P1 BUILDING SERVICES REPORT

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES SUASANA PJH, PUTRAJAYA

BUILDING SERVICES (BLD60903) MAY 2019

Aiesya Mahamad Yusop Azeerah Mubarakh Ali Nang Aye Myat Mon Ng Billar Rosabella Z. Mobijohn Tee Zhu Song

0328328 0328906 0328627 0328784 0322106 0328566

Tutor: Mr. Rizal Mohamed

ABSTRACT

I

This report is produced for the subject BLD20903 Building Services in the School of Architecture, Building & Design, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus. The purpose of the report is to perform a case study on building services systems applied in multi-storey buildings involving public use. Thus, this report shall elaborate on the building services of Suasana PjH associated with mechanical ventilation system, air-conditioning system, active and passive ďŹ re protection systems, and mechanical transportation system.

In a group of 6 students, we were required to understand the basic principles, processes and equipments of various building services systems found in buildings through experiential learning.

Hence, this report is important to understand the functions and purposes of building services systems, and to understand the statutory requirements and regulations involved in building designs as well as its importance towards practicality and safety.

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

II

We would like to express our deep gratitude to our lecturers, Mr. Rizal Mohamed and Mr. Zafar Rozaly for their patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques for this project.

We also thank our School of Architecture, Building and Design in Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus for providing us the resources and books to carry out our research.

Last but not least, we would like to thank Mr. Ahmad Lotfy, the project architect of Suasana PjH for sacriďŹ cing his time to brief us on the building services systems prior to our site visit and for providing us all the necessary drawings and information for us to complete the case study. We also thank Mr. Shahimie Bahari and Ms Adilah Isik, the Property Management Division of Suasana PjH, for granting us the permission to visit their building. We also extend our great appreciation to to Mr. Huzairie Husin and Mr. Najmi, from Stagno Tech Sdn. Bhd., Facilities Management contractors at Suasana PjH for liaising with us and for guiding us thoroughly throughout the site visit.

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

SCOPE OF STUDY

III

This case study focuses on documenting the basic principles, processes and equipments of various building services systems found in Suasana PjH. The building consists of the two main blocks, divided by a central promenade.

In the process of studying the overall site and buildings, our report will be focusing on Block A of the building as both the blocks adapt the same design and oor plans. That being said, our study will include the case study on only Block A of the building. The report shall also document the inaccessible areas in the form of schematic diagrams due to unobtainable images.

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PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 1 Suasana PjH in Site Context (Source: The Skyscraper Center)

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Figure 2 Suasana PjH Building (Source: Putrajaya Holdings)

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Figure 3 Suasana PjH Building view from below (Source: Putrajaya Holdings)

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Figure 4 Suasana PjH Central Promenade (Source: The Skyscraper Center)

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Figure 5 Supply Ventilation System (Source: HomeTips)

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Figure 6 Level 8 Block A Office

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Figure 7 Office Air Supply

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Figure 8 Lift Lobby Air Supply

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Figure 9 Offices Fan Coil Unit (FCU) on L8-L13 Block A - ACMV Plan

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Figure 10 Block A Fan Coil Unit (Schematic Diagram)

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Figure 11 Chilled Water Expansion Tank at Block A Roof Podium

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Figure 12 Chilled Water Expansion Tank at Block A Roof Podium Floor Plan

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Figure 13 Staircase at Level 8-13 Floor Plan

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Figure 14 Smoke Pressurised Air (SPA) Ducting at Roof Podium

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Figure 15 Supply Air Ducting at Staircase (Schematic Diagram)

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Figure 16 Supply Air Ductwork at Staircase

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Figure 17 Fresh Air Fan & Make-up Air Rooms in Basement 1 Floor Plan

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Figure 18 Supply Air Ducting in Basement

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Figure 19 Supply Air (SA) from Roof Podium

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Figure 20 Extract Ventilation System (Source: HomeTips)

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Figure 21 Extract Ventilation System in Toilet (Schematic Diagram)

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Figure 22 Extract Ventilation in Ground Floor Toilet

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Figure 23 Exhaust Rooms in Basement 1 Floor Plan

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Figure 24 Exhaust Ventilation in Basement Carpark

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Figure 25 Exhaust Ducting with Centrifugal Fan

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Figure 26 Exhaust Fan Controls

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Figure 27 Balanced Ventilation System (Source: HomeTips)

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Figure 28 Air-Conditioning & Ventilation in Main Lobby

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Figure 29 Combined Ventilation System (Schematic Section)

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Figure 30 Air-Conditioning & Ventilation in Lobby

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Figure 31 Axial Fan Components (Source: Hall & Greeno, 2013)

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Figure 32 Axial Fan in Ductwork at Rooftop Podium

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Figure 33 Axial Fan in Ductwork at Rooftop Podium

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Figure 34 Centrifugal Fan Components (Source: Hall & Greeno, 2013)

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Figure 35 Centrifugal Fan Plant Rooms on Basement Floor Plan

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Figure 36 Exhaust Ducting with Centrifugal Fan in Exhaust Room

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Figure 37 Example of viscous filter (Source: PicsWe)

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Figure 38 Block A Fan Coil Unit (Schematic Diagram)

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Figure 39 Viscous filter diagram

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LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 40 Air-Conditioning with Round Duct

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Figure 41 Flexible Round Duct (Source: ATC Electrical & Mechanical)

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Figure 42 Rectangular Ducting at Rooftop Podium

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Figure 43 Air-Handling Unit (AHU) in AHU Room

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Figure 44 Insulated Ducting above AHU Unit

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Figure 45 Example of viscous filter (Source: PicsWe)

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Figure 46 Fire Rated Ducts at Roof Podium

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Figure 47 Fire Rated Ducts with Low Pressure Fan at Roof Podium

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Figure 48 Level 8-Level 13 Block A Floor Plan

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Figure 49 Fire Dampers at Level 8-Level 13 Block A Floor Plan

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Figure 50 Fire Damper at Level 8-Level 13 Emergency Exit

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Figure 51 Fire Damper

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Figure 52 Hinged Blade Fire Damper(Schematic Section)

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Figure 53 Supply Grille with Louvered Face

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Figure 54 Round Diffuser with Adjustable Vanes

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Figure 55 Round Extract Grille with Fixed Vanes

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Figure 56 Refrigerant Cycle System (Source: Ravti)

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Figure 57 AHU Cycle System (Source: Pinterest)

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Figure 58 Room Air Conditioning System (Source: Ravti)

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Figure 59 Split Unit Air Conditioning System (Source: Ravti)

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Figure 60 Packaged Air Conditioning System (Source: Ravti)

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Figure 61 Central Air Conditioning System (Source: Ravti)

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Figure 62 Locations of Air Conditioning Systems in Saujana PJH through section.

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Figure 63 Central Air Conditioning System (Source: Ravti)

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Figure 64 Conditions of AHU monitored on a computer in the Fire Control Room.

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Figure 65 Control panel in AHU Room.

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Figure 66 AHU intercom located in the Fire Control Room

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Figure 67 Locations of AHU Rooms on Basement floor

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Figure 68 Location of AHU Rooms on an office floor

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Figure 69 AHU Cooling Coil

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Figure 70 AHU Fans

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Figure 71 AHU Unit component system

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Figure 72 Temperature Control Panel of chilled water

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Figure 73 Chilled water supply pipe connected to AHU unit

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Figure 74 Chilled water pipes in AHU Room

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Figure 75 Air Ducts located in the offices and hallways

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Figure 77 Return duct located in the AHU Room

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Figure 78 Air Ducts located in the lobby

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PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 79 Split Unit Air Conditioning System (Source: Ravti)

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Figure 80 Split Unit Air Conditioning indoor unit

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Figure 81 Split Unit Air Conditioning copper tubing

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Figure 82 Split Unit Air Conditioning outdoor unit

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Figure 83 Locations of Split Unit Air Conditioning System on Ground Floor

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Figure 84 Locations of Split Unit Air Conditioning System on First Floor

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Figure 85 The overview chart of active fire protection system in Suasana PJH

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Figure 86 The overview chart of water based system in Suasana PJH

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Figure 87 Two-way external fire hydrant located outside of Suasana PJH

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Figure 88 Location of each external fire hydrant in Suasana PJH

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Figure 89 The overall layout of hose reel system (Source: https://firefighting.com.my)

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Figure 90 Hose reel located near the fire emergency staircase at level 1 of Suasana PJH

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Figure 91 Hose reel located near the fire fire lift at level 13 of Suasana PJH

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Figure 92 Hose reel and water based fire extinguishing system in a compartment cabinet

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Figure 93 Hose reel kept in a case and placed next to fire exit door

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Figure 941 Location of hose reel system

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Figure 942 The hose reel pumps of Suasana PJH

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Figure 95 Hose reel pump panel

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Figure 96 The hose reel pump setting and indication map

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Figure 97 location of hose reel pump on the rooftop of Suasana PJH

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Figure 98 Hose reel water storage tank of Suasana PJH

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Figure 99 location of hose reel water storage tank on the rooftop of Suasana PJH

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Figure 100 The overall layout of the wet riser system (Source: https://firefighting.com.my)

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Figure 101 Wet riser system found in Suasana PJH

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Figure 102 Wet riser system at the fire fighting access lobby on Ground Floor Plan Figure 103 The wet riser pump in the pump room of Suasana PJH Figure 104 Shows the location of the wet riser pump room at the basement floor Figure 105 The wet riser water storage tank Figure 106 Shows the location of the wet riser water storage tank at the basement floor Figure 109 The overall layout of the automatic fire water sprinkler system (Source: IndiaMart) Figure 110 Components of a fire sprinkler head (Source: https://www.meyerfire.com) Figure 111 Pendant sprinkler heads found in suasana PJH Figure 112 Concealed pendant sprinkler head found in suasana PJH Figure 113 Fire sprinkler pump sets at the pump room of Suasana PJH Figure 114 Fire sprinkler pump pressure switch Figure 115 Fire sprinkler pump pressure values of Suasana PJH diagram Figure 116 Shows the location of the fire sprinkler pump room at the basement floor Figure 117 Fire sprinkler water storage tank found at Suasana PJH water sprinkler pump room

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LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 118 Shows the location of the fire sprinkler alarm valve at the basement floor

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Figure 119 Fire sprinkler alarm valve located at the basement of Suasana PJH

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Figure 120 The water pressure gauge of a fire sprinkler alarm valve

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Figure 121 Close up look of the fire sprinkler alarm valve

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Figure 122 The overview chart of non-water based system in Suasana PJH

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Figure 123 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System in Suasana PJH

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Figure 124 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System Control Panel

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Figure 125 (CO2) Fire Suppression System in Suasana PJH

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Figure 126 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System at basement

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Figure 127 Main components of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression system (Source: Ersaray)

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Figure 128 Shows the types of fire extinguisher (Source: Service Fire Equipment, 2017)

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Figure 129 Standard operational procedures of a fire extinguisher (Source: Fire Extinguisher Online)

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Figure 130 ABC multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher inside the office of Suasana PJH

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Figure 131 ABC multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher stored next to wet riser

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Figure 132 ABC Multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher on the 2nd floor office in Suasana PJH

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Figure 133 Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher found in Suasana PJH

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Figure 134 Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher located at the basement of Suasana PJH

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Figure 135 Master Fire Alarm Bell

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Figure 136 Manual Break Glass

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Figure 137 Audio and Visual Alarm

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Figure 138 Manual Call Point

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Figure 139 The locations of manual call points and sounder strobes

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Figure 140 A pair of fireman’s switches

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Figure 141 Fireman’s Switches

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Figure 142 Two zones controlled by switches

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Figure 143 Public Address System

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Figure 144 A box speaker

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Figure 145 A loudspeaker

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Figure 146 A ceiling speaker

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Figure 147 Fireman Intercom

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Figure 148 An intercom panel

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Figure 149 Location of fireman intercoms

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Figure 150 location of fireman intercom

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Figure 151 Simplified section of a smoke detector

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Figure 152 A smoke detector

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Figure 153 A smoke detector in lift lobby

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Figure 154 Location of smoke detectors

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LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 155 Location of smoke detectors

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Figure 156 A heat detector on the office ceiling

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Figure 157 A heat detector

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Figure 158 A beam detector

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Figure 159 How single-ended beam detector works

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Figure 160 Location of beam detectors at the main lobby

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Figure 161 Location of beam detectors in a cross section

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Figure 162 The location of fire control room

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Figure 163 The fire control room

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Figure 164 Fire alarm control panel

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Figure 165 Fire alarm control panel

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Figure 166 A fire intercom

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Figure 167 An intercom panel

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Figure 168 The overall intercom panel

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Figure 169 The control panel of an individual centrifugal fan

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Figure 170 The exhaust pipe that delivers fresh air to expel smoke during fire.

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Figure 171 Exhaust Fan Rooms

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Figure 172 The locations of fire-rated roller shutters in basement

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Figure 173 A fire-rated roller shutter

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Figure 174 The fire-rated roller shutter

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Figure 175 The aluminium box and guide rail

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Figure 176 The four compartments

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Figure 177 Overview of the chart of the Passive Fire Protection in Suasana PJH

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Figure 178 Direction of the evacuation routes of Suasana PJH

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Figure 179 Evacuation route of Basement Level 1 in Suasana PJH

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Figure 180 Evacuation route of Ground Floor in Suasana PJH

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Figure 181 Evacuation route of the 2nd Floor in Suasana PJH

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Figure 182 Evacuation route of the 4th Floor in Suasana PJH

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Figure 183 Evacuation route of the 9th Floor in Suasana PJH

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Figure 184 Length of 1 side of the office area of Suasana PJH

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Figure 185 Ground Floor plan indicating the Fire Assembly Point of Suasana PJH

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Figure 187 Evacuation notices

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Figure 188 Fire escape plans - Basement Level 1, Ground Floor and the 13th floor of Suasana PJH.

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Figure 189 Horizontal exit which leads to a flight of emergency escape staircase

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Figure 190 Horizontal exit to the fire fighting lobby.

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Figure 191 One of the emergency staircases that connects the other floors to ground floor

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Figure 192 One of the emergency staircases that only connect the basement floors and Level 1

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PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 193 Measurements of the emergency escape staircase in Suasana PJH

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Figure 194 Exit stairway dimension and estimated escape route.

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Figure 195 Diagram showing the headroom between 2 floors of the emergency staircase.

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Figure 196 Upper Basement Level Plan of Suasana PJH indicating the horizontal and vertical exits.

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Figure 197 Ground Floor plan of Suasana PJH indicating the horizontal and vertical exits.

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Figure 198 Second Floor plan of Suasana PJH indicating the horizontal and vertical exits.

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Figure 199 4th Floor plan of Suasana PJH indicating the horizontal and vertical exits.

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Figure 200 9th Floor plan of Suasana PJH indicating the horizontal and vertical exits.

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Figure 201 The “KELUAR” emergency exit signage

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Figure 202 The “KELUAR” emergency exit signage

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Figure 203 Upper Basement floor plan indicating the location of firefighting lobby

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Figure 204 Ground floor plan indicating the location of firefighting lobby

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Figure 205 Level 2 floor plan indicating the location of firefighting lobby

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Figure 206 Level 4 floor plan indicating the location of firefighting lobby

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Figure 207 Level 9 floor plan indicating the location of firefighting lobby

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Figure 208 Upper Basement floor plan indicating the compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas

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Figure 209 Ground floor plan indicating the compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas

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Figure 210 Level 2 floor plan indicating the compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas

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Figure 211 Level 4 floor plan indicating the compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas

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Figure 212 Level 9 floor plan indicating the compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas

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Figure 213 Fire rated door without glass panel used at the horizontal exits

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Figure 214 Fire rated door with glass panel used at the fire control room

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Figure 215 Precast concrete column and walls forms the structural component of the building.

