Visualizing physical geography 2nd edition foresman test bank

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Chapter 8 Multiple Choice 1. The study of the shape of the Earth’s physical landform features and how they change over time is known as: A) Geography B) Geomorphology C) Geology D) Meteorology Ans: B Section Ref: The Changing Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the geologic timescale 2. Using the figure below, where would you find the densest material on Earth?

A) within the Earth’s crust B) within the Earth’s mantle.

C) within the Earth’s outer core D) within the Earth’s inner core E) within the Earth’s atmosphere Ans: D

Section Ref: Structure of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Contrast the inner and outer core.

3. Using changes in seismic wave velocities, we know that the Earth’s inner core is stable in what phase?

A) liquid B) solid C) gas D) plasma Ans: B Section Ref: Structure of the Earth Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Contrast the inner and outer core.

4. The continents and ocean basins are located in the: A) crust B) mantle C) core D) asthenosphere Ans: A Section Ref: Structure of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Contrast the inner and outer core.

5. The oceanic crust is __________ and __________ than continental crust.

A) thicker; denser B) thinner; denser C) thicker; less dense D) thinner; less dense Ans: B Section Ref: Structure of the Earth Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Contrast the inner and outer core.

6. Which of the following elements are abundant in the crust?

A) titanium B) gold C) oxygen D) nitrogen Ans: C Section Ref: Rocks and Minerals of the Earth's Crust Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Contrast the inner and outer core.

7. The photos below show four common materials. Which material is not considered a mineral because it forms by organic processes? .

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Ans: A Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Describe the relationship of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere.

8. Which element is the most abundant in Earth's crust?

A) silicon B) iron C) calcium D) oxygen

Ans: D Section Ref: Ans: A Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere.

9. Which of the following rocks form as a result of solidification from a melt?

A) sedimentary B) igneous C) metamorphic D) none of these E) all of these Ans: B Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Discuss the formation and properties of igneous rocks.

10. Which sample is an example of an igneous rock?

A) sample A B) sample B C) sample C D) none of these Ans: A Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Discuss the formation and properties of igneous rocks.

11. Which rock sample is formed from cooling and solidifying magma?

A) sample A B) sample B C) sample C D) none of these Ans: A Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Discuss the formation and properties of igneous rocks.

12. A rock that is dark-colored and heavy is most likely composed of: A) felsic minerals B) mafic minerals C) organic compounds D) none of these E) all of these Ans: B Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Discuss the formation and properties of igneous rocks.

13. Felsic minerals tend to be: A) light-colored and silica-rich B) dark-colored and silica-poor C) light-colored and silica-rich D) dark-colored and silica-poor

Ans: A Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Discuss the formation and properties of igneous rocks.

14. Igneous rocks that cool slowly, and hence solidify below the earth’s surface are known as which type?

A) clastic B) intrusive C) stratified D) extrusive Ans: B Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Discuss the formation and properties of igneous rocks.

15. Which of the following is classified as an igneous rock?

A) sandstone B) gneiss C) basalt D) shale Ans: B Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Discuss the formation and properties of igneous rocks.

16. Which rock sample is held together by naturally forming cement?

A) sample A B) sample B

C) sample C D) none of these Ans: B Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Compare the formation and properties of the three classes of sedimentary rocks.

17. When small pieces of rock are weathered, transported, deposited, and cemented, which of the following can be created?

A) igneous rock B) meteorites C) clastic sedimentary rocks D) volcanoes Ans: C Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Compare the formation and properties of the three classes of sedimentary rocks.

18. Sediments are generally deposited by wind and water in layers called: A) layers B) strata C) intrusive D) magma Ans: B Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Compare the formation and properties of the three classes of sedimentary rocks.

19. Intrusive igneous rock, formed deep below the Earth’s surface, cools to form plutons, in which the largest of those are called: A) giant plutons B) magma C) batholiths D) granite Ans: C Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Discuss the formation and properties of igneous rocks.

20. Which of the following is a class of sedimentary rock?

A) extrusive B) clastic C) intrusive D) layered Ans: B Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Compare the formation and properties of the three classes of sedimentary rocks.

