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I think enough has been said to show that there is a real likeness between a large number of recorded folk-tales and the BeowulfGrettir story. The parallel is not merely with an artificial, theoretical composite put together by Panzer. But it becomes equally clear that Beowulf cannot be spoken of as a version of these folk-tales. At most it is a version of a portion of them. The omission of the princesses in Beowulf and the Grettis Saga is fundamental. With the princesses much else falls away. There is no longer any motive for the betrayal of trust by the watchers. The disguise of the hero and his vengeance are now no longer necessary to the tale.

It might be argued that there was something about the three princesses which made them unsatisfactory as subjects of story. It has been thought that in the oldest version the hero married all three: an awkward episode where a scop had to compose a poem for an audience certainly monogamous and most probably Christian.

The rather tragic and sombre atmosphere of the stories of Beowulf and Grettir fits in better with a version from which the princesses, and the living happily ever afterwards, have been dropped. On the other hand, it might be argued that the folk-tale is composite, and that the source from which the Beowulf-Grettir-story drew was a simpler tale to which the princesses had not yet been added.

And there are additions as well as subtractions. Alike in Beowulf and in the Grettis Saga, the fight in the house and the fight below are associated with struggles with monsters of different sex. The association of "The Devil and his Dam" has only few and remote parallels in the "Bear's-son" folk-tale.

But Panzer has, I think, proved that the struggle of Beowulf in the hall, and his plunging down into the deep, is simply an epic glorification of a folk-tale motive.

I. THE DATE OF THE DEATH OF HYGELAC. Gregory of Tours mentions the defeat of Chochilaicus (Hygelac) as an event of the reign of Theudoric. Now Theudoric succeeded his father Chlodoweg, who died 27 Nov. 511. Theudoric died in 534.

This, then, gives the extreme limits of time; but as Gregory mentions the event among the first occurrences of the reign, the period 512520 has generally been suggested, or in round numbers about 515 or 516.

Nevertheless, we cannot attach much importance to the mere order followed by Gregory[864]. He may well have had no means of dating the event exactly. Of much more importance than the order, is the fact he records, that Theudoric did not defeat Chochilaicus in person, but sent his son Theudobert to repel the invaders.

Now Theudobert was born before the death of his grandfather Chlodoweg. For Gregory tells us that Chlodoweg left not only four sons, but a grandson Theudobert, elegantem atque utilem[865]: utilem cannot mean that, at the time of the death of Chlodoweg, Theudobert was of age to conduct affairs of state, for Chlodoweg was only 45 at death[866]. The Merovingians were a precocious race; but if we are to allow Theudobert to have been at least fifteen before being placed in charge of a very important expedition, and Chlodoweg to have been at least forty before becoming a grandfather, the defeat of Hygelac cannot be put before 521; and probability would favour a date five or ten years later.

There is confirmation for this. When Theudobert died, in 548, he left one son only, quite a child and still under tutelage[867]; probably therefore not more than twelve or thirteen at most. We know the circumstances of the child's birth. Theudobert had been betrothed by his father Theudoric to a Longobardic princess, Wisigardis[868]. In the meantime he fell in love with the lady Deoteria[869], and married her[870]. The Franks were shocked at this fickleness (valde

scandalizabantur), and Theudobert had ultimately to put away Deoteria[871], although they had this young son (parvulum filium), who, as we have seen, could hardly have been born before 535, and possibly was born years later. Theudobert then married the Longobardic princess, in the seventh year after their betrothal. So it cannot have been much before 530 that Theudobert's father was first arranging the Longobardic match. A king is not likely to have waited to find a wife for a son, upon whom his dynasty was to depend, till fifteen years after that son was of age to win a memorable victory[872].

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BEOWULF AND FINNSBURG I remember it was with extreme difficulty that I could bring my master to understand the meaning of the word opinion, or how a point could be disputable; because reason taught us to affirm or deny only where we are certain; and beyond our knowledge we cannot do either. So that controversies, wranglings, disputes, and positiveness in false or dubious propositions are evils unknown among the Houyhnhnms.... He would laugh that a creature pretending to reason should value itself upon the knowledge of other people's conjectures, and in things, where that knowledge, if it were certain, could be of no use....

I have often since reflected what destruction such a doctrine would make in the libraries of Europe.

Gulliver's Travels.

