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• Designer: Pipitpan Lerdpipitpon
• Technical Supports: Dr . Farshad Shishehchian Eri ka Chong Yen Xin
• Marketing & C ommunications: H amoon Shishehchian
• E ditor: Dr . Wiphada Mitbumrung
• Editor in Chief: Dr . Farshad Shishehchian
Welcome back to Aqua Practical, where we bring you the latest insights, innovations, and challenges shaping the aquaculture industry. As we step into Volume 10, Issue 2, we focus on critical industry trends that affect shrimp farmers globally, offering practical solutions to improve productivity and sustainability. As the monsoon season begins across major shrimp-farming regions, farmers face significant challenges in maintaining optimal pond conditions. Ensuring key minerals remain stable amidst fluctuating water quality is crucial for sustaining shrimp health.
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We are proud to introduce our Indonesia team, a group of highly skilled experts who actively contribute to every stage of shrimp farming success. Unlike conventional service providers, our approach is rooted in collaboration and long-term partnerships with farmers. Through technical expertise, hands-on support, and innovative solutions, we help farmers improve disease prevention, animal health, and water quality management, reinforcing our mission to be true partners in aquaculture.
Sustainability is no longer an option but it is a necessity for the future of aquaculture. In this edition, we explore how the industry is embracing carbon footprint reduction, focusing on solutions from farm management to feed production. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming aquaculture by enhancing efficiency, reducing losses, and optimizing farm management. AI is empowering farmers to work smarter, not harder, improving both productivity and profitability.
Additionally, we examine the recent decline in shrimp prices in Indonesia, following the reciprocal tariff announcement by the U.S. as a key export destination for Indonesian shrimp. With many farmers reliant on U.S. orders, the new trade restrictions have disrupted the export process, causing financial losses.
Another major focus is disease management, as we unlock the reasons why diseases remain the biggest bottleneck in shrimp farming and provide actionable solutions to mitigate risks. Lastly, we highlight the critical role of beneficial bacteria in shrimp ponds, acting as natural waste processors to improve water quality and farm sustainability.
Enjoy this edition of Aqua Practical, and we look forward to bringing you more insights, innovations, and industry updates in our next issue! And keep your eyes on our upcoming seminar at BAFC, where we’ll continue to share valuable knowledge to empower shrimp farmers!
Warm regards,
6 Moving toward sustainability in
8 AI driven aquaculture
11 Trends in indonesian shrimp production
14 Why are diseases the biggest bottleneck in shrimp farming?
ISSUE HIGHTLIGHT
18 Bacteria in shrimp pond - friend or foe
20 Bioremediation: a natural solution for shrimp farming
INTERVIEW
22 5 Questions with Indonesia shrimp farmer: Mr. George Samuel, Managing Director at PT Samudra Berhasil Bersama
24 VIV ASIA
VIE TSHRIMP 2025 CAN THO IN REVIEW
Seminar at BAFC: Blue Aqua Farmers Center (India)
3 VITAL SIGNS OF POND WATER
Directly affects shrimp stress levels and the effectiveness of probiotics.
Influences feeding rates and shrimp growth.
Is an indicator of water cleanliness and pathogen control.
How to choose digital water quality sensor for precision aquaculture era
pH choose a Double Junction Sensor to extend lifespan and ensure stable performance over time.
DO choose Opt ical Sensor which provides high precision without the hassle of membrane replacement.
ORP especially crucial when using ozone or c hlorine, you will need a sensor that provides accurate and responsive readings. pH probe
MEET THE TEAM Indonesia team Mr.Indra and Mr.Urip
Our Indonesia sales team is led by Mr. Indra Febriantoro, General Manager, and Mr. Urip Fitriantoro, Sales Manager, whose leadership and expertise drive our success in the region. With a deep understanding of the Indonesian market and a commitment to delivering high-quality solutions, they ensure strong client relationships and effective business strategies.
MR. INDRA FEBRIANTORO (General Manager, Indonesia)
Indra Febriantoro, familiarly known as Indra, was born in Pamekasan, Madura. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Fisheries from Brawijaya University, which he earned 13 years ago. Shortly after graduating, he began his career in the feedmill industry as a Sales Executive at PT Manggalindo. A few years later, he pursued a new opportunity in the same industry at PT Matahari Sakti, where he worked for seven years, transitioning to a Technical Support role during the last four years. His entry into the technical field deepened his passion for shrimp farming. After gaining experience in the aquaculture business, he now serves as General Manager at Blue Aqua Indonesia. With his strong fisheries background, Indra is committed to ensuring that Blue Aqua products help address the challenges of aquaculture in Indonesia which is a country with immense potential in shrimp farming. Shrimp is Indonesia’s top export commodity in the food sector, yet its cultivation presents unique challenges. Indra and his team strive to enhance productivity and stability in shrimp production, ensuring a sustainable and efficient future for the industry.
Photo: Mr. Indra Febriantoro (Left), Mr. Urip Fitriantoro (Right)
MR. URIP FITRIANTORO
(Sales Manager, Indonesia)
Drawing on our extensive experience in aquaculture and scientific expertise, our team in Indonesia is more than just a sales force, we are a growing partner. We understand the challenges that farmers face and are committed to providing solutions that increase productivity and profitability. By combining practical knowledge with advanced technology, we help farmers optimize their operations, improve efficiency and achieve sustainable success in the aquaculture industry. To be part of Blue Aqua is to be part of the sustainable transformation of Aquaculture technology. Like our tagline, “sustain our future”, future is the result of our behavior today. Experience in the feed mill and shrimp farm industry adds to a more comprehensive understanding of shrimp business, seeing shrimp business from various perspectives.
CARING: as a fellow farmer, Blue Aqua has the same concern as the client. What the client feels we also feel.
RESPONSIBLE : Our clients are friends to grow together, not just short term relationships that are only materially oriented, but long-term relationships that responsible each others.
ADAPTIVE: Indonesia is a vast country. With various backgrounds of people, cultures, and differences, we must always be ready to face any challenge.
PROBLEM SOLVING: nothing is perfect, problems are bound to exist, but how we deal with problems by prioritizing win-win solutions is the key to be a leader in this industry.
