Biogas Informative Brochure

I NFORMATI VE BROCHURE

Bi ogasPl ant :AnUnder st andi ng

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Ab i o g a sp l a n tc a nb ec o mp a r e dwi t hac o w.Ru mi n a n ta n i ma l s ( c o ws ,g o a t s ,a n ds h e e p )a r eu n i q u eb e c a u s eo ft h e i rf o u r s t o ma c hc o mp a r t me n t s ,n a me l yt h er e t i c u l u m,r u me n ,o ma s u m, a n da b o ma s u m.Th er u me ni sal a r g e ,h o l l o wmu s c u l a ro r g a n wh e r emi c r o b i a l f e r me n t a t i o no c c u r s .

Th er u me ni ss i mi l a rt ot h e b i o d i g e s t e ri nab i o g a sp l a n t , wh e r ec e r t a i nb a c t e r i ap r o mo t et h e f o r ma t i o no fg a s e s .Th e s eg a s e sa r ef o u n di nt h eu p p e rp a r to f t h er u me n ,wi t hc a r b o nd i o x i d e( CO2 )a n d me t h a n e( CH4 ) c o n s t i t u t i n gt h el a r g e s t p r o p o r t i o n .

Th ep r o p o r t i o no f t h e s eg a s e s d e p e n d so nt h er u me ne c o l o g y .

Ona na v e r a g e ,a p p r o x i ma t e l y3 0 0 – 4 0 0L i t e r so fr u mi n a lg a s ( e q u i v a l e n tt ob i o g a si nb i o g a sp l a n t s )p r o d u c e db yf e r me n t a t i o n i sr e l e a s e dd a i l yb yac o wt h r o u g hb e l c h i n g .

c k ;k s xS lla ;a =k s a dhr q yu kxk ;ls dhtkldr hg S Atq xk yhdj u s o k ys i ' k q ¼ xk ;]c dj hr F k kH k s a M+ ½dh[ k w c h;s g k s r hg S f d mu ds i s Vds db Z H k k xg k s r s g S a tk s ]j s f D V dq ye ]#e s u ]vk s e S lq er F k k, c k s e S lq edg yk r s g S a A #e s u, dc M+ k ] [ k k s [ k yki s ' k h ;va xg k s r kg S tg k a Nk s V s th o k s a ls Qe s a Z V s ' k u g k s r kg S A#e s uc k ;k s xS lla ;a =ds c k ;k s Mk b ts L V jds tS lkg k s r kg S ]tg k a dq N[ k k lc S D V h f j ;kxS lk s a dkc u u kr s t dj r s g S a A;s xS ls a #e s uds CO2 )r F k k Åi j hH k k xe s a i k b Z tk r hg S a f tu e s a dk c Z uMk b v‚ D lk b M( e h F k s u vu q i k r#e s uds o k r k o j . ki jf u H k Z jdj r kg S A Qe s a Z V s ' k u} k j kf u f e Z rvk S lr:ils yxH k x3 0 0ls 4 0 0yh V j#f e u y xS l¼ c k ;k s xS lla ;a =k s a dhc k ;k s xS lds c j k c j ½, d xk ;j k s t Mdk je s a f u dk yr hg S A

T od a t e , b i o g a si st h eo n l ye s t a b l i s h e dr e n e wa b l es o u r c et h a t c a np r o d u c eh e a t , s t e a m, p o we r , a n dv e h i c l ef u e l .

Owi n gt oi t swi d er a n g eo f u s e , u n d o u b t e d l y , i t i sav e r s a t i l ee n e r g ys o u r c e .

Be c a u s e i t i si n d e p e n d e n t o f we a t h e r p a t t e r n s , b i o g a si sar e l i a b l es o u r c eo f e n e r g y .

Bi o g a s , p a r t i c u l a r l ywh e n u p g r a d e dt ob i o me t h a n e ,h a sat r e me n d o u sg r e e n h o u s eg a smi t i g a t i o np o t e n t i a la n dc a nb e d i s t r i b u t e dt h r o u g hg a sp i p e l i n e so ru s e dd i r e c t l yi nv e h i c l e s , t h u sr e p l a c i n gf o s s i l f u e l s .

Pr e s i d e n t , I n d i a nBi o g a sAs s o c i a t i o n , ExAd v i s o r , MNRE

Bi o g a si sf a s c i n a t i n gb e c a u s ei tc o mb i n e sa g r i c u l t u r e ,wa s t ema n a g e me n t ,a n de n e r g ys u p p l y , i n t oo n et e c h n o l o g y .

Al t h o u g ht h i st e c h n o l o g yi ss os i mp l ei ni t sb a s i cp r o c e s s ,i ti sh i g h l ye f f e c t i v e .

Th e r e f o r e ,ma n yp e o p l ewo r l d wi d ea r ef a s c i n a t e db yb i o g a sa n dt a k ea d v a n t a g eo fi t smu l t i p l e b e n e f i t s .

Th es o l u t i o n si t p r o v i d e sf o rwa s t ema n a g e me n t a n dt h ep r o v i s i o no f h i g h q u a l i t yf e r t i l i z e rf o r f o o dp r o d u c t i o na r ec e r t a i n l yt h et womo s t c r u c i a l a s p e c t sf o rI n d i a .

Kn o wi n gt h ep r o c e s sa n di t smo s t e f f i c i e n tu s ea r ek e yf a c t o r sf o rs u c c e s swh i l eo p e r a t i n gb i o g a sp l a n t s .

Th i sb r o c h u r ema k e sama j o r c o n t r i b u t i o nt ot h i sk n o wl e d g eb e c a u s ei tn o to n l ye x p l a i n sh o wb i o g a swo r k sb u ta l s op r o v i d e s i n f o r ma t i o no nwh a t t oc o n s i d e rwh i l eo p e r a t i n gab i o g a sp l a n t e f f i c i e n t l ya n ds a f e l y .

CEO, Ge r ma nBi o g a sAs s o c i a t i o n

Bi o g a si sa ne s s e n t i a le l e me n ti nt h eg l o b a lr e n e wa b l ee n e r g ymi x ,wh i c hwi l le n a b l eu st o t r a n s i ti n t oal o wc a r b o nf u t u r e .De v e l o p i n gc o u n t r i e swi t ha g r a r i a ne c o n o mi e s ,s u c ha sI n d i a ,h o l d s u b s t a n t i a l p r o mi s ef o rh a r n e s s i n ge n e r g yt h r o u g hb i o g a s .I na ni n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n t e x t ,b i o me t h a n e t e c h n o l o g y ,wh i c hi sa l r e a d ywe l l d e v e l o p e d ,h a st h ep o t e n t i a lt op r o v i d eaf a rmo r es u s t a i n a b l e e n e r g ys u p p l y .

So c i a l Sc i e n t i s t , MSAr e n e wa b l e s .

Bi o g a sh a sah i g h e rs o c i o e c o n o mi ca n de n v i r o n me n t a li mp a c tt h a no t h e rf o r mso fr e n e wa b l e e n e r g y .

Pa r t i c u l a r l y , b i o s l u r r y , t h eu n s p e n t c o mp o n e n t i nt h ed i g e s t e r , p l a y sac r u c i a l r o l ea sac o mp l e t e a n db a l a n c e ds o u r c eo fa l lma c r oa n dmi c r o n u t r i e n t sr e q u i r e df o ra g r i c u l t u r e .I na d d i t i o nt op r o v i d i n g c l e a ne n e r g y ,b i o g a sp r o d u c t i o na l s oh e l p st or e s t o r et h en a t u r a ln u t r i e n tc y c l ei na g r o e c o l o g y ,t h u s p r o v i d i n go p p o r t u n i t yt ot h ef a r me r st os h i f t t o wa r do r g a n i cp r o d u c t i o n .

He a do f t h eDe p a r t me n t , Ch e mi c a l En g i n e e r i n ga n dT e c h n o l o g y , I I T BHU, Va r a n a s i .

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tf S o d vi f ' k " V¼ i ' k v qk a s ds x k c s j ]f dpuls f u dyu s o k ys vi f ' k " V ]vk j S vk | Sk f s x dvi f ' k " Vds :ie ½ a se a s yx k r k jg k u s s o k yho f̀ )i ; k o Z j . kds f y, g k f u dk j dg A Sb lds dk j . kL F k k ; hle k / k k uvi u k u s dht:j rg ] Stk s f d dk c u ZQV w f ç V ae a s de h dj u s r F k k n f q u ; k H k je a s tyo k ; q i f j o r u Zdh x f rdk s / k h e kdj u s ds f y,vu d sn ' s k k a s e a s j k tu f S r dç k F k f e dr k , a c u r s tkj g s g A a S vf u ; f a =rvi f ' k " Vç c / a k u¼ f yf u ; je ‚ My½ds L F k k ui jtf S o dvi f ' k " V k a s ls b u th Z f j do j hoU ; f w V , ª V af j lk b f df yx a¼ ldy Z qje ‚ My½ds ç pyui j vf / k dtk j sf n ; ktkj g kg A S tS f o dvi f ' k " Vds , s u j k s f c d¼ vo k ;o h ;½e k xZ ds e k / ;els f d,tk u s o k ys V ª h V e s a Vls uds o yc k ;k s xS lmR i U ug k s r hg S ]c f Y dc k ;k s L yj hdk H k hmR i k n ug k s r kg S tk s f d, dç k —f r d[ k k ng S f tldkb L r s e k y —f " ke s a f d;ktkldr kg S A, s u j k s f c dç f Ø;kdq yvi f ' k " ?

Vç o k g k s a ls tS f o dlk e xz hdk s f u dk yn s r hg S ]f tlls vU ;V ª h V e s a Vç f Ø;k vk s a ]tS ls f d dE i k s f L V a xr F k kb U lh u j s ' k u ]tS f o d vi f ' k " VdhÅtk Z la j { k . ke s a o f̀ )g k s r hg S r F k kH k w f eH k j k oL F k yk s a i jtS f o dxf r f o f / k ;k s a e s a de hvk r h g S A, s u j k s f c de k xZe s atS f o d lk e xz hf c u kv‚ D lh tuth o k . k q vk s als vi ? k f V rg k s r hg S ]tS lkvu s dç k —f r di ;k Z o j . k k s a e s a g k s r kg S vk S jb ls vk e r k S ji jMk b ts L V jdg yk u so k ysc k ;k s f j , D V jV S a dk s ae s ac k ;k s xS l c u k u s e s a b L r s e k yf d;ktk r kg S A CH4) ,dk c k ; k x sS lT o yu ' k h yg k r s hg S f tle a s e h F k u s( c uMk Z b v‚ D lk b M ( CO2)r F k kvY ie k =ke s adq N vU ; xS ls aovo ' k s " kr R og k s r sg S a A c k ;k s L yj h;kMk b ts L V s Vvi ? k f V rlc L V ª s Vg k s r kg S f tle s a vP Nhe k =k e s a e S Øk s ;ke k b Øk s U ;w f V ª , a Vi k ,tk r s g S a b lf y,;g[ k k nds :ie s a b L r s e k yf d,tk u s ds f y,mi ;q D rg k s r kg S A

f o ' odki g ykc k ;k s xS lla ;a =H k k j re s a L F k k f i rf d;kx;kF k k Ar cls ;gç f Ø;kyxk r k jf o df lrg k s j g hg S vk S jvi f ' k " Vtyds V ª h V e s a V tS ls vu s db L r s e k yk s a e s a O ;k i d:ils b L r s e k ydhtk r hg S Ac k ;k s xS l e s a #f pe q [ ;:ils b lf y,H k hc < + j g hg S D ;k s a f d Q‚ f ly¶ ;w yds L F k k ui jc k ;k s xS lds mi ;k s xds ç ;k ln q f u ;kH k je s a f d,tkj g s g S a vk S jtS f o d vi f ' k " V k s adslk F k &lk F ki ' k q vk s adsxk s c jdsV ª h V e s a Vo f j lk b f df yx ads f y,i ; k o Z j . k h ;:ils L F k k ; hle k / k k udht:j rg S A H k k j re s a yk [ k k s a i f j o k j k s a u s L e k y&L ds yMk b ts L V jL F k k f i rf d,g A a So s c k ;k s xS ldkb L r s e k ye q [ ;:ils H k k s tui dk u s r F k kdH k h &dH k hyk b V tyk u s ds f y,dj r s g A a Ste u Z hu s vR ; k / k f q u dr du h ddkmi ; k x sdj ds c Ms + i e S k u s i jc k ; k x sl Sl; a = alQyr k i o w d ZL F k k f i rf d,g A a S c k ;k s xS l dkmi ;k s xf c tyhmR i k n uor k i h ; mi ;k s x dsvyk o k i f j o g umí s ' ;k s a ds f y,H k hvU ;tS o b Z a / k u k s a dhvi s { k kO ;k i d :ils CO2)ls g k s u s yxkg S Ac k ;k s xS lv{ k ;Åtk Z dkdk c Z uMk b v‚ D lk b M( mn k lh ulz k s rg S tk s L F k k ;hoi ;k Z o j . kvu q dw yr j h ds ls f o f o / kç dk j ds—f " kvo ' k s " komi mR i k n dsV ª h V e s a V of j lk b f df ya x dhc M+ h lH a k k o u k , a le V s s g A Sc k ; k x s l Sds L o k L F ;ovk k j k X s ; r k ] e f g ykl' k D r h dj . k r F k klk e k f tdmR F k k uls tM q s + lk e k f td&vk f F k d Zyk H kH k hg A a S c k ;k s xS lc z k s ' k jdk;gla L dj . kc k ;k s xS lr F k kc k ;k s L yj hds f o " k ;e s a e w yH k w rtk u dk j hç n k udj r kg S Ac k ;k s xS lD ;kg S \vk S jb lsdS ls f u f e Z rob L r s e k yf d;ktk r kg S \b uç ' u k s a ds mR r jds :ie s a vu s d mi e k , a omn k g j . kç L r q rf d,tk r s g S a Ab ldhO ;k [ ;kds f y,, d H k k j r h ;– f " V dk s . kç L r q rf d;kx;kg S Ac k ;k s xS l ls D V jdhlE i w . k Z tk u dk j hi jc k ;k s L yj hds f o " k ;e s a ppk Z e s a tk s jf n ;kx;kg S Ae q [ ; :ils lk e k f td dk j . k k s a ds f y,b L r s e k yf d,tk u s o k ys Nk s V s , o a e >ys vk dk jds c k ; k x sl Sl; a = ak a s ds c k j s e a s lf a { k I r:ils c r k ; kx; kg ] S ys f duc M+ s c k ;k s xS lla ;a =k s a dhdk ;Z ç . k k yhds c k j s e s a H k hmY ys [ kf d;k x;kg S A

1.I nt r oduct i on En e r g yi sak e yi n p u tf o re r a d i c a t i n gp o v e r t ya n de n s u r i n gf o o d s e c u r i t y .T o d a y ,2 .

5b i l l i o np e o p l ewo r l d wi d er e l yo nt r a d i t i o n a l b i o ma s sf u e l s( wo o d ,c h a r c o a l ,a n dd u n g )a st h e i rp r i n c i p a l s o u r c eo fe n e r g yf o rc o o k i n ga n dh e a t i n g ,a n da l mo s t1 .

6b i l l i o n p e o p l eh a v en oa c c e s st oe l e c t r i c i t y .I nI n d i aa l o n e , a p p r o x i ma t e l y7 0 %o ft h ep o p u l a t i o nr e s i d e si nr u r a la r e a sa n d mo r et h a nh a l fo fi tr e l i e so nb i o ma s sf o rc o o k i n ga n do t h e r e n e r g yr e q u i r e me n t s .

f u / k Z u r kmU e w yuvk S j[ k k | lq j { k klq f u f ' prdj u s e s a Åtk Z dh, d e g R o i w . k Z H k w f e dkg S Avk tf o ' oH k je s a yxH k x2 5f c f y;uyk s xH k k s tu i dk u s r F k kr k i umí s ' ;k s a ds f y,Åtk Z ds e q [ ;lz k s rds :ie s a tS o b Z a / k u k s a ¼ ydM+ h ]dk s ;ykr F k kxk s c jds da Ms b R ;k f n ½i jf u H k Z jg S a ]vk S j yxH k x1 6f c f y;uyk s xk s a r d vk tH k hf c tyhu g h a i g q a pldhg S A vds ys H k k j re s a ]yxH k x7 0ç f r ' k rvk c k n hxz k e h . k{ k s =k s a e s a j g r hg S vk S j mu e s a ls vk / k s ls vf / k dvk c k n hH k k s tui dk u s vk S jvU ;Åtk Z t:j r k s a ds f y,vk tH k htS ob Z a / k ui jf u H k Z jg S A

Ac c e s st omo d e r ne n e r g ys e r v i c e si sc r u c i a lf o rt h es u s t a i n a b l e g r o wt ha n dd e v e l o p me n t o f ac o u n t r ys u c ha sI n d i a .

Su c ha c c e s s i st r u l ye s s e n t i a lt ome e tb a s i ch u ma nn e e d s ,s u c ha sh e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n , s a f ewa t e r , a n ds a n i t a t i o n , a n dt oe n h a n c es o c i a l a n d e c o n o mi cd e v e l o p me n t .

I nt h i ss c e n a r i o , wa s t ema n u r ea n do t h e r o r g a n i cma t e r i a l sf r o ml i v e s t o c kf a r msa r eama j o rs o u r c eo f e n e r g yp r o d u c t i o n .

H k k j rtS ls n s ' kdhL F k k ;hç xf rof o dk l ds f y,vk / k q f u d Åtk Z ls o k vk s a r di g q a pt:j hg S A;gi g q a pL o k L F ;]f ' k { k k ]lq j f { k rtyr F k k L o P Nr ktS lhe u q " ;dhe w yH k w rt:j r k s a dk s i w j kdj u s r F k klk e k f td ovk f F k Z df o dk le s a r s thyk u s ds f y,o k L r oe s a vk o ' ;d g S Ab l i f j – ' ;ds va r xZ ri ' k q i k yuo k ys L F k k u k s a ls ç k I rg k s u s o k yhvi f ' k " V [ k k nr F k kvU ;tS f o dlk e xz hÅtk Z mR i k n uds f y,e g R o i w . k Z lz k s rg S a A

Ab a c k o f t h e e n v e l o p ec a l c u l a t i o ns u g g e s t st h a tI n d i a ’ se x i s t i n g e n e r g yp o t e n t i a lf r o mt h eb i o g a sg e n e r a t e df r o ma l lp o t e n t i a l f e e d s t o c ki se l e c t r i c a l l ye q u i v a l e n tt o1 7GW,wh i c hc a nme e t mo r et h a no n e t e n t ho f c o u n t r y ’ sp o we rr e q u i r e me n t s .

e k s V s r k S ji jvu q e k ug S f dH k k j rds le L rla H k k f o rQh ML V ‚ d ls mR i U uc k ;k s xS lls f u f e Z rg k s u s o k yhf c tyhyxH k x1 7GWWg S ]f tlls n ' s kdh1 0ç f r ' k rls vf / k df c tyht:j r k a s dk s i j w kf d; ktkldr kg A S

Bi o g a st y p i c a l l yr e f e r st oami x t u r eo f d i f f e r e n t g a s e sp r o d u c e db y t h eb r e a k d o wno fo r g a n i cma t t e ri nt h ea b s e n c eo fo x y g e n .

