The Silk Roads Maps

THE SPREAD OF RELIGIONS ACROSS THE SILK ROADS BEFORE c.600 AD Ural

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Jax ar t

Alexandria

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OP

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Babylon Jerusalem

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Basra

Persepolis

Myos Hormos Yathrib (Medina)

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Bamiyan Alexandria-ad Caucasum

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H

R

Kabul Peshawar Taxila

Alexandria-Bucephalous H

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Multān

Kerman

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T A K L A M A K A N D E S E R T

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SĪ STĀN Alexandria-in Arachosia

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Memphis

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KHUZISTAN

Uruk

Nīshāpūr

Dunhuang

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Qyzyl caves

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Ctesiphon Gundeshapur Susa

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Samarkand D ar

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Antioch Orontes

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FERGHANA VALLEY

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Aral Sea

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A

S

Pataliputra Varanasi

Ujjain

Muscat

Tamralipti Barygaza

Mecca

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Arabian Sea

Najrān

Kolhapur

Bay of Bengal

Sana‘a Axum

Soqotra

Kanchipuram Vanavasi Coimbatore Pattanam Madurai

Laccadive Islands

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Map 1 (page 36/37) THE SPREAD OF RELIGIONS ACROSS THE SILK ROADS BEFORE c. 600 AD At this time (c. 600 AD) religions were carried by pilgrims and merchants. Buddhism, helped by Emperor Ashoka’s adoption in India, went everywhere; its influence reached far to the west, past the Hindu Kush, into what is now Afghanistan – where the Buddhas of Bamiyan were cut into the rock and remained there for 1,500 years until destroyed in 2001. Although Christianity later dominated the western worldview, at one time it spread as far as Kashgar (now predominantly Muslim) in modern-day Xinjiang. [81 words]

Bulgar

BULGHARS

BA

Smolemsk

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Wolin

Chernigov

Vistu la

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I

S e a

Alexandria

Orontes

Ramla Tinnīs

Bamiyan Kabul Ghazni

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T A K L A M A K A N D E S E R T

S

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M

an

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Mathura

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ges

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Mecca

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Bay of Bengal

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Map 2 (page 111) THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM AND TRADE ROUTES c. 850 AD

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Anuradhpura Sigiriya Polonnaruwa

Madurai

SRI LANKA

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Mashad

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Dunhuang

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Fustāt Cairo Memphis

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Mosul

E

M e d i t e r r a n e a n

Mahdia

Jurjān Nīshāpūr

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E

A

Dara

S TAUR U

FERGHANA VALLEY

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Athens

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M U K T A R R E A S K DE

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Balāsāghūn

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THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM AND TRADE ROUTES c. 850 AD

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Kiev Mainz

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Indus

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GIR D

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Hedeby

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This map shows the spread of the Islamic faith and the major trade routes followed. After the death of Muhammad, Muslim armies conquered large territories to the east and west. One point of resistance was from the Khazars, who ruled the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas. They did not adopt Islam but in the middle of the ninth century they decided to become Jewish. [67 words]

DEATH AND DESTRUCTION IN THE THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES Mongol campaigns Spread of the Black Death Neva

Novgorod Suzdal Vitebsk

K H A N AT

Smolensk Vistu la

E OF THE GOLDEN HORDE

Kiev

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E

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G A N S U

G XINJIAN

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T A K L A M A K A N D E S E R T

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an g

e

N HUA SIC

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es

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East China Sea

Ganzhou Zhangzhou Nanning Guangzhou

Paharpur

Mecca

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A

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Chitor

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Beijing

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AT E ( P E R S I A )

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TAURU

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Constantinople

Naples

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TA I K H A N AT E CHAGA

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Aral Sea Zara

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Rome

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Venice Florence

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Vienna

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Ural

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Nizhny Novgorod

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an

Polotsk

Arimaddanapura

Sanjan Chiang Mai

Arabian Sea

Bay of Bengal

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Sukhodaya

Indrapura

Angkor

Vijaya

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Map 3a (page 170/171) DEATH AND DESTRUCTION IN THE THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES In the thirteenth century the Mongols brought death and destruction from the east. At Nīshāpūr every living thing was butchered – not even dogs and cats were to be left alive. The Mongols took Kraców in Poland, and probably would have advanced further west, but for the fact that their leader, Ögödei, the Great Khan, died and they elected to turn back to the east. Arguably, the Black Death, carried by rats, killed many more people than the Mongols.

