Words across History: Advances in Historical Lexicography and Lexicology

Words across History: Advances in Historical Lexicography and Lexicology Mª Victoria Domínguez-Rodríguez Alicia Rodríguez-Álvarez Gregorio Rodríguez Herrera Verónica C. Trujillo-González (eds)

Words across History: Advances in Historical Lexicography and Lexicology

Words across History: Advances in Historical Lexicography and Lexicology Mª Victoria Domínguez-Rodríguez Alicia Rodríguez-Álvarez Gregorio Rodríguez Herrera Verónica C. Trujillo-González (eds)

2016

WORDS across history : advances in historical lexicography and lexicology / Mª Victoria Domínguez-Rodríguez ... [et al.] (eds.). — Las Palmas de Gran Canaria : Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica, 2016 1 disco compacto (cd-rom, 451 p.)

ISBN 978-84-9042-256-4 1. Lexicografia 2. Lexicología I. Domínguez-Rodríguez, Mª Victoria, ed.

II. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ed.

81’373 81’374

© 1ª edición, 2016 Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica serpubli@ulpgc.es www.ulpgc.es/publicaciones Primera edición [versión electrónica pdf, en soporte CD], 2016 © Editores Mª Victoria Domínguez-Rodríguez Alicia Rodríguez-Álvarez Gregorio Rodríguez Herrera Verónica C. Trujillo-González © de los textos y de las imágenes: sus autores Editorial: Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica de la ULPGC Duplicación: Daute Diseño S.L. ISBN: 978-84-9042-256-4 Depósito Legal: GC 449-2016 IBIC: CFM / CFF / 2AB / 2AC / 2AD / 2AG / 2AHA Reservados todos los derechos por la legislación española en materia de Propiedad Intelectual. Ni la totalidad ni parte de esta obra puede reproducirse, almacenarse o transmitirse en manera alguna por medio ya sea electrónico, químico, óptico, informático, de grabación o de fotocopia, sin permiso previo, por escrito, de la editorial.

ÍNDICE

Preface ..........................................................................................................................................9-16 The Editors

Estado actual de los repertorios léxicos en la Biblioteca Virtual de la Filología Española (BVFE) ........................................................................................17-29 Manuel Alvar Ezquerra

El Diccionario del Español Medieval electrónico (DEMel) ......................................30-39 Rafael Arnold / Jutta Langenbacher-Liebgott / Stefan Serafin / Vicente Álvarez Vives

Technological innovations in the transcription systems of eighteenth-century pronouncing dictionaries ..........................................................40-53 Nicolas Ballier / Joan Beal / Véronique Pouillon

A medical dictionary for personal usage: the Latin-Low German glossary on fol. 179r-204r of Copenhaguen, Royal Library, GKS 1663 4to ..........54-66 Chiara Benati

The Etymological Dictionary of Old High German, Vol. V: iba – luzzilo [Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Bd. V: iba – luzzilo] ..........67-77 Harald Bichlmeier

Les sources du dictionnaire bilingue franco-espagnol de Francisco de la Torre y Ocón (El maestro de las dos lenguas, 1728-1731) ..............................78-90 Manuel Bruña Cuevas

La lexicografía académica ante las disciplinas científico-técnicas: estudio histórico de la recepción de las voces formadas con -ística, -logía y -tecnia ..........................................................................................................91-105 Cristina Buenafuentes de la Mata

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Mª Victoria Domínguez, Alicia Rodríguez, Gregorio Rodríguez, Verónica C. Trujillo

La enunciación subjetiva en la definición lexicográfica: un rastreo diacrónico en los diccionarios de la Real Academia Española..........................106-117 Piero Renato Costa León

Género y discurso. Acercamiento al concepto género desde una perspectiva lexicográfica..................................................................................................118-130 Ana Costa Pérez

The Romanian historical terminology in the translation of Charles Rollin’s History in the 18th century ..............................................................................131-139 Eugenia Dima

The Italian Influence at the Beginnings of the Geographical Terminology in Romanian ..............................................................................................140-148 Gabriela E. Dima

Thomas Blount's Glossographia (1656): an approach to citation styles in the medical entries ........................................................................................149-166 M.a Victoria Domínguez-Rodríguez