The following items are (except in special cases) not included in this bibliography: (a) Articles dealing with single passages in Beowulf, or two passages only, in cases where they have already been recorded

under the appropriate passage in the footnotes to the text, or in the glossary, of my revision of Wyatt's edition. (b) Articles dealing with the emendation or interpretation of single passages, in cases where such emendations have been withdrawn by their author himself. (c) Purely popular paraphrases or summaries. (d) Purely personal protests (e.g., P.B.B. XXI, 436), however well founded, in which no point of scholarship is any longer involved.

Books dealing with other subjects, but illustrating Beowulf, present a difficulty. Such books may have a value for Beowulf students, even though the author may never refer to our poem, and have occasionally been included in previous bibliographies. But, unless Beowulf is closely concerned, these books are not usually mentioned below: such enumeration, if carried out consistently, would clog a bibliography already all too bulky. Thus, Siecke's Drachenkämpfe does not seem to come within the scope of this bibliography, because the author is not concerned with Beowulf's dragon.

Obviously every general discussion of Old English metre must concern itself largely with Beowulf: for such treatises the student is referred to the section Metrik of Brandl's Bibliography (Pauls Grdr.); and, for Old English heroic legend in general, to the Bibliography of my edition of Widsith.

Many scholars, e.g. Heinzel, have put into their reviews of the books of others, much original work which might well have formed the material for independent articles. Such reviews are noted as "weighty," but it must not be supposed that the reviews not so marked are negligible; unless of some value to scholarship, reviews are not usually mentioned below.

The title of any book, article or review which I have not seen and verified is denoted by the sign ‡.

SUMMARY § 1. Periodicals. § 2. Bibliographies. § 3. The MS and its transcripts. § 4. Editions. § 5. Concordances, etc. § 6. Translations (including early summaries). § 7. Textual criticism and interpretation. § 8. Questions of literary history, date and authorship. Beowulf in the light of history, archæology[873], heroic legend, mythology and folklore. § 9. Style and Grammar. § 10. Metre. § 1. PERIODICALS The periodicals most frequently quoted are:

A.f.d.A. = Anzeiger für deutsches Alterthum. Berlin, 1876 etc.

A.f.n.F. = Arkiv för nordisk Filologi. Christiania, Lund, 1883 etc.

Quoted according to the original numbering.

Anglia. Halle, 1878 etc.

Archiv = Herrigs Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Litteraturen. Elberfeld, Braunschweig, 1846 etc. Quoted according to the original numbering.

D.L.Z. = Deutsche Literatur-Zeitung. Berlin, 1880 etc.

Engl. Stud. = Englische Studien. Heilbronn, Leipzig, 1877 etc.

Germania. Wien, 1856-92.

I.F. = Indogermanische Forschungen. Strassburg, 1892 etc.

J.(E.)G.Ph. = Journal of (English Bloomington, Urbana, 1897 etc.

and)

Germanic

Philology.

Lit. Cbl. = Literarisches Centralblatt. Leipzig, 1851 etc.

Literaturblatt für germanische und romanische Philologie. Heilbronn, Leipzig, 1880 etc.

M.L.N. = Modern Language Notes. Baltimore, 1886 etc. Quoted by the page, not the column.

M.L.R. = The Modern Language Review. Cambridge, 1906 etc.

Mod. Phil. = Modern Philology. Chicago, 1903 etc.

Morsbachs Studien zur englischen Philologie. Halle, 1897 etc.

P.B.B. = Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache u. Litteratur.

Halle, 1874 etc.

Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. = Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. Baltimore, 1889 etc.

Z.f.d.A. = Zeitschrift für deutsches Alterthum. Leipzig, Berlin, 1841 etc.

Z.f.d.Ph. = Zachers Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie. Halle, 1869 etc.

Z.f.ö.G. = Zeitschrift für die österreichischen Gymnasien. Wien, 1850 etc.

The titles of other periodicals are given with sufficient fulness for easy identification. § 2. BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Bibliographies have been published from time to time as a supplement to Anglia; also in the Jahresbericht über...german.

Philologie; by Garnett in his Translation, 1882 etc.; and will be found in Wülker's Grundriss (with very useful abstracts), 1885, pp. 245 etc.

Clark Hall's Translation, 1901, 1911.

Holthausen's Beowulf, 1906, 1909, 1913, 1919.

Brandl's Englische Literatur, in Pauls Grdr.(2), II, 1015-24 (full, but not so reliable as Holthausen's).

Sedgefield's Beowulf, 1910, 1913 (carefully selected).