The trading routes connecting Europe to the world now became highways for the transmission of the disease. [95 words]

a

S

S

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Damascus Jerusalem

Mosul hr ate s

Tehran Qom

1865

Tashkent

Baghdad

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Isfahan Masjed Soleymān

IRAQ Basra

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MESOPOTAMIA

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FERGHANA VALLEY

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SYRIA

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Dates of Southward Russian expansion (Sy

1884

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KARAKUM DESERT

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Yerevan

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sp

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C A U C A Derbent S U Tbilisi S

Ca

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Southerly Russian pressure

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Sebastopol

PALESTINE Me di terran ean Sea

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U

THE GREAT GAME IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

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al Ur

Dn ies tr

Orenburg

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2000 kilometres 1250 miles

Map 5a (page 297) THE GREAT GAME IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The Great Game was a political and diplomatic confrontation between Britain and Russia. Britain was fearful of Russian moves towards Afghanistan, feeling that the Jewel in the Crown, India, was threatened. There was an atmosphere of distrust, spies, intrigue and talk of war. Britain invaded Afghanistan in 1838 – a well-known disaster – in order to create a buffer state against possible attack from the north. [64 words]

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Aral Sea

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Tbilisi

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KARAKUM DESERT

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C A U C A Derbent S U S

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Merv

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Alexandretta Orontes Qana’ Haifa

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Meshad Tehran

Qom

SYRIA Damascus

British Red Zone

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French ‘A’ Zone

Alexandria

PERS

Baghdad T ig r i s

IRAQ

British ‘B’ Zone Jerusalem

Cairo

MESOPOTAMIA

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phr

Isfahan Basra

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Neutral Zone

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Masjed Soleymān

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Khushk Kerman Shiraz Bushihr BAHRAIN Bandar ‘Abbās

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Samarkand

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French Blue Zone

International Zone

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Black Sea

PALESTINE

(Syr

THE GREAT GAME IN THE MIDDLE EAST

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Istanbul

Jaxa rtes

Sistan

Mazar-i-Sharif

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Ghazni

Kandahar Quetta

lf

Riyadh

Mecca

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a

Oil pipelines

Sana‘a Aden

Soqotra

Sykes–Picot agreement 0 0

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Map 5b (page 338) THE GREAT GAME IN THE MIDDLE EAST Sir Mark Sykes, British Secretary of State for War, and François Georges-Picot, a French diplomat, created the boundaries for modern-day Iraq and Syria in 1915 and 1916. Britain and France both claimed that they were freeing populations from the tyranny of the Turks. Yet one element in the background was the discovery of oil in Persia. In 1928 the French and British came to an accord known as the ‘Red Line Agreement’, which split the oil assets of the region between the Anglo-Persian and Turkish Petroleum companies (the British government was a major shareholder in Anglo-Persian). [96 words]

