BABEL-AFIAL Nº 17

Page 1

Artículos 7

The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf s Carnivalesque Vision in Between the Acts Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas Between Güeras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and their Search for a Room of their Own Carolina Fernández Rodríguez

23

British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice Munro s Narratives Mª Teresa González Mínguez

49

La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles Luisa Mª González Rodríguez

59

Tristram s Identity Revisited Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera

77

The Bell Jar: Towards a Fading in Mind and Color Rosa Muñoz Luna

99

Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition Ignacio Ramos Gay

115

Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio de corpus Antonio García Gómez

131

Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: visión pragmática María José González Rodríguez

153

Are Women Really Sweet? An Analysis of the Woman as Dessert Metaphor in the English and Spanish Written Press Irene López Rodríguez

179

Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis semi-automático Victoria López Sanjuán

197

Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (V): Edad Media las otras lenguas, vernáculas, sapienciales y religiosas Mª José Corvo Sánchez

233

Learning how to Mitigate Requests through an Explicit Pragmatics-Based Method Esther Usó-Juan y Alicia Martínez-Flor

253

Reseñas Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez (eds.). 2006: Nuevas perspectivas en la didáctica de la fonética inglesa. Lorena Barrera Fernández

273

Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon Disorders: Gendered Perspectives on Literature and Film in Canada and the United States. Belén Martín Lucas

281

Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía escocesa: Antología bilingüe. Pilar Villar Argáiz

287

ISSN

1132-7332

B A B E L 17 2008 A F I

Nº 17 - Ano 2008

17

A L

SERVIZO DE PUBLICACIÓNS

UNIVERSIDADE DE VIGO



COMITÉ EDITORIAL Elena de Prada Creo (Universidad de Vigo) Beatriz Figueroa Revilla (Universidad de Vigo) Cristina Larkin Galiñanes (Universidad de Vigo)

COMITÉ EDITORIAL Elena de Prada Creo (Universidad de Vigo) Beatriz Figueroa Revilla (Universidad de Vigo) Cristina Larkin Galiñanes (Universidad de Vigo)

COMITÉ DE REDACCIÓN Carlos Buján López (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) José Luis Chamoso González (Universidad de León) Mª Ángeles de la Concha Muñoz (UNED Madrid) Jorge Figueroa Dorrego (Universidade de Vigo) Francisco Garrudo Carabias (Universidad de Sevilla) Constante González Groba (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Manuel González Piñeiro (Universidade de Vigo) Pedro Guardia Masó (Universidad de Barcelona) Mª José López Couso (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Ramón López Ortega (Universidad de Extremadura) Félix Martín Gutiérrez (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Manuel Míguez Ben (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Rafael Monroy Casas (Universidad de Murcia) Catalina Montes Mozo (Universidad de Salamanca) Manuela Palacios González (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Javier Pérez Guerra (Universidade de Vigo) Veljka Ruzicka Kenfel (Universidade de Vigo) José Siles Artés (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Eduardo Varela Bravo (Universidade de Vigo)

COMITÉ DE REDACCIÓN Carlos Buján López (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) José Luis Chamoso González (Universidad de León) Mª Ángeles de la Concha Muñoz (UNED Madrid) Jorge Figueroa Dorrego (Universidade de Vigo) Francisco Garrudo Carabias (Universidad de Sevilla) Constante González Groba (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Manuel González Piñeiro (Universidade de Vigo) Pedro Guardia Masó (Universidad de Barcelona) Mª José López Couso (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Ramón López Ortega (Universidad de Extremadura) Félix Martín Gutiérrez (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Manuel Míguez Ben (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Rafael Monroy Casas (Universidad de Murcia) Catalina Montes Mozo (Universidad de Salamanca) Manuela Palacios González (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Javier Pérez Guerra (Universidade de Vigo) Veljka Ruzicka Kenfel (Universidade de Vigo) José Siles Artés (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Eduardo Varela Bravo (Universidade de Vigo)

Este volume publícase cunha subvención da DIRECCIÓN XERAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN, DESENVOLVEMENTO E INNOVACIÓN DA XUNTA DE GALICIA.

Este volume publícase cunha subvención da DIRECCIÓN XERAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN, DESENVOLVEMENTO E INNOVACIÓN DA XUNTA DE GALICIA.

BABEL-AFIAL Nº 17; Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL Nº 17; Ano 2008

EDITA Servizo de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo Campus das Lagoas - Marcosende 36310 VIGO, España

EDITA Servizo de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo Campus das Lagoas - Marcosende 36310 VIGO, España

IMPRIME Oficode, S.L.