Stagnation ou évolution des titres et fonctions au féminin dans les dictionnaires ? ......................................................................................................................167-181 Georges Farid

The Carrier Language: A Grammar and Dictionary (1932): translation, adaptation or re-creation? ............................................................................................182-194 Marco A. Fiola

Le concept d’étymologie dans les premiers lexicons grecs. Continuité ou rupture avec les dictionnaires étymologiques modernes ? ......................195-203 Theodor Georgescu

Autores extranjeros como autoridad literaria en el Diccionario de Autoridades ..........................................................................................................................204-218 Beatriz Gómez-Pablos

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Aproximación a la variación léxica y prosódica en noticias de radio en español entre 1960 y 2010 ......................................................................................219-234 Yurena-María Gutiérrez-González / Mercedes Cabrera-Abreu / Francisco Vizcaíno-Ortega

Swedish lexicographic history revisited ..................................................................235-249 Anna Helga Hannesdóttir

El tratamiento lexicográfico de los gentilicios gitano, judío y moro en los diccionarios académicos españoles..............................................................250-261 Juana L. Herrera Santana

Women in the Dictionary of Danish Insular Dialects ..........................................262-275 Henrik Hovmark

On the classification of the Russian manuscript dictionaries ......................276-286 Kira I. Kovalenko

El sistema de transcripción de los sinogramas en el diccionario francés – latín – chino de Paul Perny ......................................................................287-300 Xavier Lee-Lee / Verónica C. Trujillo-González

LexLab: experiments on the revised edition of the Deutsches Wörterbuch ..........................................................................................................................301-316 Nathalie Mederake

Learner’s dictionaries across time: trying to motivate the different treatment of bad language words..............................................................................317-330 Laura Pinnavaia

Patriotic lexicography – an obsolete genre? ............................................................331-340 Bo Ralph

Creating a Historical Thesaurus of Scots ..................................................................341-353 Susan Rennie

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Mª Victoria Domínguez, Alicia Rodríguez, Gregorio Rodríguez, Verónica C. Trujillo

How to express changing written standards of ‘nynorsk’ in Norsk Ordbok..................................................................................................................354-363 Daggfinn Rødningen / Knut E. Karlsen

Classification and history of relexified diminutives in Modern Spanish: a lexicographic approach ..........................................................................364-380 John M. Ryan / Víctor Parra-Guinaldo

Le(s) dictionnaire(s) entre (lexi)culture, détournement et notion d’intraduisible ....................................................................................................................381-395 Laura Santone

Recent borrowings from French to English: a socio-cultural perspective ..........................................................................................................................396-412 Julia Schultz

Sociolinguistic factors in South Slavic lexicographic traditions ....................413-424 Danko Šipka

Un acercamiento a los marcadores del discurso posiblemente, probablemente, seguramente. Primeros planteamientos y nuevas perspectivas ........................................................................................................................425-437 Ariana Suárez Hernández

El andalucismo «mancaje» ‘escardillo’ y derivados: área e historia ............438-451 Francisco Torres Montes

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PREFACE This volume compiles a selection of innovative articles in the area of historical lexicography and lexicology by scholars from different international academic institutions. The thematic diversity of their contributions, which present thoughtful discussions and approaches to the discipline, represents the richness and vitality of these studies. We hope that the new insights, the new tools and the new methodologies gathered here can provide inspiration for further research in the field.

