P1- TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER (BCON II)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II (BLD 60703)

PROJECT 1: SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION ( TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER)

GROUP MEMBERS: ROSABELLA MOBIJOHN AIMI FAIRUZ SHERYL TN JO SHING

STUDENT ID: 0322106 0328878 0326466

TUTOR: MR. MOHAMED RIZAL MOHAMED

1.0

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1

2.0 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

2-4

3.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

5

4.0 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

6-7

5.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

8-9

6.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

10- 15

7.0 DESIGN ANALYSIS

16-20

8.0 LOAD TEST

21

9.0 CONCLUSION

10.0 REFERENCE

22

23

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

PAGE | 01

The aim of this project is to introduce and create an understanding of skeletal structure in building construction and its relevant structural components and also to understand how a skeletal structure reacts under load.

In a group of three, we are to construct a temporary bus shelter in the scale of 1:5 model with a maximum height of 600mm and a maximum base size of 400mm x 800mm.

Furthermore, in this report, we will be analysing the structural components, stress points, load distribution and structural movement of our proposed temporary bus shelter in order to demonstrate a convincing understanding of how skeletal construction works.

Last but not least, the key to the fabrication of a structurally strong temporary bus shelter is to take into cosideration various factors such as comfort, strength and stability, weather resistance and other environmental considerations.In addition, minor factors such as accessibility and portability should also be taken into consideration. Through this, it serves as a basis for the construction of skeletal architecture with significant structural principles.

2.0 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 2.1 2.2 2.3

USER-FRIENDLY CONSIDERATIONS CLIMATE CONSIDERATIONS MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS

PAGE | 02

2.1 USER-FRIENDLY CONSIDERATIONS

CAPACITY

COMFORT

The bus shelter can accommodate up to 7

As the bus shelter is naturally ventilated

people. Users can occupy the bus shelter

for cooling from the hot heat, users can

with comfortable seating and standing space

sit, stand or wait comfortably.

area at a time.

MAINTENANCE

STABILITY

Minimal maintenance is required as the use of

The dimensions of the structure is carefully

timber joints is convenient in assembling and

calculated and allocated to resist wind

removing parts for replacement.

load, live load and dead load.

ACCESSIBILITY

SAFETY

The users may easily access the bus shelter

The visibility of the material is also for

from the front or rear of the structure.

crime prevention purposes allowing

Designed to also give non-obstructed views of

complete surveillance and visual of the

approaching buses.

bus shelter

PAGE | 03

2.2 CLIMATE CONSIDERATIONS

RAIN RESISTANT

WIND RESISTANT

The gable roof allows the rainwater to fall

three points are pinned on the roof to even

along the sides of the roof which leads

out stability as well as make sure the

rainwater to flow outwards.

structure is able to withstand together with the lateral forces brought strong winds and rain.

SUN SHADING

THERMAL COMFORT

Designed to resist the hot and humand weather

Thermal comfort of the user is considered

of Malaysia, the impact of direct sunlight

with natural ventilation through the

penetration is achieved through the gable roof

structure's openings to allow wind flowing in

structure and materials finishing.

and out of the bus shelter.

PAGE | 04

2.3 MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS

1. POLYCARBONATE ROOF Polycarbonate are resistant to heat, sunlight and rain, which enable them to last for many years without fading or discolouring. Polycarbonate being highly flexible can be shaped in any way, even in circular formations.

Moreover, it can also be cut very easily with the help of circular saws or knives with sharp toothed edges. You need not get it cut industrially with any exceptional tools and machinery. This, in turn, helps you save on your costs.

Source: Internet

2. TIMBER STRUCTURES Timber is one of the few natural building materials, which has a lot of advantages. Generally, timber is non-toxic, does not leak chemical vapour into the building and is safe to handle and touch. Timber is a natural insulator and can help reduce energy needs when it is used in windows, doors and floors. A timber frame allows more space for insulation than a brick building. Timber has lowest production energy of almost all common building materials. Last of all, timber is ecological and sustainable and a truly renewable building material Source: Internet

3. CONCRETE FOUNDATION Concrete properties have a compressive and flexural strength therefore making it higly suitable as the foundation. Other than that, concrete builds durable, long-lasting structures that will not rust, rot, or burn. Life spans for concrete building products can be double or triple those of other common building materials.

Concrete has an ability to retain stormwater. Paved surfaces tend to be impervious and can block natural water infiltration into the soil whereas concrete can help to retain stormwater runoff and replenish local Source: Internet

water supplies.