An excellent critical bibliography of Beowulf-translations up to 1903 is that of Tinker: see under § 6, Translations. § 3. THE MS AND ITS TRANSCRIPTS

Beowulf fills ff. 129 (132)a to 198 (201)b of the British Museum MS Cotton Vitellius A. XV. Beowulf is written in two hands, the first of which goes to l. 1939.

This hand was identified by Prof. Sedgefield (Beowulf, Introduction, p. xiv, footnote) with that of the piece immediately preceding Beowulf in the MS, and by Mr Kenneth Sisam, in 1916, with that of all three immediately preceding pieces: the Christopher fragment, the Wonders of the East, and the Letter of Alexander on the Wonders of India. The pieces preceding these, however (the Soliloquies of S. Augustine, the Gospel of Nicodemus, Salomon and Saturn), are certainly not in the same hand, and their connection with the Beowulf-MS is simply due to the bookbinder.

From l. 1939 to the end, Beowulf is written in a second hand, thicker and less elegant than the first. This second hand seems to be clearly identical with that in which the poem of Judith, immediately

following Beowulf, is written. This was pointed out by Sievers in 1872 (Z.f.d.A. XV, 457), and has never, I think, been disputed (cf.

Sisam, p. 337; Förster, p. 31). Nevertheless the two poems have probably not always formed one book. For the last page of Beowulf was apparently once the last page of the volume, to judge from its battered condition, whilst Judith is imperfect at the beginning. And there are trifling differences, e.g. in the frequency of the use of contractions, and the form of the capital H. This identity of the scribe of the second portion of Beowulf and the Judith scribe, together with the identity (pointed out by Mr Sisam) of the scribe of the first portion of Beowulf and the scribe of the three preceding works, is important. A detailed comparison of these texts will throw light upon the characteristics of the scribes.

That the three preceding works are in the same hand as that of the first Beowulf scribe was again announced, independently of Mr Sisam, by Prof. Max Förster, in 1919. Sievers had already in 1871 arrived at the same result (see Förster, p. 35, note) but had not published it.

It seems to me in the highest degree improbable that the BeowulfMS has lost its ending, as Prof. Förster thinks (pp. 82, 88). Surely nothing could be better than the conclusion of the poem as it stands in the MS: that the casual loss of a number of leaves could have resulted in so satisfactory a conclusion is, I think, not conceivable.

Moreover, the scribe has crammed as much material as possible into the last leaf of Beowulf, making his lines abnormally long, and using contractions in a way he does not use them elsewhere. The only reason for this must be to avoid running over into a new leaf or quire: there could be no motive for this crowded page if the poem had ever run on beyond it.

There is pretty general agreement that the date of the Beowulf-MS is about the year 1000, and that it is somewhat more likely to be before that date than after.

The Beowulf-MS was injured in the great Cottonian fire of 1731, and the edges of the parchment have since chipped away owing to the damage then sustained. Valuable assistance can therefore be derived from the two transcripts now preserved in the Royal Library of Copenhagen, made in 1787, when the MS was much less damaged.

A. Poema anglosaxonicum de rebus gestis Danorum ... fecit exscribi Londini A.D. MDCCLXXXVII Grimus Johannis Thorkelin.

B. Poema anglosaxonicum de Danorum rebus gestis ... exscripsit Grimus Johannis Thorkelin. Londini MDCCLXXXVII. The first description of the Beowulf-MS is in 1705 by H. Wanley (Librorum Septentrionalium ... Catalogus, pp. 218—19, Oxoniæ, forming vol. II of Hickes' Thesaurus). Two short extracts from the MS are given by Wanley. He describes the poem as telling of the wars quæ Beowulfus quidam Danus, ex regio Scyldingorum stirpe ortus, gessit contra Sueciæ regulos. The text was printed by Thorkelin in 1815, and the MS was collated by Conybeare, who in his Illustrations (1826) issued 19 pages of corrections of Thorkelin. These corrections were further corrected by J. M. Kemble in 1837 (Letter to M. Francisque Michel, in Michel's Bibliothèque Anglo-Saxonne, pp.

20, 51-8). Meantime Kemble's text had been issued in 1833, based upon his examination of the MS. The MS was also seen by Thorpe (in 1830: Thorpe's text was not published till 1855) and by Grundtvig (pub. 1861). A further collation was that of E. Kölbing in 1876 (Zur Beóvulf-handschrift, Archiv, LVI, 91-118). Kölbing's collation proves the superiority of Kemble's text to Grundtvig's. Line for line transcripts of the MS were those of Holder, Wülker and Zupitza: 1881 Holder, A. Beowulf. Bd. I. Abdruck der Handschrift.

