1. Oswald de Andrade, "Manifesto antropofágo," São Paulo, May 19 28 2. It should be noted that the word "cannibal" as borrowed by Christopher Columbus himself from a Carib word did not have the sarne significance in the 16th century as it does today. It was used to describe an unknown tribe. The effect of a shift in meaning such that the word now refers to the practice of anthropophagy (cannibalism) is known to linguists as a synecdoche. 3. Comparative and statistical analysis ofthese chapters in the "Exemplaire de Bordeaux" by Antoine Tournon, "Je n'ai jamais lu les Essais de Montaigne," Paris, Bulletin textuel, 1993, nO.12. 4. Frank Lestringant, Le cannibale, .grandeur et décadence, Paris, Plon, 1994, English translation Cannibals, Oxford, polity, 1997. 5. Among the more recent publications one would cite the contributions by Catherine Demure and Jack Abecassis from the colloquium "Montaigne et le Nouveau Monde" (Paris, 18-20 May 1992), Bulletin de la Sodété des Amis de Montai.gne, Series VII, no. 29-3°-31, pp.I79-208. 6. This division is inspired by the proposed analysis of cannibalism by André Green, "Cannibalisme: réalité ou fantasme agi," Paris, Nouvelle revue de psychanalyse, n.6 (Fall 1972), P.27. 7. Essais, chapter XXXI, P.338. 8. Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tristes tropiques, Paris: Plon, Terre Humaine, 1955 pp.89-90. (A World on the wane, translated by John Russell, Hutchinson, 1961, p.61.) Claude Lévi-Strauss had always seen his research on the Brazilian Amerindians as closely related to the work ofJean de Léry, as is most obvious in his interview in the foreward to the republished pocket edition ofHistoire d'un voya.ge, Paris: Livre de Poche, 1994 (publication established by Frank Lestringant). 9. Michel de Montaigne, The complete Essays, Book I, chapter XXXI, translated by M.A. Sceech, London, Penguin Books, 1987, p.229. Essais, chapter XXXI, P.231. 10. Le Brésíl d~ndréThevet, complete edition, established, presented and annotated by Frank Lestringant, Paris: Chandeigne, 1997· II. The complete Essays, chapter XXXI, P.240. 12. Gaffarel, Histoire du Brésílfrançais au XVIe siecle, Paris, 1878. Cf. study by Guy Mermier, "l'Essai les cannibales de Montaigne," BulIetin de la Sodété des Amis de Montai.gne, Series V no. 7-8 (1973) and its bibliography and study by Luis da Camara Cascudo, BulIetin de la Sodété des Amis de Montai.gne, Series V, no. 14-15, 1975, pp.89-102. 13. After Ferdinand Denis, who reprinted and annotated the ISS0 opuscule Unefite brésílienne ce1ébrée à Rouen en 1550 (Paris: Techener, 1850). 14. Simone Collin-Roset, "Le château de Montbras" in Congres archéologique de France, Société Française d'Archéologie, 1991, PP· 2 07-2,27· IS. The complete Essays, chapter XXXI, P.348. 16. Hans Staden, ReIation véridique et prédse des moeurs et coutumes des Tupinambas, Marbourg, 1557, Nus, féroces et anthropopha.ges, Paris, A. M. Métailié, 1979, poche Seuil.
101 Albert Eckhout e séculos XVI-XVIII Jean-François Chougnet
17. Alfred Métraux, "l'Anthropophagie rituelle des Tupinamba" (1928), in Relí.gions et ma.gies indiennes d'Amérique du Sud, Gallimard, 1967, P.S4.
18. The complete Essays, chapter XXXI, P.234. 19. Jean de Léry, Indiens de la Renaissance, histoire d'un voya.ge fait en la terre du Brésíl, chapter XVI, forward by Anne Marie Chartier, Paris, EPI, 1987 P.197. 20. The complete Essays, chapter XXXI, P.23S. 21. Le Brésíl d'AndréThevet, op. cit., pp.160-167. 22. Michel de Montaigne, Essais, Book II, chapter XII, Paris: Gallimard, Plélade, p.s6s (Apology for Raymond Sebond). 23. Maurice Godelier and Michel Panoff (coord.), Le corps humain, supplídé, possédé, canibalísé, Amsterdam: Éditions des Archives Contemporaines, 1998. Knowledge of cannibalism in Oceania has made research progress considerably.
24. Essais, chapter XXXI, P.347. 25. On the parallels between discoveries and the Religious Wars, refer to the work ofFrank Lestringant, Une sainte horreur ou le voya.ge en Eucharistie, XVIeme-XVIJIeme siecle, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1996. 26. Jean de Léry, op. cit., P.193. 27. The complete Essays, chapter XXXI, P.239. 28. Jean de Léry, op. cit., p.18s. 29. One may well be shocked by the logic behind such monetary terms during the century which saw the invention of modern accounting and the "Global Market." 30. Michel de Certeau, "Le lieu de l'autre. Montaigne: 'Des cannibales,''' Oeuvres et critiques, VIII 1-2,1983, p.60. He evokes "une économie de la parole dont le corps est le prix" (an economy of words when the body is the prize. T.N.) 31. Goethe, Gedíchte, edited by Friedhelm Kemp, Carl Hauser Verlag, 1979, P.79: "Come ye boldly, come ye all, And join together for the banquet! For I shall not by your threats And your wishes submit myself. For I am not yet conquered! Come, share my remains, And in doing partake of Your ancestors, your fathers Who became but food for me! This flesh which I offer you, Mad that you are, it is your own, And my inner bones hold The marrow of your forefathers. Come then, come, in every bite Your palette shall know it. 32. Oswald de Andrade, op. cit.: "All that interests me is not mine. The law of mano The law of the anthropophagite."