williams (ret.)

Lincoln Cabinet Co-Chairs Hon. Jack Kemp Hon. William H. Gray III

The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission is grateful for the major support provided by: Motorola Foundation McCormick Foundation John E. Fetzer Institute Marjorie Kovler Foundation Institute of Museum and Library Services Prudential United Airlines National Museum of African American History and Culture Caterpillar Foundation Kennedy Family Foundation C-SPAN History Channel Brown-Forman Chicago History Museum Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) John Deere Howard University Kentucky Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum Oxford University Ira and Leonore Gershwin Philanthropic Fund Bridgewood Fieldwater Foundation National Endowment for the Arts Poetry Foundation Jerry and Linda Bruckheimer The Hon. Jack Kemp The Hon. William H. Gray III Jean and William Soman Allstate Anonymous

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Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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CONTENTS

1809

2009

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM Forewords 9

Obama on Lincoln

11

The greatest president Richard J. Durbin

13

The legend and the man Ray LaHood

15

An enduring good Harold Holzer

Introduction 16

Toward a more perfect union Don Wycliff

A new birth of freedom 22

Lincoln above all others Eileen Mackevich

26

The legacy of hope Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

31

A windshield tour of Lincoln land Alan Solomon

38

The driving force of freedom Jack Kemp

41

The heroic struggle Charles Branham

44

The great orator Theodore C. Sorensen

48

Imagine another ending Orville Vernon Burton

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

5

Can we follow President Obama’s every move in his first 100 days?

Yes, we can.

Sky News reports from the US with a uniquely British slant.

Now Adam Boulton, our Political Editor, is in Washington, with US Correspondents Michelle Clifford and Robert Nisbet, to cover Barack Obama’s first 100 days in office. Outlining the President’s policies for the Economy, the War in Iraq, America’s Global Leadership and the Nation’s Energy Challenge, Adam will establish the implications for the US and the rest of the world.

So, turn to Sky News for Presidential news and analysis – as it happens – and to read Adam’s distinctly British blog at skynews.com/obama100

skynews.com/getskynews

CONTENTS

52

The commander in chief

72

Craig L. Symonds

56

The fruits of labor

Daniel Farber

75

Lewis E. Lehrman

58

Paying the price

The power of education

78

A lifetime of words

81

Taking up the mantle

Arms and the man Julia Keller

84

Dianne Donovan

68

The artists' inspiration David Grubin

Richard Herman

65

The better angels Mark Noll

Robert D. Hormats

62

The law, then and now

Collecting Lincoln Thomas F. Schwartz

87

State governors’ messages

Richard Norton Smith

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

7

1809-2009

Obama on Lincoln This speech was delivered by thenSenator Barack Obama on April 20, 2005, at the dedication of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield, Illinois.

It is reproduced here, with the kind permission of President Obama, as a tribute to Lincoln and by way of introduction to A New Birth of Freedom, the official publication of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission.

W

hat is it that makes Lincoln such a seminal fig-

of his own failings, etched in every crease of his face

ure in our story? How is it that this man, born

and reflected in those haunted eyes...because of this es-

in the backwoods of Kentucky, with little formal educa-

sential humanity of his, when it came time to confront

tion, homely and awkward, a man given to depression

the greatest moral challenge this nation has ever faced,

and wracked with self-doubt, might come to represent so

Lincoln did not flinch. He did not equivocate or duck

much of who we are as a people, and so much of what

or pass the challenge on to future generations. He did

we aspire to be?

not demonize the fathers and sons who did battle on the

Some of it has to do with the trajectory of his life. In

other side, nor seek to diminish the terrible costs of his

his rise from poverty, his self-study and ultimate mastery

war. In the midst of slavery’s dark storm and the com-

of language and of law, in his capacity to overcome per-

plexities of governing a house divided, he kept his moral

sonal loss and remain determined in the face of repeated

compass pointed firm and true.

defeat – in all of this we see a fundamental element of

It serves us then to reflect on whether that element

the American character, a belief that we can constantly

of Lincoln’s character, and the American character

remake ourselves to fit our larger dreams.

– that aspect which makes tough choices, and speaks

Some of it has to do with the sheer energy of the

the truth when least convenient, and acts while still

man, the rail-splitter, ax-in-hand, looking out at a fron-

admitting doubt – remains with us today. Lincoln

tier of hope and possibility. Lincoln believed deeply

once said that “character is like a tree and reputation

in the American spirit of innovation and exploration

like its shadow. The shadow is what we think of it; the

that accepts no limits to the heights to which our na-

tree is the real thing.”

tion might reach.

“

As President Lincoln called once upon the better angels of our nature, so is he calling still, across the ages

”

At a time when image all too often trumps sub-

In all of this – the repeated acts of self-creation, the in-

stance, when our politics all too often feeds rather

sistence that with sweated brow and calloused hands and

than bridges division, when the prospects of a poor

focused will we can recast the wilderness of the Ameri-

youth rising out of poverty seem of no consequence

can landscape and the American heart into something

to the powerful, and when we evoke our common

better, something finer – in all of this Lincoln embodies

God to condemn those who do not think as we do,

our deepest myths. It is a mythology that drives us still.

rather than to seek God’s mercy for our own lack of

And yet what separates Lincoln from the other great

understanding – at such a time it is helpful to remem-

men has to do with something else. It’s an issue of char-

ber this man who was the real thing. Lincoln reminds

acter that speaks to us, of moral resolve. Lincoln was not

us that our essential greatness is not the shadow of

a perfect man, nor a perfect president. By modern stan-

sophistication or popularity, or wealth or power or

dards, his condemnation of slavery might be considered

fleeting celebrity. It is the tree that stands in the face

tentative; his Emancipation Proclamation more a mili-

of our doubts and fears and bigotries, and insists we

tary document than a clarion call for justice. He wasn’t

can do better.

immune to political considerations; his temperament could be indecisive and morose.

And yet despite these imperfections, despite his fallibility... indeed, perhaps because of a painful self-awareness

As President Lincoln called once upon the better angels of our nature, so is he calling still, across the ages, to summon some measure of that character, his character, in each of us, today.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

9

Our New Birth of Freedom On the occasion of the bicentennial

Since 1991 the people of Iraqi Kurdistan

On this historic day, the KRG and the

of one of the greatest American

have lived the dream of democracy

people of Iraqi Kurdistan offer our

Presidents, Abraham Lincoln, the

and freedom. We could not have

deep and sincere congratulations to

Kurdistan Regional Government

done this without our friends in the

President Barack Obama and Vice

(KRG) is honored to be America’s best

United States, who believed in us and

President Joe Biden. We are proud

and most proven ally in support of a

whose determined support has given

of our friendship and look forward

secular, democratic, and federal Iraq.

us our own new birth of freedom. We

to a relationship that should intensify

In the wisdom of President Lincoln, we

continue to build a pluralistic democracy

and deepen in the coming year and,

ended our internal struggles, bound

in the model of the United States.

to quote President Lincoln, “do

up our wounds and charted a course

We thank all Americans and extend

all which may achieve and cherish

to ensure that freedom reigns.

our hand as we forge a long, close

a just and lasting peace, among

relationship toward our common goals.

ourselves, and with all nations.�

KRG-US  Eye Street, NW, Suite ď™…ď™„ď™ƒ, Washington DC ď™…ď™ƒď™ƒď™ƒď™‰

Çş ǝǚǝ ǿǟȀ ǝǽȂǿ t ĨĨĨ ÄœÄŁÄ˜ Ä ÄŁÄ˜ t ČĤ!ÄœÄŁÄ˜ Ä ÄŁÄ˜

IRAQI KURDISTAN: To m or r o w ’s I r a q Tod ay

UTE DIPSUM

A passionate commitment to freedom and the Union

By Richard J. Durbin, co-chair, Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission and assistant majority leader, United States Senate

“

braham Lincoln was, I believe, America’s

Earlier generations of Americans could see “the true

greatest president. Our Founders decreed

and terrible costs of America’s revolution in the form of

that we are all endowed with an inalienable

a husband, a father, a son or a brother... A living history

right to liberty, but they could not reconcile their

was to be found in every family... in the limbs mangled,

noble ideals with the ignoble practice of slavery. It

[and] in the scars of wounds received,” Lincoln said.

was Abraham Lincoln who helped give meaning to

But “those histories are gone. They were the pillars of

our national creed of “liberty and justice for all.” He

liberty; and now that they have crumbled away, that

steered America through the most profound moral

temple must fall – unless we, their descendants, supply

crisis in our history and the bloodiest war. His leader-

their place with other pillars.”

A

ship saved the Union and his vision redefined what it

A living history was to be found in every family ... in the scars of wounds received

”

meant to be an American.

I would like to think that Lincoln would be relieved if he could see this great nation today. We are 171

In 1838, Lincoln, only 28 years old and a member of

years further removed from our Founders than we

the Illinois legislature, delivered a speech that still speaks

were when the young Lincoln spoke those words, but

powerfully to us today. His words expressed a concern

America is still fi lled with patriots who know and are

that he would later echo many times: What would hap-

willing to defend our founding principles. There are

pen to America now that its Founders and those who

many more of us today, and we are vastly more diverse

fought to gain our liberty were gone? How could Amer-

than the Americans of Lincoln’s time. But there is still

ica survive if new generations had no new leaders to in-

in us a deep and passionate longing to be one nation,

spire them with original ideas of our Republic?

one people, undivided..

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

11

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A majority of MSI’s family planning impact is in rural, under-served areas where women are particularly vulnerable and at risk of dying in pregnancy and childbirth.

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Children by Choice not Chance

UTE DIPSUM

The legend and the man From “small stories,” a larger understanding

By Ray LaHood, co-chair, Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission and United States representative, 18th Congressional District of Illinois

I

t is both remarkable and humbling to think of the

stories yet to tell. “Lincoln is someone of whom we can

lasting impression Abraham Lincoln has made – not

never know enough,” the historian David McCullough

only on our country but also on the larger world.

has noted.

Some of the nation’s other great presidents – Wash-

One aspect of Lincoln’s story that is not often told

ington, Jefferson, both Roosevelts, Kennedy, Reagan

holds particular interest for me: his one term in the U.S.

– certainly have had their actions recorded, scruti-

House of Representatives. The 11 counties of his old

nized and reviewed. Yet no one has ever captured the

7th Congressional District are within the boundaries of

world’s attention as Lincoln has. No one could have

the current 18th Congressional District of Illinois, and

imagined that a man who came from such rough-

it has been a particular honor for me to represent this

hewn beginnings would become such a global figure,

“Lincoln District.”

but, of course, Lincoln’s upbringing is a vital part of his legend.

Above: Detail of the rotunda of the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, which lies within the 18th Congressional District

While it was a decade before his successful run for president, Lincoln’s congressional service sharp-

Today, his standing as a role model is as relevant as it

ened his appetite for the national stage and laid the

has ever been. He came into office under extraordinary

groundwork for his pivotal leadership role during the

circumstances, the leader of a country going through

Civil War.

its darkest hour. He faced deep political divisions within

My hope is that this bicentennial celebration of

the country. He won an election in which more than

Abraham Lincoln’s birth will guide the citizens of the

60 percent of the vote went to other candidates. The

world on a journey of discovery – not just of the large

fact that he conquered these challenges is at the heart

Lincoln stories, but also of the many smaller stories

of why he has been studied so widely. Yet, with all the

that contribute so greatly to our understanding of the

pages written about the 16th president, there are many

legend, and of the man.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

13

FOREWORD

An enduring good The legacy that transformed a nation

By Harold Holzer, co-chair, Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission and author of Lincoln PresidentElect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter 1860-61

rom “boyhood up,” Abraham Lincoln once

House working tirelessly to unite his party, assemble

confided to his old friend Ward Hill Lamon,

a Cabinet, fill hundreds of patronage jobs, assess the

“my ambition was to be president.” As the

constitutional and military threats to the Union, open

nation celebrates the 200th anniversary of Lincoln’s

communications with Southerners, keep an eye on

birth and reflects on the abiding legacy of this most

America’s role in the world, and – most of all – draw

beloved of presidents, we are grateful for that young

a line in the sand to prevent the spread of human slav-

ambition, though its realization, even early on, was

ery. He could do no less, after all; as President Lincoln

not marked by joyful ease.

later told Congress, he felt that he could not “escape

F

President-elect Lincoln spent the then-lengthy transition period from Springfield, Illinois, to the White

history.” And escape it he did not.

Lincoln confronted America’s gravest crisis as an altogether original leader – “inexperienced in wielding great power,” according to a newspaper of the time – yet astonishingly intuitive and gifted, with remarkable instincts for communication. Even before taking the oath of office, he faced obstacles, challenges, citizen apprehension, disloyalty, and threats greater than those that confronted any president-elect before or since. But he would somehow survive them all and go on to preserve the country and substantially remake it by validating majority rule and eradicating the stain of human slavery.

In his Second Inaugural Address, an embattled President Lincoln urged his countrymen to “strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds… to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

“

Lincoln confronted America’s gravest crisis as an original leader – intuitive and gifted, with remarkable instincts for communication

He did not live to see that day. But his leadership, intelligence, and unfailing humanity made him an ideal steward during America’s darkest days. And though Abraham Lincoln’s tenure as president lasted only four years, to this day we as a nation are by far

”

the better for it.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

15

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

Toward a more perfect union “The dream of our founders is alive in our time”

By Don Wycliff, editor, A New Birth of Freedom; distinguished journalist in residence, Loyola University Chicago

W

hen he entered the race for president

There is more than a little poignancy in the his-

of the United States in February 2007,

torical coincidence of Obama’s becoming president

Barack Obama looked to be among the

within weeks of Lincoln’s 200th birthday. It was Lin-

longest of long shots. A little-known freshman sena-

coln whose presidency preserved the nation which the

tor from Illinois and an African-American, his most

new president will lead, a nation riven by sectional

notable national accomplishment was a speech that

conflict over the issue of chattel slavery of African-

he had given three years earlier at the 2004 Demo-

Americans. It was Lincoln whose decisions led to the

cratic National Convention.

eradication of slavery and to what he heralded at Get-

In 2009, Barack Obama, the long shot, stood on

tysburg as “a new birth of freedom.”

a balcony at the United States Capitol and took the oath of office as president of the United States. He is the first black man ever to ascend to this nation’s highest office, an accomplishment that, as recently as a year ago, perhaps only he and a few of his closest supporters dared even imagine.

For sheer improbability, Obama’s accomplishment exceeds that of any of his 43 predecessors, with the possible exception of one: Abraham Lincoln, America’s 16th president and arguably its greatest, the man whose natal bicentennial we celebrate this year with this publication.

16

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

“

There is poignancy in the historical coincidence of Obama’s becoming president within weeks of Lincoln’s 200th birthday

”

1809-2009 A seated portrait of Abraham Lincoln late in his presidency,

by Alexander Gardner

President-elect Barack Obama greets a crowd estimated at more than 200,000 people at his election-night victory in Chicago’s Grant Park on November 4, 2008

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

17

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UTE DIPSUM

The union fashioned by the nation’s founders was stained by the ‘original sin of slavery’

Coincidence these two events may be, but it also seems, to borrow a phrase from one of Lincoln’s greatest speeches, “altogether fitting and proper.”

If Obama’s long campaign for the presidency could be said to have had a theme, it was the phrase from the preamble to the Constitution of the United States, “to form a more perfect union.” Time and again the young senator from Illinois invoked that phrase, most notably perhaps in his Philadelphia speech on race delivered on March 18, 2008.

The union fashioned by the nation’s founders was stained by the “original sin of slavery,” he said then, creating the need for Americans in each successive generation “to do their part – through protests and struggle, on the streets and in the courts, through a civil war and civil disobedience and always at great risk – to narrow that gap between the promise of our ideals and the reality of their time.”

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

19

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

“

I think about those like Lincoln and King who ultimately laid down their lives in the service of perfecting an imperfect union

”

For Lincoln and his generation, “their part” was

But the new president’s love of Lincoln is no

to fight a hideously bloody, internecine war whose

recent thing. In his second book, The Audacity of

aim was less to perfect the union than to simply

Hope, he spoke of the inspiration he took as a sena-

preserve it. Ultimately, the secessionist threat was

tor from an occasional run along the Mall, ending

defeated, but in a cruel coda to the conflict, the pas-

at the Lincoln Memorial: “And in that place, I think

sions it unleashed shortly led to Lincoln’s own death

about America and those who built it. This nation’s

by assassination.

founders, who somehow rose above petty ambi-

His martyrdom notwithstanding, Lincoln has

tions and narrow calculations to imagine a nation

always provoked ambivalence in African-Americans.

unfurling across a continent. And those like Lincoln

No less a figure than Frederick Douglass gave voice to

and [Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.], who ultimately

that ambivalence when he said in 1876 that Lincoln

laid down their lives in the service of perfecting an

was “preeminently the white man’s President, entirely

imperfect union....”

devoted to the welfare of white men.”

That work – perfecting the union – continues,

In the next breath, however, he said that “we

Obama said in his Philadelphia speech. It was “one

[black Americans] came to the conclusion that the

of the tasks we set forth at the beginning of this pres-

hour and the man of our redemption had somehow

idential campaign – to continue the long march of

met in the person of Abraham Lincoln. It mattered

those who came before us, a march for a more just,

little to us what language he might employ on spe-

more equal, more free, more caring, and more pros-

cial occasions; it mattered little to us, when we fully

perous America.” Whether Lincoln ever imagined

knew him, whether he was swift or slow in his move-

that he might one day be succeeded in the presidency

ments; it was enough for us that Abraham Lincoln

by a black man is probably unknowable, but it seems

was at the head of a great movement, and was in

unlikely. And it doesn’t really matter.

living and earnest sympathy with that movement,

When Douglass said that Lincoln “was in living

which, in the nature of things, must go on until slav-

and earnest sympathy with” a movement that must

ery should be utterly and forever abolished in the

end in the demise of slavery, he meant the abolition-

United States.”

ist movement, to be sure. But he meant something more besides. He meant the cause of human freedom

B

arack Obama makes no secret of his admiration

generally, the cause of “free labor,” that would allow

for Lincoln. Indeed, he seems to have quite con-

an American – even a black American – to pursue

sciously patterned the construction of his cabinet on

economic betterment by means of his industry and

Lincoln’s “team of rivals” approach. In his first sit-

imagination and determination.

down television interview after his election, he said

And whether Lincoln ever imagined it or not, it now

that he had “been spending a lot of time reading

means, on the 200th anniversary of his own birth,

Lincoln.” There is, he said, “a wisdom there, and a

that a black man, born and bred in America, has been

humility about his approach to government…that I

selected by a majority of his fellow citizens to be the

find very helpful.”

44th president of the United States.

20 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

V OPTIMISM Continuing the legacy of Abraham Lincoln, America is again long on hope.

Chicago Board Options Exchange congratulates President Obama.

www.cboe.com

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

Lincoln above all others A president “big enough to be inconsistent”

By Eileen Mackevich, executive director, Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission

A

mong history’s heroes, Abraham Lincoln stands

Only Lincoln could have steered us from the tragic

out as the American original. Born to unaspiring

course that race relations took after his death. As John

parents on the hardscrabble frontier, his improb-

Hope Franklin, often called the dean of American

able rise was never less than inspiring. Lincoln continued

historians, put it: “Of all the American presidents,

to grow and remake himself throughout his lifetime.

only Lincoln stayed up nights worried about the fate of

Almost 150 years after his death, we still seek his guid-

[African-American] people.”

ance in his own writings and a never-ending stream of

Is Lincoln most revered because he was a war presi-

books about him. In truth, we can do no better than to

dent, the shepherd who fearlessly guarded his flock?

emulate our 16th president, a man of dogged, so very

If he was the greatest military leader, as historian

American, ambition, but also one whose resolve was

James McPherson attests, he definitely learned on the

always tempered by an unswerving determination not to

job. He spent much of his time during the war poring

compromise his personal integrity.

over maps, studying battle terrain and assessing the

Never boring, our Lincoln. He is a simple man, a

latest weapons technology. Then, when he met with

complex man, a roustabout, a jokester, a melancholic,

his generals for what have been described as intermi-

a recluse, a man of action, a visionary. Just when we

nable conferences, he knew more than they. He had

think we understand him, he eludes us. He is not a

studied their dispositions and characters. Judging them

man to be pigeonholed. There is a Lincoln for all

to be incompetent or lacking in bravery or ardor, he

seasons – and all reasons.

outrageously but confidently fired what seemed like a

Scholars mining his life and thought find rich ore

brigade of generals – until he selected the unpreten-

in Lincoln’s many manifestations. They debate the

tious Ulysses Grant. Grant delivered the victories, but

substance of his life and the larger meaning of his

Lincoln remained the hands-on commander in chief

tragic death. How did his views on race evolve? Why

throughout the war, defining for his successors the

did he move so cautiously on emancipation? Was he

wartime powers of the presidency.

moved only by the imperative of battlefield success

Lincoln was not afraid to use power, and word

and the consequent need to gather support from

power was his greatest weapon. He loved language

abroad? When did he embrace the idea of full citi-

and recognized that he could cast a spell. He could be

zenship for the former slaves? Would his Reconstruc-

as persuasive and logical as any high-powered corpo-

tion plan have successfully reunited North and South

rate lawyer; he could pull at your heartstrings in letters

while ensuring the former slaves full legal equality?

to orphans and widows. He could write poetry...that

Would he have checked the Republican Party’s retreat

may be going too far. But if he had written nothing

from Reconstruction?

more than the Gettysburg Address, which newly

22 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

UTE DIPSUM

Abraham Lincoln by George Peter Alexander Healy, 1869

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

23

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

naturalized Americans still memorize, and his Second

of the distinguished historian James Horton, the ulti-

Inaugural, he would be immortal.

mate “flip-flopper.” But the great social scientist W. E.

A good politician, Lincoln wanted the public to like him and know him. He took the time to be photo-

“

B. DuBois may have reached the essential truth when he called Lincoln “big enough to be inconsistent.”

graphed and to withstand the ordeal of making a life

My great attraction to Lincoln rests on his nobility of

mask. Contrary to public perceptions today, Lincoln

character, his “self-making” in the larger 19th-century

liked the way he looked as a young man and the power

sense described by historian John Stauffer. Because his

over others that came from his exceptional height and

thought was deeply grounded in a belief in equality

strength. If we no longer see the disheveled hair and

and in the ideals of freedom, we can imagine all things

lanky frame, we know every line on the aged, tortured

from Lincoln. He might have solved the race problem;

face that absorbed every blow of the Civil War.

he might have extended female suffrage. He is, more than any other, the American hero.

W

hile Lincoln today enjoys the near-universal

On a sunny spring day, shortly before his assassina-

esteem of his countrymen, during his life-

tion, the president and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln,

time he was hardly a man for all seasons and all

took a carriage ride. The war was over. Optimism

reasons. Many Southerners and abolitionists disliked

reigned. He contemplated the future. After his pres-

him. Frederick Douglass, the former slave turned

idency, Lincoln told his wife, he hoped they would

abolitionist author, editor and political reformer,

travel to Europe and beyond.

faulted Lincoln for failing to act swiftly on eman-

That was not to be. But in a larger sense, Abraham

cipation. Douglass felt that Lincoln was too solici-

Lincoln has traveled the world. His belief that the

tous of the slaveholding border states that refrained

common man can make himself anew – and that

from joining the Southern rebellion. Only later did

government exists to help him do so – inspires not

Douglass perceive Lincoln’s political artistry: The

just Americans, but men and women in every city and

president, he came to understand, was a powerful,

village on the planet.

wily, pragmatic politician who knew just how fast and how far he could push the American people toward abolition.

Ever eager to learn, Lincoln invited outspoken people to the White House. He respected their honesty.

Douglass was one. Another was Anna Dickinson, a Quaker activist, women’s rights advocate and intense Lincoln admirer. But she turned against Lincoln because he would not support her charge of treason against the pompous, politically-scheming General George B. McClellan. Lincoln listened respectfully to Americans of different stripes, from Negro abolitionists to Quaker activists, to the talented, high-powered individuals he included in his cabinet, his political rivals – but the important decisions always were Lincoln’s alone. As a leader, Lincoln moved slowly, always testing the prevailing political winds. He changed his mind often. He was, in the modern jargon

24 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

Lincoln listened respectfully to Americans of different stripes, from Negro abolitionists to Quaker activists

” The “Rail Splitter” at Work Repairing the Union by J. E. Baker, 1865. This cartoon shows Andrew Johnson mending the globe while Abraham Lincoln raises it with a railroad tie

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Š2008 A&E Television Networks. All rights reserved. 1867.

www.History.com/lincoln

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

The legacy of hope An inspiration, still, for aspiring democracies

By Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, president of the Republic of Liberia

I

t seems impossible to imagine an America without

country. It is hard to remember that the nascent

President Abraham Lincoln, and equally impos-

American democratic project and the evolution to-

sible to imagine that the course of American his-

ward a much stronger system were on the verge of

tory would have been so bold without his leadership

being erased from future history. But we can forget

in a period of such dire need. Lincoln took a calcu-

that divided America today only because President

lated risk when he set the wheel turning toward the

Lincoln had the strength of belief to carry Amer-

emancipation of slaves and maintaining the unity of

ica through and out of its darkest days; we forget

a very divided America. His decision involved protect-

because he made sure we had more to look forward

ing the greater good, rather than appeasing a smaller

to than back on.

segment of society.

“

He understood the importance of liberty, of the recognition of the liberty of others, and the need to aid others in their fight for liberty

”

The America we know was still a work in progress

From abroad, and especially in sub-Saharan Africa,

when Lincoln took the White House. Long before he

our memories of President Lincoln establish a bench-

was president, Lincoln counted among his greatest

mark that many great leaders strive to attain. But here

inspirations the Whig Party leader, Henry Clay – in

the legacy of Lincoln has much broader meaning.

particular, Clay’s idea for an “American system” of

To be sure, Lincoln stands for emancipation. He

strong infrastructure that would help transform the

stands for human freedom. He stands for a long list of

United States into a true economic power. At the

universal values to which many pay homage, but few

time, the American economy was largely dependent

understand completely. Almost a century and a half

upon the export of raw commodities to England.

after his death, these values he championed – democ-

Lincoln was driven by the vision of an economi-

racy, liberty, equality, humility in leadership – still

cally vibrant America that could compete with the

represent a rallying point for freedom fighters around

greatest industrial powers in the world. Agriculture

the world.

and industry would both be linchpins of the new

But in a post-conflict country like Liberia, devas-

American economy.

tated by 14 years of civil war, corruption and poverty, Lincoln also stands for the hope of our rebirth.

What he believed would be the salvation of America

L

incoln believed that private commercial concerns would drive economic progress and innovation,

can still inform and inspire leadership in emerging

but that the government had a responsibility to set

democracies.

policies that would encourage growth and to invest

When we look now at the United States, it is

in the roads, railroads, canals and other components

hard to remember that it ever was a post-conflict

of the transportation system that would facilitate de-

26 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

1809-2009

velopment of the domestic economy. Because of its

He also believed in the importance of the Union

link to the economy, Lincoln saw infrastructure as an

upon which the United States was founded, and knew

enabler of freedom, liberty, and equality.

that if the Union failed, liberty and equality would

Lincoln also devised a system of paying for these

become tainted ideals. So when the Union was threat-

improvements without borrowing money and ac-

ened, he fought. He knew that even though the cost

cruing interest that would be owed by the American

in human lives would be staggering, there were some

people. In this and other matters, he was a principled

ideals for which this price is still a bargain.

leader who stood against corruption and the use of public office for personal gain.

Liberians line the streets to welcome U.S. President George W. Bush in Monrovia, Liberia

But near the end of the Civil War, Lincoln argued for forgiveness and fairness in dealing with the “South-

Lincoln dreamed of the United States as a “world’s

ern aggression” and its leaders. He understood that,

model republic” – what, more than a century later,

for the sake of the Union, the cycle of antipathy and

President Ronald Reagan would refer to as a “shining

the settling of old grievances had to be suppressed.

city on a hill.” Lincoln was inspired by idealism, and

This was not a popular notion in the North, but he

would defend it until his last day. He understood the

knew the importance of a strong, whole United States.

importance of liberty, of the recognition of the liberty

And again he fell back on his vision of economic mod-

of others, and of the need to sometimes aid others in

ernization as the potential foundation for a rebuilt na-

their fight for liberty.

tion. The diversification of the national economy and

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

27

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM the creation of jobs was a crucial means of promoting

struggling to establish accountable governance and

stability and providing prosperity for all.

achieve economic growth. We are so pleased to be

Planning for the future – making hard decisions now so no one else will have to face them again – is

even a small part of this legacy, passing on the light of the fire that Lincoln lit for everyone who came after.

what makes a leader truly great. And in this, Lincoln

In a world in turmoil, Lincoln’s values still stand

excelled and remains an example for leaders to live by,

strong. Whether it be what we remember him for

no matter the challenges they face.

most – the emancipation of American slaves and the

Liberia’s own post-civil war reconstruction and the

restoration of the Union – or for the development and

hurdles to growth in many developing nations are not

economic policies that are often overlooked but still

dissimilar. The Liberian economy remains dependent

relevant today, President Lincoln remains an inspira-

on the production and export of raw commodities.

tion both for those yearning to be free and those strug-

Economic diversification via private sector invest-

gling under the weight of that newfound freedom.

ments is the key to our future. Addressing infrastruc-

But amid global financial crisis and new threats of

ture needs in both the transportation and the power

terrorism and extremism – in the middle of a world

sectors is a vital component of building the founda-

order in the throes of realignment – Lincoln would not

tion for private enterprise. After years of a staggering

lose sight of the importance of fighting for democracy

debt burden, we hope to manage much of this rede-

and individual freedoms. Lincoln’s legacy still shines

velopment without having to borrow anew.

bright, showing aspiring democracies a way ahead.

