Writing 20 Cary Moskovitz Duke University
Counterarguments & Concessions In most direct forms of argument, authors make claims and offer support for their claims. Because readers of scholarly work know that important questions rarely have simple answers, they expect authors to also consider seriously both contrary points of view (counterarguments) and evidence that runs counter to an author’s claims (I’ll call this counterevidence). When the author admits some legitimacy to counterarguments or counterevidence, we call them concessions. Novices often mistakenly believe that including counterarguments or concessions weakens their arguments, thinking that readers will be more inclined to agree with them if they don’t reveal these “weaknesses.” But in scholarly writing, these elements generally make your argument more compelling. Why? First, they enhance your ethos—how your readers feel about you as an author; when you seriously address a counterargument, when you discuss a study or other evidence that runs counter to your claim, when you explain how your claim doesn’t hold for certain situations, and so on, your readers get the sense that you’re knowledgeable about your subject and that you’re being straightforward. Second, scholarly audiences often know something (maybe a good deal) about the subject; as they read, they think of objections — reasons why your claim might not hold. Since you won’t be there to answer their objections, the best you can do is try to anticipate objections and respond to them in your paper. When novices first try their hands at making these moves in their papers, however, they often miss the mark: they confuse serious discussion of these elements with perfunctory or disingenuous discussion. This might show up as straw man counterarguments—the rebuttal of counterarguments that no one would seriously make, or as ad homonym attacks—responses that try to discredit the person rather than refute the argument. While these irresponsible “tricks” might work for unsophisticated readers, they’re likely to backfire for more sophisticated audiences.
TEMPLATES FOR COUNTERARGUMENT, CONCESSION AND RESPONSE Here are some common phrases used to introduce these moves. Use them freely in your own work, and add to the list as you find others. Counterarguments
Responses
[some person or group] claims/argues/suggests that…
However, …
________’s argument implies that…
Yet…
________ interprets these results to mean that…
But this interpretation is flawed/questionable…
According to [someone], …[claim about science]
Yet the bulk of studies on the subject suggest…
Critics/supporters of ________ argue that…
But what they fail to acknowledge is…
Concession
Response
Of course, …
But this does not mean…
I concede that…
Nevertheless, …
It is true that…
However, it is also true that…
It may well be that…
In spite of this …
Have there been contrary findings? Yes,…
But…
While we acknowledge that …
we should not overlook the fact that…
Critics of ____ are right that…
but what they fail to recognize is…
There are in fact published studies that suggest…
Yet these results are contradicted by…
It is possible that…
But it is more likely that…
The results could be interpreted to mean…
But a more compelling interpretation is…