ABSTRACT
Cultureisthebackgroundofeveryhumancommunication.Culturalembeddingasafeatureoftexts ingeneralisalsovalidintechnicalandscientifictextsAstranslationbyhumansisbasedon understanding,thetranslatorneedsknowledgeinordertodetectculturalaspects.Thisispossibleby puttingdownimplicitculturalreferencestocertainstructuresonthetextlevel.Culturalelements appearinthetextonalllevels–fromtheconceptandformofwords,tothesentenceandtext structure,topragmatics.Examplesforthevariousappearancesarepresentedinthefirstpartofthe paper
Thesecondpartdiscussestranslationasawritingprocess.Herethecategoriesofattentiongoverning thetranslator'sapproachare...showmorecontent...
Thatmeansthatunderstandingcanbeputdowntolinguisticstructuresonthetextlevelthatfirst triggeredtherespectivecognitivereaction.Culturewillbepresentintexts,evenintechnicalones. Andculturallybasedconventionsoftextconstructionmayevenconstituteamajortranslation problemforscientificcommunication.Detectingculturalelementsintextsthereforeisdecisivefor translation.
Chapter1
Culturalelementsintexts
Akeyquestioniswhatareculturalelementsandhowaretheyvisibleintexts?Culturalelements cannotbereducedtostrangeobjectsthatwouldbeunknownelsewhere.Culturalelementsarea backgroundofknowledgewhichisgenerallyrelevantforadequatecommunicationwithinasociety: Culture,beingwhatpeoplehavetolearnasdistinctfromtheirbiologicalheritage,mustconsistof theendproductoflearning:knowledge,inamostgeneral,ifrelative,senseoftheterm.Bythis definition,weshouldnotethatcultureisnotamaterialphenomenon;itdoesnotconsistofthings, people,behaviour,oremotionsItisratheranorganizationofthesethingsItistheformsofthings thatpeoplehaveinmind,theirmodelsforperceiving,relating,andotherwiseinterpretingthem (Goodenough1964:36).
Culturedetermineshowpeoplespeakandwriteandperceiveeachother.Consequently,cultural elements,therefore,mustbepresentimplicitlyintexts,butasa
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Therearegenerallytwotypesofpaintings–representationalandabstract.Whilerepresentational paintingportraysrecognizableobjects,abstractpaintingdoesnotlooklikeaparticularobject. Instead,abstractartismadeupofdesigns,shapesandcolors.(http://www.harley.com/art/abstract–art/)Themeaningofabstractartis,initsmostsimplifiedform,artthatreliesontheemotionsofthe artistandtheelementsofdesignratherthanexactrepresentationThisbroaddefinitionallowsartists almostunlimitedfreedomofexpression.Someabstractartistscreatecompositionsthathaveno precedentinnature.Otherabstractartistsworkfromnatureandtheninterprettheirsubjectsina nonrepresentationalmannerInotherwords,showmorecontent Abstractart.20m.comdividesabstractartinto3mainclassifications:AbstractExpressionism, NeoplasticismandCubism.(http://abstractart.20m.com/)Cubismfocusedonanalyzingthesubject usinggeometry.(http://abstractart.20m.com/cubism.htm)Neoplasticistsbelievedthatonly horizontalandverticallineswithprimarycolorsshouldbeusedinordertorepresentthe"absolutes oflife"(http://abstractart20mcom/Neoplasticismhtml)ThespontaneousnatureofAbstract Expressionismallowedthepaintertoshowfeelingandpersonality.
(http://abstractart.20m.com/expressionism.html)Examplesofeachoftheseclassificationscanbe foundatthelinksprovided.
ArtisimportanttousbecauseitreachesinsideofustoourunconsciousfeelingsThispowerisvery clearwhenstudiedinregardstoabstractart."Thereasonabstractarthasthepotentialtobeso powerfulisthatitkeepstheconsciousdistractionstoaminimum."(www.harley.com/art/abstract–art/)Insteadoffocusingonaparticularimage,likeafruitofflower,abstractionallowsustofeelthe energyofthepainting.Becauseabstractartisnotlimitedbypreciseorevenrealisticrepresentation, theartistisfreetoanalyzeobjectsfromvariousanglesandshowsituationsthatmayappearstiltedin representationalworks.Forexample,inFernandLeger'sTheCity, (http://filebox.vt.edu/users/nayoung3/city.jpg),the
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Post–TraumaticStressDisorder(PTSD)MelissaDiMichele
Psychology100
June10,2011
Abstract
Post–TraumaticStressDisorderalsoknownasPTSDisanemotionalconditionthatcandevelop followingaterrifyingortraumaticevent.
