SOUND MIND: THE FUTURE CAMPUS ADAM CHOWN, BEN SAYERS, DAN CRUSE ST3 PORTFOLIO
THESIS STATEMENT “If we continue to neglect the interconnected relation between space, activity and sound, we will most certainly fail to create sustainable urban development where the sonic environment is included as an important and self-evident aspect of the human experience.� Hallgren (2012)
THE PROBLEM
METHODOLOGY
SOLUTION
Increased environmental noise in urban areas has a direct correlation with increased mental illnesses.
We aim to use methods and lessons from the pavilion experimentation to design a building scale project.
Our solution is to develop a multi-faceted noise preventative framework which can be utilised on other scaled projects.
INTRODUCTION This project leads on from the experimentation of mental health prevention through sound therapy within a pavilion. We aim to tackle multiple ways environmental noise can be eradicated through different design methods at the building scale. The methods could potentially see application for new build or re-use of urban scale or occupancy scale projects.
OVERVIEW
STUDIO 1
STUDIO 2
STUDIO 3
Theory & Computational Methods
Architectural Problem
Output Pavilion Experimentation
Site Specific Context
Develop Method
Building Scale Project
Site Specific Context
0.1
02 APPROACH
IDENTIFICATION
03 METHOD
12pm m
50
un
e
s
i m iti
d B ar
r
ba
Ur
So
P
rox
Fa c a d e
ng
s
CONTENTS
ie r
5
01 PROBLEM
9am
n Zo ni
25m
N W
04 CONTEXT
En
rie
velo pe
O
05 DESIGN
6pm
Privacy
DEVELOPMENT
9pm
The aim of this project is to design a system, which will in turn allow us to design a building.
n t a ti o
H eig ht
06 EVALUATION
SYSTEM CONNECTIONS
SYSTEM WIDE INTERACTIONS
Temperature Control
Increased Daylight
Noise Prevention
Increased Ventilation
Measure Noise from Source
07 PROJECT
View Availability
References
This portfolio builds upon our previous research in acoustic application for the benefit of mental health. Our thesis takes experimentation from a pavilion test bed to a building in an urban context.
Measure Noise from Source
Pa n els
n
3pm
Thesis Context
E S
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
APPROACH
METHOD
CONTEXT
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION In this chapter we explore the issue of mental illness in a modern climate, through the increase in environmental noise, and how solutions can be addressed through the architectural medium.
HOW CAN ARCHITECTURE PREVENT MENTAL ILLNESS? In this chapter, we explore the ways in which mental illnesses can be seen as an architectural problem, and how we can go about solving these problems.
8
1.1
MENTAL HEALTH
MORTALITY
Statistics DISEASE
1 in 4 people experience mental illnesses
Sleep Disturbance, Cardiovascular
each year[1]. Mental illness is the single largest burden of disease in the UK[2], being more common, longer lasting and impactful than other health conditions[3].
RISK FACTORS
Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, Blood Clotting, Glucose
There are roughly 6000 suicides each year and it’s the biggest killer of men under the age of 49, with the majority of mental conditions developing within people’s
STRESS INDICATORS
adolescent years[4]. We have identified mental health as
Autonomous Response, Stress Hormones
4.4 in 100
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
5.9 in 100
Generalised anxiety disorder
wider context. For this reason we aim to
7.8 in 100
Mixed anxiety and depression
3.3 in 100
Depression
present a thesis project which can aid the
20.6 in 100
Suicidal thoughts
2.4 in 100
Phobias
6.7 in 100
Suicide attempts
1.3 in 100
OCD
7.3 in 100
Self-harm
0.6 in 100
Panic disorder
an emergent concern within today’s
development of mental illness prevention. [1], [2], [3] - https://mhfaengland.org/mhfa-centre/research-and-evaluation/mental-healthstatistics/ [4] - https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-41125009 https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/statistics
FEELINGS OF DISCOMFORT Annoyance, Disturbance
Number of People Affected
1.2
9
Mental Health Stress
URBAN SOUND PLANNING
Increased Disease
Planning of the Acoustic Qualities in an Urban Environment
Decreased Productivity
Urban Planning does not consider sound with any significance, and as a result, creates micro-stressors in people’s lives.
Fatigue
“If we continue to neglect the interconnected relation between space, activity and sound, we will most certainly fail to create sustainable urban development where the sonic environment is included as an important and self-evident aspect of the
Sleep Deprevation
human experience.” Hallgren (2012)
Architecture
Communications
Materiality Reverberation Form & Facade
Sensors Technology
Services
Communities
Construction Transport Vehicles Commercial Activity
Steps Voices Sports Activities
References https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2016/wp29grb/GRB-63-05e.pdf
Negative Wellbeing
“We need more pronounced architectural tools to optimize the living conditions for urban inhabitants exposed to urban noise, which is causing psychoacoustic annoyance and even hearing loss. A sonically stressed population may also be productively impaired” Ponten (2009)
for mitigating and controlling the urban soundscape. Many of these methods are
OUR PROJECT FO CUS
application, however there is justification for other means. These include the use of electric cars and other modes of electric transport, and community knowledge of noise pollution. We will focus our
m
d Bar
r
ba
Fa c a d e
ng
un
e
s
i m i ti
Ur
So
toward a controlled urban soundscape,
rox
P
study on the architectural application
ie r
s
50
n Zo ni
25m
N W
controlling and manipulating internal and
E S
external noise to meet current and future programatic requirements. velo pe
ri e
n t ati o
n
En
O
Pa n els
H eight
n
se
m in at
s
od
n ti o
on
di
ent
e
ur
w Te c h
An overview of the possibilities found
found through practical architectural
s iv
Re duc
Dis
Ne
c a ti o n
P as
se
c i p a ti
i
Lo
Fe at
r ti
n g B u il
No
ni
Tr e a t
Pa
u
te r
Gre e
nd
Fo li g e a
Wa
Architectural & NonArchitectural Ways of Treating and Mitigating Environmental Noise in an Urban Setting
Gro
PREVENTION VS TREATMENT
ngs
TION A G I T I M L A R U T ARCHITEC
io
1.3
m
10
ON I T A G I T I OTHER M
e M et
h
THE ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE CONTINUUM It may seem counter-intuitive to combat environmental noise with architecture, with the largest proponent being traffic noise, however the issue of environmental noise will remain through numerous ways after vehicles have become fully electric.
1.0
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
METHOD
CONTEXT
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
APPROACH In this chapter, we explain the theories and computational methods which we will be using to develop our project.
HOW CAN COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS INFLUENCE THE DESIGN PROCESS? In this section we build upon our knowledge of generative design from our pavilion experimentation to further our computation competence, in order to better inform our design.
Generation
14
An initial population is randomly generated with a sparse variety of genomes/phenomes. A small segment of these solutions will be suitable to carry forward.
2.1
GENETIC ALGORITHMS How can we Automate Generative Design with Computation? To carry out an evolutionary process with the use of computation, each function of the generative process must be written in code. The total process of this can be described as “Genetic Algorithms.�
Start Generation Generation
Crossover Parent 1 P1 C
P2
Parent 1
Calculate Individual Fitness
Child
Crossover
Crossover Selection
In our project, an initial group of designs will be generated and their fitness values are calculated. Depending on their fitness value, a feedback loop of random selection, breeding and mutation is implemented until a suitable design iteration is found. This is not a fully automated process and requires human input to decide which design iterations are suitable.
Phenomes are selected from two individual solutions (parents) and crossed over to create the next generation (child) which takes phenotypes from both parents.
Generate Initial Population
Using a set of performance metrics we can decide which phenotype are most desirable in the specific environment. These individuals are classed as suitable and selected for further crossovers.
Selection Mutation Finally, a minority of children will mutate, which develops a larger gene pool, in which new phenomes developed can be carried into later generations.
