SYNAESTHESIA:ON-SCREEN HOW FAR CAN EMPATHY REALLY GO? TOXIC SOCIETYSCIENCETASTE?AND AUGUST 2022 | ISSUE 3
Following the extraordinary success of our previous releases, Issue 3 has evolved massively, allowing the team to go from strength to strength. We faced significant challenges in compiling an issue with such a broad range of topics, but persisted to create this vibrant and varied issue. This, of course, was made possible by the skills and talents of our wonderfully diverse student community, and its ability to find a way ahead, however unconventional. This inspired the theme of this issue: Weird and wonderful In this issue of Bioscientist we bring to you weird and wonderful phenomena from all aspects of the biosciences: Could social prescribing reduce the numbers of people turning to GPs for help, relieve pressure on healthcare services? What are the symptoms of tapeworm infections and how can we prevent them? How are 72 cancer patients in Wythenshawe infected with Toxoplasma? How do you become an editor of a world renowned scientific journal? Can basking in sunlight improve your physical health?
Much like our last issue, there has been a huge increase of students getting involved to write for us, making it our biggest yet. This issue is the result of a year's hard work from students, alongside staff and professionals kindly offering their time. This hard work has also involved working with the university's library team to create our own publishing platform. There are exciting times Asahead!themagazine continues to grow exponentially, we look forward to more students and industry professionals imparting their knowledge and creativity to future work. As always, we invite all those interested to get in touch at bioscientistmagazine.com/roles
Nadia Patel and Abbie Storan
CO-EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
SCIENCE IN THE NEWS symptomsTherelativelynewtermlongcovidandits CONTENTS BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE PROF. SOCIETYSCIENCESWEENEY:JOEAND Student discusses the impact of long covid symptoms after treatmentwellandinfectionintitialofCovid-19riskfactorsasaspossibleoptionst 31 31 BIOMEDICINE 14 14 2 2 2 I EDITORS' NOTE SLEEPING SICKNESS HumanThegrowingprogressofeliminatingAfricanTrypanosomiasis 5 CHRONIC PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS globalTherangeofdisorderscontributingtothehealthburden 9 RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT itWhatissocialprescribingandhowdoeswork? 10 STRANGE TWIN ETHNIC GROUP ratesThesurprisingdiscoveryofhighbirthlinkedtotheYorubaethnicgroup 12 LINKING ARSENIC POISONING AND RICE indirectGrowingconsumptionofriceandthedirectorintakeofofArseniccontaminatedfood 14 SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: PROF. JOE SWEENEY societyOverlapsbetweenscience,artandhuman 31 TOXOPLASMA RESEARCH: PROF. GEOFF HIDE workinterviewsBiomedicalsciencestudentAroofAfzalProf.GeoffHideabouthiscurrentandinterestinparasitology 34 SALFORD SCIENCE RICEPOISONINGLINKINGARSENICAND SCIENCE IN THE NEWS monitoringeducationcontinuousexposureminimiseandcontaminatedbetweenRelationshipArsenicfoodhowtoits'throughand UniversityExcitinginsightintoongoingSalfordresearchandcommunityBIOSCIENTISTMAGAZINE| II
Dr. Sarah Withers explains what is expected of students taking out a year out of study for placement and tips for obtaining a placement 41 41 46 46 48 48 SINGHWITHEXPERIENCEPLACEMENTJESSICA DR ADVICEPLACEMENTWITHERS:SARAH Jessica Singh shares her experience of securing placementa and shares reflections while looking back on her projectresearch BIOMEDICINE CAREER STORIES: PUBLISHING CAREERS becomingPritiNagda'sjourneyandadviceintoaSeniorEditoratTaylor&Francis CAREERS 41 PLACEMENT EXPERIENCE placementofOnestudentreflectsontheirexperiencecompletingabiomedicalresearch 46 DR SARAH WITHERS: PLACEMENT ADVICE thinkingPlacementtutorsharestipsforstudentsaboutcompletingaplacement 48 BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE III |BIOSCIENTISTMAGAZINE PROGRAMME LEAD STATEMENT NamvarandProgrammeLeadforBiomedicalScienceHeadofStudentExperienceDr.Sarareflectsontheacademicyear STUDENTS 51 MY JOURNEY TO SALFORD: WENDY HILLSON journeySalfordstudentsharesherinspiringaboutconqueringdisability 52 WELLBEING AND NATURAL LIGHT improvingImportanceofnaturalsunlightforphysicalhealth 54 COFFEE WITH CAROLINE wellbeingSchoolWellbeingLeadanswersstudents'queriesandconcerns 56 EVENTS: CANCER AND ITS INTRIGUING REVELATIONS academicsthemedCharlesMiddletonreflectsonthecancerexhibitionthatbroughtandstudentstogether 58 THE BIOMEDICINE SOCIETY PASSIONFLASH DiscoverOurpublicspeakingcompetitionfInals:thewinners! 60 BIOART CLUB FINAL 2021-2022ConclusionandcelebrationoftheBioArtcompetition:theBioArtfinal 61
BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE BIOART 2022: SEE THE ART61 61 BIOSCIENTISTMAGAZINE| IV
SCIENCE IN THE NEWSSCIENCE IN THE NEWS pg.2pg.2 Read about the term long covid,Read about the term long covid, breakthroughs in eliminating sleep sicknessbreakthroughs in eliminating sleep sickness and Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA)and Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA) RESEARCH SPOTLIGHTRESEARCH SPOTLIGHT pg.10pg.10 We put a spotlight on the elements of socialWe put a spotlight on the elements of social prescribing schemes and the growing twinprescribing schemes and the growing twin birth rate in the Yoruba ethnicitybirth rate in the Yoruba ethnicity SALFORD SCIENCESALFORD SCIENCE pg.31pg.31 Exciting insight into ongoing Salford UniversityExciting insight into ongoing Salford University research and community, with the spotlight onresearch and community, with the spotlight on parasites. Features an inspiring conversationparasites. Features an inspiring conversation with school Dean Prof. Joe Sweeney.with school Dean Prof. Joe Sweeney. TOPICS IN BIOMEDICINETOPICS IN BIOMEDICINE pg.14pg.14 Students discuss the link between arsenicStudents discuss the link between arsenic poisoning and rice consumption, significance ofpoisoning and rice consumption, significance of Mirror Touch SynaesthesiaMirror Touch Synaesthesia in medicine andin medicine and genetic mosaicismgenetic mosaicism 1 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
SCIENCE IN THE NEWS BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 2 Figure 1: Long covid may be divided into two main terms, acute long covid and chronic long covid. Acute long covid describes symptoms lasting 3 weeks or longer but less than 12 weeks. Chronic long covid, on the other hand, describes symptoms that last over 12 weeks².
3 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE Figure 2: The various symptoms of long covid⁴.
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SCIENCE IN THE NEWS
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References 1. Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness). World Health PublishedOrganization(WHO).May 18, 2021. Accessed July 9, Trypanosomiasis.Human3.diseases/african-sleeping-sickness2021.Medicine.2.human-african-(sleeping-sickness)https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trypanosomiasis-2021.AfricanTrypanosomiasis(AfricanSleepingSickness).JohnsHopkinsAccessedJuly20,https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-KennedyPGE,RodgersJ.ClinicalandNeuropathogeneticAspectsofAfrican Front Immunol. 2019;10:39. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.000394.FexinidazoleforT.b.gambiense.DNDiDrugsforNeglectedDiseasesInitiative.PublishedDecember31,2004.AccessedJuly9,2021.https://dndi.org/research-development/portfolio/fexinidazole/5.DeeksED.Fexinidazole:FirstGlobalApproval. Drugs 019-1051-62019;79(2):215-220.doi:10.1007/s402657 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
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Figure 1: CT scans from patients with various forms of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA).
EurRespirJ.2016;47(1):45-68. ofHoudoi:10.1183/13993003.00583-2015X,ZhangH,KouL,LvW,LuJ,LiJ.ClinicalfeaturesanddiagnosischronicpulmonaryaspergillosisinChinesepatients. Medicine Latgé2017;96(42):e8315.doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008315JP,ChamilosG.AspergillusfumigatusandAspergillosisin2019. ClinMicrobiolRev.2019;33(1):e00140-18.doi:10.1128/CMR.00140Aspergillosis:Maghrabi18F,DenningDW.TheManagementofChronicPulmonaryTheUKNationalAspergillosisCentreApproach. Curr FungalInfectRep.2017;11(4):242-251.doi:10.1007/s12281-017medicine/hospital-medicine/chronic-pulmonary-aspergillosis/https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-PublishedThomas0304-7N.Chronicpulmonaryaspergillosis.CancerTherapyAdvisor.January17,2019.AccessedAugust13,2021.
ChakrabortyReferencesRK,BaradhiKM.Aspergilloma.In: StatPearls.StatPearls andpulmonaryDenningPublishing;2022.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546668/DW,CadranelJ,Beigelman-AubryC,etal.Chronicaspergillosis:rationaleandclinicalguidelinesfordiagnosismanagement.
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References 1. What is social prescribing? The King’s Fund. Published AugustNovember4,2020.Accessed 1, https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/social-prescribing2021. 2. Drinkwater C, Wildman J, Moffatt S. Social prescribing. BMJ upwardinequality:4.https://www.england.nhs.uk/personalisedcare/social-prescribing/3.2019:l1285.PublishedonlineMarch28,doi:10.1136/bmj.l1285Socialprescribing.NHSEngland.AccessedAugust1,2021.GibsonK,PollardTM,MoffattS.SocialprescribingandclassedAjourneyofhealthmobility? SocSciMed Prescribingwithinlongitudinalas5.doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114037.2021;280:114037.WakefieldJRH,KelleziB,StevensonC,etal.SocialPrescribing‘SocialCure’:AstudyofthehealthbenefitsofsocialconnectednessaSocialpathway. JHealthPsychol. Published online July 23, 6.doi:10.1177/13591053209449912020:135910532094499.JaniA,LiyanageH,HoangU,et al. Use and impact of social prescribing: a mixed-methods feasibility study protocol. BMJ Open evaluation.healthandolder‘holistic’8.wellbeing/articles/social-prescribinghttp://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/health-and-2019.Published7.doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037681.2020;10(9):e037681.KateFerrari.Aprescriptionforfreshairandgreenspace.RHS.October18,AccessedAugust1,2021.ElstonJ,GradingerF,AsthanaS,etal.Doesasocialprescribinglink-workerforpeoplewithcomplex,multimorbidityimprovewell-beingfrailtyandreduceandsocialcareuseandcosts?A12-monthbefore-and-afterPrim Health Care Res Dev. 2019;20:e135. doi:10.1017/S1463423619000598 Figure1:thenewlyopenedRHSGardenBridgewaterinWorsley,GreaterManchester.
RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT Figure 1: A sign displayed outside the town Igbo Ora proudly welcoming people to the ‘HomeofTwins'⁴. BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 12
TOPICS IN BIOMEDICINE
Table 1: The maximum levels of inorganic arsenic (iAs) for rice and ricebased produced (mg/kg wet weight)¹.
From 2009 to 2021, the rice consumption tons)¹(504.309increasedby15.1%globallymillionmetric ⁴; now accounting for over 50% of the Asian population’s daily caloric intake⁵. China is both the world’s biggest rice consumer and producer, accounting for 142.7 followingwithmillionmetrictonsofrice,IndiaandIndonesiaclosely ⁵ . Rice (Oryza sativa) contains plenty of grownanygreaterHowever,themovement,regulateincreasecarbohydrate,health.beneficialbiomolecularcomponentsforhumanAsacomplexithelpstobloodsugar,bowelanddecreaseriskofDiverticulosis15.riceisalsoasourceofiAsthanothercerealcropinpaddyfields¹ ⁶ In 2014, the European FoodStandardsAgency
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andbroughtalleviateperbecauseratherforhighconsumerswithregardstokg/bodyweight1.Thisisyoungchildrengenerallyconsumeahigherunitoffoodbodyweight,resultinginahigherchanceofiAsexposure¹.TotherisksofiAsexposure,theEuropeanCommissionforthmaximumlimitsforiAsintheproductionofricerice-basedproducts,whichwasenforcedin2016¹.
