Seminar on Landscape System Analysis-2020 ; Byeonsan Seowon ( Joseon's Neo-Confucianism Academy)

Byeongsan Seowon

Seminar on Landscape System Analysis Professor Wybe Kuitert , Youn-jung Lee

Contents 1. Introduction 2. Geography 3. History 4. Flora

5. Conclusion

1. Introduction

30 Byeongsan-ri, Pungcheon-myeon, Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do

1. Introduction Byeongsan Seowon is located in the nature, with buildings like a part of the scenery arount it and this makes Byeongsan Seowon one of beautiful traditional buildings in Korea.

1. Introduction

Byeongsan Seowon

Byeongsan Seowon is a place built in Byeongsan-Ri, Poongcheon-Myeon, Ahndong-Si Gyungsangbuk-Do to commemorate the academic work of Seoae Seongryong Ryu.

1. Introduction Seowon was listed in Unesco as a “Seowon of Korea” on 2019 July 9th.

In July 2019, nine Confucian academies were listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

1. Introduction

Neo-Confucianism was introduced to Korea in the 13th century to become uniquely adapted to Korean culture.

Neo-Confucianism, which was introduced from China and became fundamental to every aspect of Korea.

It has made significant impacts on a wide range of aspects, from politics to economy, society and culture, and served as an absolute standard to interpret the worldview, which was towards human, society, nation, nature and cosmology.

朱熹

zhuxi ,China

鄭夢周 Jung Mong-ju

李滉 Lee hwang

Seonbi

1. Introduction

사인시음 (Sa-in-shi-eum). Depiction of seonbi writing, by the 18th-century Korean painter Damchul Kang Hui-eon, (1710-1784).

The philosophy became prevalent in the 16th century.

The local literati called Sarim(士林) formed their own Neo-Confucian (性理學) scholastic genealogy to make progresson deepening of the study, especially veneration ritual and cultivation of future generation of sarim(士林), firmly based on private institutes of Seowon (書院).

Korean Neo-Confucian Academies - Seowon

1. Introduction

Seowon( ) was established in the 16th century under the leadership of Sarim( ) while Joseon's NeoConfucianism( ) was increasing its philosophical depth.

Seowon, which actively interacted with the local community and contributed to the formation of political culture, also served as a ceremonial space for the local community and collected social opinions Museongseowon Confucian Academy who was active at the end of Joseon Dynasty , Chae Yong-shin, 1924

Seonbi & Landscape appreciation

1. Introduction

Seonbi secluded themselves from the world and studied in moutain.

They wrote a poem and sang a song praising the nature to relieve their boredom.

1. Introduction People climbed on the mountain and discussed about politics, shared personal stories, and gained relief watching the beautiful scenery around them with some drinks.

[Songha Class]

Literati Gathering at Songseogwon

Kim Hong-do 1745/1806

Lee In-sang

[松下佳會Songha gahoe] Jung Soo Young 1784

1. Introduction Seowon was a school in east-Asian culture.

Seowon of Korea was a private education center built after the middle period of Choseon dynasty.

It was also used as a veneration area.

(Korea) Yangcheon Isu Pavilion by Jeong Seon (1676-1759)

1749 by Gyeomjae Jeong Seon.

(Korea) Yangcheon Isu Pavilion by Jeong Seon (1676-1759)

Seowon

& Topography

1. Introduction

Buildings were built like a flowing water following the natural shape of landscape.

From the top, veneration area, learning area, and interaction area was built.

1. Introduction

Seowon where they can see the scenery of mountains and rivers.

People believed that natural scenery can inspire one to be a great researcher.

Jeong Seon (1676-1759)

Contents 1. Introduction

2. Geography 3. History 4. Flora

5. Conclusion

2. Geography

The name of Byeongsan Seowon was from the fact a mountain across Nakdong- river from Seowon looks natural partition

Topsoil Texture Map (https://www.dbpia.co.kr)

2. Geography DgF2 (대구) Daegu Typifying Pedon: Daegu gravelly silt loam-forest.

Slope: 60-100% Elevation: 425 m above m.s.l.