Yes
End
No
Random Selection of Parents Crossover to Produce Children
Selection
Mutation Mutation
Does Generation Satisfy Stop Criteria?
Mutation of Children
Evolutionary Process
15
2.2
EXPLORING THE DESIGN SPACE The Human Interaction with Generative Design With the creation of the design space in mind, we created a design space which holds a balance of bias and variance, continuity and complexity, exploration and
Generate
Evaluate
Evolve
We must designate a ‘design space’ as a closed system which can generate all possible solutions for the design
This develops measures in which the system judges each design performance.
The use of evolutionary algorithms to search through the design space and select unique high performing designs.
exploitation. In this exploration, we decide on our spatial configuration in which the spheres represent our desired spaces. With a balanced design space, we were able to z
generate around 100 iterations which gave enough variety.
x
y
Using certain tools we can filter through a large number of iterations by defining what the desired outcome should be. By selected more suitable solutions, we can carry a strong ‘gene pool’ to the next
Parameters = X, Y and Z axis
stage of the process.
https://medium.com/
Vector of Input Data
Objective Functions
Constraint Functions
Input parameters that encompass every possible output
The objectives/goals of the optimisation
Constraints describe the feasibility of the possible solutions
Objectives = Minimise the volume of the box around the box inside Constraints = Maintain the volume of the internal box
16
2.3
COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS What is a Complex Adapative System? A complex adaptive system is a system
The CAS Dismantled
in which a perfect understanding of individual parts and interactions does not auatomatically convey a pefect understanding of the whole systems behaviour. each individual agent interacts
Volume
and creates system wide patterns this will then influence the future interactions and the loop will continue, meaning the final
Porosity
Effectiveness Void
ouput will not be clear through the input.
Proximity
Transportation
Vertical layers
Function
Accessibility Horitzontal layers
SYSTEM CONNECTIONS
Smart City Sensor
17
2.4 Urban Soundscape
In the Context of Environmental Noise
Transportation/ Works
of expertise. In the context of our study into
Without People Present
Relaxing + Nature
Lively
environmental noise the pattern language is a way of understanding the different levels and causes of environemntal noise in an urban soundscape.
Cars Screeching
Noise of Workers
Engines
Music + Chat
People Walking
People Shopping
Children Playing
Birds Singing
Smart solutions for acoustics within an
over urban acoustics. This includes access to live data feeds that can be introduced into building design during the design phase and also post occupancy. It is these methods that should further reinforce a reactive building to a constantly changing urban soundscape. References: [2] Denef, S., 2020. A Pattern Language of Social Media Practice in Public Security. [Online] Available at: http://media4sec.eu/pattern-language/ [Accessed 28 January 2020]. [3] Raimbault, M., 2005. Urban Sounscapes: experiences and knowledge. Elsevier, 22(05), pp. 339-350.
Traffic Lights
Construction Site
Traffic Flow
Coffee Shop
Pedestrian Area
Market Place
Playground with Fountain
Garden
Anticipate citizen demands
used in a number of test cities accross the
Counterract the ever changing urban soundscape
use of a range of acoustic sensors, currently
there is a greater control and governance
Information Park Maintenance
Management System Building Systems Management
BIG Data
Electricity Management
Automation
Air Quality/ Pollution
Limit values Waste Management
Risk evaluation Reactive Solutions
urban environment already exist through
globe. Through using these technologies,
Improve control in noisy and problematic areas
of describing good design practices or
Feed live data into reactive building systems
“patterns�. A pattern language is a method With People Present
Live Data
People Presence
Our inventory refers to a series of connected
patterns of useful organization within a field
Quantify the results of action plans
Make information accessible
ACOUSTIC PATTERN LANGUAGE & SMART SOLUTIONS
Mobility Patterns
Connectivity
Traffic Management
Acoustic & Noise Levels
COMPUTATION FOR OPTIMISATION We can use the previous theories as a framework for the generative methods we learned in studio 1. The application of complex adaptive systems, smart solutions and Christopher Alexander’s Pattern Language can further inform our design methods.
1.0 2.0
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
APPROACH
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
CONTEXT
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
EVALUATION
METHOD This chapter explains how we aim to use the knowledge learned in the previous chapter, which has been built upon from the ST2 submission.
WHAT ARE THE GOALS OF THE PROJECT? Other than manipulating sound to combat environmental noise in Central Manchester, we need to aim to use the existing site in a different way, in order to benefit the university’s future.
21
3.1
DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES Adaptive Aspects of the Building We’ve identified 3 individual methods for
Entrance
responsiveness to environmental variability,
Office
which ultimately allows the building to react more effectively to external stimulus. The geometry manipulation consists of either volumetric adpativity or internal adaptivity, the latter being a more achievable method of noise management.
Catering
Facade treatment allows for the effective deflection/absorption of noise before it
Teaching
reaches the internal environment, which we will be exploring as a responsive mechanism. Programmatic arrangement allows for the flexibile adaptivity of the internal environment and is a viable solution to preventing noise. We aim to simulate how sound is distributed on site at specific times and find the optimal arrangement without the need for it to be adaptive.
Geometry Manipulation
Facade Treatment
Programmatic Arrangment
22
3.2
DESIGN PROCESS A Step by Step Projection to Outline our Design Process.
Analyse Envrionmental Data That Interacts With The Chosen Urban Block
Determine The Internal & External Acoustic Qualities & Desired Internal Noise Levels
Internal Panelisation & Room Definition
Define The Building Envelope & Internal Arrangement Based On Adjacency Study
Responsive Ceiling
Identify Sound Source Locations/Types
Noise
Establish Facade Geometry Based on ST1 Study
Defined Adjacency Arrangement Around Circulation Cores
Fixed Ceiling
Map Urban Soundscape & Retrieve Acoustic Data
Establish Facade Absorb or Diffusion
Solar Facade Development & Treatment
This shows our vision for the design process from concept to building. This sequence
Road Traffic Pedestrian Traffic Construction Air Pollution Trams/trains Residential areas Commercial areas
Define Building Envelope
has been influenced by our research in the ST1, Serpentine Pavillion, methodology and
Project Acoustic Information Onto Proposed Massing Elevations
adapted and improved so it can be applied on a larger, building scale.
Facade Panelisation & Rationalisation
Input Noise Data
Divide facade into Equal Segments
Privacy x2 -6d
B
Arrange Adjacecnies Based On Predetermined Data Sets
Identify Appropriate Urban Block
Type A
Iterating Internal Geometry
Establish distance from noise source
Establish decibel reduction over distance
Type B Type C
Daylight dB
48
Determine The Internal Programme & Spatial Qualities Requried
Materiality Number of bounces Distance from noise Decibel rating
Type D
Define Goal for number of Panel types
dB
102
Determine Urban Block Circulation Core
Input Sound Transmission
Determine Vertical Arrangement of Spaces Based on External Acoustic Qualities
Xm2 Xm2
Connecting Internal Spaces
Xm2
Lecture Theatre
3
Seminar Rooms
5
Research Laboratory
2
Cafe
1
Offices
8
Sort Panels based on Different Panel Types
The Determined Adjacency Sizes Interact With Site Specific Data
Establish facade Geometry
Establish Diffuser or Absorber
An Adjacency Arrangement Is Defined
Generate Floor Plates
Distance from noise Programme requirements Materiality Street facing Distance from noise Decibel rating Height from the ground
Sort the Panels into groups by Panel type
Input Parameters
23
We are using a variety of number sliders to allow for the manipulation of varying data inputs feeding into a parametric model, modelled in grasshopper to allow for complete design control based of a series of data inputs.
3.3
MASSING
0 1 2 3 4
Linear Semi Private Courtyard Perimeter Atrium Tower
Typologies Input
Building Typology A
B
C
D
E
Iterating to find Number of Floors
Optimal
Generative Algorithm
Input variables and measureable output data sets that we will use to test the urban block’s acoustic performance
4
5
6
7
8
Output Measures
9
The genetic algorithm allows us to explore an exponential amount of design options in order to best satisfy our design goals based of measurable outputs.