T e c h n i c a l l y ,b i o g a sc a nb ep r o d u c e df r o ma n yt y p eo fo r g a n i c ma t e r i a l ;h o we v e r ,b i o g a si smo s t l yp r o d u c e df r o m wa s t eo r d i s c a r d e dma t e r i a lwi t ho r g a n i cc o n t e n t .Th i swa s t ei n c l u d e s a g r i c u l t u r a lwa s t e ,ma n u r e ,mu n i c i p a lwa s t e ,p l a n tma t e r i a l , s e wa g e ,g r e e nwa s t e ,a n df o o dwa s t e .Bi o g a si sar e n e wa b l e e n e r g ys o u r c ep r o d u c e db ya n a e r o b i co r g a n i s mst h r o u g ht h e a n a e r o b i cd i g e s t i o no f o r g a n i cma t e r i a l i n s i d eac l o s e ds y s t e mo r b yt h ef e r me n t a t i o no fb i o d e g r a d a b l ema t e r i a l s .I nI n d i a ,i ti s wi d e l yk n o wna sGo b a rGa s .

c k ; k x sl Sf o f ' k " V:ils f o f H k U uxl Sk a s ds f e J. kdk s ln a f H k r Zdj r hg S tk s tf S o di n k F k k Z a s ds v‚ D lh tudhvu i q f L F k f re a s vi ? k f V rg k u s s ls f u f e r Z g k r s hg A Sc k ; k x sl Sr du h dh:ils f dlhH k htf S o dlk e xh zls f u f e r Zdh tkldr hg S g k yk f a dc k ; k x sl Sdklc ls T ; k n kmR i k n utf S o di n k F k k Z a s o k ys vi f ' k " V; kQd a shxb Z lk e xh zls g k r s kg A Sb l vi f ' k " Ve a s —f " k vi f ' k " V ]xk c s j ]u xj h ;vi f ' k " V ]o k u L i f r d lk e xh z ]u k f y; k a s dkxn a k i k u h ]g j s vi f ' k " V ]r F k k[ k k |vi f ' k " V' k k f e yg A a Sc k ; k x sl Sv{ k ;Åtk Z dk, dlk z r sg S tk s , u j k f s c dv‚ xf Z s u T lk e xh zds , u j k f s c dMk b t' s k uds e k / ; els ; kc k ; k f s MxM s z c s yi n k F k k Z a s ds Qe V Z a s ' s k uds } k j kf u f e r Zg k r s hg A SH k k j re a s b ls xk c s jxl Sds u k els tk u k tk r kg A S

T e c h n i c a l l y ,b i o g a sp r i ma r i l yc o n s i s t so fme t h a n e( CH4 )a n d c a r b o nd i o x i d e( CO2 )a n dma yh a v es ma l l a mo u n t so fh y d r o g e n s u l f i d e( H2 S) ,a mmo n i a( NH3 ) ,mo i s t u r e ,o x y g e n ,s i l o x a n e s ,a n d o t h e rt r a c eg a s e s .De p e n d i n go nt h et y p eo fu s e df e e d s t o c k , me t h a n e( CH4 )c o n t e n ti nt h ep r o d u c e db i o g a sf l u c t u a t e s b e t we e n5 0 %a n d7 0 %.Th es e c o n dmo s ta b u n d a n tc o mp o n e n t c a r b o nd i o x i d e( CO2 )ma k e su pb e t we e n3 0 %a n d4 5 %o f b i o g a s .

r du h dh:ilsc k ; k x sl Se a se h F k u s( CH4 )odk c u Z Mk b v‚ D lk b M ( CO2 )g k r s hg S r F k kb le a s vY ie k =ke a s g k b Mª k t sulY Qk b M( H2 S) ] ve k f s u ; k( NH3 ) ]vk n r z Z k ]v‚ D lh tu ]f lyk D s lu s ]ovU ;vo ' k " s k hxS la s H k hg k s ldr hg A S aç ; D q rQh ML V ‚ di jf u H k jdj Z r s g , qf u f e rxS Z le a s e h F k u s( CH4 )? k V d dhe k =k5 0ls yd sj7 0ç f r ' k rr df o f o / kg k s ldr hg S Ac k ; k x sS le a s n l wj klc ls vf / k di k ; ktk u s o k yk? k V ddk c u Z Mk b v‚ D lk b M( CO2 )g S tk s f d3 0ls 4 5ç f r ' k rr dg k r s kg A S

Me t h a n e( CH4 )c a nb ec o mb u s t e do ro x i d i z e dwi t ho x y g e n ,t h u s r e l e a s i n ge n e r g y ;t h i sa l l o wsb i o g a st ob eu s e da sap o t e n tf u e l .

Th eb i o g a se n e r g yc o n t e n t , a f t e ru p g r a d i n g , i sc o mp a r a b l et ot h a t o ft h ec o mmo n l yu s e dc o o k i n gf u e ll i q u e f i e dp e t r o l e u mg a s ; h e n c e , i t i sa ne x c e l l e n t f u e l f o r c o o k i n g .

I t c a na l s ob eu s e di ng a s e n g i n e st oc o n v e r t t h ee n e r g yi nt h eg a si n t oe l e c t r i c i t ya n dh e a t .

e h F k u s( CH4 )dk sv‚ D lh tudslk F kn g u; kv‚ D lh —rf d; ktk ldr kg ] Sf tlls Åtk Z e D q rg k r s hg S b lls c k ; k x sl Sç c yb / a Z k uds :i e a s b L r e s k yf d,tk u s yk ; dc u r hg A Sc k ; k x sl SÅtk Z ? k V ddhr y qu k ] vi xM z' s k uds c k n ] lk e k U ;:ils H k k t sui dk u s ds f y,ç ; D q rg k u s s o k yh f yf D o Qk b Mi V s ª k f s y; exl Sls dhtkldr hg S D ; k f a s dH k k t sui dk u s ds f y,; g, dmR —" Vb / a Z k ug A Sb ldkmi ; k x sxl Sb t au k a s e a s xl SdhÅtk Z dk s f c tyhr F k kÅ" e ke a s :i k r a f j rdj u s ds f y,H k hf d; ktkldr kg A S

Ca r b o ni st h ema i nc o mp o n e n t o f l i v i n gt h i n g sa swe l l a so f ma n y mi n e r a l ss u c ha sc o a l a n do t h e rf o s s i l f u e l s .

Att h eb e g i n n i n go f t h en a t u r a l c y c l e ,c a r b o n ,i nt h ef o r mo fc a r b o nd i o x i d e( CO2 ) ,i s e x t r a c t e df r o mt h ea t mo s p h e r eb yp l a n t st ome e tt h e i re n e r g y r e q u i r e me n t st h r o u g hap r o c e s sk n o wn a sp h o t o s y n t h e s i s .

Fu r t h e r mo r e ,c a r b o nc o mb i n e swi t ho t h e re l e me n t si nc o mp l e x wa y st of o r mo r g a n i cmo l e c u l e sc r u c i a l t ol i f e .

Th i sc a r b o nt h e ng e t st r a n s f e r r e dt oa n i ma l swh oc o n s u me p l a n t s .Wh e np l a n t sa n da n i ma l sd i eo rr e l e a s ewa s t e( h u ma n a n da n i ma le x c r e t ao ri n e d i b l er e s i d u e sf r o mb i o ma s s )i n t ot h e e n v i r o n me n t , mo s t o f t h ec a r b o ni sr e t u r n e dt ot h ea t mo s p h e r ea s t h eo r g a n i s msd e c o mp o s ei tn a t u r a l l y .I fl e f ta l o n e ,t h en a t u r a l p r o c e s si sl o n ga n dc a r b o nma yb er e l e a s e di n t ot h ea t mo s p h e r e a sah a r mf u l g r e e n h o u s eg a s( e . g . , me t h a n e[ CH4 ] ) .

I nac o n s t r a i n e dp r o c e s sc a l l e db i o d i g e s t i o no rf e r me n t a t i o n ,t h e n a t u r a l c y c l e ’ ss p e e di se x p e d i t e dma n i f o l dt oh a r n e s sme t h a n e ( CH4 ) , wh i c hi st h e nc o mb u s t e dt ome e t t h ee n e r g yr e q u i r e me n t s o fh u ma n si nt h ef o r mso fh e a ta n de l e c t r i c i t y .Fr o mt h ec a r b o n p e r s p e c t i v e ,t h ea mo u n to fc a r b o nd i o x i d e( CO2 )a b s o r b e df r o m t h ea t mo s p h e r ei nt h eg r o wt ho f t h ep r i ma r yb i o r e s o u r c ei ss a me a st h a t r e l e a s e dwh e nme t h a n e( CH4 ) i su l t i ma t e l yc o n v e r t e di n t o e n e r g y .I tg e n e r a t e sn on e tc a r b o nd i o x i d e( CO2 )i nt h ep r o c e s s , t h u sk e e p i n gt h eb a l a n c ei n t a c t .

Ot h e rn u t r i e n t s ,s u c ha sn i t r o g e n ,p h o s p h o r u s ,a n dp o t a s s i u m, c a na l s oc o mp l e t et h e i rc y c l e st h r o u g hb i o d i g e s t i o n .

Th ema t e r i a l r e ma i n i n ga f t e rt h ed i g e s t i o np r o c e s si sh i g h l yn u t r i t i o u sa n d e n r i c h e st h ef e r t i l i t yo ft h es o i l .Cr o p sa n dp l a n t sg r o wni ns u c h s o i lr e c e i v en o u r i s h me n tf r o mt h e s en u t r i e n t s ,a n dt h en u t r i e n t c y c l e sc o n t i n u e .

Fr o mt h ee n e r g y p e r s p e c t i v e , mo s t o f t h eh e a t a n d l i g h tf r o mt h es u nt h a tr e a c h e s t h ee a r t ha r ee i t h e rr e f l e c t e do r r a d i a t e db a c ki n t os p a c e .So me o ft h el i g h ti sc a p t u r e db yp l a n t s t h r o u g hp h o t o s y n t h e s i s .Asd e s c r i b e di nt h ec a r b o nc y c l e ,o n h a r n e s s i n g me t h a n e( CH4 )a s b i o g a sa n du s i n gt h ee n e r g yf o r c o mb u s t i o n ,t h ee n e r g yp r i ma r i l y r e c e i v e df r o mt h es u ni su s e d s u s t a i n a b l y .

vk —f r2 %D yk T s Mu p s j q ylk b f dyds lk F kc k ; k x s l S

dk c u Zlth oph tk a s dslk F k &lk F kvu d s[ k f u tk ] a stl Ssf d dk ; s ykovU ; Q‚ f ly¶ ; y w]dke [ q ;? k V dg k r s kg A Sç k —f r dpØdh' k # qvk re a s i k / S k s vi u h Åtk Z t:j r k a s dk s i j w kdj u s ds f y, ]i ; k o Z j . ke a s e k t Sn wdk c u ZMk b v‚ D lk b M ( CO2 ) ]ds :ie a s dk c u Zç k I rdj r s g a S f tlç f Ø; kdk s Qk V s k f s lF a k f s lldg r s g A S b lds vf r f j D rdk c u Ztf V yr j h dk a s ls vU ;r R o k a s ds lk F kl; a k f s trg k r s kg S vk j Sth o uds f y,vk o ' ; ddk c f Z u dv. k v qk a s dkf u e k .

Z kdj r kg A S ; g hdk c u Zmlds c k ni k / S k k a s dk s [ k k u s o k ys i ' k v qk a s e a s L F k k u k r a f j rg k s tk r kg A Stc i k / S k s ; ki ' k q e jtk r s g a S ; k¼ e u " q ; k a s oi ' k v qk a s dke y&e = w; kc k ; k e s k lds v[ k k | vo f ' k " V ½i ; k o Z j . ke a s vi f ' k " Vf u dk yr s g ] a Sr cvf / k dk ' a kdk c u Zo k ; e q M ay e a s o k i l vktk r kg ] SD ; k f a s d th ob ls ç k —f r d :ils vi ? k f V rdjn r s s g A a S ç k —f r dç f Ø; kdk s , l ss g hu g h a Nk M sk +tkldr kg S D ; k f a s d; gc g r qyc a hg k r s h g S vk j Sdk c u Zo k ; e q M aye a s g k f u dk j dxh z ug k mlxl Sk a s ¼ mn k g j . kds f y, ]e h F k u s [ CH4 ] ½ds :ie a s vo e D q rg k s ldr hg A S c k ; k M sk b t' s k u; kQe V Z a s ' s k udg yk u s o k yhr ;ç f Ø; ke ] a sç k —f r dpØdhxf r db Z xu q kc < k + dje h F k u s( CH4 ) ,dkn k g s uf d; ktk r kg ] Sf tls f Qjtyk dj Å" e kof c tyhds :ie a s yk x sk a s dhÅtk Z t:j r k a s dk s i j w kf d; ktk r kg A Sdk c u Z ds ln a H k Z e a s ç k b e j hc k ; k f s j lk l sZ dho f̀ )e a s o k ; e q M ayls vo ' k k f s " k rdhtk u s o k yh dk c u ZMk b v‚ D lk b M( CO2 ) dhe k =kmr u hg hg k r s hg S f tr u he h F k u s( CH4 ) ds i . w k Z:ils Åtk Ze a s :i k r a f j rg k r s s le ;vo e D q rg k r s hg A Sb lç f Ø; ke a s vf r f j ä dk c u ZMk b v‚ D lk b M( CO2 )mR i U uu g h a g k r s hg ] Sf tlls lr a y quc u k j g r kg A S vU ;U ; f w V ª , V atl Ssf du k b V ª k t su ]Q‚ L Qk j s lr F k ki k V s f s ' k ; eH k hvi u spØ c k ; k M sk b t' s k uds e k / ; els i j w s djldr s g A a SMk b t' s k uç f Ø; kds c k n' k " s kc ph lk e xh zvR ; r ai k " s k dg k r s hg S vk j Sf e ê hdk s mi tk Åc u k r hg A Smlf e ê hls mxs g , qi k / S k s b ui k " s k dr R o k a s ls i k " s k . kç k I rdj r s g a S vk j SU ; f w V ª , V apØtk j hj g r k g A S; f ng eÅtk Z dhc k rdj a s r k s i F̀ o hi ji g p a qu s o k yhvf / k dk ' a kÅ" e koç dk ' k f j ¶ yD s ' k u; kj f s M, ' k uds dk j . ko k i lvr a f j { ke a s i g p a qtk r s g A a Sç dk ' kdhdN q e k =ki M s& +i k / S k s Qk V s k f s lF a k f s llds e k / ; els vo ' k k f s " k rdjyr s s g A a Stl Skf ddk c u Z pØ e a s n ' k k ; Z kx; kg ] Sf de h F k u s i jvk j Sn g uds f y,Åtk Z dkmi ; k x sdj u s i jl; w Z ls ç k F k f e d:ils ç k I r g k u s s o k yhÅtk Z dkmi ; k x sL F k k ; hg k r s kg A S

2.

Pr oduct i on Ase x p l a i n e dp r e v i o u s l y ,i nt h ep i c t o r i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o no ft h ec o w, h i g h c a l o r i f i cme t h a n e( CH4 )i sp r o d u c e da f t e rd e c o mp o s i t i o no f o r g a n i cma t t e rb ymi c r o o r g a n i s msi nt h ea b s e n c eo fo x y g e n .

Th i s p r o c e s si sk n o wna sa n a e r o b i cd i g e s t i o na n dc a no c c u r i nac l o s e d s y s t e m,b e t t e rk n o wna sad i g e s t o r .Th ema t e r i a lr e ma i n i n ga f t e r d i g e s t i o ni nt h eb i o d i g e s t e r ,k n o wna sb i o s l u r r y ,i se x t r e me l y n u t r i e n tr i c ha n dc a nb ed i r e c t l ya p p l i e dt oc r o p l a n d s .Fu r t h e r fb i o s l u r r yi n t os o l i da n dl i q u i dp h a s e si sp o s s i b l e . s e p a r a t i o no Se p a r a t e dd i g e s t e ds o l i d sc a nb ef u r t h e rc o mp o s t e do ru s e d d i r e c t l yi nf a r ml a n d s .

Si mi l a r l y , t h el i q u i ds t r e a m, wh i c hi sa l s or i c h i nn u t r i e n t s , c a nb ec o n v e r t e di n t oh i g h v a l u eb y p r o d u c t so ru s e d i na g r i c u l t u r ea saf e r t i l i z e r .

tS lkf d xk ;ds f p=k R e df u :i . ke s a c r k ;kx;kg S ]mP pr k i tu d e h F k s u( f o di n k F k k s a Z ds lw { e th o k s a } k j kv‚ D lh tuds vu q i f L F k f r CH4 )tS e s a vi ? k f V rf d,tk u s ds c k nf u f e Z rg k s r hg S Ab lç f Ø;kdk s , u k j k s f c d Mk b ts ' k udg ktk r kg S vk S j;gc a nf lL V ee s a ? k f V rg k s ldr hg S f tls c s g r j:ils Mk b ts L V jds :ie s a tk u ktk r kg S Ac k ;k s Mk b ts L V je s a Mk b ts ' k uds c k n' k s " kc phlk e xz h ]f tls c k ;k s L yj hds u k els tk u ktk r k g S ]mP pmo Z j r k ;q D rg k s r hg S f tldkb L r s e k y lh / k s —f " k ;k s X ;H k w f ee s a f d;ktkldr kg S Ac k ;k s L yj hdk s vk xs B k s l, o a r j yvo L F k k vk s a e s a vyx f d;ktkldr kg S Avyxf d;s x;s Mk b ts L Vg q ,B k s li n k F k k s a Z dkvk xs dE i k s L V[ k k nc u k ;ktkldr kg S ;klh / k s —f " k &H k w f ee s a ç ;k s xf d;ktk ldr kg S Ab lhç dk j ]r j y/ k k j kH k hmo Z j r kls H k j i w jg k s r hg S vk S jb ls mP pxq . k o R r ko k ys lg &mR i k n k s a e s a :i k a r f j rf d;ktkldr kg S ;k—f " k ;k s X ;H k w f ee s a [ k k nds :ie s a b L r s e k yf d;ktkldr kg S A

Sy mb i o t i cg r o u p so f mi c r o o r g a n i s msp e r f o r md i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n sa t d i f f e r e n ts t a g e so fd i g e s t i o nt ob r e a kd o wnc o mp l e xo r g a n i c ma t e r i a l s .Fo u rs u c c e s s i v eb i o c h e mi c a l p r o c e s s e sa r ei n v o l v e di n t h ed i g e s t i o np r o c e s so fb i o g a sp r o d u c t i o n ,n a me l yh y d r o l y s i s , a c i d o g e n e s i s ,a c e t o g e n e s i s ,a n dme t h a n o g e n e s i s .Th ef o l l o wi n g s i mp l i f i e dd i a g r a mh i g h l i g h t st h e s ef o u rp r o c e s s e s :

lw { e th o k s a ds lg th o hle w gtf V ytS f o d lk e f xz ;k s a dk s r k s M+ u s ds f y, i k puds vu s d pj . k k s a e s a f o f H k U udk ;Z dj r s g S a Ac k ;k s xS lds mR i k n ue s a pk jØf e dc k ;k s ds f e dy ç f Ø;k , a ' k k f e yg k s r hg S a f tU g s a g k b Mª k s f yf ll] , f lMk s ts u s f ll], ls V k s ts u s f llr F k ke h F k s u k s ts u s f lldg ktk r kg S Af u E u lj yh —rMk ;xz k eb upk jç f Ø;k vk s a dk s n ' k k Z r kg S %

Us u a l l y , t h ea b o v eme n t i o n e df o u r p r o c e s s e so c c u r s i mu l t a n e o u s l y i nah e r me t i c a l l ys e a l e du n i t c a l l e dt h ed i g e s t e r .