Table 2: The correlation between mean µg/kg bodyweight (b.w.) per day and the 95th percentile µg/kg b.w. per day (high consumers) for infants, toddlers and children and adults¹.
Figure 2: Consumption of rice in thousand metric tons globally from 2008 to 2021¹⁴ . (EFSA) published an Exposure Assessment regarding iAs intake across Europe, which included 28 surveys encompassing 17 European countries¹. The study showed that a potential health risk was not associated with the amount of rice consumed, but
Arsenic’s toxic actions⁹. Once in the body, the high affinity
Figure 4: A 2D molecular diagram of Arsenate (also known as arsenic acid), AsO43- ¹⁹ . Arsenate is taken into most cells via the phosphate pathway, whilst Arsenite uses aquaglyceroporins or sugar permeases to incorporate itself into cells² The molecular suchitselfstructureofArseniteallowsfortightbindingoftothiolgroups,specificallyvicinaldithiolsasdihydrolipoicacid(DHLA),andsome some results in of
⁰.
and
seleno-enzymes, which
BIOLOGICALREASONS The direct or indirect intake of iAscontaminated food and drink can lead to oxidativeArsenatearsenicpoisoning,duetohighArseniteand/orlevels16.Thesetwoanionsarestatesofinorganicarsenic¹ ⁷ plantsArsenitethreeAnexperimentwasconductedoveraperiodofdaystoshowthetoxicitylevelsofandArsenateinLemnavaldiviana ⁸. The L. valdiviana plants showed a decrease in tolerance of absorption and toxicity as the iAs anion concentrations increased; with Arsenite requiring lower concentrations than Arsenate to achieve the same results⁸. Increased concentrations of superoxide anion levels were also observed peroxidegrownfromplantsgrowninArsenite,whilstArsenate-plantshadincreasedhydrogenlevelspresentwithinitstissues ⁸ well¹environments,solubilityhadOverall,whilstbothanionsweretoxic,Arsenitemuchhighertoxicitylevels,withhighandmobilityinaqueousallowingforeasyassimilationas ⁷ Figure 3: The 2D molecular diagram of Arsenite (also known as arsenic trioxide), AsO3 ¹⁸ .
Arsenite-selenol compounds linkedseleno-enzymes,resultsininhibition,alongwithROSscavengingleadingtooxidativestresstoArsenicpoisoning ⁹ MOVINGFORWARD Therapeutic dithiols such as dimercaptotreatments(DMSA),(BAL),propanesulfonate(DMPS),dimercaptopropanolandinsomecases,dimercaptosuccinicshowpromiseaspreventiveforArsenicpoisoning ⁹. They target absorptioneffectiveand(high-arsenicarsenicUsingaboveincomeexposureEducationandthebindingpropertiesofArsenitecompounds,itsderivatives,towardsvicinaldithiols.isakeyfactorinpreventingfurthertoArsenic,particularlyforlow-countriesandthoseexposedtoArsenictheWHOrecommendedguidelines4.rainwaterandtreatedsurfacewater(low-concentrations)insteadofgroundwaterconcentrations)todrink,cookirrigatecrops(e.g.,rice)canbeveryinreducingtherateofarsenic ⁴ Research by the FSA looked at cooking water¹.whenwashing,OnmethodstohelpreduceArseniclevelsinrice1.average,10%ofiAswasremovedbyrinsewitha45%decreaseiniAscontentcookingrawriceinalargevolumeof CONCLUSION Arsenic-contaminated food and drinking supplies are increasing by the thousands each China,lifetimecommunitiestheincompletelyyearandwithoutadefinitemethodonhowtoremoveArsenicfromsourcesusedourdailylives,abigriskcouldbeposedforglobalpopulation.ForcountriesandthatcurrentlyhavecasesofexposuretohighlevelsofiAs(suchasIndia,andBangladesh) ⁴, a huge spike may occur in the number of severe, and exposedneededofandsubsequentlyfatalcases.ContinuouseducationmonitoringarekeytocontrollingtherateiAsexposure,butalong-termstrategyistoeffectivelyhandlethelevelofiAstothehumanpopulation²¹. BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 16
Ecotoxicology.2020;29(2):196-202. 9.doi:10.1007/s10646-019-02152-9NurchiVM,BuhaDjordjevic A, Crisponi G, Alexander J, Bjørklund G, Aaseth J. Arsenic Toxicity: Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Agents. Biomolecules. 2020;10(2):235. 10.doi:10.3390/biom10020235ArsenicFactsheet.
Bull WorldHealthOrgan.2000;78(9):1093-1103.
Centers for Disease Control and EvidenceEmerging11.https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Arsenic_FactSheet.htmlPrevention(CDC).PublishedApril7,2017.AccessedJuly21,2021.KaragasMR,PunshonT,DavisM,etal.RiceIntakeandConcernsonArsenicinRice:aReviewoftheHumanandMethodologicChallenges.
JHazardMater. 2021;408:124751. 17.doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124751BrusseauML,ArtiolaJF. Chemical Contaminants. In: Environmental and Pollution Science. Elsevier; 2019:175-190. 18.doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-814719-1.00012-4Arsenite|AsO3.ChemSpider.Accessed July 22, 2021. 19.http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.529.htmlArsenate|AsO4.ChemSpider.AccessedJuly22, and20.http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.25498.html2021.GarbinskiLD,RosenBP,ChenJ.Pathwaysofarsenicuptakeefflux. Environ Int. 2019;126:585-597. water21.doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.058SmithAH,LingasEO,RahmanM.Contaminationofdrinking-byarsenicinBangladesh:apublichealthemergency.
CurrEnvironHealthRep alleviation16.2022.StatPearls.15.consumption/https://www.statista.com/statistics/255977/total-global-rice-Published14.consumershttps://ricepedia.org/rice-as-food/the-global-staple-rice-13.poisoning.htmhttps://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/arsenic-AccessedTreatment12.2019;6(4):361-372.doi:10.1007/s40572-019-00249-1TharuR.ArsenicPoisoning|Arsenicosis-Symptoms-Signs--Prevention.Medindia.PublishedJune3,2014.February12,2022.Theglobalstaple.Ricepedia.AccessedJuly20,2021.ShahbandehM.Totalglobalriceconsumption2021.Statista.April22,2021.AccessedJuly20,2021.HoleshJE,AslamS,MartinA.Physiology,Carbohydrates.In:StatPearlsPublishing;2022.AccessedJanuary22,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459280/MawiaAM,HuiS,ZhouL,etal.Inorganicarsenictoxicityandstrategiesinrice.
References 1. basedarsenite6.counties.htmlhttps://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-10-rice-consuming-January5.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenicFebruary4.https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/arsenic/index.cfPublished3.https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/arsenic.htmlAugust2.enicinrice.htmlhttps://archive.nutrition.org.uk/nutritioninthenews/headlines/aFoundation.Arsenicinrice–isitacauseforconcern?BritishNutritionPublishedFebruary22,2017.AccessedJuly19,2021.rsArsenicandCancerRisk.AmericanCancerSociety.Published5,2020.AccessedJuly19,2021.Arsenic.NationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciences.July1,2014.AccessedJuly19,2021.mArsenic.WorldHealthOrganization(WHO).Published15,2018.AccessedJuly19,2021.Top10RiceConsumingCountries.WorldAtlas.Published8,2019.AccessedJuly20,2021.HuangJH,FecherP,IlgenG,HuKN,YangJ.Speciationofandarsenateinricegrain–Verificationofnitricacidextractionmethodandmasssamplesurvey.
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FoodChem toxic8.642-16483-5_5224Springer7.2012;130(2):453-459.doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.059SchwabM,ed.Selenoenzyme.In:EncyclopediaofCancer.BerlinHeidelberg;2011:3359-3359.doi:10.1007/978-3-CoelhoDG,MarinatoCS,deMatosLP,etal.Isarsenitemorethanarsenateinplants?
USA¹⁶.HementionsthatinMTS,thevisualandtouch Figure 1:
THE NEUROBIOLOGY BEHIND MIRROR TOUCH SYNAESTHESIA
MTS involves triggering the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) within the also indicated that the activation of SI and SII was related to increased stimulation of the mirrorFurthermore, the tactile mirror system, which links MTS and empathy, leads to synaesthetes to a neurologist in the A diagram depicting the location of the primary and secondary somatosensory cortexes in the human brain¹
Drphysicallyfeelwhatothersarefeeling¹³.JoelSalinasliveswithMTSandis
somatosensory cortexes
BY SARA ALNASIR KASSAM Mirror Touch Synaesthesia
(MTS) has slowly sent shockwaves throughout the medical community. MTS was whoSynaesthetespopulationtosomethingreactionpersonempathy.aselse’sbecauseweirdattentionbroughttothemedicalworld’sin2005¹.MTSisasasitiswonderfulfeelingsomeonepaincouldbeperceivedthebestrepresentationofMTSisdefinedasahavingaphysicalorresponsetothatishappeningsomeoneelse².2%ofthelivewithMTS³.areindividualshavesynaesthesia ⁴.Those enhancedexpressions,understandSynaesthetes;withMTSarereferredtoasMTtheycanandidentifyfacialandhavesocialawareness ⁵ However, MTS can be severely disruptive. Some synaesthetes become overwhelmed and overloadthisresultdistressedbytheirfeelingsasaofothers’experiences;isknownassensory ⁶ , ⁷.Sensoryoverloadis defined as receiving excessive input from all your 5 five senses which your brain struggles to cope with⁸ synaesthetesbebreathingCopingmechanisms,likedeepexercises,seemtoeffectiveforMT ⁹ ¹⁰. Furthermore, many synaesthetes often assume that everyone is experiencing the sensations theyexperience¹¹.
touch network¹³.
synaesthete’s brain synaesthetes¹operculumperformingsynaesthete’s(Figure1)¹².fMRIimagingshowedthatthesameareasofthebrainwereactivatedasthatoftheindividualtheaction¹³.However,theSIIintheparietalhasmoregreymatterinthebrainsofMT ⁴. fMRI
⁵ . TOPICS IN BIOMEDICINE BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 18
onviewersweirdMedthewouldidentifyhowtheirreactiontosuchasituationbesimilar.ByincorporatingMTSandreactionstoitwithinthestoryline,Chicagohasmanagedtobringthiswonderfullyconditionintothespotlight.PerhapswouldfeelinspiredbytheepisodegoandlearnmoreaboutMTS.Increased
⁷.
⁷
centres of the brain are subconsciously mergedandtriggered¹⁷.MTSmayoccurdueto mirrorneuronesinsynaesthetes’brains¹³.
⁶
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CHICAGO MED PROVIDES NECESSARY NEUROSCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE. ‘Chicago Med’ is a fictional show which provides an insight into a hospital’s Emergency Department. In Series 2, Episode is12ofChicagoMed,named“Mirror,Mirror”,MTSrepresented¹ In the show, two doctors encounter a character named Ariel who exhibits strange symptoms for no apparent Firstly,reason.a male patient experiences a seizure, which Ariel “imitates.” However, a female doctor finds that Ariel is not exhibiting the signs of a seizure, such as nystagmus or asynchronous muscle movements. Ariel’s the reaction of Ariel’s mother is important, because viewers may be able to
Mirror neurones replicate the sensory experiences, which happens at a heightened level in synaesthetes. These specialised behavioursneuronescanalsohelpusunderstandhumanandemotions² . Solid evidence of the existence of mirror neurones in humans has been obtained through many imaging techniques, including Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging²¹. Mirror neurones are in the Broca’s area, inferior parietal cortex and primarymotorcortex,asseeninFigure2²⁰ ²². Mirror neurones are activated when we carry out an action, and when we observe others²⁴ . In addition, mirror neurones are motor or visuomotor²¹²⁵ Visuomotor describes the coordination between the visual and motor aspects of the lowerbrain,specificallytheeyesandtheupperandlimbs² .Avisualstimuluswouldactivate responsevisuomotorneuroneswhichresultsinamotorsuchaslimbmovement² Mirror neurones are one of two categories of visuomotor neurones² . Mirror neurones are part of an extensive mirroring network. When an individual replicates an action, the mirror neurone fires like it would have fired for the personwhocarriedouttheaction² .Ithasalso been discovered that mirror neurons play a part in sharing emotions²⁹. Have you ever cringedwhensomeonehasfallen?Youcringe 2: A depiction of several regions in the brain such as the Broca's Area and Primary Motor Cortex/Area where mirror neurones are located²³.
awareness of this condition could lead to more research interest, allowing research scientists to fully understand MTS through testsandclinicaltrials.
