Ban Edilbi Portfolio GSAPP

Ban Edilbi Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning & Preservation Architecture & Urban Design

May 2018

This portfolio is a culmination of my design work developed at Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation for the Master in Architecture and Urban Design Program. It is a reflection of my interest in urban issues at multiple scales: local, regional and global. It draws parallels between multiple geographic locations to solve global issues. It embraces risk and uncertainty, and adopts time as a factor, allowing projects to transform and adapt through time.

To articulate this pedagogical approach, the following portfolio is divided into three chapters: Local, Regional and Global. Each chapter contains a design project as well as research and mapping exercises that question the subjectivity of the map and its role in formulating an argument.

S UD UD

UD

E E

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4

Data from ESRI Open Source Map

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E

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E E E

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UD

Urban Design Studio

UD

Urban Design Seminar

S

Elective

E

5

New York City

1: Bronx River 2: Ctrl + T 3: Weave City

4: NYC Street Tree Census

Data from ESRI Open Source Map

8

CONTENTS

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The Bronx River

10

+

Ctrl + T

14

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New York City Street Tree Census

24

9

THE BRONX RIVER Hunts Point, New York City Columbia GSAPP, Summer 2017 Critics: Kaja Kuhl, Brian Baldor, Thaddeus Pawlowski, Pippa Brashear, Ben Brady, James Khamsi Team: Zenan Guo, Meng Li, Saritza Martinez Rodriguez Through our research of Hunts Point, we focused specifically on the Bronx River as an ecological asset that was turned into an industrial sewer. Through a series of sections, we were able to understand the multiple activities that are taking place along the river, from ecological ‘natural’ zones such as the Bronx Zoo and Botanical Garden, to the industrial zones that include Hunts Point and its Food Distribution Center. We summed up the research into 4 categories: Contamination from Littering, Waste from Automobiles, Biodiversity and Health. The categories allowed us to simultaneously compare the quality of the river and the quality of life, tracing each aspect back to its main driver and the implications it is causing.

ZONING CATEGORY -- PERCENT OF TOTAL AREA

Residential - 44%

RESIDENTIAL - 44%

Parks/ Open Space - 27%

PARKS/OPEN SPACE - 27%

Manufacturing - 13%

MANUFACTURING - 13%

Other/ Not Zoned - 12%

OTHER / NOT ZONED - 12%

Commercial - 3%

COMMERCIAL - 3%

TOPOGRAPHIC CONTOURS TOPOGRAPHIC DRAINAGE DIVIDE COUNTY BOUNDARY

Interruption by Transportation

7

6

Lack of Connection between Parks 5

4

Industry along the Riverside

ZONING CATEGOR

RESIDENTIA 3

PARKS/OP

MANUFACT OTHER /

COMMERCIA

TOPOGRAPH

Industry along the Riverside

TOPOGRAPH

COUNTY B 1

2

12

Urban Design Studio I

Concrete Plant Park

Bronx Zoo

26 26 372 1970 1687 23 49 82 35 291

Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam

Bronx Botanical Garden Botanical Garden

PS811X Sound View Park

Sound View Park Concrete Plant Park

Concrete Plant Park Bronx Zoo

Bronx Zoo

Botanical Garden

Botanical Garden

PS811X

PS811X

995 175 351 56 1261

164 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 56 Plastic Bags 8 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 16 Water Bottle 0 Plastic Bags Small Styrofoam 0 Water 22 Large Bottle and Med Styrofoam 20 Small Styrofoam 1 Large and Med Styrofoam 8 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 0 Plastic Bags Plastic caps, utensils and lids 026 Water Bottle 26 Plastic Bags 20 Small Styrofoam 372 Water 1 Large andBottle Med Styrofoam 1970 Small Styrofoam 1687 Large and Med Styrofoam 26 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 26 Plastic Bags 23 utensils and lids 372 Plastic Watercaps, Bottle 49 1970 Plastic SmallBags Styrofoam 82 1687 Water LargeBottle and Med Styrofoam 35 Small Styrofoam 291 Large and Med Styrofoam 23 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 49 Plastic Bags 82 Water Bottle 35 Small Styrofoam 291 Large and Medutensils Styrofoam 995 Plastic caps, and lids 175 Plastic Bags 351 Water Bottle 56 Small Styrofoam 1261 Large and Med Styrofoam 995 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 175 Plastic Bags 351 Water Bottle 56 Small Styrofoam 164 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 1261 Large and Med Styrofoam 56 Plastic Bags 16 Water Bottle 0 Small Styrofoam 22 Large and Med Styrofoam 164 Plastic caps, utensils and lids 56 Plastic Bags 16 Water Bottle 0 Small Styrofoam 22 Large and Med Styrofoam

Residential Boston Rd. River Park Fish ladder Bronx River Dam

Sound View Park

8 Plastic caps, utensils and Expy lids W. Farms Rd. Sheridan Train 0 0 20 1

Concrete Plant Park

Bronx Zoo

Botanical Garden

PS811X

Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam

26 26 372 1970 1687 23 49 82 35 291

Bronx River

7 - Bronx Botanical Gardens

Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam

Bronx Zoo

6 - Bronx Zoo

W. Farms Rd. Sheridan Expy Starlight Park Bronx River

Train

Residential

5 - Starlight Park

Concrete Plant Park

Bronx River

Automobile Repair

4 - Concrete Plant Park

Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam

995 175 351 56 1261

164 56 16 0 22

Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam

Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam

Edgewater Rd.