Post–TraumaticStressDisorderalsoknownasPTSDisanemotionalconditionthatcandevelop followingatraumaticorterrifyingevent.PTSDhasonlybeenrecognizedasadiagnosissince1980. Thisemotionaldisorderwasbroughttopublicattentionaftersoldierswouldreturnhomeandoften referredtoas"shellshockorcombatfatigue".
ThisDisordercanoccuratanyageandaffectsapproximatelyeightpercentoftheadult population....showmorecontent...
First,2000).Somepeoplemayeventrytoblockoutpartoftheeventsthatoccurredalltogether.A similardisorderinsymptomsisknownasAcuteStressDisorder.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwo diagnosesisthatacutestressdisorderonlylasttwodaystofourweeksandrequireslesssymptoms tomakeadiagnosis
Researchhasindicatedthatpeoplewhohaveexperiencedandextremeamountofstressortraumatic eventsometimeshaveasmallerhippocampusregionofthebraininadultswithchronicPTSDand earlychildhoodtraumaThisisthepartofthebrainthatisresponsibleformemoryThereductionin sizemaybecausedbyacombinationoftheenvironmentandgenetics(NARSAD.com).Peoplewho arediagnosedwiththisdisorderaremorelikelytohavetroublewithrelationships,smokecigarettes, abusedrugsandoralcoholuse.IfPTSDisleftuntreateditcanhavedevastatinglastingeffects. PTSDisnoteasilytreated.Sometimespeoplecannotonlysuffermentallybuthavephysical impairmentsfromtheeventaswellThiscanmakeithardforthemtoobtainthetreatmentthey need.Acombinationofmedicationsandpsychotherapyisusuallyrecommendedandisthemost effectformoftreatmentforPTSD.Theearlierapersonseekstreatmentforthisdisorderthebetter theoutcomewillbeThemedicationsareusedtohelppeoplecopewiththeiremotionswhilethe psychotherapywillhelp
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StandardDeviationAbstract
QRB/501
StandardDeviationAbstract
StandardDeviationsAreNotPerverse
Purpose:
Thepurposeofthisarticleistoillustratehowusingstatisticaldata,suchasstandarddeviation,can helpacattlemanchoosethebestlotofcalf'satauctionThestatisticaldatausedinthesedecision makingprocessescanalsohelpthecattlemanwithfutureanalysisofthelotspurchasedandexisting stock.
ResearchQuestion:
Howcanunderstandingthestandarddeviationofweightsinalotofcalf'sbeusedtodetermine whichlotshouldbepurchased?
Hypothesis:
Thehypothesisproposedinthisarticleisthatinusingthegroupaverageandstandarddeviationa cattlemancanchoosealotofcalf'sshowmorecontent
Forexampleacustomercancomplainabouttheservicereceivedandtheemployeecantrytheirbest tomakethesituationbetterthisiswheredoubledeviationplaysThereisnorightwaytomakethe situationbetter,itjusthastobehandledandkeepitmovingwiththeservicetomakethebusiness moveforward.
Theresearchquestions(s):
Whatisthebestwaytohandleacomplaintorsomethingthatwentwrongwiththequestion?
Thehypothesis:
Tocometogetherwiththebusinessandcomeupwithdifferentwaystohandledifferentsituations thatmaycomeupwithhandlingthecustomers.Brainstormaboutdifferentwaystosolvethe questionsifacustomerisdissatisfiedwiththeirserviceMakesurethatthecustomersleaves satisfiedandtomakeitapossiblythattheywillcomeback.
Themainfindingofthestudy:
Ifthecustomercanberecoveredasecondtime,afterthesameunfavorableserviceexperience,it representsadoubleservicerecovery,whereasafailureofthisoutcomeorprocessconstitutesatriple deviationTheconceptsofdoubleservicerecoveryandtripledeviationthusextendthewell‐known conceptsofservicerecoveryanddoubledeviation.Becausecustomersseldomarepleasedwith servicerecoveries(Rustetal.,1992),doubledeviationsarefrequent,oftencausedbythesame factorsthatinitiatedthefirstfailure
Relativedeviationmetricsandtheproblemofstrategyreplication,
Purpose: Funds
AbstractStressisnotalwaysashort–lived.Somenegativeeffectsonaperson'sbody,suchas memoryissuesandaslowerlearningpace,arelong–term.Long–termstressissuesincludenervous systemissues;HighBloodPressure(HBP).Becauseyourbodyistiredyouaremorelikelytoget sickandmayhaveahigherchanceofbecomingill;Skinproblemscanbeasideeffectofstress. Diabetesisariskfromchronicstressduetotheimmunesystemfightingandaffectinginsulincells Whilestresswillnotmakeapersoninfertile,ifitisastressfultimesuchasholiday,majorfamily illness,ormajorlifeeventtheabilitytobecome,pregnantmaydecrease.Researchshowscertain stagesoflifearemoresusceptibletostresssuchasprenatal,adolescence,andelderly,thiscanresult inreducedhippocampalsize,whichcanalsoleadtodepressionlaterinlife.Apersonismorelikely tohaveareducedimmunitytocontagiousdisease.Treatmentplansmayinvolvemedication, Cognitivebehavioraltherapy(CBT),exercise,focuseddeepbreathing,rest,therearealternative treatmentssuchasacupuncture,reflexology,essentialoiluse,dietchanges,keepingajournal,or addingamultivitamintoyourdailyroutinemayhelpcopewithstressKeywords:Stress,HBP, Diabetes,hippocampal,treatmentsStressisoneofthemostcommonemotionsmanytimeswedon't evenrealizewearestressed;thiscanbehardtoexplainbecausestressisn'tanemotionthatwe visiblyexpress.
