The Right to Beauty in Emergency Architecture

The right to beauty in emergency architecture A typological analysis

Benedetta Tomasina | 900626 Supervisor: Professor Giulia Setti Co-supervisor: Professor Giovanni Bassi Politecnico di Milano School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Bachelor degree in Architectural Design A.Y. 2019-2020 Graduation session: July 2020

1

The drawings with the logo

2

are designed by the author of the thesis

Politecnico di Milano School of Architecture Urban planning Construction Engineering Bachelor degree in Architectural Design A.Y. 2019-2020 Graduation session: July 2020

The right to beauty in emergency architecture A typological analysis

Il diritto alla bellezza nell’architettura di emergenza Un’analisi tipologica

Benedetta Tomasina | 900626

Supervisor: Professor Giulia Setti Co-supervisor: Professor Giovanni Bassi

3

Index

4

Abstract

7

Introduction

11

Chapter 1 | Emergency Architecture

15

1.1 Temporary / permanent: the issue of time 1.2 To build / to disrupt: recreating a community 1.3 Collective / individual: the impact on the typology Chapter 2 | “The Right to Beauty” 2.1 Beauty as a critical category 2.2 Beauty in architecture, a controversial dialogue 2.3 Beauty and the healing process Chapter 3 |Scenarios of the Humanitarian Crisis 3.1 The numbers of the crises 3.2 The extension of the crises 3.3 The problematics of the most affected countries

16 20 24 29 30 40 42 45 48 52 60

Chapter 4 | The Architectural Responses: the Role of Public Buildings

81

4.1 The Hospital 4.1.1 The Healing Garden, Tamassociati, Port Sudan, 2012 4.1.2 Communitarian Health Centre, Caravatti, Gugliotta, Mali, 2010

86 96

4.2 The School 4.2.1 Gando School Extension, Francis Kéré, Burkina Faso, 2008 4.2.2 METI Handmade School, Anna Heringer, Bangladesh, 2006

110 120

4.3 The Orphanage 4.3.1 Nakuru Project, Orkidstudio, Kenya, 2014 4.3.2 Casa Rana, Made in earth, India, 2013

134 144

Chapter 5| Transition of Typology in Contexts of Crisis

155

Bibliography

168

Sitography

170

Index of images

173

5

6

Abstract

7

Each year more than 120 million people all over the world need urgent humanitarian help, due to wars and natural disasters. Unfortunately, too often, dealing with this context, the focus is concentrated towards the low budget and functionality, rather than the quality of the space and the well-being of the users.

In this context, the architectural project has the key role of answering to the essential needs: the nature of collective spaces, the sense of community and the attention to details. Those living with traumatic experiences grow a need to be in contact with different forms of ‘beauty’. The latter is the expression of the local culture, empathy and care towards the spaces and the people you are building for.

Firstly, the study introduces the current and global humanitarian condition and the role of emergency architecture. Moreover, the thesis analyses the different architectural answers especially regarding the debate about temporary or permanent solutions, collective and individual, that is central to the contexts explored in this study. Concluding,the research focus on the necessity, in emergencies’ context, of designing flexible spaces able to host different activities and functions, where the users can feel protected and taken care of.

The case studies selected are considered ‘top-quality projects’, especially due to the ability to valorize these thematics, especially rigarding the shapes, materials and spaces defined by the project.

The approach to the projects analysed is to understand, through the close reading of different cathegories, how architecture answers, in this specific context, to those complex conditions. A common file rouge can be found in the attention to and care for collective and common spaces. Starting from the research question “How are the architectural typologies affected from the needs of such contexts?” the case studies are selected.

Different typologies (the school, the hospital, the orphanage) will be analysed aiming at grasping the differencies and similarities with the traditional architectural typologies.

The projects result to share “broken types”1 because they often overturn the rules, as they all, regardless of their main function, host additional collective spaces for the community.

1 Moneo, R. (1978) On typology, Oppositions, The MIT press, p. 41.

8

Ogni anno, nel mondo più di 120 milioni di persone necessitano di un urgente aiuto umanitario a causa di guerre e disastri naturali. Quando si opera in contesti simili, l’attenzione, spesso, si concentra sul reperimento di risorse finanziarie e sugli aspetti funzionali invece che sulla qualità architettonica degli spazi e sulle condizioni psico-fisiche degli soggetti coinvolti. In tali ambiti, uno dei compiti fondamentali del progetto di architettura è quello di rispondere a bisogni essenziali, la natura degli spazi collettivi, il senso di comunità e la cura nei dettagli.

Chi vive, o ha vissuto, esperienze traumatiche sviluppa la necessità di contatto con forme diverse di ‘bellezza’, intendendo con questo termine sia l’espressione delle culture locali, sia gli aspetti di empatia e di ‘cura’ dei luoghi e dei loro fruitori.

In prima istanza, questa ricerca introduce e descrive la situazione attuale, e globale, di crisi umanitaria e il possibile ruolo che svolge l’architettura di emergenza. La tesi, inoltre, indaga le risposte progettuali alle diverse questioni correlate a questo tema: il rapporto tra temporaneo e permamente, tra collettivo e individuale, che viene declinato in forme diverse nei contesti esplorati. Infine, la tesi riflette sulla necessità di progettare, in contesti di emergenza, spazi flessibili, capaci di accogliere attività e funzioni diverse e di costruire forme di protezione e riparo. I casi selezionati dal lavoro di ricerca sono considerati ‘progetti di eccellenza’ proprio perchè valorizzano questi temi, in particolare le forme, i materiali e gli spazi che il progetto determina.

I progetti sono stati studiati, attraverso varie categorie di lettura interpretative, per comprendere come e in che modi l’architettura risponde a queste esigenze complesse. Trasversalmente ai casi presentati, si nota una crescente cura e attenzione verso l’inserimento di spazi condivisi e collettivi. I progetti sono stati selezionati a partire da una domanda di ricerca puntuale: “In che modo la tipologia architettonica viene influenzata dalle necessità di questi contesti?”

Verranno indagate diverse categorie tipologiche (la scuola, l’ospedale, l’orfanotrofio), con l’obiettivo di coglierne variazioni e similitudini rispetto alle tradizionali tipologie architettoniche.

Questi progetti sono espressione di “Tipologie rotte” in quanto le regole che li determinano sono, spesso, scardinate; ogni edificio, seppur con funzioni differenti, si apre alla comunità attraverso l’inserimento di spazi collettivi.

9

10

Introduction

11

“Most humanitarian crises are not the product of any single factor or event, but of the interaction between natural hazards, armed conflicts and human vulnerability”2.

The scenario depicted in the Global Humanitarian Overview in 2019 highlights a devastating situation: in 2017, 92% of the casualties were civilians and between 2014 and 2017 natural disasters affected around 870 million people in more than 160 countries. These data underline the importance of architecture as an “Art eminently social”3. In fact, social sustainability is one of the three pillars of sustainable architecture, together with the economic and environmental ones.

As one of them is weak the whole system will not stand still and collapse. The importance of architecture in the humanitarian context is also highlighted by the 17 Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 as they include Good health and well-being (3), Quality education (4) and Sustainable cities and communities (11).

More and more the challenges emergency architecture has to face have been complex due to climate change and conflicts, lasting longer and having a major impact on children’ lives and education. Therefore, it is fundamental to analyse temporary solutions, but especially permanent ones. Undoubtedly, both are extremely necessary, nevertheless, the thesis focuses on the permanent ones to better analyse the meaning of a lasting building in such a fragile and uncertain condition.

In order to understand how architects adapt their design to those conditions, some projects, that are located in different places of the world where the issues of interest are different such as natural disaster, wars and poverty, were selected.

The case studies are the main tool to prove how different conditions rise different problems but, nevertheless, they all show the strive to create better conditions for the community, regardless of their function.

Moreover, they are selected because of their care for the details and psychological help they bring to the populations affected, finding a synthesis in the principles of “ethics, sustainability and participation”4. In fact, these projects can be seen as utopian as they embody a concrete and real condition which seems impossible to exist in those contexts where death and war are the main characters.

2 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2019) Global humanitarian overview 2019, United nations coordinated support to people affected by disaster and conflict, p. 12.

3 Muzio, G. (1921) L’architettura a Milano intorno all’Ottocento, Emporio 317, p. 241.

4 TAMassociati, (2017) Taking care. Architetture con Emergency, Mondadori Electa, p. 11.

12

The thesis is composed of an initial theoretical part followed by a collection of case studies. In the first chapter, couples of dichotomic concepts related to humanitarian architecture, such as the topic of time and the consequences of building as a strong act of opposition to disruption, are presented. In the second chapter, the main theme discussed regards the importance of the right to beauty as a healing tool to face extreme conditions. Additionally, some practical suggestions will exemplify how to reach this goal. The third chapter depicts the scenarios of the emergency, focusing on the different problems and the recent history of the most affected countries. The case studies are divided according to their typology and analysed as follows: a focus on the typology, the materials and techniques used and how this building deals with the theme of beauty.

Concluding, the discussion will focus on whether the typologies in those extreme contexts keep the same original features or results to be typologies with no defined boundaries and characteristics.

The theoretical part shows a broader approach to humanitarian architecture, exploring different problematics in different countries. The third chapter serves as a link between the theory and the case studies. In fact, realising this chapter, it became clear how most of the countries in need are located in Africa, with other cases in Asia and the Pacific and Latin America. Consequently, most of the case studies chosen are located in that area where most of the problematics are connected to poverty and conflicts. Nevertheless, a broader view is observed by including the three different typologies of hospital, school and orphanage. This analysis is circumscribed also because most of the architectural responses are still focusing on temporary solutions.

13

14

Chapter 1 Emergency architecture

No project can be righteously realized without loyalty and moral probity1.

Marco Vitruvio Pollione

1 Virtuvio, De Architectura, Volume 2, p. 17.

15

1.1 TEMPORARY/PERMANENT: THE ISSUE OF TIME Dealing with natural disasters, due to the sudden urgency, there is a need to respond to the emergency in the shortest possible length of time. Shigeru Ban, when the earthquake hit Japan in 1999 and Nepal in 2015, started building modular shelters from paper tubes to give privacy to the evacuees who used to live all together in a big building2.

This kind of solution is effective in a transitional phase: part of the countries affected by natural disasters already live in poor conditions and, therefore, the natural hazards will have chronic effects which will require permanent solutions.

Moreover, most of the time, natural hazards tend to hit some territories, multiple times, causing problems that are difficult to solve once for all. In Haiti the earthquake of 2010, the third-largest natural catastrophe on heart3, still nowadays, ten years later, has left permanent marks on the country and communities.

Refugees camps Another scenario, where the answer to the problem is the temporary solution, is the refugees camp. Most of them are located in the Palestinian territories, Syria, Yemen and many more countries. Clearly, these temporary solutions are necessary when the communities affected are copious and fastly increasing in number, but this emergency force the displaced people to live in those conditions for years. “The problem with a tent is that when you use it you throw it away, so it’s money that melts”4 explains Alejandro Aravena in a lecture at the University of East London. The founder of Elemental argues that designing less temporary shelters is an investment for the future, substituting running cost with long-lasting solutions. In Mahama camp, one of the largest of Rwanda, semi-permanent shelters are built aiming at hosting around 50.000 Burundian refugees5. The tents are demolished to be substituted with shelters made of mudbricks which are designed to host in four rooms one large family or two small ones for example.

The structures, if well preserved, are designed to last ten years.

2 TEDTalk, (March 2013) Shigeru Ban: Emergency shelters made from paper.

3 GFDRR (Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery), Haiti.

4 Mairs, J. (30 November 2015) Refugees tents are a waste of money, says Alejandro Aravena, Dezeen.

5 UNHCR, Shelter Spotlight: Rwanda’s Dual Shelters

16

The necessity of the long term interventions In the book “Africa Sustainable Future” Benno Albrecht underlines the importance of time to aim at sustainability. In fact, sustainability is strongly connected to the concept of duration and long-lasting, the former meaning the necessity of a long process of efforts, the latter signifying the aim of designing a permanent solution for the future. Moreover, these concepts collide with the short length of time available to solve the emergency.

The difference between temporary and transitional is well defined by Elizabeth Babister: “Emergency shelter is temporary and is intended just to provide shelter for survival. Transitional implies something that is longer-term and gives you space to carry out livelihood activities rather than just surviving”6.

This concept is fundamental in such contexts where the idea of building something permanent could be seen as utopian due to forces that architecture cannot control such as natural hazards and conflicts.

6 Craparotta, A., Delli Zotti, E., Grosso, M. (2016) Design like you give a damn, architectural responses to humanitarian crises, Metropolis book.

17

Paper structure Shigeru Ban

Better shelter IKEA and UNHCR

Medical box Piccolo

Maidan tent Visconti di Modrone, Oberkalmsteiner

Living shelter Wy-To architects

Housing Yasmen Lari

Zaatari classroom Emergency architecture and human rights

Empower Shack Urban ThinkTank

Figure 01 Sketches of different solutions to the issue of time in emergency architecture

18

Figure 02 Shelter in a gymnasium in Syria, Alessandro Penso

19

1.2 TO BUILD/TO DISRUPT: RECREATING A COMMUNITY The ruins The ruins are the most common scenario in emergency architecture. The ruins are the result of wars, poverty and also natural hazards, recently also of terroristic attacks. In the case of wars, the ruins are the symbol of violence and pain of those affected, erasing their last hold against the harsh conditions they are living in. One of the symbols of disruption caused by wars is Darul Aman palace near Kabul, which was the target of many attacks.

