Medical Photography and It's Influence on The Art World

ME D I C AL PHO T O GRAPHY AND I T ' S INF L U ENCE ON T H E A RT WORL D B Y

B E T H A N Y

C A S T L E

P h o t o g r a p h y, v e r s a t i l e f o r i t s m a n y u s e s , has developed throughout history to the digital phenomenon that we know and use

t o d a y.

A r g u a b l y,

one

of

the

most

important uses of the medium is that used within the medical field. Advances in

photographic

technology

evolving

alongside scientific advance on disease and cure have become integral to new emerging research. I will look at not only how

photography

has

developed

over

t i m e w i t h i n t h e m e d i c a l f i e l d , b u t h o w i t ’s uses

intended

and

developed

through

medical practice have influenced artists, exploring how these artists have utilised the methods of medical recording and photography crossover them.

that

to

create

has

art

developed

and

the

between

MEDICAL P H O T O G R A P H Y

The first recorded use of photography was

in

1835,

working

with

light

sensitive paper in the darkroom William Henry

Fox

Ta l b o t

produced

his

first

camera negative, and soon realised that a positive image could subsequently be o b t a i n e d b y f u r t h e r p r i n t i n g . H o w e v e r, the first medical use of photography was

recorded

in

1839

when

who

worked

François

Donné,

Parisian

Hospital,

sections

of

bones

went

to

publish

on

featured

Alfred in

a

photographed

and a

teeth.

Donné

textbook

engravings

from

that his

daguerreotype photomicrographs, with help

from

the

photographer

Jean

Ber nard Léon Foucault he was able to use this technique. Donné was able to showcase the first images of platelets, leukemia,

and

trichomonas

vaginalis-

c e l l s a n d o rg a n i s m s t h a t h e h i m s e l f h a d discovered.

The next significant use of photography wasn't until 1 8 5 2 , w h e n H u g h We l c h D i a m o n d , a p h y s i c i a n w h o worked in an Asylum, created a catalog of the visual signs of insanity by photographing the patients of m e n t a l i l l n e s s a n d o rg a n i z i n g t h e p h o t o g r a p h s b y symptoms. He was also a founding member of the Royal Photographic Society which shows where the idea to use photographs as a way to record these symptoms, may have been influenced from. Diamond also

believed

that

photographs

would

play

a

significant role in the diagnosis and management of p a t i e n t s , i n t h e f u t u r e t o c o m e , L i k e H u g h We l c h Diamond,

Guillaume-Benjamin

Duchenne

de

Boulogne (neurologist) began to photograph inmates in the Salpêtrière Mental Hospital in Paris, 1856.

Boulogne devised a method for activating individual muscles in the face through electronic stimulation and used this to photograph facial expressions and at

one

point

listed

53

emotions

that

could

be

identified based on the muscular action. His work was

published

Physionomie

in

1862

Humaine

in

in

Mécanisme

what

was

the

de

la

most

In 1878 the first medical photography

reference

unit

Salpêtrière

photography La Photographie Médicale,

H o s p i t a l i n P a r i s b y D r. C h a r c o t a s t u d e n t

in 1893. Londe went on to develop a

of

systematic

was

established

Duchenne

de

at

Boulogne

who

also

on

the

practice

method

for

of

medical

photographing

believed that photographs would have a

patients in fixed views that considered

major

field.

depth of field and distortion caused by

Albert Londe who worked at Salpêtrière

lens design and distance of the lens

under Charcot's supervision, was hired

from the subject.

influence

in

the

medical

to not only make photographs but to create new apparatus to record signs and symptoms. Londe published a major

Some of the earliest known pre-operative and postoperative surgery

photographs in

the

of

1850s,

patients

were

by

that

required

Hermann

Wo l f f

Berend. He was one of the first physicians to write a n a c a d e m i c p a p e r a b o u t p h o t o g r a p h y ’s a p p l i c a t i o n to medicine in 1855, offering advice including: “the s u rg e o n s h o u l d a l w a y s p u t t h e p a t i e n t i n a r e l a x e d position which should express the characteristics of t h e d i s e a s e i n t h e p i c t u r e " . F u r t h e r, C h a r l e s G i l b e r t ( 1 8 0 3 - 1 8 6 8 ) , a c e l e b r a t e d p l a s t i c s u rg e o n , w a s o n e of

the

first

medical

people

work

and

to

use

photography

contributed

to

in

his

surgical

photographic literature, publishing images and a description of a forehead flap for jaw and nasal reconstruction following a tumor excision.