⁰
REFLECTING UPON MIRROR NEURONES
⁸
Figure
impact.feelswheretodoctorscene.motherrepeatedlytellsArieltostopmakingaArielisputintoisolation.ThemaletestsatheorythathethinksmayapplyAriel.HehasaconversationwithAriel,heslapshisleftcheek.Asaresult,Arielthepainonherrightcheek,amirroredThedoctordiagnosesArielwithMTS¹ ⁹ Showing
⁸.
intensifieshadconsciousbecauseexperiences)SomaticanAffectiveCognitiveempathy(puttingyourselfintosomeoneelse’sshoes)empathy(understandingandexpressingconcernforindividual’swell-being)empathy(physicalreactiontosomeoneelse’sthemirrornetworkcrossesthethresholdbetweenandsubconsciousthinking,makingyouthinkthatyoufallen;thus,yourespondaccordingly.Themirroringexperienceandisamoreconsciousphenomenon³ ⁰ brains,DrSalinasexplainsthateveryhumanhasamirrornetworkintheirbutsynaesthetestendtohaveamoreextensivenetwork¹ ⁷ . The mirror neurone network is also hyper-activated in MT duesynaestheteindividualsblurred,ownsynaesthetes.Additionally,thethresholdbetweenrecognisingyourbodyandsomeoneelse’swithsynaesthetesisextremelysoMTsynaesthetesfeelsensationsinregionswheremaybeexperiencingsensations.Additionally,awouldseetheirbodyblendintotheirsurroundingstothethreshold’sblurring³ ⁰ SOMATICEMPATHY:HOWITDIFFERSINMTSYNAESTHETES SomaticTherearemanytypesofempathy³¹³²:empathyisaresponsetosomething that someone else isn’titHowever,embarrassed.mightsomeoneandhasundergone³².Peopleexperiencesomaticempathyallthetime,thismaybeinthesubtlestwayspossible.Forexample,ifisembarrassed,youmayreactphysicallytothis.YouhaveafeelingofuneasinesslikeitwasyouwhowasSomaticempathyisthemostprevalentinMTS.inMTS,thepatientfeelsthesamesensation,buttheyfeelontheoppositesidetowheretheimpactoccurred³³.Intriguing,it? Figure 3: A visual representation of the sensations experienced by amputees with Phantom Limb Pain³⁷ MIRROR TOUCH SYNAESTHESIA IS VITAL IN NEUROSCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT. Usually, synaesthetes have developmental synaesthesia, meaning thattheywerebornwithsynaesthesiaorinheriteditgenetically⁹ ¹¹. It may be acquired due to limb loss¹⁰. Phantom Limb Pain occurs when an individual loses a limb but still feels a sensation, or 3)³unpleasantpain,intheregionoftheamputatedextremity(Figure ⁴ ³⁵. However, the sensations only affect the phantom limb in amputees³⁶.Moreover,theamputeesonlyfeltthesensationswhen humansweretouched³⁶ BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 20
².
revealhowthisispossible⁴¹. WHY IS
⁴⁰.
Those with autism spectrum disorder have a mirror neurone system dysfunction, leading to decreased mirror-neurone activity³ MTS is caused by elevated mirror neurone activity, researchers have suggested that MTS research may lead to novel autism research that could provide help for individuals with autism Researchers may discover how to increase mirror MTSneuroneactivitybystudyingMTsynaesthetes.occursmoreprevalentlyinpeoplewithgrapheme-colour synaesthesia Grapheme-colour synaesthesia involves the association of colours to letters or numbers⁴ Thus, MT synaesthetes have MTS alongside other synaesthetic conditions; however, further research is required to MIRROR TOUCH SO IMPORTANT TO THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY? enhances social Social behaviour is heavily impacted by the human ability to be interesting to discover whether MTS is solely something are born with,
MTS
⁸ ³⁹. As
can
cohesion⁴³.
understandwhatothersaroundusarefeeling⁵.Thiscanenhanceempathywithinsociety. It would
you
or MTScompassionatetraumathemhealthcaretowhetheritcanbeacquiredduringlife.Ifthelatterisfoundtobetrueitcouldbeadvantageoushealthcare,whereabetterunderstandingofpatients’painmayleadtoimprovementsinstandards.Also,itmayallowdoctorstoadapttreatmenttosuitpatientsandtreatholistically.Holistictreatmentinvolvesthepatient’sphysicalsymptomsandemotionaltobetreatedsimultaneously.DrSalinasmentionsthatMTShelpshimbemoretowardshispatientsduetounderstandingwhatthepatientneeds.He,also,usestostrengthenhiscapabilitytoprovidethebestcare³ ⁰.DrSalinasalsostatesthatMTShelps him diagnose patients¹⁷. Dr Salinas has also authored “Mirror Touch: Notes from a Doctor Who CanFeelYourPain”⁴⁴ . MIRROR TOUCH SYNAESTHESIA - THE ULTIMATE SUPERPOWER MTS is a physical manifestation of empathy, which could be perceived as a superpower. another.Understandingoneanotherinmoreempatheticwayscouldhelpustobettertakecareofone 21 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
⁴¹.
Perception. 2019;48(11):1146-1152. synaesthesia.fMRI42.doi:10.1177/0301006619875917RuizMJ,DojatM,HupéJ.Multivariatepatternanalysisofdataforimaginaryandrealcoloursingrapheme–colour Eur J Neurosci. 2020;52(5):3434-3456. 43.doi:10.1111/ejn.14774BanissyMJ.Mirror-TouchSynaesthesia:TheRoleofShared RepresentationsinSocialCognition. Doctoral. UCL (University College London); 2010. 44.https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/19307/SalinasJ.MirrorTouch:NotesfromaDoctorWhoCanFeelYour Pain.;2018. BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 22
S. Mirror neurons: Enigma of the metaphysicalmodularbrain. JNatSciBiolMed.2012;3(2):118.
23. PeateI,NairM. FundamentalsofAnatomyandPhysiologyfor Student Nurses. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated; principle24.docID=822491http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/salford/detail.action?2011.RizzolattiG,SinigagliaC.Themirrormechanism:abasicofbrainfunction.
References 1. Blakemore SJ, Bristow D, Bird G, Frith C, Ward J. caseSomatosensoryactivationsduringtheobservationoftouchandaofvision–touchsynaesthesia. Brain. 2005;128(7):15712.1583.doi:10.1093/brain/awh500WardJ,BanissyMJ.Explainingmirror-touchsynesthesia. Cogn Neurosci 2015;6(2-3):118-133. mirror-touch3.doi:10.1080/17588928.2015.1042444MedinaJ,DePasqualeC.Influenceofthebodyschemaonsynesthesia. Cortex. 2017;88:53-65. 4.doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.013WatsonK.WhatIsSynesthesia? Healthline. Published October 24, 2018. Accessed March 15, 2022. 5.https://www.healthline.com/health/synesthesiaWardJ,SchnakenbergP,BanissyMJ.The relationship andbetweenmirror-touchsynaesthesiaandempathy:Newevidenceanewscreeningtool. CognNeuropsychol.2018;35(5-6):3146.332.doi:10.1080/02643294.2018.1457017ArnoldN.“Iliterallyfeelyourpain”:what life’s like with synaesthesia12.https://open.spotify.com/episode/6Wep53JXcvNuP6RG3Bv4dYSpotify.11.https://www.betterhelp.comMay10.2022.BetterHelp.9.https://www.healthline.com/health/sensory-overloadSeptember8.death-with-mirror-touch-synaesthesia/http://affinitymagazine.us/2020/04/09/life-and-simulated-AccessedSynaesthesia.7.a5aa-738f9c8a6615https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/13a3affc-839d-4743-2017.mirror-touchsynesthesia.BBCThree.PublishedSeptember1,AccessedMarch15,2022.DiMaioM.LifeandSimulatedDeathwithMirrorTouchAffinityMagazine.PublishedApril9,2020.March15,2022.WatsonK.WhatIsSensoryOverload?Healthline.Published14,2021.AccessedMarch15,2022.WhatIsSynesthesiaDisorderAndHowToCopeWithIt.PublishedFebruary24,2022.AccessedMarch23,https://www.betterhelp.comWhatIsMirrorTouchSynesthesia?BetterHelp.Published4,2021.AccessedFebruary20,2022.MirrorNeurons:Aretherepeoplewhofeelothers’pain?PublishedApril22,2010.CioffiMC,MooreJW,BanissyMJ.Whatcanmirror-touchtellusaboutthesenseofagency? Front Hum Neurosci.2014;8.doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00256 13. empathy.BanissyMJ,WardJ.Mirror-touchsynesthesiaislinkedwith Nat Neurosci. 2007;10(7):815-816. 21.(Paris).implications20.v=G2NKTDI5OCMPublished19.med/video/mirror-mirror/3459807February18.touch-synesthesia/September17.24,16.and-somatosensory-cortical-areas-lateral-viewstudent-resources/blumenfeld3e-alternative-figure-6-1a-motor-https://learninglink.oup.com/access/content/blumenfeld3e-Areas15.doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.073NeuroImage.differences14.doi:10.1038/nn1926HolleH,BanissyMJ,WardJ.Functionalandstructuralbrainassociatedwithmirror-touchsynaesthesia.2013;83:1041-1050.AlternativeFigure6.1A:MotorandSomatosensoryCortical–LateralView.OxfordUniversityPress.AboutJOELSALINAS.JoelSalinas,M.D.AccessedFebruary2022.https://joelsalinasmd.comMirrorTouchSynesthesia.RadioHealthJournal.Published29,2019.https://radiohealthjournal.org/mirror-ChicagoMedS2E12:Mirror,Mirror.NBC.Published2,2017.https://www.nbc.com/chicago-MirroredTouchSynaesthesia?|ChicagoMed.youtube.March11,2018.https://www.youtube.com/watch?MathonB.Lesneuronesmiroirs:del’anatomieauxphysiopathologiquesetthérapeutiques.RevNeurol2013;169(4):285-290.doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2012.10.008RizzolattiG,CraigheroL.THEMIRROR-NEURONSYSTEM.