The natural hazards hit vast areas in a short length of time, depriving the communities of their houses which become dust. Differently from wars scenarios, architecture can help to prevent the damages of disasters in frequently hit areas. Resilience architecture is a fundamental issue especially in Japan after the earthquake of 2011, when the reconstruction caused a great amount of money and lives losses. The terroristic violence, on the other hand, has specific targets guided by the ideals of the persecutors which aim at destroying the cultural icons of the past in Syria and in Iraq.

The disruption is becoming more and more a daily episode, rather than a frequent issue, as it is not only the consequence of wars and natural disasters, but also of injustices and lack of care for the environment.

Building in disruption Despite the underlying causes, the act of reconstructing in a field of ruins is a scream against the violence as it marks the end of the disaster.

“You must have a visionary ability in order to see the chance and the opportunities in what may seem mere collapse and cancellation, being able to make the opportunities grow is another issue: it implies knowledge and a certain inclination for reconstructing”7. Moreover, the inclination to rebuild has to be accompanied by the taste for beauty and quality of the spaces. Too often in Italy, the reconstruction processes are the results of years and years of failed attempts due to the lack of vision beyond the emergency. The epiphany of previously hidden needs, unveiled by the catastrophes, was not used to turn the disaster into an occasion for growth and improvements.

In Buhj, India, after the earthquake in 2001, the reconstruction was approached 7 Ferlenga, A., Bassoli, A., Galli, J. (2018) Ricostruzioni. Architettura, città, paesaggio nell’epoca delle distruzioni, Silvana, p. 12.

20

by local architects and engineers that involved the community since the first steps. Despite the necessity to rebuild a vast amount of houses, the Hunnarshala collective insisted on using the traditional materials and techniques to realize earthquake-resistant buildings8. The focus on the active role of the communities and the local techniques and materials made the project successful. As a matter of fact, in troubled areas, the reconstruction must combine participatory design with the ability to see in the tragedy the chance for a change. The core of the problem, in contexts such as Syria and Yemen, is not only quantity that has been destroyed, but how to reconstruct taking into account economical and cultural, political and social aspects. Therefore, effective solutions have to tackle many more issues that are beneath the visible surface of the ruins.

The community Participatory design has rapidly grown over the last decades due to the doubling, in the last 40 years, of natural disasters and other phenomena such as pandemics and conflicts9. Therefore, the high demand for new housings and infrastructures required the involvement of the local affected communities.

Humanitarian design is about engaging with the people and allowing them to participate meaningfully in the rebuilding of their homes, towns and lives. The involvement of the community is necessary, not only for logistic and economical reasons, but also because “If the choices applied to the new architectures cannot be repeated, they will not have constituted a step towards change”10.

Nevertheless, most of the time, the communities are not asked to collaborate in the process and consequently cannot help and be part in the reconstruction of their destroyed homes and towns. The communities and their infrastructures are necessarily connected to each other. Therefore, thinking to redesign and rebuild without involving the affected people can lead to the realization of solutions that do not take into account the real needs and desires of the population. Moreover, disconnecting the communities and their infrastructures means breaking the rules which our society is based on. As space is a common good, architecture has to be designed to satisfy the needs of everybody.

8 Kachchh earthquake reconstruction [http://www.hunnarshala.org/kachchh-earthquake-rehabilitation. html ] 9 Moreira, S. (25 May 2020) How Community Participation can Assist in Architectural and Urban PostDisaster Reconstruction, Archdaily.

10 TAMassociati, (2017) Taking care. Architetture con Emergency, Mondadori Electa, p. 19.

21

Figure 03 The ruins of city of Kobani, Syria

22

Figure 04 Cultivating communities

23

1.3 COLLECTIVE/INDIVIDUAL: THE IMPACT ON THE TYPOLOGY The strength of the collective spaces Experiencing a natural disaster or a conflict results most of the time into loosing houses, a safe place where people develop as individuals. Moving to live in a camp for refugees or evacuees, the space is experienced collectively. Most of the time, the lack of individual space is the major problem, also due to the fact that those temporary solutions result to be permanent, invading the personal spaces of those affected. Moreover, especially in the case of conflicts and refugee camps, there is a lack of common structures providing the basic services such as a well with drinkable water, kitchens and schools for kids to continue their studies. Therefore, the focus goes to the reconstruction of the primary needs which serve all the community. Even though these situations can significantly reduce the privacy of the individuals, the result is the creation of a strong community, where each individual matters in the reconstruction process. The use of the common space, that are shared and allow the interpersonal relationship to grow, are so rooted in the habits of the people that, even after the end of the emergency, are still frequented. Home-for-All by Toyo Ito, constructed after the earthquake in 2011, is a collective space designed for the leisure time of the community and for gatherings11. The structure realized in Soma city for the community to spend their leisure time is a mix between an open and public space called Engawa. Moreover, the flexibility of the space guarantees future uses of the space even when the emergency will be over.

Built by the community for the community Most of the time the notion of community is defined by common interests, ideals and religion. Nowadays, communities are not defined by the geographical location so often, such as belonging to the same neighborhood or city. On the other hand, the communities that are born after an emergency condition are rooted in the territory they live in. This type of community rises from sharing the same problems and becoming to spend most of the daily routine together. Its strength lies in being part of the reconstruction as a unique force. The spaces that are created in this context are mostly collective, due to the urgency and lack of basic services. Furthermore, as they are built by the community, to fulfill its needs, they, in most cases, are more functional and more frequented.

11 Frearson, A. (11 March 2016) Klein Dytham builds latticed community hall for Toyo Ito’s postearthquake recovery programme, Deezen

24

Additionally, those spaces can become the meeting place and, consequently, a landmark for the users who will continue to gether there as they identify it as a space where the community formed itself.

The mixed typology In Emergency architecture, most of the time, the structure that have to be built are houses, especially in the case of natural disasters. Nevertheless, there is also a strong need for common services which might not be available anymore.

Due to the clash of the necessity of both collective and individual spaces, the structures built are often hybrids. This condition happen to be also because those services might be the only ones reachable in a large area. Consequently, a family going to the doctor for their kid to have a surgery, need to have all the spaces needed to spend the day there, after a long journey. Thereofre, there is the need of enough shaded places, a playground for the other children to play and a pharmacy. This need for collective and additional functions is evident even in the case of housing, which is one the most private typology.

In the Temporary Container Housing in Onagawa by Shigeru Ban there is a strong attention to the public space dedicated to the people affected by the heartquake in Japan12. The strength of the project is also originated by the idea of providing temporary housing built in containers that are designed also to be used for longer terms. In fact, the dwellers stayed in those houses for few years. The collective spaces were designed in order to provide the needed functions which could not be included in the houses themselves, such as a market, a workshop and a meeting area. Even in the most private typology, due to the emergency, the boundary between individual and collective spaces fades away.

12 (30 April 2020) Onagawa Container Temporary Housing, World-architect.com

25

Figure 05 Kabul green zone

26

Figure 06 Home for all

27

28

Chapter 2 The right to beauty

Offering beauty is clearly correct. It Immediately makes the world a better place without doing crusades against evil, without promoting deadly ideologies. It is generosity (therefore ethics) because anything surrounding can benefit from it, not only the author or the client of beauty1.

Luigi Zoja

1 Zoja, L. (2007) Giustizia e bellezza, Incipit, p.23

29

Figure 07 Children village in Djibouti

30

2.1 BEAUTY AS A CRITICAL CATHEGORY Beauty has always been discussed far and wide in many different fields, ranging from art to science, from architecture to technology.

This word has been on everybody’s lips changing its meaning and losing its essence being used superficially. Four misconceptions, often used in relation to the term “beauty�, were identified, frivolous, ephemeral, static, expensive.

These four categories are defined trying to conceive which keywords are often linked to that term through a pretty simple syllogism. Therefore, it resulted easier to start reflecting on this complex theme by defining how beauty cannot be expressed in such simplistic manners.

The link between beauty and frivolousness lies in the idea of beauty being the exterior aspect, not what could be found from a deep understanding of the object matter. Relegating it, by so doing, to the misconception of beauty to be easily accessible for everybody at first sight. Due to our nature of mortal beings, humans experience a decaying beauty which is nothing but everlasting.

Nevertheless, some of the most impressive pieces of art and architecture are well-known and appreciated due to their eternal character. If this was completely true, we could say that beauty is static as we consider such buildings that were built thousands of years ago. Despite that, what is recognized as beautiful has been rapidly changing parallelly to the evolution of societies. Nowadays, an item is defined beautiful if universally recognized as such and if related to the sphere of luxury.

In this chapter, these four concepts are revealed to be wrongly linked to the idea of beauty. The tools used to demystify these ideas are design, art and architecture. This exploration of the concept of beauty is fundamental to open up some questions and tracing some conclusions: beauty is multifarious as it is not only related to aesthetics principles. Approaching this theme more broadly helped to understand and define it in a proper way when it is dealt with in architecture. In fact, beauty is a slippery word especially in that field as many architects, already starting from Vitruvio, tried to give it a meaning and some characteristics. In architecture it lies in the wise design of the space, the attention to open space and social sustainability, we can refer to as architectural quality.

31

Is beauty frivolous?

The word beauty often assumes the mere meaning of aesthetically pleasing denoting sometimes an idea of frivolous and ephemeral. The term is misused and overused neglecting its original and more comprehensive meaning. In the Ancient Greece Kalòs, beauty, was often used together with Agathòs, meaning good, when referring to the Greek heroes. In fact, the beauty of those mythical figures was the esthetic representation of their good hearts. Later on, the Latins coined the term Bellus which is the origin of the English term ‘beauty’. The word Bellus was itself originated by Bonus, which corresponds once again to the idea of good. Originally, beauty was connected with the scope of ethics, but the latter it is often nowadays seen as its dichotomous term as underlined in Massimiliano

Figure 08 The cave of Castellana, Puglia

32

Fuksas’s title for Venice Biennale in 2001 “Less aesthetics more ethics”.

This strong opposition reached its apex with the Modernism when the Vitruvian Venustas was left on the side to focus on the Utilitas. Beauty is not the surface but as Renzo Piano said: “Beauty is not frivolous, surface, it is never just beauty, it is what deals with what is beneath the surface”2. It was Duchamp who deconstructed the idea that beauty had to be seen as a concept, not as a form: he believed that the focus had to be moved from the object to the process, from beauty to intelligence.” Therefore, he considered works of art objects from everyday life and casual events. If beauty was superficial and frivolous Fyodor Dostoyevsky would have never written “Beauty will save the world”3.

2 Piano, R. (15 Dicember 2019) Interview by F.Fazio at “Che tempo che fa”.

3 Dostoyevsky, F. (1960) The idiot.

33

Is beauty ephimeral?

In art, beauty has been seen as something fleeting, slowly disappearing as it happens with the human body. Similarly, in the current architecture, most of the buildings are designed and realized having in mind that it will not be long-lasting, generating the so-called anti-classical architecture4.

Despite the ephemeral character, the beauty of our time is built to be permanent and studied in the future. Moreover, with restoration and preservation the buildings and cities, even if modified in their essence, are redesigned whether it is for keeping the memories of the past or reinterpreting the concept of beauty.

Furthermore, there is a strong interest in bringing back to life architectures that

4 Unali, M., Definition of ephimeral architecture, Treccani.

34

were symbols of beauty in the past which were destroyed but still have a strong cultural meaning. The ancient monumental architecture that was designed thousands of years ago is standing still and, in this case, what makes it beautiful is its almost immortality.

Figure 09 The Basilica of Siponto, Tresoldi

35

Is beauty static?

What is meant with beauty has changed not only according to the subjects perceiving it, but also according to the period and culture. In Vitruvius, Venustas was the result of proportion and symmetry, symbolized by the human body. The latter was defined by him as the “truth of nature�, so it was used as a design tool.

Beauty was lying in the majesty and in the forms that are pure and perfect. In recent time, beauty assumed the shape of dynamism trying to face the current fragile reality which reached its apex with Futurism. In fact, beauty amplified its scenario, opening up to different fragmented contexts, not only art, consequently diminishing the chance to actually reach it. The increasing amount of different interpretations regarding the meaning of beauty is caused by the perception of the senses that make the point of view shift.

Figure 10 Centre Heydar Aliyev, Zaha Hadid, Baku

36

In fact, as Umberto Eco pointed out in “History of beauty�, the perception of beauty in art changed through periods reflecting the society of the time reaching an idea of beauty more and more complex. Moreover, the nowadays dynamic idea of beauty started already in Mannerism with the anxiety and uncertainties of the time felt by the painters. The architecture of the city is pure dynamism, trying to cope with the urban rush and growing needs and with the necessity of flexibility as an answer to the fast changes. A clear example is Frank Gehry, who found insipiration in the animal world to design the smooth shapes of its buildings. Still nowadays, nature is the source of inspiration but, differently from the ancient times, its static nature has been replaced by the movement.

37

Is beauty expensive?

The connection between beautiful and expensive comes from the past when beauty was connected to power and therefore was a privilege. Moreover, who did not represent the power was not portrayed in art and therefore there was almost no trace of his or her existence. Despite the time, still today, beauty is often seen in relation to money, what the market sponsors as beauty to the mass.

An important revolution was made by Andy Warhol who was able to turn into art works the most common objects and any kind of different people shading light to beauty in simple things. He brought to life the idea of democratic beauty, accessible and not strictly connected to luxury. Another important conquer in this field was the beginning of design with William Morris, who enabled a wider range

Figure 11 Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier, Poissy

38

of people to possess beautiful objects in their homes.

“A combination of qualities, such as shape, colour, or form, that pleases the aesthetic senses, especially the sight”5 is the definition of beauty which is clearly related to the perception of our senses and has nothing to do with money.