Systemic corruption, fostered during years of war-

Our most faithful tribute to him on his 200th birthday

lord governance, must be rooted out. The Liberian

is to continue to bring that light of liberty and equality

people, still fragmented after the long period of con-

to as many corners of the Earth as we can.

flict, are looking for ways to heal their society and rebuild a unified Liberia. Our development, economy, security, and stability are integrally linked.

On all of these points, President Lincoln’s wisdom still rings true. The hard work must be done now, so that our future generations will be free of these burdens. Liberia, like America, must be whole, must be one, to rebuild and take its place in its region and in the world. And Lincoln’s own idealism can inspire us to persevere on this path.

By preserving the Union and standing by his core vision of strong infrastructure as the enabler of a modern, diverse, powerful American economy, President Lincoln laid the foundation for the nation that would become a guiding light for so many other nations in the world. From abroad, in times of confl ict and turmoil, we see this beacon in the distance and know that we will emerge if we believe in better days ahead.

Two years after my own inauguration, five years after the end of our conflict, I am now blessed to be able to speak of Liberia as an outpost of democracy in the region, as a potential beacon for others around us

28 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

“

The Liberian people, fragmented after the long period of conflict, are looking for ways to heal and rebuild

” President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of the Republic of Liberia arrives at the House Chamber to address a joint meeting of the U.S. Congress, March 15, 2006

Kenya Congratulates President Obama

B’nai B’rith International Congratulates President Barack Obama B’nai B’rith, the Global Voice of the Jewish Community, has been a part of your community for 165 years, spreading the message of tolerance, fostering international dialogue and understanding, helping communities in crisis and working for affordable healthcare for all.

Join us as we move forward, support our work, and learn more at www.bnaibrith.org.

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For 165 years, meeting the unmet needs in your community and your world

UTE DIPSUM

A windshield tour of Lincoln land

By Alan Solomon, former travel writer, Chicago Tribune

Tracing the Lincoln story from cradle to grave

T

he hills are as they were 200 years ago, as

ter from all directions make it impossible to wonder

are the clarity of the air and the warmth

why. His face is on the banners. It’s also on the sign

of the sunshine, and the green. This is a

at Ruthie’s Lincoln Freeze (“home cookin’”) on Lin-

very green place, north central Ken-

coln Boulevard south of Lincoln Square, the site of

tucky. It was so even before the land

the Lincoln Museum, which is across from a bronze

between the hills was cleared

seated President Lincoln – which itself is across from

and plows broke through the

a new statue of the Boy Lincoln.

grasses to find rich soil for

There was no Hodgenville when Thomas and a very

corn and tobacco – and so it

pregnant Nancy Hanks Lincoln, with toddler Sarah,

remains today.

The destination is the Kentucky town of Hodgenville.

settled onto Sinking Spring Farm in late 1808. With a population short of 3,000 there isn’t much of one now, but back then there was Hodgen’s Mill and...

The banners along the two

“It was a bit of a village, but it was the mill that

lanes leading into its cen-

they sought out,” says Charlotte Blair, manager of the

A view of Abraham Lincoln’s birthplace, Hodgenville, Kentucky c.1944

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

31

UTE DIPSUM LINCOLN – THE EARLY YEARS

32 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

Clockwise from top left: Lincoln working as a rail-splitter in New Salem, Illinois, while he was studying law; the Hodgenville log cabin where Lincoln was born, Kentucky; tourism plaque about Sinking Spring Farm; Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site, Hodgenville, Kentucky

1809-2009 Lincoln Museum, an earnest attempt to summarize –

was largely a community of family farms and busi-

through dioramas, documents and souvenirs ranging

nesses, not of vast plantations.)

from shirts to golf balls to shot glasses – the life of

In 1816, having failed to regain the Sinking Spring

the man who made Ruthie’s Lincoln Freeze what it

farm, Thomas Lincoln again moved the family, this

is today.

time across the Ohio River into Indiana. It’s likely

Three miles south of the statues and shot glasses,

they reached Indiana just west of the town of Troy,

in a modest one-room cabin atop a modest knoll,

once a steamboat port and today, well, teetering. It

“Nancy Hanks,” Carl Sandburg wrote with ser-

was near Troy that Lincoln, then 17, earned a little

monic flourish, “welcomed into a world of bat-

cash running boats with passengers out mid-river to

tle and blood, of whispering dreams and wistful

waiting steamers. When a licensed ferry operator took

dust, a new child, a boy.” That was February 12,

him to court, Lincoln, acting as his own attorney, won

1809. The knoll’s still there at Abraham Lincoln

the case. Small beginnings.

Birthplace National Historic Site. The cabin’s up there, too.

”

The future president was seven when the Lincoln family settled on the farm along Indiana’s Little

“It’s on the site, on that knoll,” says Paul Tre-

Pigeon Creek a few miles north and west of Troy.

main, a National Park Service interpreter there.

They would stay 14 years. “A lot of people,” says Mike

“We do know that for a fact.” What they also know

Capps, head interpreter at Lincoln Boyhood National

for a fact: the “birth cabin” believed genuine when

Monument, “don’t know he was ever here.”

Teddy Roosevelt (in the centennial year 1909) laid

The farm – including the family cabin – has

the cornerstone of the wildly immodest Greco-

been recreated on site, as best they can. The cabin’s

Roman temple built to protect it, isn’t the birth cabin

actual location, confirmed by archeologists, has been

at all. The original cabin wasn’t preserved because,

marked and its stone hearth reassembled. A memorial

well, back then, who knew the kid would become

building houses a small museum; the building’s most

Abraham Lincoln?

impressive feature is a set of five carved exterior pan-

Jennie Jones is a National Park Service ranger who

“

Here is this man who was born to this family that literally lived off the land

els tracing the great man’s life.

has been separating fiction from fact at the site since

Here, in Indiana, Lincoln worked hard on a pio-

1992. “A lot of people,” says Jones, “don’t understand

neer farm. From Indiana, when he was 19, he rode

that Lincoln was born as a pioneer or frontier person.

a flatboat down the Ohio and the Mississippi to New

Map of where Lincoln lived prior to his presidency

Here is this man who was born to this family that literally lived off the land.”

The family lived off this land, and later another parcel about 10 miles northeast along a road that, then

Illinois

as now, connected Nashville with Louisville. In 1811, the Lincolns, including two-year-old Abe, relocated to a leased farm along Knob Creek during an ownership

New Salem

squabble over the Sinking Spring spread.

I

t’s at Knob Creek – “my earliest recollection” – that the “Abraham-Lincoln-we-know” story begins to

take shape. His first schooling – such as it was – was here, and it’s suggested he might have been influenced here by an anti-slavery teacher. (There were slaves in the area at the time, but not many; Hardin County

Decatur

Indiana

Springfield Spencer County

Kentucky Hodgenville Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

33

UTE DIPSUM LINCOLN IN SPRINGFIELD

34 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

Clockwise from top left: the Lincoln Family home; Great Western railway site where Lincoln delivered his farewell address; Lincoln’s tomb; the Old State Capitol building

1809-2009 Orleans. If he hadn’t seen slaves on the road at Knob Creek, he surely saw them in New Orleans.

“These people were used to hard work,” says Charlie Starling, lead interpreter at Lincoln’s New Salem State

In 1830, the 21-year-old Abraham Lincoln would

Historic Site. “We have people who lived here who

leave Indiana with his father, stepmother and newly

said, ‘He was lazy. He was real lazy. He spent so much

extended family, crossing the Wabash River at Vin-

time reading, wasting time....’”

cennes. At that spot – announced by a splendid bronze

The entire village is a reconstruction. (One building,

of the future president fronting a limestone relief of

the cooper’s shop, is authentic but had been moved

the traveling party – begins what license plates have

back from Petersburg, a couple of miles away.) Espe-

long designated the Land of Lincoln. Points of inter-

cially on a sunny spring day or as the leaves change in

est are everywhere in Illinois.

October, New Salem is wonderful.

There are seven sites where Lincoln famously

A 30-minute drive southeast from New Salem, past

debated Stephen Douglas (winning some, losing some)

acres of corn and soybeans, is Springfield. Lincoln

during their 1858 Senate race. Favorites, because they

bid farewell to the people of Springfield on February

look right: Galesburg and Quincy. Least: Charleston.

11, 1861, at the Great Western rail station, with his

Best statue: Alton. Hardest to find: Jonesboro.

speech: “I now leave, not knowing when, or whether

Vandalia: Illinois’ second capital after the first, in

ever, I may return.... ” It may not have been his most

Kaskaskia, turned out to be in a floodplain. As a state

familiar speech – Gettysburg (“Four score... ”) and the

legislator, Lincoln first spoke of slavery in the building

Second Inaugural (“with malice toward none”) cer-

that still stands. Beardstown: here, as a circuit lawyer,

tainly rank one and two – but even today, it buckles

Lincoln – dressed in a white suit (“It was summer,”

the knees.

explains a guide) – proved a man’s innocence with

The station stands. The Lincolns’ home is open

the help of an almanac. The courtroom, though not

for tours. The tomb, where he rests for eternity, can

quite the way it was in 1858, is nonetheless the only

be visited. Within the Abraham Lincoln Presidential

courtroom where Lincoln practiced that is still in use

Library and Museum are exhibits and artifacts too

as a courtroom.

numerous to list here. We’ll list three. A recreation of

Galena: Lincoln slept here, in a hotel (the DeSoto

Lincoln’s cabinet room as it would have looked in late

House). It is still a hotel, though the bathrooms are

1862. “The question,” says a costumed interpreter, “is

no longer down the hall. Decatur: a log courthouse

less whether to issue an emancipation proclamation,

where Lincoln practiced is preserved here. Mt. Pulaski:

but when....” Visitors then file out of the room and

another Lincoln courthouse, long ago repurposed.

are surrounded by the sounds of debate, raging.

Greenup: a hole Lincoln might have dug, as a well.

The Civil War in four minutes – a map of the coun-

Petersburg: surveyed by Lincoln. Lincoln: He did

try and animation showing troop movements along-

legal work here and even attended the christening of

side a running count of casualties, accompanied by

the town named for him.

music including a particularly melancholy version of “When Johnny Comes Marching Home.”

I

n Illinois, there are two essential stops. In New

And finally – Abraham Lincoln, as he lay in state

Salem, an emergent Abraham Lincoln – truly on his

upon his return to Springfield, in a reproduction of

own for the fi rst time – wrestled, marched off to war

the House chamber of the Old State Capitol build-

and back, fell in love, flopped as a businessman, ran for

ing where he served; where he warned of the conse-

office three times (lost once, won the next two), worked

quences of a house divided; where so many important

as postmaster, studied law, read every book and period-

ideas were shared and debated, in a world of battle

ical he could find, and told stories – the latter pastimes

and blood, of whispering dreams and wistful dust.

annoying villagers who thought telling and listening to

That Old State Capitol is steps away. It is, without a

stories, and reading, were a waste of time.

doubt, the real one.

“

I now leave, not knowing when, or whether ever, I may return...

”

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

35

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

The driving force of freedom Moving forward, with none left behind

By Jack Kemp, former member of the U.S. House of Representatives and 1996 Republican candidate for vice president

F

ew leaders in history have captured the hearts and minds of as many people in so many nations as Abraham Lincoln. He is so universally

revered that he sometimes seems as much a president for the world as for our own country. From Springfield, Illinois, to Warsaw, Poland, from Red Square to Tiananmen Square, Abraham Lincoln is an inspiration for the world.

There is a very logical global extension of Lincoln’s view of the “American idea” – that the principles enunciated in America’s Declaration of Independence are universal, and that freedom is not just for some people, but for all people, and not just for one time, but for all time.

These ideals were the driving force behind Lincoln’s life and his political career. The Declaration of Independence was so central to his politics, and so close to his heart, that in the bleak winter of 1861, on his journey from Springfield to the inauguration in Washington, he felt he had to stop at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. He knew the American experiment in democracy and freedom was in grave peril, as was his own life. And in the very building where the declaration was signed, Lincoln spoke of “something in that declaration giving liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time. It was that which gave promise that in due time the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of all men, and that all should have an equal chance.”

38 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

Independence Hall, Philadelphia, where the Declaration of Independence was signed

1809-2009

And then Lincoln added the words that prophesied his destiny, and that of our nation: “If this country can-

won’t be fulfi lled until all nations embrace the inviolable rights Jefferson inscribed in our declaration.

not be saved without giving up that principle, I was

Abraham Lincoln was not the fi rst to link the suc-

about to say that I would rather be assassinated on this

cess of American democracy to the hopes of all man-

spot than to surrender it.”

kind. From our republic’s earliest days, Washington,

Lincoln risked both his career and his life to save the

Hamilton, Jefferson, Franklin and other great states-

Union and defend the inalienable rights to life, liberty

men believed that the American experiment in human

and the pursuit of happiness for all people.

freedom and democracy was without precedent – and

Were he with us today, Lincoln would remind us

would, if successful, be a precedent for others.

that the global surge towards freedom really began in

It is interesting to speculate how different our na-

the Revolution of 1776, the revolution whose promise

tion might be today had Abraham Lincoln been given the chance to guide America through Reconstruction.

It is as true now as it was then that so much depends on having the right leadership with the right motives

Lincoln risked his life to defend the inalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

and at the right time in history. Tragically, from the Emancipation Proclamation until this day, the dream of equality of opportunity and freedom for all has yet to be completely achieved.

But Lincoln showed us the way. He believed that the American system of upward mobility was the bedrock of our democracy, that no individual is excluded from the “American dream,” and that poverty is not a permanent condition. And like the story of the “good shepherd” from Hebrew and Christian scripture, he believed we must move forward, but not leave anyone behind.

Lincoln drew on this classical liberal view of human nature when he signed the Homestead Act of 1862, which transferred hundreds of thousands of acres of public lands in the West to the immigrant poor and became the most successful anti-poverty program in American history.

Within a year, nearly 100,000 homesteaders and immigrants eagerly seized the opportunity to own their own land. They built homes and farms on 1.5 million acres, forging better lives for themselves, their families, and indeed their country.

His support for the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862 revolutionized higher education in America and was a blessing to millions of future students – and to the nation that benefi ted from their cultivated creativity and genius.For Abraham Lincoln, true welfare meant not dependency, but well-being; not equality

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

39

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

“

I want every man to have the chance in which he can better his condition

”

of reward, but equality of opportunity; not reliance

example of its just influence in the world – enables the

on the state, but reliance on one’s self and one’s fam-

enemies of free institutions, with plausibility, to taunt

ily. He wrote prophetically: “The progress by which

us as hypocrites – causes the real friends of freedom

the poor, honest, industrious, and resolute man raises

to doubt our sincerity, and especially because it forces

himself, that he may work on his own account and

so many really good men amongst ourselves into an

hire somebody else…is the great principle for which

open war with the very fundamental principles of civil

this government was really formed.”

liberty – criticizing the Declaration of Independence

Professor Gabor Boritt, in his great book Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream, cited the rest of Lin-

and insisting that there is no right principle of action but self-interest.”

coln’s argument: “I don’t believe in a law to prevent a

To Lincoln, slavery was an abomination, a hideous

man from getting rich; it would do more harm than

stain defiling the nation’s soul. In the end, it would be

good. I want every man to have the chance – and I

cleansed only by a baptism of fire.

believe a black man is entitled to it – in which he can

Since the day Lincoln was taken from us by the

better his condition – when he may look forward and

assassin’s cowardly hand, American democracy

hope to be a hired laborer this year and the next, work

has met great challenges again and again: the in-

for himself afterward, and finally to hire men to work

justice of segregation; the evil of “Jim Crow” laws;

for him! That is the true system.”

the despair and economic contraction of the Great

In the most “radical” speech Abraham Lincoln

Depression; the crises of two world wars and the

ever gave, he compared America to a house divided

shameful unconstitutional denial of voting rights,

against itself: half-slave and half-free. I would submit

among others.

that today America is once again in danger of being

Our democracy is being tested today, not only by

divided – this time, however, into two economies, one

our war against terrorism abroad, but also by lev-

rich, the other poor; one affluent, the other in abject

els of poverty, homelessness and despair unaccept-

poverty; one a springboard to opportunity, the other a

able to a compassionate and affluent nation here at

trap of despair and dependency.

home. As the world’s leading example of democracy, we must make it work better at home so that all our

L

incoln understood that it is impossible to support

people are empowered and fully enjoy true equality

equality of economic opportunity without also up-

of opportunity.

holding equal civil, human, and voting rights for all.

At the bicentennial of Lincoln’s birth, and 145

Until the Civil War, the threat to American democra-

years after his Gettysburg Address, Lincoln’s belief

cy had come primarily from foreign powers, but Lin-

that all human beings are created equal and endowed

coln faced America’s supreme crisis: The nation that

with inalienable rights – the faith upon which liberal

embodied mankind’s last best hope seemed hopelessly

democracy is based – is still the last best hope of peo-

divided. He believed that “as a nation of free men,

ple around the world.

we must live through all time, or die by suicide.” Slav-

Because of democracy’s long march from Indepen-

ery was the first great test challenging the American

dence Hall through Gettysburg to the streets of for-

democracy’s central principle of equality. Lincoln’s

eign lands, the world increasingly knows this simple

moral indignation over slavery was unbounded. In his

yet profound truth: The yearning for freedom cannot

1854 Peoria speech replying to Senator Stephen A.

be extinguished, the struggle for inalienable rights will

Douglas, he said: “I hate…the monstrous injustice of

never end, and nothing can deny the transcendence of

slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican

liberal democracy.

40 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

UTE DIPSUM

The heroic struggle For African-Americans, ambivalence and acceptance

By Charles Branham, senior historian, DuSable Museum of African American History, Chicago

I

t would be interesting to know how many newspa-

American struggle for freedom and empowerment

per reports and commentaries on the 1963 March

as an extension of the historical legacy of Abraham

on Washington began with the phrase: “In the

Lincoln was an old habit among journalists and his-

shadow of the Lincoln Memorial,” “In the shadow

torians alike.

of the Great Emancipator,” or with some other allu-

African-American writers and historians under-

sion to America’s 16th president. Casting the African-

stand this phenomenon well, and many resent deeply the truncation of their history and the diminishment of black people’s role in their own emancipation in favor of a simpler story, a story of a benighted people lifted up by the charity and generosity of a Great White Father.

How easy to slide into cynicism. How tempting, for many, to give vent to their resentment by marginalizing Lincoln’s legacy. For the last two generations of African-Americans, born after the

Martin Luther King and other civil rights leaders gather before a rally at the Lincoln Memorial August 28, 1963 in Washington

heroic struggles of the 1960s, assessing Lincoln’s legacy is a highly problematic enterprise that opens up old wounds and reveals anxieties and ambivalence within the black community.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

41

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM It was not always so. In the Civil War era, ordinary

notes of grief to weeping audiences, when the voices

African-Americans were Abraham Lincoln’s most

of the clergy repeat in moving tones the virtues of

loyal and enthusiastic supporters, even though many

the deceased and call up again the nation’s loss and

of their leaders tended more to clear-eyed realism.

a whole people is bowed in affliction, there will be no

Frederick Douglass best summed up this ambivalence

deeper mourning for the beloved and honored head

in his 1876 speech at the dedication of the Freedmen’s

of the Republic than in the cabins of slaves. In lonely

Monument in Washington. Lincoln, he said “was pre-

huts, where the news of the great crime has pen-

eminently the white man’s president, entirely devoted

etrated, in the villages of the emancipated from Vir-

to the welfare of white men. He was ready and willing

ginia and the Carolinas, in the crowded haunts of the

at any time during the first years of his administration

poor negroes within the great cities, there will be grief

to deny, postpone, and sacrifice the rights of human-

to-day, such as needs no funeral orations, or badges of

ity in the colored man to promote the welfare of the

gloom and mourning. The tears of the forgotten and

white people of this country.... The race to which

outcast and oppressed slave, now redeemed in man-

[black Americans] belong were not the special objects

hood, will be the sincerest tears that fall on the grave

of his consideration.”

of the President. From the cottages of the poor and

Nevertheless, Douglass went on, “The name of

“

downtrodden will come his truest requiem.”

Abraham Lincoln was near and dear to our hearts in

There will be no deeper mourning for the beloved head of the Republic than in the cabins of slaves

”

the darkest and most perilous hours of the Republic.” This is because African-Americans “were able

F

or many whites, Lincoln’s legacy is best summed up in the sculpture at the Freedmen’s Monument,

to take a comprehensive view of Abraham Lincoln,

which depicts an emancipated slave kneeling before

and make a reasonable allowance for the circum-

the martyred leader. But for blacks, Lincoln symbol-

stances of his position.”

ized empowerment and identity. The name Lincoln

“[T]hough the Union was more to him than our

supplanted the word “African” as the most common

freedom or our future,” Douglass observed, blacks

appellation for African-American businesses, fraternal

loved, understood and, more important, were forgiv-

orders, banks and shops. Beginning in 1865 and for

ing of a man whom he described as a white man who

decades thereafter, thousands of African-Americans

“shared the prejudices common to his countrymen

celebrated “Emancipation Day” on January 1, and

towards the colored race,” yet overcame them to offer

even today thousands of African-American churches

freedom and promote social justice. Blacks in general

hold “watch meetings” commemorating black expec-

had a less nuanced and more straightforward assess-

tancy on the eve of the original emancipation. In Loui-

ment of Lincoln: He was a great man who had done a

siana and Texas, Emancipation Day is commemorated

wonderful thing. They identified with his humble ori-

as “Juneteenth” and June 19 was transformed into a

gins; they identified him with Moses. They noted that

day of revelry, barbeque and music. In 1866, Ashmun

he was the first president to invite blacks to the White

Institute was renamed Lincoln University and became

House and the first to treat them as equals. After his

the first degree-granting black college in America.

assassination, thousands of black mourners were

Carter G. Woodson, often called the father of Afri-

among the throngs who lined the 1,700-mile funeral

can-American history (and buried at Lincoln Memo-

route from New York to Springfield, Illinois.

rial Cemetery in Suitland-Silver Hill, Md.), founded

An April 19, 1865 New York Times report entitled The

Negro History Week (later renamed Black History

Mourning of Slaves noted that: “On this day of national

Month) in February in a week that included the birth-

mourning, when the badges of sorrow cover the dwell-

days of Abraham Lincoln (February 12) and Freder-

ings of the rich, when funereal drapery festoons the

ick Douglass (February 14). In Woodson’s The Negro in

public halls and the churches, when organs peal the

Our History, his Lincoln “was the most formidable of

42 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

1809-2009 all [the] antislavery men” who hesitated to issue the

his age. Just as an old black woman allegedly gave

Emancipation Proclamation only because he “won-

thanks for black nationalist Marcus Garvey’s African

dered whether or not he had the authority.”

Orthodox Church because she knew “no white Jesus

Lincoln and John Brown were the favorite white

died for my sins,” so blacks had their darkest suspi-

subjects for black painters. Langston Hughes wrote

cions confirmed that Lincoln was just like all the rest.

Lincoln Monument as a tribute. Before performing at

The Lincoln mythology was just another betrayal.

the Lincoln Memorial, Marian Anderson thanked the

Malcolm X summed it up: “Lincoln did more to

Great Emancipator. The NAACP, whose creation was

trick Negroes than any other man in history.”

in part a response to the national horror over a race

In a 1985 speech to the Abraham Lincoln Associa-

riot in Springfield, Lincoln’s hometown, was founded

tion, John Hope Franklin noted: “Lincoln early became

on the 100th anniversary of his birth.

a symbol and an inspiration to those who chose to use

But African-Americans have never spoken with

his legacy, as well as those who chose to misuse it.” Mod-

one voice. As early as 1922, W. E. B. DuBois sparked

ern African-American scholarship increasingly focuses

criticism for referencing Lincoln’s “unfortunate”

on African-American agency, on what black people

speech at Charleston, Illinois, in 1858, and while

sought to do and were able to do for themselves.

In the aftermath of the fractious and bitterly-fought 2008 presidential campaign, African-Americans may well revisit that image of Lincoln. They may come anew to admire courage under pressure and presidential grace amid crisis and despair. They may well come to appreciate what Franklin called “the flexibility of Lincoln and his capacity for growth.” And in seeing Lincoln in a new light, they may also come to adopt a more nuanced approach to our often tortuous and dispiriting past.

Lincoln emerges again, as he has so many times before, as a symbol of triumph, industry, aspiration and empowerment. It was not by accident that Barack Obama chose Springfield, and a venue shadowed by Lincoln’s statue, for the announcement of his historic

In Louisiana and Texas, Emancipation Day is also celebrated as “Juneteenth”

acknowledging him as “perhaps the greatest figure

presidential candidacy. (Nor was it a coincidence that

of the 19th century,” called Lincoln “a big, incon-

when reporters asked the newly elected president what

sistent, brave man.” In 1968, Lerone Bennett Jr.

he was reading to prepare for his new responsibilities,

wrote an article in Ebony magazine entitled “Was

he mentioned both Lincoln’s own writings and Team

Lincoln a White Supremacist?” which pictured

of Rivals, Doris Kearns Goodwin’s book on Lincoln’s

the 16th president as an “opportunist” who explic-

cabinet). Perhaps no other image is so quintessentially

itly endorsed racial inequality and urged blacks to

American or so enduringly a part of the African-

leave the country. Just as many blacks had sym-

American experience. Indeed, Abraham Lincoln is

bolically turned Lincoln’s picture to the wall when

as much a part of the African-American past as Afri-

they abandoned the Republican Party in the 1930s,

can-Americans are a part of American history. How

so, too, blacks abandoned the mythology of the

African-Americans feel about “The Great Emancipa-

benevolent white Moses and saw a politician, the

tor” says much about the tenor of black-white relations

ultimate self-made man, who shared and candidly

and remains a telling measure of both the optimism

expressed the most pernicious racial nostrums of

and self-assertiveness of the race.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

43

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

The great orator Words that carried power across time and around the world

By Theodore C. Sorensen, special counsel and speechwriter for President John F. Kennedy and author of Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History

A

braham Lincoln, the greatest American presi-

principally a change in the ending, making it softer,

dent, was also in my view the best of all presi-

more conciliatory, invoking shared memories. But his

dential speechwriters. As a youngster in Lin-

proposed wording, often cited by historians, was pedes-

coln, Nebraska, I stood before the statue of Abraham

trian. Lincoln graciously took and read Seward’s sug-

Lincoln gracing the west side of the towering State

gestion but, with the magic of his own pen, turned that

Capitol, and soaked up the words of his Gettysburg

ending into his moving appeal to “the mystic chords of

Address inscribed on a granite slab behind the statue.

memory and the better angels of our nature,” words

Two decades later, in January 1961, President John

which still sing to us today.

F. Kennedy asked me to study those words again, in preparing to help him write his inaugural address. He also asked me to read all previous 20th-century inaugu-

Pictured right: Lincoln giving the Gettysburg Address in 1863

L

incoln was a better speechwriter than speaker. Normally, the success of a speech depends in consider-

ral addresses. I did not learn much from those speeches

able part on the speaker’s voice and presence. The best

(except for Franklin D. Roosevelt’s First Inaugural) but I

speeches of John F. Kennedy benefited from his physical

learned a great deal from Lincoln’s ten sentences.

platform presence, his poise, personality, good looks and

Lincoln was a superb writer. Like Thomas Jefferson

strong voice. William Jennings Bryan moved audiences not

and Theodore Roosevelt, but unlike many other presi-

only with the extravagance of his language but also with

dents, he could have been a successful writer wholly

the skill of his movements and gestures, the strength of

apart from his political career. He needed no White

his voice and appearance. Democratic Party leaders who

House speechwriter as that post is understood today.

had not attended the 1896 national convention at which

He wrote his major speeches out by hand, as he did

Bryan delivered his “Cross of Gold” speech, and thus had

his eloquent letters and other documents. Sometimes

not been carried away by the power of his presence, later

he read his draft speeches aloud to others, including

could not understand his nomination on the basis of what

members of his cabinet and his two principal secre-

they merely read. Franklin Roosevelt’s speeches, for those

taries, John Hay and John Nicolay, and occasionally

who were not present for his performance, were merely

received suggestions, particularly at the start, from his

cold words on a page with substantially less effect than

one-time rival for the presidency, Secretary of State

they had for those present to hear them.