NatRevNeurosci.2016;17(12):75726.Neuroscimirror25.765.doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.135LammC,MajdandžićJ.Theroleofsharedneuralactivations,neurons,andmoralityinempathy–Acriticalcomment.Res.2015;90:15-24.doi:10.1016/j.neures.2014.10.008BinderMD,HirokawaN,WindhorstU,eds.Visuomotor.In: Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; neurons:27.2009:4354-4354.doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_6383FadigaL,FogassiL,GalleseV,RizzolattiG.Visuomotorambiguityofthedischargeor‘motor’perception? IntJ Psychophysiol. 2000;35(2-3):165-177. doi:10.1016/S016728.8760(99)00051-3AcharyaS,Shukla studies.with29.doi:10.4103/0976-9668.101878MolenberghsP,CunningtonR,MattingleyJB.Brainregionsmirrorproperties:Ameta-analysisof125humanfMRI 30.doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.004Ep.195-MirrorTouchwithJoel
Annu Rev Neurosci. Mirror22.doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.1442302004;27(1):169-192.KilnerJM,LemonRN.WhatWeKnowCurrentlyaboutNeurons. Curr Biol. 2013;23(23):R1057-R1062. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.051
Salinas M.D. Spotify. Published June 13, Limb34.synesthesiahttps://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/mirror-touch-Published33.empathy-4582389https://www.verywellmind.com/cognitive-and-emotional-Published32.https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-empathy-27955622,31.https://open.spotify.com/episode/77muyl3v0QG8C07EnManh32017.CherryK.WhatIsEmpathy?VerywellMind.PublishedMay2020.AccessedFebruary24,2022.ClarkeJ.Cognitivevs.EmotionalEmpathy.VerywellMind.October4,2021.AccessedFebruary24,2022.NallR.IsMirrorTouchSynesthesiaaRealThing?Healthline.January13,2020.AccessedFebruary20,2022.Hanyu-DeutmeyerAA,CascellaM,VaracalloM.PhantomPain.In: StatPearls[Internet].StatPearlsPublishing;2022. Accessed March 25, 2022. 35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448188/WaldmanSD.PhantomLimbPain.In:AtlasofCommonPain Syndromes. Elsevier; 2019:403-406. doi:10.1016/B978-0-32336.54731-4.00103-1GollerAI,Richards K, Novak S, Ward J. Mirror-touch synaesthesia in the phantom limbs of amputees. Cortex. 38.https://purpleprosthetics.com/phantom-limb-pain-management/Published37.2013;49(1):243-251.doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.002PhantomLimbPainManagement.PurpleProsthetics.January25,2020.Baron-CohenS,RobsonE,LaiMC,AllisonC.Mirror-TouchSynaesthesiaIsNotAssociatedwithHeightenedEmpathy,andCanOccurwithAutism.YamasueH,ed. PLOS ONE Touch39.2016;11(8):e0160543.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160543LinkovskiO,KatzinN,SaltiM.MirrorNeuronsandMirror-Synesthesia.
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The Neuroscientist. 2017;23(2):103-108. Types41.https://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=3284488&page=1Published40.doi:10.1177/1073858416652079StoelGammonK.TouchingMe,TouchingYou.ABCNews.June18,2007.AccessedMarch22,2022.WardJ.TheCo-occurrenceofMirror-TouchWithOtherofSynaesthesia.
Figure 1. Fig 1. Traits of healthy males and Klinefelter males. Typical characteristics of the two groups are compared. TOPICS IN BIOMEDICINE 23 |BIOSCIENTISTMAGAZINE
Scanning electron micrograph of bacteria cultured from a human faecal sample.
Figure 3. Kleinfelter syndrome in males. The stature of a typical Klinefelter syndrome patient is displayed.
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Figure 2. Calico cat X chromosome inactivation in males and females. Where XB and Xb indicate fur colour (seen on the X chromosome), the Y chromosome as seen in males does not contribute to fur colour. A barrebody (uncoiled chromosome) is shown in the randomly inactivated X-chromosomes.
Figure 4. Characteristics of Germline and Somatic Mosaicism. Flow chart shows the comparison of the mode of occurrence (meiosis and mitosis), cells and localities affected, inheritance, commonality, and conditions under the categories. 25 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
Figure 5. Karyotyping images visualised with fluorescent dyes. A displaying Klinefelter’s syndrome (with the additional X chromosome} and B showing a healthy female’s chromosomes. BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 26
References 1. Foulkes WD, Real FX. Many Mosaic Mutations. CurrOncol. 2013;20(2):85-87. 2.doi:10.3747/co.20.1449GermaniF,Bergantinos C, Johnston LA. Mosaic Analysis in Drosophila. Genetics 3.2018;208(2):473-490.doi:10.1534/genetics.117.300256PanningB.X-chromosomeinactivation:the molecular basis of silencing. JBiol. 4.2008;7(8):30.doi:10.1186/jbiol95KalantryS.Recent advances in X-chromosome inactivation. JCellPhysiol 5.2011;226(7):1714-1718.doi:10.1002/jcp.22673TüttelmannF,GromollJ.Novelgenetic aspects of Klinefelter’s syndrome. MolHum Reprod.2010;16(6):386-395.doi:10.1093/molehr/gaq019
doi:10.1186/s13073-019-0658-2 27 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
6. Queremel Milani DA, Chauhan PR. Genetics, Mosaicism. In: StatPearls. StatPearls disease7.Publishing;2021.AccessedAugust23,2021.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559193/CampbellIM,ShawCA,StankiewiczP,LupskiJR.Somaticmosaicism:implicationsforandtransmissiongenetics. Trends Genet. 2015;31(7):382-392. 8.doi:10.1016/j.tig.2015.03.013CastamanG,Matino D. Hemophilia A and B: molecular and clinical similarities and differences. Haematologica.2019;104(9):1702-1709.doi:10.3324/haematol.2019.221093 YangS,HanH,LiJ,etal.Transcriptomicanalysisofgeneexpressioninnormalgoatovary August 23, Mujezinovic F. Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2017(9). 12.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003252.pub2Chorionicvillussampling.NHS. Published June 7, 2018. Accessed August 23, 2021. 13.https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chorionic-villus-sampling-cvs/Biopsy.GreatOrmondStreetHospitalforChildrenNHS Foundation Trust. Published August 2019. Accessed August 23, 2021. https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-andfor Rare Disorders (NORD). Published September 14, 2017. Accessed August 23, 2021. https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cri-duGenetCounsGenevaSwitz.2008;19(4):381-386. Genome Med. 2019;11(1):48.
14.treatments/procedures-and-treatments/biopsy/CriduChatSyndrome.NationalOrganization
16. disease-causingCaoY,TokitaMJ,ChenES,etal.Aclinicalsurveyofmosaicsinglenucleotidevariantsingenesdetectedbyexomesequencing.
9.
andintersexgoatgonad. ReprodDomestAnim.2021;56(1):12-25.doi:10.1111/rda.13844 10. Turnersyndrome.GeneticandRareDiseasesInformationCenter(GARD).PublishedJuly 26, 2011. Accessed
2021. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7831/turner11.syndrome/cases/28789AlfirevicZ,Navaratnam K,
unusualpartial15.chat-syndrome/MurruD,BocconeL,RistaldiMS,NucaroAL.Criduchatmosaicism:anunusualcaseofdeletionandpartialdeletion/duplicationoftheshortarmofchromosome5,leadingtoancriduchatphenotype.
CYSTICERCOSIS TRANSMISSION
Figure 1: Life cycle of the Taenia solium tapeworm during taeniasis infection and cysticercosis⁴ .
Humans can become infected with T. solium by the consumptionof Taenia solium’s larval cysts in infected and undercooked pork or through the oral-faecal route due to unsanitary
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Taeniasis is a parasitic infection causedby tapeworms.In humans,three parasitic species can cause taeniasis: Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Taenia asiatica (Asian tapeworm) and Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm). These three metazoan species have similar life cycles where Taenia solium and Taenia asiatica have pigs as intermediate hosts and cattle for Taenia saginata¹. Of all three species, Taenia solium has the most adverse effects on human health. This article will be focusing on Taenia solium, which is a white coloured, flattened ribbon-like tapeworm².
proglottid³.soliumsoliumbecomeintestinalandandeveloptheyconditionssuchasopendefecation.OncetheTaeniasolium’seggsinfiltratethehumanbody,canfurtherdevelopintocysticerci(larvaltapeworm)invariousorgans².Thecysticercicaninthecentralnervoussystem,skin,eyes,andmuscles.Thecysticercusmaturesintoadulttapeworminthehumanintestine(upperjejunum)overthecourseoftwomonthscangrowfrom2-7minlength.Thesetapewormsusetheirscolextoadheretothemucosaandresidethere.Adulttapewormsthenproduceproglottidswhichgravidatmaturationandarereleasedoutofthehumanbodyviatheanus.Taeniaeggsarereleasedasthegravidproglottidsarepassedwiththefaeces,adultTaeniahasanaverageof1000proglottidsandcanproduceupto50,000eggsper
NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS AND EPILEPSY When Taenia solium’s larval cysts are found in the central nervous system, the condition is epilepsysymptomaticchronicneurocysticercosisparenchymaextraparenchymallocatedneurocysticercosismechanismscausesisknownasneurocysticercosis.Neurocysticercosisaneurologicalsymptomoftaeniasiswhichepilepticseizures.Therearetwowhichareinvolvedinpathogenesis;parasitesinthecerebralparenchymaorthecompartment.Theisthemostcommonformofwhichresultsinseizuresandheadache(occursin90%ofpatients)andmayleadto ⁵. While, in the extraparenchymal compartment, Taenia solium tapeworms are basicwitchcraft.seizuresandmanyignorancetreatment.leaveinadequateinfection².casesriskroaming30%manypeopleWorldwide,hydrocephaluslocatedinthecerebrospinalfluid(CSF)causingandintracranialhypertension¹.approximately2.56–8.30millionaresufferingfromneurocysticercosis.Inendemicregions,Taeniasoliumcausesofepilepsycaseswherehumansandpigsshareproximity.However,inhigh-communities,astaggering70%ofepilepsyareassociatedwithTaeniasoliumInisolatedcommunities,thehealthinfrastructureandpoverty75%ofpeoplesufferingwithoutanyThelackofknowledgeandofthediseasebecomesareasonforwomenandgirlstosufferdiscriminationstigmatisation,whereepisodesofepilepticaregenerallyassociatedwithThesepatientsarealsodeniedtheirrightssuchaseducationandmarriage ⁶ . WHO IS AFFECTED? Taenia solium infections are found worldwide but are much more prevalent in developing nations with low socio-economic conditions and poor sanitation. Taenia solium infections America,areendemicinIndia,Asia,EasternEurope,Latinandsub-SaharanAfrica ⁷. Farming millionbornesoliumReferenceFoodbornealsocommunitiesofthesedevelopingcountiesareaffectedbycysticercosis.In2015,theDiseaseBurdenEpidemiologyGroup(FERG)recognisedTaeniaasthemaincauseofdeathsfromfood-diseases,contributingtoabout2.8DALYs(Disability-adjustedlifeyears)². SYMPTOMS
⁷ appetite,experienceingestion.developTapewormstakeapproximately8weekstofullyintheintestineaftercysticerciAtthispoint,apersonmaysymptomssuchasdiarrhoea,lossofabdominalpain,andnausea.