Moving Toward Sustainability in Aquaculture
Carbon dioxide is recognized as the dominant greenhouse gas and the primary driver of global climate change. It is released into the atmosphere through the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil, as well as the burning of solid waste, trees, and other organic materials. Additionally, certain chemical processes, such as cement production, contribute to atmospheric CO₂ emissions. Agriculture, forestry, and other land uses account for 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from CO₂, methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Aquaculture is a rapidly expanding sector, and as its scale grows, so does its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. The major source of CO₂ emissions in aquaculture originates from feed production. The feed industry faces increasing pressure to reduce its environmental footprint in terms of deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, and resource consumption. Measuring the carbon footprint of feed products is the first step toward emission reduction. Feed producers face challenges in mitigating CO₂ emissions throughout the supply chain, from raw material sourcing to manufacturing and distribution. Indonesia /
BREAKING DOWN OF GREENHOUSE GAS COMPOSITION
Aquaculture feed contains high protein levels, traditionally derived from fish meal, which has long been a staple due to its high digestibility, palatability, and balanced amino acid profile that supports aquatic animal growth. Fish meal is primarily produced from by-products of fish processing or wild-caught fish. However, the rising demand for fish meal in the animal feed industry has led to overfishing, placing strain on marine ecosystems. Overfishing disrupts fish biodiversity and causes population declines. Additionally, unintended bycatch results in the unnecessary killing of non-target marine species. Despite environmental concerns, fish meal remains difficult to fully replace due to its superior nutritional profile. Its growing demand, combined with limited supply, has driven prices to unsustainable levels, making it increasingly difficult for feed producers to balance cost, sustainability, and nutritional quality. As a response, feed producers have partially substituted fish meal with plant-based proteins, such as soybean meal, to lower production costs while maintaining the same crude protein content in feed. However, soybean cultivation requires large-scale farming, which contributes to significant carbon emissions and deforestation, especially in regions where forests are cleared for soybean plantations. Beyond soybean meal, several alternative protein sources have been explored to partially replace fish meal, but each comes with limitations. Plant proteins are rich in protein content but contain antinutritional factors and high fiber, which reduce digestibility and nutrient absorption while failing to provide all essential amino acids for aquatic species. Palatability is another challenge, as plant proteins may lack the taste appeal necessary for aquatic feed. Terrestrial animal by-product meals can be used, but they pose risks of microbial contamination and inconsistent quality. Similarly, single-cell proteins and fermentation products derived from bacteria or yeast offer promise but suffer from high production costs and limited availability. Algae meal is a sustainable, nutrient-rich alternative to fishmeal in aquatic feed, providing essential fatty acids, amino acids, and bioactive compounds that enhance growth, immunity, and feed efficiency. It reduces reliance on wild fish stocks and lowers the carbon footprint of aquaculture. However, challenges such as cost variability, production scalability, and optimizing inclusion rates remain, limiting widespread adoption. The concept of insect meal as an alternative to fishmeal in aquaculture feed dates back to the 1930s, but at the time, fish meal remained the preferred choice due to its abundance and superior protein quality. Interest in insect meal resurfaced in the 2000s, driven by concerns over overfishing and declining fish meal supply. A significant milestone came when the European
Composition of atmospheric greenhouse gases
Photo: Premix factory
Union officially approved seven insect species, including black soldier fly larvae, mealworms, and crickets for use in aquafeeds, paving the way for broader commercial adoption. Despite its potential, insect meal faces several challenges. Its nutrient composition varies depending on the rearing substrate, affecting feed consistency. Some insect species contain anti-nutritional factors, requiring careful processing to ensure digestibility and maximize shrimp and fish growth. Additionally, scaling up production to meet large-scale aquafeed demands remains a hurdle, as costs are still relatively high compared to conventional fish meal. Continued research and technological advancements are crucial to enhancing efficiency, improving nutritional stability, and making insect meal a viable long-term solution for aquaculture feed. As a result, some feed producers remain hesitant to replace marine-based ingredients unless alternative proteins can replicate the growth and performance benefits achieved through fish meal-based diets.
THE ROLE OF FARMERS IN EMISSION REDUCTION
Reducing CO₂ emissions is the responsibility of all stakeholders, from feed producers to farmers. While feed producers must work to lower emissions associated with raw material sourcing, farmers also play a crucial role in managing feed utilization on their farms. In aquaculture systems, CO₂ production originates from respiration by biological components, including cultured animals, phytoplankton, benthic organisms, and microorganisms. Additionally, organic matter degradation, mainly from uneaten feed, animal feces, and decomposing phytoplankton biomass, contributes to CO₂ release. Heterotrophic bacteria use O₂ to oxidize organic matter, generating additional CO₂ emission.
A study conducted by Sidik and Lovelock in Bali, Indonesia examined CO₂ efflux in intensive shrimp ponds. Their findings indicated that shrimp ponds emit 4.37 kg of CO₂/m²/year from pond walls and 1.60 kg of CO₂/m³/year from pond bottoms. The higher respiration rate in pond walls is attributed to greater exposure to sunlight and increased aeration, which stimulates microbial activity and enhances CO₂ emissions. Additionally, anaerobic bacteria in pond soils contribute to further CO₂ release.
REDUCING EMISSIONS THROUGH POND DESIGN
CO₂ emissions vary based on climate, stocking density, and pond type. One approach to mitigating emissions is the use of plastic-lined ponds, which help reduce interaction between water and soil and limit the accumulation of decomposing organic material. The impermeable barrier created by plastic liners prevents water leakage into surrounding soil, thereby reducing microbial activity and lowering CO₂ emissions. Furthermore, plastic-lined ponds have superior water retention, which minimizes the need for frequent water replenishment and reduces energy consumption associated with water management.
SOMETIMES UNDERFEEDING IS BETTER THAN OVERFEEDING
Effective feed management plays a critical role in minimizing environmental impact. Overfeeding leads to excessive waste, increasing organic matter accumulation in environments and contributing to higher CO₂ emissions from decomposition. Uneaten feed, fecal waste, and decaying organic material fuel microbial activity, leading to oxygen depletion and greenhouse gas release. In contrast, precise feeding management ensures optimal feed utilization, reducing waste and improving nutrient absorption. In some cases, controlled underfeeding can be more beneficial than excessive feeding, as it prevents unnecessary nutrient discharge while maintaining healthy growth rates. AI-driven automated feeding systems help farmers fine-tune feeding schedules, adjusting portions based on real-time animal behavior, environmental conditions, and water quality parameters. By improving feeding precision, aquaculture operations can enhance feed conversion efficiency, minimize pollution, and lower their overall carbon footprint. Many companies are developing AI programs to monitor shrimp conditions in ponds, aiming to improve farm management and productivity. These AI-driven systems track key parameters such as water quality, shrimp growth rates, feeding behavior, and environmental fluctuations in real time. By analyzing this data, AI helps farmers optimize feeding schedules, detect early signs of disease, and make informed decisions to enhance overall shrimp health and farm efficiency.
Innovative protein sources for aquafeeds
Emission of carbon dioxide in earthen shrimp pond
References: Water, E. (2025). Eco-Aquaculture Systems: Merging Sustainability with Productivity. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 1-2.
Sidik, F., & Lovelock, C. E. (2013). CO2 Efflux from Shrimp Ponds in Indonesia. PLOS ONE, 1-4.
New, M. B. (2002). Use of fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds: Further thoughts on the fishmeal trap. Rome: FAO Fisheries Circular No.975.
Murawski, S. A. (2000). Definitions of overfishing from an ecosystem perspective. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 649-658.
Coll, M., Libralato, S., Tudela, S., Palomera, I., & Pranovi, F. (2008). Ecosystem Overfishing in the Ocean. PLOS ONE, 1-10.
Raul, C., Pattanaik, S. S., Prakash, S., Vidya, S. K., & Bharti, S. (2020). Greenhouse gas emissions from aquaculture systems. World Aquaculture, 57-61.
AI Driven Aquaculture
Aquaculture is covering vast areas of land and open ocean environments, making real-time mon itoring and precision management increasingly difficult. Offshore farms face challenges in tracking water quality parameters due to unpredictable environmental conditions, while large-scale land-based farms struggle with the labor-intensive task of manually checking pond conditions across extensive farming areas. Additionally, in large ponds, water parameters can vary significantly in different sections, creating unnoticed imbalances that may impact shrimp or fish health. One of the most critical threats to aquaculture is disease outbreaks, many of which are linked to water quality fluctuations. Traditional routine sampling methods may miss early warning signs, and by the time an issue is detected, it could be too late to prevent losses. AI-powered systems address these challenges by automating monitoring processes, providing continuous real-time data, and detecting early warning signs of disease or water quality deterioration before they escalate.
Photo: Implementation of autofeeder for feed management at Blue Aqua Breeding Center, Singapore.
Photo: high-quality shrimp image for AI data
OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
In the aquaculture sector, AI is not a technology designed to replace human labor but rather a powerful tool that enhances farmers' efficiency. By analyzing vast datasets, AI can assess current conditions, detect trends, and predict future scenarios, allowing farmers to make data-driven decisions and optimize operations. Its role is to support human expertise, improving productivity, sustainability, and farm management without replacing the essential skills of aquaculture professionals.
MONITORING WATER PARAMETERS
Water Quality is the most important factor in rearing of aquatic animals because animals live in water, eat in water and excrete in water. Machine learning can analyze and predict water quality in real-time by collecting data from sensors placed in the pond. These data is processed by AI where it can help to maintain pond water condition to be optimal for animal growth. It also notify when something wrong so farmers can take quick action to fix it.