21. Which sample is an example of sedimentary rock?

A) sample A B) sample B C) sample C D) none of these Ans: B Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Compare the formation and properties of the three classes of sedimentary rocks.

22. Which of the following clast sizes would be most likely transported in very slow moving water?

A) boulders

B) cobbles C) sand D) silt E) all of these Ans: D Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Compare the formation and properties of the three classes of sedimentary rocks.

23. Which of the following clast sizes would be most likely transported in very fast moving water?

A) boulders B) cobbles C) sand D) silt E) all of these Ans: E Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Compare the formation and properties of the three classes of sedimentary rocks.

24. Hydrocarbon deposits are classified as: A) organic sediments B) chemical precipitation C) clastic sediments D) lava flows Ans: A Section Ref: R Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Explain the formation of metamorphic rocks.

25. The process of rock metamorphism affects which of the following?

A) sedimentary rocks B) igneous rocks C) metamorphic rocks D) all of these E) none of these Ans: D Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Explain the formation of metamorphic rocks.

26. Marble forms as a metamorphic product of what original rock?

A) shale B) slate C) limestone D) sandstone Ans: C Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Explain the formation of metamorphic rocks.

27. Because of the extreme heat and pressure required, metamorphic rocks are generated most often: A) deep below the surface of the Earth B) at the Earth’s surface C) in lake beds D) within volcanoes Ans: A Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Explain the formation of metamorphic rocks.

28. Which of the following is classified as a metamorphic rock?

A) limestone B) schist C) diorite

D) basalt Ans: B Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Explain the formation of metamorphic rocks.

29. The strongest rocks, in terms of their propensity to wear down, tend to be found in what type of locations?

A) under valleys B) along the ocean C) under ridges, hills, and uplands D) under plains and flat lands Ans: C Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the major relief features of the continents.

30. Through the rock cycle, if a metamorphic rock goes through heating and then melts to become magma, it will eventually cool and turn into: A) Igneous rock B) Sedimentary rock C) another Metamorphic Rock D) none of the above Ans: A Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Explain the formation of metamorphic rocks.

31. The idea proposed by Alfred Wegener to explain the continental shapes and positions is known as: A) continental shifting B) plate tectonics C) continental drift D) rift valley E) sea floor spreading Ans: C Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

32. What evidence did Wegner use to support the existence of Pangaea?

A) plant and animal fossils B) coastline orientations C) mountain ranges D) all of these E) none of these Ans: D Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

33. In the figure below, what is the approximate age of the sea floor off the north coast of Spain?

A) younger than 9.6 million years B) 9.6 – 33.0 million years C) 33.0 – 83.0 million years D) 83.0 – 141.9 million years E) older than 141.9 million years Ans: D Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Explain the ocean basin’s major relief features

34. Which of the following terms best describes the rocky outer layer of the Earth?

A) asthenosphere B) biosphere C) atmosphere D) lithosphere E) hydrosphere Ans: D Section Ref: The Structure of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the major relief features of the continents.

35. What is the depth of the newly forming Hawaiian island, Loihi?

A) about 1000m B) about 2000m C) about 3000m D) about 4000m E) it is at the surface Ans: A Section Ref: The Changing Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

36. ___________ divides most ocean basins roughly in half.

A) abyssal plain B) continental shelf C) oceanic trench D) midoceanic ridge E) island chains Ans: D Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

37. Landforms that are found in narrow zones and usually along the margins of lithsopheric plates are: A) Alpine chains B) Exposed shields C) Plains D) Continental shields.

Ans: A Section Ref: The Changing Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

38. Regions of low-lying igneous and metamorphic rocks resistant to weathering and form the basis for continent building since ancient times are known as: A) Alpine chains B) Continental shields C) Oceanic trenches D) Volcanoes Ans: B Section Ref: The Changing Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

39. The name of the single super-continent that Wegener suggested eventually broke apart and drifted into different directions creating the earth’s continents that exist today was known as:

A) Pangea B) Eurasia C) Lithosphere D) none of the above Ans: A Section Ref: The Changing Earth .Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

True / False

40. The three types of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and extrusive.

Ans: False Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere.

41. Any one of the three types of rocks can be changed into any other class.

Ans: True Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere.