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Figure 216 Area of Suasana PJH along with the width of the street

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Figure 217 Ground Floor Plan indicating the firefighting shaft

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Figure 218 Lift lobby connecting to the fire lift

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Figure 2191 Firefighting lobby connected to the fire-fighting lift & emergency staircase

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Figure 2192 Fire fighting lift located

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Figure 220 Floor plan indicating the fire fighting lifts located at the ground floor lift lobby

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Figure 221 Lift ( Elevators)

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Figure 222 Escalator

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Figure 223 Travelator

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Figure 224 Bed Lift (Source: indiamart)

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Figure 225 Car Elevator(Source: indiamart)

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Figure 226 Passenger Elevator (Source: indiamart)

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Figure 227 Service Lift (Source : Stannah)

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Figure 228 Fire Lift (Source : Youtube)

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PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 229 Locations of different Lift lobbies in Suasana PJH on First Floor Plan

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Figure 230 Locations of different types Lift in Suasana PJH on First Floor Plan

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Figure 231 Geared traction Lift DIagram (Source: Astraelevator)

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Figure 232 Main Lift Lobby At First FLoor

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Figure 233 Passenger Lifts

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Figure 234 Service Lift

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Figure 235 Fire Lift

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Figure 236 Lift Car

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Figure 237 Lift Hoistway (Source : CanadianBusiness)

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Figure 238 Geared Machine

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Figure 239 Components of Traction lift (Source : Indiamart)

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Figure 240 Machine Room

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Figure 241 Lift Supervisory Panel(LSP) at Fire Control Room

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Figure 242 Call answered by person in charge when emergency on LSP

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Figure 243 Landing Calls (Call Buttons) in the lift

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Figure 244 Specification of the Lift

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Figure 245 Hydraulic Lift (Source: Pinterest)

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Figure 246 Traction Lift (Source: indiamart)

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SUASANA PJH

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CHAPTER 2 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Literature Review 2.1.2 Basic Ventilation System 2.2 Case Study: Types of Mechanical Ventilation System 2.2.1 Supply Ventilation System 2.2.1.1 Offices 2.2.1.2 Lift Lobbies 2.2.1.3 Fan Coil Unit & Chilled Water Expansion Tank 2.2.1.4 Staircase Pressurisation System 2.2.1.4 Basement 2.2.2 Extract Ventilation System 2.2.2.1 Toilet 2.2.2.2 Basement 2.2.3 Balanced Ventilation System 2.2.3.1 Main Lobby 2.3 Case Study: Components of Mechanical Ventilation System 2.3.1 Fan 2.3.1.1 Axial Fan 2.3.1.1 Centrifugal Fan 2.3.2 Filters 2.3.3 Ductwork 2.3.3.1 Duct Shapes 2.3.3.2 Duct Insulation Method 2.3.3.3 Fire Rate Duct 2.3.4 Fire Dampers 2.3.5 Grilles & Diffusers 2.4 Conclusion

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TABLE OF CONTENT

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CHAPTER 3 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

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3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Literature Review 3.1.2 Types of cycles in air conditioner systems 3.2.1.1 Room Air Conditioner System 3.2.1.2 Split Unit Air Conditioner System 3.2.1.3 Packaged Unit Air Conditioner System 3.2.1.4 Central Air Conditioner System

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3.2 Case Study: Types of Air Conditioning System 3.2.1 Centralized Air Conditioning Unit (AHU) 3.2.1.1 AHU Rooms 3.2.1.2 AHU Components 3.2.2 Split Unit Air Conditioning system 3.2.2.1 Split Unit System Components 3.2.2.2 Locations of Split Unit Air Conditioning System

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3.3 Conclusion

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TABLE OF CONTENT

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CHAPTER 4 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Literature Review 4.2 Water Based System 4.2.1: External fire hydrant 4.2.2: Hose reel system 4.2.2.1 Hose reel 4.2.2.2 Hose reel pump 4.2.2.3 Hose reel water storage tank 4.2.3 Wet riser system 4.2.3.1 Wet riser 4.2.3.2 Wet riser pump 4.2.3.2 Wet riser water storage tank 4.2.4 Automatic fire water sprinkler system 4.2.4.1 Fire sprinkler heads 4.2.4.2 Fire sprinkler pump 4.2.4.3 Fire sprinkler water storage tank 4.2.4.4 Fire sprinkler alarm valve 4.3 Non Water Based System 4.3.1: Carbon dioxide (CO2) suppression system 4.3.2: Portable fire extinguisher 4.3.2.1 ABC multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher 4.3.2.2 Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher 4.4 Alarm, detection systems and devices 4.4.1 Fire alarm system 4.4.1.2 Fire alarm bell 4.4.1.4 Fireman’s switch 4.4.1.5 Voice communication system 4.4.1.6 Smoke detector 4.4.1.7 Heat detector 4.4.1.8 Optical Beam Detector 4.4.2 Fire control room 4.4.2.1 Fire alarm control panel 4.4.2.2 Intercom panel 4.5 Smoke control system 4.6 Compartmentalisation System 4.7 Conclusion

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 5 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Literature Review 5.2 Purpose Group of Suasana PJH 5.3 Means of Escape 5.3.1 Evacuation Route 5.3.1.1 Evacuation Route distance of Suasana PJH 5.3.1.2 Conclusion 5.3.2 Fire Assembly Point 5.3.3 Fire Escape Plan 5.3.4 Exits 5.3.4.1 Horizontal Exits 5.3.4.2 Vertical Exits 5.3.4.3 Location of Horizontal and Vertical Exits within Suasana PJH 5.3.5 Emergency Exit Signage 5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.1 Compartmentation 5.4.2 Compartmentation of Fire Risk Area 5.4.3 Fire Containment 5.4.3.1 Fire-rated Door 5.4.3.2 Structural Fire Protection 5.5 Firefighting Access 5.5.1 Fire Engine Access 5.5.2 Firefighting Shaft 5.5.2.1 Fire-Fighting Lobby 5.5.2.2 Fire-Fighting Lift

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TABLE OF CONTENT

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CHAPTER 6 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 6.1: Introduction 6.1.1 Literature Review 6.1.2 Types of Elevators Electronic & Hydraulic elevators 6.1.3 Elevators Classification 6.1.3.1 Bed Elevator 6.1.3.2 Automobile Elevator 6.1.3.3 Passengers Elevator 6.1.3.4 Services Elevators 6.1.3.5 Fire Elevators 6.2 Case Study 6.2.1 Location of Lift Lobbies and Lifts 6.2.2 Lift System Used 6.2.3 Components of Elevator 6.2.3.1 Lift Lobby 6.2.3.2 Lift Car 6.2.3.3 Hoistway 6.2.3.4 Machine & Drive System 6.2.4 Elevator emergency features 6.2.5 Specifications of the elevator used 6.2.6 UBBL Compliance 6.3 Conclusion

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CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION

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REFERENCES

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SUASANA PJH

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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INTRODUCTION TO SUASANA PJH

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Figure 1 Suasana PjH in Site Context (Source: The Skyscraper Center)

Figure 2 Suasana PjH Building (Source: Putrajaya Holdings)

Suasana PjH is a 14-storey commercial office located at Lot 2C5, Precinct 2, Putrajaya. The construction for the building started in July 2013 and completed in July 2017. The building is conceived as a premier cultural and commercial centre in Putrajaya and is located at the northern part of Precinct 2. It is next to the Persiaran Perdana boulevard where nearly all the major Governmental Departments and Administrative bodies have their buildings. The site faces the Ministry of Finance Building on one side and the Wawasan Water Garden on the other.

Figure 3 Suasana PjH Building view from below (Source: Putrajaya Holdings

The building use is mixed-commercial that comprises of retail at ground floor level and part of Level 1 and Offices at a part of Level 1 to Level 13. The overall development is two almost symmetrical blocks, with two 7-storey podiums, and two 7-storey towers on top of the podiums, to give a total of two 14-storey high buildings for both blocks. Between the two blocks there is a landscaped Central Promenade. This forms a continuous public access that connects the Ministry of Finance Building/Dataran Wawasan on one end to the Jalan Tun Abd Razak / Millennium Tower on the other. The Ground Level retail areas face the Central Promenade, the Dataran Wawasan and Persiaran Perdana (main boulevard) and the drop-off areas. Due to the sloping site from Dataran Wawasan towards Jalan Tun Abd. Razak that makes up the Central Promenade, a number of retail shop lots facing the Central Promenade have higher retail floor heights, which allow for future mezzanine floors.

Figure 4 Suasana PjH Central Promenade (Source: The Skyscraper Center)

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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CHAPTER 2 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM | 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.1.1 Literature Review

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The process of exchanging air in an enclosed space is known as mechanical ventilation . It expels stale air containing water vapor, carbon dioxide, airborne chemicals and other pollutants. The mechanical ventilation draws in air from the outside, and distributes the air within the building (Greeno, 2006).

Mechanical ventilation preserves the oxygen content and removes carbon dioxide. It controls humidity for human comfort as it brings in fresh air and expels stale air. Mechanical ventilation also prevents heat concentrations from machinery, lighting and people in the space. The prevention of condensation which typically happens in buildings when warm, moist air comes into contact with cooler surfaces such as windows, and water condenses on those surfaces. Apart from that, mechanical ventilation disperses concentrations of bacteria as wells as contaminants such as smoke, dust, gases and body odours.

2.1.2 Basic Ventilation System

Basic Ventilation System The suction (negative pressure) created by the exhaust fan pulls air through the building from supply points to the pickup point.

Fan

Makeup Air Supply

The fan is used to pull stale air out generally in high moisture areas such as utility and bathrooms.

The makeup air supply is the outside air delivered into the building.

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM | 2.1 INTRODUCTION

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UBBL 1984 Section 41 [Mechanical Ventilation and Air-Conditioning] (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

BORDER FOR BINDING

(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant By-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air conditioning is not functioning.

(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

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2.2.1 Supply Ventilation System Mechanical Inlet and Natural Extract

BORDER FOR BINDING

This system delivers fresh air whereby the spaces will experience positive pressure and direction for the stale air to permeate through the building (Greeno, 2006). In Suasana PjH, the supply ventilation system delivers air to the office spaces and lobbies through the fan coil unit (FCU). The stale air consisting of contaminants such as smoke, dust, gases and body odours is then forced out of the space through openings or cracks in the buildings.

Figure 5 Supply Ventilation System (Source: HomeTips)

2.2.1.1 Offices 2.2.1.2 Lift Lobbies

Figure 6 Level 8 Block A Office

Figure 9 Offices Fan Coil Unit (FCU) on L8-L13 Block A - ACMV Plan

In Suasana PjH, the fan coil unit (FCU) draws in air through dedicated ducting and fan for ventilation. This allows the outdoor air to be dehumidified before being dispersed into the space. The supplied air into the spaces ensures a positive pressure and preserves the oxygen content, while forcing the stale air out of the space through openings or windows in the space.

Figure 7 Office Air Supply

Figure 8 Lift Lobby Air Supply

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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2.2.1 Supply Ventilation System (Cont’d) 2.2.1.3 Fan Coil Unit (FCU) & Chilled Water Expansion Tank

Filter

Cooling Coil

BORDER FOR BINDING

Fresh Air

Supply Air

Figure 10 Block A Fan Coil Unit (Schematic Diagram)

Figure 11 Chilled Water Expansion Tank at Block A Roof Podium

In Suasana PjH, the fan coil unit (FCU) contains a fan which draws fresh air into the unit then blows it over a cooling coil thus the air comes out of the FCU cooler.

The coil changes or cools down the temperature of the air before distributing into the space. The chilled water for the cooling coil in the FCU is provided from a chilled water expansion tank located in the roof podium of the building.

Figure 12 Chilled Water Expansion Tank at Block A Roof Podium Floor Plan

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2.2.1 Supply Ventilation System (Cont’d) 2.2.1.4 Staircase Pressurisation System

Figure 14 Smoke Pressurised Air (SPA) Ducting at Roof Podium

Figure 13 Staircase at Level 8-13 Floor Plan

The staircase pressurisation system consists of a fan and ducting that supplies fresh air into the staircase area in case of fire. Clean outside air is forced by a Stair Pressurisation Fan into a stairwell. The pressurisation is used to push back on the smoke from fire, keeping the smoke out of the escape route.

The main pressurisation fan are located at the roof podium, drawing fresh air from the outside. Thus, the staircase will maintain a positive pressure from the fresh air, preventing the smoke to accumulate the space.

Supply Air

Figure 16 Supply Air Ductwork at Staircase

Figure 15 Supply Air Ducting at Staircase (Schematic Diagram)

Except when there's smoke, the stair pressurisation fans aren't needed, so normally they're turned off. When the fire alarm system detects smoke, they're automatically turned on.

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM | 2.2 CASE STUDY: TYPES OF SYSTEM 2.2.1 Supply Ventilation System (Cont’d) 2.2.1.2 Basement

1. Fresh Air Fan Room 2. Make-up Fan Room 1

2

Figure 17 Fresh Air Fan & Make-up Air Rooms in Basement 1 Floor Plan

Figure 18 Supply Air Ducting in Basement

Figure 19 Supply Air (SA) from Roof Podium

The basements in Suasana PjH also adapts the pressurisation system with the use of fresh air fans and make-up air supply which is designed to compensate the air in the space that has been removed due to the process of exhaust fans. This system pulls in fresh, tempered air from outside the building to replace existing air that cannot be recirculated. In case of fire, the make-up air solution will supply the air into the basement to ease the efforts of fire extinguishing by the fire brigade.

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM | 2.2 CASE STUDY: TYPES OF SYSTEM

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2.2.2 Extract Ventilation System Natural Inlet and Mechanical Extract

BORDER FOR BINDING

This system can be found in the toilets and basements of Suasana PjH. This system uses the application of providing a fan over a void in the external wall, ceiling or ducting (Greeno, 2006). The extract system are placed at areas of unpleasant or contaminated air situations such as smoke from vehicles in the basement, and odours from toilet.

Figure 20 Extract Ventilation System (Source: HomeTips)

2.2.2.1 Toilet

Fan

Ductwork

Extract Grille

Stale Air

Figure 21 Extract Ventilation System in Toilet (Schematic Diagram)

Figure 22 Extract Ventilation in Ground Floor Toilet

Suasana PjH adapts the more advanced systems with ducting attached to the fan, with outlet grilles. The ductwork is accommodated within a suspended ceiling, with extract air inlets. The arrangement encourages a thorough ow of stale air from the atmosphere in the toilet. This creates a negative pressure in the room whereby the contaminated air is being ducted out of the space. To reduce interstitial condensation, negative pressure ventilation is used especially areas such as the toilets where there are locally generated pollutants.

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BORDER FOR BINDING

2.2.2 Extract Ventilation System (Cont’d) 2.2.2.2 Basement

Figure 23 Exhaust Rooms in Basement 1 Floor Plan

The basement in Suasana PjH adapts an exhaust system through ducting throughout the whole area. The purpose of the exhaust system in the basement is to extract the smoke from the basement in case of fire. The fan in the exhaust room can be controlled by volume and pressure of air being exhausted.

Figure 24 Exhaust Ventilation in Basement Carpark

There are 10 exhaust rooms in the basement with centrifugal fans to extract the smoke from fire in various zones. The sizes of the exhaust rooms in Suasana PjH are approximately 25sqm with the centrifugal fan equipment taking up about 4sqm of the space.

Figure 25 Exhaust Ducting with Centrifugal Fan

Figure 26 Exhaust Fan Controls

MS1525 Code 8.4.5 Mechanical Ventilation Control Each mechanical ventilation system (supply and/or exhaust) should be equipped with a readily accessible switch or other means for shut-off or volume reduction when ventilation is not required. Examples of such devices would include timer switch control, thermostat control, duty cycle programming and CO/CO2 sensor control.

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2.2.3 Balanced Ventilation System The balanced system can be found in the main lobby of Suasana PjH. The balanced system combines the supply ventilation system as well as the extract ventilation system.

Thus, the function of a balanced ventilation system is to supply fresh air and extract stale air using their respected fans simultaneously. The use of this system improves the indoor air quality and comfort as there are fewer drafts and a constant supply of fresh outdoor air.

Figure 27 Balanced Ventilation System (Source: HomeTips)

2.2.3.1 Main Lobby

Figure 28 Air-Conditioning & Ventilation in Main Lobby

The main lobby adapts a balanced ventilation system whereby the stale air is exhausted while fresh air is drawn into the space via separate ducts. The extract fan is smaller than the inlet fan to encourage slight air pressurisation (Greeno, 2006).

The use of sealed skylight windows and self-closing entrance doors in the lobby complements the eďŹƒciency of the system and to reduce draughts, dust and noise penetration (Greeno, 2006).

Supply Air Extract Air

Diffusers

Extract Grilles

Fan

Supply Duct Extract Duct

Figure 29 Combined Ventilation System (Schematic Section) PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

Figure 30 Air-Conditioning & Ventilation in Lobby

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2.3.1 Fan Mechanical fans drive mechanical ventilation. Fans can either be installed directly in windows, walls or in air ducts to serve the purpose of supplying air into or exhausting air from a room (NCBI, 2009).

The three main types of fans are the propeller fan, axial-flow fan and centrifugal fan. Suasana PjH adapts the axial-flow fan and centrifugal fan in their building.

2.3.1.1 Axial Fan Circular fan housing Impeller

Bolt holes to duct

Motor terminal Flange fixing to duct Figure 31 Axial Fan Components (Source: Hall & Greeno, 2013)

The axial fan in Suasana PjH is installed directly in air ducts as axial fans are designed for mounting inside a duct system and is suitable for moving air in complete systems of ductwork (Hall, 1980). The axial fan consisting of several aerofoil blades mounted on a motor-driven central shaft (Greeno, 2006) is used in toilets, basements and rooftop ductworks. The air flows through the fans in a direction of parallel shaft. In Suasana PjH, the axial fans are used for extracting and supplying air, labelled as Fresh Air Fan (FAF) for supplying air and Low Pressure Fan (LPF) for extracting air. The low pressure fan is used to focus on high air flows and very low pressure in extracting air.

Figure 32 Axial Fan in Ductwork at Rooftop Podium

Figure 33 Axial Fan in Ductwork at Rooftop Podium

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2.3.1 Fan (Cont’d) 2.3.1.2 Centrifugal Fan Scroll shaped closing Impeller wheel

BORDER FOR BINDING

Drive motor

Mounted Support Bracket Air inlet

Air delivery

Figure 34 Centrifugal Fan Components (Source: Hall & Greeno, 2013)

Fresh Air/ Make-up Fan Room Exhaust Rooms Figure 35 Centrifugal Fan Plant Rooms on Basement Floor Plan

Figure 36 Exhaust Ducting with Centrifugal Fan in Exhaust Room

The centrifugal fan is used in the basement ductwork for extracting and supplying air. The inlet of the fan is at 90 degrees to the outlet and similar to the axial fan, it is suitable for moving air in complete systems of ductwork (Hall, 1980). The centrifugal fan houses an impeller rotating in a scroll casing. Air is drawn in at right angles before discharging radially under a centrifugal force through the delivery ductwork (Greeno, 2006).

The large model fan associated with high pressure and long deliveries is used for extracting and supplying air into the basement. In case of fire, the alarm will trigger the exhaust room fan to extract the smoke from the basement whereas the fresh air fan room will supply air into the space to prevent fire from accumulating the space.

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM | 2.3 CASE STUDY: COMPONENTS 2.3.2 Filters The ventilation filters in Suasana PjH are located inside the ductwork whereby it sifts the external air flowing into the spaces. The purpose of the filter is to also trap and prevent dust and smoke from entering into the room.

BORDER FOR BINDING

The filter placed at the entry point of the air entry removes contaminant and odours that would affect the building occupants as well as cause deterioration of the plant and interior finishes (Greeno, 2006).

The type of filter used is called the viscous filter or wet filters which comprise of corrugated metal sheets, surface coated with non-flammable and non-toxic odourless oil.

Figure 37 Example of viscous filter (Source: PicsWe)

Filter

Cooling Coil

Fresh Air

Supply Air

Figure 38 Block A Fan Coil Unit (Schematic Diagram)

Metal frame

Oil-dipped perforated steel

Figure 39 Viscous filter diagram

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2.3.3 Ductwork Ductwork is used to channel outside air towards a room or channel the air from the room to the outside. Ductwork is part of the air-handling system and includes the supply and exhaust air ducts (Tao & Janis, 1997). Supply ducts are connected to the air-handling units whereas other ducts run independently.