A research team, Chang et al., has been working on integrating AI and the Internet of Things (IoT) (AIoT) to address the high operational barriers in offshore cage aquaculture and promote large-scale adoption of this farming method. Their efforts focus on enhancing efficiency, improving farm management, and overcoming challenges associated with extreme offshore conditions. Additionally, they have implemented
AI-driven feeding system modules, designed to minimize production costs while maximizing fish growth and yield. Their system includes an advanced aquaculture monitoring system by integrating sensors, underwater cameras, and a communication platform within offshore cages. Data from an autogiro and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) is incorporated into an Omni IoT system, allowing for real-time monitoring and feed delivery optimization. The collected data is transmitted to an onshore base via communication networks and further relayed to a cloud-based system for analysis. Currently, their research utilizes the Ocean Cloud of National Taiwan Ocean University (NTOU) as the central data collection hub, facilitating efficient data management and operational insights for offshore aquaculture. Omni IoT system enables AI-driven calculations, including aquatic species image analysis and automated feeding optimization. Their research highlights how big data plays a crucial role in monitoring and controlling key parameters such as environmental conditions and fish feeding in aquaculture systems. The collected data enables AI-driven analysis of underwater aquatic species, enhancing precision in feeding system computations.Using underwater image processing technology, operators can adopt non-invasive, real-time monitoring methods to assess fish behavior and overall health. AI determines optimal feeding times by analyzing the intensity of splashes caused by fish competing for feed, ensuring feeding occurs when fish are most active. Experimental results confirmed that integrating AI into automated feeding systems significantly reduces feed waste, leading to more efficient resource utilization and improved farm sustainability.
Overview of AIoT system of sea cage fish from Chang et al. (2021)
FEED MANAGEMENT
As feed accounts for a major point of operational costs, making efficient feed management essential for successful shrimp farming. Optimized feeding practices help farmers achieve ideal shrimp size at harvest while minimizing expenses. The key to efficiency lies in precisely determining the right feed quantity, preventing the risks of overfeeding, which leads to waste and poor water quality, and underfeeding, which stunts shrimp growth. Chirdchoo et al. has addressed key challenges in shrimp farming by applying deep learning and image processing techniques for daily monitoring of live shrimp growth in clay ponds. The research focuses on automating weight estimation using 2D images captured from feeding trays. The automatic feed tray system, adapted from traditional leftover feed trays, captures shrimp images in clay ponds at set intervals, making it well-suited for challenging pond conditions such as high turbidity, muddy water, and low visibility. The weight estimator processes these images, extracting key shrimp features using image processing techniques. The deep learning model achieves 94.50% accuracy when utilizing all feature combinations, enabling daily average shrimp weight calculations. This allows them to determine precise feed quantities, gain insights into shrimp size distribution, and optimize feed formulas, ultimately reducing the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) for improved profitability, while minimizing direct contact to prevent disease transmission.
INVENTORY ESTIMATION
Traditional inventory systems often rely on manual tracking, which can lead to over-purchasing, waste, and supply shortages. AI helps overcome these challenges by analyzing real-time data, predicting future feed requirements, and sending automated alerts when stock levels run low or consumption patterns change unexpectedly. By assessing historical feed usage, shrimp growth trends, environmental conditions, and disease risks, AI enables farmers to adjust feed supply dynamically, ensuring optimal resource management. This approach extends beyond feed inventory to other frequently purchased farm care products, optimizing procurement, delivery scheduling, and storage management to maintain stable operations. By preventing both shortages and excessive stockpiling, AI-driven inventory management creates a more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable system, reinforcing long-term profitability and resilience in aquaculture.
DISEASE PREDICTION
Disease remains the biggest bottleneck in shrimp farming, causing significant losses and threatening farm productivity worldwide. Shrimp are highly susceptible to various viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, many of which spread rapidly due to water quality fluctuations, stocking density, and environmental stressors. Traditional disease detection methods, such as routine sampling, often identify problems too late, leaving farmers with limited options for recovery. A research group in Vietnam (Tuyen et al.) proposed the prediction of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) susceptibility in shrimp using decision tree-based machine learning models. They have developed disease susceptibility maps by considering spatial parameters such as proximity to roads and factories along with physio-chemical factors like Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Salinity, NO₃, P₃O₄, and pH in shrimp aquaculture sites. To analyze this data, the researchers applied three Decision Tree (DT)based machine learning models: Random Tree (RT), Extra Tree (ET), and J48, generating disease susceptibility maps for the shrimp farming area in Quynh Luu district, Nghe An province, Vietnam, which is severely affected by WSSV. Their findings indicate that ET ( is a promising tool for predicting WSSV risk and creating reliable susceptibility maps, helping decisionmakers plan better disease control strategies and manage the spatial spread of WSSV in shrimp farms. However, the study has limitations, as only a limited set of disease-related factors were considered in the WSSV susceptibility assessment.
SEAFOOD PRODUCTION
drawing of internal of automatic feed tray model adapted from Chirdchoo et al. (2024)
AI plays a crucial role in enhancing efficiency, quality control, and traceability across seafood processing. Vision systems and sensors evaluate freshness and quality at raw material reception, ensuring only high-grade products enter the processing line. Automation maintains consistency, detects
Schematic
contaminants, and optimizes temperature control during critical processing, improving food safety standards. In finished product storage, smart inventory systems monitor humidity, temperature, and expiration dates, preventing spoilage and reducing waste. Predictive analytics streamline distribution by forecasting demand fluctuations, optimizing logistics, and reducing inefficiencies, ensuring seafood reaches markets faster and fresher. Beyond process optimization, AI smart tools and biosensors further enhance seafood quality and reduce losses. A wide range of biosensors including microbial, optical, electrochemical, tissue-based, immunosensors, DNAbased, and enzyme biosensors, help monitor seafood safety in real time. The optical, electrochemical, and mechanical biosensors are particularly effective in assessing seafood freshness and contamination risks. Additionally, blockchain, QR codes, RFID tags, and digital twins strengthen traceability, allowing seamless tracking from catch data to processing and distribution.
References: Nuzzi, R., Boscia, G., Marolo, P., & Ricardi, F. (2021). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning in Eye Diseases: A Review. Frontiers in Medicine, 1-11.
Chirdchoo, N., Mukviboonchai, S., & Cheunta, W. (2024). A deep learning model for estimating body weight of live pacific white shrimp in a clay pond shrimp aquaculture. Intelligent Systems with Applications.
Tuyen, T. T., Ansari, N. A., Nguyen, D. D., Le, H. M., Phan, T. N., Prakash, I., . . . Pham, B. T. (2024). Prediction of white spot disease susceptibility in shrimps using decision tree based machine learning models. Applied Water Science, 1-15.
Ayisi, C. L., & Osei, S. A. (2024). Reduction of Losses and Wastage in Seafoods: The Role of Smart Tools and Biosensors Based on Artificial Intelligence. Journal of AI, 14-44.
Chang, C. C., Wang, J. H., Wu, J. L., Hsieh, Y. Z., Wu, T. D., Cheng, S. C., . . . Jhang. (2021). Applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) Techniques to Implement a Practical Smart Cage Aquaculture Management System. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 652-658.
Trends in Indonesian Shrimp Production
Shrimp farming in Indonesia started as a by-product of traditional milkfish farming in brackish water ponds. Over time, it evolved into a major aquaculture sector, particularly in the 1980s, when better pond management practices, technical advancements in seed production, and expanding international demand created opportunities for commercial shrimp farming. Since then, Indonesia’s shrimp production has seen significant growth, reaching nearly one million tons in 2021. The industry is largely centered around vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), which accounts for about 80% of total production, farmed primarily in intensive and semi-intensive systems. Meanwhile, black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is cultivated in traditional ponds, often alongside milkfish and Gracilaria seaweed, using polyculture techniques that take advantage of natural ecosystems. Shrimp farms are widespread across Java, Sumatra, South Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and West Nusa Tenggara, benefiting from Indonesia’s long coastline, tropical climate, and access to coastal water resources. At first glance, Indonesia’s shrimp industry appeared to have a bright future, benefiting from strong global demand, favorable climate conditions, and expanding production facilities. However, the situation changed suddenly in 2022, when export volumes dropped by 1,000 MT, marking the start of a downward trend that has continued into 2024. The biggest losses have come from exports to the U.S., where Indonesia mainly ships largesized shrimp, which are now facing severe competition from Ecuador. The shrimp surplus caused by falling U.S. demand has had direct consequences for Indonesian farmers. By the end of 2023, farm-gate prices for size 30 shrimp had fallen to USD
Photo: Plastic-lined shrimp pond in Indonesia
4.07/kg, reflecting growing challenges within the industry. Several factors have contributed to these declining prices and increased market pressures, including:
Global shrimp oversupply: Ecuador and India have flooded the market with shrimp, creating an oversupply situation that drives prices down worldwide. Ecuador’s high-efficiency farming systems allow it to produce large shrimp at lower costs, making it easier for U.S. buyers to switch suppliers, further hurting Indonesia’s export revenue.