monthsfoundsolium’sdifferentstoolsamples,specimensareobtainedonthreedaysandareexaminedforTaeniaeggsinthelab.Theseeggscanbeinthestoolsamplesevenafter2-3ofgettinginfected
The active passage of proglottids (tapeworm segments)viatheanusandintothefaeces is the most obvious indication of taeniasis
⁷ The right treatment is essential in controlling eachneurocysticercosis.corticosteroidsAlbendazole)dosesrequired.responseneurocysticercosisnumber,aremagneticneuroimagingNeurocysticercosisdays)².andNiclosamidesingleCurrently,chemotherapyindividuallyneurocysticercosis.thetheparasitetransmissioncycleandpreventingfurtherdevelopmentofconditionssuchasTreatmentcanbeprovidedorbyimplementingpreventive(massdrugadministration).drugsusedtotreattaeniasisincludedosesofPraziquantel(10mg/kg),(childrenaged2-6:1g,6+years:2g)Albendazole(400mgfor3consecutiveisdiagnosedthrough-computedtomography(CT)orresonanceimaging(MRI)scans,theseexcellentatevaluatingdegenerativetages,andlocationoftheparasites.AscanleadtoaninflammatorymuchmorelocalisedtreatmentisCurrently,longercourseswithhigherofcestocidaldrugs(Praziquantelandareusedalongsideandanti-epilepticdrugstotreatThetreatmentisadaptedtopatientaftertheclinicalpresentation¹. PREVENTION AND CONTROL Appropriate public health interventions are crucial to control and prevent the spread of Taenia solium. Firstly, suitable surveillance communities¹newmechanismsareneededtokeepabreastwithcasesandtoidentifyhigher-risk ⁰. Also, point-of-care testing is required for cysticercosis diagnosis- early Therereducecysticercosisviablediagnosiswouldmeanbettermanagementofcysts.Finally,identificationofporcinewouldbeinvaluabletohelptheprevalenceofthedisease.areseveralinterventionssetinplaceforTaeniasoliumobliteration,theseinclude:ensuringeffectivetreatmentsofhumantaeniasis,vaccinationsinpigs,improvedmeat 29 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
and eggs in the
soliddevelopalsocanparasitecysticercosisyears².untreatedasymptomaticPeopleinfectedwithTaeniasoliumcanremainforseveralyearsandifleftinfectionscannormallypersistfor2-3Taeniasoliuminfectionscanleadtowhichcaninduceseizureswhenaislocalisedinthebrain,intheeyeitpromptatrophyandblindness,andcancausemuscledamagewherepeoplecanvisibleorpalpablenodules–asmallbumpinsubcutaneoustissues
Taeniasis diagnosis includes microscopic examination of proglottids
⁸ . DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Figure 2: Brain MRI images were taken before (A) and after (B) treatment. Multiple cysts can be seen within the parenchyma (A) before albendazole (15mg for 28 days) cleared all the lesions (B)⁹ inspection and pig husbandry, helping communities improve sanitation and providing education on health, hygiene, and foodsafety². WHAT CAN YOU DO? ChecktofightneglectedfundingsareacommunitieslackTaeniasisislargelyunder-reportedduetotheofresourcesavailableinunder-developedthereforeanyresearchinthewouldbehighlybeneficial.MoreareneededtoresearchthesezoonoticdiseasesandyoucanhelpagainstparasiticinfectionsbydonatingorganisationssuchastheSCIFoundation.theirwebsitehere:https://schistosomiasiscontrolinitiative.org/In2020aGermanpharmaceuticalcompanycalledBayerandtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)hadanagreementtoprovidemedicinesfortheinfectionscausedby Taenia solium. Both Praziquantel and Niclosamide can now be requested through the WHO website: Steps to requesting associateddonatedmedicinesfortreatmentofepilepsytapeworminfection¹¹.
2. Taeniasis/Cysticercosis. World Health Organization (WHO). Cysticercosis5.https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/biology.htmlAccessedDisease4.1,Prevention3.sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosisAccessedAugust1,2021.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-Taeniasis-Biology.CentersforDiseaseControland(CDC).PublishedJanuary10,2013.AccessedAugust2021.https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/taeniasis/biology.htmlPreventionCCforDCand.Cysticercosis-Biology.CentersforControlandPrevention(CDC).PublishedJuly12,2019.August1,2021.GarciaHH,GonzalezAE,GilmanRH.TaeniasoliumandItsImpactinNeurologicalDisease. Clin MicrobiolRev.2020;33(3).doi:10.1128/CMR.00085-19 BurkinaKnowledge,MillogoA,NgowiAH,CarabinH,GanabaR,DaA,PreuxPM.attitudes,andpracticesrelatedtoepilepsyinruralFaso.
Epilepsy Behav. 2019;95:70-74. cause8.https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/taeniasis/gen_info/faqs.htmlPublished(FAQs).7.doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.03.006Taeniasis-GeneralInformation-FrequentlyAskedQuestionsCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC).September18,2020.AccessedAugust1,2021.MohanH,BalA,AulakhR.Multiplecysticerciasanunusualofmesentericlymphnodeenlargement:acasereport. J MedCaseReports.2008;2(1):196.doi:10.1186/1752-1947-2-196 Katurahara M, Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Isoda K, et al. TravelerCaseofDisseminatedCysticercosisandTaeniasisinaJapaneseafterReturningfromIndia. 10.2013;89(1):58-62.doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0355GripperLB,WelburnSC.Thecausalrelationship
Rare
9.
6.
between systematicneurocysticercosisinfectionandthedevelopmentofepilepsy-areview. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6(1):31. 11.doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0245-yStepstorequestingdonated medicines for treatment of epilepsyassociated tapeworm infection. World Health Organization (WHO). Published August 10, 2020. Accessed August 1, 2021. epilepsy-associated-tapeworm-infectionSteps-to-requesting-donated-medicines-for-treatment-of-https://www.who.int/news/item/12-08-2020-References 1. humans.withMendlovicF,FleuryA,FlisserA.ZoonoticTaeniainfectionsfocusoncysticercosisduetoTaeniasoliuminswineand Res Vet Sci. 2021;134:69-77. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.015 BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 30
AmJTropMedHyg
IN CONVERSATION WITH ALIA BODA AND AIKATERINI MARNELLA 31 |BIOSCIENTISTMAGAZINE Prof. Joe Sweeney Dean of School of Science, Engineering and Environment
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WHAT IS THE FOCUS OF YOUR LATEST RESEARCH? HAVE YOU GOTTEN ANY SIGNIFICANTRESULTSSOFAR? WhentheargininesoenzymesoxidetwoSo,parasiteitthere'sinfectdays,theyyouthemtoxoplasma,ifatwescientistsIthemoleculestonotindividualstissueweothermacrophageintostage.whichofweearlierWetheantibodieswewhyunderstandinterestedWhatwe'redoingatthemomentisthatwe'reincarryingonthistopicoftryingtothesepatientswithcancerandthey'reallinfected.So,whathappensissectionthetissues,andwecanusetostaintheparasitessowecanseeparasitesveryclearlystainedinthetissues.seethosecystsstagesthatItalkedaboutandthesearethedormantstages.Butalsoseewhichisinteresting,inabout90%thepeoplewelookedat,wesawstages,indicatetheparasitesinanactiveSo,whattheparasitedoesisitcangetmacrophages,andithidesinsidetheandreproducesandtheninfectsmacrophagesandothercelltypes.So,seethoseactiveformspresentinthelungaswell.Thatsuggeststhatthesehavegotanactiveinfectionandjustahistoricalinfection.Whatwewantedtryanddowastofindoutwhatkindofwereinvolvedinthisprocesswhyparasiteactivehereandwhat'sbehindit.workincollaborationwithalargegroupofinChinaontoxoplasmaandwhatweredoinginChinawaswewerelookingtheeffectsofhostimmunityonparasite.So,youinfectlaboratoryanimalswithwhatyoufindisthatsomeofaremoresusceptiblethanothers.So,ifinfectlaboratorymicewithtoxoplasma,dieveryquicklywithinsometimesafeworsometimesacoupleofweeks.Ifyourats,theysurvivemuchlongerbecausesomethingabouttheratwhichmakesmoreimmuneormoreresistanttothethanthemice.whatwediscoveredisthatit’stodowithenzymesarginaseandinduciblenitricsynthase(iNOS).Whathappensis,bothrelyonthesamesubjectsubstrate,theymetabolizearginaseandsoyougetwhichgoeseithertotheiNOSortoarginase.welookedattherats,wefoundthat looked at 72 patients, which is quite a large becausethem.detectingdifficultsamplesizeforgettinglungtissueasitisaverytissuetogetholdof,andweweretheparasiteineverysingleoneofThat'squiteexcitingandfrighteningit'sunusual. SHOULDTHEWHATEFFECTONPEOPLEANDANIMALSDOESPARASITEHAVE,THATYOUTHINKWEBEMOREAWAREOF? We need to look at this in the background in immunosuppressivecansystemwherepeoplecompromisedHIV/AIDSimmunocompromisedcausesoflives,andandIttoxoplasma,indoesn't.theoutquiteit'sinthroughperfectencounterdolphinsbecauseinfectandoocystsitstheandlifecycleit'sAnotherwhetherhowthatbirdsasanimals,whenare200whencountries.toxoplasmathatthecontextoftheparasite.AstrikingstatisticisoneinthreepeopleontheplanethaveanditvariesabitindifferentSo,intheUK,it'sabout1in10andwe'regoingtobiglecturestheatreswithpeopleinthere,20peopleinthatroomonaverageinfectedwithtoxoplasma.Also,youlookatotherwarm-bloodedyoufindthatit'sveryprevalenttherewell.So,about1in3wildanimalsandwildareinfectedwiththeparasiteaswell.Somakesitaninterestingparasite,becausehasitgottoallthesedifferenthoststheybehumanhosts,oranimalhosts.thingthat'sinterestingaboutitisthataparasitewhereitonlycompletesitsfullinthecat.It'sacatspecificparasitewhathappensisthatitgetsingestedbycat,itdevelopsinthecat,itgoesthroughsexualcyclesinthecatandtheninfectiveareshedfromtherearendofthecatspreadintotheenvironmentwheretheysecondaryhostslikeus.It'sinterestingevenseamammalslikewhalesandhavetoxoplasmaandyettheydon'tcatsregularly.Ialmostcallittheparasitebecauseit'sspreadsowidelythehumanandanimalkingdom.Itisahighpercentageofpeopleandanimals,somanagedtoadaptitswayintospreadingwidely.Butoneofthequestionsraisedofthatisdoesitcauseusanyharm?andshortansweristhatinmostcases,no,itWhenIsay1in10ofusintheUK,or13ofusintheontheplanetareinfectedwithwemayneverevenknowit.lodgesasakindofacystforminourbodies,it'sheldincheckbytheimmunesystemthereitstaysprobablyfortherestofourandwemayneverknowwe'vegotit.Butcourse,itdoescausesomeproblemsanditproblemsinpeoplethatareduetoadiseaselikewheretheimmunesystemisbyaviralinfection,oritcouldbethatareundergoingcancertreatmentthedrugtreatmentcausestheimmunetobedepressedandthentheparasitebecomeactive,oritcouldbethingslikedrugs.It’salsoaproblem 35 |BIOSCIENTISTMAGAZINE
in pregnant mothers if you're a pregnant mother and you become infected with toxoplasma during your pregnancy it can be passed through to your developing baby and cause problems with the baby and sometimes it can cause miscarriage as well. That's a very serious effect to the parasite but in terms of the number of people on the planet infected with the parasite, it's a rare occurrence.