Building Depth
We measure the designs generated by the generative algorithm process by a set of predefined goals. To filter through the designs that satisfy the criteria set at the start of the process we can use the output measures to help filter the possible designs
Elevation Orientation 0
Here shows a range of the input variable
0.5
Decibel Levels at Elevation Panels
1
No. Of decibels
Min
that we will use to manipulate each of the
Building Typology Selection
Number of Building Blocks
urban block typologies that we intend to test 0
for acoustic performance. These include
0.5
Environmental Data Input Max
Max/Minimum Decibel Levels
1
Area Sq.
Min
Max
variables involved in its physical form and others are varying testing measures. From
Building Location (X,Y,Z)
the input data set we will acheive a urban
5
6
7
Internal Building Volume
8
9
Min
block typology that we can then test its
Min
can search the design space for outcomes that suit our desired outputs. Here we can
65
75
85
Max
Map Privacy
Total Elevation Panel Surface Area (m2)
Desired Access Points
measureable outcomes. We do this so we
55
15
25
35
45
Max
Typology A Linear
also cross test different solutions that benefit the buildign design in different ways. An example of trade off would be the
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
Typology B Perimeter
acoustic performance and how that affects the overall building footprint.
Input Noise Data B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
Typology C Atrium
C1 Typology D Tower
D1
Input Daylight Data D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
Xm2
24
3.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Input Parameters We are using a variety of number sliders to allow for the manipulation of varying data inputs feeding into a parametric model, modelled in grasshopper to allow for complete design control based of a series of data inputs.
ADJACENCIES
Xm2
Lecture Theatre Collaborative Quiet Study Research Lab Office Retail Accommodation Plant
Programme Spatial Requirements Input Output Measures We measure the designs generated by the generative algorithm process by a set of predefined goals. To filter through the designs that satisfy the criteria set at the start of the process we can use the output measures to help filter the possible designs
on Spatial Acoustic Propoperties Individual Room Placement Efficiency
Room Types
Generative Algorithm
For Each Room Type
0%
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
100
200
300
400
100%
Overall Room Placement Efficiency Total All Rooms
0%
100%
500
Building Programme Density Internal Acoustic Requirements 25
35
45
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Map Adjacencies by Combining External Data
100%
55
Room Placement 0 500 Order
1.
Daylight Requirements (lux)
Here shows the input and output variables
The genetic algorithm allows us to explore an exponential amount of design options in order to best satisfy our design goals based of measurable outputs.
Room sizes (m2)
These are the data sets that we intend to use to manipulate the room locations and the output measures we will be testing
Find Optimal Proximities Based
Internal Adjacencies Arrangement
2.
3.
1000
that we are using to manipulate the spaces and their primary adjacencies on the site.
1. Mixed
We are able to use these inputs to generate a number of different scenarios that best suits site specific data. From 1. the changing Room Placement this we can manage a wide rage of design Order options and output the best solutions to compare against each other. This also
1. Retail multiple options allows us to carry forward
3. 4.7.
Retail - Accommodation
Retail - Accommodation - Lecture Collaborative
Retail - Accommodation - Lecture Collaborative
Retail
Single
Room Room Placement Placement Number of Rooms 1. 2. 2.Order Order Retail - Accommodation 1 10 20
1. 3.
Core Generation
1. 4. 2. 3.
2. 5. 3.
3. 6.
Select Building Typology
Retail Retail
A Retail - BAccommodation C D - Lecture E
Adjacencies Fit Around Cores
Collaborative
into the next design phases.
2.4.
Mixed vs Single Use
2. 4.5. 4. 3. 5.
Retail Retail -- Accommodation Accommodation Retail - Accommodation - Lecture Collaborative
4. 7.6. 5.
5. 8. 6.
Retail Retail -- Accommodation Accommodation -- Lecture Lecture -Collaborative Collaborative - Lecture Retail - Accommodation
Envelope Around Adjacencies
Collaborative - Quiet
4. 7.8. 6.
Retail Retail -- Accommodation Accommodation -- Lecture Lecture -Collaborative Collaborative - Lecture Retail - Accommodation Collaborative - Quiet - Lab
6.
7. 9. 8.
8.
Xm2
Lecture Theatre
3
Seminar Rooms
5
Research Laboratory
2
Cafe
1
Offices
8
Lecture Proximity to circulation cores
3.5
25
Collaborative Proximity to circulation cores
Proximity to building perimeter
Noise
ADJACENCIES & VOID GEOMETRY Exploring the Weightings for External Environmental Inputs & Case Study
Daylight
Proximity to ground floor
Views
Proximity to circulation cores
Proximity to building perimeter
Noise
Daylight
Proximity to ground floor
Views
Privacy
Programme placed through testing
Office Proximity to circulation cores
Proximity to building perimeter
Noise
Daylight
Proximity to ground floor
Views
Privacy
Cores placement through Testing Proximity to building perimeter
Noise
Daylight
Proximity to ground floor
Views
Privacy
Privacy
Cut out geometry can be used to manipulae environmental noise
Laboratory
Accommodation
Proximity to circulation cores
Retail
Plant
Proximity to circulation cores
Proximity to building perimeter
Noise
on weightings of each programme toward
Proximity to circulation cores
Proximity to building perimeter
Noise
Proximity to circulation cores
Proximity to building perimeter
Noise
Proximity to building perimeter
Noise
specific environmental requirements. Daylight
Proximity to ground floor
Daylight
Proximity to ground floor
Daylight
Proximity to ground floor
TEK by BIG
Daylight
Proximity to ground floor
From this diagram, you can see the requiements
we
set
out
for
each
programme, and how the weighting
Void area left from programe placment
Areas where the void meets the facade.
In order to create a self-organising adjacency mechanism, we must first decide
Quiet Study
Views
Privacy
Views
Privacy
Views
Privacy
Views
Creates outdoor spaces in an urban environment
Privacy
dictates the most favourable positioning for those programmes. Once weightings are decided, the order of placement then dictates which programme Can be used to filter out stale air and internal noise
has priority of placement where crossover of placement could be an issue. The next chapter expl
Click to View Video
Click to View Video
Click to View Video
Allows people to transition from inside to outside
Input Parameters
26
We are using a variety of number sliders to allow for the manipulation of varying data inputs feeding into a parametric model, modelled in grasshopper to allow for complete design control based of a series of data inputs.
3.6
PANELISATION
Spatial Requirements (max dB value) 30
35
40
45
50
Generative Algorithm
Output Measures
The genetic algorithm allows us to explore an exponential amount of design options in order to best satisfy our design goals based of measurable outputs.
We measure the designs generated by the generative algorithm process by a set of predefined goals. To filter through the designs that satisfy the criteria set at the start of the process we can use the output measures to help filter the possible designs
55
Xm2 Xm2
Requirements Input
Absorb/Diffuse (Concave/Convex Geometry)
Input Parameters and Performance Metrics To optimally treat a space with the use
Convex
Concave
Spread of Sound
External Facade Geometry Forming
Morph Room Shape 4
5
6
7
8
Min
Absorption
0
1
2
Min
Max
3
FIXED
Frequency Cancellation
We can create a number of solutions to the problem by varying the following input
Min
Scale ‘Acoustic Pocket’
what a successful design is and what an unsuccessful design is.
Max
9
of acoustic panels, we must first know
Kinetic Panel Systems
Max
parameters: spatial requirements (dB value), concave/convex geometry of panels and acoustic pressures, the morphing of the space, the scale of the space and the frequency cancellation. Iterating to find Optimal
By measuring the spread of sound and the absorption of the sound using ray-based and gradient based performance metrics, we can understand what the best solution is.