Th e s eb i o c h e mi c a l p r o c e s s e sa r e ,h o we v e r ,p e r f o r me db yd i f f e r e n tt y p e so f mi c r o o r g a n i s ms . Ea c hp r o c e s sr e q u i r e sd i f f e r e n tt y p e so f mi c r o o r g a n i s ms ,a n de a c ht y p er e q u i r e sd i f f e r e n tc o n d i t i o n sf o r o p t i ma lg r o wt h .T oc r e a t eo p t i ma lc o n d i t i o n sf o rt h ed i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s , t h ep r o c e s s e sc a nb ep e r f o r me di ns e p a r a t ev e s s e l s .

Fo r e x a mp l e ,s o meb i o g a sp l a n t sh a v eas e p a r a t eh y d r o l y s i st a n kt o p r e p a r eb i o wa s t ef o r a c t u a l d i g e s t i o n .

I nt h i st a n k , t h et e mp e r a t u r e , o x y g e nc o n t e n t ,a n dp Hv a l u ea r eo p t i mi z e df o rh y d r o l y t i c mi c r o o r g a n i s ms ,wh e r e a st h ec o n d i t i o n si nt h ema i nr e a c t o ra r e o p t i mi z e df o rme t h a n e( CH4 )-p r o d u c i n g mi c r o o r g a n i s ms .

Me t h a n o g e n e s i si sac r i t i c a l s t e pi nt h ee n t i r ea n a e r o b i cd i g e s t i o n p r o c e s sa n di st h es l o we s tb i o c h e mi c a lr e a c t i o no ft h ep r o c e s s .

Ac e t o g e n e s i sa n dme t h a n o g e n e s i su s u a l l yo c c u rs i mu l t a n e o u s l y a sar e s u l to fas y mb i o t i ca s s o c i a t i o nb e t we e nt wog r o u p so f mi c r o o r g a n i s ms . Me t h a n o g e n e s i si sh i g h l yd e p e n d e n to n o p e r a t i o nc o n d i t i o n s .Th ec o mp o s i t i o no ff e e d s t o c k ,f e e d i n gr a t e , t e mp e r a t u r e ,a n dp Ha r ee x a mp l e so ft h ef a c t o r sa f f e c t i n g me t h a n o g e n e s i s .

lk e k U ;:ils ] mi j k s D rmY ys f [ k rpk jç f Ø;k , a Mk b ts L V jdg yk u s o k yh g o k j k s / k h:ils lh y;w f u Ve s a , dlk F kg k s r hg S a Ag k yk a f d;s c k ;k s ds f e dy ç f Ø;k , a f o f H k U uç dk jds lw { e th o k s a } k j kdhtk r hg S a Aç R ;s dç f Ø;kds f y,vyxç dk jds lw { e th o k s a dht:j rg k s r hg S ]vk S jç R ;s dç dk jds lw { e th o k s a dk s vu q dw yo f̀ )ds f y,f H k U u &f H k U uf L F k f r ;k s a dht:j rg k s r h g S Af o f H k U uç tk f r ;k s a ds f y,vu q dw yf L F k f r ;k a c u k u s ds f y,ç f Ø;k vk s a dk svyx&vyx i k =k s ae s adhtkldr hg S a Amn k g j . kdsf y, ]dq N c k ;k s xS lla ;a =k s a e s a o k L r f o di k puds f y,c k ;k s o s L V¼ tS o vi f ' k " V ½r S ;k j dj u s g s r q vyxg k b Mª k s f yf ll V S a dg k s r kg S Ab lV S a de s a g k b Mª k s f yf V d k udk s e k b Øk s vk xs Z f u T E ़ lds f y,r k i e k u ]v‚ D lh tu? k V d]r F k kpH e vu q dw yc u k ;ktk r kg S tc f de q [ ;f j , D V je s a f L F k f r ;k a lw { e th omR i U u f y,vu q dw f yrdhtk r hg S a A, u j k s f c d dj u so k yhe h F k s u( CH4 )ds Mk b ts ' k uç f Ø;ke s ae h F k s u k s ts u s f ll , de g R o i w . k Zpj . kg k s r kg Svk S j le L rç f Ø;k vk s ae s alo k Z f / k d/ k h e kc k ;k s ds f e dy f j , D ' k ug k s r kg S A lw { e th o k s a ds n k s le w g k s a ds e / ;lg th o hla c a / kg k s u s ds i f j . k k e L o :i , ls V k s ts u s f ll vk S je s F k s u k s ts u s f ll lk e k U ;:ils, d lk F kg k s r hg S a A e h F k s u k s ts u s ll mP p:ils la pk yudhf L F k f r ;k s a i jf u H k Z jdj r hg S A h F k s u k s ts u s f ll dk s Qh ML V ‚ d dkj pu k ]Qh f Ma xj s V ]r k i e k ur F k kpH e ç H k k f o rdj u s o k ys dk j dg S a A

Di g e s t e ro v e r l o a d ,t e mp e r a t u r ec h a n g e s ,o rt h ee n t r yo fl a r g e a mo u n t so fo x y g e nc a nr e s u l ti nt h et e r mi n a t i o no fme t h a n e ( CH4 )p r o d u c t i o n .T e mp e r a t u r ei s ,i nf a c t ,o n eo ft h ec r u c i a l p a r a me t e r si nb i o g a sg e n e r a t i o n .Be c a u s et h eb a c t e r i ai n v o l v e d a r es e n s i t i v et ot e mp e r a t u r e ,t h et e mp e r a t u r en e e d st ob e r e g u l a t e dd u r i n gd i g e s t i o n .A d i s t i n c t i o nb e t we e nd i f f e r e n t o p e r a t i n gt e mp e r a t u r el e v e l si sma d ef o rp s y c h r o p h i l i c( < 2 5 ° C) , me s o p h i l i c( 3 5 ° C– 4 8 ° C) ,a n dt h e r mo p h i l i c( > 5 0 ° C)o r g a n i s ms .

Ch a n g i n gt h et e mp e r a t u r ec a nd e s t a b i l i z eb i o g a sp r o d u c t i o na n d mi t i g a t et h ea c t i v i t yo ft h emi c r o o r g a n i s msi n v o l v e d .Ge n e r a l l y , h i g ht e mp e r a t u r e sr e d u c et h ep r o c e s s i n gt i mea n dr e q u i r e d v o l u meo f t h ed i g e s t e rt a n k .

Mk b ts L Vjvk s o j yk s M]rk i e k ue s a i f j o rZ u;kH k k j he k =ke s a v‚ D lh tu CH4 )dkmR i k nuc a ng k s ldrkg S A ç f o " Vg k s us ds dk j . ke h F k s u( nj vly]c k ;k s xS lmR i k nue s a rk i e k u, de g R o i w . k Z e k i na Mg k s rkg S A D ;k s a f db le s a ' k k f e yc S D Vh f j ;krk i e k uls ç H k k f o rg k s rs g S a ]Mk b ts ' k u ds nk S j k urk i e k udk s f u;a f =rj [ k us dht:j rg k s rhg S Af o f H k U u < 2 5 ° C) , v‚ i j s f Va x Vs E i j s pj ys o yk s ae s ava rj lk b Øk s f Qf yd ( 3 5 ° C– 4 8 ° C) > 5 0 ° C)v‚ e s lk s f Qf yd ( ]rF k kF k e k s Z f Qf yd ( xs Z f uT E l ds f y,f d;ktk rkg S Ark i e k ue s a i f j o rZ uc k ;k s xS l mR i k nudk s vf L F k jdjldrkg S f tlls mle s a ' k k f e ylw { e th o k s a dhxf rf o f / k ;k a c k f / k rg k s ldrhg S a Alk e k U ;:ils ]mP prk i e k uMk b ts L VjVS a d dhvi s f { k re k =krF k kç k S ls f la xe s a yxus o k ys le ;e s a de hys vk rs g S a A

Ot h e rf a c t o r st h a tc a na l s oi n h i b i tme t h a n e( CH4 )p r o d u c t i o n i n c l u d eh i g hc o n c e n t r a t i o n so ff r e ea mmo n i a( NH3 ) ,p a r t i c u l a r l y a th i g h e rp Hv a l u e .L i k e wi s e ,ah i g hc o n c e n t r a t i o no fh y d r o g e n ( H2 )o rh y d r o g e ns u l f i d e( H2 S)a l s oa d v e r s e l ya f f e c t st h e b i o c h e mi c a lp r o c e s s .Fo rs i mp l i c i t y ,a d d i t i o n a ld e t a i l so ft h e i n h i b i t o r yme c h a n i s mso ft h e s ec o mp o n e n t sh a v en o tb e e n d i s c u s s e di nt h i se d i t i o n .Th e r e f o r e ,c o n t i n u o u smo n i t o r i n go f r e l e v a n tp a r a me t e r si sc r u c i a lt op r e v e n tp r o b l e mso c c u r r i n g d u r i n go p e r a t i o n .

CH4 )ds e h F k s u( mR i k nudk s c k f / k rdjldus o k ys vU ;dk j dk s a e s a NH3 ) ,f o ' k s " k:ils mP ppHe k ui j ] vf / k de k =ke s a Ýhve k s f u;k( H2 ); kg k b Mª k s tulY Qk b M ' k k f e yg S a Ab lhç dk jls g k b Mª k s tu( ( H2 S)H k hc k ;k s ds f e dyç f Ø;ki jf o i j h rç H k k oMk yrhg S Alj yrk ds f y, ]b lla L dj . ke s a b uda i k s us a V~ ldhc k / k kMk yus o k yhç f Ø;k vk s a ds vf rf j D rC ;k S j s i jppk Z ug h a dhxb Z g S Ab lf y, ]v‚ i j s ' k uds nk S j k uvk uso k yhle L ;k vk s adk sj k s dusdsf y,la c )e k i na Mk s adh f uj a rjf uxj k uhc s g nt:j hg S A

3.UsageofPr oduct sf r om Bi ogasPl ant s Amo n gt h er e n e wa b l ee n e r g ys o u r c e s ,b i o g a si st h eg e n u i n e a l l r o u n d e r ;i tp r o v i d e se l e c t r i c i t y ,h e a t ,g a s ,a n df u e lf o r g a s p o we r e dv e h i c l e s .Fl e x i b i l i t yi sa c h i e v e dt h r o u g ht h e p r o d u c t i o no f ap r i ma r ye n e r g ys o u r c e , n a me l yme t h a n e( CH4 ) .

Åtk Z ds v{ k ;lz k s rk s a e s a ls c k ;k s xS lo k L rf o d:ils i f j i w . k Z g S A;g f c tyh ]Å" e k ]xS lrF k kxS lls pyus o k ys o k g uk s a ds f y,b Z a / k uç nk u CH4 )u k e dç k F k f e d Åtk Z lz k s rds mR i k nuls dj rhg S Ae h F k s u( ¶ ys f D lf c f yVh¼ yk s p½g k f lydhtk rhg S A

Es s e n t i a l l yt h ep r o d u c t i o no fme t h a n e( CH4 )d u r i n ga n a e r o b i c d i g e s t i o nme a n st h a t t h ee n e r g yc o n t a i n e di nme t h a n e( CH4 )c a n b eu s e di nmu l t i p l ewa y s .

On eo f t h emo s t c o mmo nme t h o d su s e d wo r l d wi d ei st h ec o n v e r s i o no fg a si n t oe l e c t r i c i t ya n dh e a tu s i n g ac o mb i n e dh e a ta n dp o we r( CHP)p l a n t .Ho we v e r ,t h i sr o u t e n e c e s s i t a t e sp r i o rc l e a n i n go ft h eg a sb e f o r ei tc a nb eu s e di n e n g i n e s .Cl e a n i n gi se s s e n t i a l l yt h er e mo v a l o fh y d r o g e ns u l f i d e ( H2 S)f r o mt h er a wg a s ,wh i c hc a np o t e n t i a l l yc o r r o d ee n g i n e s a n do t h e rp l a n te q u i p me n t .Th eme a n st oa c h i e v ec l e a nb i o g a s a r ec o v e r e di ns o med e t a i l si nt h e“ Bi o g a sUp g r a d a t i o n ”s e c t i o n .

CH4 )ds , uj k s f c d Mk b ts ' k uds nk S j k ue h F k s u( mR i k nudkvF k Z g S CH4 )e s a f uf g rÅtk Z dkmi ;k s xvus dç dk jls f d;k f de h F k s u( tkldrkg S Af o ' oH k je s a ç ;k s xdhtk us o k yhlc ls vk ef o f / k ;k s a CHP)I yk a Vds ç ;k s xls xS l e s a ls , dg S dE c k b a Mg h V, o a i k o j( dk s f c tyh, o a Å" e ke s a :i k a rf j rdj uk Ag k yk a f d]b lç dk jls xS l dk s b a tuk s a e s a b L rs e k ydj us ls i g ys b ldhlQk b Z t:j hg k s rhg S A H2 S)dk s lQk b ZdkvF k ZdP phxS l lsg k b Mª k s tu lY Qk b M( f udk yukg S ]tk sf db a tu rF k kdk j [ k k usdsvU ; mi dj . k k s adk s la { k k f j rdjldrhg S A' k q )c k ;k s xS lg k f ly dj us ds lk / k uk s a dk f o o j . k^ ^ c k ;k s xS lvi xz s M' k u^ ^ls D ' k ue s a f n;kx;kg S A

Ast h el a t e s td e s i g n so fe n g i n e sp r o v i d ema x i mu me l e c t r i c e f f i c i e n c i e so fa r o u n d4 2 %,t h eo v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c yo faCHPp l a n t d e p e n d so no p t i ma l l yu s i n gt h ewa s t eh e a t e n e r g yo f t h ee x h a u s t g a sa n dh e a td i s s i p a t e df r o me n g i n e s .I nc o l dr e g i o n s ,s u c ha s Eu r o p ea n dUS,t h i sc o u l db ea c h i e v e dr e l a t i v e l ye a s i l y .I n s u b t r o p i c a l c o u n t r i e ss u c ha sI n d i a , b i o g a sp r o d u c t i o ni su s e df o r h e a ta n de l e c t r i c a le n e r g yp r o d u c t i o n ,a n df o rt r a n s p o r t a t i o n .I t a l s of a c i l i t a t e st h es c i e n t i f i cma n a g e me n t o f wa s t ea l o n gwi t ht h e u s eo fu n s p e n td i g e s t a t ea sp o t e n t i a lo r g a n i cf e r t i l i z e r sf o r a g r i c u l t u r a l u s e .

pw a f dvk / k q f udf Mtk b uo k ys b a tuyxH k x4 2ç f r' k rrddhf c tyh yk a Vdhi w j h{ k e rk, X t‚ L VxS l la c a / k h{ k e rk , a ç nk udj rs g S a ]CHPI dhvi f ' k " VÅ" e h ;Åtk Z rF k kb a tuk s a ls f udyus o k yhÅ" e kds vP Ns mi ;k s xi jf uH k Z jdj rhg S ABa Ms { k s =k s a ]tS ls f d;w j k s iola ;q D rj k T ; ve s f j dk ]e s a b ls vk lk uhls g k f ly f d;ktkldrkg S AH k k j rtS ls lc &Vª ‚ f i dyns ' k k s a e s a c k ;k s xS lmR i k nudkmi ;k s xÅ" e h ;, o a o S |r Åtk Z ds mR i k nurF k ki f j o g uds f y,f d;ktk rkg S A;gvi f ' k " V ds o S Kk f udç c a / k udk s lj yc uk us ds lk F k &lk F kMk b ts L Vs Vdk s —f " k g r s q l' k D rtf S o d[ k k nds :ie a s mi ; k x sH k hvk lk uc u k r kg A S

So u r c e : h t t p s : / / www. f l i c k r . c o m/ p h o t o s / e a s t _ l a n c s / 3 7 0 4 2 7 5 0 1 6 5

I nI n d i a ,b i o g a si smo r ewi d e l yp r o d u c e da th o u s e h o l da n d c o mmu n i t yl e v e l s( p a r t i c u l a r l yi nr u r a la r e a s )t h a na tal a r g e s c a l e .I nv i l l a g e s ,t h o u s a n d so fs ma l l s c a l eb i o g a sp l a n t su s e c a t t l ewa s t e( p a r t i c u l a r l yc o wd u n g )a n dg e n e r a t eb i o g a sf o r c o o k i n g .Asp e rt h el a t e s te s t i ma t eo ft h eMi n i s t r yo fNe wa n d Re n e wa b l eEn e r g y( MNRE) , a p p r o x i ma t e l y5mi l l i o ns u c hb i o g a s p l a n t sh a v ea l r e a d yb e e ni n s t a l l e da l l o v e rI n d i a .

H k k j re s ac k ;k s xS l dkmR i k nu c M+ si S e k usdsc tk ;? k j s ywvk S j lk e q nk f ;d L rj k s a ¼ f o ' k s " k:ils xz k e h . k{ k s =k s a e s a ½i jvf / k dO ;k i d :ils g k s rkg S Axk a o k s a e s a ]g tk j k s a Nk s Vs L rjds c k ;k s xS lla ;a =i ' k q vk s a ds vi f ' k " V¼ f o ' k s " k:ils xk ;dkxk s c j ½dkmi ;k s xdj ds H k k s tu i dk us ds f y,c k ;k s xS ldkmR i k nudj rs g S a Auo h uvk S juo h dj . k h ; MNRE) ,ds uo h urevuq e k uds vuq lk j ]H k k j rH k je s a Åtk Z e a =k y;( yxH k x5 0yk [ k, s ls c k ;k s xS ldk j [ k k us L F k k f i rf d,tkpq ds g S a A

I n s t a l l a t i o no fs u c hb i o g a ss y s t e msi na g r a r i a nc o mmu n i t i e sc a n i n c r e a s ep r o d u c t i v i t yb e c a u s eh e a t p r o d u c t i o nb yu s i n gb i o g a si s mo r ee f f i c i e n tt h a nt h a tb yb u r n i n gf e e d s t o c k .

Af t e rt h ed i g e s t i o n p r o c e s s ,t h ema t e r i a lr e ma i n i n gi nt h ed i g e s t e rc a nb eu s e db y f a r me r sa sb i o f e r t i l i z e ri nt h ea g r i c u l t u r a ll a n d .Mo r e o v e r ,t h e o r g a n i cf e r t i l i z e ri ss u p e r i o rt oc h e mi c a l f e r t i l i z e r si nt e r mso fi t s a l l i n c l u s i v en u t r i e n t c o n t e n t a n db e c a u s ei t c a nb eu s e da sas o i l c o n d i t i o n e r .

xz k e h . kle q nk ;k s a e s a , s ls c k ;k s xS lf lL VE ldhL F k k i ukls mR i k ndrk e s a o f̀ ) dhtkldrhg S D ;k s a f dc k ;k s xS l ds mi ;k s xls Å" e kdk mR i k nu]Qh ML V‚ d tyk djf d,x,Å" e kmR i k nudhrq yuke s a vf / k dl{ k eg k s rkg S AMk b ts L Vje s a Mk b ts ' k uç f Ø;kds c k n' k s " kc ph lk e xz hdkmi ;k s xf dlk uk s a }k j k—f " k;k s X ;H k w f ee s a c k ;k s Qf VZ yk b tj ds :ie s a f d;ktkldrkg S Ab lds vf rf j D r]j k lk ;f ud mo Z j dk s a dhrq yuke s a tS f o d mo Z j d vi us la i w . k Z i k s " k d rR o k s a ds vk / k k ji j c s g rjg k s rhg Svk S j;g hdk j . kg Sf db ldkmi ;k s xf e ê hds da Mh ' k ujds :ie s a H k hf d;ktkldrkg S A

Th e r ea l s oi st h eo p p o r t u n i t yt ou t i l i z et h eh e a tg e n e r a t e df r o m b i o g a sf o rd r y i n gc r o p sa swe l l a sf o rt h es e p a r a t i o na n df u r t h e r t r e a t me n to fd i g e s t a t e .