Freiburg u. Tübingen. ( ‡ 1881, from collation made in 1875.)

Reviews: Kölbing, Engl. Stud. VII, 488; Kluge, Literaturblatt, 1883, 178; Wülker, Lit. Cbl. 1882, 1035-6.

1882. 2 Aufl.

1895. 3 Aufl. Reviews: Dieter, Anglia, Beiblatt, VI, 260-1; Brandl, Z.f.d.A. XL, 90.

1881 Wülker, R. P. Beowulf: Text nach der handschrift, in Grein's Bibliothek, I, 18-148.

1882 Zupitza, J. Beowulf. Autotypes of the unique Cotton MS. Vitellius A XV; with a transliteration and notes. Early English Text Society, London. Reviews: Trautmann, Anglia, VII, Anzeiger, 41; Kölbing, Engl. Stud. VII, 482 etc.; Varnhagen, A.f.d.A. X, 304; Sievers, Lit. Cbl. 1884, 124.

Further discussion of the MS by 1890 Davidson, C. Differences between the scribes of Beowulf.

M.L.N. V, 43-4; McClumpha, C., criticizes the above, M.L.N. V, 123; reply by Davidson, M.L.N. V, 189-90.

1910 Lamb, Evelyn H. "Beowulf": Hemming of Worcester. Notes and Queries, Ser. XI, vol. I, p. 26. (Worthless. An assertion, unsupported by any evidence, that both the hands of the Beowulf MS are those of Hemming of Worcester, who flourished c. 1096.)

1916 Sisam, K. The Beowulf Manuscript. M.L.R. XI, 335-7. (Very important. Gives results of a scrutiny of the other treatises in MS Vitellius A. XV (see above) and shows, among other things, that the Beowulf MS, before reaching the hands of Sir Robert Cotton, was (in 1563) in those of Lawrence Nowell, the Elizabethan Anglo-Saxon scholar.)

1919 Förster, Max. Die Beowulf-Handschrift, Leipzig, Berichte der Sächs. Akad. der Wissenschaften, Bd. 71. (An excellent and detailed discussion of the problems of the MS, quite independent of that of Mr Sisam, whose results it confirms.)

Review: Schröder, Z.f.d.A. LVIII, 85-6.

1920 Rypins, S. I. The Beowulf Codex. Mod. Phil. XVII, 541-8 (promising further treatment of the problems of the MS).

The MS of Finnsburg has been lost. See above, p. 245. § 4. EDITIONS OF BEOWULF AND FINNSBURG 1705 Hickes, G. Linguarum Vett. Septentrionalium Thesaurus.

Oxoniæ. (Vol. I, 192-3, text of Finnsburg Fragment.)

1814 Conybeare, J. J. The Battle of Finsborough, in Brydges' British Bibliographer, vol. IV, pp. 261-7; No. XV (Text, Latin translation, and free verse paraphrase in English: some brief notes).

1815 Thorkelin, G. J. De Danorum rebus gestis secul. III et IV. Poëma Danicum dialecto Anglo-Saxonica. (Copenhagen, with Lat. transl.) Reviews: See § 7, Textual Criticism, 1815, Grundtvig; also Dansk Litteratur-Tidende, 1815, 401-32, 437-46, 461-2 (defending Thorkelin against Grundtvig); Iduna, vii, 1817, 133-59; Monthly Review, LXXXI, 1816, 516-23; ‡ Jenaische Literatur-Zeitung, 1816, Ergänzungsblätter, 353-65 (summary in Wülker's Grundriss, p. 252); Outzen in Kieler Blätter, 1816, see § 8, below.

1817 Rask, R. K. Angelsaksisk sproglære. Stockholm (pp. 163-6 contain Beowulf, ll. 53-114, with commentary).

1820 Text of Finnsburg, given by Grundtvig in Bjowulfs Drape, pp. xl-xlv.

1826 Text of Finnsburg, and of large portions of Beowulf, given in Conybeare's Illustrations. See § 5, Translations.

1833 Kemble, J. M. Beowulf, the Travellers Song, and the Battle of Finnesburh, edited with a glossary ... and an historical preface. London.

1835. Second edit.

1847 Schaldemose, F. Beo-wulf og Scopes Widsið ... med Oversættelse. Kjøbenhavn. (Follows Kemble's text of 1835: Text and transl. of Finnsburg also given, pp. 161-4.) 1851, Reprinted.

1849 Klipstein, L. F. Analecta Anglo-Saxonica. New York.

(Selections from Beowulf, II, 227-61: Text of Finnsburg, 426-7.)