Metal Management

Bronx River

Empty Lot

Colgate Ave. Residential

3 - Metal Recycling Center Sound View Park

Concrete Plant Park

Bronx Zoo

8 0 0 20 1

Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam

26 26 372 1970 1687 23 49 82 35 291

Ryawa Ave.

Botanical Garden

PS811X

Viele Ave.

Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam

Hunts Point Wastewater Treatment Plant 995 175 351 56 1261

164 56 16 0 22

Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam

East River

2- Wastewater Treatment Plant

Plastic caps, utensils and lids Plastic Bags Water Bottle Small Styrofoam Large and Med Styrofoam

Barreto Point Park

1 - Barretto Point Park Hunts Point, NYC

Floating Pool

East River

13

FEED ME !

Yes

No

CTRL + T Hunts Point, New York City Columbia GSAPP, Summer 2017 Critics: Kaja Kuhl, Brian Baldor, Thaddeus Pawlowski, Pippa Brashear, Ben Brady, James Khamsi Team: Niharika Kannan, Duolin Kong, Noor Malik, Yinzhu Shen Waste as a system is critical to New York City, considering how it was disposed of 100 years ago. More than 3 million tons of waste is transported to neighboring states such as Philadelphia and Ohio, causing larger environmental impacts. This is especially critical as the consumer persists to throw everything in the landfill waste rather than recycle.

With Hunts Point as a focus, this research considers the importance of waste and the impact of the Food Distribution Center’s organic waste that is produced yearly. It proposes a pneumatic tube system that can collect and transport the waste to an empty lot in Hunts Point that can be used as a community garden by the residents. It would allow them to grow their own food, and eventually reduce the impact of environmental justice that is observed in Hunts Point.

262 175 9

WHERE DOES WASTE GO?

Material

641

82 68 8

299 240 21

1765

Refuse Paper Met, Glass, Plastic Asbestos; Construction and Demolition Met, Glass, Plastic Paper Refuse

Urban Design Studio I 3030

16

117126 9

2589

284 254 15

1680

Material

Hunts Point, NYC

Refuse Paper Met, Glass, Plastic Asbestos; Construction and Demolition 17 Met, Glass, Plastic Paper Refuse

262 175 9 1765

WASTE RECYCLED AND DIVERSION RATES

26.5%

19.3%

22.5

22.5%

24.8% 13.8% 26.9%

17.8%

29.6%

20.9%

82 68 8

14.7%

19.3%

24.8%

641

17.9%

19.4%

13.2%

20.5%

18

Urban Design Studio I

117126 9

16.2% 20.3%

1680

13.2%

11.5%

16.0%

10.5%

14.2%

13.1%

9.3% 18.4%

9.2%

14.1%

6.5%

12.3%

11.4%

284 254 15

16.9%

17.9%

26.1% 19.6% 14.2%

21.7%

5% 13.7%

17.6% 24.2%

13.5%

10.9%

15.7%

20.8%

2589

14.6%

299 240 21

19.8%

18.4%

13.8%

20.6%

15.2% 8.3%

9.6%

11.7% 13.3%

14.5%

3030

15.1%

11.3%

17.9%

%

Hunts Point, NYC

19

TYPE OF WASTE PRODUCED

Common Area Wa Material that falls off pushed off the docks w produce is delivered or taken aw

13,000 tons annua

Public Collection Hunts Point Residential Area 800 tons of waste annually

P Hunt 2

Waste f prepari bought cre

2,15

20

Urban Design Studio I

Dock Waste aste Waste cleaned up by ff or is when individual vendor - wet or heavy spoiled produced packaged in way cardboard ally 10,000 tons annually

8%

Recyclable Plastic

13% Wood

1%

Other

78% Organics suitable for composting

Private Collection ts Point Produce Market 23,000 tons of waste annually

Private Collection Hunts Point Fish Market 4,800 tons of waste annually 17%

Recyclable Plastic

Food Packaging from cutting and Most packaging is bought ing fish, which is along sold fish, but some by compaies to be packaging waste is resulted eate pet food from smaller sales

50 tons annually

2,600 tons annually

12% Wood

10% Other

61%

Organics suitable for composting

Hunts Point, NYC

21

PNEUMATIC TUBE STRATEGY

22

Urban Design Studio I

COMPOST STATION AND GARDEN STRATEGY

Hunts Point, NYC

23

NEW YORK CITY: STREET TREE CENSUS New York City, NY Columbia GSAPP, Fall 2017 Critics: Leah Meisterlin, Grga Basic

As part of the Geographic Information Systems course taken in Fall 2017, we were required to perform a study using the Street Tree Census data provided by the Department of Parks and Recreation and recommend areas which are in dire need of investment towards street trees. Through the research, I could identify several city council districts that lack street trees overall; such areas include Districts 11, 13, 31 and 46. However, most of these areas, when overlaid and compared to Google Maps, contain either parks or an airport (For example, district 31 is home to John F. Kennedy Airport, while district 11 contains Van Cortlandt Park). The area in dire need of investments in regard to street trees, based on my understanding of the calculations and maps produced, is City Council District 26, which is set in Queens and contains Sunnyside (1.95), Woodside (1.21), Long Island City (1.41), and Astoria (2.06).