William Seward. On the first major occasion on which

But Lincoln’s words, heard by comparatively few, by

Seward offered an important contribution – Lincoln’s

themselves carried power across time and around the

First Inaugural – Lincoln demonstrated clearly that he

world. I may have been more moved by his remarks

was the better speechwriter. Seward’s idea was worthy,

at Gettysburg when I read them behind his statue at

44 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

XXX

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

45

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

“

Lincoln speeches eschewed detail for timeless themes, never partisan, pompous or pedantic

the State Capitol in Lincoln in 1939 than were some

speech in 1854 and in the Cooper Union address in

of those straining to hear them on the outskirts of the

1860. But most Lincoln speeches eschewed detail for

audience at that vast cemetery in 1863. Edward Ever-

timeless themes and flawless construction; profound,

ett, with his two-hour oration fi lled with classical allu-

philosophical, never partisan, pompous or pedantic.

sions, had been the designated orator of the day. The

His two greatest speeches – the greatest speeches by

president was up and quickly down with his dedicatory

any president – are not only quite short (the Second

remarks in a few short minutes. One of the papers re-

Inaugural is only 703 words, the Gettysburg Address

ported, “The president also spoke.”

shorter still) but did not deal in the facts of current

”

Lincoln’s voice, reportedly high, was not as strong

policy at all, only with the largest ideas.

as Bryan’s, nor were his looks as appealing as Kennedy’s. (Lincoln himself referred to his “poor, lean, lank face.”) His reading was not electronically amplified

1863 portrait, taken during the writing of the Gettysburg Address

A

president, like everyone else, is shaped by his media environment, and if he is good, he

nor facilitated by a teleprompter,

shapes his communication to fi t

which today almost every presi-

that environment. Lincoln lived

dent uses to conceal his depen-

in an age of print. Oratory was

dence on a prepared text. (Why?

important political entertainment,

Would we have more confidence

but with no broadcasting, his words

in a surgeon or a plumber who

reached large audiences outside

operated without referring to his

the immediate vicinity only by

manual? Do we expect our presi-

print. His speeches were printed

dents to memorize or improvise

in the newspapers of the day and

their most important speeches?)

composed by him with that in mind.

Lincoln also spoke with a Mid-

He spoke for readers of the printed

western inflection that – in those

page, not merely for those listening.

days before mass media created a homogenized na-

His words moved voters far from the sound of his voice

tional audience and accent – was not the way folks

because of his writing skills, his intellectual power,

talked in Boston or New York, making him difficult

his grip on the core issue of his time, and his sublime

for some audiences to understand.

concept of his nation’s meaning. He drafted speeches to

But Lincoln’s success as an orator stemmed not from

be read by the public from the printed page, just as he

his voice, demeanor or manner of delivery, or even his

had educated himself by reading ideas and had trained

presence, but from his words and his ideas. He put into

himself to reach voters the same way.

powerful language the nub of the matter in the contro-

Kennedy mastered the formal address on tele-

versy over slavery and secession in his own time, and

vision, Franklin Roosevelt the fi eside r chat on

the core meaning for all time of this nation itself as

radio, Bill Clinton the more casual messages.

“this last best hope of earth.”

Of

course, modern American television audi-

Such great and moving subjects produce many

ences would not tolerate the three-hour debates

more great and moving speeches than do discussions

Lincoln had with Stephen Douglas, or his longer

of tax cuts and tariffs.

speeches – but that was a different age, with a different

With his prodigious memory and willingness to dig

media environment. Lincoln was adaptable enough

out facts (as his own researcher), he could offer meticu-

that he could have mastered modern modes of politi-

lous historical detail, as he demonstrated in his Peoria

cal speech – today’s sound-bite culture – had he lived

46 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

1809-2009

in this era. He had a talent for getting to the point.

Lincoln avoided the fancy and artificial. He used

Lincoln’s most famous speeches

the rhetorical devices that the rest of us speechwriters use: alliteration (“Fondly do we hope – fervently do we pray”; “no successful appeal from the ballot to the bullet”); rhyme (“I shall adopt new views so fast as they shall appear to be true views”); repetition (“As our case is new, so we must think anew, and act anew”; “We cannot dedicate/we cannot consecrate/we cannot hallow – this ground”); and – especially – contrast and balance (“The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy present”; “As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master”; “In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free”).

He used metaphors, as we all do, both explicit and implicit: think of the implied figure of birth – “brought forth”, “conceived” – in the Gettysburg Address. He would quote the Bible quite sparingly – but to tremendous effect when he did it. See how he ends the monumental next-to-last paragraph of the Second Inaugural about the blood spilled by the war matching the blood drawn by slavery’s lash: “Still it must be said, as was said three thousand years ago, the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.”

But the triumph of this greatest example of American public speech did not come from devices alone. Lincoln had, in addition, two great qualities infusing his use of those devices. First, he had a poetic literary sensibility.

He was aware of the right rhythm and sound. Seward wrote: “I close,”. Lincoln made a simple change that made a huge difference: “I am loath to close.” An editor might say “Eighty-seven years ago” is shorter; Lincoln wrote instead: “Four score and seven years ago.”

And, fi nally, he had the root of the matter in him.

The presidents greatest in speechcraft are almost all the greatest in statecraft also – because speeches are not just words. They present ideas, directions and values, and the best speeches are the ones that get those right.

As Lincoln did.

A version of this article appeared in the November 2008 issue of the Smithsonian magazine

1858

HOUSE DIVIDED SPEECH, JUNE 1858 “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided.

It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new, North as well as South.

1858

LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE AT QUINCY, ILLINOIS, OCTOBER 1858 There is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence – the right of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man. I agree with Justice [Stephen A.] Douglas that he is not my equal in many respects, certainly not in color – perhaps not in intellectual and moral endowments; but in the right to eat the bread without leave of anybody else which his own hand earns, he is my equal and the equal of Judge Douglas, and the equal of every other man.

1860

COOPER UNION SPEECH, FEBRUARY 1860 Human action can be modified to some extent, but human nature cannot be changed. There is a judgment and a feeling against slavery in this nation, which cast at least a million and a half of votes. You cannot destroy that judgment and feeling – that sentiment – by breaking up the political organization which rallies around it. You can scarcely scatter and disperse an army which has been formed into order in the face of your heaviest fire; but if you could, how much would you gain by forcing the sentiment which created it out of the peaceful channel of the ballot-box, into some other channel? What would that other channel probably be?

1863

GETTYSBURG ADDRESS, NOVEMBER 1863 It is rather for us, the living, to… take increased devotion to that cause for which they here, gave the last full measure of devotion – that we here highly resolve these dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people by the people for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

1865

SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS, MARCH 1865 Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman’s two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said “the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.” With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

47

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Imagine another ending Tweaking history to shape an alternate world

By Orville Vernon Burton, Burroughs Chair of Southern History at Coastal Carolina University and author of The Age of Lincoln

W

hat if...

resulted in two nations. I disagree. Had secession

Students sometimes have the impres-

been established as a legitimate means of opposition,

sion that history had to go one way and

the splintering would not necessarily have stopped at

one way only. But imagining alternate endings high-

two. The other Southern states might not have joined

lights the importance of human agency and showcases

South Carolina in a new nation, but whenever an

history as dramatic and meaningful. This is especially

issue went against them, they would have peeled off one

true in the life of Abraham Lincoln and the history of

by one from the Union; likewise for the Northeast and

the Civil War.

the western states when their sectional interests were threatened. It is likely it would not have stopped with

What if Lincoln had failed and the Confederacy

regional disaffection. States could have – and probably

had won the Civil War?

would have – seceded from the smaller nations of the

Confederate victory would have meant the end of

northern, southern, and western countries when their

America as we know it. Some say it would have

interests were threatened.

48 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

1809-2009 These balkanized new “nations” would have meant

ers in the Union border states. As one British newspa-

the arrival of the anarchy Lincoln feared. The demise of

per wrote: “The principle asserted is not that a human

the United States of America would have ended the new

being cannot justly own another, but that he cannot

experiment in freedom. And without the American prec-

own him unless he is loyal to the United States.”

edent, independence and democracy would have been harder for the rest of the world. Freedom, liberty, and

What if Lincoln had failed to win reelection

democracy would have been stalled, at least for that time.

in 1864?

Confederate victory was a very real possibility in 1864.

“

Without the American precedent, independence and democracy would have been harder for the rest of the world

Would slavery have withered away and

A major source of hope for the Confederacy was the

died anyway?

chance that Lincoln would lose the election in No-

Although few acknowledged it in 1860, a long war

vember. He wrote in April of that year that “it seems

meant that slavery was doomed. A slave system requires

exceedingly probable that this Administration will not

strict adherence to the order of things, and wars bring

be reelected.”

total disorder. An enslaved population with some au-

No president had won a second term since Andrew

tonomy during war years became less tractable and less

Jackson more than 30 years earlier. Moreover, many

willing to pretend otherwise.

blamed Lincoln for the horrendous Union losses. That

Some aver that if the South had been let alone to

summer, the Democratic National Convention in Chi-

secede, or had been victorious in war, slavery would still

cago nominated General George McClellan for presi-

have ended. The Confederacy, after all, was part of a

dent. McClellan’s desire for an “immediate armistice”

world that was increasingly intolerant of enslaved labor.

and his promise to use “every means to secure peace

Brazil was the only other major country that continued

without further bloodshed” appealed to many who

a slave system.

were tired of bad news from the battlefront.

If the United States had become two or more

In the election of 1864, Lincoln garnered 2.2 mil-

nations, the boundaries of bondage would have been

lion votes, or 55 percent; McClellan got 1.8 million,

more porous. The Confederacy’s southern neighbor,

or 45 percent. Had McClellan won that election,

Mexico, would have been as much opposed to slav-

the United States likely would have mended itself by

ery as its northern neighbor, and neither would have

allowing the continuation of slavery. The U.S. would

returned fugitive slaves.

have forfeited the Age of Lincoln’s most enduring

It is likely that an independent South would have

achievement: inscription into the nation’s founding

eventually ended slavery in a modernizing world (Bra-

document the promise of equal rights without regard

zil outlawed it in 1888), but it would have been aboli-

to race. There would be no 13th Amendment forbid-

tion with a major difference. The Confederate States of

ding slavery; no 14th Amendment opening citizenship

America would have done it very gradually and prob-

to African-Americans; no 15th Amendment guaran-

ably would have institutionalized white supremacy in a

teeing African-American men the right to vote.

more blatantly apartheid legal system.

In the midst of civil war, Abraham Lincoln would

What if Lincoln had lived to guide the nation

have issued his Emancipation Proclamation as a war

through Reconstruction?

measure and as a matter of simple justice, but without a

Lincoln’s war was fought to prevent secession from end-

Union victory, the effect would have been limited. The

ing the American experiment of democratic freedom.

Emancipation Proclamation freed no one. First of all,

When the war itself uprooted the twisted tree of chattel

it was not effective in Confederate states because the

slavery once and for all, it also unleashed a broad new

U.S. Army was not in position to enforce it. Second, it

debate across the land about what freedom actually sig-

did not cover enslaved workers held by loyal slavehold-

nified, what it meant to be American, and what sort of

”

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

49

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM a new nation had been ushered in at such horrific cost.

rights, and when asked why he chose Chase, a critic

The New York World criticized Lincoln for not having

and a thorn in his side, Lincoln replied: “To have done

a plan for Reconstruction, comparing him to “a trav-

otherwise I should have been recreant to my convic-

eler in an unknown country without a map.” Not true.

tions of my duty to the Republican Party and to the

Lincoln knew where he was headed and had already

country.” Unfortunately, Chase died in 1873.

taken several important steps in that direction. Lin-

Lincoln’s bad decision was his choice of Andrew

coln had been considering the issue of Reconstruc-

Johnson to run with him as vice president in 1864.

tion, and in 1864 he had written to a Quaker constitu-

Johnson was a Tennessean known for his antipathy

ent: “Surely He intends some great good to follow this

to slavery and the master class it supported. Many

mighty convulsion.”

expected the Confederate-hating Johnson to seek

Lincoln also considered the place of African-Amer-

retribution against the former slaveholders. Instead,

icans in a nation undergoing a new birth of freedom.

he appeared to “out-Lincoln” Lincoln in leniency.

His views had evolved and expanded throughout his

While congressional Republicans shrieked for the

presidency. As he pondered racial issues, he became

final destruction of the planter class, Johnson opened

acquainted with people such as Martin Delany, who

up a virtual pardon mill in the Oval Office, restor-

was, he declared, a “most extraordinary and intel-

ing Confederate veterans to political standing with

ligent black man,” and Frederick Douglass, whom

startling eagerness.

he called “my friend.” Asking Douglass’s reaction

Regarding land ownership for former slaves, John-

to the Second Inaugural, Lincoln said: “There is

son quashed the successful plan outlined by General

no man in the country whose opinion I value more

William Tecumseh Sherman in January 1865. Lincoln

than yours.”

had approved Sherman’s Special Field Order No.15,

Lincoln pointed to Louisiana as an example of what

which subdivided hundreds of thousands of acres of

Reconstruction might look like. That state had already

farmland along the South Carolina and Georgia coast

granted total emancipation with no middle step of

“so that each family shall have a plot of not more

apprenticeship for freed slaves. It offered public edu-

than forty acres of tillable ground.” The experiment

cation to black and white children. Regarding suffrage

was successful. Within six months, more than 40,000

for African-American men, Lincoln said: “I would

freedmen purchased land – they thought for keeps.

myself prefer that it were now conferred on the very

What effect such revolutionary innovation might

intelligent, and on those who serve our cause as sol-

have had on the South and on the nation we will

diers,” but he was gratified that Louisiana held out the

never know. By August of that year, President Johnson

possibility of black suffrage.

rescinded any plan for distribution of confiscated Confederate land to the freedmen.

W

“

Surely He intends some great good to follow this mighty convulsion

”

hile undoubtedly Lincoln would have strug-

Had Lincoln lived, he could not have prevented

gled with discord in his own party, after vic-

all Southern violence or the formation of groups like

tory in war, Lincoln had the gravitas of “Father Abra-

the Klu Klux Klan. However, Lincoln was commit-

ham” to move the country toward civil rights. Prior

ted to the rule of law and would not have allowed

to his death, Lincoln made two decisions that helped

that large-scale violence and terrorism to go unad-

define Reconstruction, one very good but short-lived,

dressed. African-Americans might have been left

the other very bad.

alone on their own land; they might have continued

The very good decision was to name Salmon P.

to garner political power with the right to a mean-

Chase of Ohio to replace Roger Taney as chief jus-

ingful vote. The success of Reconstruction might

tice of the Supreme Court. Lincoln knew that Recon-

have continued, and freedom might have flourished

struction would need an unfaltering advocate of black

for all Americans.

50 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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52 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

1809-2009

The commander in chief Delegating authority – but not responsibility

By Craig L. Symonds, professor of history emeritus, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland

A

braham Lincoln was the first American presi-

during the Nullification Crisis in 1832. Of course, both

dent to preside over a modern war, for the Civil

of those men had been generals before becoming presi-

War was the first American conflict to make

dent. During the War of 1812 and the war with Mexico

widespread use of the railroad, the telegraph, the rifled

in 1846–48, Presidents James Madison and James Polk

musket, mines, armored warships, and even a subma-

did not seek to exercise direct command over armies in

rine. It was also America’s only total war, one in which

the field, leaving that to the generals, and this was the

American fields and farms constituted the battlefields

tradition that Lincoln solidified as chief executive.

and American cities were the focus of sieges. In no

In part, this was because Lincoln knew that he lacked

other war did so large a percentage of Americans serve

both the expertise and the experience to exercise direct

in uniform. Not only did more Americans die in this

military command. Lincoln’s self-deprecating sense of

war than in all other American wars combined, but

humor extended to his brief career in the Illinois militia

it remains the only war in which the character of the

during the uprising known as the Black Hawk War in

Republic and the meaning of freedom, even the very

1832. Though he was elected the captain of his mili-

survival of the country, was at stake.

tia unit, he subsequently mocked his experience as

Given that, it is not surprising that Lincoln employed

“a war hero” by freely declaring that while he had

unusual emergency powers during the war, including

fought many “bloody battles” with the mosquitoes, he

the suspension of habeas corpus. And yet throughout the

had never seen a hostile Indian. Additionally, Lincoln

four years of modern total war, the most salient charac-

simply did not believe it was proper for the nation’s

teristic of Lincoln’s tenure as commander in chief was

chief executive to lead armies in the field. Others,

his restraint.

surely, could do that job better. Consequently, when

Being “commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States” is the first of the enumerated

The Pennsylvania Memorial at Gettysburg National Military Park

the war began, Lincoln hoped that its conduct could be entrusted to the professionals.

powers granted to the president by the Constitution. It

This is not to say that Lincoln simply turned the war

is not clear how the framers of that document intended

over to the soldiers; he delegated authority but not

this power to be exercised. During the first four score

responsibility, and he felt the burden of that responsi-

and seven years of the Republic, two presidents took

bility every day of his presidency. The advent of the

the charge literally. George Washington donned his

telegraph made it possible for him to keep close track

uniform and led the army into western Pennsylvania

of the operations of the Army and Navy, even when

to quell the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, and Andrew

they were a thousand miles away. But only rarely

Jackson at least considered doing much the same thing

did he step in and direct those operations. One such

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

53

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

President Abraham Lincoln meets his generals

moment came in the spring of 1862, during a visit to Hampton Roads, when he personally directed a landing on the Virginia shore that led to the capitulation of Norfolk. As commander in chief of the Army and the Navy, he was the only individual in the Republic who could direct joint operations, and without his involvement, it is unlikely that this operation would have taken place at all.

Another such moment occurred only a few months later, when a rebel army under Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson moved northward through the Shenandoah Valley toward Harpers Ferry. Lincoln issued telegraphic orders directing Union forces to converge on Jackson from two directions, hoping to trap him in the lower valley and crush him. In the end, this gambit failed, and Lincoln, perhaps chastened, never again sought to direct the movement of particular units. He never wanted to play the role of Cromwell or Napoleon, and he was an unlikely actor for such a role. When he visited the troops – which he did often – he was anything but a heroic figure in his plain black suit and top hat. Though he was a competent rider, his angular frame rested awkwardly on a saddle, and more often than not his trousers rode up on his legs, exposing his ankles. The soldiers, of course, loved him all the more for it and called out to “Uncle Abe,” whom they considered “a trump.”

Several of Lincoln’s advisors urged him to become a more assertive commander in chief, and there were moments when Lincoln seemed poised to do so. When General George McClellan fell ill with typhoid in the winter of 1861–62, it was clear that the entire war effort could not stop and wait for one man to regain his health. If McClellan was not going to be using the army, Lincoln suggested that perhaps he could borrow it. He even told his friend Orville Browning that “he was thinking of taking the field himself.” Very likely, however, Lincoln meant that as a metaphor for exercising a firmer direction of military events. In any event, when McClellan heard that

Union soldiers at camp, Harper’s Ferry, 1862

54 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

Lincoln was holding talks with his subordinate generals in an effort to construct a plan of battle, he dragged

1809-2009

himself out of his sick bed and asserted his command

S. Grant who, almost uniquely among the Union’s

authority. Lincoln did not press the issue. Assured by

army commanders, listened to the president when he

his commanding general that he did have a plan of

diffidently summarized his vision of a simultaneous

operations, Lincoln stepped back and resumed his role

advance against the enemy. It was a view Grant shared

as observer and supporter.

in any case, and when the spring campaign began in May of 1864, fi ve Union armies moved not only the

I

t was an agony for Lincoln each time he learned of

same week, but the same day. It worked. Confederate

another Union disappointment in the field. Each

forces were overmatched in trying to defend every-

spring, a different Union Army commander led a

where at once. Lee bloodied the Army of the Potomac

well-equipped and hopeful army southward – to Bull

badly in the Wilderness and at Spotsylvania, though in

Run (twice), to the Virginia Peninsula, to Fredericks-

the end this only delayed rather than defeated Grant.

burg, and to Chancellorsville – only to report at first a

And while this was happening, other Union armies

hopeful beginning, then a reverse, and finally a retreat.

moved toward Petersburg south of Richmond, through

“My God, my God,” Lincoln cried out on hearing the

the Valley of the Shenandoah, and, most important,

news from Chancellorsville, “what will the country

toward Atlanta, which William T. Sherman captured in

say?” Even when the Army won a victory, as at Gettysburg, the

“

I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me

”

early September. Instead of claimGeneral Ulysses S. Grant

ing credit for the success of what,

commanding general, in this case

after all, was his own strategic plan,

George Gordon Meade, seemed

Lincoln gave all the credit to Grant

reluctant to follow it up and seek to

and Sherman.

end the war. “What does it mean, Mr.

If Lincoln was patient with his

Welles?” Lincoln asked Secretary of

generals (too patient, some thought),

the Navy Gideon Welles, when he

patience was a key element of his

learned that Robert E. Lee’s army,

entire administration. Though he

wounded but intact, had escaped

is rightly remembered for his revo-

back across the Potomac River into

lutionary – even radical – decisions

Virginia after Gettysburg. “Great

that led to conscription, a naval

God, what does it mean?”

blockade, paper money, even eman-

Lincoln had a clear and consistent strategic con-

cipation, Lincoln never got ahead of what he knew

cept. The North, after all, had overwhelming numeri-

public opinion would support. He was willing to let

cal superiority. He saw that if all the Union armies,

events determine not only the timing of his decisions,

east and west, moved forward at the same time, it

but sometimes the decisions themselves. This is what he

would compel the Confederates to choose which

meant when he remarked late in the war: “I claim not

of the several offensives to contest. If the rebels

to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events

spread out their forces in an effort to defend every-

have controlled me.” From his consideration of what to

where, they would be overwhelmed; if they con-

do about Fort Sumter to the management of his gener-

centrated their forces on one of the Union thrusts,

als and his admirals to his program for Reconstruction,

that force could halt while the other Union armies

Lincoln adopted a wait-and-see attitude in responding

advanced. But Union generals had difficulty getting

to the multiple and various crises of his unprecedented

their minds around this kind of continental strategy.

administration. In the end, his patience and forbear-

In the end, Lincoln found his general in Ulysses

ance were key elements in the Union victory.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

55

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

The fruits of labor For all men, “an open field and a fair chance”

By Lewis E. Lehrman, advisor to the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission and author of Lincoln at Peoria: The Turning Point

he ant, who has toiled and dragged a crumb

tion of Independence applied to both black and white

to his nest, will furiously defend the fruit of

Americans. The declaration had declared that “all men

his labor against whatever robber assails

are created equal,” and Lincoln embraced this found-

him.” This parable expressed Abraham Lincoln’s belief

ing principle. During the first two decades of his politi-

in the dignity of human labor. The right to the fruit of

cal life his activities emphasized economic and free

one’s labor was so fundamental that “all feel and under-

labor policies. In 1854 Lincoln shifted his focus to fight-

stand it, even down to brutes and creeping insects,”

ing the extension of slavery (unfree labor).

“T

wrote Lincoln. The inalienable right to liberty, includ-

There was both a political and a strong moral com-

ing the liberty to the fruit of one’s labor, was a right

ponent to Lincoln’s policy: “Slavery is founded in the

announced in the Declaration of Independence.

selfishness of man’s nature – opposition to it is [in] his

For Lincoln, according to historian Gabor Boritt,

love of justice. These principles are an eternal antago-

the “right to rise” was “the central idea of the United

nism; and when brought into collision so fi ercely, as

States.” Lincoln said: “The prudent, penniless beginner

slavery extension brings them, shocks, and throes, and

in the world, labors for wages awhile, saves a surplus

convulsions must ceaselessly follow,” said Lincoln at

with which to buy tools or land, for himself; then labors on his own account another while, and at length hires another new beginner to help him. This...is...the just, and generous, and prosperous system, which opens the way to all – gives hope to all, and energy, and progress, and improvement of condition to all.”

Lincoln himself had risen from poverty in Kentucky,

“

Indiana, and Illinois. As a farm hand, axeman, craftsman, militia captain, shop clerk and owner, Lincoln

Slavery is founded in the selfishness of man’s nature – opposition to it is [in] his love of justice

”

learned the liberating power of honest work. He did not particularly like farm work, but he prided himself on his axe skills, even into his presidency. Like America’s first president, America’s 16th president also received an economic education as a surveyor, whereby he witnessed the importance of land titles to secure the fruit of one’s labor.

Lincoln, opposing many of his contemporaries, believed that the principles enunciated in the Declara-

56 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

1809-2009

“

An open field and a fair chance for your industry; that you may all have equal privileges in the race of life

” Freed slaves harvesting peanuts, Virginia

Peoria, Illinois, on October 16, 1854. These were hard

hired laborer this year and the next, work for himself

words in the free state of Illinois, which also had a wide-

afterward, and finally to hire men to work for him!

spread culture of racism.

That is the true system.”

For Lincoln, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 had

Slavery undermined the hope of the American Sys-

established a fence to block the northward and westward

tem of free labor that Lincoln cherished – public works,

expansion of slavery. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

a national bank system, and revenue-producing tariffs

destroyed the fence, repealed the Missouri Compromise

– a system popularized by Henry Clay, the great Whig

line, opened the territory to slavery, and reversed what

leader from Kentucky, but also inspired by America’s

Lincoln argued was the Founders’ intention to put slav-

fi rst Treasury secretary, Alexander Hamilton, three

ery on the “course of ultimate extinction.” Lincoln con-

decades earlier. Lincoln’s sense of the justice of the

tended: “Repeal the Missouri compromise – repeal all

American System was obvious in his fir st announcement

compromises – repeal the Declaration of Independence

in 1832, at age 23, as a political candidate: “Time and

– repeal all past history, you still cannot repeal human

experience have verified to a demonstration, the public

nature. It still will be the abundance of man’s heart, that

utility of internal improvements. That the poorest and

slavery extension is wrong; and out of the abundance of

most thinly populated countries would be greatly ben-

his heart, his mouth will continue to speak.”

efi ted by the opening of good roads, and in the clear-

For the last decade of his life, Lincoln would con-

ing of navigable streams within their limits, is what no

tinue to emphasize the immorality of slavery and the

person will deny.” Eventually, that vision would lead to

honor of free labor: “I want every man to have the

America’s first transcontinental railroad.

chance – and I believe a black man is entitled to it,”

Until death, Lincoln maintained his faith in the fun-

Lincoln told a New Haven audience in March 1860.

damental wisdom and benefi cial results of free labor:

In the wake of his remarkable Cooper Union speech

“We made the experiment; and the fruit is before us.

of February, Lincoln spoke of his economic beliefs

Look at it – think of it. Look at it, in its aggregate gran-

as he toured New England. A black American, too,

deur, of extent of country, and numbers of population

should be able to “look forward and hope to be a

– of ship, and steamboat, and rail[road]....” Himself an innovator, Lincoln had a strong interest in new technology. He was America’s only president to file a patent on his own behalf.

Above all, Lincoln’s economic philosophy meant that labor and capital should work together rather than in conflict. In his policy for prosperity, he held the dignity of human labor to be primary. In his 1861 Annual Message to Congress, Lincoln wrote: “Labor is prior to, and independent of, capital.

Capital is only the fruit of labor, and could never have existed if labor had not first existed.” In 1864, Lincoln spelled out his underlying economic goal to the men of an Ohio regiment: “An open field and a fair chance for your industry, enterprise and intelligence; that you may all have equal privileges in the race of life.”

Equality of opportunity is Lincoln’s economic legacy.

As he said: “Work, work, work is the main thing.”

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

57

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

Paying the price Everyone, rich and poor, shouldered the cost of war

By Robert D. Hormats, vice chairman of Goldman Sachs (International) and author of The Price of Liberty: Paying for America’s Wars from the Revolution to the War on Terror

A

braham Lincoln would have been the first

The Lincoln Administration faced an additional

to admit that he knew little about economic

obstacle in the lack of credible financial institutions in

and financial matters. As president, when

the country. The United States had no central bank

asked about them, he frequently suggested that

and no national banking system. Finances were con-

the questioner “go to Secretary Chase [Salmon P.

ducted largely through state-chartered banks, about

Chase, his Treasury secretary], he is managing the

1,600 of them in all, most of which were poorly run

finances.” Yet the president could not escape the need

and inadequately regulated. In addition, the United

to address the enormous challenge his administration

States had no national currency; transactions were

faced in paying for the Civil War – by far the most

conducted using gold, silver and copper coins, and a

expensive conflict in which the country had engaged to

bewildering array of bank notes, some of which were

that point.

Lincoln, Chase, and their Republican colleagues in the Congress had

issued by legitimate banks, others by Salmon P. Chase, Treasury secretary (1808–1873)

banks that had long been closed, and still others by counterfeiters.

to raise enormous sums of money in a nation that, since the War of 1812, had relied almost exclusively on tariffs

I

n the mid-1800s there was no income or corporate tax, and no

to supply the financial needs of the

capacity to collect internal taxes

federal government. Americans were

(only tariffs through customs houses).

almost pathologically opposed to any

And whereas the country had

other form of taxation. After all, the

received large sums of foreign capital

Revolution was fought in part against

through much of the 1840s and 1850s

heavy taxation by the British Crown.

– as European investors snapped up

Americans were also unaccustomed to their govern-

railway stocks and bonds, bank stocks, and state and

ment borrowing a lot of money. During the more than

federal bonds – such sales were sharply reduced at the

four decades since the War of 1812, except for peri-

advent of the Civil War. America’s internal struggle

ods of economic depression brought on by what were

led many overseas investors to believe that the country

called “panics” in the financial system, the government

would fragment and, later, to question when the heavy

had consistently run surpluses. President Andrew Jack-

Union debt could be repaid.

son had actually paid off the entire government debt in the 1830s.