A group of articles in this volume deals with the advances made in the compilation of (online) lexicographic collections and dictionaries. The description of both the benefits of the new tools used and the difficulties lexicographers have overcome to carry out their work may be illuminating for other research groups carrying out similar projects at the moment. In this way, Manuel Alvar Ezquerra’s “Estado actual de los repertorios léxicos en la Biblioteca Virtual de Filología Español (BVFE)” gives an account of the creation and development of the BVFE. This project offers a database of the lexicographic works of the Spanish language which are digitised and available online. Although an ongoing project (it continues incorporating new lexicographical works), it is already available to researchers with an average rate of 27,000 monthly views. The following project described by Rafael Arnold, Jutta Langenbacher-Liebgott, Stefan Serafin and Vicente Álvarez Vives in “El Diccionario del Español Medieval electrónico (DEMel)” will be also an interesting tool for researchers who, in the near future, will have at their disposal around 33,000 entries of medieval Spanish with more than 6,000 new definitions, and words that have never been recorded before in any dictionary. Nathalie Mederake, on her part, explores in “LexLab: experiments on the revised edition of the Deutsches Wörterbuch” some ideas that might apply for to a digital version of the revised edition of the Deutsches Wörterbuch, which will require prospective users’ surveys to guide historical lexicographers. These ideas focus on two pivotal points: a) providing the digital design with additional information; and b) presenting the structure of each entry in a concise way. Next, Susan Rennie explains the process and novelty of “Creating a Historical Thesaurus of Scots”. This is a lexicographic project at the University of Glasgow whose main innovation is being the first dictionary of its kind to be arranged according to synonymy and semantic category. It allows, therefore, to explore links between Mª Victoria Domínguez-Rodríguez, et al. (eds). 2016. Words across History: Advances in Historical Lexicography and Lexicology. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica de la ULPGC, pp. 9-16

Mª Victoria Domínguez, Alicia Rodríguez, Gregorio Rodríguez, Verónica C. Trujillo

words in semantic clusters, and to compare both historical and dialectal variants of Scots words and phrases. Harald Bichlmeier in his “The Etymological Dictionary of Old High German, Vol. V: iba – luzzilo [Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Bd. V: iba – luzzilo]” presents an overview of the fifth volume of this dictionary and of this long-term project initiated in 1978. After providing a short history of this project, dealing with matters such as the members of the project, the work conditions they have gone through (lack of staff, funding, other occasional problems) which may delay the end of the project later than 2025, the author offers an insight into the general structure of the dictionary and the contents of the present volume. He places particular emphasis on the question of the currency of the lexemes contained in this volume as well as the portion of Germanic lexicon of substrate origin.

Another group focuses on the ways lexicographers have tackled difficult questions such as the representation of different writing systems, the introduction of accurate systems of phonetic representation, or the need to reproduce variant official written standards. Thus, Xavier Lee-Lee and Verónica C. Trujillo-González in “El sistema de transcripción de los sinogramas en el diccionario francés-latínchino de Paul Perny” analyse the transcription system of sinograms adopted by Paul Perny and conclude that, like his forerunners, he aimed at clarity and preciseness trying to create a helpful system of transcription for French users. In “Technological innovations in the transcription systems of eighteenth-century pronouncing dictionaries”, Nicolas Ballier, Joan Beal and Véronique Pouillon present a new categorization of the various representational devices of speech sounds introduced in a series of eighteenth-century pronouncing dictionaries.

The authors show how the growing complexity of the transcription systems reflects an increasingly sophisticated analysis of the phonological principles and phonetic realities of English. The categorization in four phases established in this paper reveals that the development of the notional system was complex and not at all linear, something that was not well conveyed in previous classifications.

Finally, Dagfinn Rødningen and Knut E. Karlsen, in “How to express changing written standards of ‘nynorsk’ in Norsk Ordbok”, discuss how the history of ‘nynorsk’ –one of the two official written standards of Norwegian– was made visible in the Norsk Ordbok, an extensive and descriptive monolingual dictionary whose closing 12th volume was launched in 2015. Since ‘nynorsk’ has undergone different spelling reforms and morphological variations, lexicographers of the Norsk Ordbok have made use of different methods to make these changes traceable in the entries. This article focuses on these practices.