3.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

PAGE | 05

3.0 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

1. CUBOID AND PRISM A combination of cuboid and prism were used to

4. LOUVERS

design the form of the temporary bus shelter. The

Louvers were then added into the design of

roof is made out of a triangular prism form which

our temporary bus shelter which enables to

enables rainfall runoff from the roof and also

filter direct sunlight and ventilation into the

creates an aestheticly clean geometric look . As for

bus shelter.Furthermore, the louvers are able

the base, cuboid was used as a wider base like so

to protect the users from rain while allowing

strengthens the structure and make it able

visual transparency at the same time.

to accommodate more users.

2. SKELETAL FRAMING The form further develops into basic joints and skeletal framing construction system used to construct the temporary bus shelter.

3. ROOF STRUCTURE EXTENSION The creation of Saltbox roof is created through the extension of the roof structure and then cantilevered with different pitch which is highly suitable for the tropical climate in Malaysia.

5. REINFORCED CONCRETE FOUNDATION The addition of reinforced concrete foundation was added to act as an anchor for the temporary bus shelter.

Hence, the structure will be able to have higher compressive strength and also withstand heavier loads.

6. SEATING AREAS Seating areas were added to provide seating and comfort for the users at the final stage of the design development for the temporary bus shelter.

4.0 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

FLOOR PLAN SECTION A-A' SECTION B-B'-CALLOUT 1 EAST ELEVATION SOUTH ELEVATION WEST ELEVATION EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

4.0 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

PAGE | 06Â

4.1 FLOOR PLAN

4.2 SECTION A-A'

4.3 SECTION B-B'-CALLOUT 1

SCALE: 1:25

SCALE: 1:25

SCALE: 1:10

4.4 EAST ELEVATION

4.5 SOUTH ELEVATION

4.6 WEST ELEVATION

SCALE: 1:25

SCALE: 1:25

SCALE: 1:25

4.0 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

PAGE | 07Â

4.7 EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

Polycarbonate Roof

NOT TO SCALE

Timber Roof Structure Timber Panels

Timber Seating

Timber Roof Structure

Timber Louvers

Timber Ground Beam

Concrete Pad Footing

Timber base frame

5.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

PAGE | 08Â 5.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

1. PRE-CONSTRUCTION Before constructing the temporary bus shelter at the workshop, we used Revit to construct a digital model. The dimensions of the digital model are

4. LOUVERS Timber panels are nailed on together onto the column leaving spaces in between to create louvers.

scaled down to 1:5 for the construction of the physical final model.

2. FOUNDATION The ground beam is being connected to the wooden blocks to represent the concrete pad footing.

3. COLUMNS Columns are connected to the foundation of the structure.

5. REINFORCED CONCRETE FOUNDATION The addition of reinforced concrete foundation was added to act as an anchor for the temporary bus shelter.

Hence, the structure will be able to have higher compressive strength and also withstand heavier loads.

6. FLOOR FRAME STRUCTURE The frame is nailed and joint into the strip foundation.

PAGE | 09 5.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

7. ROOF STRUCTURE The roof structure is constructed using half lap joint. While the rafters are laid accordingly using birds mouth joint.

10. FLOOR DECKING Timber strips are placed on top of the floor frame to create floor decking.

11. ROOF 8. CONSTRUCTION OF THE SEAT Timber strips for seating is attached together.

9. SEATING STRUCTURES The supporting seating structure is joined in to the ground floor frame

Perspex is attached onto the roof structure to represent polycarbonate roof material.

12. FINAL TOUCHES AND FINISHES Sand papers are used to smoothen out the rough surfaces as well as polished for the purpose of enchasing the resistance to the rain water.

6.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

FOUNDATION TIMBER BASE FRAME TIMBER FLOOR DECKING TIMBER COLUMN AND LOUVERS TIMBER ROOF STRUCTURE TIMBER SEATING

PAGE | 10

6.1 FOUNDATION COMPONENTS

CONCRETE GROUND BEAM This is a fast solution for the temporary bus shelter

Concrete ground beam

as it is used to anchor each of the concrete pad footings below accordingly and provide a stronger

Self tapping screws

base structure for the timber floor frame.

Head length: 3mm Length: 65mm Concrete pad footing

Diameter: 8mm

Concrete pad footing Height: 200mm Length: 400mm Width: 400mm

CONCRETE PAD FOOTING The concrete pad footing is used to support the ground beam and take concentrated loads from each and every points of the structure which spreads the bearing strata of soil underneath.