This is driven by the fact that the area around Long Island City has been witnessing new developments, after years of being an industrial site and home to many factories and warehouses. This has led to new residents moving into the area at a fast pace, making Long Island City the “fastest-growing neighborhood� in NYC. Businesses are moving into Long Island City, causing more workers to decide to live closer to their work.

However, the area still has the characteristics of an industrial area: wider streets, empty sidewalks, and low walk-ability rate. Therefore, to provide the newly moved citizens a better walking experience and the chance to spend time outdoors, the previously industrial area on the waterfront should be restudied to include more street trees.

STREET TREES PER BLOCK

STREET TREES PER COMMUNITY DISTRICT

26

Geographic Information Systems

STREET TREES PER HEALTH AREA

STREET TREES PER CENSUS TRACT

New York City, NY

27

Regional

2: Resilient Hudson 1: Saving Place 4: Collapsing Central Valley

3: Houston Change Maps

Data from ESRI Open Source Map

30

CONTENTS

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Saving Place

32

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Resilient Hudson

44

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Collapsing Central Valley

52

31

SAVING PLACE Poughkeepsie, NY Columbia GSAPP, Fall 2017 Critics: Lee Altman, Michael Murphy, Justin Moore Team: Jack Bai, Donovan Dunkley, Linda Schilling, Meng Li The city of Poughkeepsie, one of the most ethnically diverse cities within the MidHudson region, has witnessed several waves of immigration. Through studying the networks of the local and immigrant communities in Poughkeepsie the proposal focuses on churches, as one of the driving forces of establishment for a set of individuals.

Churches were very essential to the agency of these community networks because they provided spaces for social interaction beyond the individual. As a result these centers have been associated with safety for centuries and their existence is a sure sign of stability. But the stability for generations past and current is under threat. The Archdiocese of New York, since 2010 is conducting a parish reform named “Making all things new�, which will close the door of 10% of all churches in NY state due to smaller congregations sizes and changing demographics.

The churches and spaces left behind that once played an important role in these communities can once again be essential through preservation and adaptive reuse in a way that transcends the religious identity. Through the implementation of localized, decentralized programming, we are able to replace those parts of social infrastructure that have been taken away from residents through the loss of these collective spaces.

By providing built typology of infrastructure to be used on newly neutralized sites of interaction we create new spaces of collaboration that work through shared time schedules and consolidated resources that allow for cultural production and opportunities for income that would ultimately establish permanent community centers.

E

E

E E EE EE E E E E E

E The crosses in Magenta are the churches currently being closed by the Archdiocese of New York, while the crosses in lightEpink are the churches the congregation is being E merged with. The crosses in white with a pink outline are churches currently on the National Register.

E EE

Poughkeepsie 0 hr, 0 min

E Marlboro

E

E E E E

Beacon

E E EEE

0 hr, 23 min Newburgh

0 hr, 15 min

E E

E

E

E

E

E

E E E E

E

E

E

E

E

E E

EE Peekskill 0 hr, 15 min

E E E

Haverstraw

E E

E E

E

E

E

E

E

E E

E

1 hr, 2 min

E

E 0 hr, 41 min Croton-Harmon

Yonkers

E

E

E

Tarrytown 1 hr, 7 min E E E Irvington 1 hr, 31 min E E E E

EE E E E E EEEE E E E E EE EE EE E E E

EE EE E E

E E E E E E E E EE E E EE E E EEE E E E E E EE 1 hr, 35 min Manhattan EE E E EE E E E EE EE E EEE E E E EE EE E EE E E E E E E E E EE E E E E E E E E EE E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E EE E E E Staten Island E E

EE E E EE E E E E E

E E E

E

E

E

E

REGIONAL & CITY ANALYSIS

Analysis of assets within residents’ networks: Churches, schools, hair salons, restaurants and community centers within the Italian, Mexican, Jamaican and African American, and Chinese networks within Poughkeepsie

Poughkeepsie, NY

35

36

Urban Design Studio II

was “ Iback

“ My church does a lot

of community outreach by providing food and clothing

I go to m

“

“

“

“ My church does a lot

of community outreach by providing food and clothing

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I was ab “ ba le to fin dm

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It’s like a coin; side and a bad side. As much as it’s great to come here, there’s reason not to come as well

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“ My church do ity lot of commun es a

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Interaction with the residents to identify the main assets within their networks and the main problems they face within Poughkeepsie

Poughkeepsie, NY

37

PAST St. Mary’s Church

New Hope COGIC

St. Joseph’s Church

Second Baptist Church

PRESENT St. Mary’s Church

38

New Hope COGIC

St. Joseph’s Church

Urban Design Studio II

Second Baptist Church

PROPOSED St. Mary’s Church

New Hope COGIC

St. Joseph’s Church

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Poughkeepsie, NY

39

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SHARED TIME SCHEDULES La Guelaguetza Cuneen Hackett Arts Center Poughkeepsie Middle School First Friday Vassar College Catharine Street Community Center

12 1

11

HR Heatlhcare Hellenic Community Center Italian Community Center German Community Center Arts Mid Hudson

10

1

2

La Guelaguetza Cuneen Hackett Arts Center Poughkeepsie Middle School First Friday Vassar College Catharine Street Community Center