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PREFACE

In the field of specialised terminology, and from a synchronic perspective, Chiara Benati’s contribution “A medical dictionary for personal usage: the LatinLow German glossary on fol. 179r-204r of Copenhagen, Royal Library, GKS 1663 4to” studies the bilingual glossary on medical terms and expressions the scribe collected in that manuscript section. She focuses, especially, on how it could be closely dependent on the three glossaries in the addendum to the 1517 edition of von Gersdorff’s Feldtbuch der Wundarzney. Also in the domain of medicine, in “Thomas Blount’s Glossographia (1656): an approach to citation styles in the medical entries”, Mª Victoria Domínguez-Rodríguez examines how this seventeenthcentury lexicographer inserts (cross-)references and quotations in the dictionary proper to mention sources and works for further consultation on different medical issues. Blount’s different strategies are itemized and exemplified to provide an overview of his citation styles in a historical period where mentioning sources was neither a commonplace nor a systematized practice. Stepping in the field of history, Eugenia Dima’s “The Romanian historical terminology in the translation of Charles Rollin’s History in the 18th century” deals with Constandin Cocorăscu’s translation (titled Istoria Veche, in Cernica Monastery MS 5846) and how he managed to deal with Rollin’s historical discourse by filling in existent gaps in Romanian using loanwords, calques and annotations to the main text. A similar approach is adopted by Gabriela E. Dima in “The Italian influence at the beginnings of the geographical terminology in Romanian” who examines the contributions to Romanian geographical terminology through Amfilohie of Hotin’s translation of the Italian version of Benjamin Martin’s The Philosophical Grammar. As in the previous case, in order to fill in lexical gaps in Romanian, Amfilohie resorted to loanwords, calques and explanatory interpolations that accompanied original Latin and Greek words, thus contributing to the evolution of scientific terminology in Romanian at the end of the eighteenth century. The French influence on the English lexicon in certain knowledge domains is the topic of Julia Schultz’s “Recent borrowings from French to English: a socio-cultural perspective”. This study sets out to shed light on the French impact on English in the recent past. The results presented are based on a corpus of 1,677 twentiethcentury French borrowings collected from the Oxford English Dictionary Online.

On the basis of their meanings, the words under consideration are assigned to different subject fields in order to give a tour d’horizon of the manifold areas and spheres of life enriched by French in recent times. Moving now to the specific field of word formation in languages for specific purposes, Cristina Buenafuentes de la Mata’s “La lexicografía académica ante las disciplinas científico-técnicas: 11

Mª Victoria Domínguez, Alicia Rodríguez, Gregorio Rodríguez, Verónica C. Trujillo

estudio histórico de la recepción de las voces formadas con -ística, -logía y -tecnia” presents a diachronic study of the words naming different scientific domains by means of the suffixes -ística, -logía and -tecnia. The results of her article prove the different semantic evolution and productivity rates of these suffixes by studying their presence in the academic dictionaries.

The role of extralinguistic factors such as subjective evaluations, editorial decisions or sociolinguistic forces in lexicographical definitions and dictionary compilation is also the subject matter of other contributions. Piero Renato Costa León’s article “La enunciación subjetiva en la definición lexicográfica: un rastreo diacrónico en los diccionarios de la Real Academia Española” analyses a sample of entries distributed in three semantic categories and identifies different expressions of subjectivity that may be reduced to a set of markers, whose inclusion does not follow any particular pattern and, therefore, constitute a natural tendency in the lexicographical history of the Spanish Academy. Ideological and sociological evaluations are also studied by Juana L. Herrera Santana’s “El tratamiento lexicográfico de los gentilicios gitano, judío y moro en los diccionarios académicos españoles”. The author revises the treatment of these deronyms (gitano, judío and moro) in dictionaries diachronically, from the eighteenth-century Diccionario de Autoridades up to the latest edition of the Diccionario de la lengua española (2014), and proves the preservation of derogatory language in their definitions.

Although these negative overtones are indeed part of the lexicographic collective knowledge and cannot be omitted, Herrera Santana contends that socio-pragmatic markers should be included to indicate the possible insulting use of these words.

Laura Pinnavaia also deals with editorial policies in her article “Learner’s dictionaries across time: trying to motivate the different treatment of bad language words”.

Through a diachronic analysis of the prefaces to the main English learners’ dictionaries, Pinnavaia tries to explain the attitudes adopted by different editorial teams towards bad language words. The inclusion, presentation and definition of these words, even in the latest editions of the dictionaries, seem to respond to the editorial policies of the first editors. Not even the more modern corpusbased lexicographic tools have changed their prescriptive overtones, although the author states that a movement towards more descriptive approach can be perceived. In his article “Sociolinguistic factors in South Slavic lexicographic traditions”, Danko Šipka tackles on the external variables that may have determined the compilation of selected dictionaries from the Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Bulgarian and Macedonian traditions. He pays special attention to sociocultural, political and historical forces intervening in the process, how these could have a 12

PREFACE

direct influence on specific dictionary components, and which lexicographic strategies were implemented to deal with sociolinguistic factors in the dictionary compilation.