42. Rocks are classified according to how they are formed.

Ans: True Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Learning Objective: Outline the steps of the cycle of rock change.

43. Sedimentary rock is the parent rock for all rock types.

Ans: False Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Compare the formation and properties of the three classes of sedimentary rocks. .

44. Metamorphic rock may form from preexisting metamorphic rock.

Ans: True Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Explain the formation of metamorphic rocks.

45. Silicon is one of the most abundant element in Earth's crust.

Ans: False Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the steps of the cycle of rock change.

46. Pangea is the name of the supercontinent proposed by Harry Hess.

Ans: False Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

47. The deepest portion of an ocean basin is always in the middle.

Ans: False Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Explain the ocean basin’s major relief features

48. South America and Africa was the only example that Wegener used for continental fit.

Ans: False

Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

49. Oceanic crust is generally much older than continental crust.

Ans: False Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

50. The area of the Earth's interior where rocks start to melt, when subducted, is known as the asthenosphere.

Ans: True Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

51. . Rocks closer to the spreading centers in the oceans (see Figure below) are older than the rocks farther away from the spreading center.

Ans: False Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

52. Wegener used plant and animal fossil evidence to help build the theory of continental drift.

Ans: True Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

53. The Mid-Ocean Ridge is the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean.

Ans: False Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

54. In the northern part of Pangaea, mountain ranges tend to match up in North America and Europe.

Ans: True Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

Fill-In-The-Blank

55. To be considered a mineral, a naturally occurring inorganic solid must have a specific chemical composition and a characteristic ______ structure.

Ans: crystal Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the steps of the cycle of rock change.

56. _____ and silicon are the two most common elements in Earth's crust.

Ans: Oxygen Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change D ifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the steps of the cycle of rock change.

57. Based on their origins, rocks can be divided into three distinct families: _______, sedimentary and metamorphic.

Ans: igneous Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the steps of the cycle of rock change.

58. Sample _____ is of a rock whose original sedimentary or igneous form and mineral assemblage have been changed as a result of exposure to high temperature, high pressure or both.

This type of rock is referred to as a metamorphic rock.

Ans: C Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Discuss the formation and properties of igneous rocks.

59. Sample (A, B, or C) _____ is a rock formed when mineral and rock particles are transported by water, wind, or ice and then deposited in a given location. Such rocks are classified as

sedimentary rocks.

Ans: B Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Compare the formation and properties of the three classes of sedimentary rocks.

60. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma. Sample (A, B, or C) _____ has formed by this process.

Ans: A Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Discuss the formation and properties of igneous rocks.

61. In the photograph of rock samples and outcrops, shown below, sample (A, B, or C) _____ is

the rock held together by naturally occurring cement.

Ans: B Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Compare the formation and properties of the three classes of sedimentary rocks.

62. According to the figure below, the Caledonides in Scotland and Scandinavia are also part of the _______ in North America.

Ans: Appalachians Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

63. The deep, flat sections of ocean floor on either side of the midocean ridge, as shown below, are known as the _______.

Ans: abyssal plains Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

64. The rocky, outermost part of the Earth, comprising the upper part of the mantle and the crust, is known as the _______.

Ans: lithosphere Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Contrast the inner and outer core..

65. Wegener proposed that based on all evidence, Pangea existed intact as early as _______.

Ans: 300 million years ago Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

66. The process in which the sea floor separates and moves in opposite directions is known as _______.

Ans: sea floor spreading Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

Essay

67. What are the four requirements necessary to classify a solid material as a mineral?

Ans: To be classified as a mineral, a substance must be a naturally occurring solid, formed by inorganic processes, with a characteristic crystal structure and specific chemical composition.

Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Outline the steps of the cycle of rock change.

68. Two chemical elements make up 70 percent of Earth's crust by weight. What are the two

elements and what family of minerals do they form?

Ans: Oxygen and silicon; they form the silicate minerals.

Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Outline the steps of the cycle of rock change.

69. The photographs below show an outcrop and close-up view of a particular kind of rock. What type of rock is it and what holds this type of rock together? Also explain how such a rock might form.

Ans: The photographs are of an igneous rock (specifically granite). This type of rock is held together by interlocking silicate-minerals. Igneous rocks form when molten rock (magma) cools and crystallizes.

Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Discuss the formation and properties of igneous rocks.

70. What's the difference between a rock and a mineral?

Ans: A rock is an aggregate of mineral grains or possibly non-mineral matter. A rock may consist of many grains of different kinds of minerals mixed together.

Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Outline the steps of the cycle of rock change.

71. What are the three families of rocks? How does each of these families differ?

Ans: Rocks come in three families: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of magma, either slowly beneath Earth's surface or rapidly at the surface. Sedimentary rocks are formed at or near the surface by the deposition of many layers of sediment. Metamorphic rocks start as either igneous or sedimentary rocks, but change their form

as a result of high temperature, high pressure, or both.

Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Outline the steps of the cycle of rock change.

72. What holds rocks together?

Ans: Igneous and metamorphic rocks are held together by the interlocking of their grains. The loose particles of sedimentary rocks are held together either by compaction, during which the mineral grains are held together by the pressure of overlying sediment, cementing of open spaces within a rock, or recrystallization, a process that occurs when growing grains interlock because of increasing pressure and heat.

Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Outline the steps of the cycle of rock change.

73. Why do most extrusive igneous rocks have small mineral crystals?

Ans: Extrusive igneous rocks form at the Earth’s surface, where atmospheric conditions cool the molten material extremely quickly. The rapid cooling time is inadequate to grow large crystals.

Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Learning Objective: Discuss the formation and properties of igneous rocks.

74. How is clastic sedimentary rock formed?

Ans: Climatic factors weather bedrock into smaller pieces, which can then be transported, by wind, water, and/or gravity. These particles called clasts are then transported to a low relief area where they accumulate and begin to compact. Through compaction, water is forced out and minerals like calcium carbonate or silica begin to precipitate along clast edges, effectively cementing them together into a single rock unit.

Section Ref: Earth Materials and the Cycle of Rock Change Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Compare the formation and properties of the three classes of sedimentary rocks.

75. Why is the area where the ocean meets the land not necessarily the edge of the continent?

Ans: The true edge of the continent is where continental crust meets the oceanic crust. This area

is usually covered with sediments, so the contact is not clear. Also, depending on sea level, there may be large amounts of continental crust submerged.

Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: Describe the major relief features of the continents.

76. How did the presence of certain fossils support Wegener's idea of continental drift?

Ans: The distribution of certain specific fossils in today's southern continent seems sporadic and random, however, when rearranging the plates to form Pangaea, the fossil distribution patterns make more sense.

Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

77. What is an oceanic plate and how does it relate to a continental plate?

Ans: A plate is a large slice of the lithosphere that is torsionally rigid. The slice of lithosphere floats on the hotter asthenosphere. Some portions of the plate have a very mafic composition and because they are thin and dense, sit low on the Earth’s surface. These are the oceanic potions of plates and are covered in water. Other portions of plates are more felsic and are therefore thicker and less dense than their oceanic counterparts. Due to their composition and thickness, they generally sit above sea-level on the Earth’s surface and are described as continental plates.

Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

78. What hypothesis is Alfred Wegener known for, and what evidence supported his hypothesis?

Ans: The idea of “continental drift” was first proposed by Alfred Wegner, which served as an important component to the more recent plate tectonic theory. Wegner presented, fossil, cartographic, glacial, and structural evidence of past plate relationships and movement.

Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.

79. Describe the evidence Wegener used to reconstruct Pangaea.

Ans: Wegener used four pieces of evidence to aid in his reconstruction of Pangaea. He used the “jigsaw puzzle” idea, which is the fact that some of the continents actually look like they fit together. Wegener also used fossil evidences, primarily the presence of Mesosaurus and Glossopteris. The ranges of these organisms make sense when the plates are reconstructed:

glacial evidence was also used. Carboniferous rocks with glacial grooves and striations, when reconstructed, pointed to a common origin for the ice over what was then the South Pole. Finally, Wegener used rock structures, primarily mountain ranges and the Karoo Beds in the southern hemisphere to reconstruct Pangaea.

Section Ref: Topography of the Earth Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: Outline the development of the theory of plate motion.