X-RAY I M A G I N G

I n p h o t o g r a p h y, e a r l y u s a g e i n m e d i c i n e w a s p r i m a r i l y t o record symptoms and for the diagnosis of patients. This is s t i l l t h e m a i n u s e o f p h o t o g r a p h y i n m e d i c i n e t o d a y, t h e r e i s however other photographic techniques that have developed a l o n g s i d e t h e s e f i r s t a p p l i c a t i o n s o f p h o t o g r a p h y. I n 1 8 9 5 , Professor

Wilhelm

Conrad

Roentgen

from

G e r m a n y,

discovered X-rays. Whilst working with a cathode-ray tube in h i s l a b o r a t o r y, R o e n t g e n o b s e r v e d a f l u o r e s c e n t l i g h t e m i t t i n g off crystals on a table near his tube. The tube that Roentgen was working with consisted of a glass casing with positive and negative electrodes encapsulated in it. There was no air in the tube, and when a high voltage was applied, the tube p r o d u c e d a f l u o r e s c e n t g l o w. R o e n t g e n s h i e l d e d t h e t u b e w i t h heavy black paper and concluded that the green light that was being emitted a few feet from the tube was a new type of r a y. H e f o u n d t h a t t h e n e w r a y c o u l d p a s s t h r o u g h m o s t substances casting shadows of solid objects. Roentgen also discovered that the ray could pass through the tissue of humans, but not bones and metal objects.

One

of

Roentgen's

first

generated

new

possibilities

in

experiments late in 1895 was a

physics, and for investigating the

film

structure

of

the

hand

of

his

wife,

of

m a t t e r.

Much

Bertha. The first use of an x-ray

enthusiasm was generated about

was for industrial use as opposed

potential

to

as

a

medical

application,

as

an

applications

aid

in

of

X-rays

medicine

and

Roentgen produced a radiograph

s u rg e r y. W i t h i n a m o n t h o f t h e

of a set of weights in a box to

d i s c o v e r y,

show

the

had been made in Europe and the

general public and the scientific

United States, which were used

community

by

his

colleagues. were

Both

fascinated

by

several

surgeons

to

radiographs

guide

them

in

this invisible ray with the ability

their work. In June 1896, only 6

t o p a s s t h r o u g h s o l i d m a t t e r, a n d

m o n t h s

i n

c o n j u n c t i o n

photographic picture b o d y

of

plate,

bones

p a r t s ,

a

a n n o u n c e d h i s d i s c o v e r y, X - r a y s

provided

a

were

interior

w e l l

a s

demonstrating a wavelength that was

shorter

than

R o e n t g e n

w i t h

and

a s

a f t e r

light.

This

being

physicians

used to

by

locate

wounded soldiers.

battlefield bullets

in

HISTORY OF M I C R O S C O P Y

During

1655,

Magistrate)

William

Boreel

investigated

(Dutch

who

had

Diplomat&

invented

the

microscope, as there was much dispute between spectacle

makers

Zacharias

Janssen

and

Hans

L i p p e r s h e y. B o r e e l c o n c l u d e d a f t e r m u c h e v i d e n c e and testimony that Zacharias Janssen was indeed the

inventor

of

the

first

microscope,

though

c o n t r o v e r s y s t i l l s u r r o u n d s t h i s c l a i m t o d a y. T h e early

Janssen

microscopes

were

compound

microscopes, which use at least two lenses. One of the earliest Janssen microscopes, is dated to 1595.