Th eh e a tg e n e r a t e df r o mb i o g a sc a na l s o b eu s e df o rc o l ds t o r a g eo ff o o d so rf o ra i rc o n d i t i o n i n gt h r o u g h a d v a n c e dt h e r mo d y n a mi cp r o c e s s e ss u c ha st h ev a p o r a b s o r p t i o nc y c l e .

c k ;k s xS lls mR i U uÅ" e kdkmi ;k s xQlyk s a dk s lq [ k k us ds lk F k &lk F k Mk b ts L Vs Vdk s vyxdj us rF k kb lds Vª h Ve s a Vds f y,H k hf d;ktk ldrkg S Ac k ;k s xS l lsmR i U u Å" e kdkmi ;k s xo S i j, C t‚ i Z ~ ' k u lk b f dytS lhvk / k q f udF k e k s Z Mk ;us f e dç f Ø;k vk s a ds e k / ;els [ k k |k s a ds Ba Ms H k a Mk j . k;k, ;jda Mh ' k f ua xds f y,H k hf d;ktkldrkg S A

Th eu s eo fb i o g a sf o re l e c t r i c i t yg e n e r a t i o ni nI n d i ai s p r o g r e s s i n g ,a n dt h i st r e n di si n c r e a s i n g .

Th eu s eo fd i g e s t e r st o t r e a tt h eo r g a n i cwa s t eg e n e r a t e da tt h es o u r c ep l a n ti sa l s oo n t h er i s ea t i n d u s t r i a l c o mp l e x e s .

Fo rt h ef a c t o r i e sa n db u s i n e s s e s c o n c e r n e d ,t h i si sa ne x c e l l e n ta v e n u et od i s p o s eo fwa s t ei na c o s t e f f e c t i v ema n n e rwh i l ea tt h es a met i meg e n e r a t eh e a tf o r i n t e r n a lp r o c e s so p e r a t i o n sa n de l e c t r i c i t y .So u r c e s ,s u c ha s d a i r y ,p o u l t r yf a r ms ,b r e we r i e s ,a n ds u g a r ,p u l p ,p a p e r ,l e a t h e r , a n df o o d p r o c e s s i n gp l a n t s ,h a v eap a r t i c u l a r l yh i g hp o t e n t i a l f o r u s i n ga n a e r o b i cd i g e s t i o n .

I nma n yc i t i e sa c r o s sI n d i a , s e wa g et r e a t me n t p l a n t sa n do r g a n i c wa s t et r e a t me n tp l a n t sa l r e a d yu s ea n a e r o b i cd i g e s t e r st o g e n e r a t eb i o g a sa n de l e c t r i c i t yo nal a r g es c a l e .Se v e r a l i n d u s t r i e s ,t o wn s h i p s ,c o mmu n i t i e s ,a n dv i l l a g e sh a v ea l s o i n s t a l l e dd i g e s t e r sa n dg a se n g i n ef a c i l i t i e sf o rd e c e n t r a l i z e d( n o t c o n n e c t e dt oag r i d )e l e c t r i c i t yg e n e r a t i o n .I nf a c t ,d e c e n t r a l i z e d e l e c t r i c i t yg e n e r a t i o nh a sb e e nt h et r e n d , a n dt h eGo v e r n me n t o f I n d i ap r o v i d e ss e v e r a li n c e n t i v e sf o rp r o mo t i n gt h e s ei n i t i a t i v e s .

Ho we v e r ,o wi n gt os e v e r a lf a c t o r s ,s u c ha ss i z a b l ef i n a n c i a l i n v e s t me n t sn e e d e d , i n s e c u r i t yr e g a r d i n ga v a i l a b i l i t yo f f e e d s t o c k , u n f a v o r a b l ee l e c t r i c i t yt a r i f f ,a n ds e v e r a l s o c i a l i s s u e s ,e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t i o nf r o mb i o g a sh a sn o t a c h i e v e di t st r u ep o t e n t i a l .

Th ef o l l o wi n gf i g u r es u c c i n c t l yd e p i c t sv a r i o u swa y so fu s i n gt h e p r o d u c e db i o g a sa n dn u me r o u sb e n e f i t so f a d o p t i n gb i o g a s .

H k k j re s a c k ;k s xS lds mi ;k s x}k j kf c tyhmR i k nudkpyuc <+ j g k g S Alz k s rdk j [ k k uslsmR i U utS f o d vi f ' k " VdsVª h Ve s a Vdsf y, Mk b ts L Vjdkmi ;k s xH k hvk S |k s f xdi f j lj k s a e s a c <+ j g kg S Adk j [ k k uk s a vk S jO ;k o lk f ;d ç f r" Bk uk s adsf y,vi f ' k " Vdkf dQk ;rh<a xls f uc Vk udj us vk S jlk F kg hlk F kvk a rf j dla pk yuk s a of c tyhds f y, Å" e kmR i U udj us dk;gc s g rj h urj h dkg S AMs ;j h ]i k s Y Vª hQk e Z ] c z h o j h ]ph uh ]yq xnhodk xtrF k k[ k k |ç la L dj . kla ;a =k s a tS ls lz k s rk s a e s a , uk j k s f c d Mk b ts ' k uds mi ;k s xds f y,f o ' k s " k:ils mP p{ k e rk g k s rhg S A H k k j rH k je s a vus d' k g j k s a e s a ]lh o s tVª h Ve s a VI yk a VrF k kvk xs Z f udo s L V Vª h Ve s a VI yk a Vc k ;k s xS l rF k kf c tyhds H k k j hi S e k us i jmR i k nuds f y,i g ys ls g h, uk j k s f c dMk b ts L VlZ dkmi ;k s xdjj g s g S a Avus d m|k s xk s a ]uxj { k s =k s a ]le q nk ;k s a rF k kxk a o k s a e s a H k hf o ds U æh —r¼ f xz Mls ug h a tq M+ s g S a ½f c tyhds mR i k nuds f y,Mk b ts L VjrF k kxS lb a tuds U æ L F k k f i rf d,x,g S a Anj vlyf o ds U æh —rf c tyhmR i k nu, dpyu c upq dkg S vk S jH k k j rlj dk jb ls ç k s R lk f g rdj us ds f y,vus d ç dk jds ç k s R lk g uns j g hg S Ag k yk a f d]vus ddk j dk s a ]tS ls f dt:j h le q f prf o R rh ;f uo s ' k k s a ]Qh ML V‚ ddhmi yC / k rkls la c a f / k rvlq j { k k ] ç f rdq yf c tyh' k q Y dk s a ]rF k kvus d lk e k f td e lyk s adsdk j . k c k ;k s xS lls f c tyhmR i k nuvi uho k L rf o d{ k e rk vk s a dk s g k f lyug h a dji k ;kg S A f u E uf p=]mR i U uc k ;k s xS ldk s b L r s e k y dj u s ds vu s dr j h dk s a r F k k c k ;k s xS lvi u k u s ds vu s dyk H k k s a dkvP Ns ls f p=. kdj r kg S A

vk —f r3 %c k ; k x s l Sds f o f H k U umi ; k x s

Th eu t i l i z a t i o no f b i o g a sa sav e h i c l ef u e l i n v o l v e st h eu s eo f t h e s a mee n g i n ea n dv e h i c l ec o n f i g u r a t i o na sn a t u r a l g a s .

I n d i ah a s a p p r o x i ma t e l y2mi l l i o nc o mp r e s s e dn a t u r a lg a s( CNG) b a s e d v e h i c l e s ,wh i c hd e mo n s t r a t e st h a tt h ev e h i c l ec o n f i g u r a t i o ni s n o tap r o b l e mf o rt h eu s eo fb i o g a sa sav e h i c l ef u e l .I n d i ah a s ama j o ro p p o r t u n i t yt oh a r n e s st h et r u ep o t e n t i a lo fb i o g a s t h r o u g ht h i smo d e .

o k g uds b Z a / k uds :ie s a c k ;k s xS l dkb L rs e k y dj us ds f y,o g h b a tuod‚ f U Qxj s ' k upk f g ;s ]tk s ç k —f rdxS lls pyus o k ys o k g uk s a CNG) e s a g k s rkg S AH k k j re s a yxH k x2 0yk [ kdE ç s L Mus pq j y xS l( vk / k k f j ro k g ug S a f tlls ;glk f c rg k s rkg S f dc k ;k s xS l ds o k g u dsb a Z / k uds:ie s ami ;k s x dsf y,o k g udkd‚ f U Qxj s ' k udk s b Z le L ;kug h a g S AH k k j re s a b le k / ;eds tf j ;s c k ;k s xS ldho k L rf o d { k e rkdkyk H kmBk us g s rq O ;k i d vo ljg S a A

Ho we v e r ,b i o g a sn e e d st op u r i f i e dt ot h ed e s i r e dq u a l i t y( t o i n c r e a s et h eme t h a n e[ CH4 ] c o n t e n t )t h r o u g ha p p r o p r i a t es t e p s a n dc o mp r e s s e db e f o r ei tc a nb eu s e df o rt r a n s p o r t a t i o n .

Co mp r e s s e db i o g a s( CBG)o f f e r so p p o r t u n i t i e st or e d u c e v e h i c l ef l e e tf u e l c o s t swh i l ea l s ome e t i n ge n v i r o n me n t a l g o a l s .

Wh i l ep i p e l i n en a t u r a lg a si sCNGr e a d ya n dr e q u i r e sn o u p g r a d a t i o n( c l e a n i n g ) ,CBG r e q u i r e sc o n d i t i o n i n go ft h er a w b i o g a sb e f o r ec o mp r e s s i o n .Af t e rc o n d i t i o n i n g , CBG i s f u n c t i o n a l l ye q u i v a l e n tt oCNG.

g k yk a f d]c k ;k s xS l dk si f j o g u dsf y, b L rs e k y dj uslsi g ys CH4 ]dh mi ;q D rç f Ø;k vk s a ds e k / ;els vi s f { k rxq . k o R rk¼ e h F k s u[ e k =kdk s c <+ k us g s rq ½rd' k q )dj us dhvk o ' ;drkg k s rhg S AdE ç s L M CBG)o k g uk s a dhb Z a / k udhyk xre s a de hdj us ds vo lj c k ;k s xS l( ç nk udj us ds lk F k &lk F ki ;k Z o j . k h ;y{ ;k s a dhi w f rZ H k hdj rhg S A grS ;k jg k s rhg S vk S jb ls tg k a i k b i yk b uus pq j yxS lCNG dhrj CBG dk s dP ph vi xz s M¼ lQk b Z ½dj us dht:j rug h a g k s rhg S ]o g h a c k ;k s xS l ds dE ç s ' k uls i g ys da Mh ' k f u a xdht:j rg k s r hg S A CNGds dM a h ' k f u x ads c k nç dk ; k R Z e d:ils le r Y q ;g k s tk r hg A S

Bi o g a sg e n e r a t i o na l s oa d d r e s s e st h e wa s t e ma n a g e me n t p r o b l e mso f I n d i a .

Al l t h ema j o rc i t i e si nI n d i ag e n e r a t emi l l i o n so f t o n so fwa s t ee v e r yd a y ,wh i c hi sma i n l yd u mp e di nl a n d f i l l s .

Th e s el a n d f i l l sa r eg r o wi n ge v e r yd a yb e c a u s eo f t h ei n c r e a s ei n t h er a t eo fwa s t eg e n e r a t i o n .Pr o c e s s i n go fo r g a n i cwa s t e t h r o u g ht h eb i o g a sr o u t ec a np r o v et ob et h er e a l p a n a c e a .

c k ;k s xS l ds mR i k n uls H k k j rdhvi f ' k " Vç c a / k udhle L ;k vk s a dk le k / k k ula H k og S AH k k j rdslH k hc M+ s' k g j k s ae s aç f r f n uyk [ k k s aV u vi f ' k " VmR i U ug k s r kg S ] f tls e q [ ;:ils H k w f e &H k j k ods f y,b L r s e k y f d;ktk r kg S Avi f ' k " V lt̀u dhn je s ac < + k s R r j hdsdk j . k;s H k w f e &H k j k oL F k yH k hf n u &c &f n uc < + j g s g S a Ac k ;k s xS le k xZ ds e k / ;e ls tS f o dvi f ' k " Vdhç ‚ ls f la xo k L r f o dj k e c k . klk f c rg k s ldr hg S A

Ap a r tf r o mb i o g a s ,a n a e r o b i cd i g e s t i o np r o d u c e sar e s i d u e , k n o wna st h ed i g e s t a t eo rb i o s l u r r y ,wh i c hc o n t a i n smo s to ft h e n u t r i e n t s , i nap a r t i a l l yc o n v e r t e df o r mt h a t i sr e a d i l ya v a i l a b l ef o r u p t a k eb yp l a n t so rc r o p s .

Th u s , b i o s l u r r yc a np o t e n t i a l l yb eu s e d a sa no r g a n i cf e r t i l i z e r .

, u j k s f c d Mk b ts ' k ue s a c k ;k s xS lds vf r f j D rvo f ' k " VH k hf u dyr kg S ] f tls Mk b ts L V s V;kc k ;k s L yj hdg ktk r kg S ]f tle s a vf / k dk a ' kmo Z j r k g k s r hg S A;gvk a f ' k d:ils :i k a r f j rL o :ig k s r kg S tk s i s M+ &i k S / k k s a o Qlyk s a e s a b L r s e k y ds f y,r S ;k jg k s r kg S Ab lr j gc k ;k s L yj hdk s ç c yr kds lk F ktS f o d[ k k nds :ie s a b L r s e k yf d;ktkldr kg S A

vk —f r4 %c k ; k x s l Sds yk H k

4.

I ndi a’ sBi ogasJour ney I n d i a ’ sb i o g a sp r o g r a md a t e sb a c kt ot h ee a r l y1 9 8 0 s .

T r a d i t i o n a l l y , t h e f e e d s t o c ku s e df o rb i o g a sp r o d u c t i o nh a db e e np r e d o mi n a n t l yc a t t l e ma n u r e .I nt h ep a s t ,t h ef o c u sh a sb e e no ns e t t i n gu pd u n g l i n k e d f a mi l y s i z e db i o g a sp l a n t s ,a n da p p r o x i ma t e l y5mi l l i o nb i o g a sp l a n t s h a db e e ni n s t a l l e dt i l l 2 0 1 7a l t h o u g ht h ep o t e n t i a l i so f 1 2mi l l i o np l a n t s .

Ho we v e r ,c o n s i d e r i n gI n d i a ’ sl a r g el i v e s t o c kp o p u l a t i o n ;l a r g e a mo u n t so fa g r o wa s t e ,i n d u s t r i a lwa s t e ,mu n i c i p a ls o l i dwa s t e ;a n d o t h e rs o u r c e so fo r g a n i cwa s t e ,t h eh o l i s t i cp o t e n t i a l o fb i o g a sa sp e r t h el o c a l c o n d i t i o n si se n o r mo u sa n di sl a r g e l yu n t a p p e d .Th eI n d i a n s c e n a r i oi ss l i g h t l yd i f f e r e n tf r o mt h ei n t e r n a t i o n a ls c e n a r i owh e r e e n e r g yc r o p b a s e db i o g a sp l a n t sa r ee x t r e me l yp o p u l a r .

Th i si sma i n l y a t t r i b u t a b l et ot h ef o o dv e r s u sf u e ls e c u r i t yc o n c e r n si nap o p u l o u s c o u n t r ys u c ha sI n d i a .Th u s ,e f f e c t i v e l yb i o g a si nI n d i ai sp r i ma r i l y g e n e r a t e dt h r o u g ht h e“ wa s t et oe n e r g y ”r o u t e .

I nr e c e n tt i me s ,I n d i ai sb r i n g i n gi n n o v a t i o ni n t ot h eb i o g a ss e c t o rb y e x p l o r i n gn e wf e e do p t i o n ss u c ha sr o t t e np o t a t o e s , v e g e t a b l ewa s t e , f r u i twa s t e ,r o t t e ng r a i n s ,s e p t a g e ,a g r i c u l t u r a lwa s t e ,a n dmu n i c i p a l s o l i d wa s t e .Th et e c h n o l o g yf o rt h ep r o d u c t i o no fb i o g a sa n d b i o me t h a n eh a sb e e np r o v e nt ob ee f f e c t i v ea n di sc o n t i n u o u s l yb e i n g u p g r a d e d .Mo r e o v e r ,n u me r o u sb i o g a sp r o v i d e r si nt h ec o u n t r yh a v e ma n ys u c c e s ss t o r i e s .

Ho we v e r , t h er e a l r e a s o n sf o r t h eI n d i a nb i o g a s i n d u s t r yn o tt a k i n go f fa n dj u s t i f y i n gi t st r u ep o t e n t i a la l s oi n c l u d e s s o c i o l o g i c a l c h a l l e n g e s , s u c ha ss o c i a l s t a t u s , g e n d e r i n e q u a l i t y , mo r a l h a z a r d , r e l i g i o u sb e l i e f s , a n db e h a v i o r a l i n t e n t .

Th ef o l l o wi n gd i a g r a m p o r t r a y st h eb i o g a sp o t e n t i a l o f I n d i ai f o n l yt h eb i o g a sg e n e r a t e df r o m ma n u r ei sc o n v e r t e dt oat r a n s p o r t a t i o nf u e l e q u i v a l e n t .

vk —f r5 %H k k j rdhc k ;k s xS ldh;k =k

H k k j rdkc k ;k s xS ldkdk ;Z Øe1 9 8 0ds n ' k dds vk j a H ke s a ' k q :g q vk A i j a i j k xr :i lsc k ;k s xS l mR i k n u dsf y, b L r s e k yg k s u so k yk Qh ML V ‚ de q [ ;r %i ' k q vk s a dkxk s c jj g kg S Ai g ys xk s c jo k ys i k f j o k f j d vk dk jds c k ;k s xS lI yk a VL F k k f i rdj u s i jtk s jF k kvk S j2 0 1 7r d yxH k x5 0yk [ kc k ;k s xS lI yk a VL F k k f i rf d,tkpq ds F k s ] g k yk a f d{ k e r k yxH k x1 .