IMPRIME Oficode, S.L.

ISSN 1132 - 7332 DEP. LEGAL PO - 603 - 02

ISSN 1132 - 7332 DEP. LEGAL PO - 603 - 02

© Servizo de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo, 2008

© Servizo de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo, 2008

COMITÉ EDITORIAL Elena de Prada Creo (Universidad de Vigo) Beatriz Figueroa Revilla (Universidad de Vigo) Cristina Larkin Galiñanes (Universidad de Vigo)

COMITÉ EDITORIAL Elena de Prada Creo (Universidad de Vigo) Beatriz Figueroa Revilla (Universidad de Vigo) Cristina Larkin Galiñanes (Universidad de Vigo)

COMITÉ DE REDACCIÓN Carlos Buján López (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) José Luis Chamoso González (Universidad de León) Mª Ángeles de la Concha Muñoz (UNED Madrid) Jorge Figueroa Dorrego (Universidade de Vigo) Francisco Garrudo Carabias (Universidad de Sevilla) Constante González Groba (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Manuel González Piñeiro (Universidade de Vigo) Pedro Guardia Masó (Universidad de Barcelona) Mª José López Couso (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Ramón López Ortega (Universidad de Extremadura) Félix Martín Gutiérrez (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Manuel Míguez Ben (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Rafael Monroy Casas (Universidad de Murcia) Catalina Montes Mozo (Universidad de Salamanca) Manuela Palacios González (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Javier Pérez Guerra (Universidade de Vigo) Veljka Ruzicka Kenfel (Universidade de Vigo) José Siles Artés (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Eduardo Varela Bravo (Universidade de Vigo)

COMITÉ DE REDACCIÓN Carlos Buján López (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) José Luis Chamoso González (Universidad de León) Mª Ángeles de la Concha Muñoz (UNED Madrid) Jorge Figueroa Dorrego (Universidade de Vigo) Francisco Garrudo Carabias (Universidad de Sevilla) Constante González Groba (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Manuel González Piñeiro (Universidade de Vigo) Pedro Guardia Masó (Universidad de Barcelona) Mª José López Couso (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Ramón López Ortega (Universidad de Extremadura) Félix Martín Gutiérrez (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Manuel Míguez Ben (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Rafael Monroy Casas (Universidad de Murcia) Catalina Montes Mozo (Universidad de Salamanca) Manuela Palacios González (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Javier Pérez Guerra (Universidade de Vigo) Veljka Ruzicka Kenfel (Universidade de Vigo) José Siles Artés (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Eduardo Varela Bravo (Universidade de Vigo)

Este volume publícase cunha subvención da DIRECCIÓN XERAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN, DESENVOLVEMENTO E INNOVACIÓN DA XUNTA DE GALICIA.

Este volume publícase cunha subvención da DIRECCIÓN XERAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN, DESENVOLVEMENTO E INNOVACIÓN DA XUNTA DE GALICIA.

BABEL-AFIAL Nº 17; Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL Nº 17; Ano 2008

EDITA Servizo de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo Campus das Lagoas - Marcosende 36310 VIGO, España

EDITA Servizo de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo Campus das Lagoas - Marcosende 36310 VIGO, España

IMPRIME Oficode, S.L.

IMPRIME Oficode, S.L.

ISSN 1132 - 7332 DEP. LEGAL PO - 603 - 02

ISSN 1132 - 7332 DEP. LEGAL PO - 603 - 02

© Servizo de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo, 2008

© Servizo de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo, 2008


Dedicamos este número a la memoria del Profesor

Dedicamos este número a la memoria del Profesor

Enrique Alcaraz Varó, que durante los últimos

Enrique Alcaraz Varó, que durante los últimos

15 años ha sido un colaborador esencial para la

15 años ha sido un colaborador esencial para la

existencia de nuestra revista. Lo recordaremos

existencia de nuestra revista. Lo recordaremos

siempre con cariño y gratitud.

siempre con cariño y gratitud.

Dedicamos este número a la memoria del Profesor

Dedicamos este número a la memoria del Profesor

Enrique Alcaraz Varó, que durante los últimos

Enrique Alcaraz Varó, que durante los últimos

15 años ha sido un colaborador esencial para la

15 años ha sido un colaborador esencial para la

existencia de nuestra revista. Lo recordaremos

existencia de nuestra revista. Lo recordaremos

siempre con cariño y gratitud.

siempre con cariño y gratitud.