It

had

three

sliding

tubes

for

different

lenses, no tripod and was capable of magnifying three to nine times the true size.

H o w e v e r, i t w a s t h e E n g l i s h s c i e n t i s t R o b e r t H o o k e w h o i m p r o v e d t h e m i c r o s c o p e t o w h a t w e k n o w t o d a y. I n 1 6 6 7 h e w a s t h e f i r s t to publish his work on the subject called "Micrographia" it contained drawings of what he observed through the microscope, it explored the structure of snowflakes, fleas, lice and plants. He coined the term "cell" from the Latin cella, which means "small room," because he compared the cells, he saw in the cork to the small rooms that monks lived in. With the help of Christopher C o c k , a L o n d o n i n s t r u m e n t m a k e r, h e i m p r o v e d t h e m i c r o s c o p e b y c o m b i n i n g t h e o i l l a m p i l l u m i n a t i o n w i t h a c o b b l e r ’s b a l l , a n d a glass flask filled with water that focused the light on the specimen to illuminate it. In today's modern society we have advanced from these types of basic light microscopes to electron microscopes.

Electron

microscopes

attains

extremely

high

resolution using a beam of electrons to penetrate inside our cells and showing inter nal structures instead of a beam of light to i l l u m i n a t e t h e o b j e c t o f s t u d y. “ S c i e n t i f i c i m a g e s a r e f a s c i n a t i n g , because they reveal things and processes that remain hidden to the human eye. It has become possible to delve ever deeper into micro- and macrocosms and capture these worlds in images. In science does photography primarily serve as the visual aid of the r e s e a r c h e r, o r d o e s i s p l a y a m u c h l a rg e r r o l e ? ” [ 1 ]

NICK V E A S E Y

Whist

photography

has

had

a

huge influence on the medical field, the medical practice of photography and the techniques used, such as x-rays has also had an

influence

on

photographers

and artists alike.

N i c k

Ve a s e y

u n l i k e

other photographers doesn't use

an

actual camera to create his images instead he uses X-rays and radiation t o

l o o k

i n s i d e

o b j e c t s . V e a s e y

d i ff e re n t

worked

in

the

advertising and design industry and also

pursued

work

in

conventional

s t i l l p h o t o g r a p h y, b e f o r e b e i n g a s k e d to X-ray a cola can for a television s h o w. Ve a s e y a l s o X - r a y e d t h e s h o e s he was wearing on the day and upon showing the finished image to an art director was inspired by the response it

provoked.

continue

H e t h e n

went

experimenting

technique

and

throughout his work.

on

with

to

this

developing

it

Rat Pack - 2016 N i c k Ve a s y

This

image

was

c r e a t e d b y

i n d i v i d u a l l y

e x p o s i n g

e a c h s e c t i o n o f

the

image

to

radiation. Being limited to small pieces

of

f i l m , Ve a s y h a d

to

separately

expose each part

of

the

image

he

was

c r e a t e . A f t e r h e i m a g e s ,

h e

trying

has

all

s c a n s

to the

a n d

processes them separately into a computer and bring

them

overlaps

into

one

them to complete

image. By scanning each section in isolation, it allows him to bring detail all

the

way

through the

image, it was then printed as a CTy p e a n d M o u n t e d o n P l e x i g l a s s .

The black background of the film allows for a strong contrast against the blue h u e o f t h e X - r a y, d r a w i n g out the skeletal image. The d e s i g n