FLEXIBLE
Xm2
Programme Spatial
Fixed Panel Optimisation
Lecture Theatre
3
Seminar Rooms
5
Research Laboratory
2
Cafe
1
Offices
8
3.7
27
PANELISATION
Click to View Video
Click to View Video
Methods for Static and Kinetic Internal Panelisation Programmes vary in acoustic requirements, as specific rooms may need to be more flexible in their response to internal noise than others. The left of the page shows an experimentation toward the reduction of reverberation we carried out in Studio 1, and the right shows a kinetic ceiling for flexible programme.
Number of Attractor Points 8
Distribution of Attractor Points 6
Depth of Acoustic Panel 6
Scaling of Acoustic Panels 10 8
7 5
4
6
2
Number of
70 60
6 5
5
Sound Focus Direction
4
Distribution
4
Depth of
70
8
6
7
40
Scaling of Acoustic Panels 10
5 4
6
2
30
Number of
Sound Focus Direction 70 60
6 5
5
Sound Focus
6
Depth of Acoustic Panel
60 50
40
Distribution of Attractor Points
8
50
0
Scaling of
Number of Attractor Points
4
Distribution
4
Depth of
60 50
50 40 40
0
Scaling of
70
Sound Focus
30
Input Parameters
28
3.8
Output Measures
We are using a variety of number sliders to allow for the manipulation of varying data inputs feeding into a parametric model, modelled in grasshopper to allow for complete design control based of a series of data inputs.
FACADE
Generative Algorithm The genetic algorithm allows us to explore an exponential amount of design options in order to best satisfy our design goals based of measurable outputs.
Sound Source Location X,Y,Z Axis
We measure the designs generated by the generative algorithm process by a set of predefined goals. To filter through the designs that satisfy the criteria set at the start of the process we can use the output measures to help filter the possible designs
Input Noise Data Facade Sound Diffusion No. Of decibels
Min
Setting Out Clear Goals, Inputs of Data and Measures to Filter Through Potential Facade Design Options
55
65
75
85
External Facade Geometry Forming
6
7
8
65
75
Max
Establish distance from noise Establish decibel reduction source over distance
85
Max
9
Material Absorption Factor 0
0.5
Min
15
25
35
45
dB
48
Max
Wall Build-Up From
1
Decibel Readings
to acheive, a set of inputs that we can test Distance from Sound Source
against and a series of measures so as to
dB
102
filter the different design options.
Privacy
For the facade design the inputs were
Temperature Control
9am
9am
collected from the site. The measures were Noise Prevention
Facade Zoning
Privacy
Increased Ventilation
Temperature Control
12pm
and the goals were to meet the internal acoustic requirements of our programme. Temperature Control
Increased Daylight
Noise Prevention
3pm
3pm Noise Prevention
Increased Daylight
Determine Vertical Arrangement of Spaces Based on External Acoustic Qualities
12pm
Privacy View Availability
Increased Ventilation
Privacy View Availability
Increased Ventilation
Temperature Control
Measure Noise from Source
6pm Temperature Control
Increased Daylight
9pm Increased Ventilation
9pm View Availability
Establish Diffuser or Absorber
Increased Daylight
Geometry Formed From
6pm
Privacy View Availability
Noise Prevention
Input Sound Transmission
Increased Daylight
developed for environmental noise data sound transmission and decibel reduction
B
Internal Audible Sound
To test the design of the facade we first must define a set of goals we are looking
55
x2 -6d
Find Decibel Distances
Sound Transmission Class Min
5
No. Of decibels
Min
95
External Acoustic Panel Scale 4
Max
Facade Sound Absorption
Decibel Volume 45
Noise Data Input
Zoning Requirements
Noise Prevention
Increased Ventilation
Establish facade Geometry
View Availability
Establish facade Geometry
Typical
29
3.9
Transition zone
A - Typical
FACADE How does the Data Inform the Elevation?
Fixed zone
By collecting noise data from the site, we were able to evaluate how a building on site would receive this noise, by raytracing
Transition zone
from noise sources to the elevation of the building, and generating a colour for each segment of the elevation depending on the level of noise reaching that point. Hanwha Headquarter by UN Studio (right)
Fixed zone
shows how a facade can react more intelligently to it’s surrounding by having fixed zones where there may be less variation in noise quality, and adaptive zones where a higher variation in amplitude is experienced.
Fixed
We aim to use a similar method. By using the collected data, we can create a facade which is informed by it’s environment.
ENVIRONMENT INFORMS FACADE Transition
Measure Noise from Source
Adaptive
Hanwha Headquarters by UN Studio
THE TRADE OFF Each stage of our design process contains a trade off. Noise eradication priority would come at the expense of other environmental issues, such as daylight, temperature and ventilation. Now the design space has been set, we can begin to optimise how the spaces are arranged and sound internally manipulated.
1.0 2.0 3.0
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
APPROACH
METHOD
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
EVALUATION
PROJECT
CONTEXT In this chapter, we explore the problem of mental health. We also explore the ways in which a building scale project will react differently to a pavilion project to prevent mental illnesses.
WHAT DID WE LEARN IN STUDIO 1? Our main area of focus was to use the pavilion as an experimentation for methods and design processes to be used at a larger scale.
33
4.1
THE CONTEMPORARY PAVILION Sylvia Lavin on the Contemporary Pavilion Sylvia Lavin identifies two key aspects in which the pavilion can be successful: by
THE CONTEMPORARY PAVILION
N O I L I V ST PA
THE FUTURE PA VILION
A THE P
taking inspiration from previous pavilions as an experimentation for future projects, and for the close collaboration between
Architect
Architect
Architect
Artist
the artist and architect. “generate a complex interaction between art and architecture that produces objects, of which the pavilion might be one, that
Pavilion
Pavilion
seek to be situated within complex and extensive networks.”
We are designing a pavilion for experimentation purposes, and aim to use what we’ve learned to inform our thesis project.
Project
Project
Project
Project
Pavilion
Project
Project
Project
34
10.10
TITLE SUBTITLE Text
References
THE SOUND MIND PAVILION We were able to successfully simulate the correct sound manipulation within our pavilion and therefore succeeding in our experimentation to design a pavilion which can combat mental illnesses through sound therapy.
36
4.2
150
SITE NOISE CATEGORISATION
125
Where is the Site Noise Coming From?
100
In the busy melting pot of noise surrounding our site, a number of sources can be
75
whole, we need to identify which of these sources are permenant issues for the site and understand their acoustic properties to design for the prevention of specific frequencies.
WHO recommended 50 noise level (56 dB)
Road traffic is amongst the larger contributors, as the site sits adjacent
Decibel (dB)
found. To be able to combat noise as a
to Mancunian way and Oxford road. Construction and Airplane noise are also
25
large contributors due to Manchester’s Oxford road development plans and air traffic to Manchester Airport respectively.
10
100
1k
10k
100k
0
Frequency (Hz) Key:
Key:
Range of Environmental Noise
Sample A
Prominent Noise Levels
Sample B
Whole Range of Noise on Site
Sample C
Recommended Noise Levels
45dB
55dB
65dB
75dB
85dB
37
4.3
Proposed New Build
CURRENT SITE PROJECTION The New MMU Science & Engineering Building Proposal
Building RenovationInternal ‘strip Relocation of existing uses within the John Dalton West Building
The new building will provide improved
out’ and sewer diversion works
Demolition of the John Dalton West building
Construction of new Science & Engineering building
Refurbishment of John Dalton Tower
Winter 2020-2021
Spring 2021 Summer 2023
Sring 2022
teaching spaces, study areas and catering facilities for the Faculty of Science and Engineering. Sring 2020 Proposed DemolitionSummer 2020
The proposals involve the demolition of the existing John Dalton West building and the construction of a new Science and Engineering building. The new seven storey building will be located adjacent to the Mancunian Way. Access to the site will continue to be from Chester Street, and the existing loading bay
Projected Construction Timeline Relocation of existing uses within the John Dalton West Building
Internal ‘strip out’ and sewer diversion works
Demolition of the John Dalton West building
To Include Construction of new Science & Engineering building
Refurbishment of John Dalton Tower
New teaching spaces:
Laboratories
200-student ‘super lab’
Computer suites
Sustainable travel will be encouraged by
Flexible seminar rooms
increasing cycle storage and reducing car
Research space
and service area for the John Dalton Tower will be reorganised to increase efficiency.
parking spaces.