Índice

Índice

Artículos

Artículos

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf s Carnivalesque Vision in Between the Acts

7

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf s Carnivalesque Vision in Between the Acts

7

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Güeras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and their Search for a Room of their Own

23

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Güeras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and their Search for a Room of their Own

23

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice Munro s Narratives

49

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice Munro s Narratives

49

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

59

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

59

Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram s Identity Revisited

77

Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram s Identity Revisited

77

Rosa Muñoz Luna The Bell Jar: Towards a Fading in Mind and Color

99

Rosa Muñoz Luna The Bell Jar: Towards a Fading in Mind and Color

99

Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

115

Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

115

Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio de corpus

131

Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio de corpus

131

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: visión pragmática

153

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: visión pragmática

153

Irene López Rodríguez Are Women Really Sweet? An Analysis of the Woman as Dessert Metaphor in the English and Spanish Written Press

179

Irene López Rodríguez Are Women Really Sweet? An Analysis of the Woman as Dessert Metaphor in the English and Spanish Written Press

179

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis semi-automático

197

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis semi-automático

197

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (V): Edad Media las otras lenguas, vernáculas, sapienciales y religiosas

233

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (V): Edad Media las otras lenguas, vernáculas, sapienciales y religiosas

233

Esther Usó-Juan y Alicia Martínez-Flor Learning how to Mitigate Requests through an Explicit Pragmatics-Based Method

253

Esther Usó-Juan y Alicia Martínez-Flor Learning how to Mitigate Requests through an Explicit Pragmatics-Based Method

253

Reseñas

Reseñas

Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez (eds.). 2006: Nuevas perspectivas en la didáctica de la fonética inglesa.

273

Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez (eds.). 2006: Nuevas perspectivas en la didáctica de la fonética inglesa.

273

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon Disorders: Gendered Perspectives on Literature and Film in Canada and the United States.

281

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon Disorders: Gendered Perspectives on Literature and Film in Canada and the United States.

281

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía escocesa: Antología bilingüe.

287

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía escocesa: Antología bilingüe.

287

Índice

Índice

Artículos

Artículos

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf s Carnivalesque Vision in Between the Acts

7

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf s Carnivalesque Vision in Between the Acts

7

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Güeras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and their Search for a Room of their Own

23

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Güeras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and their Search for a Room of their Own

23

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice Munro s Narratives

49

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice Munro s Narratives

49

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

59

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

59

Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram s Identity Revisited

77

Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram s Identity Revisited

77

Rosa Muñoz Luna The Bell Jar: Towards a Fading in Mind and Color

99

Rosa Muñoz Luna The Bell Jar: Towards a Fading in Mind and Color

99

Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

115

Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

115

Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio de corpus

131

Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio de corpus

131

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: visión pragmática

153

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: visión pragmática

153

Irene López Rodríguez Are Women Really Sweet? An Analysis of the Woman as Dessert Metaphor in the English and Spanish Written Press

179

Irene López Rodríguez Are Women Really Sweet? An Analysis of the Woman as Dessert Metaphor in the English and Spanish Written Press

179

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis semi-automático

197

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis semi-automático

197

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (V): Edad Media las otras lenguas, vernáculas, sapienciales y religiosas

233

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (V): Edad Media las otras lenguas, vernáculas, sapienciales y religiosas

233

Esther Usó-Juan y Alicia Martínez-Flor Learning how to Mitigate Requests through an Explicit Pragmatics-Based Method

253

Esther Usó-Juan y Alicia Martínez-Flor Learning how to Mitigate Requests through an Explicit Pragmatics-Based Method

253

Reseñas

Reseñas

Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez (eds.). 2006: Nuevas perspectivas en la didáctica de la fonética inglesa.

273

Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez (eds.). 2006: Nuevas perspectivas en la didáctica de la fonética inglesa.

273

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon Disorders: Gendered Perspectives on Literature and Film in Canada and the United States.

281

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon Disorders: Gendered Perspectives on Literature and Film in Canada and the United States.

281

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía escocesa: Antología bilingüe.

287

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía escocesa: Antología bilingüe.