you pathogens.parasitesindividualmedicinesunderstandingtoxoplasmapeoplemighttheweparasitesimportantthatcomplicated.expressionwithinwe'reiNOSthatwhatatwildexpressionandcontrolanimals.SalfordTheitself.evolvedhappeninganotherbecauseparasitefromimmunewhatlevelsaItagainstseriouslyparasiteWhentriggersremoveWhattoxoplasmaSchistosomamuchknockouttheiNOSgenetheratsbecomeverymoresusceptibletoboththeandtheleishmaniabutnotthewhichiswhatweexpectedtosee.seemstohappenisthatwhenyoutheiNOSprotein,theparasiteitselfanotherhostresponseagainstitself.youlockouttheiNOS,weexpectedthetokilltheratsormakethemveryillbutinsteadtheywereprotectedtheparasite.appearstheparasitehasgotsomethinglikefeedbackloop.It'snotbeingkilledbytheofnitricoxideortheiNOSexpression,it'sdoingisit'striggeringanotherresponsewhichisprotectingthehostitself.That'sinterestingbecauseifyou'reayoudon'twanttokillyourhostthenyoudon'tgettransmittedontohost.Whatwethinkmightbehereisthattheparasitehasamechanismtosaveitshostfromotherthingthatwe'vebeendoinghereinislookingatwhat'sgoingoninwildSo,wecollectwildmicefrompestprocesses,andwealsotrapwildmicewhatwe'vebeenlookingatiswhattheofiNOSandarginaseisinthosemice.It'sinterestingbecausewecanlooksomegeneticmarkersforexpressionandweseeisthatinthewildmicethatarearenotinfected,theyseemtohavehigherthantheonesthatareinfected.So,whatlookingathereisjustnaturalvariabilitywildanimalsintermsofthelevelsofofiNOSandarginase.So,soquiteItallcomestogethertosuggestthisbalanceofiNOSandarginaseisintermsofhowresistantwearetoliketoxoplasma.Lookingforward,ifwereatthestagewherewecouldmeasurelevelsofiNOSandarginaseinpeoplewebeabletodeterminewhethersomearemoreresistanttoparasiteslikethanothersandgetanofthissortofpersonalsideofunderstandingaboutresistanceandsusceptibilitytoliketoxoplasmaandawiderrangeof HAS YOUR WORK ON T.GONDII LED YOU TO ANY OTHER RESEARCH TOPICS THAT YOU WOULDLIKETOFOCUSONINTHEFUTURE? There's lots of genetics project, so me being a geneticistwhatI'minterestedinisthecontrol BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 36
What we've
andintoinvolvedenzymetheiNOSthree,couldinareWhenarginasehigh,supportsarginaseiNOS,interestinglylooktwofluorescentenzymeiNOSsamples.seeofwasinterestedhappeningthenOnesensitivitymechanismlookingproducelow,mice,arginasetheSo,pathogensoxideproducesarginasearound.wearginase,theexpressionofiNOSwasveryhighrelativetosotheseratswereresistantbutwhenlooktothemice,itwastheotherwaySo,theiNOSisverylow,andtheisveryhighandwhatiNOSdoesisitamoleculecallednitricoxide.Nitricisapowerfulkillerofintracellularliketoxoplasmaandotherparasites.what'shappeningisintherats,we'vegotbalanceofpowertheiNOSishighandthelowsothey'reresistant,butintheit'stheotherwayaround.So,theiNOSisandthearginaseishigh,sothemicedon'tmuchnitricoxide.So,wewereatthisandwediscoveredthisthatdeterminesresistanceortotheparasite.ofthethingswe'reinterestedinthenwastomovefromratstohumansandwhat'sinthehumans.So,whatwewereindoingwiththeselungsamplesthentoseeifwecandetecttheexpressioniNOSandarginaseinthelungtissueandtowhat'shappeninginthesehumanlung’sWecandothiswithantibodiestotheenzymeorantibodiestothearginaseandwelabelthemwithcoloureddyestoseethedistributionoftheseenzymesinthelungtissueandwecanatitinrelationtowheretheparasiteis.Sowhatweseeisthatwherethere'stherearenoparasites,andwherethere’stheparasitesmoreprevalent.So,itthistheorythatwhentheiNOSistheparasitesnotthereandwhentheishigh,theparasitesarethere.welookedatsomeofthesecystswhichthecirculardormantstagefortheparasitestheselungsamples,there'sonlythreewedetect.Butwhenwelookedatthosewhatwefoundwasthattherearingofbeingexpressedaroundtheoutsideofcyst.So,whatwethinkisthattheiNOSthethatproducesthisnitricoxideisinthisprocessoflockingtheparasitethecyst.That'swhatwe'redoingcurrentlywe'redevelopingthatabitfurther. PARASITE?RESULTHAVEYOUHADANYFURTHERPROJECTSASAOFYOURRESEARCHONTHIS There are some things that we've been doing causesanotherwe'veknockoutdeleted.forbeenthatwithourcolleaguesinChina.Oneofthethingswe'vebeenabletodooverthereiswe'veabletogenerateratsinwhichthegenetheiNOSenzymehasbeencompletelySo,thesearewhatwecalliNOSrats.Whatwe'vedonewiththoseislookedattoxoplasma,we'velookedatparasitecalledleishmaniawhichaveryserioushumanandanimal
disease, and another one called Schistosoma which causes bilharzia in Africa and other diseases. shown is that when
37 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE AtlasReferences(Images)ofPulmonary Pathology. Toxoplasmosis.; doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020013BoothroydInvasionHu291/https://www.flickr.com/photos/pulmonary_pathology/37859892009.K,JohnsonJ,FlorensL,etal.CytoskeletalComponentsofanMachine—TheApicalComplexofToxoplasmagondii.J,ed.PLoSPathog.2006;2(2):e13.
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References 1. WHO. Malaria. Published 2021. Accessed April 4, Myanmartreatment2.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria2021.PhyoAP,WinKK,ThuAM,etal.PoorresponsetoartesunateintwopatientswithseveremalariaontheThai–border. MalarJ. 2018;17(1):30. doi:10.1186/s129363.018-2182-zDrugDiscoveryandDevelopment. BasicClinPharmacolToxicol 4.2014;115:92-161.doi:10.1111/bcpt.12259_3Persaud-SharmaV,ZhouS-F.DrugRepositioning: A Faster Path to Drug Discovery. Adv Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf MatthewsFURTHER2012;01(06).doi:10.4172/2167-1052.1000e117RESOURCESH,DeakinJ,RajabM,Idris-UsmanM, Nirmalan NJ. Investigating antimalarial drug interactions of emetine dihydrochloride hydrate using CalcuSyn-based interactivity calculations. Bogyo M, ed. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0173303. emetinepreliminaryrepositioningMatthewsdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173303H,Usman-IdrisM,KhanF,ReadM,NirmalanN.Drugasaroutetoanti-malarialdrugdiscovery:investigationoftheinvitroanti-malarialefficacyofdihydrochloridehydrate. Malar J. 2013;12(1):359. DehydroemetinePanwardoi:10.1186/1475-2875-12-359P,BuruscoKK,AbubakerM,etal.LeadOptimizationofforRepositionedUseinMalaria. Antimicrob AgentsChemother.2020;64(4).doi:10.1128/AAC.01444-19 39 |BIOSCIENTISTMAGAZINE
CAREER STORIESCAREER STORIES pg.41pg.41 Interview with Priti Nagda exploring the journey to becoming a Senior Editor and advice for others with the same aspirations PLACEMENTSPLACEMENTS pg.46-48pg.46-48 Jessica Singh shares her experiences about finding work placement and doing her research project, Dr. Sarah Withers discusses the importance of a placement and its' benefits for a more stable career BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 40
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the interview. During the interview, Sara offered me the placement, four days later I accepted the placement and would begin on the29thofSeptember2021. ABOUT MY PLACEMENT AND RESEARCH PROJECT resilientFailuressincewrong,’thatback,dataSomeboardwouldtheneverythingneededdaysfluctuateandresearchHaemocytometer.includingmolecularThenCellresearchmeduringontaughtcolleagues.Olga,Abubaker,ofhavemetTheELISAcultureprocess.roledependentinvestigatingInducedmechanismsMyresearchprojectisaroundinvestigatingtheofPeritonealDialysis(PD)PeritonealFibrosis.Specificallythemechanismsofmesothelialfibrosis,withcloseattentiontotheofpatternrecognitionreceptorsduringtheIwouldbeproducingdatausingcellaswellasmoleculartechniqueslikeAssayandMTTAssay.beginningofplacementwasexcellent,Iandworkedwithbrilliantpeoplewhoallpassionforscience.MyteamconsistedaResearchTechniciannamedDrMunaSara’spreviousplacementstudentandotherplacementandPhDstudents’MycolleaguesMaryandZuchie,mespecificexperimentscorrectingmemymistakesandincreasingmyknowledgetheplacement.Munainitiallytaughtsomeoftheofthemostimportantskillsinlaboratories;Aseptictechnique,andculture.sheproceededtoteachmemoretechniques,forexampleMTTAssay–arecapofcellcountsusingaWorkinginaCancerlaboratorycansometimesbehecticsometimespeaceful,thedaycouldonewayortheother.Therewerewhencellswouldnotgrowasfastaswethemto,ordidnotgrowatall,orseemedtogoaccordingtoplan,experimentsfailedspontaneously.Thisforcemetogobacktothedrawingandre-planorredotheexperiments.dayswouldgosmoothlyandotherwisetheexperimentshavebeensuccessfulandwasproducedforustoanalyse.LookingIamgladexperimentsfailedbecausetaughtmetoobservemoreof‘whatwentithelpedmerealisethatthisisnormalsciencecannotalwaysbeperfect.withinthelabwouldmakememoreandbettermyskillsandmy Attend CV workshops via My Advantage or workshops on held within the Salford JoinBiomedicinesociety.scientificsocieties, like the Salford Biomedicine Society, or professional societies like the Royal Society of Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, The Physiological Society etc., for future workshops, events, and activities to Blackboardparticipate,andimproveyourCV.–paycloseattention to advertisements by tutors on Blackboard, every day. Have a look at all placement understandingduringshowpapersadvicetheadviceminuteadvice.GreensmithAskforaffectplacementtheonprojectadverts,takenotesonthespecifictopic,theathand,referencesthatmightbetheadvertanddeadlines.Thinkaboutprosandconsoftheplacement;iftheistoofarfromhome,howwillityoufinancially?Willitbebeneficialyourfuture?academicsforadvice–IaskedDrDavidandDrCarolineTophamforDrGreensmitharrangeda10-meetingonTeamsandgavemeonhowIshouldpresentmyselfoninterview.DrCarolineTophamgavemeonreadingresearchandrecentofthepotentialsupervisor.Thiswillthatyouaredeterminedandseriousyourinterview.ofworkinginresearch. MYADVICEFORGETTINGAPLACEMENT The university's Careers & Enterprise team hold regular workshops to help ForstudentsenhancetheirCV's.moreinformationor to book sessions, ents/eventshttps://myadvantage.salford.ac.uk/studvisit 47 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
S.B.Withers@salford.ac.ukDrSarahWithers tutor,InnovationDirectoroftheBiomedicalResearchandCentre&ResearchPlacementSchoolofScience,EngineeringandEnvironment BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 48
s/jobsvacanciessitesHubplacementopportunities,visittheCareersandBiomedicalScienceprogrammeonBlackboard,andsearchforat:https://myadvantage.salford.ac.uk/student 49 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
Make sure your CV is tip top – there’s no transparent.alwayslikelypeopleSomedetailpointinsayingyou’vegotgoodattentiontoandyourCVislitteredwithmistakes!evaluationofCVsshowedthatwhoputtheirgradesonweremoretogetaplacementanditwasn’tacaseofhavingtopclassmarks.Be WHAT IS EXPECTED OF ME ON PLACEMENT? placementexplaineddon’tusemeetingengrossopportunityTheseasksayingwithprofessionally,askprojectsresearchsampleswhetherwillWell,youwillbepartoftheworkingteam.Youcontributetothatindustry’ssuccess,it’sintheNHSandyouareensuringareprocessedproperly,carryingoutaprojectorlookingatcommercialinthepharmaceuticalindustry.Wethatyouworkrespectfullyandafterall,youmaywantajobthemafterwardsoratleastareferencehowamazingyouwere.Getinvolved,questions,networkandshowinterest.mayallsoundscary,butthisisyourtoshine.Youhaveaboutayeartoyourselfinlearningnewthings,newpeopleanddevelopingyourself–it!!Youwillhavetodoabitofuniwork,butworry,it’snottootiresome.Itwillallbeandyouwillbesupportedbyatutor. HOWWILLIBESUPPORTED? Of course, whilst on placement your provider will ensure you get the right training, know about health and safety and other things that will enable you to do the job properly and safely. We check up on this through our preplacement agreements which are SEE placement support team will send you. If you need vaccinations or DBS checks, we can (in thetowithplacementYouforanmostcases)supportthese.IfyouaretakingonIBMSportfolioplacement,wewillorderthisyouonceyouhavestartedyourplacement.areonlyanemailawayfromyourtutorandwearehappytomeetyouvirtuallyandfacetofaceifyouneedspeaktous.Infact,wewillvisityouduringyear(hopefullyinperson). TIPSFORGETTINGAPLACEMENT Over the years, I have seen many students Iapplyandsecureaplacement.So,thisiswhatadviseyoutodo: Some evaluation of CVs showed that sitforget,howrealaboutShowyouasmallwantthatthenregarddon’temployersKnowyougoodthingsSpeakthattrainingKnowexamplesurprisinginaskedexampleessentialyouFindtransparent.alwayslikelypeoplewhoputtheirgradesonweremoretogetaplacementanditwasn’tacaseofhavingtopclassmarks.Bethejobspecificationsandmakesurecanevidenceeachandeverypieceofcriteria.Comeupwithanwhichyoucanuseifyouareaboutthis!Wehavebeendoingthistheworkshopsrecentlyandit’showharditistothinkofanonthespot.thefieldyou’reapplyingto.Ifitisaportfolioplacement,knowwhatmeans!topeople.Again,oneofthetoppeoplewantintheworkplacearecommunicators,youneedtoshowcandothis!the‘company’values.Somewon’tletyouinthedoorifyouknowwhattheystandfor.Alsointothis,ifyouknowthecompany,youcanshowhowyouwillfitinto–ifithas3peopleintheteam,you’lltosayyou’reexcitedtobepartofateamwhereyouwillbeabletomakevisibledifference.Acompanyof1000s,maywanttohaveadifferentangle.yourpersonality!Weworrysomuchinterviewsthatweforgettoletourselfshinethrough.Theywanttoseeyouwillfitintotheirteam(anddon’ttheinterviewoftenstartsbeforeyoudown,sobeniceto everyone!) Make sure you have some questions for them. Don’t ask about pay or holidays, but maybe think about how they can support your growth, continuing professional development (CPD) or mentorship. You want to demonstrate that you are committed to the role. It’s also an opportunity to see whether it’s the right place for you! Interviews work both ways afterall.