2dj k s M+ I yk a V ~ ldhg S A g k yk f a d]H k k j rdhi ' k / q k udhH k k j hvk c k n h ;—f " kvi f ' k " V ]vk | Sk f s xd vi f ' k " V ]E ; f q u f li yB k l svi f ' k " V ;r F k ktf S o dvi f ' k " Vds vU ;lk z r s k a s dhH k k j he k =kdk s n [ s k r s g , q ]L F k k u h ;f L F k f r ; k a s ds vu l qk jc k ; k x sl Sdh li a . w k Z { k e r kvlh f e rg S f tle a s ls vf / k dk ' a kdkmi ; k x su g h a g k s ldkg A S H k k j r h ;i f j – ' ;vr a j k " Z V ª h ;i f j – ' ;ls dN qf H k U ug S tg k a b u th Z Ø‚ i vk / k k f j rc k ; k x sl SI yk V avR ; r ayk d sf ç ;g A a SH k k j rtl Ss vR ; f / k dvk c k n h o k ys n ' s ke a s b ldke [ q ; dk j . k[ k k |c u k eb / a Z k ulj q { k kf pr a k ; a s g A a Sb l ç dk jl] sH k k j re a s ç H k k o h:ils c k ; k x sl Sç k F k f e dr k j Si j^ ^ o L s VV q b u th ^ Z ^e k xZ ds e k / ; els lf̀ trdhtk r hg A S g k yds le ;e ] a s H k k j rc k ; k x s l SlD s V je a s u ,Qh ML V ‚ df o dY i k a s dh[ k k t s ds e k / ; els u o h u r k ; s yk j g k g ] S f tu e a s lM s + g , qvk y] w lf C t; k a s ds vi f ' k " V ] Qyk a s ds vi f ' k " V ]lM s + g , qvu k t]lI s V t s]—f " kvi f ' k " Vr F k ku xj{ k = sds B k l svi f ' k " V' k k f e yg A a Sc k ; k x s l Sr F k kc k ; k e s h F k u sds mR i k n uds f y, V D s u k y s‚ thç H k k o hf l)g k s pd qhg S vk j S; gf u j r a jmU u rg k s j g hg A Sb lds vf r f j D r ]n ' s ke a s c k ; k x s l Sç k o s k b MlZ dhlQyr k vk a s ds vu d s mn k g j . k e k t Sn wg A a Sg k yk f a d]H k k j r h ;c k ; k x s l Sm|k x sds vi f s { k rxf rls uç xf r dj u svk j Svi u ho k L r f o d{ k e r k vk a sdk sç e k f . k r u dj u sdkdk j . k lk e k f tdpu q k f S r ; k a H k hg a S f tu e a s lk e k f tdL r j ]f yx a &H k n s ]u f S r dtk f s [ k e ] / k k f e d Ze k U ; r k , a r F k kL o H k k o tU ;b P Nk ; a s ' k k f e yg A a Sf u E uf p=do s yxk c s j ls mR i U udhtk u s o k yhc k ; k x s l Sdk s i f j o g ub / a Z k uds le r Y q ;c u k ; s tk u s i jH k k j rdhc k ; k x s l S{ k e r k vk a s dk s ç n f ' k r Zdj r kg A S

So u r c e : ( * )DNAEs t i ma t e s ( h t t p : / / www. d n a i n d i a . c o m/ b u s i n e s s / r e p o r t p o l i c y wa t c h l e s s o n s we c a n l e a r n f r o ms we d e n i n wa s t e m a n a g e me n t 2 0 0 7 4 5 3 ) ; ( @)I n d i a nPe t r o l e u m&Na t u r a l Ga sSt a t i s t i c s 2 0 1 3 1 4 , Go v t . o f I n d i a No t e : Do e sn o t i n c l u d ea g r i c u l t u r a l wa s t e-wa s t e d v e g e t a b l e s , f r u i t s , d r yl e a v e s , t wi g s , c h a f f , s t r a w, e c t ; a n df o o dwa s t e ; mn = mi l l i o n

5.

Feedst ock

Th e o r e t i c a l l y ,b i o g a sp l a n t sc a nb eo p e r a t e du s i n ga l lt y p e so f o r g a n i cf e e d s t o c kt h a tc a nb ea n a e r o b i c a l l yd i g e s t e db y mi c r o o r g a n i s msi n s i d et h ed i g e s t e r .

T y p i c a l f e e d s t o c kt y p e su s e d f o rb i o g a sp r o d u c t i o na r eme n t i o n e di nt h ef o l l o wi n gt e x t .

lS )k a f r d :ils ]c k ;k s xS lla ;a =dkla pk yumulH k hç dk jds tS f o d Qh ML V ‚ d ds mi ;k s xls f d;ktkldr kg S f tU g s a Mk b ts L V jds H k h r j lw { e th o k s a } k j k, u k j k s f c d :ils Mk b ts L Vf d;ktklds Ac k ;k s xS l ds mR i k n uds f y,b L r s e k yf d,tk u s o k ys Qh ML V ‚ dds ç dk j k s a dkmY ys [ k vk xs f d;kx;kg S A

Di g e s t i o no fs e wa g es l u d g ep r o v i d e ss i g n i f i c a n tb e n e f i t swh e n t h es l u d g ei sr e c y c l e db a c kt ol a n d .Th ed i g e s t i o np r o c e s s s a n i t i z e st h es l u d g ea n dr e d u c e si t so d o r .

T y p i c a l l y , b e t we e n3 0 % a n d7 0 %o f s e wa g es l u d g ei st r e a t e dt h r o u g ha n a e r o b i cd i g e s t i o n d e p e n d i n go nn a t i o n a l r e g u l a t i o n sa n dp r i o r i t i e s .

I f t h ed i g e s t e ri s a p p r o p r i a t e l yd e s i g n e da n dt h er e t e n t i o nt i meo ft h ewa t e ri s a d e q u a t e l yl o n g , t h eq u a l i t yo f t h et r e a t e dwa t e rc a nb ee x c e l l e n t .

I nI n d i a ,t h ef i e l da p p l i c a t i o no fd i g e s t e ds l u d g ei sy e tt ob e i n t r o d u c e dp r o p e r l y .Ho we v e r ,a n a e r o b i cd i g e s t i o ni ss t i l l c o n s i d e r e dac r u c i a l s t e pb e c a u s ei t p r o d u c e sr e n e wa b l ee n e r g y a n di mp r o v e st h ea b i l i t yo ft h es l u d g et os e t t l e ,wh i c hma k e si t e a s yt od r y .

lh o s tL ytdkMk b ts ' k ur cmY ys [ k u h ;yk H kç n k udj r kg S tcL yt dk s o k i lH k w f ee s a f j lk b f dyf d;ktk r kg S Ab lMk b ts ' k uç f Ø;ke s a L yt dhlQk b Zdhtk r hg Sr F k kb ldhn q xa Z / kdedhtk r hg S Aj k " V ª h ; f u ;k e dk s a r F k kç k F k f e dr k vk s a i jf u H k Z jdj r s g q ,yxH k x3 0ls 7 0ç f r ' k r lh o s tL ytdkV ª h V e s a V, u k j k s f c dMk b ts ' k uds e k / ;els f d;ktk r kg S A ;f nMk b ts L V jvP Ns ls f Mtk b uf d;kx;kg S vk S jtydk s vf / k dle ; r dj k s ds j g u s e s a l{ k eg S ]r k s mi pk f j rtydhxq . k o R r kc g q rvP Nhg k s ldr hg S AH k k j re s a ]Mk b ts L Vf d,g q ,L ytdk[ k s r k s a e s a b L r s e k yvH k hH k h ' k q :u g h a g k s ldkg S Ag k yk a f d], u k j k s f c dMk b ts ' k udk s vH k hH k he g R o i w . k Z dn ee k u ktk r kg S D ;k s a f d;gv{ k ;Åtk Z dkmR i k n udj r kg S vk S jL yt dhf u c V k u{ k e r kdk s c < + k r kg S f tlls b ls lq [ k k u kvk lk ug k s tk r kg S A

Ag r i c u l t u r ei nI n d i ag e n e r a t e sawi d er a n g eo f v e g e t a b l ea n dc r o p b y p r o d u c t s ,s u c ha sp a d d ys t r a w,wh e a ts t r a w,a n dr i c eh u s k s , a l o n gwi t ho t h e rh a r v e s t r e s i d u e st h a t c a nb ep o t e n t i a l f e e d s t o c k f o rd i g e s t e r s .Th ec h a r a c t e r i s t i cf e a t u r e so ff e e d s t o c kv a r ya s d o e st h ep o t e n t i a l y i e l df r o mi t .

H k k j re s a —f " k} k j kvu s dç dk jdhlf C t;k s a oQlyk s a ds lg &mR i k n f u f e Z rg k s r s g S a ]tS ls f di ;k y]H k w lk ]/ k k udhH k w lhds lk F k &lk F kQlyk s a ds vU ;vo ' k s " kb R ;k f ntk s f dMk b ts L V jds f y,la H k k f o rQh ML V ‚ dg k s ldr s g S a AQh ML V ‚ ddhf o ' k s " k r k , a b lds } k j kla H k k f o ri S n k o k jds vk / k k j i jf H k U ug k s r hg S a A

Di g e s t i o no fa n i ma lma n u r e ,p a r t i c u l a r l yc o wd u n g ,i st h emo s t wi d e s p r e a da n a e r o b i cd i g e s t i o na p p l i c a t i o ni nI n d i a .I tp r o d u c e s av a l u a b l eb i o f e r t i l i z e ra swe l l a sb i o g a s .

Mo r ea n dmo r et y p e so f o r g a n i cwa s t ema t e r i a l s( v e g e t a b l ea n dk i t c h e no r g a n i cwa s t e ) a r en o wa d d e dt ot h ema n u r ef o rd i g e s t i o n ,wh i c hi n c r e a s e sg a s p r o d u c t i o na n di mp r o v e ss u s t a i n a b i l i t y .Th ec o mb i n e dd i g e s t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t wa s t et y p e si sc a l l e dc o d i g e s t i o n .

Da ma g e da n di n e d i b l eh a r v e s t sr e s u l t i n gf r o mu n f a v o r a b l e g r o wt ha n d we a t h e rc o n d i t i o n s ,a s we l la sf r o m p e s t c o n t a mi n a t i o na r ea l s os u i t a b l ef o rb i o g a sp r o d u c t i o n .

Or g a n i cs o l i dwa s t e sf r o mi n d u s t r i e sa r ei n c r e a s i n g l yt r e a t e di n b i o g a sp l a n t s .

Ev e ni f s o meo f t h es u b s t a n c e smi g h t b ed i f f i c u l t t o d i g e s ta ss o l es u b s t r a t e s ,wh e nmi x e dwi t hma n u r eo rs e wa g e s l u d g e ,t h e yd on o tp o s ea n yp r o b l e m.Mo s to ft h ewa s t e p r o d u c t sf r o mt h ef o o di n d u s t r yh a v ea ne x c e l l e n tg a sp o t e n t i a l , a n dt h e r e f o r ea r ei nd e ma n db yp l a n to p e r a t o r s .T y p i c a l i n d u s t r i e s ,f r o mt h eI n d i a ns t a n d p o i n t ,wi t hs i g n i f i c a n tb i o g a s p o t e n t i a la r es u g a r( p r e s s mu d ) ,p u l pa n dp a p e r( b l a c kl i q u o r ) , d i s t i l l e r i e s( s p e n twa s h )a n df o o dp r o c e s s i n g .I n c r e a s i n g l y , a n a e r o b i cd i g e s t i o no fi n d u s t r i a lwa s t e wa t e ri sb e c o mi n ga s t a n d a r dt e c h n i q u e .Wh i l ea n a e r o b i cd i g e s t i o ni so n l ya ni n i t i a l s t a g ei nt h et r e a t me n t o f h i g h q u a l i t ywa t e rd i s c h a r g e , i t su s ec a n s i g n i f i c a n t l yr e d u c et h eo p e r a t i n gc o s t o f t h ep l a n t c o mp a r e dwi t h t h o s eo f t h ep l a n t f o re n t i r e l ya e r o b i ct r e a t me n t s .

i ' k q vk s a ls ç k I rg k s u s o k yh[ k k n ]f o ' k s " k:ils xk ;dkxk s c j ]dkMk b ts ' k u H k k j re s a lo k Z f / k dO ;k i d, u k j k s f c dMk b ts ' k u, I yh ds ' k ug S A;gc g q e w Y ; c k ;k s Qf V Z yk b tjds lk F k &lk F kc k ;k s xS ldkmR i k n udj r kg S Avcvf / k d ls vf / k dç dk jds tS f o dvi f ' k " V k s a ¼ lf C t;k s a r F k kj lk s b Z ls f u dyu s o k ys vi f ' k " V ½dk s Mk b ts ' k uds f y,[ k k ne s a ' k k f e yf d;ktk r kg S ]f tlls xS l ds mR i k n ue s a c < + k s R r j hg k s r hg S vk S jL F k k f ;R oH k hc < + r kg S Af o f H k U uç dk j ds vi f ' k " V k s a dkla ;q D rMk b ts ' k udk s dk s &Mk b ts ' k udg ktk r kg S A ç f r dw yo f̀ )r F k ke k S ledhf L F k f r ;k s a ds lk F k &lk F kdh V k s a ds ç n w " k . kds i f j . k k e L o :i{ k f r xz L rr F k kv[ k k |Qlys H k hc k ;k s xS lds mR i k n uds f y, mi ;q äg S a A

m|k s xk s alsf u dyu so k ystS f o dB k s l vi f ' k " V k s adkc k ;k s xS l la ;a =k s ae s a V ª h V e s a Vc < +j g kg S A;g k ar df d dq Ni n k F k k s a Zdkmu dsi w . k Z:ie s a Mk b ts ' k udf B ug S ] ys f dutcmU g s a xk s c j;klh o s tL ytds lk F kf e yk ;k tk r kg S ]r cdk s b Z le L ;ku g h a vk r hg S A[ k k |m|k s xds vf / k dk a ' kvi f ' k " V mR i k n k s a e s a mR —" VxS lmR i k n ula H k k o u k , a g k s r hg S a ]vk S jb lf y,dk j [ k k u k la pk yd b ldhyxk r k je k a xdj r s g S a Ac k ;k s xS ldhvi k jla H k k o u k vk s a ds – f " V dk s . kds vu q lk jH k k j re s a ph u h¼ ç s l&e M½ ]yq xn h, o a dk xt ¼ C yS d f ydj ½ ] f ML V yj h t¼ L i s a Vo k ' k ½r F k k[ k k |ç la L dj . kf o f ' k " Vg S a Avk S |k s f xd vi f ' k " Vty dkc < + r kg q vk, u k j k s f c d Mk b ts ' k uvk te k u dr du h d c u r ktkj g kg S Atc f d mP pxq . k o R r ko k ys ty ç o k gds V ª h V e s a Ve s a , u k j k s f c d Mk b ts ' k u, d vk j a f H k d pj . kg S ]f QjH k hb ldsmi ;k s x ls ] , j k s f c dV ª h V e s a V ~ ldhr q yu ke s a ]dk j [ k k u s dhpk yw yk xr? k Vtk r hg S a A

Th ei n e f f i c i e n tt r e a t me n to fs l a u g h t e r h o u s ewa s t eo ri mp r o p e r u s eo fp r o d u c t sf r o mt h ewa s t eh a v el e dt op a n d e mi c so fa n i ma l d i s e a s e sa n dp o l l u t i o no fwa t e rb o d i e sa n dt h ewa t e rt a b l e .

Se v e r a lc o u n t r i e si nt h eEu r o p e a nUn i o n( EU)h a v ei n t r o d u c e d r i g o r o u sr e g u l a t i o n so nt h ec o l l e c t i o n ,t r a n s p o r t ,me t h o d sa n d p r o c e d u r e so ft r e a t me n t ,a n ds u b s e q u e n td i s p o s a lo fa n i ma l b y p r o d u c t s ,a swe l la st h eu s eo rt r a d eo ft h e s ep r o d u c t s .Th e wa s t ema t e r i a li sc l a s s i f i e di ns e v e r a lc a t e g o r i e sa n dh a st ob e p r o c e s s e dt h r o u g h o u tt h ev a l u ec h a i ni nc o mp l i a n c ewi t ht h e r e g u l a t i o nc o r r e s p o n d i n gt ot h eg u i d e l i n e sp r e s c r i b e df o ra n y g i v e nc a t e g o r y .

Owi n gt ot h ed e v e l o p i n g ma r k e t s t a t u s , I n d i as t i l l h a sn o t e s t a b l i s h e ds u c hs t r i c t n o r ms .

dR y[ k k u s ls f u dyu s o k ys vi f ' k " Vdkvu q i ;q D rV ª h V e s a V;kvi f ' k " V mR i k n k s a dkvu q f prmi ;k s xi ' k q j k s xk s a dhe g k e k f j ;k s a vk S jtylz k s r k s a EU)ds r F k ktyL r jds ç n w " k . kdkdk j . kc u kg S A;w j k s f i ;u;w f u ;u( vu s dn s ' k k s a e s a la xz g ]i f j o g uV ª h V e s a Vdhf o f / k ;k s a oç f Ø;k vk s a r F k k i ' k q vk s a ds lg &mR i k n k s a ds Øf e df u L r k j . kr F k kb umR i k n k s a ds mi ;k s x ;kO ;k i k jds f y,dB k s jf u ;eyk xw g S a Avi f ' k " Vlk e f xz ;k s a dk s vu s d Js f . k ;k s a e s a o xh Z —rf d;ktk r kg S vk S jf dlhH k hJs . k hds f y,f u / k k Z f j r f n ' k k f u n s Z ' k k s a ds vu q :if u ;e k s a ds vu q i k yue s a i w j he w Y ;Jà [ k yke s a mls la lk f / k rf d;ktk r kg S Avi u s f o dk ' k lh y&c k tk jn ts Z ds pyr s H k k j r u s vH k hr d, s ls dB k s je k u dL F k k f i ru g h a f d,g S a A

Or g a n i c wa s t e sf r o mh o u s e h o l d sa n d mu n i c i p a la u t h o r i t i e s p r o v i d ep o t e n t i a lf e e d s t o c kf o ra n a e r o b i cd i g e s t i o n .As p e r e s t i ma t e s ,t y p i c a l mu n i c i p a l wa s t ei nI n d i ac o n t a i n s5 0 %o r g a n i c ma t t e r .So u r c es e g r e g a t i o no fmu n i c i p a l s o l i dwa s t ei se x t r e me l y e s s e n t i a l ;h e n c e ,i ti sa c t i v e l ye n c o u r a g e dt op r o v i d eav i a b l e a r r a n g e me n tf o rf e e d s t o c k .Th i si n v o l v e ss e p a r a t i o no ft h e o r g a n i cf r a c t i o n ,a l s ok n o wna sg r e e nwa s t e ,a tt h eo r i g i no f wa s t ema t e r i a l s ,wh i c hc a nb eh o u s e h o l d s ,c o r p o r a t eo f f i c e s , h o t e l s ,o rr e s t a u r a n t s .Wh e r e v e rs o u r c es e p a r a t i o nh a sb e e n wi d e l yi n t r o d u c e d , t h er e s u l t sa r ee n c o u r a g i n g .

? k j k s a r F k ku xj h ;ç k f / k dj . k k s a ls f u dyu s o k ys tS f o dvi f ' k " V, u k j k s f c d Mk b ts ' k uds f y,la H k k f o rQh ML V ‚ dç n k udj r s g S a A, d vu q e k uds vu q lk jH k k j re s a f o f ' k " Vu xj h ;vi f ' k " Ve s a 5 0ç f r ' k rtS f o di n k F k Z g k s r kg S Au xj h ;B k s lvi f ' k " Vds lz k s rdkvyxk ovR ;a rvk o ' ;dg S b lf y, ];gQh ML V ‚ d ds f y,lg tO ;o L F k kç n k udj u s ds f y, ç k s R lk f g rdj u s o k yhxf r f o f / kg S Ab le s a vi f ' k " Vi n k F k k s a Z ds mR i f Ù k L F k y¼ tk s f d? k j ]d‚ i k s Z j s Vv‚ f Ql]g k s V y;kj s L V k s j s a Vg k s ldr s g S ½i j tS f o dva ' k ]f tls g j s vi f ' k " Vds :ie s a H k htk u ktk r kg S ]dkvyxk o ' k k f e yg S Atg k a H k hlz k s rvyxk oO ;k i d :ils ' k q :f d;ktkj g k g S ]o g k a i f j . k k emR lk g tu dg S a A

vk —f r6 %f c f H k U U uQh ML V‚ d ls c k ;k s xS l{ k e rk

Fe e d s t o c kp r e p a r a t i o nwi t hq u a l i t yma n a g e me n ti sn e c e s s a r yf o r p r o p e rd i g e s t i o ni nt h ed i g e s t e r .T oe n s u r et h eb e s tp o s s i b l e b i o g a sy i e l d swi t hma i n t e n a n c eo f s t a b l eo p e r a t i n gc o n d i t i o n sa n d t h ei n t e n d e dl i f es p a no f t h ee q u i p me n t a n dma c h i n e r y , a no p t i ma l f e e d s t o c kmi x t u r emu s tb eu s e di nt h ed i g e s t e r .Th eq u a l i t yo f i n p u ti so ft h eu t mo s ti mp o r t a n c e ,p a r t i c u l a r l yi ft h ei n t e n d e du s e i sc o mme r c i a l p r o d u c t i o n( a t t a i nh i g h e s t p o s s i b l ey i e l d ) .