58 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

For Lincoln, dramatically increasing the financial powers of the federal government was an imperative

UTE DIPSUM

Prelude to war: December 20, 1860 the Charleston Mercury reports on the dissolution of the Union

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

59

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

for success in the war. But until the war, the notion of

enacting the nation’s first income tax and by imposing

such an increase was abhorrent to most Americans.

taxes on virtually everything else as well. They also enor-

In the decades before Lincoln’s election, Congressio-

mously increased federal borrowing, created a uniform

nal Democrats, primarily from the South, had enor-

currency (the “greenback” we use today), established a

mous influence in Washington. They, and many rural

national banking system and imposed such high taxes on

Republicans as well, were deeply suspicious of con-

state banks that most of them were forced to close.

centrating too much economic power in the hands of the federal government.

“

Men readily perceive that they cannot be much oppressed by a debt which they owe themselves

”

These measures were designed not simply to mobilize massive sums of money for the war, but also to raise

Andrew Jackson was the most vocal spokesman for

that money in a way that strengthened Northern eco-

this point of view. He killed the Second Bank of the

nomic, political, and social cohesion. To augment that

United States – which he denounced as a “monster

cohesion, Republican leaders also sought to convince

bank” because it concentrated too much fi nancial

their fellow Northerners that the burden of paying the

power in one government institution.

heavy cost of the war was being fairly shared.

Jackson’s closing of the Second Bank, like his move to

The changes Lincoln and his colleagues made in the

eliminate all federal debt in the 1830s, reflected his suspi-

nation’s fi nancial system were transformative – and

cion of the motives of those who held financial power. In

of a scope and depth unprecedented up to that time.

paying off all the government’s debt, he aimed “to pre-

The only comparable period of fi nancial reform was

vent a moneyed aristocracy from growing up around our

Franklin Roosevelt’s fi rst 100 days, when the Depres-

administration that must bend to its views and ultimately

sion made Americans receptive to sweeping changes to

destroy the liberty of our country.”

improve their desperate situation.

Many Americans, like Jackson, shared the Jeffersonian

Easing the way to this revolutionary economic change

concern that if the national government borrowed too

was the departure from Congress of most Southern

much it would end up owing too much money to this

legislators – largely agrarian Democrats – when their

“aristocracy” – i.e. wealthy people who had sufficient

states seceded from the Union after Lincoln’s election.

surplus income to buy bonds, in contrast to yeoman

Most of the departed members had staunchly opposed

farmers and laborers who did not. In such circumstances,

giving more financial and political power to the

they feared, the rich would exert undue influence on the

federal government.

nation’s leaders to the detriment of the poor. Democracy

Lincoln did not accept the Jeffersonian-Jacksonian

itself, Jefferson and Jackson believed, would be threat-

view that federal borrowing must pit rural against

ened if these willful people gained excessive power.

urban, or rich against poor Americans. He believed that massive borrowing was not only necessary to raise

L

incoln and most Republicans adhered to a differ-

large sums of money (in the end it covered 60 percent

ent philosophy. They shared Alexander Hamilton’s

of the cost of the war) but also that if it were done cor-

view that sound national fi nances and robust national

rectly it could more closely tie large numbers of North-

fi nancial institutions were essential to a prosperous

erners, whom he sought to persuade to buy the bonds,

economy and a strong nation – and in the early 1860s

to the Union’s cause.

they saw these as necessary to mobilize the enormous amounts of financial resources needed to win the war.

Lincoln explained that if large numbers of people “of small means” bought bonds, rather than only the

They proceeded, during the conflict, to dramatically

wealthy, the government would be inoculated against

enlarge the federal government’s taxing authority by

the charge that its wartime borrowing was benefi ting

60 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

1809-2009

Bars, bricks, coins and nuggets of 19th century U.S. gold

the rich. “The great advantage of citizens being creditors as well as debtors with relation to the public debt,” Lincoln pointed out, is that “men readily perceive that they cannot be much oppressed by a debt which they owe themselves.” Occasionally Lincoln himself would walk over to the Treasury building next door to the White House, empty his pockets of that portion of his presidential salary he did not need for everyday expenses and buy war bonds.

T

he income tax was an even more radical departure from normal American practice. Affluent Ameri-

cans, who paid the bulk of the income tax (it was ini-

Passage of the income tax, which Chase ultimately

tially levied on incomes above $600 at a time when the

embraced because he soon saw it as a way to raise sub-

average income was only $150), deplored it as “unjust”

stantial sums of money, and other taxes on the well-to-

and a “heavy-handed federal intrusion.”

do, took on added urgency after draft riots broke out in

Some opponents also argued that this tax was undemocratic on grounds that it “punished men

New York (as vividly depicted in the movie Gangs of New York), Chicago, Detroit and other northern cities.

because they were rich.” Others claimed that it was

This violence reflected deep racial and class resent-

unconstitutional – for which there was some justifi ca-

ments – and was a constant and troubling reminder

tion. In fact, although the Civil War income tax was

to Lincoln and his colleagues that social issues and

phased out in 1872, the Supreme Court later found a

equity considerations could not be neglected if the

similar tax unconstitutional, requiring an amendment

Union was to sustain public support and obtain the

to the Constitution early in the 20th century (the 16th

required manpower for the Army. The administra-

Amendment) to establish its constitutionality.

tion and Congress saw the income tax and other pro-

The idea for the income tax came not from the Lin-

gressive taxes as needed, not only to raise money but

coln Administration but from the Congress. Chase ini-

also to demonstrate that the rich were paying their

tially opposed it, arguing that collection would require a

fair share of the cost of the war. Of course, taxes

big bureaucracy and little revenue would be generated.

were imposed on virtually everything during the war,

Legislative leaders saw it as an alternative to a proposed

so economic sacrifice extended to even the lowest-

property tax that, asserted Schuyler Colfax, an Indiana

income families.

Republican and Speaker of the House, would unfairly

Lincoln and Congress understood that Northern-

burden a farmer while “exempting a millionaire, who

ers had to bear a heavy financial burden to finance

has put his entire property into stock.” Representative

the war, and were not afraid to ask them to pay more

Justin Morrill, a Vermont Democrat and key fi gure

taxes. The Union’s leaders also recognized that war

on the House Ways and Means Committee, asked,

financing was not only about mobilizing large sums

“Ought not men…with large incomes, to pay more in

of money, as important as that was. For them it was

proportion to what they have than those with limited

also about unifying public opinion in support of the

means?” Most Americans, and a majority in the Con-

war effort and ensuring that the financial burden was

gress, believed that they should.

being shared fairly.

“

Ought not men with large incomes, to pay more in proportion to what they have than those with limited means?

”

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

61

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

The power of education For future generations, tools for the common good

By Richard Herman, chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

A

braham Lincoln’s education was of the bootstrap variety, with roots in Kentucky’s roughhewn frontier isolation. Close to 200 years

later, Lincoln’s education remains a winning formula: a curious boy, a handful of classic books, and a supportive mentor. Historian M. L. Houser wrote that our 16th president was, thanks in no small part to his encouraging mother, Nancy, “an insatiable student,” a great borrower of neighbors’ books, and that he could read – and comprehend – the Bible before he turned eight. Lincoln felt self-instruction was the key. He believed that one should read “the histories of his own and other countries, by which he may duly appreciate the value of our free institutions.”

The delight of discovery, the magic of making intellectual connections between disparate ideas from different eras, followed Lincoln from his Kentucky cabin to the Illinois statehouse into the tall doors of the White House. Because of his own experience and unimaginable success, Lincoln believed, as he said in a speech in Michigan, that “every man can make himself.”

Today we would amend the pronouns to be more inclusive, but the statement’s intent is clear: Education will not only enlighten us and feed our unending human curiosity, but it will impel us to become more active and able participants in American democracy.

In a sense, Lincoln shared the faith in education of another president, Thomas Jefferson. Historian Ronald Rietveld wrote: “He accepted Jefferson’s announcement

62 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

State Agricultural College, Kansas, the first land-grant college, which became Kansas State University after the Morrill Act

1809-2009 that, if the people are enlightened, tyranny and the oppres-

ernment to the states to create institutions of higher

sion of body and mind will vanish. The Monticello sage

learning and “to promote the liberal and practical edu-

also believed that an educated population would thus pre-

cation of the industrial classes in the several pursuits

serve constitutional principles and enact progressive legis-

and professions of life.”

lative measures. Lincoln knew the Jeffersonian credo.”

The Lincoln credo, if you will, was based on his faith that, given the great, transforming tools of education,

K

ansas State University became the very first landgrant university on February 16, 1863. More than

men and women would use them for the common good

70 others have followed. Four years after KSU’s establish-

of humankind. Naive? Maybe. Inspiring? Certainly.

ment, the Illinois Industrial University opened its doors; it

The belief in the power of education to transform

was later renamed the University of Illinois (in 1885).

The Morrill Act changed access to higher educa-

of one of the most enduring pieces of legislation of

tion forever. Up to that point, college was rarefied

Lincoln’s presidency: the Morrill Act of 1862. The Act

air for what scholar Anne Colby and her colleagues

ceded more than 17 million acres from the federal gov-

described as “a relatively small number of white,

Representative Justin Smith Morrill (1810-1898), introduced the Morrill Land Grant College Act (1862)

University Archives, Kansas State University

and to offer opportunity and access to all is at the heart

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

63

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM male students who were members of an economic

report “emphasized the diversity of U.S. society and

and social elite” preparing for “the positions of social,

insisted that education would not be ‘adequate until

economic, and political power and leadership” they

it catches the image [of the society] more exactly.’” [Italics

were destined to assume. By the early 1900s, only

added by the author.]

four decades after the Morrill Act was signed into law

Again, to quote President Lincoln: “That every

and following several other important education acts,

man may receive at least a moderate education, and

access had been broadened to “a much larger and

thereby be enabled to read the histories of his own

more diverse audience…[with a] greater emphasis on

and other countries, by which he may duly appreci-

practical and vocational education.”

ate the value of our free institutions, appears to be an

Lincoln never had the opportunity to attend an insti-

object of vital importance.”

tution such as those he created, but his signature on the Morrill Act was an acknowledgement that everyone “may receive at least a moderate education.”

“

I return often to the idea of the Morrill Act as a guidepost in my attempt to increase access to public education

”

S

adly, I believe the intent expressed in those two quotes – separated by a mere 80 years – is now

We will never know Lincoln’s exact feelings about

in peril. Almost a century and a half after the Morrill

the Act. Some historians, including Eugene Provenzo,

Act, our country is vastly richer – thanks in large part

believed Lincoln really was lukewarm about, if not

to the economic lift created by land-grant institutions.

actually indifferent to, formal education. Provenzo

And yet we seem intent on starving the geese that

wrote that “Lincoln’s failure to make reference to the

have laid our golden eggs. Annual increases in tuition

Land Grant College Act [during his next annual mes-

and fees make it increasingly hard, and in some cases

sage to Congress] is consistent with the indifference...

prohibitive, for families to send students to college.

he showed toward the public support of education

Implicit in this burden-shift is that users should pay

early in his political career.”

more and states (or taxpayers) should pay less.

But didn’t Lincoln have just a few more pressing

This affects students from all social and economic

matters on his mind when he reported on the state of

classes, but we all know that these increases hit the mid-

the Union in 1863?

dle and lower classes hardest. The danger is that the

The effect of the Act, I believe, is less in dispute than

price for access to a “moderate education” will increase

Lincoln’s feelings about it, and, as grateful chancellor

to the point that we withdraw from our mandate – and

of one of the great land-grant research universities that

Lincoln’s vision – to serve the public good.

Lincoln helped create, I return often to the idea of the

In this time of diminished financial support from

Morrill Act as a guidepost in my attempt to increase

state and federal governments, how do we stay true to

access to public education.

Lincoln’s vision? How will our citizens ever experience

In the 1940s, eight decades after Lincoln signed the

the incredible transformative power of public educa-

Morrill Act, two key reports were commissioned. The

tion if they are denied access? And, most chilling to me,

first, General Education in a Free Society, was commissioned

whom will we choose to exclude as we narrow access and

by Harvard President James Conant; the second Science:

opportunity to the riches of public higher education?

The Endless Frontier, came as a result of a direct request

Will it be a curious young woman or young man

by another great president, Franklin D. Roosevelt.

from a small town in the Land of Lincoln with an

Stephen Graubard, discussing the similarities of these

insatiable appetite for learning? Will it be someone

two reports in the 1993 volume The Research University in

perhaps inspired by the example of Lincoln, who,

a Time of Discontent, wrote that both reports “dwelled

as M. L. Houser wrote: “patiently and persistently,

on wasted talent, of those who failed to fi nish school,

year after year, sought through his own efforts to gain

who never accomplished what they might in other cir-

knowledge and power for usefulness, and rose thereby

cumstances have done....” Harvard’s general education

from obscurity to immortality...”?

64 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

UTE DIPSUM

A lifetime of words Mythic stature, moral presence, and early martyrdom

By Dianne Donovan, former literary editor of the Chicago Tribune

I

n 2005, the 140th anniversary of Abraham Lin-

tender in the arena of presidential biography? And

coln’s death, a clever little paperback titled 101

even if reliable data were available on how many

Things You Didn’t Know About Lincoln, was published.

books have been written about each, it would hardly

What is remarkable about the book has nothing to do

be a fair comparison since Washington, who died in

with its scholarship. What is remarkable is that any-

1799, had what might be called a 66-year head start.

one actually thought there might be ten things – never

Daniel Weinberg, owner of the Abraham Lincoln

mind 101 – that we didn’t already know about Lin-

Book Shop in Chicago, suggests that Lincoln is not

coln. And yet the biographies just keep on coming.

only the most written-about U.S. president, but is sec-

Whether more books have been written about the

ond only to Napoleon Bonaparte as the most written-

16th president of the United States than about any

about figure in all of history, excluding religious lead-

other, as some have claimed, is debatable. What con-

ers and subjects of literary criticism.

stitutes a “book about Abraham Lincoln”, after all?

That is a debate for another day, and no doubt

Or about George Washington, his most serious con-

someday the two will be paired in print (though it was

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

65

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

“

Lincoln’s role as the ‘Great Emancipator’ vested in him a mythic stature enhanced by the tragedy of his death

”

Lincoln’s general, George B. McClellan, who earned

quence that touched the hearts of all who heard him,

the nickname “Young Napoleon”), rather like the

or later read his words, Abraham Lincoln was not

Newsweek magazine cover story by Malcolm Jones in

just murdered, he was martyred. Had he survived, he

the summer of 2008 that pitted Lincoln against the

might well have been the primary chronicler of his life

naturalist Charles Darwin, asking: “Who was more

and times, but he was robbed of that opportunity, and

important: Lincoln or Darwin?” It was, one suspects,

history is the poorer for it. As it was, the field lay open

a slow week for news.

for others to tell his story, and it didn’t take long for the

But despite the “What tastes better: apples or

books to start coming.

oranges?” tenor of the story, it was fascinating in

Certainly, biographies of Lincoln already had been

the way that stories about Lincoln seem always to

published, dating to his run for president in 1860. Wil-

intrigue. Supposedly, Bennett Cerf, the publisher and

liam Dean Howells, then a writer for the Ohio State Jour-

co-founder of Random House who died in 1971,

nal, was commissioned by the paper to write The Life of

when asked how to guarantee a best-selling book,

Abraham Lincoln that year, and a book about the candi-

replied that it should be called Lincoln’s Doctor’s Dog

date, which called him “Abram Lincoln,” reportedly was

because those three words sold the most books. True

in circulation at the Republican convention.

or not, the title has been used in a television show, a movie, and at least one book.

But it was only after Lincoln’s assassination that the literary floodgate opened. The year after his

But skillful marketing is not the reason behind the

death, his friend Isaac Arnold published The History

millions of words that have been written about Lin-

of Abraham Lincoln, and he was one of the first among

coln, and the thousands of books that have touched

many, many friends, acquaintances and hangers-on

on his life. “Honest Abe” holds a unique place in the

who wrote early, mostly hagiographic reminiscences

hearts, minds, and imaginations of Americans, and of

about the president. Starting in 1886, Century maga-

people around the world, because of a particular set

zine began publishing in serial form Abraham Lincoln:

of circumstances that make the story of his life, in its

A History by the president’s private secretaries, John

every aspect, an iconic tale, a rich and fertile field for

G. Nicolay and John Hay. The book form was later

the historian.

published in ten volumes, and distinguished itself as a history not just of the man, but also of the times in

H

e came from humble roots, but was hardly alone

which he lived. In 1902, it was reissued in condensed

among presidents in that respect. More to the

form as A Short Life of Abraham Lincoln by John Nico-

point, he led the country not just in wartime, but in a

lay, a volume that is still available. Among the more

war that tested the very tenets of the Constitution itself.

interesting of the late 19th-century biographies was

Not only does wartime generally make a nation’s leader

one by Lincoln’s law partner, William H. Herndon,

more worthy of hindsight’s eye, but no book about the

and aptly titled, Herndon’s Lincoln. It is a testament to

Civil War could be complete without mention of Presi-

the endless intellectual fodder Lincoln has offered

dent Lincoln. What’s more, this was a war fought over

historians that Lincoln biographer David Herbert

slavery, that great stain on the country’s history, and

Donald wrote an even more interesting – and just

Lincoln’s role as the “Great Emancipator” vested in

as aptly titled – biography of the earlier author, Lin-

him a moral presence and mythic stature that would

coln’s Herndon, published in 1989. One has to wonder

only be enhanced by the tragedy of his death. Other

if some future scholar might write Lincoln’s Herndon’s

presidents have been assassinated, but because of the

Donald. It has the vague ring of a bestseller.

war, because of slavery, and because of a personal elo-

66 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

In fact, that notion may not be so far-fetched. The

1809-2009

variety of topics about which Lincoln biographers have chosen to write is as impressive as the sheer number of books. Besides the sweeping story of his life and times, of which a handful or more are exemplary, there are books about Lincoln’s health and his sex life – 2005 alone saw the publication of Joshua

mate World of Abraham Lincoln, about whether he was gay – his wife (most discussing the question of her sanity), his mother, his unruly Cabinet (which got quite different but equally in-depth treatment from Burton Hendrick in the 1940s and Doris Kearns

© Harper Collins

presidential depression, and C. A. Tripp’s The Inti-

© University of Illinois Press

Wolf Shenk’s Lincoln’s Melancholy, which diagnoses

Goodwin in 2005), and, of course, myriad volumes devoted to his stewardship of a country at war with itself.

F

acing such an embarrassment of riches, Daniel Weinberg has attempted to assist the budding

Lincoln scholar by recommending the “basic books” © Oxford University Press, USA

necessary for the essential Lincoln library – and has for a few stellar modern volumes, including any of a number of volumes edited or authored by Harold Holzer, who provides invaluable research and insights into how Lincoln was perceived by his contempo-

© Simon & Schuster

listed 157 titles. A busy reader, though, might settle

raries; Stephen B. Oates’ With Malice Toward None (1977); James M. McPherson’s Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (1991); David Herbert Donald’s Lincoln (1996); Doris Kearns Goodwin’s Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (2005); and Douglas L. Wilson’s Lincoln’s Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words (2006).

Wilson’s book is less a biography of the man than an insightful analysis of how he came, with his rugged

president. It is included here among the others as a reminder that, in large part, it has been not just his biographers’ words but his own that have made Abraham Lincoln an enduring American icon.

© Vintage Books

arguably most quoted, certainly most eloquent,

© Vintage Books

roots and humble background, to be the country’s

A selection of covers from key Lincoln biographies

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

67

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

Taking up the mantle Modern presidents ask: “What would Lincoln do?”

By Richard Norton Smith, historian and scholar-in-residence, George Mason University, and founding director, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Springfield, Illinois

W

ednesday June 5, 1940 was a dreary day at

It is no accident that the president against whom all oth-

the White House. Forced to look on help-

ers are measured is also the greatest politician ever to

lessly as Nazi battalions devoured France,

occupy the White House.

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s mood was not improved by a

This point is not lost on his presidential acolytes.

meeting, arranged at his wife’s behest, with 50 youthful

Theodore Roosevelt, who wore a ring containing a

idealists in the State Dining Room. Angered by their

lock of Lincoln’s hair, and transplanted boxwood cut-

host’s shift from the social concerns of the New Deal to

tings from his hero’s Springfi eld home to Sagamore

those of national defense, the visitors tested even FDR’s

Hill, classifi ed presidents as Lincoln types and Buch-

habitual geniality.

anan types: “When I am confronted with a great

Roosevelt took refuge in history. He recalled a time,

problem,” said Roosevelt of the Lincoln portrait

80 years earlier, when another wartime president had

behind his desk, “I look up to that picture, and I do

confessed plainly not to be in control of events, but

as I believe Lincoln would have done.” One won-

rather, to be controlled by them. To one persistent

ders: Would Lincoln have embraced the Rooseveltian

questioner he directed a query of his own: Had the

stewardship theory of the presidency, under which

young man read Carl Sandburg’s epic biography of

a president is empowered to take virtually any

Abraham Lincoln? Informed that he had not, FDR

action not explicitly prohibited by the Constitution?

administered a gentle, if unmistakable, verbal spanking: “I think the impression was that Lincoln was a pretty sad man,” claimed Roosevelt. As “one of those

“

When I am confronted with a great problem, I do as I believe Lincoln would have done

”

T

rue or false, what matters is that the first Roosevelt – and the second, for that matter – sincerely

unfortunate people called a politician,” America’s 16th

believed that he would, applying in peacetime the

president suffered from persistent melancholy, trace-

same spacious view of executive authority as when the

able in part to the realization that “he couldn’t get it

nation’s very survival lay in doubt. Crisis management

all at once.” Here FDR paused, before noting emphati-

aside, Lincoln transformed the presidency from chief

cally, “Nobody can.”

administrator to national agenda-setter. Long before

How much of Sandburg’s literary monument

Roosevelt mounted his bully pulpit, Lincoln had estab-

Roosevelt had actually read is open to question;

lished himself as the original “Great Communicator.”

according to his latest biographer, H. W. Brands, the

A classic example was his carefully crafted reply to a

president’s reading tastes ran to dime mysteries. That

group of New York Democrats protesting the arrest of

Roosevelt was Lincoln-haunted, however, was beyond

Ohio congressman Clement Vallandigham, accused

doubt. The same could be said about most of the 26

by the Lincoln Administration of promoting military

men who have followed in Lincoln’s outsized footprints.

desertion and hindering the draft.

68 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

UTE DIPSUM

Andrew Johnson, Democrat Apr 15, 1865 – Mar 4, 1869

Ulysses S. Grant, Republican Mar 4, 1869 – Mar 4, 1877

Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican Mar 4, 1877 – Mar 4, 1881

James A. Garfield, Republican Mar 4, 1881 – Sep 19, 1881

Chester A. Arthur, Republican Sep 19, 1881 – Mar 4, 1885

Grover Cleveland, Democrat Mar 4, 1885 – Mar 4, 1889 and Mar 4, 1893 – Mar 4, 1897

Benjamin Harrison, Republican Mar 4, 1889 – Mar 4, 1893

William McKinley, Republican Mar 4, 1897 – Sep 14, 1901

Theodore Roosevelt, Republican Sep 14, 1901 – Mar 4, 1909

William Howard Taft, Republican Mar 4, 1909 – Mar 4, 1913

Woodrow Wilson, Democrat Mar 4, 1913 – Mar 4, 1921

Warren G. Harding, Republican Mar 4, 1921 – Aug 2, 1923

Calvin Coolidge, Republican Aug 2, 1923 – Mar 4, 1929

Herbert Hoover, Republican Mar 4, 1929 – Mar 4, 1933

Franklin D. Roosevelt, Democrat Mar 4, 1933 – Apr 12, 1945

Harry S. Truman, Democrat April 12, 1945 – Jan 20, 1953

Dwight D. Eisenhower, Republican Jan 20, 1953 – Jan 20, 1961

John F. Kennedy, Democrat Jan 20, 1961 – Nov 22, 1963

Lyndon B. Johnson, Democrat Nov 22, 1963 – Jan 20, 1969

Richard Nixon, Republican Jan 20, 1969 – Aug 9, 1974

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

69

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM “Must I shoot a simple-minded boy who deserts,”

In the 1930s, FDR had invoked the same words to jus-

asked Lincoln rhetorically, “while I must not touch a

tify a dramatic expansion of federal power in order to res-

hair of the wily agitator who induces him to desert?”

cue democratic capitalism from itself. No surprise here;

Half a million copies of his letter were printed for dis-

sooner or later, virtually every president wraps himself

tribution. These, in turn, were read by as many as 10

in the Lincoln mantle. Lincoln is the patron saint – some

million people – a far greater share of the electorate

might argue the security blanket – of chief executives as

than might watch an Oval Office address on television

assertive, misunderstood, or unpopular as he was during

today. No less a literary critic than the public printer

his lifetime. Thus Harry Truman likened his firing of the

disparaged Lincoln’s use of phrases like “sugar-coated”

insubordinate General Douglas MacArthur to Lincoln’s

as unpresidential. Lincoln knew better. Above all, he

dismissal of the sluggish George B. McClellan. Before

grasped the essential truth of democratic government:

Ronald Reagan enlisted Lincoln in support of Nica-

that there can be no authority without moral authority.

raguan contras, before Bill Clinton cited Lincoln to

His successors took note. Vallandigham’s name

sanction Boris Yeltsin’s brutal repression of Chechnya,

resurfaced in April 1941, when Franklin Roosevelt

Lyndon Johnson claimed a Lincolnian blessing for his

likened Colonel Charles Lindbergh, the darling of

policies in Vietnam.

Gerald Ford, Republican Aug 9, 1974 – Jan 20, 1977

Jimmy Carter, Democrat Jan 20, 1977 – Jan 20, 1981

America First isolationists, to Civil War Copperheads.

On another occasion, FDR regaled reporters with the famous meeting of the Lincoln Cabinet at which the

I

nsisting “this nation was torn apart in an ideological way by the war in Vietnam, as much as the Civil War

president called the roll, discovered he was the only

tore apart the nation when Lincoln was president,”

one voting “aye,” then announced, “The ayes have

Richard Nixon used national security – and Lincoln’s

it.” It is an oft-told tale among presidents, for obvi-

ghost – to legalize illegal burglaries and wiretaps. Is

ous reasons. Woodrow Wilson related the same story

anyone surprised that George W. Bush, presiding over

to former British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith on

a controversial war in Iraq, should feel a special affinity

the eve of the Versailles Peace Conference. Harry

with the wartime leader who attracted more ridicule

Truman shared it with his Cabinet in May 1945, an

than respect among his contemporaries?

ironic tribute to department heads whose role had

As Lincoln recedes in memory, his legacy in mat-

atrophied under the New Deal. Dwight Eisenhower

ters of race, economic management, and civil lib-

quoted it in his presidential memoirs to describe the

erties in wartime grows ever more elastic. Gerald

civilian equivalent of a war council.

Ford recognized as much when he declared himself,

Not content to hang Lincoln’s portrait in the Cabinet

with becoming modesty, to be a Ford and not a Lin-

Room, Ike painted his own likeness of the first Republi-

coln. Few of his contemporaries have followed suit,

can president. But the Lincoln to whom he paid tribute

it being almost impossible for a president to refrain

was not the democratic dictator who suspended habeas

from asking in times of trial, “What would Lincoln

corpus, declared a blockade of the South, and engineered

do?” Might I suggest a simpler, more universal test

the nation’s first income tax. To the contrary, it was Lin-

of presidential performance, one crafted in Lincoln’s

coln the decentralizer, the common laborer’s son who

own words?

employed Hamiltonian means to achieve Jeffersonian

“The occasion is piled high with difficulty,” Lincoln

ends. “The legitimate object of government is to do

told his countrymen in December 1862, “and we must

for a community of people whatever they need to

rise with the occasion.” A century and a half later, we

have done, but can not do at all, or can not so well do,

are left to ponder this fact – that had Lincoln failed to

for themselves,” Eisenhower quoted Lincoln. “In all

meet his own standard, had he been a different kind

that the people can individually do as well for them-

of president, less elusive, more conventional, he might

selves, government ought not to interfere.”

very well have been America’s last president.

70 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

Ronald Reagan, Republican Jan 20, 1981 – Jan 20, 1989

George H. W. Bush, Republican Jan 20, 1989 – Jan 20, 1993

Bill Clinton, Democrat Jan 20, 1993 – Jan 20, 2001

George W. Bush, Republican Jan 20, 2001 – Jan 20, 2009

UTE DIPSUM

President-elect Barack Obama

Asked at his first post-election news conference what he was doing to prepare for the presidency, President-elect Barack Obama replied that he already had spoken with all of the living ex-presidents, and he added: “I have re-read some of Lincoln’s writings.” Lincoln, he said, is “always an extraordinary inspiration.”

Extraordinary, indeed. Other presidents may have been “Lincoln-haunted,” but Obama makes no secret of being Lincoln-inspired.

At his election-night celebration in Chicago’s Grant Park, the president-elect invoked Lincoln twice. Paraphrasing the concluding phrases of the Gettysburg Address, he lauded the volunteers who had flocked by the thousands to his campaign as proof that, more than two centuries after the nation’s founding: “government of the people, by the people and for the people has not perished from this earth.”

Alluding to the frequently bitter campaign that he and

Senator John McCain had just waged, Obama recalled Lincoln’s words in his First Inaugural Address “to a nation far more divided than ours: ‘We are not enemies but friends. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection.’”