2.3.3.1 Duct Shapes

BORDER FOR BINDING

Flexible Round Duct

Figure 40 Air-Conditioning with Round Duct

Figure 41 Flexible Round Duct (Source: ATC Electrical & Mechanical)

In Suasana PjH, the round ducts are used for high-velocity ductwork, such as the air-conditioning in the main lobbies. From the rooftop, the Fresh Air Fan (FAF) supplies the fresh air towards the cooling units which then sends cooled air to the spaces through these round ducts. Circular ductworks are more efficient, having less frictional resistance to airflow (Greeno, 2006).

Rectangular/ Square Ductwork In Suasana PjH, the rectangular ducts are used at the rooftop podium and basements because low velocity ductwork is most often rectangular (Tao & Janis, 1997). For convenience, rectangular ductworks are more easily fitted into the building fabric compared to round ducts (Greeno, 2006).

Figure 42 Rectangular Ducting at Rooftop Podium

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM | 2.3 CASE STUDY: COMPONENTS 2.3.3 Ductwork (Cont’d) 2.3.3.2 Duct Insulation Method Insulated with Fiberglass Blanket Wrap Ventilation systems require thermal insulation in order to control the temperature of air. In Suasana PjH, the ventilation ducts that transport cool air is insulated with fiberglass blanket wrap. The insulation is applied externally in the form of a fiberglass blanket wrap for and external vapor barrier for cooling applications. The vapor barrier is intended to prevent the migration of humid air through the insulation (Tao & Janis, 1997).

The insulation maintains the lower temperature inside the duct by insulating it from the warmer ambient air temperature (Paroc, 2019). If the cool air in the duct is heated by the surrounding air, the HVAC system functions less effectively thus more energy is needed to maintain the duct's suitable temperature.

Figure 43 Air-Handling Unit (AHU) in AHU Room

Figure 44 Insulated Ducting above AHU Unit

Non-Insulated The ventilation ductwork at the rooftop podium of Suasana PjH is not insulated as the galvanised metal sheet is exposed. The ductwork directs fresh air from the outdoors to indoor cooling units, thus its temperature does not need to be controlled. The non-insulated ductwork also extracts air from spaces into the outdoor.

Figure 45 Example of viscous filter (Source: PicsWe)

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM | 2.3 CASE STUDY: COMPONENTS 2.3.3 Ductwork (Cont’d) 2.3.3.3 Fire Rated Ducting Suasana PjH uses fire resisting ductwork to prevent the spread of fire between compartments and the rapid spread of smoke. The fire rated ductwork is fabricated from galvanised sheet steel to an enhanced standard. It is degreased and sprayed with a coating using a specially formulated water based compound (Firespray International, 2017).

A fire rated ductwork system is designed to transfer smoke, hot gases and flame. It also supplies air to the fire area. For this purpose, it is essential to provide fire protection of the duct system to ensure life safety of the building occupants and protection of the building and its property.

Figure 46 Fire Rated Ducts at Roof Podium

Figure 47 Fire Rated Ducts with Low Pressure Fan at Roof Podium

UBBL 1984 Section 133 [Fire Requirements] "protected shaft" means a stairway, lift, escalator, chute, duct or other shaft which enables persons, things or air to pass between different compartments; and which complies with the requirements of by-law 150.

UBBL 1984 Section 156 [Protected Shafts as Ventilating Ducts] (1)

If

a

protected

shaft

serves

as,

or

contains

a

ventilating

duct

–

(a) the duct shall be fitted with automatic fire dampers together with or without sub-ducts as Australian Standard 1668: Pt. 1:1974, so constructed at such intervals and in such positions as may be necessary to reduce, so far as practical, the risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment, or such other provision shall be made as will reduce such risk so far as practicable; and (b) the duct shall not be, constructed of, or lined with, any material which substantially increases. such risk.

(2) In addition, in the case, of a protected shaft containing a ventilating duct, the shaft shall be so constructed with additional barriers to fire between the duct and the shaft as may be necessary to reduce so far as practicable the risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment.

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BORDER FOR BINDING

2.3.4 Fire Dampers

Figure 48 Level 8-Level 13 Block A Floor Plan

Figure 50 Fire Damper L8-L13 Emergency Exit

Figure 51 Fire Damper

Figure 49 Fire Dampers at Level 8-Level 13 Block A Floor Plan

The purpose of fire dampers are to prevent the fire from spreading to another room.

The fire dampers in Suasana PjH are located in compartment walls at the emergency staircases. The emergency staircases would would experience high circulation flow in case of fire, thus the space would need to be protected first to ensure the fire does not harm the occupants while escaping. Apart from that, the fire dampers in prevents the fire from reaching the spaces adjacent to the emergency staircases such as the hallways and office area.

Steel Blade

Hinge

The type of fire damper used is the hinged blade. The fire damper works by receiving signal from the alarm triggers to open the hinged blade dampers which then extracts the smoke from the emergency staircases..

Figure 52 Hinged Blade Fire Damper (Schematic Section) PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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2.3.5 Grilles & Diffusers Grilles and diffusers are air devices equipped with vanes for directing air flow. Some vanes may be fixed or adjustable, as seen in Suasana PjH. The function of these devices are to diffuse supplied air with the room air without undue draft (Tao & Janis, 1997).

Figure 53 Supply Grille with Louvered Face

Common diffusers include those with a louvered face, perforated face, linear slot and troffers placed over lighting fixtures. Suasana PjH adapts the louvered face grilles and diffusers in square and round shapes located at the edge of the ductwork where the air is released into the room.

Figure 54 Round Diffuser with Adjustable Vanes

Figure 55 Round Extract Grille with Fixed Vanes

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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The mechanical ventilation systems present in Suasana PjH serves the purpose of maintaining the indoor air quality through extract, supply and combined systems. Apart from that, the mechanical ventilation system also maintains the safety of the building occupants through pressurisation systems in case of fire. Suasana PjH also adapts all the necessary components used in a mechanical ventilation system such as fans, filters, ductworks, dampers and diffuser that allows the building services to function efficiently and effectively. Hence, this proves that mechanical ventilation is a vital feature to ensure human comfort, health and safety in a building.

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CHAPTER 3 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM | 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.1.1 Literature Review

Air conditioning is commonly used in buildings where regardless the external conditions, a predetermined internal environment is manufactured and preserved for human comfort all year round. The ideal air temperature of 19 C and 23 C as well as the relative humidity within the 40-60 percent band is required. Certain facilities to heat, cool, humidify, dehumidify, clean and propel the large velocities and volumes of air are required to fulďŹ l the design criteria.

BORDER FOR BINDING

3.1.2 Types of Cycles in Air-Conditioner Systems Refrigerant cycle A process to remove heat from one place to another. Heat inside a room is transferred through the evaporator and removed to the outside air through a condenser. The refrigeration cycle contains four major components: the compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. Refrigerant remains piped between these four components and is contained in the refrigerant loop (Ravti, 2016).

Figure 56 Refrigerant Cycle System (Source: Ravti)

Air cycle A process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned. Latent heat inside the room is removed when the return air is absorbed by the evaporator. The medium to absorb the heat can be either air or water.

Distribution of air can be either through ducts or chilled water pipes. Heat inside the room is removed and slowly the internal air becomes cooler (Lai, 2013)

Figure 57 AHU Cycle System (Source: Pinterest)

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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM | 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.1.2 Types of Cycles in Air-Conditioner Systems (Cont’d)

There are generally 4 types of air conditioning systems (Room Air Conditioner, Split Unit Air Conditioner, Packaged Unit Air Conditioner and Centralized Air Conditioning) depending on a number of factors including how large the area is to be cooled and the total heat generated inside the enclosed area (Khemani, 2018). For example, Central air conditioning is used for cooling big buildings as it comprises of a huge compressor that has the capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning.

3.1.2.1 Room Air Conditioner System Room air conditioners cool rooms rather than the entire home or business. The basic components inside the unit include a blower and/or fans for moving cooled air into the room and exhausting warm air, and refrigerant components for extracting heat from the air.

Those components include a compressor, evaporator coil, refrigerant-filled tubing, and condenser coil. Most window and room air conditioners have thermostatic controls (Vandervort, 2019)

Figure 58 Room Air Conditioning System (Source: Ravti)

3.1.2.2 Split Unit Air Conditioner System The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit, there is no need for any slot in the wall of the room. Further, present day split units have aesthetic appeal and do not take up as much space as a window unit. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms (Khemani, 2018).

Figure 59 Split Unit Air Conditioning System (Source: Ravti) PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM | 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.1.2.3 Packaged Air Conditioner System An HVAC designer will suggest this type of air conditioner if you want to cool more than two rooms or a larger space at your home or office.

There are two possible arrangements with the package unit. In the first one, all the components, namely the compressor, condenser (which can be air cooled or water cooled), expansion valve and evaporator are housed in a single box. The cooled air is thrown by the high capacity blower, and it flows through the ducts laid through various rooms.

In the second arrangement, the compressor and condenser are housed in one casing. The compressed gas passes through individual units, comprised of the expansion valve and cooling coil, located in various rooms (Khemani, 2018).

Figure 60 Packaged Air Conditioning System (Source: Ravti)

3.1.2.4 Central Air Conditioner System Central air conditioning is used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices, entire hotels, gyms, movie theaters, factories etc. If the whole building is to be air conditioned, HVAC engineers find that putting individual units in each of the rooms is very expensive making this a better option. A central air conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor that has the capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. Cooling big halls, malls, huge spaces, galleries etc is usually only feasible with central conditioning units (Airwell Engineering, 2018)

Figure 61 Central Air Conditioning System (Source: Ravti)

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UBBL 1984 Section 41 [Mechanical Ventilation and Air-Conditioning] (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

BORDER FOR BINDING

(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant By-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air conditioning is not functioning.

(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM | 3.2 CASE STUDY: TYPES OF SYSTEM

Centralised & Split Conditioning System

Centralised Conditioning System

Unit

Air

Air

Split Unit Air Conditioning System

Figure 62 Locations of Air Conditioning Systems in Saujana PJH through section.

Suasana PJH is a 14 storey office building with 12 office levels, 1 retail level and 2 basement levels.

The scale and the complexity of the building requires 2 types of air conditioning which are centralized and split unit air conditioning. Centralized air conditioning system serves around 91% of building: the 12 office levels and the 2 basement levels. The first floor is separated into both retail and office. Therefore, both centralized and split unit air conditioning systems are present on the floor level. The ground floor level depends entirely of Split Unit Air Conditioning System.

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3.2.1 Centralised Air-Conditioning Unit

Figure 63 Central Air Conditioning System (Source: Ravti)

Suasana PJH uses an Air Handling Units (AHU) for their Centralized Air Conditioning System. The process started off with the room air is recirculated to the AHU via Air Duct.The room air is drawn into the AHU by the suction force from the fan inside the AHU. In a larger system, a separate return air fan may be installed in the return air duct to draw the air back into the AHU where some outside air is introduced.The mixture of return and outside air is passed through a ďŹ lter before passing across the cooling coil. Inside the AHU, the mixed air around 25 C passes through the cooling coil.

The cooling coil cools down the air to approximately 15 C. The cooling coil is made out of copper tubes and aluminium ďŹ ns. Chilled water at around 6 C is continuously supplied to the cooling coil to absorb heat from the warmer air.The air is then delivered by the fan back to the room via the supplied air duct. The cycle of air circulation repeats.

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3.2.1 Centralised Air-Conditioning Unit (Cont’d) 3.2.1.1 AHU Rooms

There are 4 AHU Rooms available in the building for 4 different tenants. The disadvantage is that the ducting has to be redesigned if more tenant is added. The AHU rooms consists of an Air Handler, AHU control panel, Ductworks, etc. The AHU system used is a Draw-Through type, where the fan pulls the air through the mixing box, filters and cooling coil before discharging it from the fan outlet to the space to be conditioned or to the ducting network. The condition and temperature of the AHU is observed at the Fire Control room.

Figure 64 Conditions of AHU monitored on a computer in the Fire Control Room.

Figure 65 Control panel in AHU Room.

Figure 66 AHU intercom located in the Fire Control Room.

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM | 3.2 CASE STUDY: TYPES OF SYSTEM 3.2.1 Centralised Air-Conditioning Unit (Cont’d) 3.2.1.1 AHU Rooms (Cont’d)

Figure 67 Locations of AHU Rooms on Basement floor

Figure 68 Location of AHU Rooms on an office floor

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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM | 3.2 CASE STUDY: TYPES OF SYSTEM 3.2.1 Centralised Air-Conditioning Unit (Cont’d) 3.2.1.2 AHU Components

Air Filter Returning air from the offices enters the AHU room via an air duct. The filters helps filter out the dirt, impurities and unwanted contamination in the air before entering the air handler.

Cooling Coil Copper pipes are made into cooling coil that is cooled from the Chilled water supply connected by a water pipe. They're coiled up to increase the surface area to maximize the heat transfer from the air.

Figure 69 AHU Cooling Coil

Fans There are 2 fans available in the air handling unit: one fan blowing air towards the cooling coil to create cool air while the other blows cooled air to the supply duct.

The fan used is a centrifugal fan where it has an airfoil bladed wheel, that has high efficiency over a wide operating range as well as the quieter sound compared to other fans.

Figure 70 AHU Fans

Air Filter

Cooling Coil

Fan

Fan

Supply Air Incoming Air

Warm & Humid Air

Filtered Air

Cooled Air

Cooled Air

Figure 71 AHU Unit component system PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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3.2.1 Centralised Air-Conditioning Unit (Cont’d) 3.2.1.2 AHU Components (Cont’d)

Refrigerant Exchange Pipe Chilled water is supplied by Gas District Cooling (GDC) Putrajaya. District cooling begins by chilling water at a centralized plant. Chilled water is then pumped through a long piping system (typically via an underground means) to heat exchangers in different buildings. The heat exchangers are used to transfer the chilling energy from the water (often called Primary Loop) to customers' internal building chilled water loop (often call Secondary Loop). The cool water is then supplied to the cooling coil. The temperature of the chilled water is controlled by a panel connected to the chilled water supply duct (GDC, 2019)

Figure 73 Chilled water supply pipe connected to AHU unit

Figure 72 Temperature Control Panel of chilled water

Figure 74 Chilled water pipes in AHU Room

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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM | 3.2 CASE STUDY: TYPES OF SYSTEM 3.2.1 Centralised Air-Conditioning Unit (Cont’d) 3.2.1.2 AHU Components (Cont’d)

Air Duct Cooled air from the AHU is carried into the spaces of the building via the duct system. The air duct also carries back the used air from the offices back to the AHU room. Aluminium foil covers the galvanized steel duct to provide good insulation that helps maintain the cool temperature while transferring the air into the diffuser. A fan is installed within the ductwork to circulate the movement of air.

Figure 75 Air Ducts located in the offices and hallways

AHU Unit Return duct

Supply duct

Figure 76 AHU Air Filter

Figure 77 Return duct located in the AHU Room

Figure 78 Air Ducts located in the lobby

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3.2.2 Split Unit Air-Conditioning Unit

Figure 79 Split Unit Air Conditioning System (Source: Ravti)

The split unit air conditioning type used is split unit without outside air (ductless) that are only available on the retail spaces of the building. Similar to typical split unit systems, the indoor unit of the split AC is installed inside the room that is to be air conditioned or cooled while the outdoor unit is installed outside the room in open space where the unit can be installed and maintained easily (Daikan, 2019). Apart from these two major parts there is copper tubing connecting the indoor and the outdoor units. The split air conditioner is used as it is easier to manage for the many different tenants available for the retails as well as it is eďŹƒciency and cost-effectiveness

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3.2.2 Split Unit air conditioning unit (Cont’d) 3.2.2.1 Split Unit System Components

Indoor Unit Indoor units are installed in a central location within the room in order to allow for clear, balanced air flow throughout the space. The components of the indoor units which are the evaporator (cooling coil), blower fan, supply air louvers, air filter, return air grille, drain pipe indoor and control panel contributes in producing the cooling effect inside the rooms (Odesie, 2019)

Figure 80 Split Unit Air Conditioning indoor unit

Copper Tubing The insulated copper tubing connects the indoor unit to the outdoor unit. There are 2 pipes which are one that supplies the refrigerant to the cooling coil while the other returns the refrigerant to the compressor (Khemani, 2018)

Figure 81 Split Unit Air Conditioning copper tubing

Outdoor Unit The outdoor unit is located on the other side of the wall from the indoor unit. It contains a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, etc.

Aluminium fins covers the condenser to make sure that the heat from the refrigerant can be removed at a faster rate. The surrounding air is drawn in by a propeller fan and is blown over the compressor and condenser to cool them.

Figure 82 Split Unit Air Conditioning outdoor unit PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM | 3.2 CASE STUDY: TYPES OF SYSTEM 3.2.2 Split Unit air conditioning unit (Cont’d) 3.2.2.2 Locations of Split Unit Air Conditioning System

Figure 83 Locations of Split Unit Air Conditioning System on Ground Floor

Figure 84 Locations of Split Unit Air Conditioning System on First Floor

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In conclusion, Suasana PJH adopts centralized air conditioning system and split unit air conditioning system, which not only fulfils the requirements of the UBBL, but also guarantees the indoor air quality within the building.

Due to the fact that the building is relatively new, it was difficult to determine if the air conditioning systems of the building were completely fictional but based on observations, the indoor air quality within the building seems well maintained and the components that were shown are functional and new. Hence, the functionality of the air conditioning system may have an issue when more tenants rent the office and retail spaces.

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CHAPTER 4 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

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4.1.1 Literature Review Active Fire Protection (AFP) system is a system that can be operated manually or automatically for fire detection and fire suppression system to work efficiently in the event of a fire. They are on full-time duty or hands-on approach in extinguishing or controlling the spread of fire. The overall aim of the Active Fire Protection (AFP) system is to extinguish the fire by: ● ● ●

Detecting and alerting the emergency services at an early stage of the fire and evacuate the building.

Controlling the movement and smoke of a fire.

Suppressing oxygen, fuel and heat of a fire.