There are a total of 6 concrete pad footing used for the foundation of the temporary bus shelter. This footing was chosen is because concrete pad footing is the simplest and most costeffective footing used for the vertical support and the transfer of building loads to the ground.

Concrete ground beam Length: 3200mm Width: 1200mm

PAGE | 11 6.2 TIMBER BASE FRAME COMPONENTS

TIMBER BASE FRAME Timber floor beams and timber floor joist are joint together by using the half lap joint method.

Its purpose is to serve as a primary support

Timber frame plan view

Timber plank

Timber Joist

Length: 3700mm

Length: 1800mm

Width:225mm

Width: 50mm

Thickness: 15mm

Thickness: 100mm

structure with the aid of clumns to the other components of the bus shelter. The weight of the living load and seat is transferred to the ground beams through the floor joists.

Timber base frame

Self tapping screws Head length: 3mm Length: 65mm Diameter: 8mm

Concrete ground beam

L-braket Length: 60 mm Length: 60mm

Concrete pad footing

Diameter: 40mm Thickness: 4mm

HALF LAP JOINT Half lap joint

Half lap joint were used to connect the timber ground beam

PAGE | 12 6.3 TIMBER FLOOR DECKING

TIMBER FLOOR DECK 26 timber planks are placed over the timber base frame perpendicularly to ensure even distribution of load extended onto the structure. Being the additional skeletal base frame. it provide extra strength to support all living loads such as the users of the temporary bus shelter.

Timber floor deck plan view

Timber floor deck

Timber base frame

Concrete ground beam

Concrete pad footing

PAGE | 13

6.4 TIMBER COLUMN AND TIMBER LOUVERS

HORIZONTAL TIMBER LOUVERS

TIMBER COLUMN

Louvers acts as a purpose to enable the filtration of direct sunlight and

The timber columns are placed directly onto the

ventilation into the bus shelter.Furthermore, the louvers are able to protect

pad footings to transfer the forces downwards. The

the users from rain while allowing visual transparency at the same time.

time columns is the vertical structure member of the temporary bus shelter which transmits compressive load from the roof to the foundation on the ground.

MITRED HALF LAP JOINT

Vertical timber column

Horizontal timber louvers

T-HALVING JOINT T- havling joing is chosen to connect all timber columns onto the pad footing and roof.

Therefore, both opposing forces from adjacent beams which are angled at 90 degrees are being eased off .

FINGER JOINT

PAGE | 14

6.5 TIMBER ROOF STRUCTURE

TIMBER ROOF STRUCTURE Timber is used for the roof structure to create trusses of the roof framing.

Timber is chosen because it is energy efficient. Furthermore, timber as the

Polycarbonate Roof

roof structure was chosen because of its excellent thermal properties, especially when compared with other framing materials such as steel. The trusses creates large cavities that are easy to insulate and hence are an excellent insulator for the temporary bus shelter

Timber rood structure

T-HALVING JOINT T- havling joing is chosen to connect purlin to rafters.

Ridge

king post strut Roof beam

Column

PAGE | 15

6.6 TIMBER SEATING

Timber plank Thickness: 15mm

TIMBER SEATING

Width: 100mm

Timber panels were arranged with a gap in

Length: 3000mm

between panels to provide ventilation underneath the seats.

Timber Seating structure

Timber Seating support

Self drilling screw were used to connect all the components together

7.0 DESIGN ANALYSIS 7.1 7.2 7.3

NON-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MATERIALITY

PAGE | 16

7.1 NON-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

SUNLIGHT Polycarbonate sheet is used for the roof. The users comfort will increase as the polycarbonate sheet will be able to reduce high intensity sunlight penetrating through the roof which also allows light to pass through its translucent material for natural lighting.

Therefore, it is capable of filtering harmful UV rays.

RAIN The application of the saltbox roof provides shelter as well as allows efficient flow of rainwater from both sides of the roof slopes which are tilted 45 degrees at the front and 15 degrees tilted at the back side of the roof. The louver panels at the side plays a role as a protection from rain water splashes by cars on the road for the users.

VENTILATION Natural ventilation is allowed through the use of louvers which enables to filter direct sunlight and ventilation into the bus shelter.Furthermore, the openness of the bus shelter allows maximised air flow which creates and provides maximum thermal comfort for the users of the temporary bus shelter.

HUMIDITY Wood varnish is used and applied on to the wood to protect the wood from decaying, splitting and cracking due to the hot and humid weather of Malaysia.