To get a head-start on searching for
MY JOURNEY TO SALFORDMY JOURNEY TO SALFORD pg.52pg.52 WELLBEING AND NATURAL LIGHTWELLBEING AND NATURAL LIGHT pg.54pg.54 Wendy Hillson shares her inspirational story ofWendy Hillson shares her inspirational story of how she overcame obstacles after serioushow she obstacles after illnessillness BIOMEDICINE SOCIETYBIOMEDICINE SOCIETY pg.57 Biomedicine students take on an intriguing exhibition Science and Industry Museum, PassionFlash and BioArt competitions COFFEE WITH CAROLINE pg.56 Answering your wellbeing queries andAnswering your wellbeing queries and concernsconcerns BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 50 Ewa Sitarz discusses the mental health benefitsEwa Sitarz discusses the mental health benefits ofof natural light, the way the body responds andnatural light, the way the body responds and how we can incorporate it into our daily liveshow we can incorporate it into our daily lives
PROGRAMME LEAD FOR BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE & HEAD OF STUDENT EXPERIENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL SCIENCES I want to begin by congratulating ALL students (and staff) for coming through what was possibly one of the most challenging times the sector has faced in recent history – I am of course referring to the pandemic! We have all had to hop between distance, hybrid and face-to-face learning, and the fact that we have been James).fromingrabtookCanandtheinstrumentalsummerScienceincludingandplayingalsounexpectedexperienceopportunitiesActivelyleddelightedemployabilitycommunicationwhichhavePassionFlashThehaveextracurricularrealDespiteuniversity.theWeprogrammeimportantstruggling(Andsomestruggledmajorabilityabletosurviveitspeaksvolumesaboutourtoshowresilienceinthefaceofchallenge.Wehaveofcourseallinourownway,andIrealisethathavestruggledmorethanothersthatisokay).Ifyouhavebeenforwhateverreasonitisthatyoureachouttoyourleadoryourpersonaltutor–arealwayshappytotalkandtogetyourightsupportfromteamswithinthethepandemicwehaveobservedagrowthintheplethoraofactivitiesstudentsandstaffbeendrivingtogetheroncampus.SchoolArtexhibition,Salfordandaseriesofbookclubsallbeendeliveredsuccessfully,allofaddimmensevaluetothecreativity,skillsandultimatelyofourgraduates.Iwasalsotoobserveagrowthinstudent-socialeventswithinBiomedicine.takingpartinsucheventsandisallpartoftheuniversityandcanopensomanyopportunities!ThisyearwesawstudentsfromBiomedicineamajorroleinthedevelopmentdeliveryofseveraloutreachevents,thecelebrationofBiomedicalweekandtheBiomedicineschool.Theseactivitiesaretooursocialresponsibility,developmentofemployabilityskillsthesteadygrowthofourprogrammes.Itaketheopportunitytothankallwhopartandalsoencouragestudentstotheseopportunitieswhentheyarisefuture(LookoutforcommunicationTahminaHusseinandProfChloe Alongside the bespoke mentorship offered to students by a number of academics, I was particularly pleased to see the success emailinterestingandandplayfulinand‘fun’teamgetopportunitypipeline,willdodeliveredopportunitiesOfSo,eventsmeantime,willthoseencouragefestivalfacilities.allowingspecialThankforHealthcareerssciencesthosefestivaloftheHumanandNaturalSciencescareers–IwillgiveaspecialmentiontosessionsfocusedontheNHSclinicaltrainingroute,PublichealthandalsothesessionshostedattheSchoolsimulationssuitedesignedstudentsaspiringtobecomeclinicians.youtoallthepresenterandathankstotheHealthSchoolforusaccesstotheirwonderfulWewillhostthesummercareersonceagainin2023–canIyoualltotakepart,especiallystartinglevel6inSeptemberasyounotgetthechanceagain!Inthedoengagewithin-yearcareerandtheCareersandEnterpriseservices:https://www.salford.ac.uk/careers.whataboutthecomingacademicyear?course,alltheaforementionedwillonceagainbeco-bystudentsandstaffsopleaselookoutforthecommunications.TherealsobesomenewopportunitiesintheandIwanttotakethetoinviteyoutoreachoutandinvolvedfromtheoutset.Theacademicarekeentoexpandoninnovativeandteachingpracticeintheclassroomwewouldwelcomeyourinvolvementthisarea–bythisIamreferringtolearningapproachesforbothonlinein-personsessions(e.g.escapegamesdigitalgames).IfthissoundstoyoufeelfreetodropmeanatS.Namvar@salford.ac.uk. 51 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
I did not have any ideas what to do gettingI did have any ideas what to do getting into university, thinking about my age, myinto university, thinking my age, my disabilities, things had changed over thedisabilities, things had changed over the years but my tutors at college also helpedyears but my tutors college also helped through that. I was so excited when I wentthrough I was so excited when I went seeing different universities to decide wheredifferent universities to decide IIwantedtogo,wantedtogo,IviewedUniversity of Manchester,I viewed University of Manchester, Manchester Metropolitan University andManchester Metropolitan University and
AccessAccesstosciencetoscience and allied professionsand allied professions coursecourse, which I did, which I did September 2019 to June 2020. I didn’t knowSeptember 2019 to June 2020. I didn’t know if I was able to do this because of theif I was able to do this because of the moveImemorymemoryproblems,butIthoughtIshouldtry.problems,butIthoughtIshouldtry.IwasshockedwhenIpassedandwasabletowasshockedwhenIpassedandwasabletomoveontouniversity.Iknowthattheontouniversity.IknowthatthetutorstutorsatcollegeweresohelpfulanddirectedmeatcollegeweresohelpfulanddirectedmetoensureIhadtherightdisabilitysupport,toensureIhadtherightdisabilitysupport,whichwasanotherchangeinmylifetowhichwasanotherchangeinmylifetorealiseandacceptmyselfhavingdisabilities.realiseandacceptmyselfhavingdisabilities.
In April 2014, I had suffered with a headacheIn April 2014, I had suffered with a headache for a week. One morning I went to A&Efor a week. One morning I went to A&E Tameside Hospital, where they did an MRI,Tameside Hospital, where they did an MRI, but didn’t see anything on my brain, so theybut see anything on my brain, so they sent me home with more pain tablets.sent me home with more pain tablets.
knowandhaveandwithICOVID-19firstother,whichalsobecausetheissystemswasstruggledIandsupporthelpful,ThereSalford.UniversityUniversityofSalford,butitfeltrightgoingtoofSalford,butitfeltrightgoingtoSalford.Iwentthreetimestomakesure.Iwentthreetimestomakesure.Thereweresomanypeoplewhowereveryweresomanypeoplewhowereveryhelpful,andexplainedaboutthevariousandexplainedaboutthevarioussupporthelp,likedisabilities,mentalhealthhelp,likedisabilities,mentalhealthandsoon.soon.Iwassonervousonmyfirstday,andIwassonervousonmyfirstday,andIstruggledabitbecauseofCOVID-19anditabitbecauseofCOVID-19anditwasallonline.Therewerenewcomputingallonline.TherewerenewcomputingsystemsthatIhadneverusedbefore,whichthatIhadneverusedbefore,whichissomethingdifferentandhadtolearn.Allsomethingdifferentandhadtolearn.AllthetutorsatSalfordaresohelpful,ithelpedtutorsatSalfordaresohelpful,ithelpedbecauseeverybody,includingthetutors,areeverybody,includingthetutors,arealsohavingtolearnnewsituationsaswell,havingtolearnnewsituationsaswell,whichgaveusalltheabilitytohelpeachgaveusalltheabilitytohelpeachother,thatgaveusastrongerpositionforourthatgaveusastrongerpositionforourfirstyear.year.COVID-19didmakeitharderandsometimesdidmakeitharderandsometimesIfeltIwasnotabletogetthroughit,butfeltIwasnotabletogetthroughit,butwiththehelpfrommyhusbandandfamily,thehelpfrommyhusbandandfamily,andalltutors,students,andSalfordstaff,Ialltutors,students,andSalfordstaff,Ihavebeenabletogetthroughmyfirstyearbeenabletogetthroughmyfirstyearandnowgoingthroughmysecondyear,Inowgoingthroughmysecondyear,IknowIneedtokeepgoingandworkhard.Ineedtokeepgoingandworkhard.FriendskeepaskinghowonearthIamableFriendskeepaskinghowonearthIamabletodothis,afterwhatIhadgonethroughtodothis,afterwhatIhadgonethroughwithmyoperation,butalsodoingfulltimewithmyoperation,butalsodoingfulltimeuniversity,pluslookingaftermykidsanduniversity,pluslookingaftermykidsandfamily,andalsodoingapart-timejob.Ifamily,andalsodoingapart-timejob.IexplainthatmyfamilywerethemainexplainthatmyfamilywerethemainsupportIhavegot,butalsoallthehelpfromsupportIhavegot,butalsoallthehelpfromtheuniversityofSalford,itishardforalltheuniversityofSalford,itishardforallstudents,buthavingthesupportfromtutorsstudents,buthavingthesupportfromtutorsandstaff,givesstudentstheirstrongabilityandstaff,givesstudentstheirstrongabilitytogetthroughtheirhardwork.togetthroughtheirhardwork.Universityissoimportantforpeople,Universityissoimportantforpeople,especiallyyoungstudentsbecausethisisespeciallyyoungstudentsbecausethisiswheretheywillbecomemorematurewheretheywillbecomemorematurepeople,producingtheirfuturecareersandpeople,producingtheirfuturecareersandthestartoftheirlives.Iknowthatthethestartoftheirlives.Iknowthattheoperationpartofmylife,washorribleandIoperationpartofmylife,washorribleandIshouldaskwhyIhadtogothroughthis,butshouldaskwhyIhadtogothroughthis,butIwouldnotbehereifIhadnotgoneIwouldnotbehereifIhadnotgonethroughitandtotallychangedmylife.throughitandtotallychangedmylife. BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 52
CONQUERING DISABILITYCONQUERING DISABILITY