Drainage and Permeability: Somewhat excessively drained.

Permeability is probably moderate and runoff is rapid to very rapid depending on the slope gradients.

Use and Vegetation: Most areas grow pine trees and wild grasses HbC2 (하빈) Habin Typifying Pedon: Habin gravelly loam-pine forest .

Slope: 30-60% Elevation: 178 m above m.s.l.

Drainage and Permeability: Somewhat excessively drained and permeability is moderate or moderately rapid. Runoff is rapid to very rapid.

Use and Vegetation: Most areas are used for forest including pine trees, oak, alder, and acacia.

YgC (연곡) Yeongog Typifying Pedon: Yeongog loam-wild grass.

Slope: 7-15% Elevation: m above m.s.l.

Drainage and Permeability: The Yeongog soils are moderately well drained and very slowly permeable.

The runoff is moderate depending on slopes.

BlB,BIC(반호) Banho

Land Use Recommendation Map (https://www.dbpia.co.kr)

Typifying Pedon: Banho gravelly silt loam-soybean.

Slope: 2-7% Elevation: 125 m above m.s.l.

Drainage and Permeability: Well drained. Permeability is moderately slow.

Runoff is moderate depending on the slope gradient.

Use and Vegetation: Most areas are used for barley, soybean, red pepper, wheat and similar upland crops.

Very few areas are used for paddy rice or forest.

2. Geography

Here is an untouched natural space.

2. Geography

You can see various ecological spaces with slow flow water.

2. Geography

There is a sandbar and a river near Byeongsan Seowon

Simsan Valley

심산유곡

深山幽谷 The earth's topography, which is called Simsan Valley, means many ridges caused by water erosion.

As the distance between the view and the view was short and varied, the culture of appreciating the scenery along the water was developed.

Kang Se-hwang, 太宗臺 (1757)

2. Geography

Biodiverse nature was observed.

Swampy area is formed.

2. Geography

Many valleys are constantly visible

2. Geography

Many different form of agriculture was observed, although it is far away from city.

2. Geography

Farming landscape of the Joseon Dynasty, Kim Hong-do 1745/1806

Fertilizing a Korea Rice Peddy (1910~1960)

2. Geography

Land use was differentiated according to the landscape.

River enriched the agricultural system.

Reference image

Land Use Recommendation Map (https://www.dbpia.co.kr)

2. Geography

Orchard and crop field was observed.

Surroundings of Byungsan Seowon

2. Geography

Land sheath Map

Surroundings of Byeongsan Seowon

From the top we see: Coniferous forest, Broad leaved forest and mixed forest along the slopes, fields were used as pasture, crop fields were lower while swampy areas were found along the river.

2. Geography

Ecological Natural Map of the Environment (http://map.ngii.go.kr)

2. Geography

2. Geography

2020-08-09

2. Geography

Pd / Pine tree Community - Qv/ Sawtooth oak Community 소나무 군락

굴참나무 군락

QalQv/ Oriental white oak-Sawtooth oak Community 갈참나무-굴참나무군락

Rop Acacia Community 아까시나무군락

2020-08-09

Contents 1. Introduction 2. Geography

3. History 4. Flora

5. Conclusion

3. History

Byeongsan Seowon Located in Andong City of Gyeongsangbukdo Province and established in 1613, Byeongsan-seowon located on a steepslope, facing a vast expanse of Mountain.

국토지리 정보원 (http://map.ngii.go.kr)

3. History

The villages of are located in the south-eastern region of the Korean peninsula, the heartland of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), that ruled the Korean Peninsula for more than five hundred years. It is a distance of 90km between them.

Byeongsan Seowon

Hahoe Village

Sheltered by forested mountains and facing out onto rivers and open agricultural fields, Hahoe and Byeongsan Seowon in their landscape settings are seen as the two most representative historic, clan village in Korea. It is founded in the 14th-15th century Wha Mountain which originates from the Taebaek Mountains and is 271 meters high is located in the eastern part of the village.