Additionally, the active fire protection system (AFP) should be included during the process of designing according to UBBL 1984 to assure the safety of the users and prevent further loss during the occurrence of a fire. The active fire protection system (AFP) can be generally categorized into four main parts which are water based system, non-water based system ,alarm and detection system, as well as smoke control system in order to suppress and prevent structural fires from further spreading to allow appropriate firefighting action to be taken. However, as seen on Figure 85 there are five categories of active fire protection system (AFP) in Suasana PJH. The following are water based system, non-water based system ,alarm and detection system, smoke control system and compartmentalized system.

Figure 85 The overview chart of active fire protection system in Suasana PJH

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4.2 Water Based System

The water based systems utilize the inexpensive and readily available medium of water to discharge onto flames through a normally fixed piping system. The location is required to at each corner of a building to directly assist extinguishing fire hazards. Water is one of the natural fire suppression element therefore is the most common fire suppression system in both industrial and commercial buildings. As seen on Figure 86 there are a total of four water based systems used in Suasana PJH such as the external fire hydrant, hose reel system,wet riser system and the automatic water sprinkler system.

Figure 86 The overview chart of water based system in Suasana PJH

4.2.1 External Fire Hydrant The external fire hydrant is a connection point to the firefighter to access water supply during fire emergencies thus it plays an important role in the fire protection system. Furthermore, the fire hydrant provides water supply that consists of sufficient flow and pressure delivered through pipes throughout the building to the located network valves. The fire hydrants are fixed to the piping system where the pipes are pressured by the pumpy from the water tank. Water tank, fire pumps, distributed piping system and suction piping are the part of the system. The system functions when a hose reel is attached to the external fire hydrant, sufficient water will be pumped out to assist the fire fighters.

There are two different types of external fire hydrant which are the three-way fire hydrant or the two-way fire hydrant. As seen on Figure 87 , the external fire hydrant used in Suasana PJH is the two-way fire hydrant.

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As seen on Figure 87 , the external fire hydrant used in Suasana PJH is the two-way fire hydrant.

There are 6 external fire hydrant in block A of Suasana PJH which are located outside each corners not more than 91.5 meters away from the building as seen on Figure 88. The pipes used for the fire hydrant system are of the 'Ductile Iron' type. The 'Fittings' used for these types of pipes are made of 'Ductile Iron'. 'Sluice Valve' is plugged in 'Valve Chamber 'for use by the Fire Department.

G Floor Plan Block A

Figure 87 Two-way external fire hydrant located outside of Suasana PJH

Figure 88 Location of each external fire hydrant in Suasana PJH

According to UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 225 (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

Conclusion: In reference to Figure 88, the external fire hydrants located outside of each corners of Suasana PJH is noticeable from the main road and located not more than 91.5 meters which will be easily accessed by the fire brigade for access. Hence to conclude, the external fire hydrant system in Suasana PJH complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under claus 225 (2).

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4.2 Water Based System 4.2.2 Hose Reel System

During the early stages of a fire, the hose reel system is intended to be used by the occupants of a building. As seen on Figure 89 , the hose reel system consists of hose reel pumps, water storage tank and hose reels located strategically in a building, ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a fire. This manually operated system is activated by opening a valve enabling the water to flow into the hose which typically is 30 meters away. The pressure loss of the system will then activate the pump ensuring adequate water pressure and flow to provide a water supply of typically a minimum of 10 meter from its nozzle. Therefore, it usually operates when the valve has been opened to enable the flow of water.

Water storage tank

panel

Hose reel

Hose reel pump

Figure 89 The overall layout of hose reel system Source: https://firefighting.com.my

4.2.2.1 Hose Reel In Suasana PJH, the hose reel is strategically placed as seen on Figure 90 and Figure 91 which are near the fire staircase, lobby, fire lift and along the escape route during the fire. There are a total of 8 hose reels at each floors of Suasana PJH. Other than that, as seen on Figure 92, the hose reel is placed together with all the water based fire extinguishing systems in a compartment and some are kept in the case as seen on Figure 93 for better storage or accidental use. Each one is equipped with a 30-meter rubber hose length, 25mm size and comes with a 'nozzle'.

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4.2.2.1 Hose Reel (cont’d) The following are how the hose reel is used during an emergency. First, unscrew the hose from the drum and point the nozzle to the source of the fire. Them, open the valve completely slowly.

Third, rotate the 'nozzle' in the opposite direction of the clock when it is routed to the source of the fire. Fourth, exit water pattern can be adjusted according to desired shape either in the form of jet or spray by rotating the 'nozzle'. Finally, once completed, close the 'nozzle' and open the valve fully and roll re-host to its original position.

Figure 90 Hose reel located near the fire emergency staircase at level 1 of Suasana PJH

Figure 92 Hose reel placed together with water based fire extinguishing system in a compartment cabinet

Figure 91 Hose reel located near the fire fire lift at level 13 of Suasana PJH

Figure 93 Hose reel kept in a case and placed next to fire exit door

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4.2.2.1 Hose Reel (cont’d)

G Floor Plan Block A

Figure 94 (1) Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of hose reel system at the fire fighting access lobby

According to UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 231 (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

Conclusion: In reference to Figure 94 (1), the hose reels are strategically placed in the fire fighting access lobby and beside emergency exits, fire staircases and fire lifts at each floors. By so, it allows ease for the fire brigade to access the hose reel during fire emergencies.

Therefore, the hose reel system in Suasana PJH complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Claus 231 (2).

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4.2.1.2 Hose Reel Pump

There are two types of hose reel pump found in Suasana PJH, which are duty pump for duty operation and standby pump for standby operation as seen on Figure 94 (2). Both these pumps have the same function but different pressures. The standby pump acts as a backup pump in case duty pump fails to operate during certain pressure. Furthermore, each pump is connected to a pressure sensing switches on a panel as seen on Figure 95 which are used to start or stop the pumps to maintain the required water pressure. The setting and indication of both pumps are labelled as seen on Figure 96 at its respective pressure to indicate the cut in and cut off pressure of the hose reel pump.

Standby pump

Duty pump

Figure 94 (2) The hose reel pumps of Suasana PJH

Figure 95 Hose reel pump panel

Figure 96 The hose reel pump setting and indication map

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4.2.1.2 Hose Reel Pump (Cont’d)

Furthermore, the hose reel pumps in Suasana PJH is located at the rooftop together with the hose reel water storage tank. As seen on Figure 97 ,shows the highlighted location of the hose reel pump on the rooftop plan.

Rooftop Plan Block A

Figure 97 location of hose reel pump on the rooftop of Suasana PJH

4.2.2.3 Hose Reel water storage tank The hose reel water storage tank is necessary in every building to be able to access to large amounts of water. The tanks could also be helpful if there is low water pressure. Therefore, there are many benefits of having a hose reel water storage tank as they are easily accessible, expandable, durable and have different capacities. In Suasana PJH, the hose reel water storage tank has a minimum capacity of 9.1 cubic meters as seen on Figure 98 and it is located at the rooftop as seen on Figure 99 right next to the hose reel pump room.

Figure 98 Hose reel water storage tank of Suasana PJH

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Rooftop Plan Block A

Figure 99 location of hose reel water storage tank on the rooftop of Suasana PJH

According to UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 247 (1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels,with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.

(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

Conclusion: In reference to Figure 99, the location of the hose reel water storage tank at the rooftop level can be exempted from the regulations stated in (2) whereby, main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels. Therefore, the hose reel water storage tank in Suasana PJH complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Claus 247 (1),(2) and (3).

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4.2.3 Wet Riser System

A Wet riser is a supply system that is for the purpose of water distribution to multiple levels or compartments of a building, as a component of its fire fighting systems. Therefore, they provide a fixed distribution system within the building that requires no fire service resources or equipment.

Furthermore, it is designed as part of and to maintain the compartmentation of the building. Wet risers are permanently charged with pressurized water. This is as opposed to dry risers which do not contain water when they are not being used, but are charged with water by fire service pumping appliances during fire emergencies. As seen on Figure 100 , the wet riser system consists of the wet rise pumps, wet riser, wet riser tank, the pump starter panel, hose cradle and the landing valve.

Wet riser tank

Landing valve

panel

Hose cradle

Wet riser pumps

Figure 100 The overall layout of the wet riser system Source: https://firefighting.com.my

4.2.3.1 Wet riser The Wet Riser System in Suasana PJH is designed according to MS 1489: Part 2 and the requirements of the Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia. There are two sets of pumps and tanks for the Wet riser system provided. The wet riser purpose is to provide water supplies at landing valves at the upper levels of the building and also to ensure that water is immediately available at each and every floors. As seen on Figure 101, there are one hose cradle along with 65mm x 30m canvas and 2 nozzle hose that are provided in each location of 'landing valve'. There are a total of seven wet risers on each floors and the landing valve is located in a protected area, such as fireplace stairs and lobby as seen on Figure 102 .Water pipes for this system are of GI 'C' type. The supply pipes are 150mm and using Pressure Regulating Type of Landing Valve and no return pipe is provided. Landing Valve is provided at each level and the landing valve position is based on standards MS 1489: Part 2. Under normal circumstances the landing valve channel will be left in closed position.

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65mm x 30m canvas hose

Hose cradle

Wet riser pipe

Landing Valve

Figure 101 Wet riser system found in Suasana PJH

G Floor Plan Block A

Figure 102 Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of the wet riser system at the fire fighting access lobby

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4.2.3.1 Wet Riser (Cont’d)

Furthermore, during fire emergencies, at least three trained and experienced people are required to operate this system. The following are ways on how to use the wet riser. Firstly, unlock the whole canvas hose, plug the nozzle at one end and connect one end to the landing valve. Two, nozzles and canvas hoses should be held firmly by at least two people, while another one should open the landing valve slowly. Point the fountain towards the fire. Water jets removed from the nozzle can achieve water production at least 500 liters per minute.Then, the pump will start operating when the landing valve is opened. Finally, when successfully extinguished the fire, the pump needs to be discharged manually and test the second pump operation which is the standby pump. All pumps should always be resetted to automatic modes and the whole system should be supplied with re-pressure at designated pressure values based on the design requirements. Whereas, if the pump fails to operate automatically, it should be handled manually.

According to UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 231 (1) Wet riser system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level.

(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

Conclusion: In Suasana PJH, the building is higher than 30.5 meters which a wet riser system has been installed.

In reference to Figure 102, the components of the wet riser system can be found near and in the designated fire fighting access lobby at ground floor making it easy for the fire brigade to access during fire emergencies. Hence to conclude, the wet riser system in Suasana PJH complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Claus 231 (1) and (2).

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ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 4.2 WATER BASED SYSTEM

4.2.3.2 Wet riser pump In Suasana PJH, the wet riser pump consists of three pump sets, a jockey pump and two electric pumps , one on duty and one ready as seen of Figure 103 which is housed in the wet riser pump room at the basement oor as seen on Figure 104. All the pumps are connected to the power supply from the electric generator set. These pumps are set to start operation automatically according to the following pressure values: 1.

The operation of the pumps is controlled by a pressure switches where the preset pressure will be set to start and discharge the pump automatically at the value of pressure.

2.

All pump state statuses (either 'run', 'fail' or 'AC failure') are indicated by the indicator on Main Fire Alarm Panel located in the ďŹ re control room at ground level of Block A.

Figure 103 The wet riser pump in the pump room of Suasana PJH

Basement Floor Plan Block A

Figure 104 Shows the location of the wet riser pump room at the basement floor

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4.2.3.3 Wet riser water storage tank There are two reinforced concrete water tanks also known as RC Water Tank with a capacity of 90 cubic meters of water capacity available as seen on Figure 105. The water storage tank is located at the wet riser pump room at the basement floor as seen on Figure 106. The four-way breeching Inlet is also available for each tank directly connected to the water tank

Figure 105 The wet riser water storage tank

Basement Floor Plan Block A

Figure 106 Shows the location of the wet riser water storage tank at the basement floor

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4.2.4 Automatic fire water sprinkler system

The automatic water sprinkler system is an automatic fire detection, alarm and extinguishing system which can deal quickly and effectively with any outbreak of fire that may occur in a building. The system consists of several sections comprising a number of sprinkler heads mounted on the pipes, each section being connected through a section control valve to a sprinkler main which in turn is connected to a pressure tank and a pump. Each section has an alarm system that will automatically ring when they reach a certain temperature .Therefore, the function is to distribute water immediately to extinguish fire when detected by the smoke and alarm detector. As seen on Figure 109 , the fire sprinkler heads, pump, tank and alarm valve are the main components of the automatic fire water sprinkler system. In Suasana PJH, the water pipes and sprinkler heads network of the automatic water sprinkler system is installed throughout the building except rooms that consists of high voltage electrical equipments such as the fire control room, electrical room and so on.

Fire sprinkler tank

panel

Piping system for water distribution

Fire sprinkler heads pumps

Figure 109 The overall layout of the automatic fire water sprinkler system Source: https://www.indiamart.com

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4.2.4 Automatic fire water sprinkler system (Cont’d) 4.2.4.1 Fire Sprinkler Heads

A fire sprinkler head is the component of a fire sprinkler system that discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a predetermined temperature has been exceeded.

Each sprinkler head is designed based on its own temperature that will be activated individually when it is heated. The activation of the sprinkler is usually stamped on the sprinkler link or at its base frame. Typically the fire sprinkler heads consists of the following components which are the deflector, frame, temperature sensitive glass bulb and a sealing assembly as seen on Figure 110

Figure 110 Components of a fire sprinkler head Source: https://www.meyerfire.com

There are two types of fire sprinkler head used in Suasana PJH which are the pendant sprinkler head as seen on Figure 111 and the concealed pendant sprinkler head as seen on Figure 112. The pendant sprinkler head hangs down from the ceiling and sprays water in a circular pattern. These sprinkler heads are used in the offices and at the basement in Suasana PJH. Whereas, the concealed pendant sprinkler head are recessed in a ceiling and are covered with a decorative cap. The cap will fall away about 20°F prior to activation of the sprinkler. Once the sprinkler reaches its rated activation temperature, the head will drop below the ceiling. The water pattern of concealed sprinkler heads is a circle. These sprinkler heads are used at the lobby and the hallway of every offices in Suasana PJH.

Figure 111 Pendant sprinkler heads found in suasana PJH

Figure 112 Concealed pendant sprinkler head found in suasana PJH

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4.2.4 Automatic fire water sprinkler system (Cont’d) 4.2.4.2 Fire sprinkler pump Suasana PJH has two stages of pumping namely stage 1 (OH III 45m) for basement 2 to Level 7 and stage 2 (OH III 45m + 2.8 Bar) for Level 8 to Roof Level. This system consists of three pump sets, a jockey pump and two electric pumps, one duty and one standby as seen on Figure 113 which are placed in the fire sprinkler pump room at Basement floor of Suasana PJH as seen on Figure 116. The pumps are designed according to minimum pressure and flow requirements according to MS 1910: 2006. Therefore, all pumps are connected to power supply from electric generator set. At normal conditions, the pumps are given predetermined pressure through the control of the pressure switch as seen on Figure 114 and pump starter panel. These pumps are set to start operation automatically according to certain pressure values as seen on Figure 115.

Figure 113 Fire sprinkler pump sets at the pump room of Suasana PJH

Figure 114 Fire sprinkler pump pressure switch

Figure 115 Fire sprinkler pump pressure values of Suasana PJH diagram

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4.2.4.2 Fire sprinkler pump (cont’d)

Basement Floor Plan Block A

Figure 116 Shows the location of the fire sprinkler pump room at the basement floor

Moving on, all distribution pipes at each level are equipped with a flow switch where the location is indicated by signage inside the building. This switch will be activated if there is a broken sprinkler head when a fire occurs or when there is a flow of water in the pipe. Furthermore, it will activate the alarm system. The location of the fire zone will be shown on the main Fire Alarm Panel located in the fire control room on the ground floor of Block A. The butterfly Valve is attached to the pipe before the flow switch. This is so that maintenance works can be easily done. Closure of this valve is not allowed except for maintenance work only. If the shutdown occurs, it will cause failure to the automatic water sprinkler System. If any of these valves are closed, the indicator LED lights will light up in the main fire alarm panel

4.2.4.3 Fire sprinkler water storage tank The fire sprinkler water storage tank is a reinforced concrete water tank also known as RC Water tank with a capacity of 185 cubic meters of water capacity available as seen on Figure 117. The fire sprinkler water storage is located at the fire sprinkler pump room at the basement floor as seen on Figure 116.

Figure 117 Fire sprinkler water storage tank found at Suasana PJH water sprinkler pump room PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 4.2 WATER BASED SYSTEM

4.2.4.4 Fire Sprinkler Alarm Valve In Suasana PJH, there are 8 sets of ďŹ re sprinkler alarm valve located at the basement as seen on Figure 118 . The alarm valve as seen on Figure 119 is equipped with a 150mm hydraulic alarm gong. Each alarm valve is ďŹ tted with a 150mm gate valve that is based on the size of the pipe provided. The gate valve function is to restrict water supply to the system when the system is not used. There is also a bypass valve available as recommended by the MS1910: 2006 standard.

Figure 119 Fire sprinkler alarm valve located at the basement of Suasana PJH

Figure 120 The water pressure gauge of a fire sprinkler alarm valve

Figure 121 Close up look of the fire sprinkler alarm valve

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4.2 Water Based System 4.2.4 Automatic fire water sprinkler system (Cont’d) 4.2.4.4 Fire Sprinkler Alarm Valve (Cont’d)

Basement Floor Plan Block A

Figure 118 Shows the location of the fire sprinkler alarm valve at the basement floor

According to UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 228 (1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the fire authority.

(2) All sprinkler system shall be electrically connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

Conclusion: In reference to Figure 118 , the fire sprinkler valves is located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and is readily as well as easy accessible to the fire authority. Furthermore, it is electrically connected to the fire alarm system which links directly to the nearest fire station. Hence to conclude, the fire sprinkler alarm valve in Suasana PJH complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Claus 228 (1) and (2).