Sring 2020
Summer 2020
Winter 2020-2021
Spring 2021 Summer 2023
Sring 2022
Offices
Staff Offices
Postgraduate research students
Study areas Social spaces Cafe Technical support areas https://www2.mmu.ac.uk/media/mmuacuk/content/documents/faculty-of-science-andengineering/MMU-Science-Engineering-public-consultation-banners.pdf
MMU Sustainable Approach Incorporating opportunities for biodiversity, including within the green room and ‘Living Labs’
New tree planting across the development site
The use of recycled materials, where possible, as well as sustainably sourced timber
Providing fast charging points for electric vehicles and secure cycle parking
Incoporating high efficiency heating and cooling as well as efficient LED lighting
Generating a proportion of the building’s energy demands using low and zero carbon technologies
38
10.10 4.4
CLIENT PROFILE
Commercial
In Order to Provide and Deliver a Building for MMU an Analysis of Their Future Projections was Required.
Retail
MMU is currently under a large expansion plan in order to keep up with the ever expanding student numbers enrolling to the university. In order to future proof our proposal we have looked at the future projections of student numbers and in what areas these lie. From this we can determine a best fit programme for the John Dalton West site.
MMU Estates
Education
Residential
Research file:///D:/Users/benja/Downloads/16197-Estates_Strategy-Document-201718_V2.pdf
Building layers of change
The Traditional Campus
39
4.5
THE FUTURE CAMPUS Case Study for Collaborative Workspaces This scenario imagines a fictional 2037 campus as a sleek, intensive facility. It’s prime purpose is to encourage peer-to-
Library
Technology
Practical
Eating
Study
Social
emerge, the campus combines these ideas
Lecture
a series of unintended consequences
Office
from outside the university. However,
Teaching
student exposure to partners and audiences
Green space
peer interaction, multidisciplinary work and
in a design that embodies student ‘crosspollination’. Site barriers impose a prominent barrier to
Site
Services
Skin
Space plan
Structure
Stuff
the desire for permeability.
71%
76% 60% 50%
32%
40%
Innovation
The Future Campus
52%
60%
Job Preformance
Users without choice
Job Satisfaction
Workplace Satisfaction
Users with choice
Primary Secodary Tertiary
4.6
Kitchens, Shopping, Common Spaces, Dining Halls, Computer Rooms, Workshops Corridors, Open Offices, Bathrooms, Toilet Rooms, Reception, Lobbies, Shopping Office, Courtrooms, Private Work Rooms
Size of circle determines size of programme
PROGRAMME
Residential
Living Rooms, Classrooms, Lecture Halls, Conference Rooms Bedrooms, Libraries, Prayer Rooms Theatres, Concert Halls, Recording Studios
Potential adjacencies ) B(A 25-30 d ) ) (A B(A 25-30 d 5 dB 3 0-3
40
Micro Adjacencies
-4
5d
dB(
A)
Commercial
-80
The Future Campus
B(A
and adaptability that allow for high floor-
) 45-55 dB(A) 45-55 dB(A)
to-ceiling space, and large floor slabs.
All To Have Different Acoustic Requirements
Exterior noise from nearby traffic
Education 2
Interior Noise
3
Impact noise
4
Airborne noise
5
Background noise
Corridors, Open Offices, Bathrooms, Toilet Rooms, Reception, Lobbies, Shopping Office, Courtrooms, Private Work Rooms Living Rooms, Classrooms, Lecture Halls, Conference Rooms Bedrooms, Libraries, Prayer Rooms Theatres, Concert Halls, Recording Studios
As suggested in the article by ARUP, the
45
dB
-80
70
increase of digital leraning. 4
dB(
A)
is becoming outdated due to the large (A)
45-55 dB(A) 45-55 dB(A)
In order to combat future scenarios we intend to provide an open plan, adaptive
1 Sources of Environmental noise ranked from most to least harmful to well being
) B(A 25-30 d ) ) (A B(A 25-30 d 5 dB 3 0-3
the Macro and Micro Adjacency diagrams
Meeting Room
Conference
Exterior noise from nearby traffic
3
Seminar
Interior Noise
work
En-Suite
Research Impact noise
Transdiciplinary Workspaces
Dining
Laboratory
Kitchen
75
Education
Background noise
Adaptable Spaces
Private
Commercial Innovation hub Single use space Services Transdisplianry Space Mixed use Space
Communal
functional and adaptive space which will Study
and intake numbers.
Group Study
Library
Quiet Spaces Reception
Exhibition
Student Accomodation
10
100
Communal
25
This however has it’s limits as we must
Meeting Room
Quiet Study
Bicycle Storage
Parking Laundrette
Micro Adjacencies
10
Quiet Spaces
100
Student Accomodation
Lecture Theaters
1k
Collaboratitve workspace
10k
Lecture Theaters
Collaboratitve workspace
Residential
WHO recommended 50 noise level (56Shared dB)
Co-Working
change due to the ever changing curriculum
acoustic seperation.
Kitchen
Bedroom
Airborne Workshop noise
Toilets
5
100
Small Business
environments,
consider spaces that require privacy and
Food & Drink
Cafe/ Servery
Computer Suite
system that encourages collaborative, transdisciplinary
Ground Floor Units
Commercial
4
Mixed Use Space
Quiet Spaces
Office Retail
2
WHO recommende Collaborative noise level (56 dB) Workspaces
125
Lecture Theatres
Teaching
Decibel A [dB(A)]: a filter that adjusts decibels for the frequency range that the human ear is capable of hearing which is 1kHz to 4kHz. Out side this we cannot hear
conventional programme as shown in
0-
Single Use Space Commercial Innovation hub Single use space Services Transdisplianry Space Mixed use Space
150
ensuring maintainability External andTrafficacoustic Kitchens, Shopping, Common Spaces, Dining Halls, Computer Rooms, Workshops comfort” (ARUP, 2018).
Student Accommodation
Services
Macro Adjacencies
Our Adaptation Inspired by The Future Campus
Innovation Hubs
Commercial
Services
Retail
Consider leaving services exposed and including moveable partitions, while also
Sources of Environmental noise ranked from most to least harmful to well being
1
Macro Adjacencies
“Evaluate opportunities to embed flexibility
Research Labs Workshops W.Cs Kitchens Reception
Decibel A [dB(A)]: a filter that adjusts decibels for the frequency range that the human ear is capable of hearing which is 1kHz to 4kHz. Out side this we cannot hear
70
40
External Traffic
100k
0
Our Adaptation Inspired by The Future Campus
1k Lectures Seminars Meeting Spaces Communal Spaces Food & Drink Co-Working
10k
10
THE FUTURE CAMPUS We believe that the future campus will be contained within one building, where students live, work, and rest. This comes as a by-product of the emergence of digital learning, while also focussing on the importance of student contact with tutors.
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
APPROACH
METHOD
CONTEXT
5.0 6.0 7.0
EVALUATION
PROJECT
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT In this chapter we aim to understand the key ideas behind each aspect of our design: typology, adjacency, geometry, panelisation and facade. The input parameters and performance metrics can allow us to accurately model and measure how successful each design element can be.
A COMPUTATIONAL EXPLORATION The following chapter is an exploration of the theories we discussed in chapter 2 - Approach. The goal is not to optimise or automate the design output, but to create multiple designs which can be evaluated.