Alberto Campo Baeza in his projects uses pure colors and simple materials like concrete, using his design to frame the landscape.

The strength of his projects is achieving beauty using a simple architecture that can contemplate nature.

5 Definition of “Beauty” in Cambridge dictionary.

39

2.2 BEAUTY IN ARCHITECTURE: A CONTROVERSIAL DIALOGUE “The beauty of the space is inside of us, the design can recall it and unveil itself to those who deserve it, who is in harmony with the world, a totally different one, created by the work”6.

Beauty in architecture has always been a complex theme of discussion already starting from Vitruvius two thousands of years ago. This complicated relationship went on through time rapidly changing its meaning, being one of the main themes of many treaties. This chapter focuses on the articulated meaning of beauty in the context of emergency architecture.

Scandalous beauty in emergency architecture Gino Strada, commissioning his first hospital, asked the architect to design a “scandalously beautiful hospital”7 as talking about beauty in emergency architecture is complex and often seen as a scandal. This preconception is originated by the idea that a beautiful architecture is also an expensive one, therefore, it is thought to be a waste to spend money on quality rather than quantity in emergency conditions. On the contrary, as proved in the previous chapter, not only beauty is not strictly linked with the high cost, but also, even in the emergency, investing in quality is of major importance for an effective architecture. Another element that leads to this misconception is the fact that investing in beautiful architecture is seen as nonsense in such areas where the force of nature or wars will most probably win over architecture generating ruins. Despite the high chance of buildings’ disruptions, it is necessary to produce quality architecture that can have a positive impact on those affected by these tragic situations.

The genius loci, the local materials and forces In such complicated contexts, what is intended by beauty changes drastically and assumes a complex significance. In conditions of disruption, where architecture can become mere dust, it is the landscape that unveils its traits. Predominantly, in the African context, the land is harsh as if it was mirroring the harsh conditions people are living in. It is the only element the inhabitants can identify themselves within in their worst moments. Therefore, most of the architecture aims at having 6 Botta, M. (2003) Quasi un diario. frammenti intorno all’architettura, Atelier.

7 Emergency, Our concept of healthcare, [https://en.emergency.it/what-we-do/our-concept-ofhealthcare/]

40

a dialogue with the landscape following the principle of genius loci. The beauty of this kind of architecture is strictly related to the context and the local resources, which opposes to most of the architecture we experience in our daily life.

The beauty of emergency architecture lies also in the fact that, most of the time, the affected communities are strongly involved in the reconstruction, not only contributing with their mind, but also with their hands.

The architectures built in these contexts can be considered beautiful when they are characterised by a sapient organization of the spaces that make them functional, but at the same comforting from the psychological point of view.

The attention to the details and the comfort of the user are at the centre of the design.

The ethical beauty “No project can be righteously realized without loyalty and moral probity”8 Vitruvius in De Architectura highlighted the importance of ethics and responsibility an architect must have to deserve his title. It is especially in the context of emergency architecture that those qualities have to prevail the other ones, creating spaces that can nourish society.

The architectures built in these contexts have to be ethically beautiful through a sapient organization of the spaces that make them functional, but at the same comforting from the psychological point of view. The attention to the details and the comfort of the user are at the centre of the design.

This kind of beauty is not easy to be grasped as it is subtle, not always lying in the envelope, but in deeper elements, such as the community participation, the local materials and the respect towards the landscape: it is the ethic of beauty. The latter is obtained by showing respect and empathy towards both the people and their culture. This concept is well synthesized by this sentence by Raul Pantaleo: “It is hard in those contexts to clear up the fact that beauty is the first gesture of care and love, not of luxury. It is firstly a matter of culture, and secondly of money. The issue is called income: beauty doesn’t generate any and therefore is set aside“9.

8 Virtuvio, De Architectura, Volume 2, p. 17.

9 Pantaleo, R. (2015) La sporca bellezza, Eleuthera, p. 50.

41

2.3 BEAUTY AND THE HEALING PROCESS The human central brainstem decodes information such as pleasing or displeasing. Our brains still associate the shelter with pleasure, producing oxytocin and endorphins. On the other hand, the autonomic nervous system has the fundamental role of stress regulation. Places have a high impact on our health especially regarding issues like depression and anxiety. Many research about the healing property of architecture has been carried out by Roger Ulrich, who studied the correlation between design and clinical outcomes in health care structures. His study proved that a high sound level cause increase of fatigue and chance of mistake in the staff, high blood pressure and heart rate in the patients10. Staying in a room with a view towards nature with a good daylight exposure, rather than facing a brick wall, has a better impact on the patients11.

Hence, reducing the level of stress, the hospital stay was shorter and the handed out medications were fewer. Some of the principles of evidence-based design can be replicated in any kind of buildings, from the home to the school, whose users experienced a traumatological event such as a war or a natural disaster. Social sustainability, in these contexts, is the process of creating an integrated and equitable community focusing on the health and wellbeing of the users.

Architecture as a medication Hippocrates was the first one, in Ancient Greece, to understand that curing a patient also involved understanding the environment he was living in. It was Vitruvius, later on, who started conceiving the role of the architect similarly to the doctor as he has to design a good-beautiful project that can have therapeutic effects on the users. Architecture, as a medication, could and should mitigate the suffering and pain of human beings. In a context of emergency and disruption, achieving this goal is harder than in ordinary situations. The cure of a patient can be considered successful when he or she is able, once again, to think about their future and dreams. For this to happen the project must be designed as a place of respect, which is what a war deprives you of. The respect towards the affected people can be obtained in many different ways. First of all, the design has to take care of the psychological needs of the users. Therefore, the goal has to be the one of designing a place, not a shelter. Showing empathy towards the people and their culture is another key element. Respect and empathy are a matter of ethics, 10 Ulrich, R. (1992) How design impact wellness, Researchgate, 12 January 2015 11 Ulrich, R. (2006) Evidence-based health-care architecture, Lancet, 368: S38-S39

42

but also aesthetic. Therefore, beauty, intended as the quality of the space, can have a major impact on the cure and well-being of the patients.

Recovering with beauty Quality spaces are fundamental in the healing process as, too often, hospitals are designed as machines without the care for the environment the people are treated in. Patient-centred design is the key to create a dignified space for those on a recovery root.

The colour plays an important role in the design as it can convey a sense of safety, welcoming and comfort or can attract the attention of the kids. Moreover, they are fundamental for clear communication of the functions related to the different spaces. Natural light and air, together with views towards nature, are essential for well-being. These elements, especially in harsh climates, are perceived as a privilege due to the heat. The latter doesn’t allow a lot of vegetation to grow and force the façade to be mostly closed to keep a cool environment inside. Nature, therefore, is a symbol of regeneration and hope, but also an important element for the recovery of a patient. The public open spaces are fundamental in those contexts where there is a lack of services and shaded places. To well function, they have to provide spaces for additional activities that the users can engage with, such as playgrounds for kids, gardens and prayer areas.

One of the first examples of taking care in hospital structures is Paimio Sanatorium by Alvar Aalto. The air ventilation is provided naturally and the design includes balconies for heliotherapy12. The rooms face a garden with ponds, flowers and a playground. The use of the colours, nowadays lost, was used as a tool that could contribute to the cure. The colder tones were used in the places where the patients had to stay for a long time, whereas the warmer ones were used in the circulation areas. The extraordinary attention to details is found in the design of the pieces of furniture. Aalto designed a sink that was shaped in a certain way in order not to disturb the roommates with noises while using it.

This careful design paved the way for conceiving hospitals in a new manner.

In contexts of emergencies, approaching the design similarly can transform a shelter into a place of quality and dignity. These key elements can be used for a successful design also in schools, housing and orphanages where the users need to recover from a war or a natural disaster. The taking care approach can be used independently from the function and the location.

12 Bianchini, R. (1 April 2020) Il Sanatorio di Paimio di Aalto e la nascita dell’ospedale moderno, Inexhibit

43

44

Chapter 3

Scenarios of the humanitarian crises

Design is not only about aesthetics, it’s about problem-solving and we have a planet plagued with problems1.

Cameron Sinclair

1 Sinclair, C. (27 August 2015) When I said architects should get involved in humanitarian issues, people laughed at me, interview by Howarth in Dezeen.

45

Figure12 A kid playing

46

g in Yemen, Giles Clark

47

3.1 THE NUMBERS OF THE CRISES The humanitarian crises in the last decade have widely spread around the world impacting more and more people. Therefore, the average duration of a humanitarian crisis rose to about 9 years. Consequently, the predictions for 2020 underlines a dramatic worsening as the number of people in need will be 1/45 of the world population. The foreseen number of people in need in 2022, indicated

by OCHA researches, is around 200 million people2. Despite these critical situations are of different nature, they are simultaneously interconnected, as they all share the same problematics.

Worsening conditions came to light in the recent trends: the number of people in need due to natural hazards is more than predicted and the number of conflicts is increasing. In fact, the two main drivers of the global humanitarian crises are conflicts and climate disasters. These two phenomena are interconnected as 13 out of 20 countries affected by climate change already had humanitarian appeals, such as Sudan, Yemen and the Democratic Republic of Congo3.

The former still represents the major stressor of civilians deaths as “Conflicts have grown in intensity and scale, becoming more deadly, more protracted and more complex”4. A trend generated from conflicts also includes the attacks on aid workers and health care which shows a marked increase in both deaths and attacks. Therefore, accessing to health care facilities and hospitals is harder and, consequently, it is more difficult to control diseases. Hence the tremendous impact on vulnerable people such as women, children and handicaps.

Moreover, conflict is the key driver of hunger causing 821 million of people without adequate food, most of whom are children. In South Sudan, 7 million people are in food insecurity and the number of malnourished people is rising5.

Another major consequence of wars is the displacement of people and refugees, both internally and externally as it is evident in the case of Syria, where 5.6 million of refugees are internally displaced and many more fled to Turkey, Lebanon and Iraq6. This problem affects not only the refugees but also some of the communities hosting them for a long amount of time.

War also prevents access to the daily life services such as clean water and shelter, hence affecting all the community.

2 Lowcock, M. Launch of the global humanitarian overview 2020, Geneva, 4 December 2019.

3 OCHA, Global Humanitarian Overview 2020, p. 17.

4 Jassim Al-Kuwari, K. Launch of the global humanitarian overview 2020, Geneva, 04/12/19 5 OCHA Global Humanitarian Overview 2020, p. 39.

6 Ibid., p. 64.

48

The vulnerable ones are mainly identified with children, women and people with disabilities. Kids who are forced to leave their homes and families, are not able to attend school and are recruited in armed gangs.

Women and girls, often victims of sexual abuse and gender violence, are forced to early marriages and taking care of livelihoods and their children.

A countless number of people are suffering from mental illness, caused by the horrors of the wars. People with disabilities become a burden for their families and communities as they cannot contribute to labour.

Climate change is a dangerous trend as its growth will continuously increase. In 2018, 108 million people were in need due to natural hazards and the number is expected to rise of its half in a decade7. There are two main problems connected to it. First of all, there is a need to forecast the possible issues and, therefore, of preparing plans of actions to limit the disasters, although this kind of events can hardly be predicted. Secondly, some areas are chronically hit by disasters and consequently impacting already fragile communities.

The major consequence of natural disasters is displacements: in 2019, 9.3 million people had to move because of storms, 5.4 million because of floods, 1.6 million because of other natural hazards and 0.9 million because of earthquakes8.

The number of displacements doubled in three years in sub-Saharan Africa as different types of hazard took place. Flooding and droughts are the main drivers of hunger and food crises as they threaten the livelihoods and harvests, causing the interruption of agricultural production. In Central African Republic, acute malnutrition is the main cause of death of children under 5 years old.

The natural hazards generated a significant impact on education: in Haiti, schools were forced to close having a significant impact on 2 million children9.

In other cases, schools were used as community shelters and became unavailable for education purposes. The most vulnerable are girls who have limited time to dedicate to their education before being forced to get married or migrate for work.

7 Meige, P. Launch of the global humanitarian overview 2020, Geneva, 04/12/19.

8 OCHA Global Humanitarian Overview 2020, p. 17.

9 Ibid., p. 42.

49

167.6 M. of people in need 108.8 M. of people targeted

Children

40 %

12.000

of the kids displaced had to flee due to violence, having as a result forced marriages, labour, trafficking and recruitment in armed groups and gangs

of children in 2018 were killed in cross fire incidents or due to explosive weapons

90 %

Conflicts

Gender based violence

41

of the casualties during conflicts are civilians. 1/5 of those consequently have mental health conditions

is the number of highly violent conflicts active in 2019, 16 of which are full scale wars.

In 2018 there were 36 conflicts

65 %

90 %

of the women and girls in South Sudan have experienced physical or sexual violence

of the countries with highest rates of child marriage are fragile countries where women face increased risk of rape

Figure 13 Diagrams o

50

1/45 people in the world will need humanitarian help

Refugees

50 %

70.8 million

of the refugees are children under 18 y.o. most of the times forced to flee from their home without their parents

of people in 2019 were displaced due to conflicts and 17.2 milllion for natural disasters in the same year

821 million

74 million

of people suffered from hunger in 2019.

It affected the population of 53 different countries

of people in 2019 faced hunger due to conflicts. 2/3 of them suffered acute hunger.

In Yemen more than half of the population suffer from it

9.3 million

29 million

Hunger

Climate

of people were displaced due to storms.