9

3

HR Heatlhcare Hellenic Community Center Italian Community Center

8

German Community Center Arts Mid Hudson

7

5 6

3

Project Video on Vimeo

4

40

5

4

2

Urban Design Studio II

DECENTRALIZED PROGRAMMING

Classroom Ages 5-7

Classroom Ages 7-9 Homework space After-school Education Program by Catharine Street Community Center

Modular furniture as theater seating

Slides and movie projections on back wall Black History Month Lecture Series by Vassar College

Poughkeepsie, NY

41

42

Urban Design Studio II

Poughkeepsie, NY

43

RESILIENT HUDSON Hudson, NY Columbia GSAPP, Fall 2017 Critics: Kate Orff, Morana Stipisic, Jason Loiselle Team: Piyawut Koomsiripithuck The city of Hudson is located in the Upper Hudson Valley and has a population of 6,713, which has been declining since the 1990s. The city is known for its industry, specifically the mining industry; many mining companies such as Holcim own quarries inland, a port on the Hudson River, and a road connecting both (which is in use two times per week). Due to its health impact, the route the mining company takes to the port has been relocated from the inner city to the south, where it will cross through wetlands that have already been shrinking in size due to urban encroachment and industrial activities.

The site chosen is located by Basilica Hudson, an arts and performance venue that occupies a 19th century industrial building, which is also within close proximity to Hudson’s downtown, its railway station and the mining port. The site is a freshwater wetland that is home to many endangered species, such as the American Goldfinch. The proposal aims to revive and protect the wetlands by engaging the existing stakeholders; Basilica Hudson and Holcim. As the site is currently under the pressure of getting a road constructed, we propose to incorporate multiple functions on to the road by raising it and creating a pedestrian walkway along it to minimize the impact on the wetland. Basilica Hudson will extend its program to include the wetland area by creating a sculpture park along the newly constructed infrastructure, where residents can use the park for recreational purposes.

Hudson in Regional Scale

REGIONAL CONTEXT

Hudson in Regional Scale Hudson in Hudson in Regional Regional Scale Scale

Rensselaer Albany

A - Basilica Hudson B - Mining Port C -Industrial Area Upper Hudson ValleyD - Cruise Line Company A - Basilica Hudson E - Hudson Amtrak B - Mining Port

C -Industrial Area A - Basilica Hudson D Cruise Line Company AMining - Basilica PortHudson EB --BHudson Amtrak - Mining Port C -Industrial Area -Industrial Area D -CCruise Line Company D - Cruise Line Company E - HudsonCity Amtrak of Hudson E - Hudson Amtrak

Greene Columbia

D

B D

B

A B A

Urbanization and Location Decreasing Urbanization and Wetland Urbanization and Urbanization Decreasingand Decreasing Decreasing Wetland Wetland Wetland

A

within the Upper Hudson Valley

Wetland Density Far Below Average

Far Above Average

Urbanization High Low

City of Hudson

Loss of Wetland compared to Urbanization

DEC Freshwater Wetlands Check Zone The "check zone" is an area around the mapped wetland in which the actual wetland may occur.

DEC Freshwater Wetlands Check Zone Freshwater Wetlands ChecktheZone TheDEC "check zone" is an area around mapped The "check zone" an area aroundmay the occur. mapped wetland in which theisactual wetland wetland in which the actual wetland may occur.

DEC Freshwater Wetlands Check Zone The "check zone" is an area around the map wetland in which the actual wetland may o

46

Ecological Infrastructure

CITY CONTEXT Flood Vulnerable Area Cruise Line Company

A - Basilica Hudson B - Mining Port C -Industrial Area Mining D - Cruise Line Company E - Hudson Amtrak

Hudson Amtrak

Port

Industrial Area

D E B

A

C

DEC Freshwater Wetlands Check Zone The "check zone" is an area around the mapped Basilica Hudson wetland in which the actual wetland may occur.

Declining Wetlands and Flood Vulnerability

Hudson, NY

DEC Freshwater Wetlands Check Zone - indicating where the wetland may occur

47

Flood Protection Landform

REACTIVATING THE CITY BY ART

Viewing Deck

Constructed Wetland Park

Down

Wetland Sculpture Park

48

Ecological Infrastructure

Elevated Driveway

m

ntown

Holcim US Mining Company

Road Expansion Project

Hudson, NY

49

50

Ecological Infrastructure

REVIVING WETLANDS

Hudson, NY

51

COLLAPSING CENTRAL VALLEY Sacramento, California Columbia GSAPP, Fall 2017 Critics: Lee Altman, Michael Murphy, Justin Moore Team: Jesse Hirakawa, Fatma Mhmood, Linda Schilling The Central Valley and Sacramento city have developed hand in hand since the middle of the nineteenth century. The logic behind the development of both scales has been large-scale - single function infrastructure that through extractive logic and binomial operations to secure food and energy, has depleted the water table of a once lush marshland; a wetland area that has lost 95% of its surface. The exhaust of the water table has impacted both agriculture and drinking water for urban settlements nearby, but the effect that poses a bigger threat to the ecological systems that occupy the valley is one that does not meet the eye.

Collapsing grounds at the Delta due to levees is allowing salinity from the Pacific to enter into fresh water courses disrupting habitat for fauna and humans. This subsidence is a reflection of a crisis in the man-made landscape built 100 years ago, which relied upon the large-scale - single function infrastructure, without taking into account that systems have more than one function and could work at multiple scales.