/

t h e m e

i s d e t e r m i n e d

by

the

d i f f e r e n t o b j e c t s Ve a s y h a s placed h e

within

a l s o

the

image;

c re a t e s

a

unity within the portrait in order to set a scene. The X-rays allow us to observe the

skeleton

and

every

detail of each object. The components of the image vary in that for example… the

chair

texture, dense the

in

has

yet

is

a

dark

contrast,

skeleton

irregular

smooth

and

whilst

has

texture,

translucent

and

yet

an is

almost

The

composition

of

the

portrait

is

forward

facing

and

simplistic in nature, and the scene set is evocative of someone who has a busy day at work and has just finally sat down to relax, with a whisky spirit and cigarette. The image has both a macabre and casual feel, the curvature of the chair seems to cradle the skeleton, the posture appears to be open and nonchalant, both bow tie and jacket are u n d o n e , w i t h a r m h a n g i n g l o o s e l y. T h e s u i t a n d b o w t i e a r e formal, yet the moccasin shoes and trilby hat are casual, evoking

perhaps

portrayed

within

a the

hipster image

style. that

F u r t h e r, are

vices

associated

are with

r e l a x i n g , s m o k i n g a n d d r i n k i n g a l c o h o l . A l t e r n a t i v e l y, t h e image

portrays

addictive

vices

such

as

drinking

and

smoking that can lead to an early grave, the skeleton is often

symbolistic

message.

of

death,

perhaps

there

is

a

hidden

1 9 3 0 ’s P o n t i a c w i t h G a n g s t e r s - 2 0 1 6 N i c k Ve a s y

T h e n e x t i m a g e i s c a l l e d , 1 9 3 0 ’s -

a n d i n o rg a n i c o b j e c t s , a s w e l l

Pontiac with Gangsters – 2016,

as different films, exposures

another

and

image

by

Nick

Ve a s e y.

varying

doses

of

Like the first image (Rat Pack -

radiation to produce his X-ray

2 0 1 6 ) , Ve a s e y a g a i n w h e n X - r a y i n g

images. Again, like the first

large

image

o b j e c t s a n d

people

m u s t i n d i v i d u a l l y e x p o s e

Veasey

s c a n s a n d

each

p r o c e s s e s t h e m s e p a r a t e l y

part of the image to radiation.

into a computer and overlaps

This is a slow process, and each

them to

exposure can take between two

image together like one big

and

jigsaw puzzle.

seventeen

minutes,

depending on the thickness of the m a t e r i a l . O v e r t i m e Ve a s e y

has

e x p e r i m e n t e d w i t h b o t h o rg a n i c

bring

the

complete

Once again, the black background of the film allows for a s t r o n g c o n t r a s t a g a i n s t t h e w h i t e h u e o f t h e X - r a y, d r a w i n g o u t the skeletal figures and intricate mechanical detail of the vehicle. The design is determined by the different objects Ve a s e y h a s p l a c e d w i t h i n t h e i m a g e ; t h e t y p e o f v e h i c l e , weapons and style of clothing portray the era and set out this dynamic, exciting scene. The use of the X-ray allows us to

“Discover objects didn’t kn there”

things in that you now were

showing us the objects from the inside

out.

scanning

After

process,

the the

X-ray images

are overlayed and manipulated using Photoshop to produce the final

c o p y.

The

Pontiac

and

Gangsters exude a translucent g l o w, h o w e v e r, n o t e t h a t o b j e c t s within the image that are white are

dense

and

harder

radiation to penetrate.

for

The composition of the scene is landscape and dynamic in nature and has a degree of depth similar to that of a 3D image. In contrast to the f i r s t i m a g e , t h e s c e n e i s a t m o s p h e r i c i n t h r i l l , a d v e n t u r e a n d d a n g e r. T h e o b s e r v e r c o u l d i m a g i n e a c a r c h a s e f o l l o w i n g a 1 9 3 0 ’s m a f i a s t y l e m o b hit, first drawn to the rear passenger holding off the ensuing peril from behind with a tommy gun, a weapon well associated with mobsters of that era. Note the violin case on the rear seat, which is not initially spotted until the viewer takes a closer look at the finer details in the background