PAGE | 17 7.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

1. LOAD SYSTEM: ONE-WAY SYSTEM The skeletal load system of the temporary bus shelter is supported by beams into the ground from one direction only. All concentrated load is distributed to each concrete pad footing uniformly under the substructure.

concentrated load

concentrated load PLAN VIEW DIAGRAM OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION DIRECTION

Load distribution

concentrated load

Load distribution

Load distribution

concentrated load

Load distribution

Load distribution

concentrated load

concentrated load AXONOMETRIC DIAGRAM OF LOAD DISTRIBUTION DIRECTION

PAGE | 18

7.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

2. LIVE LOAD / IMPOSED LOAD

3. DEAD LOAD

When rain water hits and falls on the roof, it

The weight of the permanent structure such

will spread evenly throughout the roof

as the roof, beam and column will constantly

surface therefore transferring load from the

apply forces towards the structure for its

beam to the column then to the foundation

entire lifespan.

and ground

PAGE | 19

7.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

4. SKELETAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION Timber skeletal frame structure is the main construction element of the temporary bus shelter. It consist of vertical and horizontal beams. Hence, it has developed from timber construction method. Both vertical and horizontal beams serves as as a support to the load which are subjected to compressive force.

VERTICAL STRUCTURES

HORIZONTAL STRUCTURES

PAGE | 20 7.3 MATERIALITY

1. CONCRETE FOUNDATION

2. TIMBER

Reinforced concrete pad footing was

Timber is the main material for the

chosen as the foundation of the

temporary bus shelter. It is used as both

3. POLYCARBONATE

temporary bus shelter to support the

structural and non-structural

The polycarbonate sheet is used as the

loads above the substructure. There are

components of the bus shelter.

temporary bus shelter's roofing material.

is the most suitable as its economical to

Advantages of using timber:

Advantages of using Polycarbonate:

the structure than other types of

-It is easy to manufacture, transport and

-Resistant to heat, sunlight and rain.

foundation.

construct due to its light weight.

-Highly flexible and easily shaped into any

-Environmentally friendly.

forms.

Advantages of using concrete:

-Easily constructed using nails, dowels,

-It is cut easily with circular saws or knives with

-Weather resistant.

screws, connectors and bolts.

sharp toothed edges.

-Has high compressive force.

-It can be easily modified and shaped by

-Durable and long lasting.

man power.

six concrete pad footings. This method

8.0 LOAD TEST

PAGE | 21

8.0 LOAD TEST

ROOF

SEATING

FLOORING

Test subject: Book and box

Test subject: A book, a box and 3 concrete blocks

Test subject: Laptop, a book, a box and 3 concrete

Total load: 5kg

Total load: 10kg

blocks

Representation: Live load imposed on the roof

Representation: Live load imposed on the timber seating

Total load: 12kg

Test Results: Successful. The roof is able to withstand

Test Results: Successful. The seating is able to withstand

Representation: Live load imposed on the floor

the loads imposed onto the structure

the loads imposed onto the structure

Test Results: Successful. The floor is able to withstand the loads imposed onto the structure

CONCLUSION Through this project, we have finally understood in depth the skeletal structure and its relevant structural components when constructing our temporary bus shelter. Other than that, we were able to demostatrate a convincing understanding on how skeletal construction works. Furthermore, by doing the load test for our temporary bus shelter, we now know how a skeletal structure reacts under loading. We are able to manipulate skeletal construction to solve an oblique design problem when it came to designing the bus shelter. In addition, we also learnt to apply construction system in our design. Hence, we are able to recognize the implications of construction systems into the design of our temporary bus shelter.

Also, through the completion of this assignment we feel that we were able to achieve all the Taylor’s Graduate Capabilities set out in our assignment brief. In addition, through this project we also learnt how to efficiently manage our times and cooperate with one another in a group. With so many ongoing projects and assignments that occupies our time, it was of the utmost importance to maintain communication with our group mate so that every meeting and discussion is planned accordingly.Last but not least, as a team of three, we were able to analyse the issues of stiffness, its strength and stability of our temporary bus shelter structure including the modes of structural systems, forces, strain, stress and laws of static.

9.0

10.0 REFERENCE (1) McKay, W. B., & McKay, J. K. (1975). Building construction. London: Longman.

(2) Steiger, L. (2007). Timber construction. Basel: Birkhäuser.

(3) Hugues, T., Steiger, L., & Weber, J. (2004). Timber construction: Details, products, case studies. Basel: Birkhäuser.

(4) Chudley, R. (2011). Construction technology. Harlow: Pearson.

(5) Lisborg, N. (1967). Principles of structural design. London: Batsford.

(6) Bell, V. B. (2006). Materials for design. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.