Various state and federal policies were set in place in order to engineer this landscape; at present-day, several programs are attempting to mitigate. The current situation needs decades and centuries to reverse... Until then, the Delta won’t rise again.

4.8 MW

7 MW

24.4 MW

E

42.4 MW 151 MW

E

SACRAMENTO COUNTY

E

CITRUS HEIGHTS 1 MW

25 MW 2.5 MW 0.9 MW

3 MW

241 MW

FOLSOM 3 MW

E

SACRAMENTO

16.6 MW

1 MW

3.9 MW

RANCHO CORDOVA

176.6 MW

DAVIS

2 MW

3 MW

8.4 MW

164 MW

10 MW

4.2 MW

3 MW 2.7 MW

1.5 MW 13 MW

E

E

17.2 MW

11.5 MW

215.1 MW

77 MW 1 MW

1 MW

2 MW

E

E 11 MW

1 MW 10 MW 109 MW

1 MW

ELK GROVE 17 MW 15 MW 15 MW 1 MW

503 MW 40 MW

17.8 MW

4 MW

E

2.9 MW 2.9 MW

GALT

E

27.7 MW

23.3 MW 1.5 MW 1 MW

3.2 MW

E 10.5 MW

49.3 MW 257 MW

E

2.8 MW

LODI 45 MW 4 MW

4.2 MW

BRENTWOOD

STOCKTON

2.7 MW

E 1.3 MW

E

4 MW

4.2 MW

O 18.5 MW

Legend Project Levee System Non-Project Levee System County Boundary Water System

E

0

54

10.5 MW

46 MW

25 MW 1.5 MW

320.1 MW

2 MW 182.2 MW 112 MW

1.5 MW

Hydroelectric Power Plant Solar Panels Natural Gas Power Plant Biomass Power Plant Wind Turbines Energy Generated 5 10 Miles

19.9 MW

Urban Design Studio II

E

1 MW

98.1 MW

Solar 9.6%

Hydro-Electric 14.5%

E

Nuclear 9.5% Wind 6.9% Geothermal 6.3% Biomass 3.0%

Natural Gas 49.0%

Electricity generation in California Public Interest in Solar Public Interest in Solar Energy supply 74,892 MW Energy supply Electricity usage 74,892 MW 261.2 million MW Electricity usage 261.2 million MW

17 15

15

13

13

11

11

9

California 15.42 cents / kwh California 15.42 cents / kwh

2014

2012 2016

2010 2014

2008 2012

2006

2008

2010

2002

2004

2006

Threatened

15000

Drought

Endangered

5000

2016

2014

2012 2016

2010 2014

2008 2012

2006 2010

2004 2008

2002 2006

2000 2004

1998 2002

1996 2000

1994 1998

1992 1996

1994

1990

1988 1992

1986 1990

1984 1988

1986

1976 1978

1976

0

1982

0

5000

1980

15000 10000

Drought Endangered

10000

1984

20000

U.S. 10.41 cents / kwh

Threatened

20000

1978

25000

1982

30000

U.S. 10.41 cents / kwh

Electricity Usage in California

Winter Run 30000 Chinook Salmon Winter Run 25000 Chinook Salmon

1980

35000

2000

1998

35000

2004

1994

1992

1990

9

2002

9 1996

11

2000

11

1998

13

1992

13

1996

15

15

1990

17

1994

17

9

2016

17

Winter Run Chinook Salmon in California declining in numbers due to drought and loss of habitat from dam construction

Sacramento, CA

55

80% salmon spawning areas blocked

Dams: The Central Valley Project put in place in 1933 marked their beginning

River Salmon Pacific Flyway

144 hydro power plants in Central Valley

95% historic marshland gone

Levees: 35 critical locations with potential for flood - $50 million to repair

Subsidence: Sinking 1-3� per year Forming 155 islands near the delta

56

Urban Design Studio II

75% fish species will be extinct by 2117

Residential areas: Flood risk to critical levees in next 50 years by 6.5 earthquake Pacific Flyway: 7 million water flow + 300,000 shorebirds

River Salmon: Biggest economic impact amongst fish species in Central Valley ($1,776). Loss of Habitat from agriculture and urban sprawl

65% privately owned

Agriculture: 1,150 sq. miles delta agriculture lands. 95% California's rice is grown in Central Valley

Rice Fields: Land subjected to Habitat Restoration efforts for Chinook Salmon

Sacramento, CA

57

Global

1: Representing the Urban Condition

2: Jordan Valley

3: The Mesopotamian Marshes 4: Public Spaces & Power 5: Varanasi in Flux

Data from ESRI Open Source Map

60

CONTENTS

+

Representing the Urban Condition

62

+

Jordan Valley

64

+

The Mesopotamian Marshes

66

+

Public Spaces and Power

74

+

Varanasi in Flux

80

61

REPRESENTING THE URBAN CONDITION The map depicts the end of Western Europe in relation to the Atlantic Ocean, but at the same time criticizes the World Urban Map in terms of the classification ‘urban’ or ‘non-urban’, blurring the boundaries between land and water.