287



Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

7

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

7

THE KING OF FOOLS AND THE BISHOP OF UNREASON: VIRGINIA WOLF’S CARNIVALISQUE VISION IN BETWEEN THE ACTS* Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas Universidad de Granada iandres@ugr.es

THE KING OF FOOLS AND THE BISHOP OF UNREASON: VIRGINIA WOLF’S CARNIVALISQUE VISION IN BETWEEN THE ACTS* Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas Universidad de Granada iandres@ugr.es

Impelled by the urgency of a society threatened by the imminence of an international conflict, along with the oppressive impositions of growing fascism, Virginia Woolf proposes a radically unconventional insight into this world through the determined subversion of the established values and patterns. Accordingly, it is by setting up a carnivalesque pageant of the world, ruled over by a catalogue of grotesques directly inherited from the carnival tradition, such as the King of Fools or the Abbot of Unreason – its ecclesiastical embodiment - that the narrator is enabled to promote the erosion and debunking of any form of centralized authority. Furthermore, as pertains to a carnival paradigm and its politics of praise and abuse, only through the debasement of the self-enclosing, monadic forms of power operating either in the name of royalty, Empire, religion, or patriarchy, will the process of regeneration of those prevailing structures and conceptions be thus fostered.

Impelled by the urgency of a society threatened by the imminence of an international conflict, along with the oppressive impositions of growing fascism, Virginia Woolf proposes a radically unconventional insight into this world through the determined subversion of the established values and patterns. Accordingly, it is by setting up a carnivalesque pageant of the world, ruled over by a catalogue of grotesques directly inherited from the carnival tradition, such as the King of Fools or the Abbot of Unreason – its ecclesiastical embodiment - that the narrator is enabled to promote the erosion and debunking of any form of centralized authority. Furthermore, as pertains to a carnival paradigm and its politics of praise and abuse, only through the debasement of the self-enclosing, monadic forms of power operating either in the name of royalty, Empire, religion, or patriarchy, will the process of regeneration of those prevailing structures and conceptions be thus fostered.

Keywords: carnival, grotesque, subversion, Modernism, narrative

Keywords: carnival, grotesque, subversion, Modernism, narrative

Impulsada por la urgencia de una sociedad ineludiblemente amenazada por la inminencia de un conflicto internacional, así como por las opresivas imposiciones del creciente fascismo, Virginia Woolf propone una visión radicalmente distinta con respecto a dicha sociedad a través de la subversión radical de los valores y modelos establecidos. De este modo, será mediante una carnavalesca representación del mundo,

Impulsada por la urgencia de una sociedad ineludiblemente amenazada por la inminencia de un conflicto internacional, así como por las opresivas imposiciones del creciente fascismo, Virginia Woolf propone una visión radicalmente distinta con respecto a dicha sociedad a través de la subversión radical de los valores y modelos establecidos. De este modo, será mediante una carnavalesca representación del mundo,

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

7

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

7

THE KING OF FOOLS AND THE BISHOP OF UNREASON: VIRGINIA WOLF’S CARNIVALISQUE VISION IN BETWEEN THE ACTS* Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas Universidad de Granada iandres@ugr.es

THE KING OF FOOLS AND THE BISHOP OF UNREASON: VIRGINIA WOLF’S CARNIVALISQUE VISION IN BETWEEN THE ACTS* Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas Universidad de Granada iandres@ugr.es

Impelled by the urgency of a society threatened by the imminence of an international conflict, along with the oppressive impositions of growing fascism, Virginia Woolf proposes a radically unconventional insight into this world through the determined subversion of the established values and patterns. Accordingly, it is by setting up a carnivalesque pageant of the world, ruled over by a catalogue of grotesques directly inherited from the carnival tradition, such as the King of Fools or the Abbot of Unreason – its ecclesiastical embodiment - that the narrator is enabled to promote the erosion and debunking of any form of centralized authority. Furthermore, as pertains to a carnival paradigm and its politics of praise and abuse, only through the debasement of the self-enclosing, monadic forms of power operating either in the name of royalty, Empire, religion, or patriarchy, will the process of regeneration of those prevailing structures and conceptions be thus fostered.

Impelled by the urgency of a society threatened by the imminence of an international conflict, along with the oppressive impositions of growing fascism, Virginia Woolf proposes a radically unconventional insight into this world through the determined subversion of the established values and patterns. Accordingly, it is by setting up a carnivalesque pageant of the world, ruled over by a catalogue of grotesques directly inherited from the carnival tradition, such as the King of Fools or the Abbot of Unreason – its ecclesiastical embodiment - that the narrator is enabled to promote the erosion and debunking of any form of centralized authority. Furthermore, as pertains to a carnival paradigm and its politics of praise and abuse, only through the debasement of the self-enclosing, monadic forms of power operating either in the name of royalty, Empire, religion, or patriarchy, will the process of regeneration of those prevailing structures and conceptions be thus fostered.