Weak demand from key markets: Major shrimp-importing countries, including the U.S., Japan, and China, have reduced purchases, leading to fewer export opportunities for Indonesian producers. Several economic factors, including inflation in consumer markets, shifting seafood preferences, and changing supply chain priorities, have caused demand fluctuations that further strain Indonesia’s shrimp industry.
High production costs: Indonesian shrimp farming operates at a higher cost compared to competitors like Ecuador and India. Feed, energy, labor, and operational expenses continue to rise, making Indonesian shrimp less competitive in terms of pricing. Ecuadorian shrimp farmers benefit from cheaper feed alternatives and lower production costs, while Indonesia’s costlier farming methods make it harder to remain profitable in the current market.
imbalances and respond to alleged unfair trade practices. With this new import tax, U.S. buyers now pay significantly more for Indonesian shrimp, pushing them toward cheaper options from Ecuador or other competitors. The outcome of tariff negotiations remains unclear. A key question is whether tariffs will be reduced across all goods or adjusted to a commodity-specific system. If no changes are made, Ecuador, along with smaller producers such as Argentina, Honduras, Mexico, Guatemala, Peru, and Saudi Arabia, will maintain a competitive edge over most Asian countries. This advantage could allow them to capitalize on the situation and expand their market share. Among Asian shrimp exporters, India appears to have the strongest potential to become a market leader in U.S. shrimp exports, surpassing other key suppliers such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. One of India’s biggest advantages is its lower production costs, allowing it to offer competitive pricing in global markets. Additionally, India has developed a diverse range of processed shrimp products, going beyond traditional frozen shrimp to include value-added items such as cooked, breaded, and ready-toeat shrimp, making it more appealing to U.S. buyers.
The volume of shrimp imported to the U.S. from major producing countries varied by year, with Indonesia experiencing a decline in 2022, followed by a continued drop in subsequent years, widening the gap further. (Data is obtained from NOAA)
On the U.S. liberation day, 2 April 2025, Donald Trump imposed a 32% tariff on Indonesian shrimp imports, adding another obstacle for Indonesia’s ability to compete in the U.S. market. The tariff which is a part of a broader trade policy targeting multiple countries was introduced to offset trade
Photo: fresh Vannamei quality in Indonesia market
This dramatic shift in pricing has caused cold storage facilities and shrimp processors in Indonesia to scale back their purchases from farmers, fearing higher costs and lower profitability. Indonesia has long depended on the U.S. market for shrimp exports, with more than half of its shrimp shipments going to American buyers. However, higher tariffs have made Indonesian shrimp less competitive, especially against Ecuador, which benefits from lower import costs and a smoother supply chain. Because of this, Indonesian shrimp producers now face higher expenses, making their products less appealing to U.S. buyers who may switch to Ecuadorian suppliers or other alternatives.
The monthly volume of shrimp imported to the U.S. in Q1 of 2025 before the announcement of Donald Trump's reciprocal tariff is available, but post-announcement data has not yet been established by NOAA. (Data is obtained from NOAA)
One of the biggest impacts of the tariff increase has been on cold storage facilities and shrimp processing plants in Indonesia. Since most shrimp exported to the U.S. is frozen, processors are hesitant to buy from farmers, fearing lower demand and shrinking profits. This has led to a shrimp surplus at farms, especially for larger-sized shrimp, which are usually meant for export markets. Local buyers can’t absorb all the extra shrimp, so farmers are forced to lower prices to sell their stock quickly. Larger shrimp are particularly hard to sell in local markets because Indonesian consumers prefer smaller shrimp for daily meals. Plus, many can’t afford to buy bigger shrimp, making it even harder for farmers to find a domestic market
for them. As a result, shrimp farmers who have spent time and money growing bigger shrimp for exports now face falling prices and declining profits.
This issue isn’t just affecting farmers and processors but it is disrupting the entire shrimp supply chain, causing uncertainty for exporters. To survive, Indonesian shrimp businesses may need to find new international buyers beyond the U.S. Some may shift toward Asian markets like China and South Korea, while others may expand into Europe, where demand for high-quality seafood is still strong. In the long run, Indonesia’s shrimp industry must adapt to changing trade policies, explore new market opportunities, and improve production strategies to stay competitive. Without quick solutions, farmers and exporters will continue to struggle with pricing pressures, surplus shrimp, and shifting global trade conditions that could threaten the industry's future.
References:
Indonesia frozen shrimps and prawns exports by country in 2023. Word Integrated Trade Solution
Trump Tariff Chart: Full List of Countries Hit With 'Reciprocal' Tariffs. Newsweek
Annual Trade Report.NOAA Fisheries. The U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Reciprocal tariffs from the U.S. announced on 2 April 2025
Market share of Indonesian shrimp exports
Volume (MT)
Why Are Diseases the Biggest Bottleneck in Shrimp Farming?
Shrimp farming has emerged as a leading sector in global aquaculture, supplying a valuable source of protein and economic opportunities worldwide. However, the industry faces one of its greatest challenges—disease outbreaks. These outbreaks disrupt production cycles, cause billions of dollars in financial losses, and destabilize international trade. Pathogens evolve rapidly, environmental conditions often favor disease proliferation, and biosecurity measures remain insufficient in many regions. Additionally, shrimp possess physiological limitations that make them highly susceptible to infections, making effective treatment difficult.Understanding why disease is the biggest bottleneck in shrimp farming requires a closer look at historical disease outbreaks, pathogen adaptation, environmental triggers, biosecurity challenges, treatment limitations, and the importance of high-quality, disease-free post-larvae (PL). By addressing each of these factors, shrimp farmers can implement effective prevention strategies to improve farm productivity and long-term profitability.
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GLOBAL DISEASE OUTBREAKS IN SHRIMP FARMING
Shrimp diseases have caused some of the most devastating financial losses in aquaculture history. One of the deadliest shrimp pathogens, White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), emerged in the 1990s, spreading rapidly across shrimpproducing regions in Asia and the Americas. Mortality rates of 80–100% have wiped out entire farms within days. The global
consequences of WSSV have been staggering, with entire production zones collapsing due to mass shrimp deaths. In almost every major shrimp-producing country in the world, severe losses from WSSV have led to significant financial hardships for producers and exporters.
Similarly, Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), caused by pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus, has crippled shrimp production in recent years. Between 2010 and 2017, Thailand lost an estimated $7.38 billion in shrimp farming revenue due to AHPND outbreaks, while Vietnam reported $26 million in industry losses in a single year. Ecuador and Indonesia have also reported significant losses due to outbreaks of this disease, impacting both small-scale farmers and large shrimp exporters.
Beyond direct production losses, disease outbreaks create ripple effects:
• Global price fluctuations: Shrimp shortages drive up prices, disrupting international trade markets.
• Trade bans and restrictions: Countries impose import bans to prevent pathogen spread, limiting farmers' ability to export shrimp.
• Higher operational costs: Farmers must invest in PCR testing, biosecurity upgrades, and quarantine protocols to minimize disease risks.
Regardless of location, shrimp farmers must prioritize biosecurity enforcement and disease prevention to stabilize their production and reduce financial uncertainty.
Photo: White shrimp sold in fresh market
: Diagram of 3C Strategy - Clean Seed, Clean Water and Clean Pond bottom
PATHOGEN EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION
Shrimp pathogens evolve rapidly, adapting to farming practices and environmental conditions. Viruses such as WSSV mutate, making existing biosecurity and treatment strategies less effective over time. Similarly, bacterial pathogens such as Vibrio spp. have developed antibiotic resistance due to excessive pharmaceutical use in shrimp aquaculture.