Gender studies in lexicography also tackle ideological and social issues. Thus, the contribution “Women in the Dictionary of Danish Insular Dialects” by Henrik Hovmark explores how female domains are well represented in the DID project as part of the older peasant culture. Hovmark argues that the work of women as local collaborators and editors in the field of dialectology might have favoured the presence of female domains. After all, women’s role in education and society was more and more active in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Georges Farid’s “Stagnation ou évolution des titres et fonctions au féminin dans les dictionnaires?” is a study on the use of feminine in different kinds of contemporary discourse in French. He deals with the problems to “feminise” titles, social functions or professions in this language after different political actions were issued in the 80s to avoid sexism in language, and explains what different linguistic strategies have been usually adopted to sort them out. Besides, he describes which practices should be avoided in this process of feminisation, briefly describes the ideas defended by its supporters and detractors, and gives some guidelines to do away with sexism in writing. Finally, he studies how the feminisation of these terms has been tackled at different social moments by comparing two different editions of the same dictionary, the Petit Robert (1993/2013). In “Género y discurso. Acercamiento al concepto género desde una perspectiva lexicográfica”, Ana Costa Pérez discusses the relationship between ideology and lexicography and argues that dictionaries, as ideological products, convey the concepts, the ideas and the subjectivity of their compilers as individuals inserted in a society. This may explain some gender-biased definitions included in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, which call into question the descriptive neutrality of lexicographical works and are in need of some changes that have already taken place in society.

As for the use of authorities in dictionaries, Beatriz Gómez-Pablos, in her article “Autores extranjeros como autoridad literaria en el Diccionario de Autoridades”, looks into an issue hitherto little explored: the presence of foreign works translated into Spanish to illustrate the use of words which do not come from other languages. This practice proves the reliability assigned to good translations which are thus used as sources of examples at the same level as native works.

The use of previous authorities to compile Francisco de la Torre y Ocón’s dictionary is the topic of Manuel Bruña Cuevas’s “Les sources du dictionnaire 13

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bilingue franco-espagnol de Francisco de la Torre y Ocón (El maestro de las dos lenguas, 1728-1731). It is a descriptive and comparative study focused on a dictionary considered a landmark in the history of Spanish-French/French-Spanish lexical tradition, as it is the first one edited in Spain. In this article, the author addresses the formal resemblances and/or differences and the probable influence of preceding bilingual dictionaries –like Oudin’s Trésor (1607), Covarrubias’ Tesoro (1611), Richelet’s Dictionnaire François (1680) or Sobrino’s Dictionnaire nouveau (1705)– in Ocón’s work, published posthumously.

The following group of works conveys the revision of the lexicographic tradition of a language or the analysis of individual lexicographic projects. Anna H. Hannesdóttir’s article “Swedish lexicographic history revisited” presents a diachronic overview of the discipline, going back to the early stages of Swedish lexicography in which a distinction between Latin-based and patriotic traditions is made. Then, she moves on to explain the major role eighteenth-century bilingual lexicography played in the description, development and standardization of the Swedish language, which definitely influenced the monolingual tradition emerging by then. Connected to one of the issues mentioned in the previous article is Bo Ralph’s contribution: “Patriotic lexicography - an obsolete genre?”.

He focuses on pre-eighteenth-century dictionaries, as real examples of Swedish lexicographers’ effort to enrich and promote their language as a proper vehicle for fluent communication in different domains of knowledge. Ralph explains that this search implied extreme patriotic attitudes at times, related to the Icelandic Sagas or the revival of the glorious past of the Swedes that seem to have (biasedly) conditioned dictionary-compiling decisions. Kira Iosiphovna Kovalenko presents a review “On the classification of the Russian manuscript dictionaries”, using Ludmila S. Kovtun’s 1989 proposal as a point of departure. In the article, Kovalenko summarizes Kovtun’s findings and makes some corrections and additions to her classification by incorporating some new evidence from early Russian lexicography gained through the study of thirteenth-century-onwards manuscript sources, located at different libraries and collections. For his part, Marco Fiola tries to elucidate this question: “The Carrier Language: A Grammar and a Dictionary (1932): translation, adaptation or re-creation?” This paper looks at the lexicographical content of a grammar and bilingual dictionary by Father Adrien-Gabriel Morice, a missionary who worked with First Nations communities in Northern British Columbia (Canada) at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. Morice’s initial intention was to publish a bilingual dictionary to be used by French missionaries working in the region, but having failed to 14