bodydidn’trepairthoughtmanagers,askedupreturnAfterwasspeak,again.hospitaltillSalfordsidewhichwhereIhewasstartedThroughThroughthatdayIfeltmoreill,butat6pm,IthatdayIfeltmoreill,butat6pm,IstartedfeelingsickandmyhusbandsaidIfeelingsickandmyhusbandsaidIwasjustscreamingstraightthroughhim,sojustscreamingstraightthroughhim,sohephonedanambulance.phonedanambulance.IwastakenbacktoA&ETamesideHospital,wastakenbacktoA&ETamesideHospital,whereby12.30amtheydidanotherMRIscan,by12.30amtheydidanotherMRIscan,whichtheyfoundalargebloodclotonthetheyfoundalargebloodclotonthesideofmyhead.Theyhadtorushmetoofmyhead.TheyhadtorushmetoSalfordhospitalandhadanoperation,3amhospitalandhadanoperation,3amtill10am.Inearlydiedtwiceandstayedin10am.Inearlydiedtwiceandstayedinhospitalfor3½monthstillIcouldgohomefor3½monthstillIcouldgohomeagain.Ihadtolearnagaintoeat,walk,Ihadtolearnagaintoeat,walk,speak,andmemorisewhichwashardtodo.Iandmemorisewhichwashardtodo.Iwasalsopartiallyblindaftertheoperation.alsopartiallyblindaftertheoperation.Afteranother6-7months,Iwasabletoanother6-7months,Iwasabletoreturntowork,andslowlybuiltmyselfbacktowork,andslowlybuiltmyselfbackupagain,butafter6months,thecompanyagain,butafter6months,thecompanyaskedforpeopletoleave,andoneofmyforpeopletoleave,andoneofmymanagers,suggestedtogoforredundancy.Isuggestedtogoforredundancy.IthoughtitwasprobablythebestideaanditwasprobablythebestideaandrepairmyselfasmuchasIcouldbecauseImyselfasmuchasIcouldbecauseIdidn’tknowhowmuchmymindandmyknowhowmuchmymindandmybodycoulddealwith.coulddealwith.EEachyearIgotbetterandbecomestronger,achyearIgotbetterandbecomestronger,butIgotbored,soin2019,IdecidedIdidn’tbutIgotbored,soin2019,IdecidedIdidn’twanttowastemylife.Iwenttocollegeandwanttowastemylife.Iwenttocollegeandspokeaboutpossibilities,butIdidn’thaveanspokeaboutpossibilities,butIdidn’thaveanideawhatIwantedtodo.ideawhatIwantedtodo.WhileIwasinhospital,oneofthenursesWhileIwasinhospital,oneofthenursesthathelpedme,toldmethatshehadbeenthathelpedme,toldmethatshehadbeeninanaccidentandhadbraindamage,andinanaccidentandhadbraindamage,andshehaddecidedtohelppeopleandbecameshehaddecidedtohelppeopleandbecameanurse.SoIdecidedtodothesame,andtheanurse.SoIdecidedtodothesame,andthecollegesuggestedtodoancollegesuggestedtodoan
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55 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE References Relevance1.DumontM,BeaulieuC.Lightexposureinthenaturalenvironment:tomoodandsleepdisorders. SleepMed.2007;8(6):557longitudinalcircadianTime2.565.doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.11.008BurnsAC,SaxenaR,VetterC,PhillipsAJK,LaneJM,CainSW.spentinoutdoorlightisassociatedwithmood,sleep,andrhythm-relatedoutcomes:Across-sectionalandstudyinover400,000UKBiobankparticipants. JAffect Disord.2021;295:347-352.doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.056 3. Leccese F, Salvadori G, Öner M, Kazanasmaz T. Exploring the alertnessimpactofexternalshadingsystemoncognitivetaskperformance,andvisualcomfortinadaylitworkplaceenvironment. Indoor Built Environ. 2020;29(7):942-955. doi:10.1177/1420326X19864414
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BioArt Club Biomed Book Club Bioscientist Magazine Events and socials Salford Biomedicine students: join the society at https://www.salfordstudents.com/groups/biomedical-science-9e9d 57 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
BY CHARLES MIDDLETON Museums aren’t just a place to display artifacts, but a place of exploring the whirlwind of wonders that lie within them. Bringing people together is a powerful step towards building stronger
beautifulhistoricalanexhibitioncareerchemotherapeuticsstoriescancercareers,studentsabouthavefromfirst-handthanCanceropportunity!things,ouradventure!Everyonehavemuseumvisit.attractedcancerunravelbutbesciencestudentsAdelveinrelationshipsnotjustineverydaylifebutthebiomedicinesocietytoo.Nowlet’sintoourmuseumtrip!recenteventbroughtacademicsandtogetheratthemuseumofindustry(MOSI).Theworldcanafascinatingplacefullofwonders,thedarkmysteriesofdiseasecananunexpectedpath.AnexcitingthemedexhibitionatMOSIourstudentstoorganisetheActivitieskickedoffwithacoffeeatcaféandwewerepleasedtoaturnoutofnearly30students.justlovesagoodSundayItjustgoestoshowhowkeenSalfordstudentsaretolearnnewmeetnewpeopleandgraspislifechanginginmorewayswerealise.Someofushavehadexperiencewiththedisease–familymemberstofriendsandevenlostthosewecaredearlyasaconsequence.ManySalfordareinterestedinclinicalsofindingoutmoreaboutpatients,,empoweringtheiranddevelopmentsinisalsoanimportantdevelopmentopportunity.Thewashighlyvaried,includingoceanofresearch,patientcareandtreatmenttimelinesalongsidecancerthemedartwork. BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 58
But what did we learn from the exhibition? The answer to that is somethingcoursesmanyyougreatmembersyou’redevelopmentsuccessfulthanagain,beginninghard,Thekeepthroughouthastheenough!theintoreflectingeveningSomeknowledgefriendships,developinggreatTheresearch.inspirationalthosefamilies,devastatingtreatmentslearntexperiencesdevelopingthatweresomethingSo,theycancerevenhaswasnotastraightforwardoneastheresomanynewthingseveryonetakenaway!Academicsweresurprisedatsomeoftherevolutiondevelopmentaswerelearningsomuchtoo.itistruethen,thatyoulearnneweveryday!Theresomanyinterestingfactsintriguedus,fromplantscancertolivedofthedisease.Havinghowimportantcancerareandtheimpactsitcanhaveonwehavealltakenwithuspreciousstoriesandtheongoingcanceroveralldaywasfilledwithmemories,building,andnewandexistingdiscoveringnewandmostofall,fun!studentsalsohadanmealtogetherlater,onthedayandtuckingsomeappetisingdishes.Asifdayhadn’tbeenamazingfeedbackfromourmembersbeenoverwhelminglypositivethetripandweaimtoourstudentswantingmore.pandemichashitstudentsbuteventsareslowlytobecomeface-to-facewithstudentsmoreeagerevertopulloffmoresocialeventsandopportunities!So,ifoneofthebiomedsocwhohavemoreideasforsocialevents,wewouldlovetogetinvolved.Therearepeoplefromacrossdifferenttoo,sothereisalwaysforeveryone. 59 |BIOSCIENTISTMAGAZINE
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2nd: Lonliness, by Zohaib Altaf (£100 prize) 3rd: The Beauty In Pain, by Nina Stocks (£50 prize) 1st: Into the Unknown, by YusufNana-Nabiha(£250prize)
competition,theshowcasetheirartisticskills,andtobringstudentsandacademicstogethertocelebrateinterfacebetweenscienceandart.StudentstookpartintheBioartannualwiththisyear’sthemebeing‘
displayedandEnvironment.FinalistswereselectedbyaninternalbiomedicinestudentandstaffvoteandattheSchoolBioArtexhibitionon22ndMarch2022. Read on to see the winning artwork. Please note: all rights reserved.
Science,
Twenty finalists were
participation.awardedvoucherweresomeFinalkeen@GundryPhoto!photographerprayingthefreedomallowingActivitieswithchoosehavingeventsmostlyonlineforsometime,itwasexcitingtheeventin-personallowingattendeestotheirfavouriteworksofartandconnecttheartistsabouttheirinspiration.tookplacealongsidetheexhibitiontheaudiencetoreleasetheircreativewithalittlebitofartthemselves!Wehadappearanceofaspecialguest,‘Daphne’themantis,escortedbyacademicandDrJamieGundry-checkoutTheaudiencewerewereallsotohaveaphototakenwithDaphne!votingwasdowntotheaudience,withdeliberationbyapanelofjudges.WinnerspresentedwithatrophyandBIGAmazonprizes!AllfinalistandparticipantswereatrophyandacertificatetomarktheirThewinnerswere:
The exhibition started with introductory talks from Professor Joe Sweeney, Dr Sara Namvar and alum artist Caitlin Owen, congratulating all the artists and finalist for taking part. After hosting
The Biomedicine society introduced the BioArt Club in November 2020 with an aim to give students, on a often highly technical programme of study, the opportunity to Perception of Pain’. selected from participants from across the School of Engineering
1ST PLACE: NANA-NABIHA YUSUF1ST PLACE: NANA-NABIHA YUSUF INTO THE UNKNOWNINTO THE UNKNOWN 'THIS PAINTING REPRESENTS THE PAIN OF LOSS, LOSS IS'THIS PAINTING REPRESENTS THE PAIN OF LOSS, LOSS IS AA UNIVERSAL EXPERIENCE THAT MOST IF NOT ALL HUMANSUNIVERSAL EXPERIENCE THAT MOST IF NOT ALL HUMANS EXPERIENCE AT SOME STAGE OF THEIR LIFE...'EXPERIENCE AT SOME STAGE OF THEIR LIFE...' BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 62
2ND PLACE: ZOHAIB ALTAF2ND PLACE: ZOHAIB ALTAF LONLINESSLONLINESS 'THE LONLINESS FELT BY MILLIONS AROUND THE WORLD DUE TO'THE LONLINESS FELT BY MILLIONS AROUND THE WORLD DUE TO THE PANDEMIC IS REPRESENTED BY THIS PAINTING. WITH THETHE PANDEMIC IS REPRESENTED BY THIS PAINTING. WITH THE HOPE THAT THINGS WILL GET BETTER AS TIME PASSES BY...'HOPE THAT THINGS WILL GET BETTER AS TIME PASSES BY...' 63 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
3RD PLACE: NINA STOCKS3RD PLACE: NINA STOCKS THE BEAUTY IN PAINTHE BEAUTY IN PAIN ''I CHOSE TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF HOW A DEER SHEDS THEIR''I CHOSE TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF HOW A DEER SHEDS THEIR VELVET...TO HIGHLIGHT THAT EVEN THE MOST GRAPHIC SCENESVELVET...TO HIGHLIGHT THAT EVEN THE MOST GRAPHIC SCENES IN NATURE CAN ALLOW FOR BEAUTY..."IN NATURE CAN ALLOW FOR BEAUTY..." BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 64
AKSA GHULAMAKSA GHULAM "WE MUST THINK RIGHT BEFORE MAKING A DECISION BUT TO DO"WE MUST THINK RIGHT BEFORE MAKING A DECISION BUT TO DO THAT OUR HEART NEEDS TO BE IN THE RIGHT PLACE..."THAT OUR HEART NEEDS TO BE IN THE RIGHT PLACE..." 65 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
ZAIN MIRZAZAIN MIRZA "FOR THE PAST 2 YEARS COVID-19 HAS HAD AN IMMENSE IMPACT"FOR THE PAST 2 YEARS COVID-19 HAS HAD AN IMMENSE IMPACT ON THE WORLD...CHANGING THE WAY WE LIVEOUR DAY TO DAYON THE WORLD...CHANGING THE WAY WE LIVEOUR DAY TO DAY LIVES, ONLY INCREASING THE ALREADY LARGE WORKLOAD ON THELIVES, ONLY INCREASING THE ALREADY LARGE WORKLOAD ON THE NHS..."NHS..." BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 66
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BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 68BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 68 @Conall Jones @Alvina imran @Anonymous
69 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE @Siobhan Demuynck @Mfon @Yann-PierreEkanemDuncan Franc
BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 70 @Aikaterini Marnella@Farzana@AnonymousBegum
@Jomanah Gondal 71 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE @Hajrah Hussain @Arooj Afzal
@Jade Taylor BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE | 72 @Emma Halt@Marija Linkevica @Charles Middleton
TwitterInstagrambioscientistmagazine@outlook.com|salfordbiosoc|@SocBiomed EDITOR-IN-CHIEF / NADIA PATEL DEPUTY EDITOR / ABBIE STORAN HEAD OF REFERENCING / DIMITRIOS BITAS ACADEMIC SUPPORT / DR. SARA NAMVAR GRAPHIC DESIGN / NADIA PATEL, ARIBAH MIRZA, CHARLES MIDDLETON, ALIA BODA, ABBIE STORAN, EWA SITARZ COVER ART / ZOHAIB ALTAF bioscientistmagazine.com 73 | BIOSCIENTIST MAGAZINE