Farmers worldwide face similar challenges, from multidrug resistant Vibrio strains in vannamei shrimp farms in Latin America to WSSV mutations affecting Asian shrimp production. Countries like Thailand have successfully reduced antibiotic dependency by implementing the "3C Strategy"— Clean Seed, Clean Water, and Clean Pond Bottom. Meanwhile, Ecuador has focused on genetic selection of disease-resistant shrimp strains, helping to stabilize production despite evolving pathogens.
To counteract pathogen adaptation, shrimp farmers must focus on:
• Microbial control strategies: Using probiotics and bioremediation to regulate bacterial populations.
• Genetic improvements: Selecting disease-resistant shrimp strains for breeding programs.
• Environmental management: Optimizing water quality to reduce pathogen survival rates. Alternative solutions such as bacteriophage therapy and RNA interference (RNAi) are gaining global attention, but widespread adoption remains limited.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THAT PROMOTE DISEASE
Certain aquaculture practices unintentionally create conditions that accelerate pathogen growth:
• Intensive Farming Practices: When poorly managed,
high stocking densities increase shrimp stress levels and weaken their immune responses, allowing diseases to spread quickly.
• Poor water quality management: Unstable pH levels, ammonia buildup, and oxygen depletion foster bacterial growth, particularly Vibrio species.
• Improper pond cleaning: Organic waste and biofilm accumulation serve as reservoirs for harmful microbes.
• Seasonal stress factors: Rainy seasons and temperature shifts weaken shrimp immunity, increasing disease susceptibility.
Countries have responded differently to these environmental challenges. Vietnam uses GIS and machine learning to predict disease outbreaks along the Mekong Delta, allowing farmers to adjust management strategies in real time. Ecuador and India have improved water filtration and aeration technology to maintain stable pond conditions throughout extreme seasonal variations.
Regardless of country, shrimp farmers can significantly reduce disease outbreaks by prioritizing:
• Aeration improvements to maintain dissolved oxygen levels.
• Sediment removal to minimize disease reservoirs.
• Routine biosecurity assessments to detect early contamination risks. By implementing advanced water quality optimization, shrimp producers can improve survival rates and stabilize production.
BIOSECURITY CHALLENGES IN SHRIMP FARMING
Despite improvements in disease management, shrimp farming still faces critical biosecurity risks:
1. Routine Disease Screening Limitations: Many farms lack early-stage pathogen detection, allowing diseases to spread unnoticed.
2. Cross-Contamination Risks: Shrimp pathogens spread via water exchange, infected live feeds, farm equipment, and handling practices.
3. Zoning and Quarantine Inefficiencies: Some regions lack strict disease zoning policies, leading to uncontrolled outbreaks.
Countries such as Ecuador have strengthened biosecurity enforcement by implementing closed-loop water systems and strict disinfectant protocols, drastically reducing disease transmission. Meanwhile, Thailand and India have adopted PCR screening and early-warning disease surveillance systems to improve pathogen control. Regardless of the region, shrimp farmers must invest in pathogen monitoring, advanced diagnostic tools, and quarantine measures to reduce biosecurity risks.
LACK OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS
One of the biggest obstacles in disease management is the lack of direct treatment options for shrimp infections. Unlike vertebrates, shrimp lack white blood cells (leukocytes), meaning they cannot develop long-term immunity. Instead, shrimp rely on hemocytes, which offer limited immune protection.
Additionally, traditional treatment options present challenges:
• Antibiotics lead to resistance, reducing efficacy and creating long-term environmental risks.
• Chemical disinfectants disrupt pond ecosystems, harming beneficial microbial populations.
Countries such as Indonesia and India have experienced failed antibiotic treatments in vannamei shrimp farms, prompting researchers to explore bacteriophage therapy and probioticbased disease prevention. These strategies aim to strengthen shrimp immunity without creating antibiotic resistance.
Preventive disease management is far more effective than reactive treatments. Sustainable solutions such as probiotic supplementation, immune-enhancing feed formulations, and genetic selection for disease-resistant shrimp offer promising alternatives.
ENSURING PROFITABILITY THROUGH DISEASE-FREE POST-LARVAE (PL) PRODUCTION
One of the most effective methods for disease prevention is investing in high-quality, pathogen-free post-larvae (PL). Strong biosecurity measures at the hatchery level significantly reduce disease outbreaks, improving farm profitability.
Key PL quality assessments include:
• PCR screening for WSSV and Vibrio load testing: Ensures larvae are free from major pathogens before stocking.
• Hatchery biosecurity certification: Enforces strict quarantine measures to prevent disease transmission. Countries such as Ecuador and Vietnam have implemented national hatchery certification programs, ensuring farmers receive disease-free PLs. By prioritizing PL screening and hatchery biosecurity, shrimp farmers can reduce mortality rates and improve production efficiency.
STRENGTHENING SHRIMP FARMING AGAINST DISEASE
Shrimp diseases remain the greatest bottleneck in aquaculture, causing financial instability, trade disruptions, and production losses worldwide. Whether farming in Indonesia, Ecuador, Thailand, Vietnam, India, or any other shrimp-producing nation, the challenges of WSSV, AHPND, EMS, and antibioticresistant bacteria demand proactive disease management strategies. By learning from biosecurity advancements, environmental management strategies, and pathogen prevention technologies used in different countries, shrimp farmers can refine their disease management approach. Sustainable solutions, including probiotic supplementation, immune-boosting feed formulations, and genetic selection for disease-resistant shrimp, offer promising alternatives for minimizing disease risks. The success of shrimp farming depends on long-term sustainability, responsible disease control, and adaptation to evolving threats. By applying scientific advancements, local expertise, and global best practices, shrimp farmers can safeguard production, maintain profitability, and contribute to a stable aquaculture industry.
Photo: Healthy vannamei shrimp PL under microscope
Photo: Shrimp farm in Indonesia
Bacteria in Shrimp Pond - Friend or Foe
Aquaculture has emerged as one of the fastestgrowing food production industries, currently supplying more than half of the seafood consumed globally. As wild fish stocks face increasing pressure from overfishing and environmental challenges, aquaculture provides a sustainable alternative to meet rising demand. Among various aquaculture sectors, shrimp farming has become a cornerstone of aquaculture, producing millions of tons of shrimp annually and supporting food security, trade, and livelihoods worldwide. However, one persistent challenge is managing water quality in shrimp ponds, which directly impacts shrimp health, growth, and farm profitability. At the heart of this challenge lies the role of bacteria— microorganisms that can either be allies, maintaining pond health, or adversaries, causing diseases. Understanding their dynamics is essential for effective pond management. This article explores the influence of bacteria on shrimp farming, reasons for water quality deterioration, waste management strategies, and how innovative tools like bioremediation can transform shrimp farming practices.
SHRIMP PRODUCTION
WORLDWIDE: TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
The global shrimp farming industry has undergone remarkable growth over the past few decades, with production reaching approximately 5.6 million metric tons in 2023. Countries like Ecuador, China, India, Vietnam, and Indonesia dominate the sector, accounting for the majority of global farmed shrimp output. The shrimp farming industry continues to evolve, adapting to growing global demand and tackling emerging challenges. These include:
• Disease Outbreaks: Diseases like White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) remain persistent threats, resulting in significant production losses.
• Environmental Concerns: Shrimp farming has faced criticism for its environmental impact, including habitat destruction and pollution caused by poor waste management.
• Feed Costs: Rising costs of shrimp feed, particularly fishmeal, have added economic pressure on farmers.
• Climate Change: Changing temperatures, unpredictable weather, and rising sea levels are influencing shrimp farming operations worldwide.
The pressing need for sustainable practices, and to increase the production output, while utilizing the same production area, has driven innovation in pond management, with bacteria emerging as a key factor in improving productivity and resilience.