Keywords: carnival, grotesque, subversion, Modernism, narrative

Keywords: carnival, grotesque, subversion, Modernism, narrative

Impulsada por la urgencia de una sociedad ineludiblemente amenazada por la inminencia de un conflicto internacional, así como por las opresivas imposiciones del creciente fascismo, Virginia Woolf propone una visión radicalmente distinta con respecto a dicha sociedad a través de la subversión radical de los valores y modelos establecidos. De este modo, será mediante una carnavalesca representación del mundo,

Impulsada por la urgencia de una sociedad ineludiblemente amenazada por la inminencia de un conflicto internacional, así como por las opresivas imposiciones del creciente fascismo, Virginia Woolf propone una visión radicalmente distinta con respecto a dicha sociedad a través de la subversión radical de los valores y modelos establecidos. De este modo, será mediante una carnavalesca representación del mundo,

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007


8

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

8

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

regido por una serie de grotescas figuras, directamente heredadas de la tradición del carnaval, tales como el Rey Bufón o el Obispo de la Locura – la versión eclesiástica de éste – lo que permita al narrador promover el destronamiento de toda forma centralizada de autoridad. Asimismo, tal y como corresponde al paradigma del carnaval y su política de alabanza-mofa, será precisamente la degradación e inversión de las formas de poder basadas en el monadismo y la imposición dictatorial, las cuales operan en el nombre de la monarquía, el imperio, la religión o el patriarcado, lo que posibilitará el proceso de regeneración de las estructuras y concepciones vigentes.

regido por una serie de grotescas figuras, directamente heredadas de la tradición del carnaval, tales como el Rey Bufón o el Obispo de la Locura – la versión eclesiástica de éste – lo que permita al narrador promover el destronamiento de toda forma centralizada de autoridad. Asimismo, tal y como corresponde al paradigma del carnaval y su política de alabanza-mofa, será precisamente la degradación e inversión de las formas de poder basadas en el monadismo y la imposición dictatorial, las cuales operan en el nombre de la monarquía, el imperio, la religión o el patriarcado, lo que posibilitará el proceso de regeneración de las estructuras y concepciones vigentes.

Palabras clave: carnaval, subversión, Modernismo, narrativa.

Palabras clave: carnaval, subversión, Modernismo, narrativa.

In the midst of a society threatened by the repressive forces of fascism and the imminence of an international conflict, Virginia Woolf advocates for a profound transformation of a system on the verge of collapse, yet paradoxically anchored to outmoded models. As the narrator envisions it, only through the subversiveness and decentralization inherent to the carnival paradigm, with its proposal of a monde à l’invers, will a real renovation of the cultural and socio-political bases underlying interwar Britain be enabled. Accordingly, the pivotal structures of power in British society, such as Empire, religion, monarchy, or canonical beliefs are subjected to a dramatic revision and subsequent debasement. At the same time, a whole microcosm of grotesque figures is brought to the fore in order to accomplish the final debunking of that anachronous post-Victorian society. As a result, in keeping with carnivalesque principles, and tallied with the destruction of the old order, the prospect of an invigorated world, released from the manacles of oppression and preceptive tradition, glimmers beneath the narrative in Woolf ’s last novel.

In the midst of a society threatened by the repressive forces of fascism and the imminence of an international conflict, Virginia Woolf advocates for a profound transformation of a system on the verge of collapse, yet paradoxically anchored to outmoded models. As the narrator envisions it, only through the subversiveness and decentralization inherent to the carnival paradigm, with its proposal of a monde à l’invers, will a real renovation of the cultural and socio-political bases underlying interwar Britain be enabled. Accordingly, the pivotal structures of power in British society, such as Empire, religion, monarchy, or canonical beliefs are subjected to a dramatic revision and subsequent debasement. At the same time, a whole microcosm of grotesque figures is brought to the fore in order to accomplish the final debunking of that anachronous post-Victorian society. As a result, in keeping with carnivalesque principles, and tallied with the destruction of the old order, the prospect of an invigorated world, released from the manacles of oppression and preceptive tradition, glimmers beneath the narrative in Woolf ’s last novel.