Byeongsan Seowon is located on the east side of the village.

3. History

Byeongsan Seowon is one of the most representative Confucianism architecture built in 1613(Gwanhae 5).

Kyungsaejung and several students in the region built Jondeok temple and placed the body of Ryu Seong-ryong commemorating the academic greatness of him.

Ryu Seong-ryongs birthplace

Ryu Seong-ryong Relics of Ryu Seongryong's Jongson Family Director of Hahoe-ri, Pungcheon-myeon, Andong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do

3. History Hahoe is the village where the members of Ryu family which originated from Hahoe Village have lived together for 600 years.

It is a representative village for one family where tile-roofed houses and thatched roofed ones have been quite well conserved for a long time.

3. History

Hahoe is the village where the members of Ryu family which originated from Hahoe Village have lived together for 600 years.

Low hills of the mountain are stretched to the western part of the village.

The location on which a great zelkova tree 600 years old stands is the highest in the village.

The village conserves many cultural heritages which show Korean traditional living cultures and ancient architectual styles.

3. History Japanese occupation

1910~1945

Andong Station (1931)

Andong Central Street (1910~1945)

!mage of Byeongsan Seowon, located in Andong, taken during the Japanese colonial period.(1910~1945) Japanese colonial period (1943)

3. History

Andong Byeongsan Seowon, taken before 1986

Difference

Andong Byeongsan Seowon, Today

1. Origianl gardening of plants seems more natural and in harmony with surrounding environment than that of nowadays. Artifically planted trees were observed.

2. Shape of land seems changed by placing of rocks. Steep land seems flattened.

3. Untouched original shape of Byeongsan Seowon seems more natural with the surrounding environment.

3. History

Steepness of Byeong Mountain can be observed.

It’s aggressiveness is observed.

There was a fire on Byeong Mountain recently.(2020) Nakdong river protected Byeongsan Seowon from the fire.

3. History

Byeong Mountain’s aggressiveness is amazing.

3. History

(風水) Byeongsan Seowon placed on the South-east plain of Wha Mountain, which is on the South-west side of Ahndong, facing South placed across the Byeong Mountain.

Wha Mountain on the backside is not steep, while Byeong Mountain at the front is steep.

Byeongsan Seowon is placed on the middle part of Nakdong river.

Steep wall (Neoduldaebyuk) on the east side of Seowon is high and strong, and river flows from east to west .

The river is pushed by the strong mountain on the east side, which is the perfect place for a seowon.

Byeongsan Seowon Fung Shu Map

3. History

Topography

Looking from Byeongsan Seowon, one can figure out that Byeong Mountain is steep while Wha Mountain is not.

3. History

Scary Mountain Wha Mountain

Seowon

If you look at the cliffs of Byeong Mountain, which stretch across the front of Seowon, you can feel the energy that comes out of the mountain.

The 300m height of Byeong Mountain is immediately visible and threatens.

Seowon would stop the threa tening, disease-producing energy of Byeong Mountain.

Byeong Mountain

Wha Mountain

2020-08-09

Wha Mountain

Seowon

Seowon

Byeong Mountain Byeong Mountain

3. History If you look at the cliffs of Byeong Mountain, which stretch across the front of Seowon, you can feel the energy that comes out of the mountain.

Strong aura from steep Byeong Mountain is blocked by Mandaeru of Seowon.

Mandaeru

Mandaeru

The name of Byeongsan Seowon was from the fact a mountain across Nakdong-gang(a river) from Seowon looks like Byeongpung(a traditional partition)..

Mandaeru, located between Byeongsan Brang and Seowon, is used for fengshui invincibility to protect Byeongsan Mountain.