Data from ESRI Open Source Map

0

150

300

600

LEGEND RO M E

LO N D O N

Wo r l d ’ s 2 n d L a r g e s t C i t i e s

World’s 2nd Largest Cities

Wo r l d ’ s L a r g e s t C i t i e s

World’s Largest Cities

Wo r l d U r b a n A r e a s

World Urban Areas

Wo r l d Ro a d s

World Railroads

Wo r l d R a i l ro a d s

World Railroads

62

0

Urban Design Studio III

150

300

600

900

Miles 1,200

900

Miles 1,200

COPENHAGEN

HAMBURG

DUBLIN

BERLIN

LON DON BRUSSELS

PRAGUE PARIS VIENNA

MUNICH

MILAN

ROME

BARCELONA MADRID

ALGIERS

COPENHAGEN

CASABLANCA

RABAT TRIPOLI HAMBURG

DUBLIN

BERLIN

WARSA

LONDON BRUSSELS PRAGUE Varanasi, India

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PARIS MUNICH

VIENNA BUDAPEST

THE JORDAN VALLEY This map represent the Jordan Valley, a valley that geographically lies between Jordan and Israel/Palestine.

It highlights it as a site where these two frontiers meet, a site of political tension, but also a site of crossing for many Palestinians returning back into their homeland. The map intends to reveal its hidden value as an agricultural belt that produces fruits and vegetables for an ever growing population due to conflict and war.

Data from USGS Earth Explorer

64

65

THE MESOPOTAMIAN MARSHES Ahwar, Southern Iraq Columbia GSAPP, Fall 2017 Critics: Leah Meisterlin, Grga Basic Team: Fatma Mhmood Through manipulation of dams along Tigris and Euphrates River, can we recover the wetlands lost in the Mesopotamian Marshes?

The Ahwar of Southern Iraq and the Relict Landscape of the Mesopotamian Cities is a mixed serial heritage property located in the southern region of the Republic of Iraq.

It is one of the most important freshwater ecosystems located in an extremely arid environment. After the Iraqi-Iranian war ended in 1990, a mega-program was initiated by the government to establish dams, roads and other infrastructure. As a result, the Ahwar totally dried up, with the climax reached during the second Gulf War in 1991.

The government diverted the natural river channels and their branches for military and political reasons, while justifying the actions as land rehabilitation programs.

The drainage affected soils of the area by forming vast salt lakes, relative temperatures increased due to the degradation of vegetation cover.

The scope aims to evaluate the possibility of a full recovery of the Mesopotamian Marshes through studying the wetland loss of the area from 1990-present. The research will include identifying the location of the dams, which are along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Turkey and Syria, which interrupt the flow of water, sediments and nutrients from the source of the rivers to the mouth. It will also consider the amount of electricity generated from each dam, and the possibility of releasing 30% of the water in order to recover the marshes at a steady rate, while also considering solar energy as an alternative for electricity generation as opposed to hydroelectricity generated from the dams retaining water.

1990

2000

2017

Wetland and Vegetation Water

68

Geographical Information Systems

MAPPING LOSS & GAIN 1990 to 2000

2000 to 2017

Wetland and Vegetation Gain Wetland and Vegetation Loss

Ahwar, Iraq

69

INTERRUPTION OF FLOW

E E

E E E

E E E E E E E

Legend

E

Dam locations Iraq Administrative Boundaries

E E

Marshes

Stream (Seconday to Primary)

0

1 2 3 4 5

30

60

120

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Miles 240

Legend

Dam locations Locations Legend E Dam

Iraq Administrative Boundaries Boundaries Dam locations E Administrative Marshes Marshes Iraq Administrative Boundaries Stream (Seconday to Primary) Marshes Streams (Secondary to Primary) 1 Stream (Seconday to Primary) 2 1 13 224 335 44 55

0

00

70

30

60

30 60 30 60

120

180

120 120

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Miles 240 Miles 240

Miles 240

Geographical Urban Design Information Studio Systems III

E E

E E

E

DAMS, ELEVATION & WATERSHEDS

Mosul Dam E E

Dokan Dam E

E

E

Legend Dams Dam E Adhaim Barbandikhan Dam E Darbandikhan Dam E E E Dokan Dam Hemrin Dam Adhaim E Dam E E Mosul Dam E E samarra Dam Samarra Dam

Legend Dams

E E E E E E E E

Adhaim Dam Darbandikhan Dam

E

Hemrin Dam

Legend

LegendAdhaimsamarra Dam Dams Darbandikhan Dam

1 3 2 4 3 5

3 4 5

Iraq Administrative Dokan watershed Boudnaries Adhaim watershed Hemrin Watershed Dokan watershed Mosul watershed

Iraq Administrative Boudnaries

Hemrin SamarraWatershed Watershed Mosul watershed

Adhaim watershed

Samarra Watershed

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60

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Dokan watershed

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4

Dams

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Legend

5 Adhaim watershed

0

60

Hemrin Watershed

E E E E E E

5 Adhaim Dam

Iraq Administrative Boudnaries

Darbandikhan Dam

Adhaim watershed

Dokan Dam

Dokan watershed

Hemrin Dam

Hemrin Watershed

Mosul Dam

Mosul watershed

samarra Dam

Samarra Watershed

Miles 120 Miles 120

Miles Streams 120

0

1

Mosul watershed

15

90

60

3 4

15

30

2

Samarra Watershed

0

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2

Dam

4 Iraq Administrative Boudnaries

0

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1

Dam E Adhaim Dokan Dam E Darbandikhan Hemrin Dam Dam Dokan Dam E Mosul Dam Streams E Hemrin samarra Dam Dam E Mosul Dam Streams E samarra1Dam 1

Streams

Mosul Dam

Dams

Streams2

Hemrin Dam

E

Dokan Dam

Miles 120

5

60Iraq Administrative Boudnaries 90

30

Adhaim watershed Dokan watershed Hemrin Watershed Mosul watershed Samarra Watershed

Varanasi, Ahwar, Iraq India 0

15

30

71

60

90

Miles 120

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RECOVERY

By Identifying change in vegetation and wetlands in 1990, 2000 and 2017, we found that the amount of water held by the dams is the main factor that led to change of wetlands and vegetation. We noticed a significance decrease in the area of vegetation and wetlands from 1990 to 2000 as the dams caused wetlands to dry and therefore we noticed a decrease in both, the level of water and the wetland area. We also observed that there is a small gain in wetlands and vegetations where the dams are located.