THE ROLE OF BACTERIA IN SHRIMP FARMING
Bacteria are ubiquitous in shrimp ponds, influencing every aspect of water quality and shrimp health. They can be classified into two main groups based on their impact: beneficial bacteria that promote health and stability, and harmful bacteria that cause diseases and losses.
Photo: Application of macro and micronutrients to support growth of organisms in shrimp pond
HARMFUL BACTERIA
Harmful bacteria, often referred to as pathogens, pose significant risks in shrimp farming. Species like Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi are infamous for causing diseases such as AHPND and vibriosis. These diseases can spread rapidly in crowded ponds, killing large numbers of shrimp within days. Losses from bacterial diseases are not just biological but also financial—entire harvests can be lost, leading to massive economic damage. For instance, farmers in Thailand reported financial losses exceeding $7 billion over seven years due to AHPND outbreaks.
BENEFICIAL BACTERIA
On the other hand, beneficial bacteria act as nature’s helpers in shrimp ponds. These microorganisms break down organic waste, recycle nutrients, and reduce harmful compounds like ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. By maintaining a healthy balance in the pond ecosystem, beneficial bacteria support shrimp growth and improve survival rates. Key examples include Bacillus species, which are widely used in shrimp farming for their positive effects on water quality and disease prevention.
Managing the balance between these two groups of bacteria is central to sustainable shrimp farming.
Waste is the main source of bacteria in shrimp ponds because it provides an abundant supply of organic material that bacteria thrive on. Shrimp farming generates waste from various sources:
• Shrimp Excretion: Nitrogen compounds like ammonia are released as part of shrimp metabolism.
• Feed Waste: Leftover feed contributes significantly to organic matter in ponds.
• Dead Organisms: Decomposing algae, shrimp, and plants increase waste loads.
• Ex ternal Pollution: Runoff from surrounding areas, especially agricultural lands, introduces additional organic and chemical pollutants.
MAIN SOURCES OF WASTE GENERATED IN SHRIMP FARMING
Efficient waste management practices are critical to ensuring healthy shrimp and stable pond ecosystems.
WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Effective waste management prevents the buildup of harmful substances and maintains water quality. Proven strategies include:
1. Regular Pond Cleaning: Removing sludge and organic debris minimizes the accumulation of waste at the pond bottom.
2. Controlled Feeding: Monitoring and adjusting feed quantities ensures shrimp are adequately fed while reducing excess waste.
3. Aeration Systems: Aerators enhance oxygen levels, supporting beneficial bacteria and accelerating the breakdown of organic matter.
4 Waste Traps: Designated zones for waste collection make it easier to remove organic matter and maintain pond hygiene.
By combining these methods, shrimp farmers can create a cleaner, more productive environment for their shrimp.
Photo: by CDC on unsplash
A Natural Solution for Shrimp Farming
Bioremediation is a sustainable and eco-friendly method that uses beneficial microorganisms to clean up waste and improve water quality in shrimp ponds. By harnessing the natural abilities of bacteria and other microbes, bioremediation addresses key challenges such as waste buildup, toxic compounds, and poor water conditions. This approach not only reduces environmental impact but also enhances shrimp health and farm productivity.
HOW BIOREMEDIATION WORKS
Bioremediation relies on specific types of bacteria that perform essential functions in the pond ecosystem:
1. Or ganic Waste Breakdown: Detritivorous bacteria digest uneaten feed, shrimp excretion, and dead algae, converting them into harmless compounds like carbon dioxide and water. This process prevents the accumulation of sludge and reduces the risk of harmful gas production.
2. N itrogen Cycling: Nitrifying bacteria, such as Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, play a crucial role in converting toxic ammonia into nitrites and then into less harmful nitrates. This process, known as nitrification, helps maintain safe nitrogen levels in the water.
3. Hydrogen Sulfide Reduction: In low-oxygen conditions, organic matter decomposes and produces hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas that can harm shrimp. Certain bacteria, such as Thiobacillus, metabolize hydrogen sulfide, neutralizing its effects and creating a safer environment.
APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
Bioremediation can be applied at various stages to address shrimp farming challenges:
• Pond Preparation: Before stocking shrimp, bioremediating agents clean ponds, ensuring optimal water conditions.
• Routine Maintenance: Regular use during farming cycles controls waste buildup, ammonia levels, and harmful compounds.
• Corrective Measures: When water quality issues arise, bioremediation swiftly restores balance and supports shrimp recovery.
BENEFITS OF BIOREMEDIATION IN SHRIMP FARMING
Bioremediation is a cornerstone of sustainable shrimp farming, offering a range of benefits that address environmental, economic, and operational challenges. By leveraging the natural abilities of microorganisms, bioremediation transforms waste management and water quality control into efficient, eco-friendly processes. Below are the key benefits of bioremediation:
1. Improved Water Quality
Bioremediation directly enhances water quality by breaking down organic waste, such as uneaten feed, shrimp excretion, and dead algae. Beneficial bacteria metabolize harmful compounds like ammonia, nitrites, and hydrogen sulfide, converting them into less toxic forms. This creates a cleaner and healthier environment for shrimp, reducing stress and improving survival rates.
2. Waste Reduction and Nutrient Recycling
Shrimp farming generates significant amounts of organic waste, which can accumulate and degrade pond conditions. Bioremediation reduces waste buildup by accelerating the
Photo: Organic matter accumulation in water due to lack of probiotic application
decomposition of organic matter. Additionally, it promotes nutrient recycling by converting waste into forms that can be reused within the ecosystem, such as nitrates for plant growth. This minimizes the need for frequent water exchanges and external nutrient inputs.
3. Disease Prevention
Poor water quality and waste accumulation create ideal conditions for harmful pathogens to thrive. Bioremediation helps prevent disease outbreaks by maintaining a balanced microbial ecosystem. Beneficial bacteria outcompete harmful pathogens like Vibrio species, reducing their prevalence and lowering the risk of diseases such as Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND).
4. Enhanced Shrimp Health and Growth
Cleaner water and reduced exposure to toxins lead to healthier shrimp. Bioremediation minimizes stress factors, such as high ammonia levels, which can weaken shrimp immune systems. Healthier shrimp exhibit better growth rates, improved feed conversion ratios, and higher survival rates, ultimately boosting farm productivity.
5. Environmental Sustainability
Bioremediation aligns with the principles of sustainable aquaculture by relying on natural processes rather than chemical interventions. It reduces the need for antibiotics, chemical treatments, and excessive water exchanges, minimizing the environmental impact of shrimp farming. This approach also prevents the discharge of pollutants into surrounding ecosystems, protecting biodiversity and water resources.
6. Cost-Effectiveness
While bioremediation requires an initial investment in microbial products, it proves cost-effective in the long run. By reducing the need for expensive chemical treatments, antibiotics, and frequent water exchanges, bioremediation lowers operational costs. Additionally, healthier shrimp and higher survival rates translate into increased yields and profitability.
7. Pond Bottom Management
The accumulation of sludge and organic matter at the pond bottom can create anaerobic conditions, leading to the production of toxic gases like hydrogen sulfide. Bioremediation addresses this issue by breaking down organic matter and improving oxygen penetration into sediments. This results in a more stable and productive pond environment.
8. Flexibility and Scalability
Bioremediation can be tailored to suit different farming systems, from small-scale operations to large commercial farms. It is compatible with various pond types, including earthen, lined, and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). This flexibility makes it an accessible solution for farmers worldwide.
9. Reduced Water Exchange Requirements
Traditional shrimp farming often relies on frequent water exchanges to maintain water quality, which can be resourceintensive and environmentally damaging. Bioremediation reduces the need for water exchanges by continuously cleaning the pond environment, conserving water resources and lowering operational costs.
10. Long-Term Ecosystem Stability
By fostering a balanced microbial community, bioremediation contributes to the long-term stability of the pond ecosystem. This stability supports consistent shrimp production across multiple farming cycles, reducing the risks associated with fluctuating water quality and disease outbreaks
PRACTICAL TIPS FOR FARMERS
To manage bacteria effectively and enhance shrimp farming outcomes, farmers can adopt the following practices:
1. Monitor Water Quality Regularly: Test ammonia, nitrite, dissolved oxygen, and pH levels frequently to identify and address issues early.