44
Input Parameters
5.1
A
B
C
D
E
BOTTOM SCALE
CORNER FILLET
MASS LOCATION
MIDDLE SCALE
TOP SCALE
MASS 02
HEIGHT
CENTER OFFSET
DISTANCE BETWEEN
EDGE ANGLE
MASS 03
CORNER FILLET
MASS LOCATION
HEIGHT
TOP SCALE
XY ROTATION
MASS 04
HEIGHT
DISTANCE BETWEEN BLOCK
MASS THICKNESS
MASS 05-1
CORNER FILLET
MIDDLE SCALE
MASS LOCATION
HEIGHT
TOP SCALE
F
MASSING DESIGN SPACE Creating a Number of Parametric Models for the Search of High Performing Masses in Context
MASS 01
We first created a series of parametric models, which can each produce between 100 and 1000 slightly different iterations. These iterations vary in a number of ways, but are focussed on producing slightly
MASS 02
different results when projecting noise data onto their elevations. The aim of this stage is to create enough variation for the following step to be a thorough enough investigation of what
MASS 03
geometry arrangement on this site allow for greater acoustic comfort within the building. The following mass explorations attempt to focus on key typologies: tower block and perimeter block variations.
MASS 04
MASS 05
YZ ROTATION
45
Input Parameters
5.2
A
B
C
D
E
MASS 05-2
TOP SCALE
MIDDLE SCALE
MASS LOCATION
HEIGHT
MASS 06
END ANGLE
HEIGHT
MASS OFFSET
MASS OVERHANG
WING ROTATION
MASS 07
END ANGLE
HEIGHT
MASS OFFSET
ROOF XZ ROTATION
WING ROTATION
MASS 08
TOP XY ROTATION
X BASE SCALE
Y BASE SCALE
HEIGHT
TOP SCALE
MASSING DESIGN SPACE Creating a Number of Parametric Models for the Search of High Performing Masses in Context
MASS 06
We first created a series of parametric models, which can each produce between 100 and 1000 slightly different iterations. These iterations vary in a number of ways, but are focussed on producing slightly
MASS 07
different results when projecting noise data onto their elevations. The aim of this stage is to create enough variation for the following step to be a thorough enough investigation of what
MASS 08
geometry arrangement on this site allow for greater acoustic comfort within the building. The following mass explorations attempt to focus on key typologies: tower block and perimeter block variations.
MASS 09
F
46
5.3
MASSING ITERATIONS Assessing the Performance of Massing Study This is a very brief overvew of the results from the massing performance study, which produced close to 10000 different designs. The following step will show how we sifted
Typology A Linear
through and evaluated each individual design to produce an output.
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
Typology B Perimeter
B1 Typology C Atrium
C1 Typology D Tower
D1
dB(A) 40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
47
5.4
BUILDING MASS SELECTION Assessing the Performance of Individual Parametric Models
Corner Height 1
Corner Height 2
Corner Height 3
Corner Height 4
Centre Scale
Centre Angle
Bottom Scale
Building Volume
Surface Area
Decibel Levels at Elevation
MASS 01 Corner Height 1
Corner Height 2
Corner Height 3
Corner Height 4
Centre Scale
Centre Angle
Canyon 1
Canyon 2
Building Volume
Surface Area
Decibel Levels at Elevation
The key goal from this study was to find building geometries which received less noise on their elevation, which would
MASS 02
correlate to less noise transferred through the elevation and greater acoustic comfort within the building.
Footprint Generation
No Floors
Roof Offset
Roof XY Rotation
Roof XZ Rotation
Building Volume Typology A Linear
Fillet
Surface Area
Decibel Levels at Elevation
However, the standalone testing of acoustic quality does not allow for a concise enough
A1
exploration of the design space. In order to
A2
A3
of placing programmatic arrangements, we must also have a building which has
Building Depth
Opening Size
Height 1
Height 2
Height 3
Height 4
Building Volume
a low surface area to volume ratio (less
B1
complex geometry). This makes it easier
A7
A8
A9
A10
Surface Area
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
Decibel Levels at Elevation
B2
B3
C2
C3
B5
B4
Typology C Atrium
for the placement and post rationalisation of adjacencies.
C1
The five masses to the right show the outputs which have the least noise
A6
MASS 03
Typology B Perimeter
carry a design through to the next stage
A5
A4
Block Scale
Distance Between Blocks
Configuration
Block 1 Height
Block 2 Height
Block 3 Height
Block 4 Height
Top Width
Building Volume 1
Typology D Building Volume 3 Tower
Building Volume 2
Building Volume 4
Surface Area
MASS 04 C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
Decibel Levels at Elevation
reaching their elevation whilst maintaining the lowest surface area to volume ratio of D1
their respective parametric models.
D2
D3
MASS 05
dB(A) 40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
48
5.5
BUILDING MASS SELECTION Assessing the Performance of Individual Parametric Models
Click to View Video
Block 1 Height
Configuration
Block 3 Height
Click to Explore the Design Iterations
Block 4 Height
Configuration
Middle Width
Top Width
Building Volume 1
Building Volume 2
Building Volume 3
Building Volume 4
Surface Area
Decibel Levels at Elevation
The key goal from this study was to find building geometries which received less noise on their elevation, which would
MASS 06
correlate to less noise transferred through the elevation and greater acoustic comfort within the building. Corner Angles
Location Point
Building Depth
No Floors
Typology Surface AreaA Linear
Building Volume
Decibel Levels at Elevation
However, the standalone testing of acoustic quality does not allow for a concise enough
A1
exploration of the design space. In order to
A2
A3
of placing programmatic arrangements, we must also have a building which has
Corner Angles
Building Depth
No Floors
Rotate Floor Plate
Building Volume
Surface Area
a low surface area to volume ratio (less
B1
complex geometry). This makes it easier
A7
A8
A9
A10
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
Decibel Levels at Elevation
B2
B3
C2
C3
B5
B4
Typology C Atrium
for the placement and post rationalisation of adjacencies.
C1
The five masses to the right show the outputs which have the least noise
A6
MASS 07
Typology B Perimeter
carry a design through to the next stage
A5
A4
Base X Dim
Base Y Dim
Top Scale Factor
Rotation
No Floors
Building Location
Typology D Building Volume 4 Tower
Surface Area
MASS 08 C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
Decibel Levels at Elevation
reaching their elevation whilst maintaining the lowest surface area to volume ratio of D1
their respective parametric models.
D2
D3
MASS 09
dB(A) 40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
High Performing Iterations
- Low Total Elevation Decibel Level - Low Surface Area to Volume Ratio (Higher Chance for Successful Programme Connectivity)
50
5.7
ADJACENCY SYNTAX Assessing the Performance of Adjacency Study Similar to the massing study, this is a brief overview of the results from the adjacency study, which explored different weighting categories and different prioritisation for programmes. 5 of each parametric model was carried through, in an attempt to narrow down the 45 best performing designs into a select few. The following step will show how we sifted through and evaluated each individual design to produce an output.