3. History

3. History

Architecture

Ipgyodang Gwangyeongji Mandaeru Dongjae and Seojae Sinmun Bokryemun Dalpaeng-i Duitgan(snail restroom)

3. History

Jondeoksa Jangpangak Jeonsacheong

3. History

Ipgyodang to the school from Mandaeru. (On the left) Mandaeru and Byeongsan, which are viewed from the Ipgyodang. (On the right)

2020-08-09

3. History Section of Byeongsan seowon

Introvert

This place is located in a high place and it is a place for ancestral rites, so it should be quiet.

Extrovert

It is a place where scholars study and rest, so the scenery is opened.

3. History

Extrovert

Introvert

3. History

Hyangsa is a memorial ceremony for Master Seoae and Suam, praising their deep studies. As the biggest event in Byeongsan Seowon, the ceremony is held twice a year: in Spring and Fall. The date of Hyangsa is on Jungjeong, a lunar calendar day in the mid-week of March and September.

Contents 1. Introduction 2. Geography 3. History

4. Flora 5. Conclusion

4. Flora A total of 32 copies (six kinds of trees and three kinds of shrubs) were planted in Seowon.

4. Flora

홍매자 Berberis koreana.

꽃사과 Malus prunifolia

배롱나무 Lagerstroemia indica

매화나무 Prunus mume

구상나무Abies koreana

조팝나무 Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora

산철쭉 Rhododendron yedoense

살구나무Prunus armeniaca

수수꽃다리 Syringa

전나무Abies holophylla

오죽 Phyllostachys nigra

무궁화 Hibiscus syriacus

소나무 Pinus densiflora

주엽나무 Gleditsia triacanthos

감나무 Diospyros kaki

4. Flora

It is the most artificial space in Byeongsan Seowon.

4. Flora Pd

Qv

Pd

Qv

Pd QalQv Pd

QalQv Pd

Qv QalQv

I looked at the plants in a larger area, such as the mountains outside the Seowon and the waterfront.

4. Flora

소나무 Pinus densiflora

떡갈나무Quercus dentata

왕벗나무 Prunus × yedoensis

아카시나무 Robinia pseudoacacia

상수리나무 Quercus acutissima

복숭아 Prunus persica

모가나무 Pseudocydonia sinensis

밤나무 Castanea crenata

갈참나무 Quercus aliena

뽕나무 Morus alba

감나무 Diospyros kaki

대추나무 Ziziphus

느티나무 Zelkova serrata

느릅나무 Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 화회나무 Styphnolobium japonicum

4. Flora

4. Flora

Contents 1. Introduction 2. Geography

3. History 4. Flora

5. Conclusion

The natural scenery outside the seowon is preserved in its original form.

But inside and around Seowon, the landscape was artificial and pretentious.

Seonbis studied in deep mountains, learned inspirations enjoying nature.

Byeongsan Seowon is where the harsh condition of landscape was overcome and built as a perfect natural condition was a Seowon.

People visited this Seowon and town was formed.

Agriculture was developed and towns people get to know of studetns in Seowon.

There were small changes because of fire and development, the soil and nature of the area kept its biodiversity.

It should be maintained with extra care considering that it is now a Unesco listed architecture.

As how Seonbi dreamed of this place.

A Study on the Building Layout and Space Composition of Byungsan-Seowon Ha Heon-jeong, Yu In-ho, Architectural Institute of Korea (2003) 병산서원의 배치형태와 공간구성에 관한 연구 /하헌정, 유인호 . 대한건축학회 (2003) Feng Shui-Liological Analysis of the Layout of Seowon Construction Site Job Building in the Joseon Dynasty-Focused on the Traditional Seowon Chinese Cultural Heritage in Yeongnam Province, Department of Environmental Design at Yeungnam University Graduate School of Environmental Health. Park Sang-gu (2007) 조선시대 서원건축터잡기건물배치의 풍수지리적 해석-영남지방의 전통서원 중국가지정문화재를 중심으로 ,영남대학교 환경보건대학원 환경디자인학과. 박상구(2007)

Byeongsan Seowon Thank you