The organizers of Obama’s own inaugural festivities went to Lincoln for the theme that will run through all of those events, “A New Birth of Freedom,” also from the Gettysburg Address. It is worth reading the words in context: “It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion – that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain – that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom – and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

71

LAW

The law, then and now Lawyer Lincoln wouldn’t recognize today’s legal world

By Daniel Farber, Sho Sato Professor of Law and director, Environmental Law Program, Boalt Hall, University of California at Berkeley

Above: Lincoln practiced law in this office between 1843 and 1850

72

T

hanks to the efforts of the Illinois Historic

in lawyering between the mid-19th century and the

Preservation Agency, we now know more about

early 21st century are far more striking.

Lincoln’s law practice than about that of any

This is not because, as the popular image would have

other lawyer of his era – perhaps more than we know

it, Lincoln was a rustic backwoods lawyer, riding from

about any other lawyer’s practice, ever. More than

town to town to defend individuals from injustice by

100,000 documents relating to Lincoln’s law practice

speaking to jurors’ consciences. Today we know that

are now available online.

this image was only partially correct. Much of Lincoln’s

Many of these documents were fairly routine or were

practice involved debt collection, suing individuals who

drafted by his partner, William Herndon, so they are

had borrowed money against promissory notes and

not necessarily illuminating about Lincoln’s thought

had defaulted on their payments. He also represented

processes. The cases themselves rarely pose particularly

railroads in some significant litigation, and took on pat-

interesting legal issues; still, we do learn a great deal

ent cases and other more complex litigation.

about the lawsuits, what papers were filed, and how

Yet there is a grain of truth to the popular image.

the cases progressed. As we learn more about Lincoln’s

Lincoln did “ride circuit” along the muddy roads of

practice, we obviously find commonalities with current

central Illinois, and he did shine in the courtroom,

legal practice. But in some ways, the profound changes

often in cases involving ordinary individuals.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

1809-2009 Still, defaulted loans, breached contracts, physical assaults, and property disputes were the routine of

traveling around from courthouse to courthouse in rural areas to argue cases.

his life as a successful lawyer in a growing but largely

Today, all of this has changed. Law is no longer an

agricultural region. He was capable of shrewd cross-

all-male preserve, or, for that matter, a white enclave as it

examination or stirring summations for juries, and

was in his time. In terms of size, there are still very small

he was well respected by his peers. But the record

firms such as Lincoln’s, but American law firms now

does not indicate that he was extraordinary in his

can include up to 1,000 lawyers, with offices across the

legal work.

United States and in foreign cities from Hong Kong to

In some ways, law was what Lincoln did for a liv-

Paris. Even small firms are much more likely to special-

ing, not, seemingly, a deeply held vocation. He was

ize than in the 19th century, concentrating on a specific

much more a politician at heart than a lawyer, let alone

area such as consumer bankruptcy, insurance disputes,

a legal philosopher. He did think deeply about con-

criminal law, or family law. And even in the most remote

stitutional issues, particularly about those relating to

area, lawyers can access thousands of volumes through

the status of slavery and the nature of the Union, but

online services such as Lexis and Westlaw.

these were issues that arose in his political life, not in his legal practice.

“

Lincoln’s neighbors were said to be astounded by his desire to become a lawyer

”

The route to becoming a lawyer has changed even more dramatically. Like the large majority of lawyers

Historians continue to debate Lincoln’s attitude

in his day, Lincoln did not go to law school. Instead, he

toward law as an institution. The truth is that the record

“read the law”; he was unusual only in that he did his

on this point is scant and ambiguous. As a young man,

reading independently, rather than being under the tu-

he wrote a passionate address praising strict adherence

telage of an established lawyer. His neighbors were said

to the rule of law as the only safeguard for democratic

to be astounded by his desire to become a lawyer – but

government. But as president, he countenanced direct

that must be true of many a prospective lawyer today.

disobedience of a court order, when Chief Justice Roger Taney declared that Lincoln lacked the power to suspend habeas corpus. In between, he suggested that court

T

he difference is that a modern-day Lincoln would have to go to law school rather than study on his

judgments in individual cases, such as Dred Scott, were

own. Today, becoming a lawyer by reading the law is

binding but that the Supreme Court’s pronouncements

almost a forgotten memory. This route to becoming a

Graduates of Harvard Law School raise gavels during Commencement exercises at Harvard University in Cambridge, June 2008

about the law were not, at least not unless they were firmly settled. Lincoln’s legal work accustomed him to working with large numbers of diverse people, with framing persuasive arguments for different audiences, and with the problems that many Americans faced in everyday life. Whether it had a deeper effect on his philosophy is unprovable.

Perhaps what is most striking about Lincoln’s work as a lawyer is how dramatically the legal world has changed since his time. Institutionally, it has become far larger and more complex, as well as being more diverse.

Lincoln practiced in two-man law fi rms, relying on a small number of reference volumes for knowledge of the law. He belonged to a small community of men who knew each other well, particularly from the ordeal of “riding circuit”, which involved spending weeks

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

73

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

“

In Lincoln’s day any lawsuit had to fit within one of the recognized writs dating back to the Middle Ages

”

lawyer is closed in all but a few states, and even in those

less structured, and issues of substance were no longer

it is little used. Instead, three years of law school have

confined by procedural straitjackets.

become standard. Barriers to entry such as the Law

Lincoln’s acquisition of basic legal knowledge through

School Admission Test (LSAT) or college grade point

self-education was possible not only because of his

requirements did not exist in Lincoln’s time – indeed,

exceptional dedication and intelligence, but also because

Lincoln did not even have a high school diploma, let

there was much less law to learn. There were no income

alone high grades in college. The modern bar examina-

tax, civil rights laws, environmental regulations, securi-

tion also did not exist, with its elaborate multiple choice

ties regulations, zoning ordinances. There was a federal

and essay questions. Instead, the norm was an informal

bankruptcy law for only a few years during Lincoln’s

oral interrogation by established lawyers. And modern

professional life – a bankruptcy law had been passed by

requirements of continuing legal education were un-

Congress and then quickly repealed because of com-

heard of – the law changed too slowly for anyone to

plaints from creditors. Corporate law was in its infancy,

worry that lawyers’ knowledge would become obsolete

awaiting the huge business firms that arose after the Civil

over their careers.

War. Those firms would also trigger the creation of an-

William Blackstone’s four-volume treatise, the great

titrust law, but not until long after Lincoln’s death. Much

18th-century survey of the law, was still the standard

of modern constitutional law revolves around the 14th

reference with which Lincoln and many other aspir-

Amendment, which came into being because of Recon-

ing lawyers began. Nearly all of what Lincoln needed

struction (and thus, indirectly, because of Lincoln him-

to learn was part of the common law, the judge-made

self). The Supreme Court had accumulated only seven

body of rules that had evolved in England and the

decades of precedent when Lincoln died, but today it

United States over centuries. Today, although the com-

has had three times as long to elaborate its interpretation

mon law remains the preoccupation of the first year of

of the Constitution. Of course, the law that Lincoln had

law school, most legal rules are contained in legislation

to master was not simple; in some ways, its medieval en-

such as the Uniform Commercial Code, the Federal

crustations made it harder to understand than modern

Rules of Evidence, the Clean Air Act, and so on.

legal rules. Lincoln had to memorize more Latin than a modern law student will ever see. But there were simply

I

74

t was still true in Lincoln’s day, as it had been

fewer legal rules that had to be mastered.

true in Blackstone’s and for centuries before, that

This is not to say that the law of Lincoln’s time had

any lawsuit had to fit within one of the recognized

been static, because society had gone through impor-

writs dating back to the Middle Ages. A tort injury

tant changes since Blackstone’s compendium of the

claim had to fit with trespass or conversion; a con-

common law. But the transformations since Lincoln’s

tract claim needed to fit with assumpsit or debt.

time have been far more profound, as the law adapted

These writs were essentially forms that had to be

to the Industrial Revolution and then to post-industrial

used for any legal complaint; a complaint that could

society. The complexities of modern society have been

not be squeezed into the requirements of one of

matched by increasingly complex bodies of law, while

these forms could not be brought at all. In the years

law firms themselves have gone through the same

after Lincoln died, these writs were first replaced by

process of growth and specialization as other

state procedural codes in the later 19th century and

businesses. Undoubtedly, if he were alive today,

then in the 20th century by the federal rules of civil

Lincoln’s talents and character would have made

procedure (upon which most state procedures are

him a great lawyer – but his hypothetical life as a

modeled today). The ancient distinction between law

21st-century lawyer would be far different than that

and equity was abolished. As a result, lawsuits became

of the historical lawyer Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

1809-2009

The better angels A spiritual life grounded in unwavering moral consciousness

By Mark Noll, Francis A. McAnaney Professor of History, University of Notre Dame

T

he religion of Abraham Lincoln is a perennially

cally for souls on the opening frontier. From these early

fascinating and perennially contentious subject.

years, he seems to have retained a strongly providential

It is fascinating because the nation’s 16th presi-

view of reality, while wanting no part in conflict over

dent so obviously displayed a deep religious sensibility.

Abraham Lincoln reading the Bible to members of his family. From left: Mrs Lincoln, their sons Robert and Thaddeus (c.1860)

competing religious claims.

It is contentious because so many different religious

As a young man in New Salem, Illinois, Lincoln read

groups (and a few anti-religious ones) have claimed

Tom Paine’s religious works and the writings of others

Lincoln as their own.

who were suspect in their day for questioning traditional

As a boy in Kentucky and Indiana, he was schooled

Christian teachings. Even by this time, however, it was

in the religion of his family, which was Calvinism of the

obvious that early reading and hearing of the Scriptures

sort practiced by Separate Baptist churches. The domi-

had created a lifetime’s reservoir of expressive biblical

nant theme in these churches was divine control over

phrases and enduring familiarity with biblical themes.

all human events (including eternal salvation or dam-

In 1846, and for the only time in his life, Lincoln

nation). Lincoln’s Baptists were strongly committed to

wrote about his faith publicly when supporters of

democratic ideals of congregational autonomy that

his opponent in a race for Congress, the Methodist

rejected outside control in favor of local self-govern-

circuit-rider Peter Cartwright, accused him of religious

ment. After he moved to New Salem, Illinois, Lincoln

infidelity. Lincoln replied with these carefully chosen

witnessed a great deal of interreligious strife, as local

but noncommittal words: “That I am not a member

ministers and itinerating preachers competed energeti-

of any Christian Church, is true; but I have never

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

75

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM denied the truth of the Scriptures; and I have never spoken with intentional disrespect of religion in general, or of any denomination of Christians in particular.”

B

y the time Lincoln married Mary Todd in 1842, his religion had become a mostly private affair.

He did not object to his wife’s regular worship fi rst at Episcopalian and then Presbyterian churches, where he would sometimes join her, especially in their last years in Springfield. Lincoln also enjoyed good relationships with at least two Presbyterian ministers from the conservative Old School branch of that denomination. James Smith of Springfield’s First Presbyterian Church was a particular help to the family after the death of the Lincolns’ four-year old son, Eddie, in 1850; in Washington, Lincoln maintained a cordial relation with Phineas D. Gurley of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church (Gurley preached the funeral sermon at the White House in April 1865). Yet despite these connections, Lincoln never joined a church, he rarely mentioned Jesus, and he was certainly not a born-again believer or a committed evangelical Christian in the modern sense of those terms.

In addition, Lincoln’s style of life did not square with any identifiable sect of believers or anti-believers.

“

Both [sides] read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other

76

”

Although he abstained from drink and tobacco along

after the early death in battle of friends from Illinois,

with many of the era’s stricter Protestants, he never hid

and then of his own son Willie in February 1862, the

his love of the theater; he also engaged frequently in

president seemed to ponder more deeply the ways

risqué verbal horseplay and frivolities frowned upon

of God with the creation. In September 1862, as he

by many religious leaders. When the Lincolns came to

moved toward issuing the Emancipation Proclamation,

Washington in early 1861, the president-elect brought

Lincoln wrote a short memorandum to himself that his

with him a strong knowledge of the Bible, though no

secretaries later labeled a “Meditation on the Divine

denominational affiliation. He possessed an unswerv-

Will.” In it he speculated along lines taken by very few

ing moral consciousness that particularly scorned the

of his contemporaries, since most of them were con-

economic injustice of one person’s reaping the fruits

fi dent in God’s support for one side or the other. To

of another person’s labor, a principle that grounded

Lincoln, by contrast, “In the present civil war it is quite

his enduring opposition to slavery. He also displayed a

possible that God’s purpose is something different from

nearly absolute dedication to the highest American ide-

the purpose of either” – the North or the South.

als as spelled out in the Declaration of Independence

As the confl ci t went on, the deepening of Lin-

– for Lincoln to save the Union was tantamount to pre-

coln’s faith also went on. Some of that deepening was

serving those ideals.

reflected in a heightened respect for Scripture. In 1864,

The experiences of a cataclysmic war pointed the

when a delegation of freed African-Americans from

way to deeper moral and spiritual maturity. Especially

Baltimore presented him with a Bible, Lincoln replied

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

UTE DIPSUM

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, March 1865

that Scripture “is the best gift God has given to man.

“the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous al-

All the good the Saviour gave to the world was com-

together.” That providential accounting of American

municated through this book. But for it we could not

history became Lincoln’s basis for the great perora-

know right from wrong.”

tion that followed: “With malice toward none, with

Even more impressive was Lincoln’s own use of the

charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives

Bible, especially in the Second Inaugural Address of

us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work

March 1865, where he depicted God not as fighting

we are in....”

for one side or the other, but as himself the one who

The mature Lincoln of the last Springfield years and

controlled all destinies. After observing that in the

during his time in Washington appears to have been

Civil War: “Both [sides] read the same Bible and pray

seriously religious, certainly familiar with the Scrip-

to the same God, and each invokes His aid against

tures, and not publicly opposed to main tenets of the

the other”; and after restating his own opposition to

Christian faith. His belief in providence was strong,

slavery as a great wrong, Lincoln went on to quote the

sometimes expressed in nearly Christian terms, other

Gospel of Matthew: “Let us judge not, that we be not

times much closer to a belief in impersonal fate or

judged.” Then he reminded his listeners that if the

destiny. On the spirituality of this singular leader, his

war would continue until the quantity of its sacrifice

wife may have been the best witness when she said

equaled the quantity of bloodshed created by the “of-

shortly after Lincoln’s death that he was “a religious

fence” of slavery, nonetheless (quoting the 19th Psalm)

man always” but not “a technical Christian.”

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

77

78

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

1809-2009

The artists’ inspiration Artists throughout the ages have been moved and inspired by Lincoln

By David Grubin, award-winning director, writer, cinematographer and producer of programs such as the PBS documentary, Marie Antoinette

o American president has inspired more artists

Artists were drawn to Lincoln by more than the dem-

than Abraham Lincoln. Sculptors, composers,

ocratic ideals he came to represent, or the archetypal

playwrights, filmmakers, and poets have turned

outline of his biography. There was something they

to Lincoln and found their muse. For many, Lincoln

intuited about his complex inner life that moved them.

seems to embody America itself.

Lincoln was a profoundly melancholy man – brooding,

N

In marble and bronze, he has been memorialized in

driven, wrestling not only with the nation’s grave politi-

more than 200 statues in more than 30 states by sculp-

cal problems, but also with dark, internal forces that, at

tors, from Gutzon Borglum (who put him on Mount

times, threatened to overwhelm him. In spite of less than

Rushmore and named his son Lincoln) and Augustus

a year of formal education, Lincoln called upon words

Saint-Gaudens, to Daniel Chester French, whose mag-

to articulate his deepest fears and forebodings. In his

nificent Lincoln Memorial is perhaps America’s great-

own way, Lincoln was an artist, finding in the artful use

est work of public art, and certainly its most beloved.

of language a healing power. It was a skill he honed as

Sculptors loved his long, sad, craggy face – hardly the

a young man.

face of a movie star, yet Hollywood has embraced him, too, in more than 200 films.

Gutzon Borglum works on the eye of Abraham Lincoln during the construction of the Mount Rushmore Memorial

In 1844, aged 35 and a prominent lawyer with a family, Lincoln visited his boyhood home in south central

His rise from the log cabin where he was born to the

Indiana. He had never returned before, but when a

White House is at the center of the American dream –

group of Whig politicians invited him to speak nearby, a

ripe for mythologizing. And as John Ford, whose Young

political trip became a pilgrimage into the past.

Mr. Lincoln is itself a study in Lincoln’s legendary nobility

Lincoln had been just seven when, in 1816, his fam-

and strength, famously believed: “When the legend be-

ily moved to Indiana in the dead of winter to lay claim

comes fact, print the legend.”

to a remote piece of land in the wilderness. His near-

As Americans began fighting in World War II, the

est neighbor lived more than a mile away. The cease-

composer Aaron Copland drew on Lincoln’s own

less, punishing work to build a life on the frontier, the

words for A Lincoln Portrait to remind Americans what

loneliness and isolation, the howling of wolves and the

they were fighting for. Walt Whitman, too, though he

terrifying scream of panthers all left their mark. Later,

never met him, felt a keen bond with the president who

when Lincoln grew successful, he turned his back on

met his gaze as Lincoln rode through Washington in his

the hardscrabble world he had come from. The Indiana

carriage. Lincoln’s assassination was a shattering expe-

homestead, as well as the log cabin in Kentucky, were

rience. Whitman poured out his grief, epitomizing the

painful memories he had long ago tried to erase.

nation’s sorrow in poems that became enormously pop-

Perhaps Lincoln could contemplate the journey home

ular. The poet was asked to read O Captain, My Captain so

in 1844 because, by then, he had grown secure – a proud

many times he once said he was sorry he ever wrote it.

member of the best society in Springfield, with a thriving

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

79

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM law practice and auspicious political prospects – but nev-

“

ertheless, it was brave of Lincoln to return to Indiana.

She was my angel mother.

All that I am, or hope ever to be, I owe to her

”

Life “in the tombs” perfectly describes the depression Lincoln battled. He was a “companion of the

Lincoln, a friend said, was a “shut-mouthed man.” He

dead,” who was discovering how language could

never talked to anyone about the childhood ghosts he

help him manage profound grief and numbing sad-

would encounter there, but once he fell into their grip, he

ness. Although he had some of his poems published

turned to the only way he knew to exorcise them – poetry.

anonymously in the spring of 1847 in the Quincy Whig,

My childhood’s home I see again And sadden with the view...

Lincoln never aspired to be a poet. He was a man of

In this tender poem, he speaks directly in the first per-

and spent hours brooding on lines from Shakespeare’s

son, quietly meditating on the tension between what was,

tragedies. He would later write that he pondered the

and what is, calling upon memory to sacralize everything

meaning of life with such “intensity of thought,” that

that had been lost.

he wore ideas “thread bare” and turned them “to the

So memory will hallow all We’ve known, but know no more.

But memory cuts in both directions: Just as it can bring the past back to life, it is a reminder of what is gone.

Near twenty years have passed away Since here I bid farewell To woods and fields, and scenes of play, And playmates loved so well...

The friends I left that parting day, How changed, as time has sped!

Young childhood grown, strong manhood gray, And half of all are dead.

The rhyming quatrains and regular rhythms temper the pain of his loss, mediating and gentling it, but there is no mistaking what lurks beneath the lines, the unseen power that is driving him to write – death.

In October 1818, as the Lincolns struggled to make a life on the frontier, a mysterious illness swept through Indiana and found its way into the Lincoln home, taking the life of his beloved mother. Nancy Hanks Lincoln was just 34 when she died. Lincoln was nine and he never got over the loss. “She was,” he said later, “my angel mother. All that I am, or hope ever to be, I owe to her.”

His mother’s death turned his mind and spirit toward a kind of fatalism. All his life, he would brood deeply over death, and struggle with depression.

I hear the loved survivors tell How nought from death could save Till every sound appears a knell And every spot a grave.

I range the fields with pensive tread, And pace the hollow rooms, And feel (companion of the dead) I’m living in the tombs.

80 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

practical ambition. But he would always love poetry

bitterness of death.”

A

ll his life Lincoln wrestled with words, struggling fi rst to give expression to his own feelings,

then to those of his fellow countrymen. When the Civil War brought death to Americans on a monumental scale, he was prepared to use words to comfort them. His intensely felt personal concerns fl owed into the larger drama of the nation. Loss had become a communal experience. By the time he was crafting his presidential speeches, the colloquial, ordinary language of his poetry had long given way to a formal, elevated, ceremonial style – something more “fi tting and proper.” But in his speech at Gettysburg, as he honors “the brave men who struggled here” by proclaiming that “we can never forget what they did here,” he echoes the poem he had written almost two decades before, in which he invoked memory to “hallow all we’ve known, but know no more.” And when the war was over, in the soaring speech at his second inauguration, he sought to “bind up the nation’s wounds,” just as he had once tried to assuage his own.

As he labored to restore the shattered union, Lincoln’s tragic sense of life mirrored the tragedy that befell the nation. By merging his own grief with the grief of other Americans, Lincoln gave voice and meaning to the collective suffering. Although he no longer wrote in rhyming quatrains, he was nonetheless a poet, with all the poet’s empathy and gift for language. Perhaps, in the end, that is why so many artists have felt a kinship with him.

1809-2009

By Julia Keller, cultural critic of the Chicago Tribune and author of Mr. Gatling’s Terrible Marvel: The Gun That Changed Everything and the Misunderstood Genius Who Invented It

Arms and the man A fancier of firearms – and why not?

L Emblems of the Civil War by Alexander Pope (c.1888), which includes the Springfield model 1861: the most widely used shoulder firearm during the Civil War

incoln liked guns. We are not accustomed to

intriguing – but relatively obscure – aspect of the life

thinking of Abraham Lincoln, that most cere-

and passions of this most studied of presidents.

bral and contemplative of our presidents, as

Lincoln continues to surprise us – another measure

someone comfortable with – even fascinated by – fire-

of his greatness. In the thorny debates that forever

arms. Yet he was. And as American culture continues

bedevil a democracy, from race relations to civil lib-

its long debate over the moral and legal implications

erties to economic justice, we find ourselves wonder-

of firearms ownership (revealed most recently in the

ing: “What would Lincoln do?” For despite the mas-

Supreme Court’s decision in June 2008 to affirm an

sive and ever-expanding number of biographies and

individual right to gun ownership under the Second

social histories and scholarly studies of the man, we

Amendment), Lincoln’s attitude toward guns is an

continue to find new ways of looking at Lincoln. We

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

81

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

“

Lincoln was interested in the newfangled weapons that were beginning to make a splash in the armaments world

”

never come to the end of learning about him or of

pistons pushed and propellers turned and machines

being educated by him.

functioned. Lincoln wrote beautiful speeches and was

His abiding interest in firearms is a case in point. We

prone to thinking deep thoughts – but he also liked to

cannot know, of course, precisely how Lincoln would

fiddle around with mechanical things. He was besot-

have felt about the recent Supreme Court decision

ted with the telegraph. He loved locomotives. The son

validating the right of American citizens to maintain

of a carpenter, Lincoln had grown up working with

fi rearms for self-defense. But certainly the 16th presi-

his hands. Many people don’t realize that Lincoln is

dent would not have been at all surprised by the fact

the only president to hold a patent: He obtained U.S.

that, within the nation whose soul he seemed to know

Patent No. 6,469 in 1849 for an inflatable device that

so well, people are still fighting about guns, still debat-

attached to the bottom of steamboats, enabling them

ing the role of arms in the destiny of an enlightened

to be dragged across sandbars.

democracy. He might be puzzled to discover that his

Lincoln, forced to become a war president virtu-

own interest in guns has been downplayed – if not

ally overnight, studied long and hard. He learned

ignored – by so many of his biographers, however well-

all about armaments. On many days, he visited the

meaning these biographers may be; but he would not

Washington Navy Yard to test-fire the new weapons

be astonished by the fact that in America, guns are still

that were arriving in great clumps and bunches from

guaranteed argument-starters. He understood the great

hopeful inventors – inventors eager to secure fat gov-

moral burden that goes along with firearms ownership,

ernment contracts for their wares.

whether those fi rearms are wielded in military battles, or in domestic law enforcement, or in private disputes.

When the Civil War began, the North was desper-

the Navy Yard. The White House, too, was impli-

ately short of guns. Governors of states loyal to the

cated. A gunsmith who showed up at the president’s

Union, such as Oliver P. Morton of Indiana, were

residence reported that he was “ushered immediately

more than willing to send soldiers Lincoln’s way – but

into the reception room, with my repeating rifle in my

they also criticized the administration for its inability

hand.” Historian Robert Bruce, author of Lincoln and

to provide these volunteers with adequate weapons.

the Tools of War (1956), still the best account of Lincoln’s

“Twenty-four hundred men in camp and less than half

keen knowledge of fi rearms, pointed out that “dur-

of them armed!” Morton railed in a letter to Lincoln’s

ing the Civil War, the nearest thing to a research and

war secretary, early in the conflict.

development agency [for armaments] was the presi-

Procuring arms was crucial to the war effort, as

dent himself.” It was Lincoln, in fact, who insisted that

any president would have known. But Lincoln, whose

the ordnance department – which initially wanted no

interest in technology and innovation is well-docu-

part of spiffy new armaments – buy ten Ager coffee-

mented, knew something else too: Conventional arms

mill guns, primitive precursors to the machine gun, the

were not the only answer. Lincoln was interested in

innovation which was to transform warfare throughout

the newfangled weapons that were beginning to make

the second half of the 19th century from a matter of

a splash in the armaments world, employing such

battlefield valor by brave individuals to the impersonal

ideas as rifling the bores and loading from the breech

work of machines.

instead of the muzzle.

Indiana Governor Oliver Perry Morton (1823 –1877)

B

ut Lincoln’s interest in guns was not restricted to

Visitors to Lincoln’s White House noted that the

Lincoln seems a timeless figure, and in an over-

president’s outer rooms were often cluttered with guns

arching sense, of course, he is. But he also was the

that eager inventors had dropped off, hoping Lincoln

quintessential 19th-century man. He was a tinkerer.

would try them out and then urge the Union Army to

A man enthralled with how things worked, with how

buy them in bulk. William O. Stoddard, one of Lin-

82 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

1809-2009

coln’s assistants, kept piles of firearms stacked on tables

– always a source of suspicion to Jefferson and those

and chairs.

who shared his philosophy – have the power to limit

So why don’t we know about Lincoln, the gun fan-

Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., c.1861

individual rights, such as the right to bear arms?

cier? We know about Lincoln, the lawyer; Lincoln,

When Walt Whitman glimpsed Lincoln as the com-

the politician; Lincoln, the rhetorician; Lincoln, the

mander in chief ’s carriage passed him in the streets of

thinker. But Lincoln, the practical Midwesterner, the

Washington, the poet noted that the president’s face

man who loved to visit the Navy Yard and break down

revealed a “first-class practical telling wisdom.” Whit-

the new weapons and chat with the ordnance officers –

man adored words as much as the next poet, yet in this

that man, that Lincoln, is scarcely recognizable to us.

instance, what he found praiseworthy about Lincoln

Perhaps this is because in the United States, the

was not his metaphors but his mechanical mind, a mind

use of firearms has always been a contentious issue.

that could appreciate the beauty of a well-designed

Founders such as Thomas Jefferson fretted that a

weapon just as readily as it could recognize the beauty

strong military would result in a too-powerful cen-

of a well-constructed sentence.

tral government. If the fledgling Republic were to

We may be slightly unsettled by the image of Lincoln

be truly different – if it were to avoid becoming just

on his way from the White House to the Navy Yard,

another loutish, domineering superpower – then

perhaps smiling a bit as he looks forward to the firearms

military strength must be carefully and conscien-

he will find there, but the record is clear. Lincoln liked

tiously deployed. Likewise, the private ownership

guns, and he understood them, and he surely under-

of firearms was fraught with special responsibil-

stood, too, that his countrymen would be arguing about

ity and gravity. Technical innovations throughout

them for a long time to come. By recreating the United

the 19th century rendered guns easier to make and

States from the ground up, in the shadow of its dark-

cheaper to buy, potentially putting guns into the

est hour, Lincoln guaranteed that such debates could

hands of a greater number of people than ever

take place with civility and good order, in a land that

before in any nation’s history; those advances, how-

respects the opinion of all of its citizens, be they black

ever, only intensified the debate over the wisdom of

or white, be they proud gun-owners or those passion-

arming citizens. Yet should the central government

ately opposed to gun ownership.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

83

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

Collecting Lincoln Lincolniana rapidly became collectible, from signatures and writings, to more grisly souvenirs of his life and death

By Thomas F. Schwartz, Illinois state historian, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Springfield, Illinois

n June 1, 1860, Republican presidential can-

One neighbor grabbed letters that were exchanged

didate Abraham Lincoln wrote the following

between the Lincolns when he served in Congress. A

response to a request from F.A. Wood: “You say

carpetbag stuffed with drafts of speeches, including a

you are not a Lincoln man; ‘but still would like to have

public address on “Discoveries and Inventions,” was left

Mr. L’s autograph.’ Well, here it is.”

in the hands of Elizabeth Todd Grimsley, Mary’s cousin.

O

This was one of scores of such letters Lincoln wrote to

After Lincoln’s assassination, Cousin Lizzie began selling

collectors seeking his autograph. So many requests were

off the contents of the carpetbag, realizing that Lincoln

received that a form letter was devised so that his secre-

manuscripts now carried value beyond the interest of

taries could pen the body of the text, leaving Lincoln the

autograph collectors.

act of providing the signature.