1
51
1
2
3
4
5
6a
6b
7
8
X
Y
5.8
ADJACENCY SYNTAX Assessing the Performance of Individual Adjacency Placements The main goal of this step is to find a programme arrangement which has a greater efficiency of room placement. Each programme has a rating which is
TEST PHASE 1
determined by their placement compared to the optimal placement, and the overall efficiency can be determined by combining each programme efficiency. The focus is
1
2
3
4
5
6a
6b
7
8
X
Y
also on controlling the programme density - by having a health competition of space where there is not too much comprimisation but also where the building isn’t empty. Each process is a slightly different exploration of weighting and prioritisation order. The “best” design was selected because it’s overall efficiency was high as well as the programme density being at a suiable level. 1 - Lecture Efficiency 2 - Collaborative Efficiency 3 - Quiet Study Efficiency 4 - Laboratory Efficiency 5 - Accommodation Efficiency 6a - Office (Open) Efficiency 6b - Office (Closed) Efficiency 7 - Retail Efficiency 8 - Plant Efficiency X - Overall Placement Efficiency Y - Programme/Building Density
TEST PHASE 2
1
52
1
2
3
4
5
6a
7
8
X
Y
5.9
ADJACENCY SYNTAX Assessing the Performance of Individual Adjacency Placements The main goal of this step is to find a programme arrangement which has a greater efficiency of room placement. Each programme has a rating which is
TEST PHASE 3
determined by their placement compared to the optimal placement, and the overall efficiency can be determined by combining each programme efficiency. The focus is also on controlling the programme density - by having a health competition of space where there is not too much comprimisation but also where the building isn’t empty. Each process is a slightly different exploration of weighting and prioritisation order. The “best” design was selected because it’s overall efficiency was high as well as the programme density being at a suiable level. 1 - Lecture Efficiency 2 - Collaborative Efficiency 3 - Quiet Study Efficiency 4 - Laboratory Efficiency 5 - Accommodation Efficiency 6a - Office (Open) Efficiency 6b - Office (Closed) Efficiency 7 - Retail Efficiency 8 - Plant Efficiency X - Overall Placement Efficiency Y - Programme/Building Density
Click to View Video
Click to Explore the Design Iterations
Accommodation
Quiet
Lecture
Collaborative
Retail
Office
Laboratory
Plant
1. PROGRAMME SET UP Physical representation based off spatial requirements.
2. POST RATIONALISED PROGRAMME Physical representation after programme fitted to existing geometry.
Laboratories
Laboratories
Plant
Plant
Collaboration
Collaboration
Accommodation
Accommodation
Mass & Void Trimming Surfaces Office
Office Quiet
Quiet
2. POST RATIONALISATION - Programme arrangement rationalised for integration with mass and void geometries.
Lecture
Lecture Retail
Retail
1. PROGRAMME PLACEMENT - Self-organised by spatial requirements for noise, daylight, privacy, circulation, ventilation, views.
3. OUTPUT - Programme configured for clustering where possible for improved connectivity.
55
5.11
INTERNAL PANELISATION Testing the Static Ceiling Design Space for Better Performing Solutions Using the same method we explored in studio 1, we are able to assess a number of panel systems in how they reverberate sound within a defined space. For the use of non-flexible spaces, such as lecture theatres, and offices, which keep the same acoustic qualities throughout the day; the reverberation should be kept to a minimum, for greater acoustic comfort.
56
5.12
INTERNAL PANELISATION Testing the Kinetic Ceiling Design Space for Better Performing Solutions Building upon methods we explored in studio 1, we are able to assess a number of kinetic systems in how they can absorb and reflect sound within a defined space. For the use of flexible spaces, such as collaborative spaces, retail and offices, where the acoustic qualities throughout the day vary; the better performing outputs can be determined by a higher absorption rate. The test uses a raytracing method which depletes in strength each time it bounces. After the 5th reflection, the trace disappears and can be considered absorbed. The lower the score on each evaluation surface determines a more successful kinetic ceiling.
SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS Flexible Programme (Kinetic Ceiling) - Quiet Space, Collaboration, Office, Retail Non-Flexible Programme (Static Ceiling) - Lecture Theatres, Laboratories
Flexible Programme
Flexible Acoustic Response
Non-Flexible Programme
Non-Flexible Acoustic Response
INTERNAL ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE
INTEGRATED ACOUSTIC INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
58
5.14
FACADE Testing for High Performing Facade Types The following shows an exploration of different facade typologies. These facade types vary in structure and function, but all attain a kinetic function, in order to react to the ever changing environment. The test is conducted by placing a sound source in front of the facade (indicated by the red dot), a facade type to be tested, and an evaluation surface on the other side of the facade which counts the number of rays which are able to pass through the facade. This will give an accurate indication of how much environmental noise is able to pass through a reflective facade on site. The results of the experiment give an indication of which facade systems perform better acoustically, and can inform our decision in the design process.
West
South East
North
Glazing Holes Glazing Facade/Void Transition
FACADE SOUTH ELEVATION
Kinetic Panel A Requirement for less adaptable range
Kinetic Panel A
Kinetic Panel B Requirement for some adaptable range
Kinetic Panel B
Kinetic Panel C Requirement for greater adaptable range
Kinetic Panel C
Void
VOID/FACADE CONNECTIVITY
FACADE UNROLLED
GLAZED PANELISATION
COMPLETION OF DESIGN TESTING PHASE Each step of the design process has been carried out. The remaining step of the process is to evaluate the building in it’s entirety, to fundamentally understand if it is a success,
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
APPROACH
MEHOD
CONTEXT
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
6.0 7.0
PROJECT
EVALUATION
HOW EFFECTIVE IS THE PROPOSAL? By assessing the building as a whole, rather than assessing individual phases of the design process, we can identify where our method is and isn’t successful.
63
6.1
INTERNAL NOISE EVALUATION How is the Spread of Noise Reduced Internally?
Internal Sound Source
Direct Noise
The strategy of using static ceiling panels allows for the avoidance of noise spreading upwards throughout the building, while the kinetic ceiling panel aims to tackle the spread in all directions, by absorbing sound. Materials used would be chosen for the purpose of reducing the spread of noise. Internal walls and floors would be fitted with sufficient acoustic insulation, so if enough noise was able to be transmitted to these surfaces, then the noise would be diminished.
Deflected Noise Noise deflection Zone
Reduced Decibel transfer Through floors
64
6.2
EXTERNAL NOISE EVALUATION How is External Noise Combatted? By assessing internal spatial requirements for noise levels, the facade can be applied to the elevation which corresponds to areas which require greater noise cancellation. The top image shows how the facade treatment will vary around the entire Programme Rquirments
building and the bottom indicates how that variety is designed to respond to the internal requirements.
23dB
Deflected Noise 30dB
15dB
External sound Source
75dB
23dB
Reduced Decibel Transfer through walls
65
6.3
VENTILATION EVALUATION How can we Implement Natural Ventilation Methods Throughout the Building? Similar to the placement of programme for reduces noise prioritisation, adjacencies took natural ventilation strategies into account when being placed. For example, accommodation and office spaces were placed in regions where access to natural ventilation was less restrictive, whereas the plant room was organised in a space where natural ventilation is more difficult to access. Cool Natural Breeze
The section to the right indicates our overall ventilation strategy, consisting of a crossstack ventilation method in order to draw cool, fresh air in and warm, stagnant air out of the roof light fittings.
Central void allows for stack and cross ventilation combination Small vents allow fresh air into rooms Small vents allow Stale air to be exhausted using cross ventilation
Blue denotes areas with shading control
66
6.4
Red denotes areas with no need for shading control
DAYLIGHT EVALUATION How is Daylight Brought into a Deep Plan Building? By connecting the facade surface to the internal void, we were able to punch holes throughout the building enabling daylight to enter the centre. The void reaches the roof line which allows daylight to spill down throughout the void space. Upon reflection, an improvement on this design would be to panelise the void space with a combination of glass fibre reinforced concrete and glass, rather than just glass fibre reinforced concrete, as shown in the images. This would allow for sufficient daylight from the void space to enter the rooms adjacent to the centre of the building.
Openings in the facade and roof bring daylight into the central void spaces
67
6.5
Higher opening threshold
What are our Strategies for Privacy? Again, privacy holds a specific weighting the self-organising programme arranagement algorithm, and specific rooms require greater levels of privacy than others. The privacy weighting essentially deters spaces from being close to the ground floor and aims to bring rooms which require more privacy in to the centre of the building - for accommodation this is usually counterbalanced for the need for daylight. Rooms which require greater amounts of privacy are generally placed higher up in the building, with lecture halls and retail spaces taking up ground floor space. For added privacy, facade panels are also self-organised over areas which require more privacy, but allow views through it’s constantly opening and closing mechanism.