of

the

image,

often

used

to

carry

tommy

guns

i n c o n s p i c u o u s l y. A f t e r l o o k i n g a t t h e r e a r p a s s e n g e r y o u r e y e s a r e d r a w n to the front of the image where the driver of the vehicle has one hand on t h e w h e e l a n d t h e o t h e r r e a d y t o f i r e w i t h h i s r e v o l v e r. T h e i m a g e a l s o portrays a degree of motion, the gangster shooting backward implies they are being chased from behind; thus, the direction of the image can to be perceived as traveling forward in motion. Also, the wheels in the foreground almost appear to have motion and the curvature of the front wheel arch continues the forward flow of the vehicle. Using the rule of thirds, the viewer starts off with all the action and adventure at the back/right of the image working forward along the Pontiac where the i m a g e c r e a t e s a s l i g h t l y c a l m e r a t m o s p h e r e . F i n a l l y, n o t e t h e ( Tr i l b y H a t ) as worn by the gangsters, this appears to be something of a trademark o f N i c k Ve a s y a s t h i s s t y l e o f h a t i s o f t e n u s e d w i t h i n h i s o t h e r p i e c e s .

ORLAN A

R

T

I

S

T

Another artist that creates work somewhere medicine

between

is

contemporary

ORLAN artist

art

and

a

French

best

known

f o r h e r w o r k w i t h p l a s t i c s u rg e r y i n t h e e a r l y t o m i d - 1 9 9 0 ’s . O R L A N is known as a pioneer of carnal art, a form of self-portraiture that utilizes

body

distort

modification

one's

Bor n Mireille

to

appearance.

Suzanne

Francette

Porte in Saint-Étienne, Loire, she adopted

the

name

ORLAN

in

1971, which she always writes in capitals.

Over

the

last

five

decades, ORLAN, now 73 years old, has given birth to herself, dressed up as a saint, carried out several

plastic

surgeries,

and

digitally removed her own skin. It is this impulse to draw attention to herself at all costs that leaves her

open

to

the

accusation

of

The Reincarnation of Saint Orlan», 1990 – 1993 ORLAN

Some of her early works were deemed controversial, in 1977, ORLANS p e r f o r m a n c e ( T h e A r t i s t ’s K i s s ) b e c a m e a s c a n d a l . D u r i n g t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n t e m p o r a r y A r t F a i r, P a r i s , j u s t o u t s i d e t h e G r a n d P a l a i s , a l i f e - s i z e photo of her torso was turned into a slot machine. A spectator would insert a coin and could see it descending to the groin before being awarded a kiss from the artist herself.

H o w e v e r, w h a t t r u l y c e m e n t e d h e r r e p u t a t i o n w i t h i n t h e extreme

art

world

was

in

the

early

1990s,

when

she

u n d e r w e n t n i n e f a c i a l p l a s t i c s u rg e r i e s , i n c l u d i n g o n e t h a t gave her now-infamous forehead implants. She documented the

entire

conscious,

performance smiling,

and

on

film,

reading

s h e ’s

aloud

to

shown the

fully

camera.

ORLAN is unwilling to be confined by the limits of pain, suffering, or even nature, and will obstinately work against them. This presented an opportunity for her to explore new artistic boundaries, and thus was born (The Reincarnation of Saint-Orlan). It is important to note that she does not seek to improve or rejuvenate her original appearance but to use her own flesh as a medium of transformation.

Tu r n i n g h e r s e l f i n t o a w a l k i n g p i e c e o f a r t s h e u s e s i t t o constantly change her appearance, especially her face and b o d y, u s i n g i t a s a m a l l e a b l e t o o l f o r s h i f t i n g i d e n t i t i e s .

“I have been the first artist to use aesthetic surger y in another context - not to appear younger or better according to the designated pattern, I wanted to disrupt the standards of beauty”

Tu r n i n g

herself

into

a

walking piece of art she uses it to constantly change her appearance,

especially

her

f a c e a n d b o d y, u s i n g i t a s a malleable identities.

tool

for

shifting

Her fascination for tribal art and culture may have had a profound effect on her decision to consider body modification. Body Modification such as (scarification, nose plugs, tooth sharpening, skull elongation, foot binding, lip stretching, neck stretching, ear stretching, finger cutting, piercing and tattoos) are just some the m a c a b r e r i t u a l s o f N a t i v e Tr i b e s . B u t e a c h c u l t u r e f r o m which

these

modifications

o r i g i n a t e h a s

i t s o w n

p e r s p e c t i v e r e g a r d i n g t h e h u m a n b o d y, a n d t h e r e i s a deep-seated belief that justifies the mutilation done.