1850 Ettmüller, L. Engla and Seaxna scopas and bōceras.

Quedlinburg u. Leipzig. (Text of large portions of Beowulf, with Finnsburg, pp. 95-131.)

1855 Thorpe, B. The A.S. poems of Beowulf, the scop or gleeman's tale, and Finnesburg, with a literal translation ...

Oxford. ‡1875, Reprinted.

1857 Grein, C. W. M. Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Poesie, I. Göttingen (pp. 255—343, Beóvulf, Ueberfall in Finnsburg).

1861-4. Bd. III, IV. Sprachschatz.

1861 Rieger, M. Alt- u. angelsächsisches Lesebuch. Giessen. (Der Kampf zu Finnsburg, pp. 61-3: aus dem Beovulf, 63-82.)

1861 Grundtvig, N. F. S. Beowulfes Beorh eller Bjovulfs-Drapen.

Kiöbenhavn, London. (The Finnsburg Fragment is inserted in the text of Beowulf, after l. 1106.)

1863 Heyne, M. Beovulf, mit ausführlichem Glossar. Paderborn.

(Anhang: Der Ueberfall in Finnsburg.) Reviews: Grein, Lit. Cbl. 1864, 137—8; Holtzmann, Germania, VIII, 506-7.

1868. ‡2 Aufl. Review: Rieger, Z.f.d.Ph. II, 371-4.

1873. 3 Aufl. Review: Sievers, Lit. Cbl. 1873, 6623, brief but severe.

1879. 4 Aufl. [in this, Kölbing's collation of 1876 was utilized; see p. 82]. Reviews: Brenner, Engl.

Stud. IV, 135-9; Gering, Z.f.d.Ph. XII, 122-5.

1867 Grein, C. W. M. Beovulf, nebst den Fragmenten Finnsburg u. Valdere. Cassel u. Göttingen.

1875 Ettmüller, L. Carmen de Beóvulfi, Gautarum regis, rebus praeclare gestis atque interitu, quale fuerit antequam in manus interpolatoris, monachi Vestsaxonici, inciderat. (Zürich.

University Programme. The additions of the "interpolator" being omitted, the edition contains 2896 lines only.) Reviews: Schönbach, A.f.d.A. III, 36-46; ‡ Suchier, Jenaer LiteraturZeitung, XLVII, 1876, 732.

1876 Arnold, T. Beowulf, with a translation, notes and appendix.

London. Reviews (unfavourable): Sweet, Academy, X, 1876, 588; Wülker, Lit. Cbl. 1877, 665-6, and Anglia, I, 177-86.

1879 Wülker, R. P. Kleinere angelsächsische Dichtungen. Halle, Leipzig. (Finnsburg, pp. 6-7.)

1883 Möller, H. Das altenglische Volksepos in der ursprünglichen strophischen Form. I. Abhandlungen. II. Texte.

Kiel. (Containing only those parts of the Finn-story and of Beowulf which Möller regarded as "genuine," in strophic form.)

Reviews: Heinzel, A.f.d.A. X, 215-33 (important); Schönbach, Z.f.ö.G. XXXV, 37-46.

1883 Wülker, R. P. Das Beowulfslied, nebst den kleineren epischen ... stücken. Kassel. (In the second edit. of Grein's Bibliothek der ags. Poesie.) Review: Kölbing, Engl. Stud. VII, 482 etc.

1883 Harrison, J. A. and Sharp, R. Beowulf. Boston, U.S.A. ( ‡ 1883, on the basis of Heyne's edition; with Finnsburg.)

Reviews: York Powell, Academy, XXVI, 1884, 220-1; reply by

Harrison, 308-9; by York Powell, 327; Kölbing, Engl. Stud. VII, 482; Bright, Literaturblatt, 1884, 221—3.

1892. Third edit.

1894. Fourth edit. Reviews: Wülker, Anglia, Beiblatt, V, 65-7; Glöde, Engl. Stud. XX, 417-18.

1884 Holder, A. Beowulf, II. Berichtigter Text u. Wörterbuch.

Freiburg u. Tübingen. Reviews: York Powell, Academy, XXVI, 1884, 220-1; Wülker, Lit. Cbl. 1885, 1008-9; Krüger, Literaturblatt, 1884, 468-70.

1899. 2 Aufl. [with suggestions of Kluge and Cosijn]. Reviews: Trautmann, Anglia, Beiblatt, X, 257; Wülfing, Engl. Stud. XXIX, 278-9; Holthausen, Literaturblatt, 1900, 60-2 (important corrections).