PREFACE

gather the necessary funds, he published an English “version” in 1932. Fiola aims at determining whether there was a Carrier-French dictionary and, if so, whether The Carrier Language: A Grammar and Dictionary can be considered an original, or a translation or, perhaps, an adaptation into English.

Finally, a group of works go into diverse issues related to etymology, regional forms, word formation, or the relationship between lexicon and discourse. Theodor Georgescu’s “Le concept d’étymologie dans les premiers lexicons grecs. Continuité ou rupture avec les dictionnaires étymologiques modernes?” concentrates on the definition of the word etymology in a corpus of old Greek lexicons, as well as on how the authors interpreted it beyond its denotative meaning. To show that the treatment of the word is not much different from that in contemporary dictionaries, Georgescu also presents a comparative study with several etymological dictionaries of modern languages that attests to tradition and classical influence.

In “El andalucismo mancaje ‘escardillo’ y derivados: área e historia”, Francisco Torres Montes analyses the variant forms, derivatives, meanings and relevant geographical areas in which this agricultural tool was (and is) frequently found.

For the purposes, he reviews historical documents, as well as the etymology and currency of the word in more rural Andalusian areas. John M. Ryan and Víctor Parra-Guinaldo’s “Classification and history of relexified diminutives in Modern Spanish: a lexicographic approach” explores the relexification of diminutives as one of the most productive ways for the creation of new words in Spanish. This phenomenon consists in the reanalysis of a lexical item composed of root + diminutive suffix, whereby the original semantic value of the suffix is bleached over time and its form is subsequently reanalyzed as part of the new root carrying new meaning. This study has resulted in the first complete, quantitative and diachronic classification of relexified diminutives in modern Spanish which uses several dictionaries to provide a more comprehensive description of a given lexical phenomenon. Grammaticalisation as a process of word formation is discussed in Ariana Suárez Hernández’s “Un acercamiento a los marcadores del discurso posiblemente, probablemente, seguramente. Primeros planteamientos y nuevas perspectivas”. After a previous theoretical and methodological approach to the concepts of grammaticalisation and modality as regards these adverbs, the author analyses a sample of historical texts for each case to conclude that their meaning and the part of the sentence affected by them has changed. The function of these adverbs as discourse markers is, despite some exceptions, quite recent. However, this change to discourse markers has not occurred systematically, since some values that seemed to have disappeared are still present in later texts.

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Mª Victoria Domínguez, Alicia Rodríguez, Gregorio Rodríguez, Verónica C. Trujillo

In “Aproximación a la variación léxica y prosódica en noticias de radio en español entre 1960 y 2010”, Yurena Mª Gutiérrez-González, Mercedes Cabrera-Abreu and Francisco Vizcaíno-Ortega present a corpus study of Spanish radio news over a 50-year period, which focuses on lexical and prosodic variation to determine whether the speakers’ have identifiable lexical profiles and prosodic styles dependent on the historical evolution of this kind of oral discourse. The description of the elements in the corpus is complemented by a comparative analysis using current style manuals and other reference material.Finally, Laura Santone’s “Le(s) dictionnaire(s) entre (lexi)culture, détournement et notion d’intraduisible” studies four lexicographical works that are featured as “détournés”. These “alternative” dictionaries, conceived mainly from a humorous perspective, present neologisms resulting from the blending of terms and other lexicographical material absent from conventional dictionaries. However, these dictionaries cannot be considered just humouristic as they go beyond the wordplay as they demand from the reader the knowledge shared by individuals who belong to the same discourse community.

In the light of the above, this collection of articles intends to convey the strong dynamism that permeates the studies on historical lexicography and lexicology and serves as an indicator of the direction taken by projects carried out in research institutions all over the world.

The Editors

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