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AbstractExpressionismisconsideredatriumphinAmericanPainting.Itisstillthemostdiscussed anddebatedformoftwentiethcenturyAmericanart,andstillinfluencesgenerationsofartists.It usedtheculturalreferencesofthetragic,theunconscious,thesublimeandtheprimitivetocreatea uniqueandevocativestyleofpaintingthatwasuniqueintheartworld.
ThoughsomemayviewAbstractExpressionismandSurrealismassimilar,thethingthatmadeit fundamentallydifferent,accordingtoMotherwell,wasthattheartistsworkedmore`directly'and `violently'andona`muchlargerscalephysicallythanthesurrealistseverhad.'(Page40,Davidand Cecil)ItalsoseemsimportanttoMotherwelltohaveastylethatshowmorecontent Thatapaintingcouldbereadinthiswayrevealsitssublimeaura.
Rothkosawthe`cloudsofcolour'inhispaintingsasabstract`performerspossessingtragicor etherealdemeanours.'(Page23,Hopkins)Thesizeofthepaintingsfunctionedasarepresentationof scaleViewerscouldmeasurethemselvesagainstthecolouredblocks`Thiscouldleadtothefeeling ofbeingenvelopedortransportedoutofthebody,'(Page23,Hopkins)FrankO'Haraalso consideredscaleimportantinPollock'spaintings,becauseofthe`emotionaleffectofthepainting uponthespectator.'(Page28,O'Hara)`BluePoles',byPollockissevenfeethighandsomesixteen feetacross.Robertsondescribesitasa`worldselfcontainedandutterlyconvincingwhichthe spectatorshouldbeflexibletoenter,exploreandmoveaboutin'(Page29,Robertson)
GottliebandRothkowereinspiredbyprimitiveandarchaicart,butremovedanysymbolsfromtheir originalcontext,makingtheirconnotationsinaccessibletothegeneralpublic.Theviewercouldnot tellwhatthesesymbolsmeanttotheartistbysimplyviewingthepainting,butthiswasperhapsnot theirintentionTheartiststhemselvesviewedtheirworkasa`poeticexpressionoftheessenceofthe myth.'(Page10,DavidandCecil)PrimitivemythologyofteninspiredtheAbstractExpressionist's painting,including
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Depressionhavebecomeamajorprobleminoursocietytoday.Peoplewhohaven'texperience depressionwillnotunderstandhowitfeelandwhatitcandotoaperson.Manypeoplealsodoesn't understandwhatdepressionis,orhowitcanrelatedtosuicidalideation.Infact,studieshave documentedthatthemajorityofyoungsuicidevictimshaddepressionatthetimeofdeathandmost suicidesurvivorswerediagnosedwithsymptomsofclinicaldepressionatthetimeoftheirattempt (Mojs,Biederman,Głowacka,Strzelecki,Ziemska,Samborski2015).Itcanaffectanyone,from youngadolescentstocollegestudentstotheelderlypeople.Therearemanyreasonsthatcanmake someonehavemajordepressionSuchasfinancialproblems,familyproblems,socialproblems, school,work,etc.Thesestressorsinourdailylifecancauseanxietywhichcanincreaseourstress levelsignificantly,whichthencanleadtodepression.Aresearchsaidthatanxietydisorderhavea highcomorbiditywithdepressionandthatanxietyoccurpriortotheonsetofdepressivedisordersin manyindividuals(Batterham,Christensen,Calear2013).Peoplewhoexperiencedepressionmust findwaytocopewithdepressionandknowhowtogethelpinordertopreventsuicidalideation Thepeoplesurroundings,friendsandfamily,mustalsofindwaystorecognizethesymptomsof depression,andshowunderstandingsinordertohelpthosesuffering.Thisresearchprojectwillhelp peopleunderstandmoreabout
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