1888 Heyne, M. and Socin, A. [Fifth edit. of Heyne's text.]

Paderborn u. Münster. Reviews: Koeppel, Engl. Stud. XIII, 46672; Heinzel, A.f.d.A. XV, 189-94; Sievers, Z.f.d.Ph. XXI, 354-65 (very important corrections); Schröer, Literaturblatt, 1889, 1701.

1898. 6 Aufl. Reviews: Trautmann, Anglia, Beiblatt, X, 257; Holthausen, Anglia, Beiblatt, X, 265; Sarrazin, Engl. Stud. XXVIII, 408-10; Jantzen, Archiv, CIII, 175-6.

1903. 7 Aufl. Reviews: Holthausen, Anglia, Beiblatt, XVIII, 193-4; Klaeber, the same, 289-91; Kruisinga, Engl. Stud. XXXV, 401-2; v. Grienberger, Z.f.ö.G. LVI, 744-61 (very full); E. Kock, A.f.n.F. XXII, 215 (brief).

1894 Wyatt, A. J. Beowulf, edited with textual footnotes, index of proper names, and glossary. (Text of Finnsburg.) Cambridge.

Reviews: Bradley, Academy, XLVI, 1894, 69-70; Wülker, Anglia, Beiblatt, V, 65-7; Brenner, Engl. Stud. XX, 296; Zupitza, Archiv, XCIV, 326-9.

1898. Second edit. Reviews: Trautmann, Anglia, Beiblatt, X, 257; Sarrazin, Engl. Stud. XXVIII, 407-8.

1902 Kluge, F. Angelsächsisches Lesebuch. 3 Aufl. Halle. (XXX. Der Überfall von Finnsburuh, pp. 127-8.)

1903 Trautmann, M. Finn u. Hildebrand. Bonner Beiträge, VII. (Text, translation and comment on the Episode and Fragment.)

Reviews: Binz, Z.f.d.Ph. XXXVII, 529-36; Jantzen, Die Neueren Sprachen, XI, 543-8; Neue philol. Rundschau, 1903, 619-21 (signed -tz- ? Jantzen). Some additional notes by Trautmann, "Nachträgliches zu Finn u. Hildebrand" appeared in Bonner Beiträge, XVII, 122.

1904 Trautmann, M. Das Beowulflied ... das Finn-Bruchstück u. die Waldhere-Bruchstücke. Bearbeiteter Text u. deutsche Übersetzung. Bonner Beiträge, XVI. Reviews: Klaeber, M.L.N. XX, 83-7 (weighty); Eckhardt, Engl. Stud. XXXVII, 401-3; Schücking, Archiv, CXV, 417-21; Barnouw, Museum, XIV, 96-8; Neue philologische Rundschau (? by Jantzen), 1905, 549-50.

1905-6 Holthausen, F. Beowulf nebst dem Finnsburg-Bruchstück.

I. Texte. II. Einleitung, Glossar u. Anmerkungen. Heidelberg.

Reviews: Lawrence, J.E.G.Ph. VII, 125-9; Klaeber, M.L.N. XXIV, 94-5; Schücking, Engl. Stud. XXXIX, 94-111 (weighty); Deutschbein, Archiv, CXXI, 162-4; v. Grienberger, Z.f.ö.G. 1908, LIX, 333-46 (giving an elaborate list of etymological parallels); Barnouw, Museum, XIV, 169-70; Wülker, D.L.Z. 1906, 285-6; ‡Jantzen, Neue philologische Rundschau, 1907, 18.

1908-9. 2 Aufl., nebst den kleineren Denkmälern der Heldensage, Finnsburg, Waldere, Deor, Widsith, Hildebrand. Reviews: Eichler, Anglia,

Beiblatt, XXI, 129-33; XXII, 161-5; Schücking, Engl.

Stud. XLII, 108-11; Brandl, Archiv, CXXI, 473, CXXIV, 210; Binz, Literaturblatt, XXXII, 1911, 53-5: see also Koeppel, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXIII, 297.

1912-13. 3 Aufl.

1914-19. 4 Aufl. Reviews: Binz, Literaturblatt, XLI, 1920, 316-17; Fischer, Engl. Stud. LIV, 404-6.

1908 Schücking, L. L. Beowulf [8th edit. of Heyne's text].

Paderborn. Reviews: Lawrence, M.L.N. XXV, 155-7; Klaeber, Engl.