L i k ea l l l i v i n go r g a n i s ms , mi c r o o r g a n i s msa l s on e e dp r o p e r n u t r i t i o n , wh i c hi sc h a r a c t e r i z e db yo p t i mu mf e e ds i z e( p a r t i c l es i z e ) , p H, a n d mi x t u r eo fn u t r i e n t s( t y p i c a l l yt h ec a r b o nt on i t r o g e nr a t i o ) ,f o r e f f e c t i v ed i g e s t i o n .

Ot h e r p a r a me t e r s , s u c ha st h ep r e s e n c eo f o t h e r mi c r o n u t r i e n t s( e . g . ,ma g n e s i u m,ma n g a n e s e ,z i n c ,a n dc o p p e r ) , t o x i cc o mp o n e n t s( e . g . ,s i l o x a n e s ,a n t i b i o t i c s ,a n dd i s i n f e c t a n t s ) , a n di n e r tma t e r i a l( e . g . ,s a n da n dg r a v e l ) ,c a na l s oa f f e c tt h e p e r f o r ma n c eo f t h ed i g e s t i o np r o c e s s .

Fe e d s t o c ks u i t a b i l i t yc a nb ei mp r o v e dp r i o rt od i g e s t i o nwi t h e f f i c i e n t p r e t r e a t me n t s t a g e s .

I ns o mec a s e s , wh e r et h ea n a e r o b i c d i g e s t i o ns t e pi sl e s ss e n s i t i v et oi mp u r i t i e s( d r yd i g e s t i o n p r o c e s s ) , p h y s i c a l c o n t a mi n a n t sc a na l s ob er e mo v e da f t e rb i o g a s p r o d u c t i o n( b ys i e v i n gi nar o t a t i n gd r u mo rc e n t r i f u g e ) .

Mk b ts L V je s a le q f prMk b ts ' k uds f y,Qh ML V ‚ ddhr S ;k j hds lk F k &lk F k D o k f yV he S u s te s a VH k hvk o ' ;dg S Ac k ;k s xS ldklo Z Js " Bla H k k f o rmR i k n u lq f u f ' prdj u s ds f y, ]f tle s a L F k k ;hi f j pk yuf L F k f r ;k s a r F k kmi dj . k k s a oe ' k h u j hdkf u ;rth o udk yç k I rdj u s g s r q mu dkvu q j { k . k' k k f e y g S ]Mk b ts L V je s a vu q dw yr eQh ML V ‚ df e D L pjdkmi ;k s xf d;ktk u k pk f g , AQh ML V ‚ d dhxq . k o R r klo k s Z P pe g R odkf o " k ;g S ]f o ' k s " k:ils r c ]tcf u / k k Z f j rmR i k n udkmi ;k s xO ;k i k f j dg k s¼ lo k s Z P p la H k k f o r mR i k n uç k I rdj u k ½ A lH k hlth oth o k a sdhH k k f a r ]ç H k k o hMk b t' s k udsf y,l{ w e th o k a sdk sH k h le f q pri k " s k . kdht:j rg k r s hg S f tls vu d qy wr eQh Mlk b t¼ d. k k a s dk F k ki k " s k dk a s ds f e J. k¼ f o f ' k " V:ils dk c u Zdku k b V ª k t suls vk dk j ½ ] p H,r vu i q k r ½ds :ie a s i f j H k k f " k rf d; ktk r kg A SvU ;e k i n M a]tl Ss f d vU ; e k b Øk U s ; f w V ª , V a l ~¼ mn k g j . kds f y,e X S u h f ' k ; e ]e X S u h t]f td a F k kd‚ i j ½ ] ़r f o " k k D rr R o k a s ¼ mn k g j . kds f y,f lyk D s lu ] , V a h c k ; k f s V d] r F k kf Mlb U QD s V V a S ½ r F k kf u f " Ø;lk e xh z¼ mn k g j . kds f y,j r sr F k kc tj h ½dhmi f L F k f rH k h Mk b t' s k uç f Ø; kdk s ç H k k f o rdjldr s g A a S Qh ML V ‚ d dhmi ; D q r r kdk s Mk b t' s k uls i o w Z dk ; { Z k ef ç V ª h V e V a sL V t st s ¼ i o w k I Z s pk jpj . k k ½ a sds } k j kc g s r jc u k b Z tkldr hg A Sf tue k e yk a s e a s , u k j k f s c d Mk b t' s k uv' k f q ); k a s ds ç f rdelo a n s u ' k h yg S ¼ ' k " q dMk b t' s k uç k l sl s½ ] mu e a s c k ; k x sl Sds mR i k n uds c k nH k hH k k f S r d v' k f q ); k a s dk s g V k ; ktkldr kg S ¼ ? k e w r s g , qMª ee a s Nk udj; klV a s ª h ¶ ; t wdj d½ s A

De p e n d i n go nt h et y p eo ff e e d s t o c k ,n a me l yd r yo rwe t ,d i f f e r e n t f e e d s t o c kp r e p a r a t i o nt e c h n i q u e sc a nb ea p p l i e d .I ne i t h e rc a s e , t h ef i r s ts t a g eo ft h ep r o c e s su s u a l l yi n v o l v e sr e d u c i n gp a r t i c l e s i z ea n dc r e a t i n gah o mo g e n e o u sma t e r i a l .

Th i sc a nb ea c h i e v e d b yu s i n gc r u s h e r sa n ds h r e d d i n g ma c h i n e s .I ff e e d s t o c ki s d e l i v e r e di nt h el i q u i do rs l u r r yf o r m,i mp u r i t i e sc a nb er e mo v e d t h r o u g hh y d r o me c h a n i c a lt r e a t me n t ,i nwh i c hp a r t i c l e so fh e a v y ma t e r i a l s ,s u c ha sg r a v e la n db o n e s ,s e t t l ea tt h eb o t t o ma n d t h o s eo f l i g h t e ro n e s , s u c ha sp l a s t i c , f l o a t o nt h es u r f a c e , wh e r e t h e yc a nb er e mo v e d .

T y p i c a l l y ,i nab i o g a sp l a n t ,awi d ep Hr a n g eo ff e e d s t o c ki s a c c e p t a b l eo wi n gt ot h ei n t r i n s i cb u f f e r i n gc a p a c i t yo ft h e d i g e s t i o np r o c e s s .

Ho we v e r , a ne x c e s so f h i g h l ya c i d i co r a l k a l i n e f e e d s t o c kc a nc a u s ead e v i a t i o no ft h ed i g e s t e rp Hf r o mi t s f a v o r a b l ep Hr a n g e( p H7 – 8 ) .I ns u c hs i t u a t i o n s ,a d d i t i o no f c a u s t i cs o d ao rd i l u t i o ni sn e c e s s a r yt ob r i n gt h ep Hwi t h i nt h e d e s i r a b l el i mi t .

Fu r t h e r mo r e ,f e e d s t o c kwi t hah i g hn i t r o g e nc o n t e n t ,s u c ha s p o u l t r yl i t t e r ,c a nf r e q u e n t l yp o s ep r o b l e mst op r o c e s ss t a b i l i t yi n b i o g a sp l a n t s .Th i sc o u l db ea v o i d e db yt h emi x i n gn i t r o g e nr i c h f e e d s t o c kwi t hc a r b o n r i c hs u b s t r a t e ss u c ha sp r e s smu do r p o t a t op u l pt oo p t i mi z et h eC:Nr a t i of o rd i g e s t i o n .T y p i c a l l y ,a C: Nr a t i oi nt h er a n g e2 5 – 3 5i sc o n s i d e r e do p t i ma l f o rd i g e s t e r s .

Th u s ,t of o s t e rt h ec o n f i d e n c eo fd e v e l o p e r sa n dp r o mo t ep u b l i c a c c e p t a n c eo fb i o g a st e c h n o l o g ya sawa s t et r e a t me n to p t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l yf o rt h ec o mme r c i a l s c a l eo fo p e r a t i o n ,e n s u r i n gh i g h q u a l i t ya n dc o n s i s t e n c yi nt h ep r o c e s sa n dp r o d u c t s( b i o g a sa n d b i o s l u r r y )i sp a r a mo u n t .T oc r e a t et h i st y p eo fc l e a n e n d p r o d u c t s ,a no p t i mu m,h i g h q u a l i t yf e e d s t o c ka d e p twi t ht h e a f o r e me n t i o n e dp a r a me t e r si se s s e n t i a l .

Qh ML V ‚ d dsç dk j ]e [ q ; :ilsl[ w k s; kxh y] si jf u H k j Zdj r sg , q ] Qh ML V ‚ dr ; S k j hdhf o f H k U ur du h dk a s dkmi ; k x sf d; ktkldr kg A Sf dlh H k he k e ys e ] a s ç f Ø; kds i g ys pj . ke a s lk e k U ;:ils d. k k a s ds vk dk je a s de h dj u kvk j S, dle k ulk e xh zr ; S k jdj u k' k k f e yg k r s kg A Sb ls Ø' k jvk j S Jf s Mx ae ' k h u k a s ds mi ; k x sls g k f ly f d; ktkldr kg A S; f nQh ML V ‚ d r j y; kL yj h:ie a s f n ; ktk r kg ] S r k s v' k f q ); k a s dk s g k b Mª k e s d sf S u dyV ª h V e V a s ds e k / ; els g V k ; ktkldr kg ] Sf tle a s r yhe a s e k t Sn wH k k j hlk e f x; z k ] a stl Ss f dc tj hog f ì; k a s ds d. k ]g Y dhph tk a s tl Ss f dI yk f L V d]lr gi jr j S r h g b q Z ph tk a s dk s g V k ; ktkldr kg A S f o f ' k " V:ils c k ; k x sl Sl; = ak a s e a s Mk b t' s k uç f Ø; kdhe y wç f r j k / s k d{ k e r k ¼ c Qjdi f S lV h ½ds dk j . kQh ML V ‚ d ds ; k i dj t a sL o h dk ; Z g k r s h p HdhO g A Sg k yk f a d]mP pvE yh ;; k{ k k j h ;Qh ML V ‚ ddhvf / k dr k ]Mk b tL s V jds vu d qy wpHj t a s( b lds f o pyudkdk j . kg k s ldr kg A S, l sh p H7 – 8 )ls f L F k f r ; k a s e ] a spHdk s o k f a Nrlh e ke a s yk u s ds f y,d‚ f L V dlk M skf e yk u k; k Mk b Y ; ' w k uvk o ' ; dg k s tk r kg A S b lds vf r f j D r ]mP pu k b V ª k t sur R oo k ykQh ML V ‚ d]tl Ss f de f q x; Z k a s dh xn a xh ] sc k ; k x sl S l; a = ak a se a sç f Ø; kdsL F k k f ; R odsf y,le ; &le ;i j le L ; k , a mR i U udjldr kg A Sb lf L F k f rls f u i V u s ds f y,Mk b t' s k ug r s q dk c u Zou k b V ª k t suds vu i q k r( s o k f a NrL r ji jyk u s ds f y, C: N)dk u k b V ª k t suls H k j i j wQh ML V ‚ ddk s dk c u Zls H k j i j wlc L V V ª s ] tl Ss f dç l se M ; kvk yw dhyx qn h ]e a s f e f Jrf d; ktk u kpk f g , AMk b t' s k uds f y,2 5 &3 5 j t a so k ys i q k rdk s f o f ' k " V:ils vu d qy we k u ktk r kg A S C: Nvu f yg k tk ]Mo s yi lZ ds f o ' o k ldk s c < k + o kn u s s vk j Sc k ; k x sl SV D s u k y s‚ thdh o L s VV ª h V e V a sf o dY i ]f o ' k " s k:ils i f j pk yuds O ; k i k f j di e S k u s ds :ie a s tuL o h dk ; r Z kdk s ç k R s lk f g rdj u s ds f y, ]ç f Ø; kr F k kmR i k n k a s e a s mP p x. q k o R r kof u j r a j r klf q u f ' prdj u kt:j hg A Sb lç dk jds vP Ns mR i k n k a s dsf u e k .

Z kdsf y, ]i o w ZmY yf s [ k re k i n M ak a sls; D q rmP p x. q k o R r ko k ys Qh ML V ‚ ddkmi ; k x sf d; ktk u kpk f g , A

6.

Di gest erTypes

Th es l u r r yi sp r e p a r e di nt h emi x i n gt a n kb ymi x i n gd u n g& wa t e ra n dt h e nf e di n t ot h ei n l e tc h a mb e ro ft h ed i g e s t e r t h r o u g ht h ei n l e tp i p e .Bi o g a sp r o d u c e dt h r o u g ha n a e r o b i c d i g e s t i o ni nt h ed i g e s t e rt a n kr i s e si nt h eg a sh o l d e rd r u m, ma k i n gi tmo v eu p wa r d .Ho we v e r ,t h ed r u mc a n n o tr i s e b e y o n dac e r t a i nu p p e rl i mi t .On c et h eg a sh o l d e rh a s r e a c h e dt h i sl e v e l , t h ep r e s s u r eo f t h eg a sg e t t i n gc o l l e c t e d i nt h ed r u mr i s e s .Wh e nt h eo u t l e tc h a mb e rg e t sf i l l e dwi t h t h es p e n t s l u r r y , t h ee x c e s ss l u r r yi sf o r c e do u t t h r o u g ht h e o u t l e tp i p ei n t ot h eo v e r f l o wt a n k .

Th eg a sv a l v eo ft h eg a s o u t l e t a l l o wswi t h d r a wa l o f b i o g a swh e nr e q u i r e d .

On c et h e p r o d u c t i o no fb i o g a sb e g i n s ,ac o n t i n u o u ss u p p l yo fg a s c a nb ee n s u r e db yr e g u l a rr e mo v a l o ft h es p e n ts l u r r ya n d i n t r o d u c t i o no f f r e s hs l u r r y .

L yj hf e f D la xV S a de s a i k u hvk S jxk s c jdk s lk F ke s a ? k k s ydjr S ;k jf d;k tk r kg S vk S jf Qjb u ys Vi k b ids e k / ;els Mk b ts L V je s a i g q a pk ;ktk r k g S AMk b ts L VjVS a de s a , uk j k s f c d Mk b ts ' k uds e k / ;els mR i U ug k s us o k yhc k ;k s xS lxS lg k s Y MjMª ee s a tk rhg S f tlls ;gÅi jdhvk s j lj drkg S Ag k yk a f d];gMª e, df uf ' prlh e kls Åi jug h a c <+ ldrkg S A xS lg k s Y Mjds b lmP preL rjrdi g q a pus i j ]Mª ee s a la xz g h rg k s us o k yhxS ldkç s ' k jc <+ tk rkg S Atcvk mVys Vpk S E c jç ;q D rL yj h ls H k jtk rkg S ]rcvf rf j D rL yj hvk mVys Vi k b ids e k / ;els vk s o j ¶ yk s VS a de s a f udk yf n;ktk rkg S AxS lvk mVys VdkxS lo ‚ Y o vk o ' ;drk uq lk jc k ;k s xS l dk sf udyusns rkg S Atcc k ;k s xS l dk mR i k nu' k q :g k s tk rkg S ]rcf u;f e r:ils ç ;q D rL yj hdk s c k g j f udk ydjvk S ju,L yj hdkç o s ' k udj ds xS ldhf u;f e rvk i w f rZ lq f uf ' prdhtkldrhg S A

KVI C,Pr a g a t i ,a n dGa n e s h amo d e l sa r es o meo ft h e wi d e l ya d o p t e df l o a t i n g d o med e s i g n si n s t a l l e da c r o s s I n d i a .Th eb a s i cp r i n c i p l er e ma i n st h es a mewi t hs u b t l e d i f f e r e n c e si n c o r p o r a t e di nt h e i rd e s i g n s .

KVI C,ç xf rr F k kx. k s ' k k¶ yk s f V a x&Mk s eds f Mtk b u k s a ds o s e ‚ Myg S a tk s i w j s H k k j re s a O ;k i d:ils vi u k ,x,g S a Amu ds e w yf l)k a rle k u j g r s g S a ]c lds o yf Mtk b ue s a dq Nva r jg k s r kg S A

vk —f r7 %¶ yk s f Va x&Mk s ec k ;k s xS lla ;a =dhc q f u;k nhla j puk

Af i x e d d o meb i o g a sp l a n t i ss i mi l a rt ot h ef l o a t i n g d o met y p e , b u t t h eo n l yd i f f e r e n c ei st h a t i t h a sa ne n c l o s e dd i g e s t e rwi t haf i x e d g a ss p a c e .Th eg a si ss t o r e di nt h eu p p e r ,d o me s h a p e dp a r to f t h ed i g e s t e r .Wh e ng a sp r o d u c t i o nc o mme n c e s ,t h es l u r r yi s d i s p l a c e di n t oa no v e r f l o wt a n k .Th eg a sv a l v e ,c o n n e c t e dt oa s y s t e mo fp i p e l i n e s ,i su s e df o rt h er e mo v a l o fb i o g a swh e n e v e r r e q u i r e d .

f QD L M&Mk s ec k ;k s xS lla ;a =yxH k x¶ yk s f V a x&Mk s ela ;a =ds le k ug h g k s r kg S ]ys f duds o yb r u kva r jg k s r kg S f db le s a c a nMk b ts L V jg k s r k g S f tle s a f L F k jxS lL F k k ug k s r kg S AxS l]Mk b ts L V jds Mk s eds vk dk j o k ys Åi j hH k k xe s a H k a Mk f j rg k s r hg S AtcxS ldkmR i k n u' k q :g k s r k g S ]r cL yj hvk s o j ¶ yk s V S a de s a f o L F k k f i r¼ f ML I ys l½djf n ;ktk r kg S A i k b i yk b u k s a ls tq M+ s g q ,xS lo ‚ Y odkmi ;k s xvk o ' ;dr k u q lk jc k ;k s xS l dhf u dk lhds f y,f d;ktk r kg S A

Th eJ a n t aa n dDe e n a b a n d h umo d e l sa r eawe l l k n o wnf i x e d d o me d e s i g n si n s t a l l e da c r o s sI n d i a .Th eb a s i cp r i n c i p l er e ma i n st h e s a mewi t hs u b t l ed i f f e r e n c e si n c o r p o r a t e di nt h e i rd e s i g n s .

tu r kvk S jn h u c a / k q e ‚ MyH k k j rH k je s a L F k k f i rf d,tk u s o k ys ç pf yr f QD L M&Mk s ef Mtk b ug S a Ab u ds e w yf l)k a rle k uj g r s g S a ]c lds o y f Mtk b ue s a dq Nva r jg k s r kg S A

vk —f r8 %f QD L M&Mk s ela ;a =dhc q f u;k nhla j puk Communi t ybasedpl ant s( 20–100m3) :Th e s ep l a n t s a r es u i t e df o rc o mmu n i t ye s t a b l i s h me n t s( s u c ha sp i l g r i ms i t e s , g a u s h a l a s ,a n da n i ma lh u s b a n d r yu n i t s ) ,o ra s o c i e t ywi t h a p p r o x i ma t e l yf i v et oh u n d r e dh o u s e h o l d s .Al t h o u g h ,t y p i c a l l y o b s e r v e di nar u r a ls e t t i n g ,s u c hp l a n t sc a na l s ob ef o u n di n u r b a na r e a s .Th eb i o g a sp r o d u c e dc a nb eu s e df o rc o o k i n go r e l e c t r i c i t yg e n e r a t i o n .