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4.3 Non-Water Based System There are many cases where a traditional fire sprinkler system cannot and will not protect property in the event of a fire. In instances where you are fighting electrical fires, certain chemicals, metals, or flammable materials less dense than water you need a specialty system to extinguish fires, Hence, the firefighting equipment such as non water based system is safe to use specified for emergencies.

In Suasana PJH, as seen on Figure 122, the non water based system consists of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System and Portable Fire Extinguishers

Figure 122 The overview chart of non-water based system in Suasana PJH

4.3.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System Carbon dioxide is the combination of carbon and oxygen that is odorless, colourless, electrically non-conductive gas that is also highly efficient as a fire suppression agent. It is reliable, effective as well as a fast-acting fire suppression system. The carbon dioxide extinguishing system consists of carbon dioxide cylinders as seen on Figure 123, steel piping, discharge nozzles,heat or smoke detectors and a control panel as seen on Figure 124. The use of the control panel is to be able to monitor the space to activate both audio and visual alarms before releasing the gas. In addition, carbon dioxide is then released upon detection of fire to warn any occupants to evacuate the room.

Advantages of using Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System includes the following : ● ● ● ● ●

Adaptive: CO2 is effective on most combustible and flammable materials Environmentally friendly: CO2 exists as a gas in the earth’s atmosphere thus it does not produce negative impacts on the environment Fast: CO2 is able to penetrate the entire hazardous areas for combustion in just seconds Non-conductive: CO2 is electrically non-conductive which allows the use for a wide range of applications Non-damaging: CO2 does not leave any residue, cause spoilage and requires no clean-up after use.

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4.3.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System (cont’d)

Figure 123 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System in Suasana PJH

Figure 124 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System Control Panel

Furthermore, the carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System in Suasana PJH is installed at the fire control room which is located at G floor as seen on Figure 125, the mechanical room and electrical room which is located at the basement as seen on Figure 126 as the rooms consists of various electrical equipments which is hazardous to the occupants in the room. Hence, carbon dioxide must be used instead of water because the extinguishing effect is obtained by replacing oxygen from the fire, causing it to suffocate. This system should not be installed for rooms that are normally occupied.

G Floor Plan Block A

Figure 125 Shows the location of the carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System in Suasana PJH is installed at the fire control room which is located at G floor PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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Basement Floor Plan Block A

Figure 126 Shows the location of the the carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System at mechanical room and electrical room located at the basement

According to UBBL 1984 Relating to carbon dioxide extinguishing systems is By-law 235 and the applicable standard is: -MS 1590 : 2003

Figure 127 Shows the main components of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression system Source: http://www.ersaray.com.tr/CO2-Sondurme-Sistemleri.html

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4.3.2 Portable Fire Extinguisher By definition, a portable fire extinguisher is an equipment for the purpose of extinguishing a fire. The reality is however that a portable fire extinguisher is effective only for the type and size of a fire that it is rated for. Therefore, portable fire extinguishers are generally provided as "first attack" units in fire fighting and should be used only in early stages of fire before the fire grows to a stage that is beyond the capacity of the extinguisher. There are six types of fire extinguisher as seen on Figure 128 which are: Water, Foam, Wet Chemical, Vaporising Liquid, ABC Multipurpose Dry Powder and Carbon Dioxide. The selection of an extinguisher must be made with the class of fire in mind. However, in Suasana PJH, the type of portable fire extinguisher used are the ABC Multipurpose Dry Powder fire extinguisher and the Carbon Dioxide fire extinguisher. Each fire extinguisher is installed at the height of 1.2 meters from the ground. The location of the fire extinguisher should be easily spotted and near a fire hazard site such as the corridor, room exit, staircases, lobby and landing. To prevent obstruction, it should be placed within recessed closet if sited along a protected corridor.

Figure 128 Shows the types of fire extinguisher Source: Service Fire Equipment, 2017

Figure 129 Shows the standard operational procedures of a fire extinguisher Source: https://www.fireextinguisheronline.com

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4.3.2.1 ABC Multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher The ABC Multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher is the most common fire extinguisher used as seen on Figure 130. It is a multi-purpose fire extinguisher that can be used on Class A (burning solids) , class B (flammable liquids) & Class C (flammable liquids) fires. The ABC Multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher can also be used on electrical fires but leave a residue that may be harmful to sensitive electronics. In Suasana PJH, each floor consists of 16 ABC Multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher which are usually installed inside the offices emergency exit doors, lift, staircases as seen on Figure 132 or next to the wet riser as seen on Figure 131.

Figure 130 ABC multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher inside the office of Suasana PJH

Figure 131 ABC multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher stored next to wet riser

2nd Floor Plan Block A

Figure 132 Shows the location of each ABC Multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher on the 2nd floor office in Suasana PJH

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4.3.2.2 Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher The carbon dioxide fire extinguisher as seen on Figure 133 contains pure carbon dioxide which is a clean extinguishant, leaving no residue when used. It is suitably used for class B flammable liquid fires (petrol, oil, solvents) and recommended for use on live electrical equipment. Furthermore, the carbon dioxide fire extinguisher is a fast extinguishing action and is the most effective when it comes to fire involving electrical equipment which makes it perfect for installation in server rooms & areas with high voltage. Therefore, in Suasana PJH, The carbon dioxide fire extinguisher can be found on the basement level in the fire pump room, MSB Room, Generator Room, SSB Room, AHU Room, Exhaust Room and other rooms that involves high voltage electrical equipment as seen on Figure 134 In addition, the key element to differentiate between the ABC Multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher and the carbon dioxide fire extinguisher is that the carbon dioxide fire extinguisher has a large black cone-shaped horn. The purpose of the cone-shaped horn is to allow the carbon dioxide gas to expand, cool and turn into a mixture of frozen “snow” and gas. Lastly, It is designed to easily as well as smoothly release carbon dioxide at a high speed.

Cone-shaped Horn

Figure 133 Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher found in Suasana PJH

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4.3.2 Portable Fire Extinguisher (Cont’d) 4.3.2.2 Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher (Cont’d)

Basement Floor Plan Block A

Figure 134 Shows the location of each Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher located at the basement of Suasana PJH

According to UBBL 1984 Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 227 Portable Extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent position on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar fire extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

Conclusion: To conclude, the portable fire extinguishers in Suasana PJH complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under claus 227. As shown on Figure 133 and Figure 134, the fire extinguishers are placed at prominent position on exit routes which are easily spotted and near a fire hazard site such as the corridor, room exit, staircases, lobby and landing. Lastly, both ABC Multipurpose dry powder and Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers has similar method of operation.

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4.4 Alarm, Detention Systems and Devices Providing warning of the outbreak of fire and allowing appropriate fire fighting actions to be implemented are the objectives of the system.

4.4.1 Fire Alarm System A series of fire detection devices is interconnected to fire alarm control panels.

The devices must be highly accessible and conspicuous on exit routes.

A two-stage alarm system ought to be provided in every building with with gross floor area excluding car parks and storage areas exceeding 9290 square metre or 30.5metre in height. (UBBL,2009) Two-stage alarm systems are adopted to prevent false fire alarm because the staff at the first stage will have to investigate the triggered alarm signal before informing other users through a more extensive general alarm system. The whole system must be backed up with readily connected battery back up supply in case of power failure for at least 24 hours.(Abu Bakar, 2006)

4.4.1.1 Fire Alarm An even distribution of fire alarm bell is installed throughout the building.

The origin of fire should be quickly identified.(Abu Bakar,2006) Fire warning alarms must be capable of producing a minimum sound level of at least 65 decibels so that it is audible in all parts of the building. Alarm location should be in common access positions and no people should have got to walk more than 30m to raise an alarm. Manual call point has red-painted call buttons 1.5m above floor level. (Greeno, 2006) It is a device that allows personnel to raise the sounder strobe by breaking the frangible element on the fascia. In Suasana PJH, manual call points are fitted on the floor side of an access door to fire staircase so that the floor of origin is indicated at the control panel at fire control room.

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4.4.1 Fire Alarm System 4.4.1.1 Fire Alarm

Figure 135 Master Fire Alarm Bell

Figure 136 Manual Break Glass

The master fire alarm bell at fire control room is raised by the staff in fire control room in case the room itself catches fire.

When the manual break glass is activated, only the sounder strobe above produces a continuous alarm whereby the zone beside, upstairs and downstairs produce intermittent alarm.

After five minutes, all alarm sounder that are controlled by main fire alarm panel will emit sirens together.

1.5m

Figure 137 Audio and Visual Alarm

Figure 138 Manual Call Point

Audio and visual alarm, also known as sounder strobe, will be triggered once the manual call point below is activated by breaking the glass, where siren can be heard and flashing light from LED inside can be seen.

The manual call point and the sounder strobe are located beside the door that leads to fire staircase.

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4.4.1 Fire Alarm System 4.4.1.1 Fire Alarm

The manual call points and sounder strobes are placed strategically, whereby they always come in a pair, with the call points located 1.5m from the floor just outside every fire staircase. Moreover, it complies with the UBBL by having 20m as the greater travel distance from any point in the building to the nearest call points, which does not exceed 30m.

Figure 139 The locations of manual call points and sounder strobes

4.4.1.2 Fireman’s Switch This specialised switch disconnector is used by firemen to cut off the electricity supply of the house in preventing explosions of electrical equipment in case of fire.

Normally it is located on the exterior walls of premises but a set of two switches are placed at every level of fire staircase service core so that circuit of each level can be disconnected by firemen separately.

The two fireman’s switches are painted red and placed at a height of two metres above the floor. A fireman can use his hook or axe, which is an insulated rod to pull the handle at the left to ON position which isolates the utility supply to the level.

Figure 140 A pair of fireman’s switches

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4.4.1 Fire Alarm System 4.4.1.2 Fireman’s Switch

Figure 142 Two zones controlled by switches

Figure 141 Fireman’s Switches

The whereabouts of two fireman’s switches at ground floor, which is at the interval between two wings.

The left fireman’s switch cuts off electrical supply of the north wing whereas the right one isolates utility supply of east wing.

4.4.1.3 Voice communication system It enables communication between fire control room and corridors,staircases and lift lobbies. A voice alarm system is used to control the safe evacuation of building occupants through voice messages or clear spoken instructions. The system may also be used for broadcasting music or general announcements provided such functions are overridden during emergency. (Abu Bakar, 2006)

Paging microphone

Zone selector

Power amplifier

In order to make an emergency announcement, the staff get the microphone on the table and press the ‘all call’ button.

Then, activate ‘press to talk switch’ button in a depress situation on the microphone to cut off the normal announcement mode.

Figure 143 Public Address System

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4.4.1 Fire Alarm System 4.4.1.3 Voice Communication System

Figure 144 A box speaker

Figure 145 A loudspeaker

Figure 146 A ceiling speaker

Box Speaker in the fire staircase shaft of each level, which is separated into different zones to avoid confusion.

Loudspeakers are utilised in both levels of basement car parks

Ceiling speakers are installed at the ceiling of office and corridors as well as lift lobby.

Phone calls from the fire intercom will be received by staff at the fire control room.

The fireman intercom is accessible by breaking the red glass at every level of fire exit shaft.

Figure 147 Fireman Intercom

Figure 148 An intercom panel

Figure 149 Location of fireman intercoms

Each fireman intercom is located inside the core of each fire staircase, as shown in the basement two of the building.

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4.4.1 Fire Alarm System 4.4.1.3 Voice Communication System At level seven, each fireman intercom is accessible at the interior wall of every fire staircase core.

Figure 150 location of fireman intercom

4.4.1.4 Smoke Detector Automatic detectors are compulsory to indicate location of the outbreak of a fire and subsequently operate alarm bells to inform staff in fire control room. The distance in between two ionisation smoke detectors should be 10.6m whereas each detector should cover a radius of 5.3m. Smoke detectors should be sited not less than 25mm or more than 600mm below the ceiling.

(Abu Bakar, 2006).

Each ionisation smoke detector in Suasana PJH generally contains two chambers. One is used as a reference to compensate for changes in ambient temperature, humidity or pressure. The second contains a radioactive source, usually alpha particle, which ionises the air passing through the chamber where a current flows between two electrodes. When any of the products of combustion especially smoke particles enter the chamber the current flow decreases. This drop is used to initiate an alarm.

Figure 151 Simplified section of a smoke detector

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4.4.1 Fire Alarm System 4.4.1.4 Smoke Detector

Figure 152 A smoke detector

Figure 153 A smoke detector in lift lobby

An Ionisation smoke detector underneath a concrete beam in basement car parks.

An Ionisation smoke detector underneath the plastered ceiling of the lift lobby.

Figure 154 Location of smoke detectors

At basement two, minimum of one smoke detector is placed at the ceiling of exhaust fan rooms, ďŹ re exit shafts, lift lobbies and electrical rooms

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4.4.1 Fire Alarm System 4.4.1.4 Smoke Detector There’s a lack of smoke detector in office area which spans more than 20m at level seven as they are only provided in lift lobby, AHU room and electrical room.

Figure 155 Location of smoke detectors

Heat detectors respond to converted thermal energy of a fire and are commonly located near or on the ceiling. Heat sensing circuit is contained within a heat detector that senses a rapid increase in temperature. Should a sudden increase in temperature happen, it will trigger the alarm at fire alarm control panel. The heat detector must be suitable for ceiling mounted and its casing has to be corrosion and fire resistant.

The maximum horizontal distance between two heat detectors must not be more than 5.3m. Heat detectors should be sited not less than 25mm or more than 150mm below the ceiling. (Abu Bakar, 2006)

Thermistor Rate-of rise heat detectors are utilised in Suasana PJH, whereby it is arranged alternately with smoke detectors for maximum fire detection.

Figure 156 A heat detector on the office ceiling

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4.4.1 Fire Alarm System 4.4.1.5 Heat Detector

In a heat detector used in Suasana PJH, a matched pair of thermistors is used to sense a rate of rise in temperature. One thermistor is exposed to the atmosphere whereas the other one is thermally insulated. A rapid change in temperature during fire results in a faster heating of the exposed thermistor, therefore increases its net change in resistance. When the difference in resistance between two thermistors exceeds the preset value, the detector will go into alarm condition.

Figure 157 A heat detector

4.4.1.6 Optical Beam Detector Optical beam detector is used to detect smoke on high areas when smoke detectors are restricted by the height of the building.The maximum length of the area protected by a single optical beam detector is 100 metres. As such, beam detectors are used in the main lobby with high ceiling. The beam should be at least 2.7 metres above the floor if there is possibly of users walking in the area of the beam.(Abu Bakar, 2006) Single-ended Type beam detectors are applied in Susana PJH to save cost due to shorter wiring runs because unlike end-to-end type, only the transmitter cum receiver requires constant supply of power. The beam is transmitted towards a specially designed reflector mounted at the far end of the area to be protected, and the receiver monitors the attenuation of the returned signal.

Optical beam detector, which is a combination of beam emitter and receiver units, is installed close to the ceiling of the tall lobby of block A of Suasana PJH.

Figure 158 A beam detector

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4.4.1 Fire Alarm System 4.4.1.6 Optical Beam Detector

Figure 159 How single-ended beam detector works

The detector is typically calibrated to a number of preset sensitivity levels based on the attenuation of the beam detected by the receiver. The sensitivity setting depends on the beam range and site environment. Attenuation that exceeds prescribed limits could mean fire with black smoke, which alarm will be triggered.

Located at level four, which is close to the ceiling of the main lobby at ground floor, three beam reflectors at the left side work with three beam transmitter cum receiver opposite of each other whereby alarm will be triggered if beam receiver failed to receive the beam due to blockage by smoke particles during fire.

Figure 160 Location of beam detectors at the main lobby

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4.4.1 Fire Alarm System 4.4.1.6 Optical Beam Detector

19m

Figure 161 Location of beam detectors in a cross section

The beam detectors and reflectors are located at 19 metres above the floor, which is an appropriate height since it is within 25 metres. This enables smoke detection at the main lobby albeit its tall ceiling.

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4.4.2 Fire Control Room Fire control room on the ground floor is necessary for two stage alarm system. Staff will be on duty for 24 hours to react immediately if any of the detectors are triggered. Staff are supposed to communicate and receive emergency calls from users who call through fire telephone.Staff there must activate alarm Saunders and alarm signalling devices at once when fire is confirmed. One fire control room is exclusive in block A, which controls both block A and B. Therefore, block B alone does not comply with the tenth schedule of UBBL due to the fact that a fire control room is not provided even though block B exceeds 30.5 metres in height.

Figure 162 The location of fire control room

The interior of fire control room with one staff in charge of control panels. It’s got a computerised monitoring system connected to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.

Figure 163 The fire control room

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4.4.2.1 Fire Alarm Control Panel The panel inform staff at fire control room about the exact location of fire alarm that is triggered, either by smoke and heat detectors of manual call points. Light emitting diodes indicating each zones with activated fire alarm will light up once it is triggered. The staff should then confirm the occurrence of fire before further action. The fireman intercom at every level of fire staircase shaft is connected to the intercom panel at fire control room.

Figure 164 Fire alarm control panel

Figure 165 Fire alarm control panel

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4.4.2 Fire Control Room 4.4.2.2 Intercom Panel According to UBBL 2012, a panel to monitor fireman intercom is compulsory in a fire control room. In a case of emergency such as someone being trapped, they can break the glass of the fire telephone to inform and ask for assistance from the staff at fire control room. This intercom panel informs the staff about the location of the caller.

Figure 166 A fire intercom

Victims of fire can give an emergency call through the fire intercom, which will be received at intercom panel.

Figure 167 An intercom panel

The intercom panel showing the location of fire intercoms at each level in block A. The location of the caller can be identified when the bulb lights up.

Figure 168 The overall intercom panel

The intercom panel enables navigation of fire intercoms at both block A and block B.

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4.5 Smoke Control System (Exhaust Fan Room) Smoke control system is prepared for rooms that are greater than 1000 metre cube as stated in UBBL. Centrifugal fan, exhaust fan and ducting comprise this system. Smoke from the fire will be removed at the basement and office rooms. This happens because each exhaust fan room contains a centrifugal fan that serves this purpose. The centrifugal fan will operate automatically when fire breaks out in which its activation will be shown in Main Fire Alarm Panel. Smoke management system in fire control room is used to manually switch on or off the fan. The fans must be switched off annually by pressing the red button of its control panel after the fire has been extinguished and the fire fighting procedure is completed.