Below left: The first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation before the Cabinet. Right: Lincoln’s signature on a letter written during the Civil War

The war provided a new outlet for Lincoln collectibles.

Neighbors in Springfield, Illinois, avoided asking

Frederick Law Olmsted, best known for his design of

Lincoln to sign autographs. Rather, many simply

urban green space, especially New York City’s famed

waited for Abraham or Mary Lincoln to haul stacks

Central Park, also served as executive secretary of the

of old correspondence to the backyard of their home

United States Sanitary Commission. This voluntary

on Eighth and Jackson Streets to feed a burn pile.

organization held “sanitary fairs” to raise money for

Seeing no need to store boxes of old correspondence

medical supplies, food, clothing, and volunteer nurses

off-site while they rented their home, the Lincolns

who served in military camps and hospitals. Lincoln

spent many hours simply burning it, oblivious to the

frequently supplied portions of speeches or appropriate

fact that historians someday might be interested in

patriotic sentiments to be sold at these fairs. The original

those letters.

draft of the Emancipation Proclamation fetched $3,000

84 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

1809-2009 at the 1863 Northwestern Sanitary Fair in Chicago.

All of this is to point to the wide dispersion of things

It eventually made its way into the collections of the

associated with Abraham Lincoln. His life was literally

Chicago Historical Society, where the manuscript, and

picked apart. After his death, writers began the search

the “fireproof ” building in which it was housed, were

for documents and individuals associated with the mar-

destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. For the

tyred president. Lacking a public records act at either

Great Central Philadelphia Sanitary Fair in 1864, Lin-

the federal or state level, clerks either gave Lincoln docu-

coln signed printed copies of the Emancipation Proc-

ments away or often tossed out old records, many with

lamation. Sales of the 48 copies were not brisk, and

Lincoln’s name on them, to make room for more recent

remaining copies were either given to libraries or offered

materials. Even after the federal and state governments

at discount prices months later at the Boston National

became more mindful of the value of public records, the

Sailors Fair. What could have been purchased for $10 in

demand for Lincoln materials made it worth the while of

1864 now sells for over $1 million at auction.

some to pilfer public archives.

A booming – and grisly – trade in Lincoln body parts emerged after his assassination and death. The attending military surgeons at Ford’s Theatre and the Petersen

F

or every action – the chaotic dispersion of Lincoln materials – there is a reaction: enter the collector. In

House, in addition to assistants to the embalmer, snipped

many ways, collectors understood, long before public and

locks of the president’s hair as souvenirs, along with

private cultural institutions did, the value of assembling

bloody pieces of his shirt and coat. Laura Keene, the

things associated with the Lincoln story. Writers have

actress whose theatrical troupe was performing the Brit-

tried to explain the obsessive compulsion that motivates

ish comedy of manners, Our American Cousin, the night

collectors to go to great lengths to secure materials.

of the assassination, claimed to have held the president’s

Ralph Geoffrey Newman, the legendary Chicago

head in her lap, staining her dress with his blood. She

bookseller and Lincoln manuscript dealer, recalled

distributed small pieces of the garment as keepsakes.

advice he received early in his career: “While you don’t

Lincoln’s funeral was orchestrated by Edwin Stanton

have to be crazy, it helps.” However one evaluates collect-

and carried out by the military in coordination with 12

ing, there is no denying the importance of the individual

local arrangement committees. The funeral generated

collector in attempting to recover Lincoln materials

tens of thousands of commercial mourning ribbons,

from far-flung corners. Without the efforts of individual

photographs, published funeral sermons and orations, as

collectors, the great institutional collections would be

well as an untold number of homemade remembrances.

noticeably poorer.

It is estimated that roughly eight million of the more

Andrew Boyd, who assembled a large collection of

than 35 million Americans at the time saw Lincoln’s

published writings about Lincoln and wrote A Memo-

funeral train or participated in a public observance.

rial Lincoln Bibliography (1870), sold his to the Library

His hometown of Springfield, Illinois, burgeoned

of Congress in 1873 for $1,000. Robert Todd Lincoln

from roughly 12,000 to more than 75,000 on May 3

selected the Library of Congress as the repository for

and 4, 1865, as people sought to get a glimpse of his

his father’s papers. Even though he sent them to the

visage one last time.

library in 1919, a restriction prevented their public use

But as people sought to pay their respects, they also

“

Without individual collectors, the great institutional collections would be poorer

”

Abraham Lincoln’s top hat, last worn to Ford’s Theatre on April 14, 1865, preserved by the Smithsonian Institution

until July 26, 1947.

wanted to procure a piece of history. Floral arrange-

After Robert’s death, his eldest daughter, Mary Lincoln

ments were picked apart, tassels from the fringe of the

Isham, donated the items Abraham Lincoln was carry-

casket were quietly removed, small pieces of black bun-

ing in his pockets the night he was killed at Ford’s The-

ting were taken and, oddest of all souvenirs, hairs from

atre to the Library of Congress. The items were placed

the mane and tail of Lincoln’s horse, Old Bob, were in

in a box on a vault shelf and forgotten until 1975. Librar-

great demand.

ian of Congress Daniel Boorstin came upon the box by

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

85

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM happenstance and revealed the contents to the public on

Future memorabilia: Released in time for the Lincoln Bicentennial celebrations, pennies issued by the U.S. Treasury and a commemorative stamp issued by the U.S. Postal Service

February 12, 1976. The Library of Congress purchased William Herndon’s and Jesse Weik’s research notes and correspondence, adding another invaluable collection.

Alfred Whital Stern, a Chicago Lincoln collector, donated his materials to the Library of Congress shortly before his death in 1960. Among his great treasures were Abraham Lincoln’s scrapbook, used to compile the published Lincoln-Douglas debates, and Lincoln’s letter to General Joseph Hooker offering the advice: “Beware of rashness but with energy, and sleepless vigilance, go forward, and give us victories.”

My own institution, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, began collecting Lincoln materials at its inception in 1889. Known throughout most of its history as the Illinois State Historical Library, this institution benefi ted from its location in Lincoln’s hometown.

Artifacts and documents passed down through local families, especially those of Mary Todd Lincoln’s sisters, eventually found a home at the library. Ironically, the library fared well during the Great Depression and

A

s might be expected, reassembling Lincoln items places them in unexpected places. You will not find

World War II, marking a period of important acquisi-

the rocking chair from Ford’s Theatre at Ford’s Theatre.

tions, such as Edward Everett’s copy of Lincoln’s Get-

Automaker Henry Ford (no relation to John Ford of

tysburg Address.

Ford’s Theatre) purchased it and took it to his museum

Right before his death in 1940, Governor Henry

in Greenfield Village, Michigan.

Horner bequeathed his important collection of Lincolni-

The contents of the room in which Lincoln died at

ana to the library, immediately making it a major reposi-

the Petersen House are at the Chicago History Museum.

tory. The recent acquisition of the Louise and Barry

Charles Gunther, who made his fortune making candy,

Taper Collection adds more than 1,600 items, including

purchased the entire contents of the room, even down

one of Lincoln’s top hats, his presidential seal, his wallet,

to the gas jets.

and a page from his childhood sum book.

Some of the greatest collections went to auction only

Other institutions that have benefited from collectors

to be dispersed once again. Such was the fate of the Wil-

are the Henry Huntington Library (the Judd Stewart

liam Lambert collection, the Oliver Barrett Collection,

Collection); Brown University (the Charles Woodberry

the Philip Sang Collection and, most recently, the Mal-

McLellan Collection and the John Hay Collection); the

colm Forbes Collection.

Chicago History Museum (the Charles Gunther Collec-

New electronic sources, most notably eBay, have

tion); Ford’s Theatre (the Osborn Oldroyd Collection),

made it easier to track materials in obscure geographic

Indiana University (the Joseph Benjamin Oakleaf Col-

locales. The global cyberspace marketplace has also led

lection); Allegheny College (the Ida Tarbell Collection);

to a proliferation of reproductions and forgeries that

Meisei University (Masaharu Mochizuki Collection);

are passed off as original materials. And so the chal-

and the National Portrait Gallery (the Frederick Hill

lenge of identifying and reassembling the pieces of the

Meserve Collection).

Lincoln saga continues.

86 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

“

As might be expected, reassembling Lincoln items places them in unexpected places

”

STATE GOVERNORS’ MESSAGES 88 Alabama Bob Riley

89 Alaska Sarah Palin

90 Arizona Janet Napolitano

91

Arkansas Mike Beebe

92 California Arnold Schwarzenegger

93 Colorado Bill Ritter, Jr.

94 Connecticut M. Jodi Rell

95 Delaware Jack Markell

96 Florida Charlie Crist

97 Georgia Sonny Perdue

105 Louisiana Bobby Jindal

106 Maine John Elias Baldacci

107 Maryland

101 Indiana Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr.

102 Iowa Chester J. Culver

103 Kansas Kathleen Sebelius

104 Kentucky Steve Beshear

124 Oregon 125 Pennsylvania

Deval L. Patrick

109 Michigan Jennifer M. Granholm

110 Minnesota Tim Pawlenty

111 Mississippi Haley Barbour

112 Missouri Jay Nixon

113 Montana Brian Schweitzer

114 Nebraska Dave Heineman

Jim Gibbons

Rod R. Blagojevich

Brad Henry

108 Massachusetts

115 Nevada

100 Illinois

123 Oklahoma Ted Kulongoski

Linda Lingle

Butch Otter

Ted Strickland

Martin O’Malley

98 Hawai‘i 99 Idaho

122 Ohio

116 New Hampshire John Lynch

117 New Jersey Jon S. Corzine

118 New Mexico Bill Richardson

119 New York David Paterson

120 North Carolina Bev Perdue

Edward G. Rendell

126 Rhode Island Donald L. Carcieri

127 South Carolina Mark Sanford

128 South Dakota M. Michael Rounds

129 Tennessee Phil Bredesen

130 Texas Rick Perry

131 Utah Jon M. Huntsman, Jr.

132 Vermont Jim Douglas

133 Virginia Tim Kaine

134 Washington Christine Gregoire

135 West Virginia Joe Manchin

136 Wisconsin Jim Doyle

137 Wyoming Dave Freudenthal

121 North Dakota John Hoeven

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

87

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Bob Riley Governor State of Alabama

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The statue of Rosa Parks on a Montgomery bus in the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute

KEY DATES April 24, 2009 The Alabama Historical Association Annual Dinner Event: Dinner Speaker: Professor Steven Berry, University of Georgia, author of House of Abraham: Lincoln & the Todds, A Family Divided by War (Houghton Miin, 2007).

Location: Tuscaloosa, Alabama (exact location TBD) Contact: Dr. Kenneth Noe, Auburn, AL 36830 334 844 6626

2009–2010 The American Village Programs Event: The American Village, Alabama’s history and civic education center located in Montevallo, just south of Birmingham, will sponsor one or more programs during 2009–2010 that will commemorate the Lincoln Bicentennial. The programs will have a particular focus on the life, words, and legacy of the 16th president of the United States.

For further information: www.americanvillage.org/presidents/lincoln/

88 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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January 12 – May 2, 2009 Lincoln and the Civil War

February 12, 2009 Lincoln Day Dinner

February 12, 2009 Lincoln and the Enduring American Frontier

June 24 – July 5, 2009 Lincoln and the Civil War in Song

Event: Traditional Lincoln Day dinner, sponsored by the Alaska Lincoln Bicentenary.

Event: Undergraduate Commemoration to beneďŹ t the Honors Seminar Forty-Ninth State Fellows Location: University of Alaska Program, University Honors College.

Anchorage, Consortium Library, Location: University of Alaska Dean’s Conference Room, Room 302a. Mondays and Wednesdays, Anchorage, Consortium Library, Lewis Haines Hall, Room 307.

11.30 a.m. to 12.45 p.m.

Contact: afjwm@uaa.alaska.edu Contact: anlcl@uaa.alaska.edu 907 786 1051 907 786 1057

Event: 2nd Annual Lincoln Day Polaris Lecture in the Teaching American History series, sponsored by the Anchorage School District with assistance from the U.S. Department of Education.

Location: University of Alaska, Anchorage, Consortium Library, Lewis Haines Hall, Room 307.

Lecturer: Professor Wilfred M. McClay, SunTrust Bank Chair of Excellence in Humanities, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga.

Contact: anlcl@uaa.alaska.edu 907 786 1051

Event: Bicentennial choral tour by the Alaska Children’s Choir.

Locations: Sites in Washington, D.C., Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia.

Contact: marg@crocker.com 202 255 4314

November 19, 2009 Dedication Day Commemoration Event: Annual reading of Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address.

Location: University of Alaska Anchorage, Consortium Library lobby.

Contact: anlcl@uaa.alaska.edu 907 786 1051

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

89

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KEY DATES February 12, 2009 Arizona’s 97th Statehood Day Commemoration and Lincoln Legacy Day Event: A proclamation by the Governor to mark Arizona’s 97th birthday, as well as the bicentennial of Abraham Lincoln’s birth, and recognize student winners of the annual Polly Rosenbaum Writing Contest. The topic of the writing contest will center on Lincoln’s Legacy.

Location: Phoenix - Arizona Capitol Museum Historic Senate Chambers Organizer: Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records

February 14, 2009 Arizona History Adventure Event: Enjoy stepping back in time with living history characters in the John C. Fremont House and Territorial Governor’s Mansion.

Organizer: Sharlot Hall Museum Location: Prescott, John C. Fremont House and the Territorial Governor’s Mansion

March 14–15, 2009 Civil War in the Southwest

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90 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

Event: Reenactments of three dierent Civil War battles. The battles were originally fought in Arizona and New Mexico and included battles at Valverde, Glorietta Pass, and Picacho Pass. Since many people only know of the Civil War battles that were fought in the eastern states, these desert battles become another exciting history lesson. With nearly 250 reenactors living in authentic camps, the event is truly like stepping back in time.

Organizer: Picacho Peak State Park Location: Picacho Peak State Park

April 23-26, 2009 Arizona History Convention Event: Territorial papers will be presented at the 50th Annual Arizona History Convention with a focus on the Arizona Territory.

Location: Prescott, Hassayampa Hotel

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June 23, 2009 – August 22, 2009 With Malice Toward None: The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Exhibition Event: Museum exhibit Organizer: Library of Congress Location: California Museum for History, Women and the Arts, 1020 O Street, Sacramento, CA 95814 For further information: www.californiamuseum.org

Starting in February 2009 (and running through the bicentennial year)

Lecture series, ďŹ lm festival and other ongoing exhibits and events Organizer: Lincoln Memorial Shrine Location: Lincoln Memorial Shrine, 125 West Vine Street, Redlands, CA 92373 For further information: www.lincolnshrine.org Created by artist Robert Berks, this bust (right) of Abraham Lincoln is in Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger’s oďŹƒce in Sacramento.

Below, California’s Central Coast

February 12, 2009, Noon 17th Annual Abe Lincoln Remembrance Event: Remembrance ceremony at Los Angeles National Cemetery Organizer: Duke Russell Location: Los Angeles National Cemetery, 950 South Sepulveda Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90049 Contact: Duke Russell, 323 464 6801, duke.russell@sbcglobal.net

February 7, 2009 – April 17, 2009 The Last Full Measure of Devotion: Collecting Abraham Lincoln Event: Library exhibit Organizer: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Location: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens, 1151 Oxford Road, San Marino, CA 91108 For further information: www.huntington.org

December 2008 – December 2009 Lincoln and California Event: Museum Exhibit Organizer: Drum Barracks Civil War Museum Location: Drum Barracks Civil War Museum, 1052 Banning Blvd., Wilmington, CA 90744 For further information: www.drumbarracks.org

92 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

Photograph of bust by Peter Grigsby. Photograph of Calfornia, courtesy of California Travel and Tourism Commission

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KEY DATES Colorado communities will oer a variety of programs at the local level. The Colorado Commission will focus outreach eorts around three areas: primary resources for K-12 teachers, traveling exhibits, and a speakers’ bureau. Programs include:

October 9, 2008 through October 2009 A House Divided: The Money of the Civil War Exhibit Douglas Mudd, Curator Edward C. Rochette Money Museum, American Numismatic Association Colorado Springs Contact: 719 482 9828

October 23, 2009 - November 13, 2009 Lincoln Learning Stations Exhibit Location: Four Mile Historic Park, Glendale

February 2009 “Abraham Lincoln: A Man of His Time, A Man for All Times� Exhibit Colorado Christian University Library, Lakewood

February 2009 Looking for Lincoln Rocky Mountain PBS

Photographs courtesy of Colorado Historical Society

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Lincoln Speakers’ Bureau Various topics and locations throughout Colorado in 2009 Colorado Humanities and Colorado Historical Society

Date to be conďŹ rmed An Evening with Abraham Lincoln Colorado Humanities and Colorado Historical Society Location: to be conďŹ rmed

Website: colincoln200.org

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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KEY DATES February 12, 2009 The Amistad Center for Art & Culture (Wadsworth Atheneum) Event: A three-month exhibit of Lincoln artifacts, “Lincoln: Man, Myth, and Memories.�

For further information: www.amistadartandculture.org

February 2009 Special Feature The Connecticut State Medical Society’s February 2009 issue of Connecticut Medicine will feature articles on Lincoln’s medical history, and on medical innovations of care and treatment during the Civil War.

March 23, 2009 The Life of Abraham Lincoln: New Findings, Fresh Perspectives Event: Lecture Speaker: Michael Burlingame Location: Trinity College, 300 Summit St., Hartford, CT 06106

May 30, 2009 / July 18, 2009 / October 3, 2009 Civil War Encampments and Living History Events Event: The Civil War Encampments and Living History Events, will be conducted by Connecticut’s reenacting regiments, the 2nd, 8th, 11th, 14th and 27th.

Locations: The Torrington Historical Society (May 30), Fort Trumbull State Park (July 18), the Connecticut Historical Society (October 3).

August / September 2009 The Connecticut Historical Society Event: An exhibiton presented by the Connecticut Historical Society. “Civil War Treasures� will feature the Lincoln Assassination Flag and Civil War artifacts.

Location: The Connecticut Historical Society, One Elizabeth Street at Asylum Avenue, Hartford, CT 06105 For further information: www.yale.edu/glc/lincoln/

94 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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,&: %"5&4 The Delaware Abraham Lincoln Essay Contest High-school seniors will compete for scholarships. The contest will be administered by the Delaware Higher Education Commission with support from the Lincoln Club, WSFS, the DuPont Company, and the State of Delaware.

January 27 – June 5, 2009 “Abraham Lincoln: a Bicentennial Celebration�

Event: Drawn from the University of Delaware’s Lincoln Collection, this exhibit includes one of three duplicate copies of the 13th Amendment engrossed by Isaac Strohm and signed by President Lincoln, as well as one of 48 printed copies of the Emancipation Proclamation signed by the President and Secretary Seward. It will be hosted by the Morris Library in Newark. A selection of materials will then be displayed at the State Archives in Dover through September 2009.

Delaware History Magazine The Delaware Historical Society will publish a special issue of Delaware History Magazine devoted to Lincoln and Delaware.

February 10, 2009 Delaware Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Dinner Event: At the Chase Riverfront Center in Wilmington, this event will feature an exhibit including a carriage used by Lincoln during his ďŹ rst inauguration. Lincoln Club member Justin Carisio will moderate a discussion on “The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln in the 21st Centuryâ€? with Rhode Island Chief Justice (Ret.) Frank J. Williams, founding chairman of The Lincoln Forum; and Harold Holzer, co-chair of the United States Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission.

February 19, 2009 “Lincoln Comes to Sussex�

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Event: Lincoln presenter Jim Rubin will visit Delaware Technical and Community College in Georgetown to speak and participate in an open forum with students, faculty and the public.

February 23, 2009 Widener University Law School Lincoln Bicentennial Program Event: This Wilmington Campus event will include panel discussions concerning “Abraham Lincoln the Lawyer: Ethical Issues Raised by Lincoln’s Law Practice,� and “Lincoln and Civil Liberties.� A keynote address on the Lincoln assassination will be presented by James Swanson, author of Manhunt – The 12 Day Chase for Lincoln’s Killers.

May 1, 2009 Law Day Event: Delaware lawyers will visit schools around the state to speak to students about “Abraham Lincoln the Lawyer.�

November 2009 The Music of the Lincoln White House Event: A concert to be sponsored by the Delaware Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission and The Lincoln Club of Delaware.

For further information: www.lincoln200.delaware.gov or contact dalbc@state.de.us

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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Charlie Crist Governor State of Florida

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,&: %"5&4 February 11 – March 15, 2009 Exhibit and Lecture Event: Includes letters, pamphlets, and historical artifacts, focusing on Lincoln and civil liberties. Lecture with Dr. Stephen D. Engle, American Civil War historian, professor of history and author.

Organizer: Florida Atlantic University Location: FAU Main Campus Library, Boca Raton Contact: Ellen Randolph, 561 297 3594

February 2009 Black History Month Celebration Event: Includes student essay contest focusing on Lincoln’s legacy.

Organizer: Governor’s OďŹƒce Location: Governor’s Mansion, Tallahassee Contact: Governor’s OďŹƒce, 850 410 0501 www.FloridaBlackHistory.com

October 2009 Abraham Lincoln: A Man of His Time, A Man for All Time Event: Traveling exhibit from Gilder Lehrman Institute for American History and National Endowment for the Humanities.

Organizer: Nova Southeastern University Location: Alvin Sherman Library, Fort Lauderdale Contact: Nora J. Quinlan, 954 262 4637 Fort Jeerson, Garden Key

96 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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Sonny Perdue Governor State of Georgia

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January 23 – February 20, 2009 Abraham Lincoln: Self-Made in America

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Event: Project focusing on Andrew Ferguson’s Land of Lincoln and Stephen Berry’s House of Abraham.

Location: Savannah

Event: Exhibit Location: Massie Heritage Center, Savannah

January 29 – May 7, 2009 Savannah Reads

February 7, 2009 Booktalk by Charles Bracelen Flood on 1864: Lincoln at the Gates of History Part of the Savannah Book Festival

February 7 - April 26, 2009 Lincoln: The Constitution and the Civil War Event: Exhibit Location: Jimmy Carter Library and Museum, Atlanta

February 12, 17, 25, 2009 Letters to Lincoln Location: Jimmy Carter Library and Museum, Atlanta

March 21, 2009 “Envisioning America: the Leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Jeerson Davisâ€? Symposium Location: Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw

May 2009 The Life and Legacy of Abraham Lincoln Event: Lecture by Dr. David Blight and course by Dr. Lee Williams.

Location: The Learning Center at Senior Citizens, Inc., Savannah

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Linda Lingle Governor State of Hawai‘i

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KEY DATES March 12 – April 6, 2009 Abraham Lincoln: A Man of His Times, a Man for All Times Event: Exhibition, lectures, performances, student poster contest Location: Hawai‘i State Library, Honolulu Contact: 808 586 3499, myrna@ibrarieshawaii.org

March 18 and 21, 2009 Memory and the Meaning of Emancipation Event: Public lecture featuring historian David Blight, and a teacher workshop.

Location: East-West Center, Honolulu Contact: 808 956 553, zacks@hawaii.edu

April 14 and 17, 2009 Controversial Issues in Public History Events: Public lecture featuring historian Dwight Pitaithley (April 14, at Volcano National Park), and symposium for museum and historic site interpreters (April 17, at Bishop Museum).

Contact: 808 956 553, zacks@hawaii.edu Other events and materials for teachers can be found by contacting the Hawai‘i Council for the Humanities on 808 732 5402 or rbuss@hihumanities.org, or at the HCH website: www.hihumanities.org

98 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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Butch Otter Governor State of Idaho

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KEY DATES February 1, 2009 The publication of Lincoln Never Slept Here: Idaho’s Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Tour

February 12, 2009 (noon) The rededication of the oldest Lincoln monument in the Western United States, the statue of Lincoln the Emancipator

(Book available through the website)

Location: Capitol Grounds, Boise

January-September 15, 2009 “Lincoln and Idaho� traveling museum

September 17 – December 7, 2009 A nationally signiďŹ cant artifact exhibit, “Lincoln: The Preservation of Nationâ€?

Event: Exhibit, touring various school, community, and museum locations

Location: Museum of Idaho in Idaho Falls www.lincolnbicentennial.idaho.gov

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Rod R. Blagojevich Governor State of Illinois

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100 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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KEY DATES Weekends closest to debate dates in 2008 Reunion Tour ’08 Event: Lincoln and Douglas share their recollections and discuss some of the important issues of the 1858 debates.

Organizer: Lincoln-Douglas Debate Communities.

Location: Illinois debate sites: Alton, Ottawa, Freeport, Jonesboro, Galesburg, Charleston, Quincy and Bement. www.lincolndouglasreunion.com

February 11, 2009 Lincoln’s Farewell Address Event: The event will recreate the excitement of February 11, 1861, on February 11, 2009, with school children from SpringďŹ eld. The students gather at the Prairie Capitol Convention Center during the morning of February 11, bringing with them banners, ags, etc. they have made in school as part of a curriculum-based education program on Lincoln and the Civil War. Free and open to the public.

Organizer: Illinois Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission.

Location: Prairie Capitol Convention Center, SpringďŹ eld. www.lincoln200.net

Ravinia Festival’s “Mystic Chords of Memory� 2009 Fondly Do We Hope, Fervently Do We Pray Event: Commissioned work of dance and theatre by Tony Award winner, Bill T. Jones, September 17, 19, 20, 2009.

Organizer: Ravinia Festival, Highland Park. www.ravinia.org

Ongoing through 2009 Lincoln Log Event: Creation of daily entries of what Lincoln said, wrote or did each day provided free to all Illinois newspapers.

Organizer: The Illinois Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission, the Papers of Abraham Lincoln.

Contact: IALBC: hpa.bicentennial@illinois.gov

Abraham Lincoln: Self-Made in America Event: Mobile Museum exhibit traveling the United States in 2008-2010. The exhibit examines Lincoln’s life, highlighting his 1861 farewell address and the award-winning “The Civil War in Four Minutes� video presentation.

Organizer: The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum. www.presidentlincoln.org

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KEY DATES

The Lincoln Bicentennial Mother’s Day Celebration

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Event: A national signature event honoring Lincoln’s mother and step-mother, commemorating his time in Indiana, was held in May 2008 in Spencer County, Indiana.

The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Celebration and Conference Event: Featured the premiere of an original musical composition telling the story of Indiana’s Lincoln in August 2008 in Indianapolis.

Lincoln’s Journey of Remembrance Event: Launched in Spencer County in September 2008. The flatboat voyage to New Orleans reenacted a similar trip Lincoln took in 1828.

The Indiana Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Event: Dozens of events have been endorsed, including Lincoln Highway activities scheduled for 2009 in northern Indiana.

Indiana’s Lincoln Bicentennial Commemoration Event: Includes educational programs, license plates, welcome signs, a 200th birthday celebration and the June 2009 opening of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Plaza at Lincoln State Park and re-opening of the Lincoln Amphitheatre.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

101

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Chester J. Culver Governor State of Iowa

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KEY DATES February 11, 2008 Bicentennial Kick-o Event: Proclamation by Governor Chet Culver.

Location: Iowa Statehouse and Historical Museum, Des Moines.

March 22–April 27, 2008 Morrill Act Exhibit

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Location: Iowa State University, Ames.

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102 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

June 30, 2008 Juneteenth Celebration Event: Remembering the freeing of the slaves through Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, Des Moines.

October 29, 2008 Event: Harold Holzer, co-chair of the ALBC, speaks on Lincoln at Salisbury House, Des Moines.

January 24–March 22, 2009 “Lincoln’s Life: A Bicentennial Reectionâ€?

Location: Herbert Hoover Museum and Library, West Branch.

“Lincoln’s Legacy in Iowa: A Bicentennial Celebration�

Location: University of Iowa Library, Iowa City.

February 12, 2009 Lincoln Birthday Celebration Banquet Location: State Historical Building (tentative), Des Moines.

Throughout 2009 History on the Move Event: The Iowa Department of Cultural Aairs takes a trailer with an interactive Lincoln exhibit on the road.

The State of:

KANSAS “AD ASTRA PER ASPERA / TO THE STARS THROUGH DIFFICULTY�

Kathleen Sebelius Governor State of Kansas

Abraham Lincoln has a special meaning to the Great State of Kansas. Two years prior to our statehood – and one year before he was elected to the presidency – Lincoln visited the Kansas territory where he spoke out against the institution of slavery. At the time, Kansas was embroiled in its own struggle to be founded as a free state and Lincoln’s words embodied our state’s cause.

It was here, in Kansas, where Lincoln learned of John Brown’s death. In his wisdom, and perhaps with great foreshadowing, Lincoln asserted that John Brown’s good intentions could not justify his gruesome means – a prelude to the tragedy of the Civil War: “Even though he agreed with us in thinking slavery wrong. That cannot excuse violence, bloodshed, and treason,�

Lincoln said. “It could avail him nothing that he might think himself right.�

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As President, Lincoln looked fondly on the 34th state to enter the Union, telling others: “If I went west, I think I would go to Kansas – to Leavenworth or Atchison. Both of them are, and will continue to be, ďŹ ne growing places.â€?

Nearly 150 years later, Lincoln’s legacy endures because he possessed the moral courage to tackle the most fundamental issue in our democracy and inspired a nation to embrace freedom.