Th ee l e c t r i c i t yi sg e n e r a l l yl i n k e dt oas ma l l mi c r oo rami n i g r i df o rr u r a l e l e c t r i f i c a t i o np u r p o s e s .Th e r eh a v e b e e nf e wc o mmu n i t y b a s e db i o g a sp r o j e c t si nI n d i a .

Us u a l l y , o n e o rmo r ep e r s o n si nt h ec o mmu n i t ya r et r a i n e dt oo p e r a t et h e b i o g a sp l a n t .

Ac o mmo n l yu s e dd i g e s t e rt y p ei ns u c hp l a n t si st h e f l o a t i n g d o met y p e ; t h eKVI Cmo d e l i smo r ep r o mi n e n t l yu s e d .

Lar gescal epl ant s( >250m3) :Su c hp l a n t sa r et y p i c a l l y o wn e db yd e v e l o p e r s ,wi t hp r o p e rc o n t r a c t u a la g r e e me n t sf o r f e e d s t o c ks e c u r i t ya n dt h eo f f t a k eo ft h ef i n a lp r o d u c ef r o mt h e b i o g a si np l a c e .

Th ep r o d u c e db i o g a si nt h e s ep l a n t si sc o mmo n l y u s e dt og e n e r a t ee l e c t r i c i t y , wh i c hi sc o n n e c t e dt ot h eg r i d , o rc a n b eu p g r a d e da n df i l l e da sb i o CNG( Bi o CNG)i n t oc a s c a d e s .

Th ec o mmo n l yu s e dd i g e s t e r si nl a r g e s c a l eb i o g a sp l a n t sa r e l i s t e db e l o w:

c M+ s i S e k u s o k ys c k ;k s xS lla ;a =k s a e s a lk e k U ;:ils ç ;q D rg k s u s o k ys Mk b ts L V jf u E ue s a lw ph c )f d,x,g S a %

Up f l o wa n a e r o b i cs l u d g eb l a n k e tt e c h n o l o g y( UASB)a l s ok n o wn a saUASBr e a c t o ri saf o r mo f a n a e r o b i cd i g e s t e r s , wh i c hi su s e d t y p i c a l l yi nwa s t e wa t e rt r e a t me n twi t hu n i f o r mi t yi ns u s p e n d e d p a r t i c l es i z ea n dl o wd r yma t t e rc o n t e n t .

UASB) vi ¶ yk s, u k j k s f c dL yt C yS a ds VV s D u k s y‚ th( ]f tlsUASB f j , D V jds :ie s a H k htk u ktk r kg S ], u k j k s f c d Mk b ts L V jdk, d L o :ig k s r kg S f tldkf o ' k s " k:ils mi ;k s xvi f ' k " Vtyds V ª h V e s a V e s a f u ya f c rd. kvk dk jr F k ke k e w yh:ils lw [ k s i n k F k Z o k yhlk e xz he s a le k u:ils f d;ktk r kg S A

AUASBr e a c t o ri sb a s e do nat h r e e p h a s es e p a r a t o r ,wh i c h e n a b l e st h er e a c t o rt os e p a r a t eg a s ,wa t e r ,a n ds l u d g emi x t u r e s u n d e rc o n d i t i o n so fh i g ht u r b u l e n c e ,b yf o r mi n gab l a n k e to f g r a n u l a rs l u d g ec o n t a i n i n gt h emi c r o o r g a n i s msn e e d e dt oc a r r y o u t t h ed i g e s t i o np r o c e s s .

Th ei n f l u e n t i sp u mp e dt ot h eUASBr e a c t o r f r o mb o t t o mb yap u mp .

Th ei n f l u e n t mo v e su p wa r da n dc o me si nc o n t a c t wi t ht h eb i o ma s s i nt h es l u d g eb e d .I tt h e nc o n t i n u e st omo v eu p wa r da n dt h e r e ma i n i n gs u b s t r a t e sc o mei nc o n t a c t wi t ht h eb i o ma s sa g a i ni nt h e s l u d g eb l a n k e t ,wh i c hh a sal o we rc o n c e n t r a t i o no fb i o ma s st h a n d o e st h es l u d g eb e db e l o w.

At h r e e p h a s e( g a s – l i q u i d – s o l i do r GL S) s e p a r a t o rl o c a t e da b o v et h es l u d g eb l a n k e ts e p a r a t e st h es o l i d p a r t i c l e sf r o mt h emi x t u r e( g a s ,l i q u i d ,a n ds o l i d )a f t e rt r e a t me n t ; h e n c e , i t a l l o wst h el i q u i da n dg a st ol e a v et h eUASBr e a c t o r .

UASBf j , D V jF k z h &Qs t ls i j s V ji jvk / k k f j rg k s r kg S ]tk s Mk b ts ' k u

ç f Ø;kdk s i w j kdj u s ds f y,vk o ' ;dlw { e th o k s a ;q ä xz s u q yjL ytds C yS a ds Vdkf u e k Z . kdj ds ]vR ;f / k dg ypy dhf L F k f r ;k s adsva r xZ r f j , D V jdk s xS l]i k u hvk S jL yt ds f e J. kdk s vyx&vyxdj u s e s a l{ k ec u k r kg S A UASB f b u ¶ yq , a Vdk s i a i} k j kr y ls j , D V je s a i g q a pk ;ktk r kg S A b u ¶ yq , a VÅi jdhvk s jc < + r kg S vk S jL ytc s Mi jc k ;k s e k lds la i dZ e s a vk r kg S Amlds c k n;gvk S jÅi jdhvk s jc < + r kg S vk S j' k s " kc ps lc L V ª s Vf Qjls L yt C yS a ds Ve s a c k ;k s e k lds la i dZ e s a vk r s g S a f tle s a u h ps L yt c s Mdhr q yu ke s a lk a æ r k¼ d‚ U la V ª s ' k u ½deg k s r hg S AL yt ½ls i j s V j C yS a ds VdsÅi jf L F k rF k z h &Qs t¼ xS l&r j y&B k s l ;kGLSS f e J. k¼ xS l]r j yr F k kB k s l½ds V ª h V e s a Vds c k nmlls B k s ld. k k s a dk s vyxdj r kg S b lf y,;gxS lor j ydk s djn s r kg S A

Fi g u r e1 1 : Ba s i cs t r u c t u r eo f c o mp l e t eMi xDi g e s t e r

vk —f r1 1 %dE I yh Vf e D lMk b tL s V jdhc f q u ; k n hlj a pu k

Fi g u r e1 0 : Ba s i cs t r u c t u r eo f aUASBDi g e s t e r

vk —f r1 0 %UASBMk b tL s V jdhc f q u ; k n hlj a pu k

Co mp l e t e mi xd i g e s t e r sa r et h emo s t f l e x i b l eo f a l l d i g e s t e r sa sf a r a st h ev a r i e t yo fwa s t e st h a tc a nb ea c c e p t e d .Wa s t e swi t has o l i d c o n t e n t o f 2 %– 1 0 %a r ep u mp e di n t ot h ed i g e s t e r , a n dt h ed i g e s t e r c o n t e n ti sc o n t i n u o u s l yo ri n t e r mi t t e n t l y mi x e dt op r e v e n t s e p a r a t i o n .Co mp l e t e mi xd i g e s t e r sa r eu s u a l l ya b o v eg r o u n d , h e a t e d , i n s u l a t e dr o u n dt a n k s .

Mi x i n gc a nb ea c c o mp l i s h e dt h r o u g h g a sr e c i r c u l a t i o n , me c h a n i c a l p r o p e l l e r s , o rl i q u i dc i r c u l a t i o n .

dE I yh Vf e D lMk b ts L V jlH k hMk b ts L V lZ e s a lc ls T ;k n k¶ ys f D lc y g k s r s g S a D ;k s a f d mu e s a f o f o / kç dk jds vi f ' k " VL o h dk ;Z g k s r s g S a A2ls 1 0ç f r ' k rB k s lr R o¼ l‚ f yMe S V j ½o k ys vi f ' k " V k s a dk s i a ids e k / ;e ls Mk b ts L V je s a i a idjf n ;ktk r kg S ]vk S jMk b ts L V jda V s a Vyxk r k j ;k#d&#ddjvyxk o j k s du s ds f y,f e f Jrg k s r kg S AdE I yh Vf e D l Mk b ts L V jlk e k U ;r % xk s yk dk j:ie s a H k w f eds Åi jg k s r s g S a ] vk S jr k i e k u f u ;a f =rg k s r s g S Af e f D la xxS lds f j ldq Z ys ' k u ]e s dS f u dyç ‚ i ylZ ;k f yf D o Mldq Z ys ' k uds e k / ;els i w . k Z dhtkldr hg S A

Pl u g f l o wd i g e s t e r sa r eu s e dt od i g e s tt h i c kwa s t e s( 1 0 %– 1 5 %d r y ma t t e r )f r o mr u mi n a n ta n i ma l s .Co a r s es o l i d si nr u mi n a n tma n u r e f o r mav i s c o u sma t e r i a l a n dl i mi t s o l i ds e p a r a t i o n .

I f t h ewa s t ei sl e s s t h a n1 0 %s o l i d s , ap l u g f l o wd i g e s t e ri sn o t s u i t a b l e .

I f t h ec o l l e c t e d ma n u r ei st o od r y ,wa t e ro ral i q u i do r g a n i cwa s t es u c ha sc h e e s e wh e yc a nb ea d d e d .

Pl u g f l o wd i g e s t e r sc o n s i s t o f u n mi x e d , h e a t e d , r e c t a n g u l a r t a n k st h a t f u n c t i o nb yh o r i z o n t a l l yd i s p l a c i n go l dma t e r i a l wi t hn e wma t e r i a l .

Th en e wma t e r i a l i su s u a l l yp u mp e di n , d i s p l a c i n g a ne q u a l p o r t i o no f t h eo l dma t e r i a l , wh i c hi sp u s h e do u t t h r o u g ht h e o t h e re n do f t h ed i g e s t e r .

I yx&¶ yk s Mk b ts L V lZ dkmi ;k s xtq xk yhdj u s o k ys i ' k q vk s a ds xk < + s vi f ' k " V k s a ¼ 1 0ls 1 5ç f r ' k r' k q " di n k F k Z o k ys ½dk s Mk b ts L Vdj u s ds f y,f d;ktk r k g S Atq xk yhdj u s o k ys i ' k q vk s a dh[ k k ne s a [ k q j n j s B k s l, df pi f pi hlk e xz h c u k r s g S a vk S jB k s lds vyxk odk s lh f e rdj r s g S a A;f nvi f ' k " V1 0ç f r ' k r ls deB k s lg S a ]r k s I yx&¶ yk s Mk b ts L V jmi ;q D ru g h a g S A;f nla xz g h r[ k k n vR ;f / k d' k q " dg S ]r k s i k u h;kr j y tS f o d vi f ' k " V ]tS ls f di u h je ë k ] f e yk ;ktkldr kg S AI yx&¶ yk s Mk b ts L V je s a vf e f Jr ]Åf " e rvk ;r k dk j V S a dg k s r s g S a tk s i q j k u hlk e xz hdk s g V kdju b Z lk e xz hds } k j kg ‚ f j t‚ U V yh f ML I ys l¼ f o L F k k f i r ½dj ds dk ;Z dj r kg S Alk e k U ;:ils u b Z lk e xz hi a ids } k j kH k h r j/ k ds yhtk r hg S vk S jmlds c j k c je k =ke s a i q j k u hlk e xz hg V kn h tk r hg ] Sf tls Mk b tL s V jds n l wj s Nk j sds e k / ; els c k g jf u dk yf n ; ktk r kg A S

vk —f r1 2 %I yx&¶ yk s Mk ;ts L V jdhe w yla j pu k

Ga r a g e t y p ed i g e s t e r sa r eb a t c h t y p ed i g e s t e r su s e df o rt h ed r y d i g e s t i o n p r o c e s s . Th e f e e d s t o c k u s e d a r e t y p i c a l l y s o u r c e s e p a r a t e dh o u s e h o l do r g a n i cwa s t e ,s e g r e g a t e dmu n i c i p a l s o l i dwa s t e , g r a s sc u t t i n g s , s o l i dma n u r e , a n de n e r g yc r o p s .

x j S k t&V k b iM k b tL s V jc p S &V k b iM k b tL s V jg k r s s g a S f tu dkmi ; k x s' k " q dM k b t' s k u ç f Ø; kds f y,f d; ktk r kg A Sb le a s b L r e s k yf d; ktk u s o k ykQh M L V ‚ df o f ' k " V :ils lk l s& Z li s j V s M sg k mlg k Y s Mv‚ x f Z s u do L s Vg k r s kg S tk s u x j h ;B k l svi f ' k " V k ] a s dV hg b q Z ? k k l] B k l s[ k k nr F k kÅtk Z Qlyls ç k I rf d; ktk r kg A S

Th es e t u pc o mp r i s e ss e v e r a lg a r a g e t y p e wa s t er e c e p t i o n c o mp a r t me n t s ,a n dal e a c h a t ed i g e s t e rt oc o l l e c t ,d i g e s t ,a n d c i r c u l a t ei t b a c kt ot h eg a r a g et h r o u g hap e r c o l a t e dd r a i n a g es y s t e m.

Byt r e a t i n gt h ewa s t ei nb a t c h e sa n da ss o l i dwa s t e( a so p p o s e dt o c o n t i n u o u st r e a t me n ta n dwe twa s t ei nt h ef o r mo fs l u r r y ) ,i ti s p o s s i b l et ot r e a t d i f f e r e n t t y p e so f s o l i dwa s t ei nt h ep l a n t s e p a r a t e l y .

Wi t he a c hf e r me n t i n gc h a mb e r b e i n gs e p a r a t e , t h es o l i dwa s t ei sn o t mo v e db e t we e nt h emo d u l e sd u r i n gt h ep r o c e s s .

b llV s &vie a s vi f ' k " Vlx ag z h rdj u ] sMk b tL s Vdj u s r F k kb ls i o w Z f u / k k f Z j r Mu ª s t sf lL V eds e k / ; els o k i lxj S k te a s i g p a qk u s ds f y,vu d sxj S k t&V k b i o L s Vf j lI s ' k udE i k V e Z V a sr F k kyh pV sMk b tL s V jg k r s s g A a Svi f ' k " Vdk s [ k i s k a s e a s vk j S B k l svi f ' k " V¼ L yj hds :ie a s f u j r a jV ª h V e V a svk j Sxh ys vi f ' k " Vds f o i j h r ½ds :ie a s V ª h V e V a sds } k j k ]dk j [ k k u s e a s f o f H k U uç dk jds B k l svi f ' k " V k a s dkV ª h V e V a s vyx&vyxlH a k og A Sp¡ f w d]ç R ; d sQe f Z a s V x apE S c jvyx&vyxg k r s kg ] S ç f Ø; k ds n k j S k uB k l svi f ' k " Vdk s e ‚ Mî y qlds c h pb / k j &m/ k j¼ e o w ½u g h a f d; ktk r k A

Co n t i n u o u si n o c u l a t i o n wi t h mi c r o b i a lc u l t u r eo c c u r st h r o u g h r e c i r c u l a t i o no ft h ep e r c o l a t i o nl i q u i d ,wh i c hi ss p r a y e do v e rt h e s u b s t r a t ei nt h ed i g e s t e r .Un l i k ewe td i g e s t i o n ,d r yd i g e s t i o nn e e d s n os t i r r i n go rmi x i n go ft h ea n a e r o b i cd i g e s t i o ns u b s t r a t ed u r i n g d i g e s t i o n .Th et e mp e r a t u r eo ft h eg a r a g ec o mp a r t me n t sa n d p e r c o l a t i o nl i q u i dc a nb ec o n t r o l l e du s i n gah e a t e x c h a n g e r .

f j lr sg ; q sr j y]tk sMk b tL s V je a slc L V V ª si jf NMd +kg v qkg k r s kg ] Sds f j ldy Z q' s k uds tf j ; s e k b Øk f s c ; ydY pjds lk F kf u j r a jlp ak j . k¼ b u k D s ; y q' s k u ½ g k r s kg A Sxh ys Mk b t' s k uds f o i j h r ]' k " q d Mk b t' s k udk s Mk b t' s k uds n k j S k u f dlh, u k j k f s c d Mk b t' s k ulc L V V ª sf e yk u s dht:j ru g h a g k r s hg A Sxj S k t dE i k V e Z V a sr F k kf j lr s g ; q s r j y dkr k i e k ug h V, D lpt a sjds mi ; k x s} k j k f u ; f a =rf d; ktkldr kg A S

vk —f r1 3 %xS j k t&V k b iMk ;ts L V jdhe w yla j pu k

7.

Bi ogasUpgr adat i on T ou s eb i o g a si nag a se n g i n e ,t h er a wg a sn e e d st ob e s e p a r a t e df r o mu n wa n t e dc o n s t i t u e n t ss u c ha sh y d r o g e n s u l f i d e( H2 S)a n dmo i s t u r e .Mo r e o v e r ,f o rf e e d i n gb i o g a si n t o n a t u r a l g a sg r i d so rf o ru s i n gi t a saf u e l i nn a t u r a l g a sv e h i c l e s , t h eme t h a n e( CH4 )c o n t e n tmu s tb ei n c r e a s e da n dc a r b o n d i o x i d e( CO2 )r e mo v e d .

Fu r t h e r mo r e , t h eg a smu s t b eo d o r i z e d b e f o r ei ti sa d d e dt ot h en a t u r a l g a sg r i d .

Al lt h e s ep r o c e s s e so c c u rt h r o u g ht h eu p g r a d i n go ft h eb i o g a s i n t ob i o me t h a n e .c a r b o nd i o x i d e( CO2 )i nb i o g a si se a s i l y a b s o r b e di nwa t e ro ro t h e rs o l v e n t sa ta ne l e v a t e dp r e s s u r e , a n dt h i sh a sma d ewa t e rs c r u b b i n gawi d e l yu s e dp r o c e s sf o r c a r b o nd i o x i d e( CO2 )r e mo v a l .Ot h e rp o s s i b l eme t h o d sa r e c h e mi c a la b s o r p t i o n ,p r e s s u r es wi n ga d s o r p t i o n ,me mb r a n e s e p a r a t i o n ,a n dc r y o g e n i cs e p a r a t i o n .

De p e n d i n go nt h eo r i g i no ft h er a wb i o g a s ,o t h e rt r a c eg a s e s c a na l s oo c c u r ;t h e s eg a s e sa l s on e e dt ob es e p a r a t e d .