Figure 169 The control panel of an individual centrifugal fan

Figure 170 The exhaust pipe that delivers fresh air to expel smoke during fire.

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4.5 Smoke Control System

Figure 171 Exhaust Fan Rooms

The locations of all exhaust fan rooms at the basement that is shared by both block A and B. Each exhaust fan room is located close by or beside each fire staircase which repels smoke when fire breaks out.

4.6 Compartmentalisation System Fire rated roller shutter is a single layer shutter curtain made of steel face sheets on both sides and sealed with fire rated heat insulation board in between. Fire resistant roller shutters that can withstand fire up to four hours are placed at several places in the basement that will be automatically closed to compartmentalise the basement into four segments to prevent spreading of fire. When total aggravate area of the basement exceeds 1000 metre square, it must be compartmentalised from the rest when part of it is used as car parks. (Abu Bakar, 2006) This is a kind of fire curtain that is used to separate two spaces to protect an escape route.

Figure 172 The locations of fire-rated roller shutters in basement car parking are displayed by red lines.

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The automatic fire-rated roller shutter uses an electric motor to operate. Galvanised steel with reinforced interlocking groove are used to withstand fire. The system will close automatically when the temperature of the space reaches 68 degree Celsius. Releaser enables the shutter to close by itself using electricity when fire is detected.

Figure 173 A fire-rated roller shutter

Figure 174 The fire-rated roller shutter

Figure 175 The aluminium box and guide rail

A fire rated door is provided beside the roller shutter to prevent people from being trapped when the shutter is closed completely during fire.

Fire rated roller shutters that can withstand fire for four hours are hidden inside the aluminium box .

Figure 176 The four compartments

When all the fire rated roller shutters are closed, four compartments appear on the basement plan, which is effective to stop the widespread of fire.

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In a nutshell, Susana PJH is equipped with up-to-date and sufficient active fire protection system, in which generally it follows the requirements stated in UBBL. All the fundamental equipment and devices for active fire protection are available.

However, one of the disadvantages is that fire control room is only provided at block A, that means block A and B must be under the same owner and similar supervision. Problems might arise if the owner decided to sell block B because the block alone is lacking of a Centralised fire control room. Furthermore, all the active fire devices must be given at least annual testing and maintenance so that they can function optimally when fire really breaks out since these equipment only works during emergency.

To sum up, Suasana PJH requires cooperation and collaboration of various parties so that it works for everyone safely and securely, even during disasters. Remember, crying over split milk is often an exercise in futility.

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CHAPTER 5 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

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PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.1: Literature Review Passive fire protection (PFP) is defined as a group of components integrated with the structural system of the building as means of fire protection and fire safety. The PFP system is designed to keep fires contained through compartmentalizing a building with the use of fire-resistance rated walls, floors and door, with the purpose of slowing down the spreading of fire. In case of a fire, occupants can evacuate efficiently and the fire damage can be reduced as the internal spaces are separated into segments to limit the spread of the smoke and fire.

The structural components are constructed to minimize the risk of collapsing due to fire, hence minimizing casualties as well as the devastation of the building.

As shown in the table below, passive fire protection can be separated into 3 categories, which are means of escape, firefighting access and passive containment, in order to ensure occupants are able to evacuate safely as well as maintaining the structural integrity of the building in addition to protecting and reducing the damage done to the building in case of fire.

1.

2.

3.

Means of escape refers to evacuation routes with proper exits available to the occupants of a building to escape efficiently within the shortest amount of time. Fire escape plan and emergency escape signages aid in leading occupants toward the right direction, when they will gather at an assembly point to ensure all occupants have left the building.

Firefighting access allows firefighters to enter the building compound from all sides through a route surrounding the structure, while firefighting lifts allows for firefighters to access any floors within the building.

Passive containment includes the structural components of the building such as floors and walls, along with fixtures such as doors and windows should be fire-rated to isolate fires into certain areas to prevent spread.

Figure 177 Overview of the chart of the Passive Fire Protection in Suasana PJH PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 5.2 PURPOSE GROUP OF SUASANA PJH

5.2 Purpose group of Suasana PJH Suasana PJH includes 2 blocks of building identified as Block A and Block B. Block A is the selected building, and its main function is as an office building. It also accommodates commercial stores such as cafes and shop outlets. Though the building is newly built on the period of visitation, the intended main users of the building are office workers and corporate personnel, with other staff members such as shopkeepers to janitorial workers.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 154 : For the purpose of this Part every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is divided into compartments, used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose of each compartment shall be determined separately: Provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the case may be, is used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls.

According to the UBBL 1984, Suasana PJH falls under the category of more than one purpose group, as it accommodates both the office (under Group IV) for the and shop lots (Group V), and is compliant to the Fifth Schedule in UBBL. The structure is of mixed-use as it is occupied by retail on the ground floor and first floor, while the office floors are located on the remaining levels.

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PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 5.3 MEANS OF ESCAPE 5.3 Means of Escape Means of escape is defined as structural means whereby safe routes are provided for occupants from any point of the building to a place of safety in the event of a fire (Approved Document B (Fire safety), 2013). The means of escape in Suasana PJH discussed in this report includes the evacuation route, fire assembly point, fire escape plan, vertical and horizontal exits as well as emergency exit signages.

5.3.1 Evacuation Route Evacuation route refers to a path which function as a mean of escape from any point in a building to a final exit (Approved Document B (Fire safety), 2013). The evacuation route should be an unobstructed, continuous path leading to exits accessible from any point within a workplace to a place of safety (OSHA, 2018).

Figure 178 Direction of the evacuation routes of Suasana PJH leading to the ground floor used during a fire.

Suasana PJH consists of 17 storeys inclusive of 2 basement levels which accommodates parking spaces. The ground floor and first floor of Suasana PJH hosts shops catered for retail/food & beverage businesses, the second floor hosts a mix of office and retail, while office spaces are designated from Level 3 to Level 13. At the rooftop, the lift motor room and the mechanical service room can be found. The lobby of Suasana PJH is located at the ground floor with a large main entrance to allow efficient evacuation towards the main road which will lead occupants to the Fire Assembly Point. The circulation of the evacuation route of Suasana PJH directs occupants towards the Ground Floor to allow for swift evacuation through both horizontal and vertical exits.

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5.3.1 Evacuation Route

Block

Block B

A

Evacuation Route Emergency Staircase Firefighting Lift Lift Lobby

Figure 179 Evacuation route of Basement Level 1 in Suasana PJH

The plan above shows the evacuation route from the upper basement level of Suasana PJH along with the emergency staircases accessible from different points of the car park. The basement levels connect both Block A and Block B of Suasana PJH, though the blocks are separated from the ground floor up. With 13 sets of emergency staircases leading to the ground floor, occupants at the basement level in the case of a fire emergency are able to make their way upwards with ease from any point as the distance to the nearest staircase is made short.

Fire Assembly Point

Evacuation Route Emergency Staircase Firefighting Lift

Evacuation route on ground floor level in Suasana PJH is shown in the plan to the left. In the case of a fire, all lifts will return to the ground floor, where occupants are brought to the main lobby. To allow the disperse of crowds, 3 exits are available at the main exit, where occupants can exit and follow evacuation notices to move towards the fire assembly point. 4 sets of staircases surrounds the boundary of the drop-off area of Suasana PJH, to allow occupants to evacuate through the front of the building. There is a set of staircase available as well for the evacuation of which leads towards the back of the building which is nearer to the assembly point.

Lift Lobby

Figure 180 Evacuation route of Ground Floor in Suasana PJH PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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5.3.1 Evacuation Route (Cont’d)

Evacuation Route Emergency Staircase Firefighting Lift Firefighting Lobby

Figure 181 Evacuation route of the 2nd Floor in Suasana PJH

The second floor of Suasana PJH has 2 functions, as an office (left side) and retail shops (right side). For occupants in the office space, there are 2 sets of emergency staircase located at both end which can be accessed directly from the space itself. Another set of staircase is located near the exits in the middle behind the lifts. Occupant may also evacuate through another exit which leads them to a flight of normal staircase that brings them to ground floor.Occupants at the retail side may evacuate through the middle where a set of emergency staircase is located, or through both end where there are normal staircases to evacuate the buildings. Various exits allows occupants to disperse and evacuate efficiently.

On the 4th floor of Suasana PJH, the office space covers the entire floor.

The same configuration continue from level 4 to level 8, where there are 5 sets of emergency staircases accessible from any point of the office space. The open plan office space allows for a clearly path towards the nearest emergency staircase, and the amount of available exits allows the office workers to evacuate with the staircases being too congested.

Evacuation Route Emergency Staircase Firefighting Lift Firefighting Lobby

Figure 182 Evacuation route of the 4th Floor in Suasana PJH

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5.3.1 Evacuation Route (Cont’d)

Evacuation Route Emergency Staircase Firefighting Lift Firefighting Lobby

Figure 183 Evacuation route of the 9th Floor in Suasana PJH

The 9th floor of Suasana PJH accommodates an office space which has an open plan. The open plan allows occupants to have a clear direction toward the nearest emergency staircase for evacuation.

There are 3 sets of emergency staircases which are accessible from the office space, 2 at both end of the office space and 1 in the middle. The staircases are compartmentalized with fire rated doors, meaning the occupants have to push pass these doors to exit through the staircase.

The layout configuration of this plan continues from level 9 to level 13 of the Suasana PJH building.

5.3.1.1 Evacuation route distance of Suasana PJH The evacuation route of Suasana PJH is compliant with the Seventh Schedule of the Uniform Building By-laws, with the maximum distance of travel to exits from dead ends falling within the given range as mentioned and elaborated within the context of the schedule. The requirements stated by the By-laws are implemented by the building as to ensure the efficient evacuation of the occupants as well as their safety in the case of a fire.

As shown below, the office area of Suasana PJH has a length of about 40 metres per side, and the space itself is installed with water sprinklers that will go off when the plug of the sprinkle breaks or warps in the case of fire, ensuring the occupants are able to leave safely by dousing the fire with pressurized water. Hence, the maximum travel distance from a fire staircase to another in Suasana PJH is under 60 meters with the total of 5 sets of staircases (and has water sprinklers installed), and is compliant with the UBBL. Purpose Group

Dead-End Limit (metre)

Un-sprinklered (metre)

Sprinklered (metre)

Not Applicable

30

45

Iv. Office

15

45

60

V. Shops

15

30

45

Not Applicable

45

60

II. Open Plan ~38.4 metres

VII. Places of Assembly

Figure 184 Length of 1 side of the office area of Suasana PJH

Limit when alternative exits are available

Maximum travel distance from emergency exits (UBBL, 1984)

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5.3.1 Evacuation Route (Cont’d) 5.3.1.2 Conclusion In conclusion, the evacuation route of Suasana PJH is planned strategically, with the access to emergency staircases readily available at the middle and both ends along the stretch of the building on all 3 sides of the triangular layout configuration. Multiple sets of emergency staircases are placed to ensure the crowds disperse evenly to ensure efficient evacuation, and are accessible through a linear circulation as shown through the diagrams. The maximum travel distance of one exit to the other is within the range of the allowed distance, and is compliant with the requirements of UBBL under the Seventh Schedule, as well as the rules mentioned from Section 165 to 167.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 165: (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any corners or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where the measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in plane of the trend noising.

In the case of open areas the distance to exits shall be measured from the most remote point of occupancy provided that the direct distance shall not exceed two-thirds the permitted travel distance In the case of individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of not more than six person, the travel distance shall be measured from the doors of such rooms: Provided that the travel distance from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed 15 metres.

The maximum travel distances to exits and dead end limits shall be as specified in the Seventh Schedule of these By-laws

Section 166: (1) (2)

Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary.

The exists shall be so sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times.

Section 167: (1)

(2)

Except as provided for in by-law 194 every compartment shall be provided with at least two storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case closer than 4.5 metres and in such position that the travel distances specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are not exceeded.

The width of storey exist shall be in accordance with the provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.

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5.3.2 Fire Assembly Point As soon as occupants have reached the end of the evacuation route, they will be directed towards a designated place of safety. The “place of safety” is defined as the Fire Assembly Point, which is clearly marked on the emergency plan as a location safe from the fire outside the building to be easily accessible in times of emergency. In Suasana PJH, direction towards the assembly point is indicated with the aid of evacuation notices (BFFF, 2015).

The fire assembly point of Suasana PJH is located at the back off the building to the left, and is an open square that can hold a large number of people in case the occupants of the building has to gather at the area after evacuating Block A of Suasana PJH. As soon as the occupants reach the ground floor exit through the emergency staircase, they are directed towards the fire assembly point with the aid of evacuation notices. The placement of the exits allows for a linear circulation for the occupants to move toward the open space.

Figure 186 Fire Assembly Point located at a public square in front of the Ministry of Finance.

Fire Assembly Point Evacuation Route Emergency Staircase Firefighting Lift Lift Lobby

Figure 185 Ground Floor plan indicating the Fire Assembly Point of Suasana PJH

Figure 187 Evacuation notices in both Malay and English are placed at surrounding areas to direct occupants.

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PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 5.3 MEANS OF ESCAPE 5.3.2 Fire Assembly Point (Cont’d) UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 178: In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupant of the place of assembly from the fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.

Section 179: Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity as follows:

Class A Capacity

1000 persons or more

Class B Capacity

300 to 1000 persons

Class C Capacity

100 to 300 persons

Section 183: Every place of assembly, every tier or balcony and every individual room used as a place of assembly shall have exits sufficient to provide for the total capacity thereof as determined in accordance with by-law 180 and as follows: (a) (b) (c) (d)

No individual unit of exit width shall serve more than one hundred persons; Doors leading outside the building at ground level or not more than three risers above or below ground one hundred persons per exit unit; Staircases or other types of exit not specified in by-law 177 above seventy-five persons per exit unit; Every Class A place of assembly (capacity one thousand persons or more) shall have at least four separate exits as remote from each other as practicable.

5.3.2.1 Conclusion The fire assembly point of Suasana PJH is compliant to Section 183 of UBBL as there are 5 emergency staircase exits that lead towards the area due to the building being occupied by more than 1000 people (Suasana PJH falls under the category of Class A as it intends to accomodate more than 1000 people within its 17 storeys, according to Section 179). The fire assembly point is located away from the vicinity of the building to ensure the safety of occupants from the fire, thus complying with Section 178 of the UBBL, making the open spaces suitable to host occupants in the case of a fire emergency.

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5.3.3 Fire Escape Plan

Fire escape plans can be easily found around Suasana PJH, usually at the walls of the lift lobby located nearby the elevators at every storey of the building. The fire escape plan of Suasana PJH indicates the emergency staircase, emergency hose reel, dry rises, wet riser, firefighting lift, fire alarm switch as well as the current location of the user. The components mentioned are marked if they are within the vicinity of the segment of floor plan shown in the fire escape plan respectively. The purpose of several active interventions (fire extinguisher, hose reel, dry and wet riser, fire alarm switch) is to allow occupants to have the knowledge of nearby fire fighting equipments that can be used to stop the fire and survive when there is a need to fight against it.

The user’s current location is marked to give the occupant a grasp of how the spaces are arranged in order to allow them to evacuate towards the nearest emergency staircase safely.

Figure 188 Fire escape plans obtained from the Basement Level 1, Ground Floor and the 13th floor of Suasana PJH.

5.3.4 Exits

Exits are the termination of an escape route from a building which allows direct access for the occupant to the streets, passageways, walkways or open spaces, to ensure that the occupant can disperse from the vicinity of the building rapidly so that they are not in danger from fire and/or smoke. It is a clear an unobstructed path which allows occupants to exit the building safely in the event of a fire (Approved Document B (Fire safety), 2013).

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5.3.4 Exits (Cont’d) 5.3.4.1 Horizontal Exits

Horizontal exits allows occupant to egress from one side of a building to the other through the use of fire resistance-rated assembly, such as a fire-rated door or with a fire resistance wall. The purpose of horizontal exits are to provide with an extra layer of protection between the fire and the occupants, allowing the to exit safely through vertical exits which are compartmentalized, forming a barrier to block out the spread of the fire.

Horizontal exits available in Suasana PJH includes the lift lobby, firefighting lobby, fire protected corridors and pathways that leads towards the emergency staircase. Pressurization system is incorporated at the emergency staircase areas to keep smoke out of the escape route by forcing clean outside air inside. The structure that forms these spaces are also made of fire-rated materials to ensure fire does not spread quickly into these area to prolong the time for evacuation.

Figure 189 Horizontal exit which leads to a flight of emergency escape staircase passing through the fire fighting lobby.

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Figure 190 Horizontal exit to the fire fighting lobby.

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5.3.4 Exits (Cont’d) 5.3.4.1 Horizontal Exits (Cont’d)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 171: (1) (2)

Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits.

Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accomodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exit width provided is not reduced to lest than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building.

Section 174: (1) (2)

(3)

Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5 metres apart measured between the nearest edge of the openings.

Each exit shall give direct access to: (a) a final exit; (b) a protected staircase leading to a final exit; or (c) an exterrnal route leading to a final exit Basements and roof structures used solely for services need not be provided with alternative means of egress.

In a nutshell, the horizontal exits found in Suasana PJH is compliant with the requirements as stated in the UBBL as all the horizontal staircase lead towards the emergency staircase which if protected by the structure. With reference to section 171 and 174, the horizontal exits at the ground floor leads toward to main entrance of the building, allow for occupants to properly identify the route to take to move away from the vicinity of the building.

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5.3.4 Exits (Cont’d) 5.3.4.2 Vertical Exits Verticals exits allow occupants to evacuate from the topmost level of a building to the bottom using staircase, compartment and/or escalator. Suasana PJH is a 17 storey building, inclusive of 2 basement levels which are car parking areas. From the ground floor upward, all the floor share several common emergency staircase which leads occupants to the ground floor. The same goes to the basement level, with the exception of a few sets of staircases that only lead people upwards from the basement level but not from other floors. Vertical exits are the emergency staircases inside the building and are of important assets when large number of occupants have to evacuate in the case of an emergency as they are the only component that connects all the other floors to the ground floor besides elevators. These sets of staircases can be found at the ends and the middle of the stretch of the building which allows occupants to identify and reach them easily to evacuate the building efficiently. The staircases are compartmentalized by a reinforced concrete wall as well as fire rated door to keep out the fire.