The temperature rise has an impact on health, food security and water supply

of people in 2019 suffered from hunger due to climate reasons such as floods and droughts

of the problematics

51

3.2 THE EXTENSION OF THE CRISES The humanitarian crises impacting the planet are spreading wider and wider.

This trend is also connected to worsening climate conditions. The consequences are not only in short length, but also in the long one, causing health problems to the most vulnerable ones. The contribution of relief architecture is fundamental in alleviating the unfortunate consequences. In particular, the most affected area is the central part of Africa mainly due to lengthened drought and floods causing famine, hunger, displacement and inaccessible education. In that continent, the problems are originated by multiple factors such as wars, poverty and natural disasters, making the chances for improvement scarce.

Asia and the Pacific have always been an area affected by natural hazards such as seaquakes, typhoons and floods. The issue concerns the fast increase of these phenomena, reporting that in 2018 almost half of those events happened in the Pacific, including eight out of ten of the most deadly10. The main reason for concern is the poor communities that will suffer from the consequences, generating problems not only for a short length of time. Some of those people, in fact, live in such countries where natural hazards are chronicle events, causing difficulties in the social and economical sphere.

Other parts of the world affected by these problems are South and Central America. The main issues are related to hurricanes, floods and extreme rainfalls.

The effects of those natural hazards on agriculture consequently have a strong impact on the economy of those countries.

The humanitarian need arising from the climate change often tends to generate different kinds of problems causing the impact to be long-lasting like the example of Haiti. In some other cases, like the Democratic Republic of Congo, the natural hazards hit population already having other sorts of humanitarian problems such as epidemics, poverty and conflicts11. This condition is found in many African countries and few Asian ones, but recently also in Latin America.

The overlapping of different problems is visible from the name of the countries recurring in the first two maps (figure 15, figure 16), which are Afghanistan, Burundi, Cameron, Central African Republic (CAR, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC, Ethiopia, Haiti, India, Mali, Myanmar, Niger, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen.

These maps highlight how most of the times the countries vulnerable to climate change are also seeking humanitarian aid.

10 Disastri in Asia-Pacifico, sempre piÚ frequenti e intensi, Adnkronos, 22 August 2019.

11 OCHA, Global Humanitarian Overview 2020, p. 55.

52

Most of the case studies belonging to chapter 4 are located on the African context, as the maps hilight a high concentration of need humanitarian aid in that continent. Nevertheless, as the issues are spread out, the attention also focuses on countries, such as Bangladesh and India, to keep a broader view of the problems also related to climate.

This chapter functions as a connection between the theoretical approach and the case studies analysis, aiming at introducing the different issues emergency architecture deals with and where they are situated.

Figure 14 Civilians waiting for aid in Mosul

53

COUNTRIES VULNERABL

Figure

54

Latin America and the Caribbean

West and Central Africa

Eastern

Domenican republic, Haiti, Honduras, PerĂš, Porto Rico

Cameron, CAR, Chad, Congo, DRC, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Somalia

Burundi, Madagas Zimbabw

LE TO CLIMATE CHANGE

e 15

n and Southern Africa

Middle East and North Africa

Asia and the Pacific

, Eritrea, Ethiopia, scar, Somalia, Sudan, we, Kenya

Yemen

Afghanistan, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, India, Sri Lanka

55

COUNTRIES IN NEED OF

Figure

56

Latin America and the Caribbean

West and Central Africa

Eastern

Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, Venezuela

Burkina Faso, Cameron, CAR, Chad, DRC, Mali, Niger, Nigeria

Burundi, Sudan, S

F HUMANITARIAN HELP

e 16

n and Southern Africa

Middle East and North Africa

Asia and the Pacific

, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan,

Iraq, Lybia, Syria, Yemen

Afghanistan, India, Iran, Myanmar

57

8 CRISES SC

Figure

1 Afghanistan 2 Syria 3 Yemen 4 Sudan

58

CENARIOS

e 17

5 Burundi 6 Mali 7 Burkina Faso 8 Haiti

59

3.3 THE PROBLEMATICS OF THE MOST AFFECTED COUNTRIES From the countries pinpointed in the maps, eight countries were selected to be analysed more in-depth. One of the selection criteria was to choose according to the areas, one from America, two from West and Central Africa, two from Eastern and Southern Africa, two from the Middle East and North Africa, one from Asia and the Pacific. The information provided is extracted from the document Global Humanitarian Overview 2020 edited yearly by the United Nation Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. This comprehensive overview helped selecting and gathering information about the countries that are most in need of humanitarian aid. These eight countries are presented with the numbers and events of 2019 together with the perspective of 2020. They are chosen with different locations in the world to show the variety of shared problematics despite the geographical distance. Most of them are vulnerable due to climatic, economical, sanitarian and social problems.

In Afghanistan, after the peace signed with the USA in February this year, the Taliban have been sending an average of 55 attacks a day, causing an escalation of violence in the country12. Syria is entering its tenth year of war which has caused so far 384 million of deaths and 11 million of refugees13. In Yemen, Houthi and Al Qaeda are fighting to get control of territories, together with many more political influences from outside the country14. Justice is still to be done in Sudan where last year hundreds of protesters were killed15. In Burundi, the violence has intensified as the new elections took place in May culminating in the detention of 200 members of the opposition party in the election day16. Burkina Faso and Mali became the territory of many attacks by the jihadists who aim at wearing out the population by damaging the main resource of the country, the youth, which is unable to attend school17. Haiti, after facing Colhera pandemic, is struggling to face Covid19 due to the lack of sanitary resources and a high rate of poverty as 60% of the population lives below the poverty line18.

12 Afp, (4 May 2020) L’accordo con i taliban lascia l’Afghanistan in preda alla violenza, Internazionale.

13 Del re, P. (15 March 2020) Siria, 10 anni di guerra: 384 mila morti e 11 milioni di profughi, Repubblica.

14 Laub, Z., Robinson, K. (27 April 2020) Yemen in crisis, Council on foreign relations.

15 Human rights watch, (10 April 2020) Sudan: A Year On, Justice Needed for Crackdowns.

16 BBC, (22 May 2020) ‘Hundreds arrested’ on Burundi election day.

17 De Georgio, A. (5 February 2020) Il gruppo Stato islamico trova terreno fertile nel Sahel, Internazionale.

18 Grant, W. (19 April 2020) We are not prepared at all: Haiti, already impoverished, confronts a pandemic, BBC.

60

Figure 18 Refugees arriving in Lesbo, Sergey Ponomarev

61

1 AFGHANISTAN Capitai Kabul Surface 652. 874 km2 Population 38.9 million In need 9.4 million

2015

2020

2019 41%

of casualties are kids and women

345 people were displaced 25/34 provinces are in malnutrition emergency

2.400

kids were killed in conflicts

The constant dvii conflicts in Afghanistan expose the civilians to daily deadly risks and displacements.

As a consequence, 80% of the people live on less than 1.90 $ per day.

Afghanistan is the scenario of attack on health and educational facilities resulting as one of the most dangerous countries in the world for aid agencies to operate

2020 Due to the drought of 2018-2019, in 2020 there will be an increasing number of people in need of humanitarian aid.

Moreover, natural disasters such as floods are expcted to affect additional 200.000 people.

Women continue to be sujected to gender-bse violence and millions of people wil suffer from mentaI issues as continuously exposed to conflicts.

11% of the population will be disable

65% of people in needed will be

children

14.3 million of people will have acute leve I of food emergency

7.1 million assisted

62

of people will be

Figure 19 A kid injured by a bomb in Kabul, Paula Bronstein

63

2 SYRIA capitai Damascus Surface 181.180 km2 Population 17.1 million In need 11 million

,,

2015

2020

2019 70%

of the refugees live in poverty

60% of the refugees are children 95% of the people lack adequate healthcare

6.1 milion

displaced

Syrians are internally

Between Aprii and August 2019 due to intense hostilities the situation aggravateci: civilian casualties, displacement and disruption of infrastructures.

In October 2019 the Turkish military offense caused significant displacements. The situation is criticai especially in Al Hol and other camps in north-east Syria.

2020 The situation in Syria is foreseen not to improve in 2020 if there will be no politica! solutions to the issues.

The main problems will rise from different factors, hostilities, contamination by war explosive and administrative regulations.

The most vulnerable will be people with disabilities and displaced people as there will be further military operations in the North-West.

64

10 years of crisis 25% of the displaced people are women

1 million of people displaced since 2020.

5 million

acute need

of people will be in

Figure 20 Al-Hol detention camp in the Syria-Iraq border , Ivor Prickett

65

3 YEMEN capitai Sana'a Surface 527.968 km2 Population 28.5 million In need 24 million

2015

2020

2019 80% of the population require humanitarian help

11.6 % of the population is malnurished

90% of the districts are affected by cholera

4 milion civilians have been displaced

In Yemen almost half of the families are in acute need and two third of the population is hungry.

The risk of famine is originated by economie decline and restriction on imports.

Moreover, at least 2 million children are not able to attend school.

Conflicts result into harming civilians and attacking schools and hospitals.

2020 Yemen will pobably remain the country facing the worst humanitarian crisis in the world.

In January the conflicts escalated in fightings on several front lines, missile strikes and air raids.

Since the new year, more and more families are forced to flee and are internally displaced.

Meanwhile, the conflict continues resulting in attacks to sodai infrastructures.

66

60 internally displaced sites were affected by heavy rain in March

4.300 of fatalities in the new year

14.3 million of people are

estimated to be in acute need.

5.2 million of displaced people since 2020

Figure 21 Children in a camp for internally displaced people in Mashqafah , Lorenzo Tugnoli

67

4 SUDAN capitai Khartoum Surface 1.886.068 km2 Population 41.5 million In need 9.3 million

ďż˝ 2015

2020

2019 1.9 million of people are internally displaced

1.1 million of the refugees

seeking asylum are living in camps

17.7 milion people need food and livelihood assistance

2.4 milion malnurished

children are

Sudan is experiencing difficulties in accessing food and livelihoods due to the high inflation that peaked 70% in 2018. Moreover, essential services are deteriorating such as medicines, access to water and education.

There are no solutions yet to the great number of displaced people, in particular women experience child marriage and genital mutilation.

2020 Needs are likely to increase in 2020 due to a declining economy, natural hazards, lack of solutions for armed conflicts and possible deseases outbreak.

More and more people wil experience food shortage resulting into malnutrition and children not able to attend school anymore.

Refugees from South Sudan are expected to reach Sudan in a large numberas the governament removed travel restrictions.

68

17 years of conflict in Darfur 2.8 million of the people are estimateci to need nutritional support 50.000 additional refugees will be hosted in Sudan

7.8 million of people will be

affacted by criticai needs relateci to mental and physical well-being

Figure 22 The protests in Sudan against the governament, Yasuyoshi Chiba

69

5 BURUNDI Capitai Gitega Surface 27.834 km2 Population 11.7 mili ion In need 1.7 million

2016

2020

2019 44o/o of the households are affected by food insicurity

54o/o of the children younger than

5 y.o. suffer from malnutrition

7.2 million people affected by Malaria

1.556 people died from Malaria in 25 weeks

Despite a timid economie growth, Burundi stili remains on of the poorest countries in the world. Furthermore, it is one of the 20 countries most at risk of climate change. This country is also highly subjected to epidemics of cholera and malaria contributing to the scarce access to food and malnutrition. Nevertheless, humanitarian aid has significantly reduced the rate of malnutrition.

2020 Food insicurity is projected to be at -its highest in the North-Eastern part of the country. Displaced communities are the most vulnerable subjects as the number of internal displacements will grow.

Malaria is the main cause of children mortality and school dropouts. the risk of Ebola's transmission in Burundi stili remains high. The elections in 2020 present a risk far the socio-economie situation.

70

81.000 refugees have been rimpatriateci since 2017 90.000 refugees coming from Congo to Burundi

103.000 people are internally displaced

630.000 people will be in acute and urgent need

Figure 23 A community cultivating, ASA studio

71

6 MALI capitai Bamako Surface 1.240.192 km2 Population 19.3 million In need 3.6 million

2015

2020

2019 187.000 internally displaced people

20% more children suffered from malnutrition in 6 months

920 schools closed

1.343 security incidents involving civilians

The crisis continued to worsen.

The instability in the north comes from armed conflicts, whereas the center experienced a rise in banditry and inter-communal violence. This results into attack to social services.

Internal displaced children lost access to education and risk sexual exploitation, forced labour and recruitment into armed gangs.

Food insecurity rose due to heavy rains.

2020 Due to the absence of Peace agreements, political and security tensions are expected to rise. Armed conflicts and inter-communal violence will rise affecting the most vulnerable, those who are displaced.

In particular women, kids and disables, but also men and boys who make up the majority of civilians casualties. Consequently, there will be a negative impact on the agricultural production leading to food insecurity.

72

7.8 milion people will be affected by the crisis

1.1 million

people facing food insicurity during drought season

1.1 million people more than last year need humanitarian aid

1.000 people in January escaped due to violences in MĂŠnaka

Figure 24 A home in the desert, Philippe Dudouit

73

7 BURKINA FASO capitai Ouagadougou Surface 274.200 km2 Population 20.1 million In need 2.2 million

2015

2020

2019 1.5 million people are directly affected by the crisis 153% more displaced people from January to June 57 health facilities were closed

1.455 schools were closed

The most problematic areas are in the northern and eastern parts due to the lack of essential services. In that area 1 /3 of the population is affected by the crisis.

Malnutrition and food insecurity is high due to violence. 200.000 children can't attend school and 620.000 cannot access health care as most of the hospital closed or are functioning at the minimum capacity.

2020 In the first six months of 2020 the security situation is not expected to improve. Constrained humanitarian access is likely to increase people's vulnerability. People with disabilities will face inadequate support.

Most of the issues regards low agricultura! production, high pressure on livelihoods, insufficient access to drinking water, inadequate health care and malnutrition support .