Lincoln found strength of spirit from the most humble beginnings; he took losses, professional and personal, and turned them into life lessons. He was a gifted storyteller who always kept a sense of humor.

Lincoln brought his political rivals into his Cabinet to keep America together. To this day, he continues to be a role model, reminding us what we can achieve by working together.

His legacy lives on and will continue for generations to come.

KEY DATES January 15, 17, 2009 Aaron Copland’s A Lincoln Portrait Event: Performance by Topeka Symphony Orchestra.

Organizer: Topeka Symphony Orchestra with Lincoln Club of Topeka.

Location: White Concert Hall, Washburn University, Topeka.

Contact: 785 232 2032, www.topekasymphony.org

January 29, 2009 Kansas Day at the Museum and Kansas Day at the Capitol Event: Schools celebrate the state’s 148th birthday.

Organizer: Kansas Historical Society.

Location: Kansas Museum of History, Kansas State Capitol, Topeka.

Contact: 785 272 8681, 785 296 3966, www.kshs.org

January 29–July 26, 2009 Lincoln in Kansas Event: Exhibit on Lincoln and his visit to Kansas.

Organizer: Kansas Historical Society.

Location: Kansas Museum of History, Topeka.

Contact: 785 272 8681, www.kshs.org

February 4, 11, 18, 25, 2009 Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Symposium Event: Nationally-known scholars.

Organizer: Emporia State University.

Location: Granada Theater, Emporia.

Contact: 620 341 5573, www.emporia.edu/lincoln

February 8, 15, 2009 “Bleeding Kansas ’09�

Event: Lecture, Feb 8: “Great Emancipator or Great Racist?� Feb 15: “Abraham Lincoln Remembered.�

Organizer: Constitution Hall State Historic Site, community of Lecompton.

Location: Constitution Hall, Lecompton.

Contact: 785 887 6520, www.kshs.org/lincoln

February 13–14, 2009 Lincoln Day Reenactment Event: Lincoln look-a-like contest, march and ball.

Organizer: Reenactment Committee, Lincoln.

Location: Lincoln County Courthouse, Lincoln.

Contact: 785 524 5133, www.villagelines.com/1564460.html

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial 103

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Steve Beshear Governor Commonwealth of Kentucky

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KEY DATES February 12, 2009 Hodgenville Lincoln Birthday Activities Event: All-day commemorative activities include the unveiling of the Kentucky Lincoln penny.

Location: Abraham Lincoln National Historic Site, Hodgenville Contact: Lincoln birthplace, 270 359 3137

February 12, 2009 SpringďŹ eld Statue Unveiling Commemorative event Contact: Kathy Elliott, 859 336 5440 www.lincolnsculptureky.com

February 12–16, 2009 Lincoln Bicentennial Commemorative Events and Activities Event: Community commemorative events and activities are scheduled across the Commonwealth.

For further information: www.kylincoln.org

March 2009 A House Divided Event: This special exhibit explores the relationship between the Lincolns and Confederate sympathizers in the Todd family.

Contact: The Lexington Public Library Gallery, 859 231 5520

June 4, 2009 Waterfront Park Statue Unveiling Renowned Kentucky sculptor Ed Hamilton will unveil a bronze Lincoln statue.

Contact: Louisville Waterfront Park, 502 574 3768

Until June 6, 2009 Beyond the Log Cabin: Kentucky’s Abraham Lincoln Event: Museum exhibition Location: Kentucky Historical Society Frankfort, Ky. www.history.ky.gov Lincoln website: www.kylincoln.org

104 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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Bobby Jindal Governor State of Louisiana

Lincoln-Louisiana Icon

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KEY DATES

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Event: A new portrait of Lincoln (above right)

by Ed Pramuk, a prominent painter living in Baton Rouge, was unveiled at a major event.

Event: Historians Lawrence Powell, Gary Joiner, Charles Vincent, James Hollandsworth, Peter Breaux, and novelist David Madden lectured throughout the state and on Louisiana Public Television and WRKF public radio on “Louisiana as Lincoln’s Choice to Serve as a Model for His Benevolent Reconstruction Plan.�

Event: “Lincoln Lives,� a new play about Frederick Douglass and Lincoln by historian-novelist Kent Gramm, was performed with new music by Bill Grimes.

Location: Episcopal High School, Baton Rouge

Event: A panel compared Lincoln with other emancipators: Garibaldi, Bolivar, and Ataturk.

Event: “Lincoln Without Borders� was a three-day conference in Shreveport, Chennai, India, and Argentina, sponsored by the International Lincoln Center, LSU-Shreveport.

Event: “What the British Think of Lincoln� was a lecture given by Julian Brazier, Member of Parliament from Canterbury, England.

Location: Baton Rouge Event: The Civil War Book Review, United States Civil War Center, Louisiana State University, devoted a special issue to Lincoln.

Event: The Gettysburg Address was set to music for voice by Rebecca Gillan.

Location: Baton Rouge Community College

Event: Jay Dardenne, secretary of state, hosted the Louisiana Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission, with oďŹƒces in the State Capitol.

Event: Louisiana poets gave readings throughout the state of poems by and about Lincoln.

Event: David Madden, Chair of the Louisiana Commission, published 30 reviews of new books about Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial 105

Lincoln-Louisiana Icon reproduced courtesy of the Foundation for Historical Louisiana

FACTS

The State of:

MAINE “DIRIGO�

John Elias Baldacci Governor State of Maine

At the outset of the Civil War, the State of Maine staunchly supported the preservation of the Union and the abolition of slavery. One of the most signiďŹ cant books leading to the war was Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, ďŹ rst published in 1852. Stowe wrote this highly inuential volume while living in Brunswick, and her house still stands there, now owned by Bowdoin College. Maine voted for Abraham Lincoln in 1860, in part due to his vice presidential running mate, Hannibal Hamlin, born in Paris Hill and later of Bangor, who served the state as a congressman, senator, and governor.

Maine contributed more than 30 regiments to the Union cause. Maine men played critical roles both on and off the battleďŹ eld. General Joshua L. Chamberlain of Brunswick, in command of the 20th Maine, executed a crucial maneuver in the Battle of Gettysburg, which protected the Union lines from Confederate assault, and helped win that decisive engagement of the war.

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General Oliver Otis Howard of Leeds organized the Freedmen’s Bureau to assist emancipated African-Americans, and was honored by having Howard University in Washington, D.C. named for him.

Today, Maine remembers the eventful years of Abraham Lincoln’s presidency through such massive granite Civil War fortiďŹ cations as Fort Popham at the mouth of the Kennebec River and Fort Knox, which guards the entrance to the Penobscot River.

Both these coastal forts are open to the public as state-owned historic sites. Moreover, in town squares, parks, and cemeteries from Kittery to Caribou are more than 150 Civil War monuments commemorating the sacriďŹ ces of Maine’s citizens, who helped to accomplish Abraham Lincoln’s mission of saving the Union and forging a more equal and just society for all Americans.

These stone and bronze monuments are the silent sentinels that remind us of the courage and resourcefulness with which Lincoln and his fellow countrymen met the extraordinary challenges of their times.

KEY DATES March 21, 2009 Leadership in a Time of Crisis: The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Symposium Event: Discussion of the many aspects of Lincoln, including an exploration of his development as a politician. The speakers will also lead small group discussions.

Organizer: The Maine Humanities Council, Maine Historical Society and the University of Southern Maine’s American and New England Studies program.

Location: The University of Southern Maine’s Abromson Community Education Center For further information: www.mainehumanities.org

Birthplace of Hannibal Hamlin, Paris Hill, 1948

106 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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Martin O’Malley Governor State of Maryland

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KEY DATES January 15 - December 20, 2009 Remembering Mr. Lincoln Event: Exhibition Location: Surratt House Museum www.pgparks.com

February 8, 2009 Threads of Time: ProďŹ les of AfricanAmerican Seamstresses Event: Lecture Location: Surratt House Museum www.pgparks.com

February 8, 2009 Walk in Lincoln’s Footsteps Event: Procession City of Annapolis Assemble: Loews Annapolis Hotel www.visitannapolis.org

February 14, 2009 The Madness of Mary Lincoln Event: Workshop – Frederick Historic Sites Consortium Location: Frederick Community College Contact: 301 600 4042

March 11, 2009 Abraham Lincoln: the President and the Man Event: Lecture Historical Society of Frederick County Location: Frederick Community College www.hsfcinfo.org

April 11, 18; May 2; September 5, 12, 19, 2009 John Wilkes Booth Escape Route Tours Event: Tour Surratt House Museum www.pgparks.com

May 8, 2009 Lincoln and Taney

March 27-29, 2009 Lincoln’s Assassination: All Things Considered

Event: Symposium Historical Society of Frederick County Location: Frederick County Community College www.hsfcinfo.org

Event: Tenth Annual Symposium Location: Surratt House Museum www.pgparks.com

April 2009 The Lincoln Assassination

May 30, 2009 Ladies and Gentlemen, I Give You President Lincoln

Event: Lecture Maryland Historical Society www.mdhs.org

Theater, Living History Location: Surratt House Museum www.pgparks.com

April - October, 2009 The Hunt for Abraham Lincoln: Our National Treasure Event: Treasure Hunt Location: Surratt House Museum www.pgparks.org

August 15, 2009 In Honor of the President: Mr. Lincoln’s Music

April 4 - December 12, 2009 Lincoln and Taney

Event: Concert Location: Surratt House Museum www.pgparks.org

Event: Exhibition Location: Roger Brooke Taney House www.hsfcinfo.org

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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Deval L. Patrick Governor Commonwealth of Massachusetts

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KEY DATES February 8, 2009, Noon - 4.00 p.m.

Forbes House Museum: Lincoln’s Birthday Celebration Event: Bicentennial activities will include Civil War Reenactors, a living history team portraying President Lincoln and Mary Todd, period music, hot chocolate and selections from the Museum’s Lincoln Collection. The Museum also plans to present a series of lecture/discussion events during its Lincoln bicentennial season.

Location: Forbes House Museum, 215 Adams Street, Milton, MA For further information: Please visit the events page at www.forbeshousemuseum.org

March 1 – March 26, 2009 Abraham Lincoln: Self Made in America Event: Brookline, Massachusetts was selected to be one of 40 sites in the United States to host a bicentennial traveling exhibit from the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in SpringďŹ eld, Illinois. The exhibit consists of seven kiosks with archival-quality replicas of photographs, documents, and artifacts that tell the story of Lincoln’s life. A series of town-wide events are being planned to complement the exhibit and further celebrate and honor our 16th president.

Location: Public Library of Brookline, 361 Washington St., Brookline, MA For further information: www.brooklinelibrary.org The exhibit will be open during library’s regular hours.

108 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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Jennifer M. Granholm Governor State of Michigan

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A bronze statue of Lincoln by sculptor Charles H. Niehaus, dedicated May 30, 1900, in Hackley Park, Muskegon, Michigan Photo courtesy of Muskegon County Museum

KEY DATES January 17, 2009 Performance Event: Premiere performance of the Kalamazoo Symphony Orchestra’s original composition in honor of the bicentennial (a signature project commissioned by the Michigan Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Committee, the Kalamazoo Symphony Orchestra, and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra).

February 12, 2009 Lincoln vs. Douglas Sesquicentennial Debate by Jim Getty and Tim Connors Location: Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies, Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids

Spring 2009 “Lincoln and Statesmanship: What it Means to Be a Statesman�

Event: Legislator roundtable discussion – part of the Fetzer Institutesupported Lincoln Leadership Series, Lansing.

April 20, 2009 “Race, Opportunity and Equality�

Event: Town Hall Meeting at The Henry Ford, Dearborn.

Spring 2009 Publication of Lincoln in Michigan Event: A collection of original essays and anecdotes highlighting Lincoln’s many Michigan connections, published by Michigan History magazine.

Throughout 2008-09 “John Beechard and Mr. Lincoln: A Michigan Story�

Event: An original play authored by Waverly Middle School English and history teacher Sam Sicilia (to be performed by hundreds of classrooms and historical societies statewide). A digital storybook, based on the play, was produced by Central Middle School (Plymouth) students, sponsored by the Plymouth Historical Museum and Society and the Michigan Department of Education.

For more information on these and other Michigan Lincoln Bicentennial events, contact the Michigan Department of History, Arts and Libraries at 517 373 2486, or visit www.milincoln.org

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial 109

The State of:

MINNESOTA “STAR OF THE NORTH”

Tim Pawlenty Governor State of Minnesota

Abraham Lincoln never visited Minnesota, but he will forever be joined with our state.

When news came that Fort Sumter had been taken by Confederate troops, Minnesota’s first governor, Alexander Ramsey, was in Washington, D.C. Early the next morning he went to the office of the secretary of war, Simon Cameron, and offered 1,000 Minnesota soldiers for the national defense. Secretary Cameron took the offer to President Lincoln and soon after, Minnesota became the first state to commit troops to the war.

Our state was only three years old.

Out of that commitment came the First Minnesota Regiment – a brave group of Minnesotans whose heroics at Gettysburg changed the battle, the Civil War and the fate of our nation.

As he stood upon the hallowed fields of Gettysburg, Lincoln said: “from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion.”

We remember Abraham Lincoln as a great leader, but let us also remember him as the man who taught us never to forget that America is a good nation eternally committed to our greatest cause – freedom.

FACTS

KEY DATES

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April 25, 2009 Lincoln Civil War Roundtable Symposium

Throughout 2009 School Curriculum relating to Lincoln

Event: Discussion of Civil War events relating to Minnesota and Lincoln’s impact.

Organizer: Minnesota Civil War Roundtables Location: Fort Snelling, St. Paul, Minn.

Contact: Steve Osmen, Minnesota State Historical Society

The development of the curriculum for Minnesota schools to highlight Lincoln.

Organizer: Ann Pflaum, University of Minnesota, and Lynn Genter, Minnesota Council for Social Studies.

Contact: pflau011@umn.edu, lynn49@yahoo.com

February 16, 2009 Capitol Rotunda Observance

Spring 2009 Essay Contest

Event: To commemorate the date of Lincoln’s birth Organizer: Minnesota State Historical Society Location: State Capitol Rotunda, St. Paul, Minn.

Contact: David Kelliher, 651 259 3103

Promote an essay contest for Minnesota school students on the topic: “What Does the Gettysburg Address mean to us today?”

Organizer: Council of Minnesota Social Studies Educators Contact: Council of Minnesota Social Studies Educators

Date to be confirmed Panel Discussion on Lincoln’s Impact on Minnesota Event: A discussion of Lincoln’s social and economic impact on our state featuring panelists of Indian, African/American and Euro-American background.

Organizer: Professor Hy Berman, University of Minnesota Contact: berma001@umn.edu

Late 2009 Video Documentary of Lincoln and Minnesota

2009 Lincoln Exhibit at the Minnesota History Center

Late 2009 Symposia and Concert Series

Event: Display of Lincoln correspondence to Minnesota and Lincoln-related items.

Organizer: Minnesota Historical Society Contact: Minnesota State Historical Society, 651 259 3000

110 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

Event: Examine the impact of Lincoln’s policies on Minnesota.

Organizer: Duluth PBS Contact: Tad Johnson, 320 630 2692

Event: Featuring speakers and music of the era

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Haley Barbour Governor State of Mississippi

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KEY DATES The 2008 meeting of the Mississippi Historical Society focused on Abraham Lincoln, Jeerson Davis, and the Civil War in Mississippi. The theme was chosen as part of a national observance of the bicentennials of the two men’s births. The keynote speaker was Frank J. Williams, chief justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court, who discussed “Abraham Lincoln’s Importance to the Twenty-First Century South.â€?

The Journal of Mississippi History published an issue (spring 2008) on the topic “Abraham Lincoln, Jeerson Davis, and the Civil War in Mississippi.â€?

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

111

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Jay Nixon Governor State of Missouri

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KEY DATES February, 2007 “Forever Free�

Event: Abraham Lincoln’s Journey to Emancipation – traveling panel exhibit in SpringďŹ eld, Missouri.

March 20, 2008 “Forever Free�

Event: Abraham Lincoln’s Journey to Emancipation – traveling panel exhibit in Ellis Library on the University of Missouri campus in Columbia Missouri with featured speakers and a reception.

April 4, 2008 Abraham Lincoln in Song With Chris Vallillo in the Columbia Public Library, Columbia, MO.

August 25, 2008 Legacy: Abraham Lincoln in the Presidential Years Event: Opening of exhibit at St Louis University

November 14, 2008 “Forever Free�

Event: Exhibit in St. Louis, Missouri History Museum

January, 2009 “The Abraham Lincoln Legacy in Missouri�

The State Historical Society in Columbia Missouri will publish “The Abraham Lincoln Legacy in Missouri� in the issue of the Missouri Historical Review.

112 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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Brian Schweitzer Governor State of Montana

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Date to be confirmed Washington’s and Lincoln’s Birthday Event: A visit by “President Lincoln” to the Legislature to celebrate Lincoln’s 200th birthday.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

113

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Dave Heineman Governor State of Nebraska

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114 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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KEY DATES February 11, 2009 PBS/Nebraska Educational Television Premier of “Looking for Lincoln�

Location: Ross Media Arts Center, 313 North 13th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska, 7.00 p.m.

February 12, 2009 The Jay Ungar and Molly Mason Family Band Performing music of the Civil War era Location: Lied Center for the Performing Arts, 301 North 12th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska, 7.30 p.m.

February 13, 2009 Civil War Voices A new musical by Jim Harris of Lincoln, Nebraska, composed by Mark Hayes of Kansas City, Missouri.

Location: Lied Center for the Performing Arts, 301 North 12th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska, 7.30 p.m.

February 15, 2009 Lecture by Doris Kearns Goodwin Location: Lied Center for the Performing Arts, 301 North 12th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska, 7.30 p.m.

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Jim Gibbons Governor State of Nevada

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KEY DATES June 22–26, 2008 Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War Event: Educational – Chautauqua performances.

Organizer: Nevada Humanities, Inc. Location: Bartley Ranch Regional Park in Reno Contact: Steve Davis, www.nevadahumanities.org

February 14, 2009 Lincoln Commemorative Medallion Minting Event: Educational Demonstration Organizer: Nevada State Museum Location: Nevada State Museum, Carson City Contact: Bob Nylen, Curator of History

October 31, 2009 Nevada Day Parade in Honor of President Abraham Lincoln Event: Annual parade celebrating Nevada’s heritage and statehood.

Organizer: Nevada Day Parade Committee Location: Nevada’s Capital City – Carson City Contact: Nevada Day Parade Committee, admin@nevadaday.com www.nevadaculture.org

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

115

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116 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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KEY DATES February 12, 2009 Event: A celebration with the New Hampshire State Legislature, State House, Concord, in honor of the Bicentennial.

February, 2009–February, 2010 Event: Follow Lincoln’s historic trail of speeches in New Hampshire in 1860.

Organizer: New Hampshire Division of Travel and Tourism Development

February, 2009-February, 2010 Event: A series of public lectures Location: Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter

February-June, 2009 Lincoln in New Hampshire Exhibit Location: New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord

February, 2009-February, 2010 Event: Civic Reections Forums at three New Hampshire colleges, hosted by New Hampshire Humanities Council and Campus Compact of New Hampshire.

February 14-December 31, 2009 Abraham Lincoln: Manchester Remembers Location: Millyard Museum, Manchester, NH, presented by the Manchester Historic Association.

May 23-October 31, 2009 Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site, Cornish Event: Tours relating to sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens’ Lincoln monuments.

May, 2009 Event: A visit from “President Lincoln.�

Location: The Woodman Institute Museum, Dover

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KEY DATES February 20, 2009 A Visit with Mr. Lincoln

February 12, 2009 Ceremony and Dinner

Event: A celebration of the 200th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth with nationally renowned Lincoln portrayer, Jim Getty.

Location: 1 Miller Road Morristown NJ 07960 Contact: 973 538 6161, www.jfpl.org

Event: New Jersey Abraham Lincoln Ceremony and the 144th Annual Dinner at the Casino in the Park, Lincoln Park, Jersey City.

Location: At the statue of Abraham Lincoln at the entrance of Lincoln Park, Kennedy Boulevard and Belmont Avenue in Jersey City.

February 2009 Pennies for Peace Event: A program whereby people will be able to donate their pennies to help build school libraries in Pakistan and Afghanistan; donations will be collected in a jar on the library’s circulation desk.

February 2009 Lincoln Display in Lobby Case Location: Cinnaminson Library (a branch of the Burlington County Library system), 1619 Riverton Road, Cinnaminson, NJ 08077 Contact: 856 829 9340

February 2009 Lincoln Civil War and War Journal Exhibit Event: An exhibit focusing on the Civil War, featuring the Roxbury Honor Roll, a journal written in 1887 that chronicles the service of the soldiers from the Roxbury Area.

Location: Roxbury Public Library, 103 Main Street, Succasunna, NJ 07876 Contact: 973 584 2400

October 2008 – April 2009 Five-Part Program Series Celebrating Lincoln Event: A ďŹ ve-part program series celebrating the 200th anniverary of Lincoln’s birth.

The ďŹ nal three programs taking place in 2009 are: “Abraham Lincoln the Writerâ€?

(January); “Lincoln’s Virtuesâ€? and the connection between Abraham Lincoln and local Jersey City history (March); and a panel discussion on the inuence of the anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln, hosted by the Glenn D. Cunningham Branch Library, in collaboration with the Lincoln Association of Jersey City (April).

Location: Glenn D. Cunningham Branch of the Jersey City Free Public Library, 275 Martin Luther King Drive, Jersey City, NJ 07305 Contact: 201 547 4555 mquinn@jclibrary.org

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

117

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118 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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Tuesday 17 February Lincoln in American Life Event: The University of New Mexico will hold a panel discussion as part of the UNM Linoln/Darwin week-long celebration beginning February 12.

February, 2009 “Lincoln’s Legacy in N.M.�

Event: A featured project of the OďŹƒce of the State Historian’s Digital History Project. www.newmexicohistory.org

The Legacy and Lore of the “Lincoln canes�

An Oral History Project: conversations with Pueblo governors regarding the “Lincoln canes.â€? Sponsored by the OďŹƒce of the State Historian, 2009.

Proclamation by the New Mexico State Governor Bill Richardson proclaiming Abraham Lincoln Day in New Mexico.

Student Activities related to Abraham Lincoln in New Mexico Schools relative to the governor’s proclamation. www.newmexicohistory.org

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FACTS

November 2008 – October 2009 The New York Historical Society’s Lincoln Year Event: Culminating in October 2009 with the opening of the landmark exhibition, Lincoln and New York.

Winter 2009 Lincoln in New York magazine New York Archives magazine will release this special edition, edited by Harold Holzer and featuring articles by some of the most important Lincoln scholars in America.

Contact: 518 473 7105

July 28, 2009 Abraham Lincoln the President: War, Justice, Words, and Images Event: Archives Partnership Trust Lecture Location: Chautauqua Instiution, Chautauqua, NY

Mystic Chords of Memory: Abraham Lincoln and the Performing Arts Event: A series exploring Lincoln’s love for the performing arts, and works that have been inspired by him.

Organizer: Presented by the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

February 2009 – February 2010 The Cooper Union Celebrates its 150th Anniversary Event: A series of eight commemorative events celebrating the historic role The Great Hall played in movements that have furthered the rights of all Americans and contributed to the advancement of science and art.

This photograph of Abraham Lincoln was taken in February 1860 by Mathew Brady before the Cooper Union Address

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

119

Photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

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The State of:

NORTH CAROLINA “ESSE QUAM VIDERI / TO BE RATHER THAN TO SEEM�

Bev Perdue Governor State of North Carolina

Abraham Lincoln’s legacy still looms large in the life of North Carolinians and all Americans. His honesty, his compassion and his leadership still inspire us today. Few people’s actions have been as important to the history – and the future – of our state and nation.

When America was confronted with one of its most challenging moments, when we were faced with the question of whether “a nation conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal‌ can long endure,â€? President Lincoln rose to the occasion.

He ended slavery, he healed the wounds of civil war, and he helped bring together a divided country as one nation.

At the time of his death in 1865, Lincoln was awaiting word from North Carolina about the surrender of Confederate General Joseph Johnston’s troops at the Bennett Farm outside present-day

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The Somerset Place State Historic Site – antebellum plantation

120 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

Durham. Lincoln intended a policy of compassion concerning the South to honor his words of “With malice toward none; with charity for all... �

On this bicentennial anniversary of his birth, Lincoln’s legacy lives on in the lives of all North Carolinians, including our state’s more than 2 million African-Americans. He began the tapestry we are still sewing today – an America where the self-evident truth of equality is a reality for all, regardless of race.

As North Carolina Pulitzer Prize-winning author Carl Sandburg observed, “out of the smoke and stench, out of the music and violent dreams of war, Lincoln stood perhaps taller than any other of the many great heroes.�

To commemorate Lincoln’s 200th birthday, the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources will host a symposium at the North Carolina Museum of History on February 12, 2009.

The event will provide an overview of Lincoln’s leadership, address his political style and accomplishments, and assess his legacy and the abolition of slavery.

KEY DATES February 12, 2009 The Lincoln Bicentennial: A Symposium Location: North Carolina Museum of History, Raleigh, N.C. Scheduled speakers include:

“Lincoln’s Political Leadership: An Overview�

William C. Harris, North Carolina State University

“Jeerson Davis as President of the Confederacy: A Comparisonâ€?

Paul D. Escott, Wake Forest University

“Lincoln as Military Commander�

Joseph T. Glatthaar, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

“United States Colored Troops�

John David Smith, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

“Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the End of Slavery�

Loren Schweninger, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

“Lincoln’s Legacy�

Heather A. Williams, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Contact: je.crow@ncdcr.gov

The 1840 North Carolina State Capitol

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John Hoeven Governor State of North Dakota

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FACTS

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February 12, 2009 OďŹƒcial state observance of Lincoln’s 200th birthday Event: Held during a joint session of the 2009 North Dakota Legislative Assembly, patterned after the Lincoln Centennial joint assembly legislative program on February 12, 1909.

June 2009 Event: A group of people with ties to North Dakota will travel to Norway to take part in the ceremony, which is held every year on or near July 4, at the site of the heroic-sized bust of Lincoln in Oslo’s Frogner Park. The bust was a gift to Norway in 1914 from the people of North Dakota to celebrate the centennial of Norway’s independence from Sweden. The 2009 ceremony will take place June 28.

Website: www.history.nd.gov State oďŹƒcials and schoolchildren cut the ribbon to open the Lincoln’s Legacy in North Dakota exhibit in February 2008 at the North Dakota Heritage Center in Bismarck

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

121

Photographs by (right) Sharon Silengo and (left) Brian R. Austin, State Historical Society of North Dakota

Among those who came to view the 1862 Homestead Act, signed

by President Lincoln, when it was unveiled at the North Dakota Heritage Center in Bismarck on May 16, 2008 were (from left) Johannah and Suzannah Miller, whose family from Mandan, North Dakota, performed period music. The document was on loan from the National Archives through November 11, displayed for the ďŹ rst time since 1979

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Ted Strickland Governor State of Ohio

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KEY DATES February 12 and 16, 2009 Lincoln Birthday Celebration Location: Rotunda and West Plaza (February 12) and Mary L. Cook Public Library, campbeka@oplin.org (February 16).

April 24, 2009 Lincoln Reenactor Presentations Location: West Plaza

May 1, 2009 Abraham Lincoln: A Man of his Time Event: Exhibition Location: Mary L. Cook Public Library Contact: campbeka@oplin.org

May 20, 2009 Lincoln and the Jews Event: Panel discussion with Dr. Gary P. Zola, Harold Holzer and Jean Soman.

Location: Cincinnati, Ohio

September 16, 2009 Event: Reenactment of Lincoln campaign speech Organizer: Ohio Statehouse

122 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

The State of:

OKLAHOMA “LABOR CONQUERS ALL THINGS”

Brad Henry Governor State of Oklahoma

The State of Oklahoma is pleased to join the rest of the nation in celebrating the legacy of Abraham Lincoln during the bicentennial of his birth. Through educational programs, speeches, publications, and performances, we hope to raise awareness of Lincoln’s impact on our history and the relevance of his message to our lives today.

In Oklahoma, we will emphasize three aspects of Lincoln’s legacy. The first is his leadership during the Civil War. In Oklahoma, then called the Indian Territory, more than 80 engagements were fought between the North and South. Each of the Five Civilized Tribes, consisting of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminoles, signed treaties of alliance with the South in 1861 but eventually fought on both sides of the conflict.

Lincoln’s legacy will also be traced through the story of emancipation and the struggle for civil rights. Oklahoma was the only part of the Old South where Lincoln’s promise of “40 acres and a mule” for former slaves was fulfilled. Through the Reconstruction Treaties of 1866, former slaves and their descendants were given land during the allotment of tribal lands prior

to 1907 and statehood. This concentration of African-American farmers and ranchers created more than 30 all-black towns that prospered and survived well into the 20th century.

The third aspect of Lincoln’s legacy emphasized in Oklahoma will be the impact of the Homestead Act passed by Congress in 1862. Whereas many western states can claim Lincoln’s promise of free land as their own heritage, Oklahoma is the only state in the Union where the Homestead Act was implemented primarily through land runs. The first land run took place on April 22, 1889, when more than 50,000 land-hungry pioneers from all walks of life ran for free land in the central part of the present state. The hope and drama of land runs, combined with the promise of new opportunity for all men regardless of race or economic status, imprinted on the state a personality that still affects public life in the 21st century.