Stud. XXXIX, 425-33 (weighty); Imelmann, D.L.Z. 1909, 995 (contains important original contributions); v. Grienberger, Z.f.ö.G. LX, 1089; Boer, Museum, XVI, 139 (brief).

1910. 9 Aufl. Reviews: Sedgefield, Engl. Stud. XLIII, 267-9; F. Wild, Z.f.ö.G. LXIV, 153-5.

1913. 10 Aufl. Reviews: Klaeber, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXIV, 289-91; Engl. Stud. XLIX, 424; ‡ Degenhart, Blätter f. gymnasialschulwesen, LI, 130; E. A. Kock, A.f.n.F. XXXII, 222-3; Holthausen, Z.f.d.Ph. XLVIII, 127-31 (weighty).

1918. 11, 12 Aufl. Reviews: Björkman, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXX, 121-2, 180; Fischer, Engl. Stud. LIII, 338-9.

1910 Sedgefield, W. J. Beowulf, edited with Introduction, Bibliography, Notes, Glossary and Appendices. Manchester.

Reviews: Thomas, M.L.R. VI, 266-8; Lawrence, J.E.G.Ph. X, 63340; Wild, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXIII, 253-60; Klaeber, Engl. Stud. XLIV, 119-26; Brandl, Archiv, CXXVI, 279.

1913. Second edit. Reviews: M.L.R. IX, 429; Lawrence, J.E.G.Ph. XIV, 609-13; Klaeber, Anglia, Beiblatt, XXV, 166-8.

1912 Text of the Finn episode given in Meyer, W., Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eroberung Englands durch die Angelsachsen.

1914 Chambers, R. W. Beowulf with the Finnsburg Fragment, ed.

by A. J. Wyatt. New edition, revised. Cambridge. Reviews: Jones, M.L.R. XI, 230-1: Lawrence, J.E.G.Ph. XIV, 609-13; Bright, M.L.N. XXXI, 188-9; Schücking, Engl. Stud. LV, 88-100.

1915 Dickins, B. Runic and Heroic Poems (Text of Finnsburg with Notes). Cambridge. Review: Mawer, M.L.R. XII, 82-4.

1917 Mackie, W. L. The Fight at Finnsburg (Introduction, Text and Notes). J.E.G.Ph. XVI, 250-73.

1919 Schücking, L. L. Kleines angelsächsisches Dichterbuch.

[Includes Finnsburg Fragment, Finnsburg Episode and "Beowulf's Return" (ll.

1888-2199).]

Reviews: Binz, Literaturblatt, XLI, 1920, pp. 315-16; Imelmann, D.L.Z. XL, 1919, 423-5; Fischer, Engl. Stud. LIV, 1920, 302-3.

1920 Text of Finnsburg Fragment and Episode, with commentary, in Imelmann's "Forschungen zur altenglischen Poesie."

An edition of Beowulf by Prof. F. Klaeber is in the press. § 5. CONCORDANCES, etc.

1896 Holder, A. Beowulf, vol. IIb, Wortschatz. Freiburg. Review: Brandl, A.f.d.A. XXIII, 107.

1911 Cook, A. S. Concordance to Beowulf. Halle. Reviews: Klaeber, J.E.G.Ph. XI, 277-9; Garnett, Amer. Jnl. Philol. XXXIII, 867. § 6. TRANSLATIONS (INCLUDING EARLY SUMMARIES) 1881 Wülker, R. P. Besprechung der Beowulfübersetzungen, Anglia, IV, Anzeiger, 69-80.

1886 Gummere, F. B. The translation of Beowulf, and the relations of ancient and modern English verse, Amer. Jour. of Phil. VII, 4678. (A weighty argument for translation into "the original metre.")

1891 Garnett, J. M. The translation of A.S. poetry, Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. VI, 95-105. (Agreeing in the main with Gummere.)

1897 Frye, P. H. The translation of Beowulf, M.L.N. XII, 79-82.

(Advocating blank verse.)

1898 Fulton, E. On translating A.S. poetry, Pub. Mod. Lang.

Assoc. Amer. XIII, 286-96. (Recommending an irregular fouraccent line.)

1903 Garnett, J. M. Recent translations of O.E. poetry, Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. XVIII, 445-58.

1903 Tinker, C. B. The translations of Beowulf. A critical bibliography. Yale Studies in English. New York. Reviews: Klaeber, J.E.G.Ph. V, 116-8; Binz, Anglia, Beiblatt, XVI, 291-2.