74

900.000 people will be

internally displaced in Aprii

948.000 children don't have

access to school

62% of the displaced people are children

1.2 million

shortage

people are in food

Figure 25 A prisoner of Koglweogo, the armed diensive groups, Olivier Papegnies

75

8 HAITI capitai Port-au-Prince Surface 27.750 km2 Population 10.8 million In need 4.6 million

2017

2020

2019 65.500 children were malnurished 10% is the global acute

malnutrition rate

3.7 million food insecure

people

2 million of school

Haiti suffered a socioeconomical and politica! crisis resulting into a rising inflation. This situation had an impact on education as the schools were closed. The number of food insicure people continuously rise.

On the other hand, in February the cases of colhera in the country were zero.

of students were out

2020 The situation is expected to remain unstable in the next months. In fact, Haiti is stili vulnerable to natural disasters as hurricanes, earthquakes, droughts and floods.

The rainfalls of 2018 will have an impact on the food production for 2020.

The weakest will be those in need of health-care assistance.

A high number of people is in need of a shelter after the earthquake of 2018.

76

2.8 million

people will eat only one meal per day

80% incerase of number in need from last year

30.000 vulnerable people without shelter

4.2 million of people will experience food insicurity

Figure 26 Port-Au-Prince burning , Riccardo Venturi

77

Figure 27 Haitian du

78

ump, Giles Clarke

79

80

Chapter 4

The architectural responses: the role of public buildings

Partecipatory design is not a hippie, romantic, let’s-all-dreamtogether-about- the-future-of-the-city kind of thing. It is actually not even with the families trying to find the right answer. It is mainly about trying to identify with precision what is the right question.

There is nothing worse than answering the wrong question1.

Alejandro Aravena

1 Aravena, A. (October 2014) My architectural philosophy? Bring the ocmmunity into the process, TEDglobal, Rio de Janeiro

81

The hospital typology The healing garden, TAMassociati, Sudan Community health center, Caravatti, Gugliotta, Mali

82

The typology of the hospital is one of the most important ones especially in the contexts of wars and pandemics. Differently from the standard typology, in emergency architecture, the hospitals have also additional functions such as pharmacy and dispensatory. Most of the times, these kinds of services are used by many people inhabiting a wide area, therefore they also have spacious waiting areas, playgrounds for kids and shaded spaces. Hence, they become key places for the communities which frequent them as they are quality spaces to spend time in.

The community health care centre in Mali is an example of this holistic approach: in fact, it provides essential care for a wide range of inhabitants of the municipality. Furthermore, basic services are guaranteed thanks to a well and latrines. In the case of Port Sudan, the strength of the project is given by the green garden, which is one of the few green areas in the desert Afghanistan. In fact, the hospital is closed off from the outside due to the heat, but is designed around the green inner courtyards, with a playground.

The additional functions included in those projects are also related to the fact that these kind of services are not easily accessible, therefore families must undertake long journeys to reach them. Consequently, during their stay, they need to rest in the shadow and kids need to play.

Comparing the plans and sections of the two buildings, what differs is the approach: the one in Mali is designed to have many openings to the outside, whereas the one in Afghanistan is closed from the outside, but open towards the inside. Nevertheless, they both show attention to the landscape and surroundings.

Most of the time hospitals, in an urban context, result to be the places of “the mechanizations of pain”2. Undoubtedly, they have to be efficient, but most of all, they have to be effective, meaning pursuing an aim such as the health of the patients.

Figure 28 2 Pantaleo, R. (2016) La sporca bellezza. Indizi di futuro fra Guerra e povertà, Elèuthera, p. 58.

83

Healing garden, Sudan, 2012 Courtyard

5

Figure 29 Hospitals plans and sections

84

15

Community health centre, Mali, 2010 Enclosure

5

15

85

Healing garden in the desert Tamassociati, 2012 Port Sudan, Sudan

86

Figure 30 The building in the landscape

87

Figure 31 Sudan

88

Figure 32 The waiting area

Architects: TAMassociati, Venice, Italy Year of completion: 2012 Duration: two years (2010-2012) Main function: Pediatric center Additional functions: Healing garden, playground Type of emergency: Indipendence war and civil war, refugees People suffering from the crisis: 5900 fatalities (2010-2012) Surface: 780 m² Cost: 1.100.000 ₏ Materials: Coral stone, timber Peculiarity: It contains the only geen area in Sudan and it is the only place where people can get light in the night. Due to the heat it uses passive techniques to cool down and local techniques to filter the sand in the air.

89

Project Location Port Sudan is the main port city of Sudan and it faces the Red Sea, being the only access to the sea of Sudan. Due to its favourable location, it has been crowded by refugees resulting in an increase of population of almost 16 times in 7 years. The area where the hospital was built used to be a desert and now it is one of the few green areas in Sudan.

Overview and Typology The project is based on the theme of the enclosure, having few openings and a sequence of courtyards. There is a strong hierarchy of void and solid, the former is the generator of the spaces in the project. Due to the hot climate of Sudan and the necessity of keeping the hospital cool, the building has few and small openings. On the other hand, the building contains a big amount of green open spaces, courtyards and a porch. In these situations, it is fundamental to provide shading in the open space with trees and in semi-open spaces with roofs and shading panels.

The green space is one of the main themes of the project as underlined by Tamassociati “In this physical and human desert, the garden symbolizes a kind of vision and a strong symbolic value as it foreshadows the therapy�3.

This is also what makes this hospital stand out from its standard typology which mostly deals with closed spaces. Moreover, this building is not only focused on the needs of the patients, but also on spaces for the community to regenerate this poor area. In fact, a lot of families, going to the hospital to bring their children, live far away in other areas of Sudan and need a protected space to wait and a playground for the kids to play. Furthermore, it is an important landmark in the city because it is the only place where there is light in the night.

3 Tamassociati (2017) Taking care. Architettura con Emergency, Electa, p. 87 

90

Pharmacy Hospital stay Diagnosis Waiting area

Figure 34 Functional diagram

Figure 35 Diagram of the enclosure

Figure 33 Elevation

2.5

7.5

15

91

Materials and Construction Techniques

Figure 36 Construction site

Figure 37 Shading panel

Figure 38 The building skeleton

92

The main materials of the project are coral stone, brick, wood and bamboo, all traditional Sudanese materials. The coral stone is a traditional material that can be found in great amount in Sudan as it can be reutilized from demolished buildings. It is used in the main facade of the hospital as a connection to the tradition. Moreover, the bamboo sunscreens are a typical element of the Ottoman tradition.

Due to the strong heat, that can reach 50 degrees, thick walls with limited openings and bamboo shading screens were adopted. Nevertheless, it was necessary to design with a construction system called Jagharsch, a common technique in Sudan.

It is realized with ventilated walls and small barrel vaults. Moreover, to aim at passive cooling systems, Badigr, an Iranian technique, was used to naturally cool down and filter the air. Together with an adiabatic cooling system, the temperature could be lowered of 10 degrees and the consumption of electricity was reduced by 70%. Moreover, the garden is watered with purified greywater that would otherwise be wasted, allowing a green oasis to grow in the desert.

The Sudanese hospital was designed following the motto “Low cost, high value� bringing the attention to simplicity.

Meaning focusing on civic design without being satisfied with a poor result, but aiming at the essentiality and usefulness.

Colours and Interiors

Figure 39 The corridors

Figure 40 The waiting area

Figure 41 The porch

The role of colours is fundamental in this project. The symbol of Emergency is the red colour and it used at the entrance to easily spot the access to the hospital.

As nature is the key element of the project the other main colour together with green is blu. The latter mingles with green, representing the colour of nature and calm, harmony and balance. It is used as a pshychological element, both creating a cool environment and a ludic element for kids.

The prevalent colour is white as it best suits the harsh climate of Sudan, keeping the temperature as low as possible.

The interiors of the building are strongly connected to nature, the clinic has windows framing nature and all the built-up parts open up to the courtyards with vegetation. Moreover, the strong openness of the porch marks the entrance and welcomes families and patients. In the waiting area, at the centre of the space is located a tree to symbolize a hope for life and the continuity with the outside garden.

The interiors are characterized by the screens for the light which create a play with the shadows and protect from the outer environment. The building is structured in three main blocks connected by a corridor, the central one is the clinic and the adjacent ones are the pharmacy and the diagnosis. The light, an important healing element, is guaranteed in all of them.

93

Architectural quality: the Porch The beauty in this project is linked to the use of the spaces and the attention not only to the children who come to get cured, but also to their families. Those collective spaces are carefully designed focusing on the role of light and nature.

The waiting area and the green courts are as important as the hospital itself. The former is the strongest element that opens up from the continuous enclosure, inviting the families to enter and wait in the shaded porch. The latter is an important place both for the patients and the visitors, where the green areas are used to play and relax.

Both have a strong relationship with indoors and outdoors space through the circular openings that characterize the building. Due to the hot climate, the light must be filtered by shading systems which create a game of shadows.

Figure 42 Axonometry of the court

94

Figure 43 Axonometry of the waiting area

Figure 44 Image of the portico

95

Community health centre

Matteo Caravatti, Chiara Gugliotta, 2010 Kani Gogouna, Mali

96

Figure 45 The building in the landscape

97

Figure 46 Mali

98

Figure 47 The project in the landscape

Architects: Matteo Caravatti, Chiara Gugliotta, Monza, Italy Year of completion: 2010 Duration: Eight months (2009-2010) Main function: Health care center Additional functions: Maternity, pharmacy, water tank Type of emergency: Poverty, hunger, malnutrition, famine, refugees People suffering from the crisis: 3.5 million people are food insicure (2013) Surface: 420 m² Cost: 45.000 € Materials: Stone block, Earth bricks Peculiarity: It uses the construction technique of the Danubian vault to avoid the use of steel and concrete. The project also provides water to the area thanks to the water’s well functioning with solar panels.

99

Project Location Kani Gogouna is a village in the Malian desert, in the Mopti region. The village is elevated 571 m from the sea as it is placed on a plateau. The community health centre is used by the 250.00 inhabitants of the rural region Kani Gogouna belongs to.

Overview and Typology This healthcare centre is composed of three main buildings, the maternity, the pharmacy and the dispensary. There are also two additionary blocks for bathrooms and a well. The three buildings are all linked by the same height and same language, different only for the number of modules. The main characteristic of the project design is the arcades which open up to the central open area creating an inner covered portico and allowing inside a great amount of light.

The building is blending with the landscape, not overcoming nature but camouflaging itself with it. The simple language matches the essential services provided. The shape of the arcade is combined with thin and tall windows which allow air circulation and light, preventing reaching too high temperatures inside.

Figure 48 Elevation

100

Figure 49 Functional diagram

Pha

Ho

Dia

Wa

Figure 50 Openings diagram

2.5

7.5

15

101

Materials and Construction Techniques

Figure 51 Construction site

Figure 52 The arch construction

Figure 53 Earth blocks

102

The main materials of the project are earth and stone. The former is used for the inner walls, and the latter for the exterior, solving the issue of the permeability of the external finishing. Around 40.000 blocks of earth and stone locally produced were used to realize the buildings. The use of the materials links the building with the landscape, almost mingling it with its surroundings.

The strength of this project is to use the technique of Nubian vaults, avoiding the use of concrete and iron for reinforcement, timber for framework. Therefore, this construction technique is obtained by using only natural materials which are typical of the land. Other benefits are the good thermal comfort even in the hot climate, the low cost and low impact on the environment. In fact, not only the production cost is lower, but also there is no shipping cost, as the earth is locally available. The other positive aspect is that in case of fire the construction will resist. In the Sahel region, construction used to be in timber and, later on, when the resources were over, the roofs were built with imported corrugated sheets of zync.

Using the technique of the Nubian vault resulted in high benefits from many points of view.

Community

Figure 54 Community summit

Figure 55 In the courtyard

The project is realized by the local community with the support of a coordination team. The construction team is composed of the inhabitants of the municipality who united to realize the project. Most of them were local artisans who cut and placed the stone and earth blocks.

The community is strongly involved because this type of health service enabled 40% more of the population to access to this basic type of service. The realization of the health care taught the community this new building technique, women included.

This project took attention to the needs of the population including in the design a well for clean water and latrines, together with trees plantation. These services and the shaded sitting areas made this place a meeting area for the large community.

Figure 56 The porch

103

Architectural Quality: the Arcade The beauty of this project lies in the attention dedicated to each space which is characterized by the same language. All the built-up spaces have arch openings facing the outside to have a dialogue with nature and allow light inside.

Moreover, all the spaces are accessed through a porch which can be used as a shaded place to relax or wait. The presence of trees outside is also an important detail in such a harsh land.

Furthermore, the spaces are organized wisely so that all the single rooms are connected to each other, allowing a faster intervention and flexibility.

104

Figure 57 The courtyard

Figure 58 The porch

105

The school typology Gando primary school extension, KĂŠrĂŠ architecture, Burkina Faso Meti handmade school, Heringer and Roswag, Bangladesh

106

The school typology is one of the most important one in the context of emergency. In those situations, most of the schools close or are demaged and the remaining ones are often really far to reach for the students. In both examples, located in Burkina Faso and Bangladesh, the schools are really flexbile, so that they can host different functions in the future. In the current situations, they are mostly mono-functional hosting classes for kids and other activities, allowing them to spend their time in the facility playing or reading. Due to the users, the colour is a key feature of the projects, which makes the children comfortable in the environment and stimulates their creativity. The thermal comfort is fundamental in the learning environment, the design of the walls, roof and openings focus on the natural light and air circulation.