2. Choose the Right Bioremediation Products: Use products tailored to your pond's needs, prioritizing trusted brands with proven efficacy.
3. Implement Aeration Systems: Maintain adequate oxygen levels to support beneficial bacteria and improve water quality.
4. Control Stocking Densities: Avoid overcrowding (stocking more than your system can allow), which leads to waste buildup and stress in shrimp.
5. Optimize Feeding Practices: Feed shrimp with precision to prevent excess feed from becoming waste.
6 Qu arantine New Stock: Introduce shrimp into ponds gradually and monitor for signs of disease.
7. Seek Expert Advice: Work with aquaculture specialists to design customized management plans for your farm.
Bacteria play an indispensable role in shrimp farming, influencing everything from water quality to shrimp health. While harmful bacteria can cause devastating losses, beneficial bacteria offer powerful solutions to improve pond conditions and support shrimp growth. Techniques like bioremediation provide sustainable, effective tools for managing bacteria, reducing waste, and enhancing farm productivity. By combining innovative strategies with practical measures, shrimp farmers can tackle challenges, improve survival rates, and ensure profitability. As global demand for shrimp continues to rise, adopting these science-based methods is crucial for building a resilient and sustainable shrimp farming industry.
Indonesian Shrimp Farmer QUESTIONS WITH
Mr. George Samuel, Managing Director at PT Samudra Berhasil Bersama
Meet Mr. George Samuel, Managing Director at PT Samudra Berhasil Bersama, he is a visionary leader in shrimp aquaculture, overseeing farm management, aquaculture strategies, feeding plans, and biomass estimation to ensure sustainable and efficient shrimp farming. He spearheads the expansion of shrimp culture ponds, driving increased production capacity while implementing advanced farming techniques to optimize performance. With a strong commitment to innovation, he actively explores the latest aquaculture trends, integrating cutting-edge technologies to enhance sustainability and farm efficiency. Under his leadership, PT Samudra Berhasil Bersama continues to advance shrimp farming excellence, reinforcing its position as a key industry player through strategic growth, innovative solutions, and continuous improvements.
Q1: How did you first get into shrimp farming bu siness?
A1: Drawn by the potential profitability of the business, and having assessed such sizable export market which leaves a lot of growth room
Q2: Can you tell us about your shrimp farm (farm area, location, species, farming practices, pond condition, stocking density, targeted harvest stage)
A2: Farm Area ± 37.5 Ha, approximately 150 ponds with 50x50 pond size
• Farm Located in multiple locations in Bangka Island, varying from Northern, Western, and Southern region of the Island
• Farming practices uses low mineralization, medium waterexchange, and highly focusing more on TOM maintenance
• Pond Condition tend to redline on water parameters that indicates high organic matter build up derived from high amount of feed
• Stocking Density approx. is in the range of 180-200 PL/sqm nett
• Targeted Harvest stage really depends on price, we do weigh each potential cost benefit of aiming certain sizes. But at least we aim for sz40 (25g) for now
Q3: What do you think it is the most crucial in shrimp farming (from PL to Grower)
A3:
• As similar to human beings, first and foremost would be the nutrition provided by feed
• Secondly, presence of enough DO and ORP that helps provide more energy to sustain the level of feed, as oxygen is used for a lot of things in the ponds (i.e. breathing, oxidation, and supporting aerobic bacterias and algaes)
Q4: What are the challenges of doing shrimp f arm in Indonesia (declining prices, rising production costs and disease outbreaks)
A4:
• The current challenges now is unstable weather where there’s unpredictable rain / sunlight, and the extreme deviation in such short period of time
• New diseases such as EHP, AHPND also causes death that causes the business to writing-off certain accumulated feed due to loss in biomass
Q5: How do you navigating with current challenges?
A5:
• To develop SOPs mainly surrounding controlling TOM, thus limiting algaes and therefore lesser risks of algae blooms.
• Implementing root-blower aeration to be less dependent to planktons for oxygen production
• Do regular disease checking with PCR tests on multiple possible contagion areas (reservoir, ponds, etc) to understand the intensity and risks, which will leads to decision making on the carrying capacity that followed by density and partial harvest decisions
SHRIMP FARM FROM PT SAMUDRA BERHASIL BERSAMA LOCATED IN BANGKA ISLAND, INDONESIA
VIV ASIA 2025 BANGKOK IN REVIEW
VIV Asia 2025: A Landmark Event for The Livestock Industry In Asia
VThailand / March 12-14 2025
IV Asia 2025, held from March 12-14 at IMPACT Exhibition Center in Bangkok, reaffirmed its status as Asia’s premier trade show for livestock production, animal husbandry, and all related sectors. Covering the entire industry spectrum from feed production to animal farming, breeding, veterinary care, animal health solutions, and processing of meat, fish, shrimp, eggs, and dairy products, the event brought together 51,000 professionals from 129 countries and 1,500 exhibitors from 63 nations.
This year's exhibition featured cutting-edge innovations, industry-leading expertise, and dynamic global collaborations, reinforcing its role as a key platform for knowledge exchange and business networking.
Overall of exhibitors covering feed production, animal husbandry, animal breeding, veterinary care, animal health solutions.
Blue Aqua proudly participated in the Aqua Pavilion section, positioning itself as an end-to-end solution provider for aquaculture with specialized expertise in shrimp farming. Through advanced technologies and comprehensive farm management strategies, Blue Aqua showcased its commitment to optimizing shrimp production, sustainability, and precision aquaculture solutions.
Registration and entrance of VIV Asia 2025 at IMPACT Exhibition Center in Bangkok
BLUE AQUA TEAM AT VIV ASIA 2025
From left to right: Mr. Akawut Leelarungsun (Animator), Mr. Indra Febriantoro (Indonesia general manager), Dr. Wiphada Mitbumrung (Product manager), Dr. Anand Periyakaruppan (India general manager), Dr. Farshad Shishehchian (BA group CEO & Founder), Ms. Amornrat Boonchuay (BA group CFO & Founder), Ms.Erika Chong (Assistant to group CEO) and Mr. Hamoon Shishehchian (Marketing manager)
VIV Asia 2025 serves as a vital platform for shrimp and fish farmers seeking innovative solutions to enhance productivity and overcome industry challenges. For many farmers, disease management remains a major bottleneck, limiting production efficiency and sustainability. This event provides an opportunity to explore cutting-edge technologies, advanced biosecurity strategies, and breakthrough solutions in aquaculture health management.
Additionally, VIV Asia fosters collaboration between industry players and leading research institutes specializing in genomic and molecular sciences. Through these partnerships, companies like ours can expand research collaborations, integrate advanced scientific insights into aquaculture practices, and continuously improve our solutions to meet the evolving demands of the industry. By engaging with experts in biotechnology and precision aquaculture, we can drive forward more resilient, sustainable, and high-performing production systems that benefit both farmers and the broader seafood market.
VIETSHRIMP 2025 CAN THO IN REVIEW
VietShrimp 2025: Advancing Sustainable Shrimp Farming in Can Tho
VietShrimp 2025, held from March 26-28 at the Can Tho Investment & Trade Promotion and Exhibition Center, was a key event for Vietnam’s shrimp industry, showcasing advanced technologies and sustainable farming solutions. With nearly 150 domestic and international companies and 200 booths, the exhibition provided a platform for farmers, researchers, and aquaculture professionals to exchange knowledge and explore innovative approaches to shrimp production. The theme of this year’s expo, "Greening Farming," highlighted the importance of sustainability, featuring advancements in aquatic breeding, feed nutrition, pharmaceuticals, management technologies, and environmental treatment systems.