Figure 191 One of the emergency staircases that connects the other floors to ground floor

Figure 192 One of the emergency staircases that only connect the basement floors and Level 1 to ground floor

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5.3.4 Exits (Cont’d) 5.3.4.2 Vertical Exits (Cont’d)

27 5

17

m

m

The emergency staircase in Suasana PJH consists of 11 steps, with the width span of 1100 mm along with a 275 mm tread and 185 mm riser. The height of the handrail is at 900mm. These dimensions are set to ensure the efficient evacuation of occupants, with the width being able to support 2 rows of evacuees heading downwards in the event of an emergency.

5m

m

11

00

mm

900mm

1100 mm

2260 mm

Figure 193 Measurements of the emergency escape staircase in Suasana PJH

1185 mm

Figure 194 Exit stairway dimension and estimated escape route.

> 2000 mm

The exit stairway of the emergency staircase in Suasana PJH follows the recommendation of having the door swing toward the direction of escape and outside path of travel along staircase. The width of the staircases’ landing is wider that the width of the staircase and is hence compliant with the rules.

According to requirements, a minimum headroom of 2000 mm should be available when measured vertically from any point of the emergency staircase. The emergency staircase headroom distance in Suasana PJH exceeds 2000mm, meaning that it is compliant toward the standard measurement for emergency escape staircases.

Figure 195 Diagram showing the headroom between 2 floors of the emergency staircase.

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5.3.4 Exits (Cont’d) 5.3.4.2 Vertical Exits (Cont’d)

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 106: (1)

(2) (3)

In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180 millimetres and the tread shall not be less than 255 millimeters and the dimensions of the rise and the tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout.

The widths of staircases shall be in accordance with by-law 168.

The depths of landings shall be not less than the width of the staircases.

Section 179: (1) (2)

(3) (4) (5)

Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases.

Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws.

The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to maximum of 75 millimeters.

The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at its landings.

Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase/landing.

According to the UBBL requirements listed, it is obvious that the emergency staircases of Suasana PJH complies the requirements under Section 106 and 168 in terms of the measurements of the staircases as shown through the diagrams. All the measurements fit the requirement of UBBL, and the evacuation path is clear and unobstructed to allow for an efficient evacuation process through the vertical exits of Suasana PJH.

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5.3.4 Exits (Cont’d) 5.3.4.3 Location of Horizontal and Vertical Exits within Suasana PJH The following diagrams indicate the designated horizontal and vertical exits accessible by occupant in the event of a fire within Suasana PJH.

Block

Block B

A

Horizontal Exits Vertical Exits

Figure 196 Upper Basement Level Plan of Suasana PJH indicating the horizontal and vertical exits.

Upper Basement Level Upper Basement Level of Block A Suasana PJH have 7 sets of horizontal and vertical exits easily accessible through any point of the basement parking to exit from the ground floor.

Ground Floor Level

Horizontal Exits

On the ground floor level, there are 5 sets of horizontal and vertical exits, all of them leading from other floor levels toward the ground floor for evacuation. 4 sets of staircases direct occupants toward the main entrance and drop off area of Suasana PJH, with the exception of 1 emergency staircases leading towards the back of Suasana PJH, making it the nearest exit to the Fire Assembly Point located at the open square in front of the Ministry of Finance building.

Vertical Exits

Figure 197 Ground Floor plan of Suasana PJH indicating the horizontal and vertical exits.

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5.3.4 Exits (Cont’d) 5.3.4.3 Location of Horizontal and Vertical Exits within Suasana PJH (Cont’d)

Second Floor Level

Horizontal Exits Vertical Exits

On the second floor of Suasana PJH, there are 4 sets of staircases that leads toward the ground floor in the case of a fire emergency. The horizontal and exits are more condensed at the office space compared to the retail segment on the right. This could be due to the office space holding more office workers and could also be that the retail shops offer exits from various points, making it easier to disperse crowds on both ends which lead to a flight of normal staircase.

Figure 198 Second Floor plan of Suasana PJH indicating the horizontal and vertical exits.

Fourth Floor Level

Horizontal Exits Vertical Exits

On the fourth floor, there are 5 sets of horizontal and vertical exits located along the stretch of the building.

Occupants are able to access the emergency staircases from the ends as well as the middle part from the office. 2 sets of emergency has 2 sets of horizontal exits each in order to allow for occupants to come in simultaneously from both doors to disperse the crowd and allow for a smoother evacuation process in the case of a fire.

Figure 199 4th Floor plan of Suasana PJH indicating the horizontal and vertical exits.

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5.3.4 Exits (Cont’d) 5.3.4.3 Location of Horizontal and Vertical Exits within Suasana PJH (Cont’d)

Ninth Floor Level From the ninth floor onwards, the sets of horizontal and vertical exits are limited to 3, accessible from both ends of the office as well as from the middle. One of the vertical exits contains two horizontal exits to allow occupants to go to the emergency staircase from both side to encourage a rapid evacuation process to the ground floor of Suasana PJH.

Horizontal Exits Vertical Exits

Figure 200 9th Floor plan of Suasana PJH indicating the horizontal and vertical exits.

5.3 Means of Escape 5.3.5 Emergency Exit signage The purpose of an emergency exit signage is to direct the occupants towards the nearest available exit in order to make sure occupants evacuate efficiently by accessing the most convenient exit. The emergency exit sign has the text “KELUAR” written on it, and there should be no obstructions in the form of decorations blocking the visibility of the signage which is placed above a fire-rated door, to indicate the nearest possible exit. The signage is clearly visible at Suasana PJH, with the signage being illuminated at all times even in the event of a power cut due to fire, allowing it to be spotted easily by occupants when a fire breaks out.

Figure 201 The “KELUAR” emergency exit signage PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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5.3.5 Emergency Exit Signage

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 172: (1) (2) (4) (5)

Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or equipment.

A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

All exits shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.

According to the requirements set by UBBL as shown on the list above, Suasana PJH has comply the requirements in terms of emergency exit signage. The top part of all the fire rated doors leading towards the emergency escape staircases are marked with the visible “KELUAR” sign, which indicates that the door is a horizontal exit leading towards a vertical exit. The signage is continuously illuminated and can be observed during our visit to Suasana PJH, and will continue illuminating in the case of a fire emergency. Hence, the emergency exit signage of Suasana PJH has met the requirements of UBBL.

Figure 202 The “KELUAR” emergency exit signage is clearly visible with no visual obstruction and is constantly illuminated.

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5.4 Passive Containment Passive containment refers to separating spaces within a building to form smaller spaces that are compartmentalized through the use of passive containment to ensure the safety of the occupants.

Through this, the area of the building affected by the fire can be trapped within a compartment, allowing occupants to exit through other spaces efficiently. Suasana PJH implements passive containment through passive measures which include compartmentation and fire containment through the use of fire-rated fixtures and building materials.

5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.1 Compartmentation Compartmentation is implemented through the use of fire-rated doors and lobbies which are fire-resistant component to help separate the building into various segments of spaces/cells , and through this prevent the spreading of fire from one compartment to the other. A compartment is any part of the building which is separated from other part of the building through the us of compartment walls and/or floors according to Section 133 of the UBBL. Any part of the upper storey building that is compartmentalized, the remaining floors upward shall remain the same placement of compartments to include the space of the top storey. Hence, compartmentation is the segregation of spaces to avoid the spreading of fire, restrict the movement of smoke and equip all the compartments with their own fire protection system to allow for efficient evacuation and ensure the safety of occupants.

Suasana PJH compartmentalize its spaces mostly on both sides,all which include the emergency staircases, while on the ground floor, the compartmentation can be seen in the main lobby.

Upper Basement Level Compartmentation The compartmentalization at the Upper Basement Level gets more condensed towards the center, with emergency staircases connecting from the basement level and the upper floors to the ground floor for evacuation. The emergency exits to the very left sides has an evacuation route that bring users to the ground floor only.

Compartmentation Firefighting Lobby

Firefighting lobby is accessible on the basement level through the set of 4 lifts, as the lifts in a set of 6 are only accessible from ground floor from the main lobby.

Figure 203 Upper Basement floor plan indicating the location of firefighting lobby & compartmentation of emergency escape staircase PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.1 Compartmentation

Ground Floor Compartmentation The compartmentalization of Suasana PJH at the ground floor include the main lobby where all the occupants will be directed towards as it is part of the evacuation route.

The firefighting lift lobbies are located in compartments behind the fire lifts, and are accessible by firefighters in the case of fire.

Compartmentation

Emergency staircases that lead to the ground floor are also compartmentalized as well to ensure the safety of occupants during evacuation.

Firefighting Lobby

Figure 204 Ground floor plan indicating the location of firefighting lobby & compartmentation of emergency escape staircase.

Level 2 Compartmentation Compartmentation at level 2 can be separated into office space on the left(where there are 3 compartmentalized staircases as well as a firefighting lift lobby) and retail/food & beverages spaces to the right (where there is 1 compartmentalized emergency staircase and firefighthing lift lobby, both ends accommodate normal staircases for evacuation).

Compartmentation Firefighting Lobby

Figure 205 Level 2 floor plan indicating the location of firefighting lobby & compartmentation of emergency escape staircase.

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5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.1 Compartmentation

Level 4 Compartmentation At level 4, the compartmentation of the staircases along the fire lobbies remain the same, with the exception that an additional set of emergency evacuation staircase accessible from the lower right corner of the floor layout configuration.

Compartmentation Firefighting Lobby

Figure 206 Level 4 floor plan indicating the location of firefighting lobby & compartmentation of emergency escape staircase.

Level 9 Compartmentation Compartmentation at level 9 to 13 happens at both ends and the middle of the office area, with the fire fighting lobby access located in the middle of the stretch of the office. 3 compartments of emergency escape staircase allows for occupant to leave efficiently from any point of the office.

Compartmentation Firefighting Lobby

Figure 207 Level 9 floor plan indicating the location of firefighting lobby & compartmentation of emergency escape staircase.

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5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.2 Compartmentation of Fire Risk Area Fire risk areas area compartmentalized to prevent the fire from spreading toward these spaces which may cause the fire to spread faster. Hence, extra measures were taken to isolate this spaces to ensure that the spread of the fire is prolonged.

Compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas

Figure 208 Upper Basement floor plan indicating the compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas

Figure 209 Ground floor plan indicating the compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas

Figure 210 Level 2 floor plan indicating the compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas

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5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.2 Compartmentation of Fire Risk Area

Figure 211 Level 4 floor plan indicating the compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas

Figure 212 Level 9 floor plan indicating the compartmentation of Fire Risk Areas

In conclusion, the passive containment of Suasana PJH complies with the UBBL as it met the requirements listed as the compartmentation of means for escape and fire risk areas fits the requirements of Section 136, 139 and 189 of the UBBL, and as depicted through the diagrams, such areas are segregated into cells to for isolated spaces which are protected by fire rated materials to prolong the spread of fire.

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PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 5.4 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT

5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.2 Compartmentation of Fire Risk Area UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 136: Any building, other than a single storey building, of a purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule to these By -laws and which has: (a) Any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that purpose group and height; or (b) A cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided into compartments, by means of compartment walls or compartment floors or both, that: (i) no such compartment has any storey the floor are of which exceeds the area specified as so relevant to that building: Provided that if any building is provided with an automatic sprinkler installation which complies with the relevant recommendation of the F.O.C.,Rules for Automatic Sprinkler Installtion, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in relation to that building as if the limits of dimensions specified are doubled.

Section 139: The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas, of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the defree of fire hazard: (d) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous; (g) transformer rooms and substations Section 189: (1)

(2)

Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building of four storeys or more, or in a building where the highest floor level is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to be used as an alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting materials.

Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for the purposes of this by-law include walls to air-wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with self-closing doors constructed of fire-resisting materials.

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5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.3 Fire Containment Fire containment is defined as the confinement of a fire to it source for a period of time in order to prevent the fire from spreading, thus allowing more time for the occupants to evacuate. Containment systems that are specifically engineered to separate the spaces into cells, and during the instance where the fire is identified to be within one of the spaces, these fire-resistive components are able to contain the fire according to their fire rating despite exposure to the fire.

5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.3 Fire Containment 5.4.3.1 Fire-rated Door Fire-rated doors are specifically engineered doors installed at the entrance of horizontal exits which leads toward the vertical exits which are the emergency escape stairs. Besides that, fire-rated doors from the entrance to the fire control room of Suasana PJH as well as the mechanical and electrical system rooms. The function of a fire rated door is important as it is equipped with proper fire-resistant components that comply with the fire regulations, where it has the properties to separate fire risk areas and means of escape from the fire itself. Suasana PJH uses a single flush fire rated door with the dimensions of 900 mm x 2100 mm, and is able to withstand up to one hour of fire exposure. The door is also fitted with an automatic door closer to keep the door closed at all times.

This fire rated door can be commonly found at the horizontal exits of Suasana PJH.

Automatic door closer

Figure 213 Fire rated door without glass panel used at the horizontal exits

Figure 214 Fire rated door with glass panel used at the fire control room

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5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.3 Fire Containment 5.4.3.1 Fire-rated Door UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 162: (1) (2)

(3)

(4)

Fire door of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.

Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour.

Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour

Section 164: (1)

(2) (3)

All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.

Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with co-ordinating device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases.

Section 173: (1) (2)

All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort.

Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.

To sum up, the fire rated doors installed in Suasana PJH fit the requirements of the UBBL in terms of Section 162. As shown in the figure, the doors are installed with an automatic door closer which keeps to door shut in compliance with Section 164 (1). The figure that depicts the door installed with the emergency sign along with the standard appearance makes the fire-rated doors easily identifiable at Suasana PJH

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5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.3 Fire Containment 5.4.3.2 Structural Fire Protection Passive fire protection includes the structural integrity of the building in its entirety in the case of a fire, as structural failure caused by fire can devastating to a building. Structural elements are able to work effectively against the fire if they contain the necessary properties of fire resistance. The structural fire protection should include insulation (the ability to resist heat pass through convection), integrity (the ability to prevent flames and hot gases to pass through) and stability (the ability to support the structure without collapsing).

5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.3 Fire Containment 5.4.3.2 Structural Fire Protection Load Bearing Wall and Pre-cast Concrete Columns Suasana PJH is constructed with concrete columns along with load bearing walls with support the other floors throughout the entire height of the building. Concrete itself is a fire resistive material that is able to withstand high levels of temperature and heat. Hence, the concrete columns are a suitable structural component to maintain structural integrity of the building, while the concrete walls are able to separate the spaces into cells thus preventing flame and smoke from spreading into the cells, while maintaining the stability of the structure despite exposure to the fire.

Figure 215 Precast concrete column and walls forms the structural component of the building.

In conclusion, Suasana PJH has a structural fire protection which complies with ther requirement of the UBBL under Section 143 and 137. Depicted in the figure, pre-cast concrete is selected as the structural material used for the walls and columns, as concrete is able to provide structural integrity and fire resistivity, hence preventing the building from collapsing in case of fire.

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PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 5.4 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT

5.4 Passive Containment 5.4.3 Fire Containment 5.4.3.2 Structural Fire Protection UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 143 Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and external wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) of by-law 142 as to non-combustibility Section 147 (1) Any separating wall, other than a wall separating buildings not divided into compartments within the limits of size indicated by the letter ‘x’ in Part I of the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws, shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials, excluding any surface finish to a wall which complies with requirements of these By-laws and the required FRP for the wall shall be obtained without assistance from such non-combustible materials.

(2) Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, a separating wall which is required·to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall itself comply with the requirements of paragraph (1) as to non-combustibility.

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PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 5.5 FIRE-FIGHTING ACCESS

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5.5 Firefighting Access Fire-fighting access allows firefighters to enter the building compound safely with ease to stop the fire and save the building within a fixed time frame. Fire-fighting access is crucial to ensure that fire-fighting operations can be carried out efficiently without disruptions. A clear, unobstructed pathway should be readily available to allow for the rapid movement of firefighter to access to different part and levels of them building while carrying their equipment in order to carry out the rescue operation in a timely and effective manner.

5.5 Firefighting Access 5.5.1 Fire engine access Fire engine access demands for vehicular access to the exterior of the building in order to enable high reach appliances such as ladders and hydraulic platforms to be used, hence allow the pumping of water for fire-fighting and rescue operation. According to the UBBL, Section 140 mentions that the proportion of building perimeter must have access for the fire-fighting appliance. All the buildings that fall under the category of 7000 m3 and above should be attached to an open area or access road with a minimum width of 12m.

UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Section 140 All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not lss than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, open space shall be in accordance with the following scale:

Volume of building in cubic meter

Minimum proportions of perimeter of building

7000 to 28000

one-sixth

28000 to 56000

one-fourth

56000 to 84000

one -half

84000 to 112000

three-fourths

112000 to above

Island site

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5.5 Firefighting Access 5.5.1 Fire engine access

104,477 m3

Width of the street: ~8.7 metres

Figure 216 Area of Suasana PJH along with the width of the street

In a nutshell, Block A of Suasana PJH occupies around 104,477 m3, and can be categorized under three-fourths of minimum proportions of the perimeter of the building. However, the width of the street falls lower than 12 metres width, which would affect the efficiency of fire engine access to the site.

5.5 Firefighting Access 5.5.2 Firefighting Shaft

Components of a typical firefighting shaft consists of the fire-fighting lobby, fire-fighting staircase and the fire-fighting lift. In Suasana PJH, the emergency staircases functions as the firefighting staircase as well. The shaft caters toward the need of the firefighter with a forward service operating area for them to carry out the firefighting rescue mission. The shaft connect all the floors in Susana Pjh, with the compartment structure having a maximum 2-hour duration of fire resistivity for the occupants to leave as well as the firefighter to carry out their work.