This goal is achieved differently in the two buildings. In the school designed by Francis KĂŠrĂŠ the ventilation is provided by the vaulted ceiling with some gaps that allow the hot air to go out. Moreover the roof is pushed away from the ceiling so that the heat can naturally flow out without getting trapped. In Meti handmade school, the cross ventilation is guaranteed by the numerous doors and windows that can be opened to different extents. Furthermore, the upper floor, made of a reed panels can be fully opened or fully closed. In both buildings, the structure of the design is visible allowing a better understanding of how it was made.

Differently from most of the standard schools, the materials, bamboo and earth blocks, are left rough so that the kids can appreciate the texWtures and colours.

Differently form the traditional schools, the spaces and rooms are less designeted to specific functions but allow the kids to freely use the space as they prefer in different times of the day.

Figure 59

107

Gando school extension, Burkina Faso, 2008 Patio

5

Figure 60 School plans and sections

108

15

Meti handmade school, Bangladesh, 2007 Recesses and Open Classrooms

5

15

109

Gando primary school extension KĂŠrĂŠ architecture, 2008 Gando, Burkina Faso

110

Figure 61 The building in the landscape

111

Figure 62 Burkina Faso

112

Figure 63 The facade

Architects: Kéré architecture, Berlin, Germany Year of completion: 2008 Duration: One year Main function: School Additional functions: Library Type of emergency: Refugees, food shortage, natural disasters, terrorism People suffering from the crisis: 50% of girls attend primary school (20082012) Surface: 318 m² Cost: 50.000 € Materials: Earth bricks Peculiarity: The roof is made of a unique volt. The overhaning hot thin roof serves for the air ventilation and to protect from the rain water

113

Project Location Gando is the village where Francis Kéré was born. He experienced himself the lack of infrastructures in his village especially regarding the absence of a school nearby. Gando has around 2500 inhabitants and is located in the Central-East region of Burkina faso. It became famous when Francis Kéré won the Aga Khan award for the primary school design in Gando.

Overview and Typology The primary school extension was designed in order to welcome more students who couldn’t be hosted in the original structure built in 2001. It is built following the same principles and technique of the formerly realized one. The design is the result of the effort of the local forces, using the locally available materials, in facing the harsh climate of the area. Not only the community was involved, but also the kids that are now the students of the school: everyday they were asked to bring a stone to build the foundation, enabling them to understand their power to make a change in helping their community. In fact, it is part of the culture of the rural areas of Burkina Faso that all the citizens of the village help in constructing and reparing the houses. Therefore, low tech and sustainable solutions were the perfect match to keep the community involved in the process.

This project aims at becoming a landmark in Gando as it is part of a bigger vision that includes a kitchen for the schools, a library, a football pitch, a secondary school and a women’s center.

114

Figure 65 The roof

Figure 64 Elevation

1

3

6

115

Materials and Construction Techniques

Figure 66 Floor polishing

Figure 67 The vault construction

Figure 68 Roof assembly

116

The main materials are chosen to help mantaining a cool environment despite the strong heat. The walls blocks are realized in clay, a material that is easily available in the area and it is used to build most of the houses. The use of clay in the form of bricks was a moderinization of the traditional techniques that allowed an easier assemble and a thermal protection.

The same technique is used for the roof, allowing a minor use of steel support as the bricks are dry-stacked. Moreover, some perforation allow ventilation through the windows, releasing the hot air through the roof. A second roof structure was designed to protect the walls from the heat and rain and to create shade. Differently from the first school designed, the roof structure is overhanging. As a matter of fact, the corrugated metal roofs used in the local houses make the interior too hot to tolerate. Therefore, the roof was pushed away from the inner ceiling, allowing the air to flow.

Colours and Interior

Figure 69 The shutters

Figure 70 The classroom

The focus of the project was to realize the best studying environment for the students. Therefore, the thermal comfort was one of the key feature taken into account. The ventilation is guaranteed through some voids in the roof that help releasing the heat, while the fresh air enters from the windows. The big rooms with the vaulted ceiling are designed to be flexible so that the building can serve different functions in the future.

The windows’ shutters allow the regulation of the air and light inside of the classroom.

On the other hand, from the outside the bright colours create a playful environment for the students allowing a strong connection from the outside to the inside and viceversa. The different ways the shutters can filter the light and air, create movement in the facade according to the different uses. The windows sills are designed so that they can be used as comfortable seatings by the kids.

Another strong design element is the patio which connects the two main parts of the building allowing the students to play outside and gather in the shade.

Figure 71 The vaulted ceiling

117

Architectural quality: the Patio The roofing structure of Gando School Extension is a key feature in the design.

It contributes to keeping a cool environment thanks to the vaulted ceiling with holes for air ventilation. The roof is designed in order to leave a gap for the heat to flow outside. Moreover, the roof itself provides the shadow needed in the open space around the building. Therefore, it is possible to create an open space which can be used also when the temperatures are high as it is shaded. The patio also hosts circular sitting spaces digged in the ground where the users can hang around together, play and talk. This element creates a meeting point in the school, resembling the idea of a small piazza. In that area some parts of the patio are defined by some pillars creating niches for the kids to hide and play.

Figure 72 The patio

118

Figure 73 The sitting area of the patio

119

Meti handmade school

Anna Heringer, Eike Roswag, 2007 Rudprapur, Bangladesh

120

Figure 74 The building in the landscape

121

Figure 75 Bangladesh

122

Figure 76 The interior

Architects: Anna Heringer, Eike Roswag, Laufen, Germany Year of completion: 2007 Duration: Six months (2005-2006) Main function: School Additional functions: Workshops for trade orienters professionists Type of emergency: Refugees, poverty, natural disasters People suffering from the crisis: 25-30 million people are chronically poor (2005) Surface: 325 m² Cost: 21.000 ₏ Materials: Earth, bamboo, clay and red earth plaster, lime paint Peculiarity: The building focus on the exploration of kids. In fact, it presents inner caves, colorful fabrics and play with light.

123

Project location The project is situated in the rural area of Dinajpur, a district of Bangladesh.

Most of Bangladesh is located on a alluvial land and 80% of the highly dense population lives in rural areas. This trend became so common due to poverty and lack of infrastructures in the cities. This project aims at improving and valorizing the life in the countriside.

Overview and Typology Meti handmade school was designed to host children classes, but also workshops for traders. The main feature of the project is the bamboo structure which is visible from the outside and inside, defining the rythm of the facades. The openings are the key elements of the design. In the ground floor, many windows and doors characterize the main facade which is permeable, but can also be fully closed. Most of the time, they are open to allow the air circulation and some colorful curtains are used to screen the light. In the back facade smaller windows are placed freely and are designed in different sizes to create movement in the facade. The upper floor has a different solutions of reed which are defining the envelope of the second floor. This skin itself can be fully closed or fully open, becoming an open space covered by a roof which provides shadow.

124

Figure 78 Openings diagram

Figure 77 Elevation

1

3

6

125

Materials and Construction Techniques

Figure 79 Building the structure

Figure 80 Testing and placing bamboo

Figure 81 The bulls mixing the mud

126

Anna Heringer started designing this project for her Master Thesis in Berlin.

In her school she tested the strenght of bamboo used for structure, but when she reached the construction site the first challange was the use of the local bamboo.

In fact, the bamboos were thinner and curved. With the help of engineers and craftmen, the structure passed the test.

Heringer decided to use mainly mud, earth and bamboo as they are the most natural materials, having the least impact on nature as the materials were locally available. In fact, these materials are connected to the vernacular architecture of Bangladesh.

Moreover, mud comes from nature and easily comes back to it without leaving any trace. The mud was mixed by the bulls and local workers. Building with that material implied careful solution to avoid water corrosion. Therefore, the foundations were made in bricks and concrete and the roof was extended towards the outside to protect the building from heavy rains. The loadbearing walls in the ground floor are realized with a technique similar to the cob walls, realized with a mixture of straw-earth.

Lights and colours

Figure 82 The upper floor

Figure 83 A classroom

The designer of the project conceived the theme of light and shadow in relation to childhood. The building is articulated in a more extrovert part and a more introvert one so that the kids have different atmosphere that can match their feelings and mood. The ground floor is designed more as a closed part with some niches or caves so that the kids can feel protected, can stay alone, but at the same time have an overview of the whole classroom. This part can also be used to play or meditate.

The main facade opens up to the outside filtering the light with colorful curtains creating a playful environment.

On the other hand, the upper floor is full of light and fullfil the need of the kids to be extrovert. The openings of the upper floor are flexible allowing the full openess or closeness of the classroom.

In the main facade the colours come from the blue doors signed by the kids and the curtains, whereas in the upper floor the colour is present in the saris on the ceiling.

Figure 84 The niches

127

Architectural Quality: the Structure Meti handmade school design quality lies in the creation of flexible open spaces with specific attention to the light and air circulation. This project doesn’t have a specific architectural element which determines its quality but it is more obtained by creating a good environment for the well-being and learning process of the kids. The school has different kind of spaces, more private and more collective which allow them to choose the space they feel more comfortable being in.

The light and the colours make the spaces unique as they change throught the time of the day. The structure itself, together with the materials, make the students appreciate how the building was built and acknowledge more about their culture.

Figure 85 A classroom

128

Figure 86 The mud and bamboo

129

The orphanage typology Nakuru Project, Orkid studio, Kenya Casa Rana, Made in Earth, India

130

The orphanage typology is a fundamental typology in emergency architecture.

Most of the time, the kids don’t have the space needed to comfortably sleep, study and play. These two projects aim at providing quality spaces for the growth of the children. In Casa Rana, the quality derives from the typology of the peristyle, which is able to create in-between protected spaces where the kids can freely play.

Differently, in Nakuru Project all the places for studying and relaxing are contained inside of the building. In both projects, the skin of the building is used as a filter element to control permeability, but also light and air. Casa Rana and Nakuru Project focus on the colours in order to create a playful environment, but also for the kids to better orient around the orphanage.

The case study situated in India aims at being visualized by the kids as colorful construction toy, whereas the one located in Kenya resembles the idea of home with the pitched roofs.

The typology of Casa Rana focus on dividing the functions into boxes which are then all connected to each other. On the other hand, Nakuru Project is designed as two linear buildings which dialogue together through an open space. They both aim at sustainability in two different manners: the project in India finds a compromise between local materials and cheap ones, the orphanage in Kenya uses waste materials such as veneer.

Figure 87

131

Nakuru project, Kenya 2014 Archetype of home

5

Figure 88 The orphanage plans and sections

132

15

Casa Rana, India, 2013 Peristyle

5

15

133

Nakuru project Orkid studio, 2014 Nakuru, Kenya

134

Figure 89 The building in the landscape

135

Figure 90 Kenya

136

Figure 91 The mansard roof

Architects: Orkid studio, Glasgow, United Kingdom Year of completion: 2014 Duration: Eight weeks Main function: Orphanage Additional functions: Areas to study, relax and read Type of emergency: Food shortage, malnutrition, refugees, drought People suffering from the crisis: 34% of kids under 5 y.o. suffer from malnutrition (2014) Surface: 396 m² Cost: 50.000 ₏ Materials: Timber, earth bags Peculiarity: The timber skin cladding is realized with a by-product of veneer that would otherwise be discarded as waste.

137

Project Location The project is located in the outskirts of Nakuru, near the Rift Valley. The city is located at a height of almost 2000 m and has 300 thousands inhabitants. The project aims at being the first step to generate interest in the area and the first of many future projects.

Overview and Typology This orphanage represents an improvement of the children villages traditional in Kenya where they all sleep together in one room. This project reinforce the use of the common areas used by the kids and teenagers to study, read and play, keeping at the same time their privacy. The project resembles the archetype of the house the kids associate with the pitched roof.

Nakuru project, also called St. Jerome Centre, focus on the empowerment of the community, that will gain skills from the worksite experience which will enable them to learn new techniques to use in new projects. Orkid studio envisoned the process as a tool to impact on change. Therefore, as rarely happened before, women were working on site, doing most of the tasks men do and earning the same salary.

Figure 92 Elevation

138

Figure 93 The skin

2

6

12

139

Materials and Construction Techniques

Figure 94 Timber studs

Figure 95 The earthbags

Figure 96 The timber slats to close the cladding

140

Most of the houses of the area, which are realized in stone and concrete, and are unfinished due to struggle of finding the materials. On the other hand, The orphanage is realized with simple and affordable material, earth and wood.

The earthbags are easy to put together and are assembled as oversized bricks to make walls. The grain bags are filled with the local earth, which has 20% of clay.

Thanks to this technique the walls easily absorb heat leaving the enviroment cool inside, meanwhile keeping a warm environment during cold nights.

This new technique empowered the workers, enabling them, the women and the kids that took part in the project, to use it in other projects.

The material used for the cladding is made from pillar cores, which is a by product of veneer. By so doing, this material is reused instead of becoming waste, as it happens in most of the cases. The skin of the building allows to regulate the permeability of the building, in order to control light and air.

Colours and interiors

Figure 97 The bathroom

Figure 98 The shelves

The St. Jerome Center contains all the spaces the kids need in their everyday life. The bedrooms can host from two to a maximum of four kids. The rooms overlook to the outside and to the corridor through which there is the access to the rooms. A part of the orphanage is dedicated to the kitchen allowing all the dwellers to eat and cook together. There are multiple spaces for the kids to study, both individually and together, and areas to play and relax.

Some of the walls have bright colours, connected to the local culture and some have exposed wood finishing.

The corridors in the ground floor are used as a shaded place that is the junction between the interior and the exterior. On the other hand, in the upper floor it hosts the desks to study overlooking to the outside.