The event also hosted four specialized seminars, bringing together experts, policymakers, and industry leaders to discuss key challenges such as climate change, disease management, and market trends. VietShrimp 2025 attracted thousands of visitors, particularly from Mekong Delta provinces such as Bac Lieu, Kien Giang, Tra Vinh, Vinh Long, and Long An, reinforcing its significance in Vietnam’s aquaculture sector. The expo provided valuable networking opportunities, allowing stakeholders to engage with cutting-edge technologies and strengthen partnerships to drive industry growth. VietShrimp 2025 covered all aspects of shrimp farming, from feed and farm equipment to farm care products, AI-driven farm management, seafood, and seafood processing machinery. The event brought together farmers, experts, and industry leaders to explore innovations in nutrition, biosecurity, disease prevention, and automation. Companies showcased advanced aeration systems, automated feeders, probiotics, and real-time monitoring tools, helping farmers improve efficiency and sustainability. AIpowered platforms played a key role in optimizing farm operations, allowing for data-driven decisions and better resource management.
Photo: Entrance of Vietshrimp 2025 at Can Tho Investment & Trade Promotion and Exhibition Center
At the event, we had valuable discussions with farmers who have been using Blue Aqua farm care products, gathering feedback on their experiences and learning about their progress in production. These conversations provided insights into their successes and challenges, allowing us to suggest sustainable farming approaches with a strong focus on bioremediation for water quality management. By integrating eco-friendly solutions, we aim to help farmers improve water health, reduce environmental impact, and enhance overall shrimp farm productivity.
Blue Aqua is increasingly gaining recognition among farmers, seafood traders, educational institutions, and business partners, reinforcing its position as a trusted provider of farm care solutions. This growing attention highlights Blue Aqua’s commitment to innovation and industry leadership, strengthening its role in shaping the future of modern aquaculture.
Seminar At BAFC
India, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh / March 26-28 2025
AtBlue Aqua Farmers Center (BAFC), we are more than just a laboratory, we are partners in shrimp farming! Beyond our lab services, we are committed to empowering farmers with knowledge and innovation. Through our monthly seminars, we contribute valuable insights, raise awareness, and equip farmers with the latest advancements in shrimp health and aquaculture sustainability. Our mission is to support farmers in achieving higher productivity, better disease management, and long-term success in an ever-evolving industry.
We successfully conducted our first on-site seminar at BAFC, focusing on the critical topic of shrimp seed quality as it is the foundation of successful shrimp farming. Shrimp seed quality directly impacts growth rates, survival rates, and overall farm productivity, making careful selection essential. High-quality post-larvae (PL) exhibit strong disease resistance, better adaptability to pond conditions, and improved feed conversion efficiency, contributing to higher yields and sustainable farm success.
To support farmers in making informed decisions, we emphasized the importance of selecting genetically superior and diseasefree shrimp seed from trusted hatcheries that meet rigorous health and performance standards. By prioritizing shrimp seed quality, farmers can enhance their operations, reduce risks, and optimize profitability, ensuring a more stable and productive aquaculture industry.
Photo: Seminar on Seed Quality by Dr. Anand Periyakaruppan
KEEP YOUR EYES ON OUR NEXT SEMINAR AT BAFC, WHERE WE CONTINUE TO EMPOWER SHRIMP FARMERS WITH EXPERT INSIGHTS AND PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS!
MEET OUR TEAM AT BAFC
left to right:
and
FIND US HERE: Blue Aqua Farmers Center (BAFC) is located at Door No. 5, Kalla Mandal, M.P Street, Vishnu Priya Plaza, 121/3, Peda Amiram, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh 534204. We are close to the Ratan Naval Tata Statue. Farmers can directly come to our center from Monday to Saturday, from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM. For more information and to schedule services, please call 9891737773 | www.bafarmerscenter.com
SCHEDULE FOR SEMINAR
Date
12 June 2025
Blue Aqua Farmers Center Impact of weather change in shrimp farm Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh
14 June 2025 Aredu, Ganapavaram How to select quality seed for the shrimp culture
19 June 2025 Kollamuru, Bhimavaram How to select quality seed for the shrimp culture
25 June 2025 Blue Aqua Farmers Center Shrimp pond preparation: Best practices and common mistakes Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh
28 June 2025 Koteswar Durgapuram, Eluru How to select quality seed for the shrimp culture
7 July 2025 Palakoderu, Bhimavaram Disease management in shrimp pond
12 July 2025 Ponamgi, Eluru Disease management in shrimp pond
19 July 2025 Saripalli, Ganapavaram Disease management in shrimp pond
26 July 2025 Blue Aqua Farmers Center Better management practices to follow in your shrimp tank Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh
28 July 2025 eravasum, Bhimavaram How to manage feed in your shrimp tank
2 August 2025 Bhuvanapalli, Ganapavaram How to manage feeding in your shrimp tank
6 August 2025 Blue Aqua Farmers Center How to increase productivity in your shrimp tank Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh
11 August 2025 Akividu, Bhimavaram How to increase productivity in your shrimp pond
18 August 2025 Kovalli, Eluru How to manage feed in your shrimp tank
25 August 2025 Pedakapavaram, Ganapavaram How to increase productivity in your shrimp pond
30 August 2025 Gundugolanu, Eluru How to increase productivity in your shrimp pond
From
Mr.Chinnababu Yalla (Sale officer), Mr. Narenda Singh Kshathri (Sale officer), Mr. Harshit Khanna (Marketing manager), Dr.Anand Periyakaruppan (General manager), Dr. Ezhilmathi Selvaram (Technical manager)
Mr. John Vineeth (Lab technician)
PROACTIVE PROFESSIONAL PRACTICAL ADVERTISE WITH US!! TODAY
"Aqua Practical" brings practical knowledge sharing on technical issues and best practices to its network of members and subscribers. Published quarterly by the Asian Aquaculture Network (AAN).
Asian Aquaculture Network (AAN) was establishes in 2009 as a regional professional network of communication, knowledge and sharing practical technical information about aquaculture. The primary focus is on promoting sustainable development and profitable practices of aquaculture around the world.
THE RIGHT TARGET EXPEDITE YOUR BUSINESS
WHAT WE DO
• Provide the updated information and emerging news about aquaculture through magazines and facebook.
• Conduct aquaculture trainings and practical workshops by the team of industry experts.
• Hold annual conferences and seminars.
• Collaborate with research institutions and universities on research, educational and technological development information exchange and student exchange program.
• Assist its members in advocasy to national governments.
• Provide latest pioneering and new technology knowledge and other discovery information to its members.
• Provide aquaculture supplier directory to the members annually.
SUPPLIER DIRECTORY
• Asian Aquaculture Network (AAN) Supplier Directory contains a wide listing of aquaculture suppliers from all over the world
• Members get to know suppliers from outside their home country or current location that might be able to offer lower prices at better quality
• They are categorized into specific product and services
• AAN Supplier Directory is available online to our members only
MEMBERSHIP
• 4 Issue of "Aqua Practical" and free access to the online version of the magazine.
• Free online access for supplier directory.
• Discount on annual seminar and conference and customized seminar and training.
OUR READERS
• Network of professionals in aquaculture industry.
• Memberships, University libraries, and Trade show.
Total page followers as of today:
9K followers
AQUACULTURE EVENTS
2025
June 9 - 10
RAS tech 2025
San Diego, United States
June 19
Aquaculture Awards 2025
Inverness, United Kingdom
June 22 - 25
TCRS Shrimp Summit
Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia
June 24–27
World Aquaculture Safari 2025
Kampala, Uganda
July 1 - 3
Seafood Expo Bharat
Chennai, India
August 7 - 8
Food & Feed Extrusion
Melbourne, Australia
August 19–21
Aqua Nor 2025
Trondheim, Norway
August 20 - 21
The Aquaculture Roundtable Series (TARS) 2025
Chiangmai, Thailand
September 1 - 4
Conference on Diseases of Fishand Shellfish
Heraklion, Greece
September 2–4
Global Shrimp Forum 2025
Utrecht, The Netherlands
September 10–12
Seafood Expo Asia 2025
Singapore
September 16 - 18
VICTAM LatAm 2025
Sao Paolo, Brazil
September 17–19
ILDEX Indonesia 2025
Jakarta, Indonesia
September 22–25
AquacultureEurope2025
Valencia, Spain
September 23 - 26
30th Annual NAIA Cold Harvest Conference & Trade Show