SILK ROADS IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR

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Voronezh

Rostov-on-Don

Odessa

Bucharest

Maikop

Sevastopol

up hr ate s

Tehran Qom

PERS

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Isfahan

Ābādān

Khushk Shiraz

sia n

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IA Kerman

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Mecca

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Erbil Kirkuk

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Ashgabat Merv

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Damascus

Bukhara

Alma Ata

Bishkek

Tashkent

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Khiva uD Am

Tobruk

Aleppo

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Benghazi

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Athens

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Yerevan

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Tripoli

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M e d i t e r r a n e a n

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Batumi

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Belgrade

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Venice

Stalingrad

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Kiev Dni epr Vinnitsa

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Zhitomyr

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Vist ula

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Map 6 (page 370) SILK ROADS IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR During the Second World War the German armies had more or less conquered all of Europe. Adolf Hitler’s dream was to create Lebensraum (living space) for the German people in the east – the USSR; he also needed petroleum products to keep the armies going and had eyes on the Caucasus and the Middle East. German troops got as far as Stalingrad and the Caucasus before being pushed back. In tandem with the Soviet drive west against the Germans, Britain and the United States supplied tanks, aircraft and armaments to the USSR through the Persian Corridor. [95 words]

THE NEW SILK ROAD St Petersburg Novgorod

Novosibirsk

Volg a

Moscow

Omsk

Warsaw

Voronezh

Dni epr

Rostov-on-Don

pi

Ox us (A m u

K AR AKUM DESERT

Tashkent

Bishkek T

FERGHANA VALLEY

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XINJIAN

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P

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Dunhuang

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K A N T

O

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Beijing ID

Tianjin

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Seoul

Yellow Sea

KUS

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A

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Ni le

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Sana‘a Aden Djibouti

Mumbai

Y

A

Shanghai

ng Ya

Hangzhou

East China Sea

S

Kunming Guangzhou

Shenzen

Hanoi

Pune

Bangalore

Soqotra

Wuhan

Chongqing

Surat

Mecca

ea

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Chengdu

N HUA SIC

ts e

Xi’an

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s

dS Re Khartoum

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a

i Tig r

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M e d i t e r r a n e a n

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Alma Ata

Tbilisi T A K L A M A D D E S E R Baku Samarkand Kashgar Yerevan ly ry a Ha Ashgabat Tabriz ) Dushanbe I R S Ceyhan Edessa Merv TAU R US Jalalabad Balkh Mosul Mashad Peshawar ph Aleppo ra Herat Kabul Qom Tehran te s Islamabad Beirut H Baghdad Damascus Isfahan H Rawalpindi S e a Qana’ I Lahore Kandahar M Jerusalem Quetta Kerman A Shiraz Basra Cairo Delhi ang es us d Bandar ‘Abbās rsi an Gu lf Dubai Medina Doha Adu Riyadh Aswan Muscat Karachi Dhabi Sea

Athens

an

S

(S

) rya Da yr

as

C A U C A S U

Istanbul

Jaxar tes

Aral Sea

C

Sevastopol Black Sea

L

Volgograd

Donestsk

Odessa

Belgrade

Ulaanbaatar

A

I

Dn ies tr

Budapest

TRANS-SIBERIAN ROUTE

A

Prague Vienna

Kiev

a tul Vis

Astana

Ural

Kharkov

DU

Łodz

Tripoli

Irkutsk

Minsk

Hamburg Berlin

Rome

Railways Oil pipelines Proposed Oil pipelines Gas pipelines Proposed Gas pipelines

SINO-EUROPE RED ROUTE

Helsinki

Oslo Stockholm

Bay of Bengal Chennai

South China Sea

Bangkok

Ho Chi Minh City Laccadive Islands

0 250 500 750 1000 1250 miles

SRI LANKA

Kuala Lumpur

Map 7 (page 512) THE NEW SILK ROAD

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The New Silk Road is a network of railways, roads, oil and gas pipelines spreading across Asia and linking the east to the west again. It could be said that the world’s centre of gravity is shifting back to where it was long ago. In Kurdistan oil reservoirs produce 250,000 barrels a day – worth hundreds of millions of dollars a month. In Kazakhstan there are deposits of beryllium, dysprosium and other ‘rare earths’ vital for making mobile phones, laptops and rechargeable batteries, as well as uranium essential for nuclear energy. Cities are booming, with new airports, tourism resorts and luxury hotels.

[101 words]