Figure 99 The timber structure

141

Architectural quality: the Skin The quality of Nakuru Project lies in multiple elements. The arrangement of the building allows the creation of an open space where the kids can play in a protected environment. Furthermore, there is a strong relationship between the indoor and the outdoor created by the hallway which is used as a corridor, but also as a studying area in the upper floor. The skin of the project is the key element which distinguishes this project, creating a game of light and guaranteing air circulation keeping the interior cool. This expedient creates shading places, which are strongly needed in the hot climate, and is really flexible. Some of the panels can be fully open functioning as doors and in the upper floor part of them can be opened to create a sort of balcony. This system allows the control of permeability, light and air, being able to adapt to different conditions, therefore generating diversity in the appareance.

Figure 100 The cladding

142

Figure 101 The hallway

143

Casa Rana

Made in Earth, 2013 Tiriuvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India

144

Figure 102 The the building in the landscape

145

Figure 103 India

146

Figure 104 The peristyle

Architects: Made in Earth, Naples, Italy Year of completion: 2013 Duration: Two years (2011-2013) Main function: Orphanage Additional functions: Playground, educational activities Type of emergency: Food insecurity, drought, floods, overpopulation People suffering from the crisis: 12.5 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 are working Surface: 600 m² Cost: 70.000 ₏ Materials: Concrete, bamboo, earth Peculiarity: The peristyle allows the creation of in-between spaces where the kids can play freely while feeling protected

147

Project Location The project is located in a village near Tiruvannamalai, in the area of Tamil Nadu, in the South-Eastern part of India. The area is the sixth most populated region in India, an area with problems of poverty and education. Therefore, the project aims at creating infrastructures in the zone of Tamil Nadu.

Overview and Typolgy The project is the house of 15 HIV-positive kids and their mammy. The colorful design aims at resembling the idea of construction toys and its composed by boxes joined by a common platform and roof. The perimeter of the structure is defined by a bamboo enclosure that protects the kids allowing them to freely play in their home. The voids between the rooms create an open spaces used to play and enjoy the outside beeing in a safe environment. Morover, the roof can also be used as a terrace characterized by the volumes stretching up to provide ventilation.

148

Figure 106 The void diagram

Figure 105 Elevation

1

3

7

149

Materials and Construction Techniques

Figure 107 The rooftop

Figure 108 Broken bricks

Figure 109 The roof and bamboo

150

Made in Earth architects aimed, with this project, to find a balance between local materials and cheap and fast construction.

Therefore, they decided to realize the roof and the slab in concrete. The structure is elevated from the ground in order to prevent damages caused by floodings.

On the other hand, the walls of the rooms were constructed in bricks in order to involve local manifactures and workers.

The techinique used to waterproof them is traditional: broken bricks are mixed with sand, water, cement and a liquid that comes from a local plant.

The choice of realizing the curtain of the building with bamboo is due to the fact that it is more sustainable than wood as it grows faster.

Each room has a chimney in order to ensure natural light and ventilation.

Moreover, the placement of the volumes are dictated by the direction of the prevailing winds so that it provides cross ventilation.

Lights and colours

Figure 110 The colours and the bamboo

Figure 111 The relationship with the outdoor spaces

The orphanage is designed as a playful and interactive home for the kids. The bright colours define the different functional areas. The chosen colours are connected to the indian culture but also to the idea of an oversized toy. Moreover, they help in making the functions recognizable for the little ones.

The alternation of void and filled spaces not only creates open spaces to be freely used, but also play with light and shadow.

Moreover, from the concrete roof some voids are cut out to allow light to reach the groundfloor. In the terrace, the filled and void spaces are inverted respect to the ground floor. In the ground floor the majority of the spaces are filled, wherease in the upper floor the void is dominant and is defined by the chimneys extruding from the ground floor.

The theme of the light is one of the main character of the buildings which is strongly developed with the use of bamboo screens defining the perimeter of the house. The movement of the shadow throughout the day create a diverse environment.

Furthermore, the shadows make the colours change their appareance and nuances.

Figure 112 The corridor

151

The Architectural Quality: the Peristyle The peristyle is the key element of the project. This element has been used since the Ancient Greek times to define a boundary. In the orphanage, it allows the children to have a space where they are protected even if they are not in their rooms. The area in-between the different rooms create some open spaces, shaded by the roof, which can be used in different ways. The skin of the building also allows game of lights, changing the appareance of the building throughout the day. The quality of the project lies in creating a sort of village for the kids where they are safe and free. Another key element is the use of colour which makes the orphanage look like a construction toy and helps the smaller kids to find their ways around the building.

Figure 113 The peristyle

152

Figure 114 The bamboo screen

153

154

Chapter 5

The transition of the typology in contexts of crisis

This moment, the beginning of the 21st century, is a big moment to change the direction — toward sustainability and disaster relief. This will continue as the main theme of this century.1 Shigeru Ban

1 Ban, S. (18 October 2019) Interview with Nikil Saval for the article Shigeru Ban. Rather than going from one high-profile commission to the next, the architect has an alternative focus: designing shelters for the displaced on The Greats, New York Times Style Magazine

155

The abacus of the typologies Emergency and crises deeply influence architecture and the way in which architects design.

The typology itself has a significant impact, also related to the local culture. As a matter of fact, a quality design in such contexts, has also to take care of the needs of the communties involving them in the process.

Therefore, their needs and the local techniques they know are the engine of the change.

Moreover, the local craftmen are more keen on using the local materials which are the expression of their culture and are easily available in the area.

The situation of emergency itself have a great impact on the typology. Most of the time, the intervention has to be as prompt as possible. Due to the damages wars and natural disasters have on the economy of the interested area, money is always a key factor which majorly affect the projects’ design. The typologies observed in this thesis mostly aim at finding a balance between using sustainable solutions and local materials, trying to keep the cost affordable and the intervention prompt.

156

The hospital The healing garden

Enclosure Community health center

Arches

The school

The orphanage

METI handmade school

Nakuru project

Openings

Skin

Gando primary school extension

Casa Rana

Roof

In-between space 157

The architectural quality All the case studies present a significant care and attention towards the needs of those experiencing an emergency situation. According to the problems and the local culture, they all succeed in providing quality spaces for the communities to be used collectively. Most of the time, it is achieved by different and multiples means. Differently from the standard typologies, these projects have a strong relationship with the open spaces and their dialogue with the interior spaces. The quality also lies in the approach to diversity, making a variety of people use the buildings for different purposes, additional to the main function.

The beauty of those projects is the result of the care towards the users, the local materials and techniques. The attention to the light, colours and thermal comfort is a file rouge that characterize all the designs. The emergency condition, despite the tragedy, becomes the occasion for the rise of the needs of the vulnerable ones, for a stronger bond of the community and for a design that focuses on taking care of the essential needs.

158

Hospital The healing garden

Garden Community health center

Courtyard

School

Orphanage

METI handmade school

Nakuru project

Structure

Skin

Gando primary school extension

Casa Rana

Patio

Peristyle 159

The hospital The hospital in a context of emergency shows significant changes. In the case of the Healing Garden in Sudan, the hospital is a big structure which serves mostly for curing the patients after conflicts. On the other hand, the Community Health Center in Mali serves as a basic health system for a large area. Due to the different contexts and type of emergency, they were designed in different manners. In Sudan, the infrastructure focuses on creating a protecting environment by creating an enclosure, whereas in Mali the health center has different buildings for the different functions and they are all unified by the use of the arcades. Due to the different approaches, the Healing Garden reasults to be designed inwards, creating open spaces inside of the enclosure, on the other hand the hospital in Mali is designed outwards to have a direct relationship with the surrounding landscape.

The healing garden

5

160

15

Both projects aim at using as much as possible the local materials and techniques for a fast and sustainable intervention.

The main difference lies in the concept and technique used. The building designed by Tamassociati has a bigger variety of materials and colours, the one designed by Matteo Caravatti and Chiara Gugliotta only uses earth and stone, blending with the landscape. The latter, due to the Nubian vault technique doesn’t need the use of additional materials such as timber or iron. Moreover, due to the presence of the arcade there is no need of additional screening system like in the the Healing Garden where bamboo and wood are used as sun screen.

Community health center

5

15

161

The school In emergency contexts, especially in the case of wars, the schools often close leaving the youngsters without the possibility to attend school. Therefore, these two projects take care of this problem in two different countries, Burkina Faso and Bangladesh. Both projects focus on creating a good educational environment with careful design of air ciruclation and natural light. Moreover, the schools are realized in a flexible way so that they can host other functions when classes are not taking place. The openings and the colours are key elements characterizing both projects. The distinguishing element in the project by KĂŠrĂŠ Architecture is the patio and the roof structure, whereas in the one by Anna Heringer is the recesses wich create more private spaces and the bamboo structure.

Gando primary school extension

5

162

15

These two schools are designed with different techniques related to the local traditions and available materials. In Gando School Extension the vaulted ceiling was chosen in order to reduce the use of additional materials such as timber or metal. Moreover, it allows the hot air to naturally flow outside, leaving the classrooms cool inside. The key element of Meti Handmade school, on the other hand, is the bamboo structure which defines the facade. In the two schools the structure, chosen mainly due to the local availabilities, is the characterizing element of the project. The school designed by Anna Heringer aims at sustainability creating the walls with mud, which is one of the few materials which comes from nature and return to it without leaving traces.

Meti handmade

5

15

163

The orphanage The orphanages have as main theme the protection of the kids meanwhile allowing them to freely play and spend their time. Therefore they both, in different ways, deal with the double skin to create safe environments. In both case studies, Nakuru Project and Casa Rana, the colours are a fundamental feature. Both projects aims at recreating an archetype in the childrens’ minds. In Kenya the orphanage looks like a home with the pitched roof, whereas the one in India resembles a colorful construction toy. The air circulation and light are also improtant feature in the life and growth of the kids and are consequently central to the design.

Nakuru Project

5

164

15

Both projects take careful attention to the use of materials. In Nakuru Project, the skin in made of the waste of veneer, whereas in Casa Rana is made of bamboo locally available. Due to the aim of balancing sustainability with a low cost, some elements such as the slabs are made of concrete. In both projects there is also a strong use of local earth and clay for the walls. In the project located in Kenya the walls are made of earth bags, whereas in the one situated in India the walls are made of broken bricks, cement, sand, water and some local liquids extracted from local plants.

Casa Rana

5

15

165

Emergency architecture has been a branch of architecture, often not widely discussed, despite covering multiple themes, not only wars and natural disasters.

Due to the pandemic globally experienced in the last months, many architects started reflecting on emergency architecture and the importance it will have in the near future.

Emergency architecture introduces complicated questions as it is often hard to foresee a sudden event and react promptly to it. The thesis shows that one of the main clashes experienced by the architects is finding a balance between an urgent intervention and a more permanent one, as the emergency is likely to continue for longer periods, sometimes years. Therefore, the best solution would be approaching the problematics with a transitional design which deals with a longer-term vision. The other complex dialogue regards the theme of individual and collective which, in emergency architecture, end up blending, creating a hybrid condition where it is hard to distinguish the boundary. These complex questions and harsh conditions have a huge impact on the design, which change adapting to the context. Most of the time, the impact of the crises on architecture generate poor design, almost ignoring the situation. In some cases, though, the architects approach the reconstruction and the new design as an opportunity to dignify and better the conditions of the vulnerable ones. Not only the main issues regarding emergency architecture are taken into account, but the projects highlight care and attention to the well-being of the users. The result is architectural quality, characterized by wise organization of flexible spaces, care for the details, colours, light and vegetation.

Moreover, the successful projects, in those contexts, have as key elements the social and environmental sustainability. The former is achieved by taking care of all the diversity of users, creating spaces for everyone to feel comfortable in and empowering the communities teaching them new construction methods. The latter is obtained by using the labour and materials which are locally available, respecting and boosting the local culture and economy.

166

Through a careful analysis of six case studies, coupled in the typologies of the hospital, school and orphanage, some evidence emerged. The main characteristics of the projects differ due to the local materials used and, therefore, the chosen techniques. The result is an impact on the main architectural elements and typology. For example, in the school in Burkina Faso by Francis KĂŠrĂŠ the ceiling is realized with clay bricks in order not to use additional structural materials such as metal or wood, whereas in the one in Bangladesh the structure is made of bamboo. The construction techniques, selected to be easily taught to the local workers, are also chosen for the building to be completed as fast as possible.

The main elements, different from our culture, derive from the need for cooling down the interiors of the building due to the strong heat. In the Community Health Center in Mali, this aim is achieved by building thick walls of earth and stone, whereas in Nakuru project an important role is played by the earthbags walls and the veneer light screen. All the typologies show a different approach to the theme of collective and individual as a result of the emergency condition: the Healing Garden in Sudan is designed for treatments of children but also hosts a playground, green courts and a shaded waiting area for the families.

The use and design of colours is differently approached in the projects: in Meti Handmade School and Casa Rana, the colours create a playful environment for the kids and are related to the local culture, on the other hand, in the Community Health Center, the building aims at blending with the landscape as it is constructed with its same materials.

In the context of emergency architecture, the design adapts the urgent need using fast techniques together with local materials. It aims at the well-being of the vulnerable ones creating quality comforting architecture. Due to these aims and needs, the typology changes to show empathy and respect towards the users. A lot of effort is used to create a relationship with the outdoor spaces and landscape, taking care of light, air ventilation and views.