Our hope in Oklahoma is that Lincoln’s legacy will never be forgotten. His dreams, his sacrifices, and his leadership improved the world around us. Those same qualities are needed more than ever before in our rapidly changing world.

KEY DATES A Teacher’s Unit on Lincoln’s Legacy of Freedom Featuring a DVD by the noted scholar, Dr. Rufus Fears.

February 12, 2009 Event: A museum exhibit on Lincoln’s Legacy in Oklahoma Location: Oklahoma History Center.

February 12, 2009 A Taste of Lincoln’s World Event: Featuring a historical menu and living history presentations from the 1860s, at the Oklahoma History Center.

The Murrell Home – the oldest antebellum home in Oklahoma that survived the Civil War in the Indian Territory

The Oklahoma State Capitol, seen from the Devon Great Hall of the Oklahoma History Center

February 12, 2009 A Historical Tribute to Lincoln’s Legacy Event: Narrated by Dr. Bob Blackburn and Pulitzer Prizewinning author, N. Scott Momaday, at the Oklahoma History Center.

February 12, 2009 A Musical Tribute to Lincoln

The Unconquered – a monumental sculpture by Oklahoma-born Apache artist, Allan Houser, at the entrance to the Oklahoma History Center

Event: Featuring the Oklahoma City Philharmonic and N. Scott Momaday, at the Oklahoma History Center.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

123

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124 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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KEY DATES Town Hall Meetings Event: The Oregon Lincoln Bicentennial Commission(OLBC) will host ďŹ ve Town Hall meetings accross the state. Topics inlude: Lincoln’s political leadership, myths, Lincoln and race, and Lincoln and the 21st century. Lincoln scholars Richard Etulain and Elliott Trommald will lead community discussions.

Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Essay Writing Competition Event: Hosted by OLBC, encouraging high-school students from each of Oregon’s congressional districts to address the topic of “Lincoln’s Political Leadership.�

Public lectures Event: Visiting Lincoln Scholars Richard Carwardine, Ronald White and Doris Kearns Goodwin will present public lectures addressing the complexities of Lincoln’s life and presidency.

Lincoln and Remembrance Day Event: The Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War will reenact battle scenes, remembering the lives and deaths of the Civil War’s unsung heroes.

History Day Event: Diverse organizations in the state will meet at the Memorial Coliseum in Portland to celebrate Lincoln’s Birthday and to promote historical work in Oregon.

Lincoln Press Conference Presented by Lincoln actor, Steve Holgate.

Event: “Illinois� Doug Tracy will perform with a banjo and discuss the music of the 1860–1864 campaigns.

Information on each of these events and more can be found on the OLBC website: http://www.ous.edu/lincoln/

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Edward G. Rendell Governor Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

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KEY DATES

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February 11, 2009 Lincoln Day in Harrisburg Event: Speeches, art exhibits, Civil War encampment Contact: Gordon A. Haaland, PA ALBC chair, albc@gettysburg.edu, 717 337 6608 www.palincoln.org

February 12, 2009 An Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Celebration: The American Spiritual Ensemble Event: Choral concert Contact: MajesticTheater@gettysburg.edu 717 337 8200, www.gettysburgmajestic.org

February 12–16, 2009 Grand Opening of the David Wills House, Gettysburg Event: Exhibition Contact: Main Street Gettysburg and the Gettysburg National Park Service info@mainstreetgettysburg.org, 717 337 3491

November 19, 2009 Dedication Day 2009 Event: 146th Anniversary of the Gettysburg Address Contact: Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College civilwar@gettysburg.edu, 717 337 6590, www.gettysburg.edu/civilwar/institute/lincoln_fellowship For more information: Contact the PA ALBC: Gordon A. Haaland, chair Pennsylvania Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission, or Tina M. Grim, executive administrator, Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA 17325, albc@gettysburg.edu, 717 337 6608, www.palincoln.org

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

125

The State of:

RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS “HOPE” “HOPE”

Donald L. Carcieri Governor State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

To quote President Lincoln: “In the end it’s not the years in your life that count. It’s the life in your years.” The vast array of meaningful commemorations honoring President Lincoln gives each of us the opportunity to reflect upon the remarkable accomplishments and gifts his life inspired – freedom, equality and justice. Nearly two centuries after his birth, we are ensuring that his legacy lives on.

From colonial times to the present, Rhode Island has embraced its rich and colorful ties to some of the most influential characters in American history. Rhode Island has strong connections to President Lincoln, including his “train stop” speaking engagements in Providence and Woonsocket, where our citizens witnessed firsthand his wit, cogency and honesty. Rhode Island also boasts hosting the world renowned collection of Lincoln’s life and political career archived at the Hay Library (located in Brown University) and our own nationally recognized Lincoln scholar, Chief Justice Frank Williams.

I applaud the efforts of the members of the Rhode Island Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission and would like to express

my gratitude to them for sharing their knowledge, expertise and insights to make this important commemoration a reality. The impressive list of substantive events will enable countless Rhode Islanders to learn more about our nation’s beloved and revered 16th president. My sincere appreciation to Chief Justice Frank Williams, chair; Hon. Sue Stenhouse, vice chair; Walter Stone, Esq., second vice chair; Randall Rosenbaum, secretary; Risa Gilpin; Dr. Michael Vorenberg; Dr. James Tackach; Dr. Morgan Grefe; Dr. Holly Snyder, John Hay Library; David DePetrillo; Zachary Farrell; Edward Sanderson; James DiPrete; Representative John Loughlin, III; Senator Daniel Connors; Senator Kevin Breene; Cliff Montiero; The Hon. Frank Caprio; Fausto Anguilla, Esq., Joseph Fowlkes, Jr; RIALBC staff: Lisa Maher; RIALBC advisory board: Senator Jack Lyle; Charles Cox, III, Dr. Fred Zilian and Kamlyn Keith.

President Lincoln once said: “I like to see a man proud of the place in which he lives. I like to see a man live so that his place will be proud of him.” All Rhode Islanders will take pride in participating in the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial celebrations.

FACTS

KEY DATES

t "CSBIBN -JODPMO T mSTU WJTJU UP 3IPEF *TMBOE XBT CSJFG BOE inconsequential: in September 1848, Lincoln changed trains in Providence while en route from Worcester to New Bedford, Massachusetts, during a campaign tour for Whig presidential candidate, Zachary Taylor. t "GUFS EFMJWFSJOH IJT $PPQFS 6OJPO "EESFTT JO /FX :PS L $JUZ PO February 27, 1860, Lincoln traveled by train to Rhode Island.

He made speeches in Providence at Railroad Hall (not extant) on February 28 and in Woonsocket at Harris Hall (now Woonsocket City Hall) on March 8. t -JODPMO DBSSJFE 3IPEF *TMBOE JO UIF QSFTJEFOUJBM FMFDUJPO garnering 12,244 votes to Stephen Douglas’s 7,704 votes. He carried the state again in the 1864 election, besting George McClellan, 14,343 votes to 8,718 votes. t 5IF POMZ TUBUVF PG -JODPMO JO 3IPEF *TMBOE TUBOET JO 3PHFS Williams Park in Providence.

February 2009 – March 2009 Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Exhibit

February 2009 Rhode Island in the Time of Lincoln

January 18, 2010, 4.00 p.m.

Martin Luther King, Jr. Celebration

Event: Exhibition Organizer: John Hay Library Location: John Hay Library, Brown University, Providence, RI Contact: Holly Snyder, 401 863 1515

Event: Exhibit Organizer: Rhode Island Historical Society Location: Providence, Aldrich House Contact: Dr. Morgan Grefe, 401 331 8575

February 20–21, 2009 Abraham Lincoln Symposium

February 16, 2009 Remembering Lincoln,

by Lincoln Scholar Thomas Turner

Event: Speaking event Organizer: Martin Luther King Commission Location: Ebenezer Baptist Church, Cranston St., Cranston, RI Contact: Randall Rosenbaum, 401 222 3853

Event: Symposium Organizer: Brown University Location: Brown University, Providence, RI Contact: Professor Michael Vorenberg, 401 863 9577

February 28, 2009, 8.00 p.m.

A Lincoln Portrait, by Aaron Copland

The John Hay Library at Brown University – visitors welcome

126 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

Event: Concert Performance Organizer: Rhode Island Philharmonic Location: Veterans Memorial Auditorium, Providence, RI Contact: Randall Rosenbaum, 401 222 3853

Event: Speaking program Organizer: Community College of Rhode Island Location: Community College of Rhode Island, Warwick Contact: John Every, 401 825 2454

September 12, 2009 Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Sprague Mansion Gala Event: Gala Organizer: Cranston Historical Society Location: Governor Sprague Mansion, 1351 Cranston St., Cranston, RI Contact: Lydia Rapoza, 401 822 0020

February 12 – March 10, 2010 “Abraham Lincoln: A Man of His Time, a Man for All Times” Event: Exhibition Organizer: Gilder Lehrman Institute Location: Rhode Island State House, Providence, RI Contact: Sue Stenhouse, 401 222 2389 For more information: www.RILincoln200.org

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KEY DATES February 19, 2009 The Age of Lincoln: Abraham Lincoln, the Southerner Event: The Program in the Carolina Lowcountry and Atlantic World presents Dr. Vernon Burton, Burroughs distinguished chair of Southern History at Coastal Carolina University, in its Wachovia Distinguished Speaker Series, who will speak on his new biography of Abraham Lincoln.

Location: Randolph Hall on the campus of the College of Charleston.

The following day he will lead a faculty seminar on Lincoln at the Blacklock Alumni House at the College of Charleston.

Contact: Copies of Dr. Burton’s Age of Lincoln will be available for sale and signing after his talk. For more information, contact David Gleeson, Dept. of History, College of Charleston, 66 George St., Charleston SC 29424, or email gleesond@cofc.edu

February 6-7, 2009 Lincoln and the Civil War in Contemporary America Event: Leading scholars discuss the continuing presence of Lincoln and the Civil War in current politics, art, literature, tourism, and historical reenacting.

Location: McKinley Washington Auditorium, Avery Research Center for African-American History and Culture, College of Charleston

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

127

The State of:

SOUTH DAKOTA “UNDER GOD THE PEOPLE RULE�

M. Michael Rounds Governor State of South Dakota

When asked about Abraham Lincoln’s history with South Dakota, one’s ďŹ rst response would be he did not impact our state because he never visited us in person. How could he have had an inuence on South Dakota?

However, there are many reminders of our link to Abraham Lincoln. After the Civil War, a group of veterans settled a town in central South Dakota and named it Gettysburg. South Dakota has streets, schools, and a county named Lincoln. We see Lincoln’s face on everything in South Dakota, from road maps to clothing, license plates, and a mountain carving that is recognized around the world. For many of us, his face is as familiar as the faces of our grandparents.

A man by the name of Mentor Graham is regarded by many as the greatest inuence on Abraham Lincoln. Graham taught Lincoln the art of surveying, tutored him in grammar, and was a major inuence behind Lincoln’s succinct speaking style. Graham was born in Kentucky, but spent his last years living with his son in Blunt, South Dakota, where he is buried.

We like to brag that Abraham Lincoln will always have a “home away from home� in South Dakota at Mount Rushmore, in the Black Hills National Forest. Lincoln is one of the four

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That city’s web site is: http://sr009.k12.sd.us/blunt.htm

faces carved into a granite outcropping in the Black Hills, a carving known as Mount Rushmore National Memorial, America’s Shrine of Democracy.

In 1992, South Dakota’s state ag was modiďŹ ed to include our new state nickname – The Mount Rushmore State.

From childhood into adulthood, we’ve learned of Lincoln’s honesty, his obsession with schooling, and his hard-work ethic.

South Dakota has one of the highest percentages of high-school graduates in the nation and one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country. Whether or not these values can be attributed to Abraham Lincoln, we share them with him.

The state of South Dakota works closely with the National Park Service officials at Mount Rushmore National Memorial to promote the Memorial as living history, through reenactors and hands-on-exhibits for people of all ages. The Memorial has served as a location spot for national weather broadcasts, entertainment shows, and movies such as North by Northwest and National Treasure: Book of Secrets.

Yes, we enjoy our working relationship with Lincoln; and we’ll continue to honor his presence in South Dakota, working with the Mount Rushmore National Memorial and the Park Service.

KEY DATES

June 26 – June 27, 2009 Festival of Presidents Weekend Event: Patriotic celebration Location: Rapid City Downtown Association; Rapid City, South Dakota; Brent Kertzman, PO Box 624, Rapid City, SD 57709-0624 Contact: brent@discoverymap.com, 605 430 6690, www.festivalofpresidents.com

July 3 and 4, 2009 Mount Rushmore Independence Day Celebration Contact: Mount Rushmore National Memorial Diana Saatho, 605 341 8883 Mount Rushmore National Memorial Society, PO Box 1524, Rapid City, SD 57709 www.mountrushmoresociety.com or www.nps.gov/moru Other events at Mount Rushmore National Memorial can be found at: http://www.nps.gov/moru/planyourvisit/special_events.htm or www.nps.gov/moru

128 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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Phil Bredesen Governor State of Tennessee

FACTS

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Until September 2009 Lincoln in Memory: The 16th President in Personal and Cultural Recollections Event: This new temporary exhibit examines the public perception of Lincoln through marketing, the media, Hollywood, and even folk art. Scores of artifacts from the museum’s substantial collection will be utilized, including movie posters, calendars, advertisements, political and patriotic memorabilia, and popular and ďŹ ne art. Selected quotes from Lincoln admirers, friends, and contemporaries will be used to describe Lincoln as perceived by those who knew him. This exhibit is a collaborate eort involving the talents of many people, and the hard work of some very dedicated students.

These capable individuals are honored on the acknowledgement panel.

All events and programs are free unless otherwise noted.

Location: The Kresge Gallery, Abraham Lincoln Library and Museum at LMU, Harrogate Contact: The Museum, 423 869 6439

February 12-13, 2009 Lincoln Bicentennial Birthday Celebration February 12, 2009 Let Us Praise Famous Men: Abraham Lincoln Event: Presented by Dr. Liz Murphy

April 17, 2009 Now He Belongs to the Ages April 23, 2009 Readers’ Theatre: Letters from the Civil War Event: Showcasing education – 355 students’ work on The Civil War’s History

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial 129

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Rick Perry Governor State of Texas

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130 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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KEY DATES Humanities Texas Event: Humanities Texas will create a series of educational posters for Texas schools, showing Lincoln and ďŹ ve other presidents, and bearing the title, “A President’s Vision.â€? Each poster will feature a quotation from the president and describe important initiatives of his presidency.

Abraham Lincoln: A Man of his Time, A Man for all Times Event: The Fort Worth Public Library will host this traveling exhibition. The project includes multimedia materials as well as the exhibition.

Lincoln and the Mexican-American War Event: Humanities Texas is planning a symposium on Lincoln and the Mexican-American War.

February 12 - August 28 With Malice Toward None Event: The W. R. Poage Legislative Library of Baylor University in Waco will display Lincoln materials in an exhibition.

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Jon M. Huntsman, Jr. Governor State of Utah

Abraham Lincoln served as president of the United States during one of the most important periods of Utah history. During his presidency, the transcontinental telegraph was completed, connecting Utah with the rest of the nation; plans moved forward for construction of a transcontinental railroad; Fort Douglas was established; Utah’s mining industry was born; the Uintah Indian Reservation was established; and the ďŹ rst anti-polygamy legislation, “The Morrill Act,â€? was signed.

Lincoln’s predecessor, James Buchanan, had sent an armed force of 3,000 federal troops to Utah in 1857–1858 to replace Brigham Young as Utah’s ďŹ rst territorial governor and ensure that Utah residents remain loyal to the nation. As Lincoln took office in 1861 he looked to ease the tensions in the aftermath of the Utah War, which had brought the ďŹ rst territorial governor from outside the area; an army of occupation under the command of Albert Sidney Johnston; the construction of Camp Floyd (a military post 40 miles southwest of Salt Lake City) and

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The number of instances of his dealings with these people were necessarily few, but they were of such a nature that he was to become loved and honored by the Latter-day Saints; and his memory is revered by them still.�

aimed to improve relations with Utah’s native peoples, the Ute, Shoshoni, and Paiutes.

In March 1865, Utah residents from diverse backgrounds joined together in celebration of Lincoln’s second inauguration.

A month later, they came together once again, this time in a solemn memorial service in honor of the assassinated president.

As governor of the great state of Utah, and on behalf of all Utahns, I honor and salute the life and service of one of our country’s ďŹ nest presidents – Abraham Lincoln. President Lincoln is one who is viewed not only as a liberator in the United States, but also in places I have traveled to across the globe as a diplomat, businessman, and governor – places such as Singapore, China, Mexico, and India. It is a privilege to honor a person who is not only revered at home in America, but whose life also is a symbol of freedom and emancipation the world over.

Lincoln provided leadership that I, personally, still look to today for direction, inspiration and solace.

KEY DATES September 12, 2008 56th Annual Utah State History Conference Event: “The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial,� Michael K. Winder; “Abraham Lincoln and the Mormons,� Robert Voyles; “Uncertain Neutrality: Lincoln and Utah during the Civil War.�

September 17–19, 2009 57th Annual Utah History Conference Event: Sessions concerning Lincoln and Utah

July 10–14, 2009 Center for Study on New Religion (CESNUR), Salt Lake City Event: Sessions concerning Lincoln and Utah

Signed by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862, the PaciďŹ c Railway Act authorized the construction of the transcontinental railroad, which was completed in Utah Territory, and is commemorated on the Utah State Quarter.

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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Jim Douglas Governor State of Vermont

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KEY DATES February 25, 2009 Vermont Civil War Songbook Music – Linda Radtke Location: State House, Montpelier, 7.00 p.m.

April 26, 2009 Lincoln and Liberty Music – Counterpoint Location: McCarthy Arts Center, St. Michael’s College, 4.00 p.m.

February 2009 (TBD) A Lincoln Portrait Music Location: Middlebury College Orchestra, Middlebury Arts Center

March 4 and April 1, 2009 First Wednesdays Series VT Humanities Council March 4, Rutland Free Library, Rutland, 7.00 p.m., Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina, author of Mr. and Mrs. Prince.

April 1, Goodrich Memorial Library, Newport, 7.00 p.m., Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina

January 31, 2009 Hildene Event: Lincoln Essay Contest, Award Presentation Ronald White, author of Lincoln’s Greatest Speech: The Second Inaugural, will speak, and winning essays will be read.

Location: Equinox, Manchester

January 22, February 26, March 26 and April 23, 2009 Lecture Series January 22, Seth Bongartz, Executive Director, Hildene, “Lincoln the Politician.�

February 26, Craig Symonds, Professor of History, US Naval Academy, “Lincoln as Commander in Chief.�

March 26, Brian Dirck, Department of History, Anderson University, “Lincoln the Lawyer.�

April 23, Michael Burlingame, Conneticut College, “Lincoln’s Character.�

Humanities Council Reading and Discussion Oerings “Lincoln: The Bicentennial of his Birthâ€? (3 sessions). “Our Civil War Legacyâ€? (5 sessions). “Inuential First Ladiesâ€? (5 sessions). “Seminal Statements of American Valuesâ€? (5 sessions).

February 12, 2009 Friends of the State House Lincoln celebration, statewide tolling of bells Location: State House, Montpelier

Workshops with Vermont teachers are organized by Sigrid Lumbra, Social Studies Coordinator, VT Department of Education www.lincoln200vt.org

132 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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Tim Kaine Governor Commonwealth of Virginia

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KEY DATES January 1, 2013 Emancipation Proclamation Jubilee Event: A presentation to recognize the sesquicentennial of the Emancipation Proclamation and its legacy.

Organizer: The Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Commission

February 12, 2009 and 2010 Annual Lincoln Day Ceremony Organizer: The Lincoln Society of Virginia Location: The Lincoln Homestead Cemetery in Rockingham County

February 12, 2009 The Virginia General Assembly Event: Legislative members of the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Commission will introduce a legislation recognizing the Lincoln’s bicentennial in the 2009 session of the Virginia General Assembly, and will deliver morning hour oor speeches in the Virginia House of Delegates.

Date to be conďŹ rmed Commemoration Event: Lectures and a walking tour to retrace Lincoln’s steps and sites he visited to commemorate his April 4–5, 1865 visit.

Organizer: The Planning Committee of “Steps Towards Freedom�

February 2009 Event: Reading clubs, musical tributes to Lincoln, and gala reception.

Organizer: The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Subcommittee of the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Commission

April 21, 2009, 7.30 p.m.

The Fifth Annual Lincoln Symposium Event: Dr. James I. (Bud) Robertson Jr., will address the topic, “Lincoln, the Man.�

Organizer: The Lincoln Society of Virginia Location: Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, VA.

April 18, 2009 Special Lincoln Concert Event: Copland’s Lincoln Portrait, conducted by Maestro Keith Lockhart of the Boston Pops.

Location: The University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

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KEY DATES January 1, 2013 Emancipation Proclamation Jubilee Event: A presentation to recognize the sesquicentennial of the Emancipation Proclamation and its legacy.

Organizer: The Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Commission

February 12, 2009 and 2010 Annual Lincoln Day Ceremony Organizer: The Lincoln Society of Virginia Location: The Lincoln Homestead Cemetery in Rockingham County

February 12, 2009 The Virginia General Assembly Event: Legislative members of the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Commission will introduce a legislation recognizing the Lincoln’s bicentennial in the 2009 session of the Virginia General Assembly, and will deliver morning hour oor speeches in the Virginia House of Delegates.

Date to be conďŹ rmed Commemoration Event: Lectures and a walking tour to retrace Lincoln’s steps and sites he visited to commemorate his April 4–5, 1865 visit.

Organizer: The Planning Committee of “Steps Towards Freedom�

February 2009 Event: Reading clubs, musical tributes to Lincoln, and gala reception.

Organizer: The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Subcommittee of the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Commission

April 21, 2009, 7.30 p.m.

The Fifth Annual Lincoln Symposium Event: Dr. James I. (Bud) Robertson Jr., will address the topic, “Lincoln, the Man.�

Organizer: The Lincoln Society of Virginia Location: Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, VA.

April 18, 2009 Special Lincoln Concert Event: Copland’s Lincoln Portrait, conducted by Maestro Keith Lockhart of the Boston Pops.

Location: The University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia

Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

133

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FACTS

www.washingtonhistory.org

134 Abraham Lincoln’s Bicentennial

February 21, 2009 Time: 1.00–4.00 p.m.

Location: Pearson Air Museum 1115 E. 5th Street, Vancouver, WA 98661 Fort Vancouver Barracks, established on the site of today’s Vancouver National Historic Reserve, played a little known, yet signiďŹ cant, role in the Civil War. The site became not only a military center for Western expansion, but also acted as training ground and network hub for Civil War soldiers, such as Ulysses S. Grant, Phil Sheridan, and countless others. Many who became the heroes and villains of the War Between the States also protected settlers on the Oregon Trail, built roads and houses, and fought in the PaciďŹ c Northwest Indian Wars of the 1850s.

The Center for Columbia River History and its partners will present “Abraham Lincoln’s PaciďŹ c Northwest Birthday Bicentennial.â€? This familyoriented array of activities begins with a color guard, music, and an Abraham Lincoln living history press conference. Next come a series of educational and fun activity stations. You may choose to talk with Lincoln actor, Steve Holgate, discuss Lincoln, race, and the West with historian, Elliott Trommald, listen to 1860s campaign songs by Doug Tracy, or examine the hidden Civil War history of the Northwest with historian, Richard Etulain. Perhaps you will attend the 1st Oregon Volunteers “Civil War School of the Soldierâ€? with your child, color with your toddler, or play a 19th-century parlor game before the program concludes with birthday cake and song.

Whether your interest is in Lincoln and his hidden connections to the Northwest, or if you are seeking fun, be sure to attend Lincoln’s PaciďŹ c Northwest Birthday Bicentennial.

Images courtesy of Washington State Tourism

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KEY DATES Statue and Capitol Dome

February 11, 2008 Dr. Kevin Barksdale: â&#x20AC;&#x153;From Lincolnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desk: Secession, Slavery and the Birth of West Virginia, 1861-1863â&#x20AC;?

Event: Collegiate Series Lecture and Reception WV Division of Culture and History Location: The Cultural Center, Charleston, WV www.wvculture.org

April 19, 2008 â&#x20AC;&#x153;A Visit with Abraham Lincolnâ&#x20AC;?

Event: Presentation by Lincoln portrayer, Jim Rubin WV Division of Culture and History Location: WV Independence Hall, Wheeling, WV Contact: 304 238 1300

2008â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2009 â&#x20AC;&#x153;Lincoln Walks at Midnightâ&#x20AC;?

Event: Traveling Exhibit WV Division of Culture and History Locations: The Cultural Center, Charleston, WV and WV Independence Hall, Wheeling, WV www.wvculture.org

October 30, 2008 Richard Norton Smith: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Lincoln at 200â&#x20AC;?

Event: McCreight Lecture in the Humanities Location: WV Humanities Council, The Cultural Center, Charleston, WV www.wvhumanities.org

February 12, 2009 Abe Lincoln Birthday Celebration Event: Presentation and Reception WV Division of Culture and History Location: The Cultural Center, Charleston, WV www.wvculture.org / www.wv.gov

Abraham Lincolnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bicentennial

135

Photographs by Martin Valent, West Virginia Legislative Photography

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KEY DATES March 4, 2009 Wisconsin Lincoln Teach-In Event: Teach-in series focusing on second Inaugural Address.

Organizer: Marquette University Location: Marquette University and colleges and universities throughout Wisconsin.

Contact: James Marten, james.marten@marquette.edu

May 2, 2009 National History Day in Wisconsin Event: Academic Enrichment Program for grades six to 12.

March-May awards event.

Organizer: Wisconsin Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Location: State Capitol Contact: Robert Drane, redrane@chorus.net

June 2009 Support Juneteenth Celebrations Event: Community celebration Organizer: Milwaukee Juneteenth Committee Location: Milwaukee Contact: Clayborn Benson, clayborn@execpc.com

July 25, 2009 Camp Randall Memorial Park Events and Activities Event: Encampment, parade, First Brigade Band Concert Organizer: Wisconsin Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Location: Camp Randall, Madison Contact: James Hoyt, jlhoyt@wisc.edu

Fall 2009 Creation of a Wisconsin Lincoln Heritage Trail Event: Three tours complete with site markers, travel brochures and maps.

Organizer: Wisconsin Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Location: Milwaukee, Madison, and Beloit/Janesville Contact: Peter Skelly, pdskelly@charter.net

October 10, 2009 Rededication of Lincoln Memorial Drive Event: Dedication Ceremony Organizer: Wisconsin Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Location: Milwaukee County War Memorial Center Hall and Lincoln Memorial Drive, Milwaukee.

Contact: David Hecker, dhhecker@gmail.com

To be conďŹ rmed Restoration of the Tallman House and Dedication of Hanchett Hall Event: Dedication ceremony Organizer: Wisconsin Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Location: Janesville and Beloit Contact: George Steil, Sr., gsteilsr@brennansteil.com For updated event information, visit: www.Lincoln200.wi.gov

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July 10, 2008 Wyoming Statehood Day Event: Public commemoration of Lincoln Bicentennial atop the Summit of Interstate 80 (former Lincoln Highway).

February 12, 2009

Š Photograph of governor: Rick Carpenter, WYDOT; all others: Richard Collier, WSPCR

Event: Public celebration of the Lincoln Bicentennial in rotunda of State Capitol in Cheyenne.

February 12, 2009 Lincoln Traveling Exhibit launched by Wyoming State Museum Guest speaker: Dr. Cheryl Wells, Civil War historian.

November 15, 2008â&#x20AC;&#x201C;June 1, 2009, Spring Semester, 2009 Lincoln Educational Curriculum begins Statewide Event: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Lincoln Activity Community Grantâ&#x20AC;? statewide activities.

November 1, 2008 â&#x20AC;&#x153;Lincoln Minutesâ&#x20AC;?

Event: A series of radio broadcasts begins, lasting through February, 2009.

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Abraham Lincolnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bicentennial

137

A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM

The publishers gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the following companies, organizations and governments in supporting this project: Bantam Hardcover (In Lincoln's Hand) ...............................14 B'Nai B'Rith International .................................................. 30 BP ........................................................................................8 CBOE ...................................................................................21 CME Group ....................................................................... 140 ConocoPhillips .....................................................................4 C-Span .................................................................................2 Government of Kenya ......................................................29 Marie Stopes International .................................................12 OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference) ...................36 Shanghai J. Sun Trading Consultants .................................51 Sky News .............................................................................6 Congressional Black Caucus Foundation .......................... 18 The History Channel ..........................................................25 The Kurdistan Regional Government ................................ 10 Washington DC ................................................................ 139

138 Abraham Lincolnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bicentennial

Sitting in on Marian Andersonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concert Front row at the newly renovated Fordâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Theatre Face-to-face with Honest Abe People-watching in Lincoln Park A seat at his Inaugural Ball

! # ' $! & & ! #! & # " # " " # % #" ! # # ' ! # LincolninDC.com

Exhibitions Films Music Lectures Theatre Tours Food & Wine Hotel Packages ! ' "# #

09 January - April 20

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