O R L A N ’s p e r f o r m a n c e s , s c u l p t u r e s , a n d v i d e o w i l l b e forever etched in the history of art. Best known for her s u rg e r y - p e r f o r m a n c e s ; s h e w a s f r e q u e n t l y a s k e d i f t h e true goal behind them the process of her beautification was. She firmly holds the ground, stating it was never her intention to become more beautiful, but rather to c h a l l e n g e a n d c o n f r o n t t h e w o r l d ’s t h o u g h t s o f a n d e x p e c t a t i o n s o f c o n v e n t i o n a l b e a u t y. O R L A N ’s w o r k h a s always been controversial, unorthodox, eccentric and nonconformist,

she

continues

to

push

artistic

boundaries and has made us think about the body as a m e d i u m f o r a r t a n d w h a t t r u l y i s b e a u t y.

FINAL CONCLUSION

To

conclude,

photography

has

developed

s i g n i f i c a n t l y t h r o u g h o u t h i s t o r y, e v e r s i n c e i t w a s f i r s t d i s c o v e r e d b y W i l l i a m H e n r y F o x Ta l b o t i n 1835,

developing

from

something

as

simple

as

placing photosensitive paper under light to building a camera to capture an image to the high-tech d i g i t a l c a m e r a e q u i p m e n t w e h a v e t o d a y.

Not only

has this provided a huge influence on artists and their work but it has also been a huge influence in the medical field, being used time and time again to not only record medical data but to provide images of diseases, cells and bones that in the past we never thought we’d be able to see.

“ B y t h e h e l p o f microscopes, there is nothing so small, as to escape our inquiry; hence there is a new visible world discovered t o t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g .”

[4]

The discovery of x-rays, microscopes and photography has

helped

society

advance,

influenced many people's lives.

and

has

significantly

X-rays started out as an amazing scientific

break-through,

which

was eventually embraced by the medical

field,

and

now

the

art

world. Radiation is a dangerous a r t m e d i u m t o b e u s i n g , h o w e v e r, a r t i s t s s u c h a s H u g h Tu r v e y a n d N i c k Ve a s e y t a k e g r e a t c a u t i o n i n the production of their artwork.

“Creating beautiful piec

risk, working with X-ray

is paramount, so all the in a bespoke concrete

the vast majority of the X

ces of art comes with a

ys is dangerous. Safety

e radiation is contained c h a m b e r, t h i s i s w h e r e

X-ray work is created”

V e a s y ’s

work

in

particular

is

not

considered to be overly controversial, but

far

more

educational.

He

informative has

released

and

several

books, including a collaboration with The Science & Industry Museum with an X-ray book aimed at educating children.

His

work

could

be

considered

mainstream, appealing to the general public, celebrities and art elite alike, he has

even

exhibited

for

the

Duke

&

D u c h e s s o f C a m b r i d g e . H o w e v e r, o v e r time, the art world has accused him of b e i n g a o n e t r i c k p o n y, u n a b l e t o e v o l v e his art to other mediums or reinvent himself as an artist.

ORLAN;

a

narcissism

of

plastic

surgery

or

contemporary artist. One might ask themselves is it

ethically

right

to

under

-

go

potentially

dangerous medical procedures, not for the sake of b e a u t y, a s O R L A N h a s s o o b s t i n a t e l y d e n i e d , b u t for the sake of art. Her fascination for tribal art and culture may have had a profound effect on her decision

to

consider

body

modification.

As

a

cultural icon, does ORLAN have a responsibility to caution others into body modification, especially those influenced by her own actions.