167

Bibliography Albrecht, B. (2013) Africa sustainable future, Università IUAV di Venezia Baichwal, J., Burtynsky, E., de Pencier, N. (9 May 2019) Anthropocene, Ago Bodei, R. (2017) Le forme del bello, Il Mulino Capolongo, S., Gola, M., di Noia, M., Nickolova, M., Nachiero, D., Rebecchi, A., Settimo, G., Vittori, G., Buffoli, M. (2016) Social sustainability in healthcare facilities: a rating tool for analysing and improving social aspects in environments of care, Ann Ist Super Sanità 2016, Vol. 52, No. 1: 15-23 Chiodo, S. (2015) La bellezza.

Un’introduzione al suo passato e una proposta per il suo futuro, Mondadori CNAPPC (2019) Lo spazio morale.

Assistenza umanitaria e coopereazione allo sviluppo Corbellini, G. (2016) 16 parole chiave dell’architettura contemporanea, EXLIBRIS Crepeau, K. (2014) Building Dignity in War-Torn Sudan, Public Journal Domus, (4 October 2018) Poverty, vol.

1028.

Eco, U. (2010) History of beauty, Rizzoli

168

Emery, N. (2007) Progettare, costruire, curare. Per una deontologia dell’architettura, Casagrande, Bellinzona Ferlenga, A. (2015) Città e memoria, Marinotti Ferlenga, A., Bassoli, A., Galli, J. (2018) Ricostruzioni. Architettura, città, paesaggio nell’epoca delle distruzioni, Silvana Lotus, (2015) People in motion, vol.158, Moneo, R. (1978) On typology, Oppositions, The MIT press Muzio, G. (1921) L’architettura a Milano intorno all’Ottocento, Emporio 317 Navarra, M. (2019) Terre fragili, architettura e catastrophe, LetteraVentidue Pantaleo, R. (2016) La sporca bellezza.

Indizi di futuro fra Guerra e povertà, Elèuthera TAMassociati, (2017) Taking care.

Architetture con Emergency, Mondadori Electa, Milano Ulrich, R. (2006) Evidence based health care architecture, Lancet 2006; 368: S38– S39

Ulrich, R. (1992) How design impact wellness, Researchgate, 12 January 2015 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2019) Global humanitarian overview 2019, United nations coordinated support to people affected by disaster and conflict United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2020) Global humanitarian overview 2020, United nations coordinated support to people affected by disaster and conflict Vitruvio Pollione, M. (1997) De architectura, Einaudi

169

Sitography https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations https://data.humdata.org/dataset https://www.acleddata.com/dashboard/#004 https://data.humdata.org/organization/acled https://www.unocha.org/story/mali-growing-concern-displaced-people-north Plan de response Humanitaire 2019 Burkina Faso, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs https://www.adnkronos.com/sostenibilita/risorse/2019/08/22/disastri-asia-pacificosempre-piu-frequenti-intensi_nSkg8lh8lk4w5kSgZpgPXK.html https://www.domusweb.it/it/architettura/gallery/2020/01/16/larchitettura-deveessere-il-luogo-della-ricostruzione-della-comunit-stessa.html https://www.archdaily.com/939759/how-community-participation-can-assist-inarchitectural-and-urban-post-disaster-reconstruction https://www.dezeen.com/2016/03/11/klein-dytham-architecture-soma-city-home-forall-community-hall-tohoku-earthquake-tsunami-relief/ https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/reviews/onagawa-containertemporary-housing https://www.inexhibit.com/it/case-studies/il-sanatorio-di-paimio-di-aalto-e-la-nascitadellospedale-moderno/ http://www.hunnarshala.org/artisan-enterprises.html https://refugeerepublic.submarinechannel.com/intro_en.php?o=o https://www.unhcr.org/how-we-shelter.html https://en.emergency.it/what-we-do/our-concept-of-healthcare/ https://dictionary.cambridge.org/it/dizionario/inglese/beauty

170

http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/architettura-effimera_%28XXI-Secolo%29/ https://www.internazionale.it/notizie/2020/05/04/afghanistan-accordo-taliban https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/ce1qrvlel07t/burundi https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2020/03/15/news/siria_10_anni_di_guerra_380_mila_ morti_e_11_milioni_di_profughi-251341958/ https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/yemen-crisis https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/10/sudan-year-justice-needed-crackdowns https://www.internazionale.it/reportage/andrea-de-georgio/2020/02/05/statoislamico-sahel https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52324225 https://www.impresedilinews.it/laterizio-e-pietre-locali-per-il-centro-pediatrico-diemergency/ https://divisare.com/projects/218536-chiara-gugliotta-matteo-caravatti-centro-disalute-comunitaria-cscom http://www.kere-architecture.com/ http://kere-foundation.com/en/our-work/primary-school/ https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/building-primary-school-gando-and-extensionkere-architecture http://www.anna-heringer.com/ https://archleague.org/article/anna-heringer-sustainabilitybeauty/ https://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2015/10/14/made_in_earth_casa_rana. html https://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/news/poverty-in-india-602

171

Videos: The Nubian Vault: for a solid, comfortable, and affordable home - FR / English Subtitles youtube.com/watch?v=JoWTmN8yKig Aga Khan Program Lecture: Anna Heringer, “Architecture is a Tool to Improve Lives� https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zej6WPr28ik

Emergency shelters made from paper https://www.ted.com/talks/shigeru_ban_emergency_shelters_made_from_ paper/transcript

My architectural phylosophy? Bring the community into the process https://www.ted.com/talks/alejandro_aravena_my_architectural_philosophy_bring_ the_community_into_the_process Renzo Piano - Che tempo che fa 15/12/2019 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-x8yYTk8DY Cultivating communities https://vimeo.com/169858459 Empowerment https://vimeo.com/113384190 Launch of the Global Humanitarian Overview 2020 https://www.unocha.org/global-humanitarian-overview-2020/live-event

172

Index of images Image 00: Cover page, The right to beauty in emergency architecture, a typological analysis, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Image 01: p. 18, Sketches of different solutions to the issue of time in emergency architecture, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Image 02: p. 19, People displaced by the conflict in Syria stay in improvised shelters in the gymnasium of an abandoned school, 2013, © Alessandro Penso, World Press Photo Image 03: p. 22, Residents of Kobani in northern Syria are struggling to rebuild 10 months after Kurdish fighters took back their town, 2015, The New York Times Image 04: p. 23, ASA cultivating communities, 2015, © ASA studio Image 05: p. 26, https://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/306798/green-zone-kabul Image 06: p. 27, https://www.dezeen.com/2016/03/11/klein-dytham-architecturesoma-city-home-for-all-community-hall-tohoku-earthquake-tsunami-relief/ Image 07: p. 30, SOS Children’s Village In Djibouti / Urko Sanchez Architects, © Javier Callejas on Archdaily.

Image 08: p. 32, https://www.grottedicastellana.it/ Image 09: p. 34, Edoardo Tresoldi – Basilica di Siponto, 2017, © Roberto Conte.

Image 10: p. 36, Zaha Hadid: Heydar Aliyev Center a Baku, 2014, © Luke Hayes, Hufton+Crow, Iwan Baan.

Image 11: p. 38, Villa Savoye, © Martisella Gonzales, A constellation journal Image 12: p. 46, A young boy runs with his tyre past buildings damaged by airstrikes in Saada Old Town, © Giles Clark, IPS Image 13: p. 50, Diagrams of the problematics, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Image 14: p. 53, End of the caliphate, 2017, © Ivor Prikett, https://www.ivorprickett.com/i67cuofkqvakqo1alv8zmamcgucudx Image 15: p. 54, Countries vulnerable to climate change, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Image 16: p. 56, Countries in need of humanitarian help, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Image 17: p. 58, 8 crises scenarios, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Image 18: p. 60, Refugees arrive by boat on the Greek island of Lesbos, 2015, © Sergey Ponomarev, World Press Photo Image 19: p. 63, The Silent Victims of a Forgotten War, 2016, © Paula Bronstein, World Press Photo Image 20: p. 65, ISIS and its Aftermath in Syria, 2019, © Ivor Prickett, World Press Photo Image 21: p. 67, https://www.lorenzotugnoli.com/yemen

173

Image 22: p. 69, Straight Voice, 2019, © Yasuyoshi Chiba, World Press Photo Image 23: p. 71, ASA cultivating communities, 2015, © ASA studio Image 24: p. 73, © Philippe Dudouit https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/photographs-sahara-saheldesert-180973776/ Image 25: p. 75, Koglweogo, 2018, © Olivier Papegnies https://dossiers.lalibre.be/koglweogo/chapitre1.php Image 26: p. 77, Haiti Aftermath, 2016, © Riccardo Venturi on la Stampa Image 27: p. 78, Haiti waste in time, 2011, © Giles Clarke http://www.gilesnclarke.com/2068066-haiti-waste-in-time Figure 28: p. 83, Hospital axonometry, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 29: p. 84, Hospital plans and sections, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 30: p. 87, The clinic in its dusty context, © Massimo Grimaldi Figure 31: p. 88, Sudan map, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina FIgure 32: p. 89, © Massimo Grimaldi Figure 33: p. 91, Elevation Healing Garden, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 34: p. 91, Functional diagram, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 35: p. 91, Diagram of the enclosure, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 36: p. 92, © Massimo Grimaldi Figure 37: p. 92, © Massimo Grimaldi Figure 38: p.92, © Massimo Grimaldi Figure 39: p. 93, © Massimo Grimaldi Figure 40: p. 93, © Massimo Grimaldi Figure 41: p. 93, © Massimo Grimaldi Figure 42: p. 94, Axonometry of the court, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 43: p. 94, Axonometry of the waiting area, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 44: p. 95, © Massimo Grimaldi Figure 45: p. 97, © ASF-E on Divisare Figure 46: p. 98, Mali map, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 47: p. 99, © ASF-E on Divisare Figure 48: p. 100, Elevation Communitarian health center, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 49: p. 101, Functional diagram, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 50: p. 101, Opening diagram, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 51: p. 102, © ASF-E on Divisare Figure 52: p. 102, © ASF-E on Divisare Figure 53: p. 102, © ASF-E on Divisare Figure 54: p. 103, © ASF-E on Divisare

174

FIgure 55: p. 103, © ASF-E on Divisare Figure 56: p. 103, © ASF-E on Divisare Figure 57: p. 104, The courtyard, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 58: p. 105, © ASF-E on Divisare Figure 59: p. 107, School axonometry, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 60: p. 108, School plans and sections, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 61: p. 111, http://www.kere-architecture.com/projects/school-extensiongando/

Figure 62: p. 112, Burkina Faso map, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 63: p. 113, http://www.kere-architecture.com/projects/school-extensiongando/

Figure 64: p. 114, Elevation Gando School Extension, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 65: p. 115, The roof, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 66: p. 116, http://kere-foundation.com/en/our-work/school-extension Figure 67: p. 116, http://kere-foundation.com/en/our-work/school-extension Figure 68: p. 116, http://kere-foundation.com/en/our-work/school-extension Figure 69: p. 117, http://www.kere-architecture.com/projects/school-extensiongando/

Figure 70: p. 117, © Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk on Archnet Figure 71: p. 117, © Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk on Archnet Figure 72: p. 118, The patio, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 73: p. 119, Foundation, concerte platform, © Kéré architecture on Twitter Figure 74: p. 121, © Construction Team Rudrapur on Detail magazine Figure 75: p. 122, Bangladesh map, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 76: p. 123, https://www.sarahbeekmans.com/meti-handmade-school/ Figure 77: p. 124, Elevation Meti Handmade School, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 78: p. 125, Openings diagram, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 79: p. 126, © Kurt Hoerbst on ZRS Figure 80: p. 126, © Kurt Hoerbst on ZRS Figure 81: p. 126, © Kurt Hoerbst on ZRS Figure 82: p. 127, © Kurt Hoerbst on ZRS Figure 83: p. 127, © Kurt Hoerbst on ZRS Figure 84: p. 127, © Kurt Hoerbst on ZRS FIgure 85: p. 128, A classroom, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 86: p. 129, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:METI_Handmade_ School_05_(3110819245).jpg#file Figure 87: p. 131, Axonometries of the orphanage, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 88: p. 132, The orphanage plans and sections, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina

175

Figure 89: p. 135, © Odysseas Mourtzouchos on Archdaily Figure 90: p. 136, Kenya map, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 91: p. 137, © Odysseas Mourtzouchos on Archdaily Figure 92: p. 138, Elevation Nakuru Project, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 93: p. 139, The skin, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 94: p. 140, © Odysseas Mourtzouchos on Divisare Figure 95: p. 140, © Odysseas Mourtzouchos on Divisare Figure 96: p. 140, © Odysseas Mourtzouchos on Divisare Figure 97: p. 141, © Odysseas Mourtzouchos on Divisare Figure 98: p. 141, © Odysseas Mourtzouchos on Divisare Figure 99: p. 141, © Odysseas Mourtzouchos on Divisare Figure 100: p. 142, The cladding, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 101: p. 143, © Odysseas Mourtzouchos on Divisare Figure 102: p. 145, © 2014 Made In Earth ONLUS Figure 103: p. 146, India map, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 104: p. 147, © 2014 Made In Earth ONLUS Figure 105: p. 148, Elevation Casa Rana, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 106: p. 149, The void diagram, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 107: p. 150, © 2014 Made In Earth ONLUS Figure 108: p. 150, © 2014 Made In Earth ONLUS Figure 109: p. 150, © 2014 Made In Earth ONLUS Figure 110: p. 151, © 2014 Made In Earth ONLUS Figure 111: p. 151, © 2014 Made In Earth ONLUS Figure 112: p. 151, © 2014 Made In Earth ONLUS Figure 113: p. 152, The peristyle, 2020, Benedetta Tomasina Figure 114: p. 153, © 2014 Made In Earth ONLUS

176

177

178