1909 Child, G. C. "Gummere's Oldest English Epic," M.L.N. XXIV, 253-4. (A criticism advocating prose translation.)

1910 Gummere, F. B. Translation of Old English Verse, M.L.N. XXV, 61-3. (Advocating alliterative verse.) Reply by Child, M.L.N. XXV, 157-8. See also reviews of Gummere, under year 1909, below.

1918 Leonard, W. E. Beowulf and the Niebelungen couplet, Univ. of Wisconsin Studies in Language and Literature, II, 99-152.

1805 Turner, Sharon. History of the manners ... poetry ... and language of the Anglo-Saxons. London. (From p. 398 to p. 408 is a summary, with translations, of Beowulf, Prol.-VIII. Turner was misled as to the subject of the poem, because a leaf had been

misplaced in the MS, so that the account of the fighting between Grendel and Beowulf (ll. 740-82) occurred immediately after l.

91. The struggle between Beowulf and an (unnamed) adversary being thus made to follow the account of Hrothgar's court at Heorot, Turner was led to suppose that the poem narrated the attempt of Beowulf to avenge on Hrothgar the feud for a homicide he had committed. "The transition," Turner not unreasonably complains, "is rather violent." The correct placing of the shifted leaf is due to Thorkelin.)

1815 Thorkelin, G. J. [Latin version in his edition, q.v.] The reviewers gave summaries of the poem, with translations of portions of it: English in the Monthly Review, LXXXI, 1816, 516-23 (less inaccurate than Turner's summary); Danish in the Dansk Litteratur-Tidende, 1815, 401-32, 437-46, and by Grundtvig in the Nyeste Skilderie (see below, § 7); Swedish in Iduna, VII, 1817, 133-59.

1819 Grundtvig, N. F. S. Stykker af Skjoldung-Kvadet eller Bjovulfs Minde, Dannevirke, IV, 234-62.

1820 Grundtvig, N. F. S. Bjowulfs Drape, Kjøbenhavn. (Free rhymed translation of Beowulf: Finnsburg rendered into short lines, unrhymed: Introduction and most important critical notes.) Review: J. Grimm in Gött. Anzeigen, 1823 = Kleinere Schriften, IV, 178-86. For second edit., see 1865.

1820 Turner, Sharon. History of the Anglo-Saxons ... third edit.

London. (Vol. III, pp. 325-48, contains a summary, with translations, of the earlier part of the poem, much less inaccurate than that of 1805.)

1826 Conybeare, J. J. Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon poetry. London.

(Pp. 35-136 contain a summary of Beowulf, with blank verse transl. and the corresponding text in A.S. and Latin; pp. 175-82, Finnsburg, text with transl. into Latin and into English verse.)

1832 Grundtvig, N. F. S. Nordens mythologi. Anden Udgave.

Kiöbenhavn. (Pp. 571-94 give a summary of the Beowulf-stories.

This was, of course, wanting in the first edit. of 1808.)

1837 Kemble, J. M. Translation ... with ... glossary, preface and notes. London. (The "postscript to the preface" in which Kemble supplemented and corrected the "Historical Preface" to his edition of 1833, is the basis of the mythological explanations of Beowulf as an Anglian god, Beowa.)

1839 Leo, H. [Summary with translation of extracts.] See § 8, below.

1840 Ettmüller, L. Beowulf, stabreimend übersetzt, Einleitung und Anmerkungen (Finnsburg, pp. 36-8). Zürich.

mit

1845 Longfellow, H. W. The Poets and Poetry of Europe.

Philadelphia. (Pp. 8-10 contain transl. of extracts from Beowulf.)

1847 Schaldemose, F. [Danish transl. of Beowulf and Finnsburg, in his edit., q.v.]

1849 Wackerbarth, A. D. Beowulf, translated into English verse.

London. (Imitation of Scott's metre.)

1855 Thorpe, B. [In his edit., q.v.]

1857 Uhland, L. [Prose transl. of Finnsburg.] Germania, II, 354-5.

1857 Grein, C. W. M. Dichtungen der Angelsachsen, stabreimend übersetzt. Göttingen. (Vol. I, pp. 222—308, Beowulf, trans. into alliterative verse.)

1883. 2 Aufl. [Incorporating Grein's manuscript corrections, seen through the press by Wülker.]

Cassel. Review: Krüger, Engl. Stud. VIII, 139—42.

1859 Simrock, K. Beowulf übersetzt u. erläutert. Stuttgart u.

Augsburg. (Alliterative verse: Finnsburg Fragment inserted after