Privacy level
PRIVACY EVALUATION
Lower opening threshold
68
6.6
CIRCULATION EVALUATION How has the Building been Post Rationalised to Encourage Improved Circulation? The building is connected vertically by three cores, which are an appropriate proximity Horizontal circulation is not bound by walls allowing for a fluid transition from room to room
from one another for fire regulations. Horizontal circulation is dictated by few internal walls, only those which separate programmes.
Where
programmatic
functions vary on the same floor, separate access points are made to the same cores, to avoid a clash in circulation, eg. residential accommodation and offices sharing circulation space.
Cores create verticle circultion
GF void allows for transitions from space to space and from inside to outside fluidly
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
APPROACH
METHOD
CONTEXT
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
EVALUATION
7.0
PROJECT
L S
70
7.1
Chester Street
ROOF PLAN
Oxford Road
7.2 Retail
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
Retail
Retail
Lift Lecture Office
Lift
Lecture Plant /Services
Entrance Lift
WC
WC
Entrance
v
71
N
7.3 Research
4th FLOOR PLAN
Accommodation
Accommodation
Quiet
Lecture
Collaborative
v
72
N
73
7.4
7th FLOOR PLAN Collaborative
Quiet
Lecture
v
N
74
7.5
SECTIONAL PLANS 1st Floor Plan
2nd Floor Plan
3rd Floor Plan
4th Floor Plan
5th Floor Plan
6th Floor Plan
7th Floor Plan
8th Floor Plan
9th Floor Plan
10th Floor Plan
11th Floor Plan
12th Floor Plan
Click to View Video
Ground Floor Plan
75
7.6
LONG SECTION
7.7
SHORT SECTION
Click to View Video
v
76
7.8
v
77
N
Circle Square Circle Square Development Development
Oxford Road Oxford Road
Proposed Building SiteProposed Building Site
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
NORTH ELEVATION
john Dalton Tower John Dalton Tower
7.9
v
78
N
John Dalton Tower
John Dalton Tower
Proposed Building Site
Proposed Building Site
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
SOUTH ELEVATION
Oxford Road
Oxford Road
Circle Square Circle Square
7.10
v
79
N
Chester Street Buildings Chester Street Buildings
Proposed Building Site
Mancunian Way Mancunian Way
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
WEST ELEVATION
7.11
v
80
N
Mancunian ChesterWay Street Buildings
Proposed Building Site Building Site Proposed
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
Sound Source
EAST ELEVATION
Chester Street Buildings Mancunian Way
81
7.12
ISOMETRIC VIEW
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
83
7.13
EXPLODED ISOMETRIC
84
7.14 Point load
LOAD PATHS DIAGRAMS
Primary load transfer
Secondary load transfer Primary structure Load transfer through secondary structure
Secondary structure Non-Load bearing structure
Long Section Showing Structural System
UDL (Uniformally distibuted load)
Long Section Showing Load Paths
85
7.15
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE The 10-Phase Process of Construction
1
2
Create site entrances and establish site compound
Install Herras fencing
6
Connect beams to cores and primaray structural columns
3
Excavate and install pile and raft foundations
7
Install floor slabs, ceiling connections and void connections for GFRC panels
8
Install GFRC panels
5
4
Install load bearing cores
Lift primary structural columns into place
9
Install Glazing and roof slab to create a water tight box
10
Internal and external finishes install adaptive facade and interior walls
86
7.16
DETAIL OVERVIEW
87
7.17
FACADE TO ROOF CONNECTION
1
2 1. Parapet capping 2. Glazing mullian 3. Aluminium C channel
19
3 4
4. Aluminium C column 5. 12.5mm Glazing panels 6. Aluminium column connection
5 6
7. 180mm hollow steel column
18
8. Aluminium support frame
17
9. Fixing bolts 10. Adaptive facade
16
11. Servies boxing
15
12. Services pipes
14
13. Rigid Acoustic insulation 14. 150mm concrete slab 15. 12.5mm MDF board 16. 50x50mm aluminium rails
13
17. Steel I beam 18. Roof deck
7
12 11
8 9
10
88
7.18
1
FACADE BUILD UP 2
9
3
10
1. Concrete slab 2. Steel I beam
4
3. 50x50mm Aluminium rail 11
4. Column connections 5. 12mm Double glazing 6. Aluminium support frame
5
7. Adaptive facade
12
8. Fixing bolt 9. Services boxing
6
10. Services
13
11. Rigid Acoustic insulation 12. 12mm GFRC ceiling panel 13. 180mm hollow steel column 14. 12mm GFRC ceiling panel 7
8 14
89
7.19
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16. 75mm Sand binding
16
16
17. 150mm Hardcore
17
17
19. Steel column base
18
18
20. Concrete pad
19
19
20
20
21
21
FACADE TO FLOOR CONNECTION 1
1
2. 180mm hollow steel column
2
2
3. 50mm Aluminium mullian
3
3
1. Column connection
4. 12mm double glazing 5. Fixing bolt
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
6. Aluminium support frame 7. Adaptive facade 8. Concrete slab 9. Steel I beam 10. Services boxing 11. Services 12. 12mm GFRC ceiling Panel 13. Rigid Acoustic insualtion 14. Concrete slab 15. 10mm DPC
18 Steel fixing plate
21. Pile foundation
90
7.20
1
FACADE DETAIL 2 3 1. 12mm Glazing panel 2. Aluminium mullian
4
3. Fixing bolt 4. Aluminium Support frame 5. Rotation rod
5
6. Rotating hinge 7. Adaptive facade panel
6
7
91
7.21
VOID TO ROOF CONNECTION
1
2
1. 12mm glazing panel
3
2. Aluminium mullian 3. Concrete floor slab 4. Steel I beam 5. 25mm GFRC panel 6. Aluminium support frame 7. Acoustic insulation gap
4
5
6 7
7.22
8
VOID DETAIL
9
92
10
1. Concrete floor slab 2. 12.5 MDF board 3. Steel I beam 4. Services boxing
11 1
1
13
5. Services
2
2
8. Steel I column
3
3
9. Column joining connection
4
4
11. 50x50 Aluminium fixing rail
5
5
12. Acoustic insulation panel
6
6
7
7
6. 50x50mm Aluminium rail 7. 12mm GFRC ceiling panel
12
14
10. Fixing bolt
13. Aluminium Support frame 14. 25mm GFRC Wall panel 15. Aluminium mullian 16. 12mm Glazing panel
15 16
93
7.23
10
11
VOID TO GROUND CONNECTION
12 13
1. Concrete floor Slab 2. 10mm DPC
14
3. 75mm Sand binding 4. 150mm Hardcore 5. Fixing bolt 6. Steel fixing pad 7. Steel column connector 8. Concrete Pad
1
1
2
2
13. GFRC support frame
3
3
14. 25mm GFRC panel
4
4
9. Pile foundation 10. Directional Steel column 11. Steel column connector 12. Insulation panel
15
15. Aluminium Door frame
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
CONCLUSION With the development of our project from Studio 2, our computational skill set has continued to grow on a steep learning curve. This has been absolutely essential in order to produce the outcome we have been able to produce, with the amount of iterations and evaluative studies we have been able to undertake. Similarly to previous semesters, we are not sound engineers nor do we have the correct tools to create optimal acoustic environments, so the project was always going to have limitations with that respect. However, our improved knowledge of certain softwares has allowed us to develop acoustic manipulation methods more effectively than we were able to in our last project. Our main focus this semester was to learn as much as possible to prepare us for work in industry. We’ve each tried to spend more time on the things we’re least comfortable with which may have slowed our progress slightly but we’re all in a more confident position to move into practice.