Amo n g o t h e r s ,t h e s ei n c l u d ea mmo n i a( NH3 ) ,o r g a n i cs i l i c o n c o mp o u n d s ,h a l o g e n s ,a n da r o ma t i cc o mp o u n d s .

xS lb a tue s a c k ;k s xS ldkb L r s e k ydj u s ds f y, ]dP phxS ldk s g k b Mª k s tu lY Qk b M( H2 S)ou e htS ls vo k a f Nrla ? k V dk s a ls vyxdj u s dht:j r g k s r hg S Ab lds vf r f j D r ]c k ;k s xS ldk s u s pq j yxS lf xz M~ le s a H k j u s ds f y,;k b ls u s pq j yxS lo k ys o k g u k s a e s a b L r s e k ydj u s ds f y, ]e h F k s u( CH4 )r R oc < + k g q vkg k s u kpk f g ,vk S jdk c Z uMk b v‚ D lk b M( CO2 ) g V k b Z tk u hpk f g , Ab lds vf r f j D r ]xS ldk s u s pq j yxS lf xz Me s a H k j u s ls i g ys xa f / k rdhtk u hpk f g , A ;s le L rç f Ø;k , a c k ;k s xS ldk s c k ;k s e h F k s ue s a :i k a r f j rdj r s le ;dhtk r h g S a Ac k ;k s xS ldhdk c Z uMk b v‚ D lk b M( CO2 )Åa ps ç s ' k ji jvk lk u hds lk F k i k u h;kvU ;f o yk ;dk s a e s a vo ' k k s f " k rg k s tk r hg S vk S jb lr F ;u s o ‚ V jL Øf c a x dk sdk c Z uMk b v‚ D lk b M( CO2 )g V k u s ds f y,O ;k i d :ils b L r s e k ydh tk u s o k yhç f Ø;kc u kf n ;kg S AvU ;la H k k f o rf o f / k ;k s a e s a dS f e dy, C t‚ i Z ~ ' k u ] ç s ' k jf L o a x, Ml‚ i Z ~ ' k u ]e s E c z s uls i j s ' k u ]r F k kØ;k s ts f u dls i j s ' k u' k k f e yg S a A dP phc k ;k s xS lds lz k s ri jf u H k Z jj g r s g q , ]vU ;V ª s lxS ls a H k hb le s a' k k f e y g k s ldr hg S a Ab uxS lk s a dk s H k hvyxf d,tk u s dht:j rg k s r hg S Ab u e s a ve k s f u ;k( NH3 ) ]vk xs Z f u df lf yd‚ u dE i k mU M]g S yk s tu ]r F k k, j k s e s f V d dE i k mU M' k k f e yg S a A

8.

Di gest at eTr eat ment Th ed i g e s t e d ma t e r i a le ma n a t i n gf r o mt h eb i o g a sp l a n ti s r e f e r r e dt oa sb i o g a sp l a n t s p e n t s l u r r y( BSS) .

I t i sa l s or e f e r r e d a sb i o s l u r r y ,d i g e s t a t e ,o ro r g a n i cma n u r e .I ti sr i c hi nn i t r o g e n , p h o s p h o r o u s ,p o t a s s i u m,a n ds e v e r a lmi c r o n u t r i e n t s .Mo r e i mp o r t a n t l y , a l o n gwi t ho t h e rn u t r i e n t s , i t i sh i g h l yr i c hi no r g a n i c c a r b o nr e q u i r e df o rc r o pc u l t i v a t i o na n dc a nb ep o t e n t i a l l yu s e d a sa no r g a n i cf e r t i l i z e r .

Th ev a l u eo fBSSa saf e r t i l i z e ri sh i g h b e c a u s ei t c o n t a i n sn u t r i e n t si nar e a d i l ya v a i l a b l ef o r mf o rc r o p u p t a k e .Fu r t h e r mo r e ,t h eu s eo fBSS f o rc r o pc u l t i v a t i o n f a c i l i t a t e st h ec l o s e dn u t r i e n ta n dc a r b o nc y c l e .

Th ec o n t e n to fBSSv a r i e sd e p e n d i n go nt h et y p ea n dn a t u r eo f f e e d s t o c ku s e df o rp r o d u c t i o no fb i o g a s .I nma n yc a s e s ,t h e b i o s l u r r yf r o mt h ed i g e s t e rc a n n o tb ei mme d i a t e l yu t i l i z e dt h u s , i tn e e d st ob es t o r e d .Al t h o u g hBSSi sap o t e n t i a ls o u r c eo f n u t r i e n t sf o ro r g a n i cf a r mi n g ,i tc a nb ed i f f i c u l tt ou s eBSS b e c a u s ei ti sv o l u mi n o u s .

Al t e r n a t i v e l y ,t h eb i o s l u r r yc a nb es e p a r a t e di n t oal i q u i da n d s o l i df r a c t i o n s ,wh i c ha r et h e ns t o r e ds e p a r a t e l y .

Ana d v a n t a g e o fp r o d u c i n gas o l i df r a c t i o ni st h ec o s ts a v e dc o mp a r e dwi t h t h ec o s to ft r a n s p o r t i n gl a r g ev o l u me so ft h es l u r r yd i g e s t a t e .

Ad d i t i o n a l l y ,t h es e p a r a t e df r a c t i o n sc a nb e mo r ee a s i l y h a n d l e db e c a u s et h ec o mp o s i t i o ni sh o mo g e n e o u s .Mo r e o v e r , b e c a u s et h en u t r i e n tc o n t e n ti ne a c hf r a c t i o ni sd i f f e r e n t , f e r t i l i z a t i o nc a nb eb e t t e rf i t t e dt op l a n tn e e d s .I d e a l l y ,t h es o l i d f r a c t i o nc a nb es o l da sav a l u a b l ef e r t i l i z e r , wh i l et h el i q u i df r a c t i o n d i g e s t e dc a nb eu s e di nf a r ml a n d sc l o s et ot h eb i o g a sp l a n t .

Th en u t r i e n tc o n t e n to fBSSc a nb ee n r i c h e da c c o r d i n gt oc r o p r e q u i r e me n t .Ei t h e rt h er a ws l u r r yf r o mt h ed i g e s t e ro rs l u r r y a f t e rs o l i d – l i q u i ds e p a r a t i o nc a nb es u p p l e me n t e dwi t hn u t r i e n t s .

c k ;k s xS lla ;a =ls f u dyu s o k ys Mk b ts L V s Me S V s f j ;ydk s c k ;k s xS lI yk a V ktk r kg S Ab ls c k ;k s L yj h ]Mk b ts L V s V;ktS f o d BSS)dg L i s a VL yj h( [ k k nH k hdg ktk r kg S A;gu k b V ª k s tu ]Q‚ L Qk s j l]i k s V s f ' k ;er F k kvU ; e k b Øk s U ;w f V ª , a V ~ lls H k j i w jg k s r kg S Ab lds vf r f j D r ];gvU ;U ;w f V ª , a V ~ l ds lk F k &lk F k ]Qlyi S n k o k jds f y,t:j hr F k kla H k k f o r:ils tS f o d [ k k nds :ie s a b L r s e k yf d,tkldu s o k ys vk xs Z f u d dk c Z uls H k j i w j dki k s " k d¼ U ;w f V ª , a V ½ds :ie s a vR ;f / k de g R og k s r kg S g k s r kg S ABSSS D ;k s a f db le s a e k S tw nmo Z j r kQlyg s r q b L r s e k yds f y,r S ;k jL o :ie s a g k s r hg S Ab lds vf r f j D r ]Qlydhi S n k o k jds f y,BSSS dkmi ;k s x D yk s T MU ़ ;w f V ª , a Vr F k kdk c Z upØdk s vk lk uc u k r kg S A R o ]c k ;k s xS lds mR i k n uds f y,ç ;q D rg k s u s o k ys Qh ML V ‚ d BSSdkr

dsç dk jvk S jmldhç —f ri jf u H k Z jdj r kg S Avu s de k e yk s ae s a ] Mk b ts L V jls ç k I rg k s u s o k ykc k ;k s L yj hlh / k s or R dk ymo Z j dds :ie s a b L r s e k yu g h af d;ktkldr kg Sb lf y, ]b lsH k a Mk f j r dj u sdh tS f o d[ k s r hds f y,U ;w f V ª , a V ~ ldk, d vk o ' ;dr kg k s r hg S A;|f iBSSS la H k k f o rlz k s rg S ]f QjH k hb ldkmi ;k s xdf B ug k s ldr kg S D ;k s a f d;g dk Qhe k =ke s a g k s r kg S A o S df Y i d :ils c k ;k s L yj hdk s r j yvk S jB k s lva ' k k s a e s a vyxf d;ktk ldr kg S ]f tU g s a vyx&vyxH k a Mk f j rf d;ktkldr kg S AB k s lva ' kdk s vyxdj u s dkyk H kyk xrc pk u s ds :ie s a ç k I rg k s r kg S D ;k s a f db ldh i f j o g uyk xrL yj hMk b ts L V s Vdhvf / k de k =kdhi f j g o uyk xrdh vi s { k kdeg k s r hg S Ab lds vf r f j D r ]vyxf d,x,va ' k k s a dkj [ kj [ k k o vk lk ug k s r kg S D ;k s a f d, dtS lhj pu kg k s r hg S AT ;k n k r jç R ;s dva ' ke s a i k s " k dr R of H k U ug k s r s g S a ]f tlls i k S / k s dht:j rds vu q lk jc s g r j< a x ls mo Z j . kf d;ktkldr kg S Avk n ' k Z :ils ]B k s l va ' kdk s c g q e w Y ; mo Z j dds :ie s a c s pktkldr kg S ]tc f dMk b ts L Vf d,g q ,r j yva ' k dk s c k ;k s xS l la ;a =ds f u dV o r h Z —f " k ;k s X ;H k w f ee s a b L r s e k yf d;ktk ldr kg S A U ;w f V ª , a Vda V s a Vdk s Qlydht:j rds vu q lk jr S ;k jf d;ktk BSSds

ldr kg S AMk b ts L V jls ç k I rdP ps L yj h;kB k s l&r j yds vyxk ods c k nL yj he s a t:j hU ;w f V ª , a Vf e yk ,tkldr s g S a A

9.

I ni t i at i ves&Oppor t uni t i esi nI ndi a Bo t ht h ec e n t r a l a n ds t a t eg o v e r n me n t so fI n d i ah a v er e c o g n i z e d t h es i g n i f i c a n c eo fb i o ma s s b a s e de n e r g yi nt h ec o n t e x to f i n c l u s i v eg r o wt ha n dd e v e l o p me n to ft h er u r a lp o p u l a t i o n .Ma n y i n c e n t i v e sa r ea l r e a d yi np l a c e , s u c ha swa i v e r o f t a x e s , r e n e wa b l e p u r c h a s eo b l i g a t i o n s ,c a p i t a ls u b s i d y ,a n dt a r i f fg u i d e l i n e s ; h o we v e r ,mo r ei n c e n t i v e sa n de n f o r c e me n tf r o mt h eg o v e r n me n t a r er e q u i r e d .

Wi t ht h eI n d i a ng o v e r n me n tk e e no nu s i n gr e n e wa b l er e s o u r c e s f o re n e r g yp r o d u c t i o n ,ag r e a tt h r u s twi t hs u i t a b l ei n c e n t i v e sa n d p o l i c i e sf o rb i o g a sp r o d u c t i o nf r o mp o t e n t i a lwa s t es o u r c e sa r e l i k e l yi nt h ec o mi n gy e a r s .Ani n c r e a s i n ga wa r e n e s sa mo n gt h e p u b l i cr e g a r d i n gt h es u s t a i n a b l eu s eo f r e s o u r c e swi l l o n l yf u r t h e r e n h a n c et h ep r o d u c t i o na n du s eo f b i o g a s .

He n c e ,b i o g a si se x p e c t e dt os h o ws i g n i f i c a n tg r o wt hi nI n d i aa t a l l l e v e l so f u s a g e( h o u s e h o l d , mu n i c i p a l i t y , a n di n d u s t r y ) f o r b o t h h e a tg e n e r a t i o na n de l e c t r i c i t yp r o d u c t i o n .CBG i st h ef u e lo f c h o i c ea n dn e c e s s i t yf o rI n d i a .Pr o d u c e db i o g a sc a nb ep u r i f i e d a n dc o mp r e s s e dt ome e tI n d i a ’ sf u e lr e q u i r e me n t si nar o b u s t ma n n e r ,t h u sp r o v i d i n gs u i t a b l eo p p o r t u n i t i e sf o rd e v e l o p me n t a n dg r o wt ho f b i o g a sp l a n t si nt h ec o u n t r y .

Ani n t e g r a t e da p p r o a c ht o wa r de n e r g yc a l l sf o ra no p t i mu m ma t c hb e t we e ne n e r g yn e e d sa n de n e r g ya v a i l a b i l i t yi sn e e d e d .

Th u s ,t h ee mp h a s i ss h o u l db eo ne c o l o g i c a l l ys o u n dr e n e wa b l e s o u r c e s ,wh i c hc a nr e s u l ti nal o c a l ,a n dd e c e n t r a l i z e do p t i o n .

Se v e r a ld e c e n t r a l i z e dp l a n t so ro f f g r i db i o g a s b a s e dp o we r p r o j e c t sa r ec o mi n gu pa c r o s sI n d i a .Th i st r e n di sl i k e l yt o i n c r e a s ea smo r es u c hi n v e s t me n t sa n de f f o r t sa r eo nt h e h o r i z o n .

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V . ) 2 0 1 6e s a ]b lu s te Z uc k ;k s xS l, lk s f l, ' k u( BI GP) dhf tldk ds lk F klk >s n k j h¼ b a Mk s &te Z uc k ;k s xS li k V Z u j f ' k i ] mí s ' ;H k k j re s a c k ;k s xS l m|k s xds f o dk le s a r s thyk u s ds 3o " k h Z ; GPdk mí s ' ;c k ;k s xS lls D V jls la c a f / k r ç k s ts D Vi jdk edj u kg S ABI BAln L ;k s a u h f r ;k s a dk s i j k e ' k Z ds e k / ;els vlj dk j hc u k u s ds f y,I dke tc w ru s V o dZr S ;k jdj u kg S Ab lç k s ts D Vdk ste Z uQs Mj y f e f u L V ª hQ‚ jb du ‚ f e d dk s v‚ i j s ' k u, a MMs o yi e s a V} k j kf o R r i k s f " k r Se q u a )} r F k kls D o kgGbmH( k j kç c a f / k rf d;kx;kg S A

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En c a r eh a sa ne s t a b l i s h e dp r e s e n c ei ns u b me r s i b l emo t o r sa n d c o n t r o l s y s t e msf o rwa t e ra n dwa s t e wa t e ra p p l i c a t i o n swi t hp o we r r a t i n gu pt o4 5 0k We l wi t hmo r et h a n1 5 , 0 0 0mo t o r ss u p p l i e da n d h a v e mo s ta d v a n c e df a c i l i t i e sf o ri n h o u s e ma n u f a c t u r i n go f s u b me r s i b l emo t o r s , c o n t r o l s y s t e ms , En c a r ep o s s e s sr e q u i s i t ee x p e r t i s ef o rs u p p l y i n gc r i t i c a lb i o g a s p l a n te q u i p me n ts u c ha sMi x e r s ,Ag i t a t o r s ,Pu mp s ,Ge n s e t ,Ga s Mi x e r ,F e e d s t o c kPr e t r e a t me n t ,Bi o Me t h a n e( Bi o CNG)a n dh a s s t r o n gt e a me x p e r t i s ei ne l e c t r i c a ls y s t e msa n dp o we rg e n e r a t o r s y s t e msa n dh a sp a r t n e r e dwi t hg l o b a l l yr e p u t e dp a r t n e r sf o rg a s p o we rg e n e r a t i o nt e c h n o l o g i e s .

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Th ec o mp a n y ’ sp r i n c i p a l sh a v ev a s te x p e r i e n c e ,wi t hmo r et h a n1 7 0 y e a r si nt h ef i e l do f ma n u f a c t u r i n gr e c i p r o c a t i n gc o mp r e s s o r sf o rd i f f e r e n t i n d u s t r i a la p p l i c a t i o n s .Th e s es y s t e ms a r eu s e di nar a n g eo f i n d u s t r i e s / s e c t o r s ,i n c l u d i n go i la n dg a s ,g a st r a n s p o r ta n ds t o r a g e , r e f i n e r y ,c h e mi c a l ,p e t r o c h e mi c a l ,a n di n d u s t r i a lg a s .Th ec o mp a n y ’ s p r o d u c t se n j o yt h er e p u t a t i o no f h i g hq u a l i t ywi t hmi n i ma l l i f ec y c l ec o s t s a n da r es u p p o r t e dwi t haf u l lr a n g eo fs e r v i c e s .BCI Ni so n eo ft h ef e w c o mp r e s s o rma n u f a c t u r e r si nt h e wo r l d wi t hac o mp l e t er a n g eo f r e c i p r o c a t i n gc o mp r e s s o r s .

BCI Nh a sa na d v a n c e dma n u f a c t u r i n gf a c i l i t y ,s p r e a do v e r6 0 0 0m2 i n Ko n d h a p u r i ,Pu n e ,I n d i a .Th ec o mp a n yi sa p p r o v e da c r o s sc r i t i c a l s t a n d a r d s ,i n c l u d i n gI SO 9 0 0 1 : 2 0 0 8 ,I SO 1 4 0 0 1 : 2 0 0 4 ,a n dOHSAS 1 8 0 0 1 : 2 0 0 7 .Th ec o mp a n yi sc o n s t a n t l ye n g a g e di ni mp r o v i n gi t s p r o c e s s e s ,e x p a n d i n gi t sg e o g r a p h i c a lr e a c h ,a n do f f e r i n gs u p e r i o r s o l u t i o n s .

BCI Na l s oo f f e r sas t r o n gn e t wo r ko f a f t e r s a l e ss e r v i c ec e n t e r s a n ds p a r ep a r t s u p p l i e r s .

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Weh a v ea ne x p e r i e n c eo f mo r et h a nt wod e c a d e sa n dh a v ei n t h ec o u r s eo f t i med e v e l o p e df i v ev e r t i c a l s : ( 1 )g a s e s , ( 2 )e n g i n e e r i n g , ( 3 ) e l e c t r o n i c s ,( 4 )p o s t h a r v e s tt e c h n o l o g i e s ,a n d( 5 )R&Dd e p a r t me n t .Th i s c o mp a n ywa ss t a r t e db yDr .

OPSr i v a s t a v a , ar e t i r e ds e n i o r s c i e n t i s t f r o m Bh a b h aAt o mi cRe s e a r c hCe n t r e .Wef o l l o wh i sv i s i o na n da i mt oma k e t h ec o mp a n ys u c c e s s f u l .

Ou rma i np r o d u c t sa r ec a l i b r a t i o ng a s e s ,wh i c ha r ed e v e l o p e df o rg a s , p e t r o l e u m,p h a r ma c e u t i c a l ,a n dma n u f a c t u r i n gi n d u s t r i e s .Be i n gag a s c o mp a n y ,wer e q u i r e dg a sa n a l y z e r so fo u ro wnt oc u td o wnt h ec o s t s .

We s u c c e s s f u l l yd e v e l o p e dg a sa n a l y z e r sf o rme a s u r i n ge t h y l e n e , o x y g e n ,c a r b o nd i o x i d e ,s u l f u rd i o x i d e ,a n dh y d r o g e ns u l f i d e .Wef u r t h e r e x t e n d e dt h i sme a s u r e me n tt e c h n i q u ef o rt h ea n a l y s i so fb i o g a sa n d e s t a b l i s h e dt wo mo d e l s ,Po r t a b l ea n d On l i n e ,wh i c hc a n me a s u r e me t h a n e ,o x y g e n ,h y d r o g e ns u l f i d e ,a n dc a r b o nd i o x i d e .Weh a v es o l d mo r et h a n2 0o n l i n eb i o g a sa n a l y z e r sa n dmo r et h a n1 0p o r t a b l eb i o g a s a n a l y z e r s .Wep r o v i d ec u s t o mi z e ds o l u t i o n sa te c o n o mi c a l p r i c e s ,wh i c h a r ea p p r o x i ma t e l yo n e t h i r do f t h ep r i c e sq u o t e db yo u rc o u n t e r p a r t s .

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