My investigation was to look at how photography

has

influenced

the

medical field and in turn how those processes influenced

and

techniques

artists

to

develop

have new

ways of creating artwork, and I have found that not only does it inspire artists to create new a unique ways of making artwork and help in medical diagnosis but it allows us to see new things

and

explore

what

we

didn’t

know was there to begin with. The cross over between art, photography and science raises questions of the medium itself, dating right back to the e a r l y p i o n e e r s o f p h o t o g r a p h y.

What

was originally used to document and record evidence, quickly evolved to being utilised by scientists and artists alike.

“Photography is a brid

and ar t. It brings to sc most, the artistic sense that nothing can be im be matched in the cou Through

photography

scientist can find a com

their search for the s [6]

vision in time, space, an

dge between science

cience what it needs

e, and to ar t the proof

magined which cannot

unterpoints of nature.

y,

both

artist

and

mmon denominator in

synthesis of modern

and structure. We can

FULL BIBLIOGRAPHY

P R I M A RY S O U R C E :

- To b e c o n f i r m e d

BOOKS:

-

Shooting

Medical

Soldiers

-

Civil

Photography:

Wa r

Reed

B

Bontecou (1682

- I n s i d e O u t : N i c k Ve a s e y ( 2 0 1 7 )

- X - R a y - S e e T h r o u g h t h e Wo r l d A r o u n d Yo u : N i c k Ve a s e y ( 2 0 0 8 ) h t t p s : / / a r t d a i l y. c c / n e w s / 6 4 8 8 1 / Crossover--Photography-ofS c i e n c e - - - S c i e n c e - o f Photography-on-view-atF

o

t

o

m

u

s

e

Winterthur#.X9I2vdj7TIV

u -

m

-

http://

c h r i s t i n m u e l l e r. c o m / e n / b o o k s / cross-over-fotografie-derw i s s e n s c h a f t - w i s s e n s c h a f t - d e rfotografie/

WEBSITES:

WEBSITES:

-

h t t p s : / / w w w. t e l e g r a p h . c o . u k /

- h t t p s : / / w w w. c l i n i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n s . o rg /

books/what-to-read/nothing-small-

2016/09/30/a-brief-history-of-early-

escape-enquiry-man-first-put-

medical-photography/

n a t u r e - m i c r o s c o p e /

-

#:~:text=%E2%80%9CBy%20the%20

Medical_photography

means%20of%20telescopes,world%2

- h t t p : / / w w w. a r t n e t . c o m / a r t i s t s / o r l a n /

0discovered%20to%20the%20unders

-https://culturacolectiva.com/art/orlan-

tanding.%E2%80%9D

performance-artist-plastic-surgery

-

h t t p s : / / w w w. n d e e d . o rg /

h t t p s : / / a v a n t g a l l e r y. c o m / n i c k - v e a s e y /

E d u c a t i o n R e s o u r c e s /

- h t t p s : / / w w w. n i c k v e a s e y. c o m / d i a s e c

CommunityCollege/Radiography/

- h t t p s : / / w w w. n i c k v e a s e y. c o m / p r o c e s s

I

-

n

t

r

o

d

u

c

t

i

o

n

/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

h

t

t

p

s

:

/

-

/

h i s t o r y. h t m # : ~ : t e x t = H i s t o r y & t e x t = X -

w w w. s c i e n c e a n d m e d i a m u s e u m . o r g . u k /

rays%20were%20discovered%20in,a

objects-and-stories/history-

%20table%20near%20his%20tube.

photography

- h t t p s : / / w w w. b l . u k / c o l l e c t i o n - i t e m s /

- h t t p : / / w w w. m e d i e n k u n s t n e t z . d e / w o r k s /

invention-of-photography

reincar nation/

-

h t t p : / / e r n s t h a a s . c o m /

w r i t i n g s b y h a a s / # : ~ : t e x t = O n % 2 0 P h o t o g r a p h y, i n % 2 0 t he%20counterpoints%20of%20natur

OTHER:

-

O R L A N

-

h t t p s : / /

w w w. y o u t u b e . c o m / w a t c h ? v=IQ1Ph-Pprj4

-

Nick

Ve a s e y

-

https://

w w w. y o u t u b e . c o m / w a t c h ? v=PHNKXQ2pogY

S O U R C E O F Q U O TAT I O N S :

[1] - “Scientific images are fascinating, because they reveal things and processes that remain hidden to the human eye. It has become possible to delve ever deeper into microand macrocosms and capture these worlds in images. In science does photography primarily s e r v e a s t h e v i s u a l a i d o f t h e r e s e a r c h e r, o r d o e s i s p l a y a m u c h l a rg e r r o l e ? ” - Z u r i c h h t t p s : / / a r t d a i l y. c c / n e w s / 6 4 8 8 1 / C r o s s o v e r- - P h o t o g r a p h y - o f - S c i e n c e - - - S c i e n c e - o f Photography-on-view-at-Fotomuseum-Winterthur#.X9IqDFmnz5Y

[ 2 ] - “ d i s c o v e r t h i n g s i n e v e r y d a y o b j e c t s t h a t y o u d i d n ’ t k n o w w e r e t h e r e ” - N i c k Ve a s e y h t t p s : / / w w w. y o u t u b e . c o m / w a t c h ? v = P H N K X Q 2 p o g Y

[ 3 ] - “ I h a v e b e e n t h e f i r s t a r t i s t t o u s e a e s t h e t i c s u rg e r y i n a n o t h e r c o n t e x t - n o t t o a p p e a r younger or better according to the designated patter n, I wanted to disrupt the standards of b e a u t y ” - O R L A N - h t t p : / / w w w. a r t n e t . c o m / a r t i s t s / o r l a n /

[4] - “By the help of microscopes, there is nothing so small, as to escape our inquiry; hence there is a new visible world discovered to the understanding.” - Robert Hooke - https:// w w w. t e l e g r a p h . c o . u k / b o o k s / w h a t - t o - r e a d / n o t h i n g - s m a l l - e s c a p e - e n q u i r y - m a n - f i r s t - p u t n

a

t

u

r

e

m

i

c

r

o

s

c

o

p

e

/

#:~:text=%E2%80%9CBy%20the%20means%20of%20telescopes,world%20discovered%20to %20the%20understanding.%E2%80%9D

[5] - “Creating beautiful pieces of art comes with a risk, working with X-rays is dangerous.

S a f e t y i s p a r a m o u n t , s o a l l t h e r a d i a t i o n i s c o n t a i n e d i n a b e s p o k e c o n c r e t e c h a m b e r, t h i s i s where

the

vast

majority

of

w w w. n i c k v e a s e y. c o m / p r o c e s s

the

X-ray

work

is

created”

-

Nick

Ve a s e y

-

https://

S O U R C E O F Q U O TAT I O N S :

[6] - “Photography is a bridge between science and art. It brings to science what it needs most, the artistic sense, and to art the proof that nothing can be imagined which cannot be m a t c h e d i n t h e c o u n t e r p o i n t s o f n a t u r e . T h r o u g h p h o t o g r a p h y, b o t h a r t i s t a n d s c i e n t i s t c a n find a common denominator in their search for the synthesis of moder n vision in time, space, a n d s t r u c t u r e . We c a n w r i t e t h e n e w c h a p t e r s i n a v i s u a l l a n g u a g e w h o s e p r o s e a n d p o e t r y will

need

no

translation.”

-

Ernest

Haas

-

http://ernst-haas.com/writings-by-haas/

# : ~ : t e x t = O n % 2 0 P h o t o g r a p h y, i n % 2 0 t h e % 2 0 c o u n t e r p o i n t s % 2 0 o f % 2 0 n a t u r e . & t e x t = I n % 2 0 e v e r y %20artist%20there%20is,there%20is%20the%20poetic%20element

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

W O R D C O U N T:

-

- 3,507

Photography

Linihan

Te a c h e r

-

Nancy

- 3,500 (Without titles)