The maps generated above clearly shows that while most of these dams are located within the administrative boundaries of Iraq, their watersheds reach beyond. Most of these dams are located on the Northeast region of Iraq, where the elevation is higher.

This can also explain why these dams are selected to generate electricity for the region.

Our research concludes that by manipulating dams and restoring the lost volume of water, the Mesopotamian Marshes will be recovered at a faster rate. Existing hydroelectric dams can release 30% of the water that is currently stored in the reservoirs in order to provide the study rates while also producing enough electricity. If the water stored is reduced by 30% then the flow of water will also be reduced, which will lead in lower electricity production. To provide a solution to meet the electricity demand, we are proposing to introduce solar farms into the area since Iraq has more than 3200 hours of sun per year. While one MW would require 9290 m2 of land, this would require a large area to provide the require electricity production. We identified potential areas that could work as sites for solar farms based on their proximity to the dams and hence proximity to existing demand. Another aspect that was taken into consideration was the elevation of the sites, where sites are generally flat and south of the mountains, hence would not be in the shadows of the mountains.

72

Geographical Information Systems

Legend Name

E E E E E E

Adhaim Dam

E

Darbandikhan Dam Dokan Dam Hemrin Dam Mosul Dam Samarra Dam

Streams (Secondary to Primary)

E

1 2 3 4 5

Recommended Areas for Solar Farms Recommended Areas

E

E E

0

15

30

60

90

E

Miles 120

3267523909.1845 Cubic Meter

11729735822.24 Cubic Meter 2293374228.8271 Cubic Meter

00

Ahwar, Iraq

10 55 10

Miles 2020 Miles

73

1950s BEFORE 1950Before1950 BEFORE 695,686

695,686

1950-1975 1950-1975 1950-1975 1,437,134 1,437,134

1975-1997 1975-1997 1975-1997

2000s2000 2000

3,647,023 3,647,023

15,732,000 15,732,000

PUBLIC SPACE AND POWER Delhi, India Columbia GSAPP, Spring 2018 Critics: David Grahame Shane Team: Betsy Daniel, Deeksha Kalra, Janki Shah

The following research took into consideration Delhi’s multiple cities. Unlike many older cities, the city grew as multiple patches across Delhi, rather than an organic center that sprawled out. It took into consideration the 7 eras the city has gone through, starting from the Rajputs, to the Sultanate and the Mughals, to the British era and ending with the post-independent state of India. Through each era, the city’s center of power was mapped out and related to its current use as a public space, while also exploring what the public space at that time was.

RAJPUTS 700 - 1200

DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA

1200 - 1500

MUGHALS 1500- 1850

BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947

CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000

TELE CITTA 76

CONTEMPORARY 2000 - 2018

77

RAJPUTS 700 - 1200 Tomar Dynasty Chauhan Dynasty Ghurid Dynasty Slave Dynasty

DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA

1200 - 1500

MUGHALS 1500- 1850

BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947

CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000

700 - 1200: Lal Kot & Qila Rai Pithora GA TE

TELE CITTA

RAJPUTS CONTEMPO700RARY - 1200

ER

ET

RIM

PE

LAL KOT / QILA RAI PITHORA

DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA

ER

NT

CE

2000 - 2018

CITY OF FAITH

1200 - 1500

MUGHALS 1500- 1850 Shergarh Shajahanabad - Old city Bazaar

BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947

CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000

1500 - 1850: Red Fort & Walled Old Delhi GA TE

TELE CITTA

CONTEMPORARY RAJPUTS

ER

NT

CE

2000 - 2018 700 - 1200

ER

ET

RIM

PE

RED FORT CITY OF FAITH

DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA

1200 - 1500

MUGHALS 1500- 1850

Shergarh Shajahanabad - Old city Bazaar

BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947

CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000

1500 - 1850: Hauz Khas Village TELE CITTA

78

CONTEMPORARY 2000 - 2018

Recombinant Urbanism

GA TE

ER

NT

CE

ER

ET

RIM

PE

HAUZ KHAS VILLAGE CITY OF FAITH

RAJPUTS 700 - 1200

DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA

1200 - 1500

MUGHALS 1500- 1850

BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947 Railway Central Planned Delhi

CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000

1911: New Delhi Master Plan RAJPUTS 700 - 1200

TELE CITTA

LE

CONTEMPORARY

PO

2000 - 2018 LE

PO

DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA

B

A

INDIA GATE

1200 - 1500

CITY OF MACHINE

MUGHALS 1500- 1850

BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947

CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000 Refugee Colonies Ring Roads 1st Master Plan 1962 1st mall - Ansal Plaza