Figure 217 Ground Floor Plan indicating the firefighting shaft

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5.5 Fire-fighting Access 5.5.2 Fire-fighting Shaft 5.5.2.1 Fire-fighting Lobby The fire-fighting lobby is one of the components of the fire-fighting shaft, and this compartmentalized lobby allows firefighters access to the fire-fighting lifts while preventing the spread of flames into the cell. The lobby also consists of fire mains, such as hose reel and wet riser to increase the efficiency of fire-fighting operations. The fire-fighting lobby along the emergency staircases are pressurized to force in fresh air and prevent smoke from entering the compartment.

Figure 218 Lift lobby connecting to the fire lift

Compartmentation Firefighting Lobby

Figure 219 (1) Firefighting lobby connected to the fire-fighting lift & emergency staircase

Figure Ground Floor Plan indicating the firefighting shaft

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5.5 Fire-fighting Access 5.5.2 Fire-fighting Shaft 5.5.2.2 Fire-fighting Lift Another component of the fire-fighting shaft is the fire-fighting lift, which is a type of elevator accessible by firefighters in order to get to various levels to either stop the fire or rescue occupants in the event of a fire. Though the usage of elevators are not encourage in the event of fire at any buildings, the fire-fighting lifts are designed with additional fire protection and can be controlled by firefighter to carry out their operation.

Figure 219 (2) Fire fighting lift located under set of 6 elevators accessible through the lift lobby and the fire-fighting lobby

Compartmentation Firefighting Lobby

Figure 220 Floor plan indicating the fire fighting lifts located at the ground floor lift lobby PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

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5.5 Fire-fighting Access 5.5.1 Fire engine access Section 242.

Fire fighting access lobbies shall conform to the following requirements: (a) Each lobby shall have a floor area of not less than 5.57 square metres; and (b) The openable area of windows or area of permanent ventilation shall be not less than 25% of the floor area of the lobby and, if ventilation is by means of openable windows, additional permanent ventilation having a free opening of 464 square centimetres shall be provided 104,477 m3 except that mechanical pressurisation may be provided as an alternative.

Section 229 (1) Buildings in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 metres above fire appliance access level shall be provided with means of gaining access and fighting fire from from within the building consisting of fire fighting access lobbies, fire fighting staircases, fire lifts and dry or wet rising systems.

(2) Fire fighting access lobbies shall be provided at every floor level and shall be so located that the level distance from the furthermost point of the floor does not exceed 45.75 metres.

(3) Fire fighting access lobbies may be omitted if the fire fighting staircase is pressurised to meet the requirements of by-law 200 and all fire fighting installations within the pressurised staircase enclosure do not intrude into the clear space required for the means of egress.

(4) A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire fighting access lobby and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at fire appliance access level. This may be one of the staircases required as a means of egress from the building.

Section 243 (1) In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 metres above the fire appliance access level fire lifts shall be provided.

(2) A penthouse occupying not more than 50% of the area of the floor immediately below shall be exempted from this measurement.

(3) The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separate lobby.

(4) Fire lifts shall be provided at the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.

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PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 5.5 FIRE-FIGHTING ACCESS

To sum up, the fire-fighting shaft in Suasana PJH is designed to fit the standards listed out in the UBBL 1984 under Section 229, 242 and 243. The height of the office building is more than 18.3m (Suasana PJH is 65.4 m), hence a fire-fighting shaft is required. As depicted in Figure 220, the fire-fighting shaft consists of a fire-fighting lobby, emergency staircase and fire-fighting lift for fire-fighting purpose, allowing firefighters to access to building easily and carry out their operation efficiently.

104,477 m3

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PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 5.6 CONCLUSION

5.6 Conclusion In conclusion, Suasana PJH has provided proper passive fire protection for both the occupants that are evacuating the building and firefighter coming in to stop the fire from spreading as well as rescuing occupants when necessary. Suasana PJH provides adequate access to fire appliances in order to aid and ease the firefighters job of putting out the flames. The use of passive containment through separating and dividing spaces into cells to prevent flames of smoke from getting into these areas, and pressurized system that brings in fresh air to prevent smoke from entering the compartment are appropriate measures taken by the building to ensure the safety of evacuating occupants. Emergency staircases that also function as 104,477 m3 fire-fighting staircases are easily accessible from various points of the building to allow crowds to disperse evenly while evacuating. The structural material selected is also suitable to maintain the structural integrity of the building in case of fire. The firefighting shaft is designed in a way where all components (lifts, staircases and lobbies) are placed within close proximity to reduce the time and increase the speed of firefighting operations being carried out, despite the setback of the width of the fire engine access road. Hence, Suasana PJH has a comprehensive passive fire protection system, making it a building that is safe for both the user of the building as well as firefighters.

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CHAPTER 6 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM| 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.1.1 Literature Review Mechanical Transportation System is a system used in building that has four storeys or more.

In modern practice, mechanical transportation system becomes a fundamental building design as it helps both people and goods to move from one floor to another conveniently. The mechanical transportation consists of three different forms which are the lifts (elevator), escalators and travelators(moving pavement). Moreover, it is system that is used to move goods & people vertically & horizontally in a building. Lift is positioned at legibility enough for the users for the easy access (Britannica, March 2019).

Common Types of Mechanical Transportation

Figure 221 Lift ( Elevators)

Figure 222 Escalator

Figure 223 Travelator

6.1.2 Types of Elevators The two types of elevators are hydraulic lift and traction lift. A minimum standard number of lifts to have in a building is considered to be one lift for every four storeys with a maximum horizontal distance of 45m to the lift lobby. Floor space estimates and car capacity can be based on an area of 0.2 meter square per person.

Hydraulic Lifts Earlier lifts were operated by hydraulic water power before electricity became widely available. Advantages of using hydraulic lift is that it has capacity for heavy loads, accuracy in floor leveling, smooth ride characteristics, low-level plant room, no structural loads from winding gear and pump room can be located up to 10m from the shaft.

Disadvantages is it is limited to no more than 6-7 storey service. (Beacon, 2008)

Figure 245 Hydraulic Lift Source: Pinterest

Traction (electric) Lifts Electric lifts are powered by electric motors that drives traction cables and counterweight system like a hoist. Lift motors have been powered from a direct current (DC) generator with variable output because of their greater accuracy in use, for example, floor levelling and smoother ride, than alternating current (AC) variation. (Beacon, 2008)

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES | BLD60903 | SUASANA PJH

Figure 246 Traction Lift Source: indiamart

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM| 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.1.3 Elevators ClassiďŹ cation 6.1.3.1 Hospital Lift/ Bed elevator Bed elevators usually have larger car size than of passenger elevators, and can be used to carry beds or stretchers. In hospitals, they separated bed and passenger elevators whereby the bed elevator is usually reserved for patients only.

Most bed elevators are available in capacities of 750 and 1000 kg and the speed of bed elevators are slightly slower than passenger elevators' speed to make sure the patients feel comfortable when riding in the elevator.

(Global, 2013)

6.1.3.2 Automobile elevators

Elevators/

Figure 224 Bed Lift Source: indiamart

Car

They are designed especially for cars in condominiums, car showrooms, garages, home and even for car parks. Car elevators makes sure that they provide space saving, easy-to-use basement or rooftop parking solutions for high-density locations where horizontal land space is at a premium (Global, 2013)

Figure 225 Car Elevator Source: indiamart

6.1.3.3 Passenger Elevator A passenger lift is a lift that has a completely enclosed lift car and travels vertically within a specially prepared lift shaft. Passengers are transported between oors at reasonably quick speeds for their convenience and the control systems are often designed to give the most economical distribution of passengers throughout the building (elevatorpedia, 2010)

Figure 226 Passenger Elevator Source: indiamart

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM| 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.1.3 Elevators Classification (Cont’d)

6.1.3.4 Service Lift Service Lifts are normally used by building staff instead of other people. Usually, they use to carry goods instead of passengers. Most service elevators are slower than passenger elevators.

The service elevators' sizes can be the same or larger than passenger elevators, or deep like bed elevators, although not as large as car elevators. (elevatorpedia, 2010) Figure 227 Service Lift Source : Stannah

6.1.3.5 Fireman Lift Fireman lift is the same with passenger lift yet the difference is that it has two exist in the lift and it has Fire Service Mode. Fire Service Mode (EFS) is an elevator special mode which is activated in the event of a fire in a building, and used by firefighters for firefighting. Fire service mode is only found in fire lifts, or in some places, all elevators must be equipped with fireman's operation. (elevatorpedia,2010 )

Figure 228 Fire Lift Source : Youtube

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM | 6.2 CASE STUDY 6.2 Case Study 6.2.1 Locations of Lift Lobbies and Lifts

Main Entrance

Main Lobby

Figure 229 Locations of different Lift lobbies in Suasana PJH on First Floor Plan

Suasana PJH is a 17 storey oďŹƒce building that requires elevators to travel up and down with ease in the building. The building uses the traction (electric) lifts from KONE company and uses the same lift size for all the lifts with different purposes. The lifts lobbies are located near to the different entrances,for example, main lobby is located about 3 meter distance from the main entrance that allows the convenience of the users.

Moreover, the lift lobbies are separated into four lobbies where the main lobby and secondary lobby are larger than service lobbies and the purpose of this is to avoid any unnecessary congestion especially at peak hours.

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Main Lobby Secondary Lobby Service Lobby

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM | 6.2 CASE STUDY 6.2.1 Locations of Lift Lobbies and Lifts (Cont’d)

Figure 230 Locations of different types Lift in Suasana PJH on First Floor Plan

In the building Suasana PJH, there are three different types of lifts categorised according to their usage, the passenger lift (PL), Service Lift (SL) and Fire Lift (FL). The passenger lift and fire lifts are accessible to all the floors except the basements to control the security of the building as all the people can enter from the basement levels. However, the service lift can access to all the levels and it is restricted for the usage of staffs by security cards and visitors can only access to the first floor.

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Passenger Lift Fire Lift Service Lift

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6.2.2 Lift System Used (Traction)

Figure 231 Geared traction Lift DIagram Source: Astraelevator

How Traction Lift System Works?

The running machine room is placed in the separated room on the highest floor of the Suasana PJH building. Traction lift uses a simple system whereby the mortar is attached to the sheave with the rope coiled around it. Then, one end of the rope is attached to the lift car and the other end at counterweight.

When the lift is called to a floor by the user, the motor turns the sheave and moves at both directions where one is moving the lift car up and the other moving it down. The counterweights lowers as the lift cae rises and vice visa. By using counterweight, less power is required to move the lift up or down.

Finally, overspeed governor controls the speed of the lift and it is linked to the shaft whereby it can stop the lift without ropes in times of necessary (Gartec, 2017).

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM | 6.2 CASE STUDY 6.2.3 Components of the Elevators Smoke Detectors

6.2.3.1 Lift Lobby As Location of lift lobbies are important for the user convenience. Suasana PJH designed the lift lobby not far from the main entrance with the distance about 3m. The width of the lift lobby is about 3.5m to 4.5m to allow pedestrian traffic to circulate and pass through the lift area without causing congestion.

Hallway of lift lobby has installed smoke detectors and sprinkler for fire safety purposes.

[Refer to Active fire System at Page ] The reason why the lifts are together at the lobby is for the structure purpose. The lift core is like a back bone of the building for the balance and stability. It also reduce waiting time and reduce cost of installation.

Figure 232 Main Lift Lobby At First FLoor

Different Types of Lifts

Figure 233 Passenger Lifts

Figure 234 Service Lift

Source: Photo taken from Suasana PJH by Angel Nang.

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Figure 235 Fire Lift

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM | 6.2 CASE STUDY 6.2.3 Components of the Elevators (Cont’d)

6.2.3.2 Lift Car This is the main part of Elevator which is designed for the shipment of goods and services or the passage of person. Lift car moves in the lift shaft, depending upon the type of elevator, the location of the shaft can be varied.

Lift Rails Lift Rail

Railings are used in lifts in order to prevent injurious fall. Moreover, sliding up and down in the elevators is possible with the proper functioning of Elevator Rails.

Figure 236 Lift Car Source: Taken by Angel Nang

6.2.3.3 Hoistway A hoistway is a shaft constructed for lifts to efficiently move between the floors of the building.

Not only it allows for smooth movement from one floor to another, it also manages the opening and closing of lift door when it reaches the given floor (wiseGeek, 2019).

Figure 237 Lift Hoistway Source : CanadianBusiness

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM | 6.2 CASE STUDY 6.2.3 Components of the Elevators (Cont’d) 6.2.3.4 Machine & Drive System Lifting beam Artificial Lighting

Winding gear machine

Figure 238 Geared Machine (All parts of the machine can not be seen in the Photos since we can not go near to the machine) Source: Taken by Angel Nang

Machine room is located above the hoistway on the highest floor of Suasana PJH. It basically has most of the machines that works for the lift to function and consists of the control unit, speed governor, motor, drive unit and etc.

Lifting Beam An overhead universal beam is installed on top of geared machines at the ceiling for raising and lowering equipment and parts during maintenance is needed.

Artificial Lights Daylighting and artificial lighting are necessary in the machine room for the maintenance to carry out activity whenever it is needed.

Speed Governors The speed governor is a speed regulating system of the lift. If the elevator runs more than the speed limit, the speed governor controls the speed. It is usually attached to the bottom of the car and is also known as governor rope.

Electric Motor In case the lift faces any serious condition, Electric Motors helps in preventing it and provides a smooth functioning of lifts.

Drive unit Everything that works under electricity must have a motor attached for the functioning. Drive unit is the part which contains a motor that drives the lift.

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM | 6.2 CASE STUDY 6.2.3 Components of the Elevators (Cont’d) 6.2.3.4 Machine & Drive System (Cont’d)

Soundproof Machine Room

Control Unit

Lift Car

Lift Safety Device

Counterweight

Lift Car Buffer

Figure 239 Components of Traction lift Source : Indiamart

Soundproof Machine Room Noises from motors and winding gear must be contained with adequate insulation and absorbent bedding for machinery. For that reason, the room is designed as a soundproof room.

Control Unit It controls movements and signals of the lift by using electrical and electronic circuits.

Counterweight The work of counterweight is to counterbalance the lift car. Counterweight is 50% of the car capacity with overall weight of an empty lift car. It also allows to reduce power usage while moving up and down.

Safety device This is a mechanical device attached to the elevator for safety reasons. It can also maintain a safety and secure traveling in case the lift travels downward with a maximum speed or over the speed limited.

Buffers The buffer is an apparatus located at the bottom of elevator designed to protect people. Buffers can stop a descending car by accumulating or dissipating the kinetic energy of the car (VIntelev, 2017)..

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM | 6.2 CASE STUDY 6.2.3 Components of the Elevators (Cont’d) 6.2.3.4 Machine & Drive System (Cont’d)

Air Conditioner unit

Air Vents Electric panels

Figure 240 Machine Room Source: Photo Taken By Angel Nang

The machine room is easily heated by the usage of the electric motors and other electric panels. It is dangerous and possibility of fire or electric shocks to occurs any moment at high temperature enclosed room. To avoid this unnecessary accidents to occur, heating is needed to maintain a minimum of 10 degree celsius and ventilation to remove excess heat from the electric panels. To solved the problems, the machine room is cooled down by centralised air conditioner units and air vents are installed.

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6.2.4 Elevator Emergency Features

Figure 241 Lift Supervisory Panel(LSP) at Fire Control Room Source: Photo Taken By Angel Nang

Figure 242 Call answered by person in charge when emergency on LSP Source: Photo Taken By Ng Billar

Set-Gen Button

Emergency Call Button

Figure 243 Landing Calls (Call Buttons) in the lift Source: Photo Taken By Angel Nang

The mechanics can control the lift to switch on and off from the Lift Supervisory Panel. In cases whereby the lift is stuck in the middle of the floors, the passenger can press the emergency button( bell-like button) which will reach to the control room. Then, the person in-charge will press the Set-Gen button on LSP to command the lift to travel nearest floor and open the door. If the door can not open, the technicians have to come and open the door manually.

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6.2.5 Specifications of the Lift (KONE)

Main Features of the KONE lift installed in Suasana PJH Lifts are designed for hoisting technology, lighting and standby solutions for energy efficient operation which is considered as excellent eco-friendly design.

Not only that, the designers make sure the smoothe and silent operation through the lifts and quality tests pers]formed after every lift installation for convenience of the users.

Finally, it is a versatile design in which a broad set of attractive materials and accessories to create the perfect interior of the lift.

Description KONE Lifts are a high-performance lift that perform a solution with a small machine room for mid and high-rise buildings. It is a versatile elevator and ideal for offices, hotels and residential buildings. It has attractive design offering.

Figure 244 Specification of the Lift Source : Photo Taken by Angel Nang

Specification

Room Area for Machine Room

Speed: 3.0 m/s

The area of the room is estimated about 45 square meter room for the 6 sets of Geared Machines.

Max. travel : 150m Max. load : 1635 kg Max. persons : Up to 24 Max. elevators in group : 8

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Lifts 124. For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one life shall be provided.

Ventilation to lift shafts 151. Where openings to lifts shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square meter per lift located at the top of the shafts. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

Opening in lift shafts 152. (1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special building as may be approved by the D.G.F.S. (2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour.

(3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which cas any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square meter and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.

(4) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 millimetres in diameter.

Smoke detector for lift lobbies 153. (1) all lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or a photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature whiv=ch after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close a preset time.

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In conclusion, Suasana PJH has carefully designed the lifts in consideration of the user convenience. The location of the lifts are within the required distance and the separation of lift lobbies for different purposes allows to avoid the congestion in the lobby especially at peak hours and to save time for the users to travel up and down. Suasana PJH uses the traction lift system that uses electric for the movements of the lift.

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CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION

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The building services in Suasana PjH effectively demonstrates the use of sufficient building systems that makes it a functional, comfortable and safe for building occupants. The practical use of the building systems allowed us to further understand the efficiency of the building’s services. Thus from this case study, we were able to identify and understand relevant information related to mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning system, mechanical transportation system as well as fire protection systems. Apart from that, we were able to understand the functions and purposes of building services systems in Suasana PjH. We were also able to understand the statutory requirements and regulations involved in building designs and its importance towards practicality and public safety.

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REFERENCES

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