1950s: Refugee Colonies PERIMETER ENCLAVE

TELE CITTA

CONTEMPORAJPUTS 700 -RARY 1200 2000 - 2018 ARMATURE

REFUGEE COLONIES

DELHI SULTANATE ARCHI CITTA

CITY OF ORGANISM

1200 - 1500

MUGHALS 1500- 1850

BRITISH RAJ 1850- 1947

CINE CITTA POST INDEPENDENCE 1947 - 2000

TELE CITTA

CONTEMPORARY

2000s: Satellite Cities

PERIMETER ENCLAVE

2000 - 2018 Metro Satellite Cities Malls

Delhi, India

ARMATURE

SATELLITE CITIES CITY OF ORGANISM

79

VARANASI IN FLUX Varanasi, India Columbia GSAPP, Spring 2018 Critics: Kate Orff, Dilip da Cunha, Geeta Mehta, Julia Watson Team: Huanyu Chen, Fatma Mhmood, Xianyao Xia What if all public spaces in Varanasi become resilient, flexible and adaptable Maidans ?

Varanasi is a city in constant flux; with a population that shifts from 1.2 million residents to an additional 6 million tourists and pilgrims during festivals, fairs and religious activities. This flux can also be observed through the landscape and its relationship to the water, reflecting cycles of monsoon, migration, cultivation, and celebration. We believe that this impermanence in Varanasi leads to an opportunity of synthesizing the relationship between these cycles at both a macro scale and a micro scale to prepare Varanasi as a city that could better absorb the flux that is projected in the future.

By intervening in selected trajectories we have identified in Varanasi, we propose to introduce an infrastructural system made from locally available materials at locations along these trajectories as resilience strategies. This infrastructure includes loosely programed “maidan� spaces along the ghats as well as inside the city for temporary shelters, markets and natural habitats. By challenging the formal notions of reading a city as a stagnant and permanent entity, we look at Varanasi as an oscillating city in relation to time; with people, fauna, flora and water all in dynamic Flux throughout the year.

vem No

ber

December

CYCLES OF FLUX

Jan u

ary

Marigold Mustard Wheat

M M arigo Ric ustar ld ea d

8.4mm

ber

Oc to

r Feb aw ali Dev De ep

S

hi vra

a Ma gh

Pausa

na a Agh

Ashvin

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e Ric Jute igold r Ma

mer Sum Du

September

ad Bh

n soo

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ha sht Jye Ashadha Shr aav ana

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rtik

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una alg Ph Chaitra Vai sak ha

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People Fauna Flora Water

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eat Wh umber Cuc lant .4mm p 8 Egg

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uar

Urban Design Studio III

Ap ri

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BENEFICIAL TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS

Varanasi, India

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THE CONCEPT OF MAIDAN

Current Approach to Planning

Proposed Approach to Creating Urban Spaces

Expansive Network of Maidans

84

Urban Design Studio III

SITES AS MAIDANS

Varanasi, India

85

3 SITE T YPOLOGIES

Abandoned Kunds

Chakra Tal

Enclosed Parks

Beniya Park

Ganga’s Dynamic Edge

Ganga’s Dynamic Edge

DESIGN STRATEGY

PERMANENT INFRASTRUCTURE

Chosen Sites Chakra Tal

Beniya Park

Ganga’s Dynamic Edge

INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE

MAKAR SANKRANTRI

Permanent Infrastructure Chakra Tal

Beniya Park

Ganga’s Dynamic Edge

INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE

SHRAVAN MAS

Makar Sankrantri Chakra Tal

Beniya Park

Ganga’s Dynamic Edge

INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE

DEV DEEPAWALI

Shravan Mas Chakra Tal

Beniya Park

Ganga’s Dynamic Edge

Dev Deepawali

86

Chakra Tal

Beniya Park

Urban Design Studio III

Ganga’s Dynamic Edge

PERMANENT & TEMPORARY INFRASTRUCTURE

Providing Access Through Wayfinding

Manipulating the Landscape

Extractive & Additive Operations

Varanasi, India

87

INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SOCIAL SPACE

Creating Built Inhabitable Spaces

Attaching Temporary Infrastructure

88

Urban Design Studio III

REVIVING ABANDONED TALABS

Engaging locals in maintenance & operation

Chakra Tal during Dev Deepawali

Chakra Tal during Shravan Mas

Varanasi, India

89

CREATING MICRO-ECONOMICS

Facilitating nomad’s mobility through SoCCs

Beniya Park during Dev Deepawali

Beniya Park during Shravan Mas

90

Urban Design Studio III

ESTABLISHING OUTLETS

Establishing outflows for people and water at Ganga’s dynamic edge

Ganga during Dev Deepawali

Ganga during Shravan Mas

Varanasi, India

91

Chakra Tal Crops

Agricultural Fields

Religious Objects Desilting

Silt Extraction Water

Waste Bi

Outflow D

AN EXPANISVE NETWORK OF MAIDANS

Sandbag

Silt Remova

Crops

Religious Objects

Beniya Park

Crops

Ganga’s Dynamic Edge Fence Removal Extending Access Religious Objects Water

People

Agricultural Fields

Birds

Religious Objects

Crops

in Set up

Docks

gs

al

Ground Preparation for Aarti

Water

Religious Objects People

Ban Edilbi be2265@columbia.edu (+1) 917 443 2739 New York, NY