At the core of those grotesques populating the carnivalistic universe in Between the Acts, there lies the Carnival Fool or King of Fools. A constant within the carnival paradigm, this figure has been identified

At the core of those grotesques populating the carnivalistic universe in Between the Acts, there lies the Carnival Fool or King of Fools. A constant within the carnival paradigm, this figure has been identified

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

regido por una serie de grotescas figuras, directamente heredadas de la tradición del carnaval, tales como el Rey Bufón o el Obispo de la Locura – la versión eclesiástica de éste – lo que permita al narrador promover el destronamiento de toda forma centralizada de autoridad. Asimismo, tal y como corresponde al paradigma del carnaval y su política de alabanza-mofa, será precisamente la degradación e inversión de las formas de poder basadas en el monadismo y la imposición dictatorial, las cuales operan en el nombre de la monarquía, el imperio, la religión o el patriarcado, lo que posibilitará el proceso de regeneración de las estructuras y concepciones vigentes.

regido por una serie de grotescas figuras, directamente heredadas de la tradición del carnaval, tales como el Rey Bufón o el Obispo de la Locura – la versión eclesiástica de éste – lo que permita al narrador promover el destronamiento de toda forma centralizada de autoridad. Asimismo, tal y como corresponde al paradigma del carnaval y su política de alabanza-mofa, será precisamente la degradación e inversión de las formas de poder basadas en el monadismo y la imposición dictatorial, las cuales operan en el nombre de la monarquía, el imperio, la religión o el patriarcado, lo que posibilitará el proceso de regeneración de las estructuras y concepciones vigentes.

Palabras clave: carnaval, subversión, Modernismo, narrativa.

Palabras clave: carnaval, subversión, Modernismo, narrativa.

In the midst of a society threatened by the repressive forces of fascism and the imminence of an international conflict, Virginia Woolf advocates for a profound transformation of a system on the verge of collapse, yet paradoxically anchored to outmoded models. As the narrator envisions it, only through the subversiveness and decentralization inherent to the carnival paradigm, with its proposal of a monde à l’invers, will a real renovation of the cultural and socio-political bases underlying interwar Britain be enabled. Accordingly, the pivotal structures of power in British society, such as Empire, religion, monarchy, or canonical beliefs are subjected to a dramatic revision and subsequent debasement. At the same time, a whole microcosm of grotesque figures is brought to the fore in order to accomplish the final debunking of that anachronous post-Victorian society. As a result, in keeping with carnivalesque principles, and tallied with the destruction of the old order, the prospect of an invigorated world, released from the manacles of oppression and preceptive tradition, glimmers beneath the narrative in Woolf ’s last novel.

In the midst of a society threatened by the repressive forces of fascism and the imminence of an international conflict, Virginia Woolf advocates for a profound transformation of a system on the verge of collapse, yet paradoxically anchored to outmoded models. As the narrator envisions it, only through the subversiveness and decentralization inherent to the carnival paradigm, with its proposal of a monde à l’invers, will a real renovation of the cultural and socio-political bases underlying interwar Britain be enabled. Accordingly, the pivotal structures of power in British society, such as Empire, religion, monarchy, or canonical beliefs are subjected to a dramatic revision and subsequent debasement. At the same time, a whole microcosm of grotesque figures is brought to the fore in order to accomplish the final debunking of that anachronous post-Victorian society. As a result, in keeping with carnivalesque principles, and tallied with the destruction of the old order, the prospect of an invigorated world, released from the manacles of oppression and preceptive tradition, glimmers beneath the narrative in Woolf ’s last novel.

At the core of those grotesques populating the carnivalistic universe in Between the Acts, there lies the Carnival Fool or King of Fools. A constant within the carnival paradigm, this figure has been identified

At the core of those grotesques populating the carnivalistic universe in Between the Acts, there lies the Carnival Fool or King of Fools. A constant within the carnival paradigm, this figure has been identified


Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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as a scapegoat or communal expiatory victim. Indeed, invariably receiving the scorn and harassment of the rest, the carnival Fool functions as the vehicle whereby collective evils and pains are expelled from the community and disposed of through symbolical or actual destruction of the carrier. Tracing back the origins of this Fool, Frazer finds its earlier roots in ancient civilizations, where not rarely, it was embodied by flesh-and-bone figures. In his study, the anthropologist notes the dual nature of the Carnival Fool as both the King, representative of the highest social, political, or even religious authority, and as a ridiculous personage, mostly characterized by its utter grotesqueness:

as a scapegoat or communal expiatory victim. Indeed, invariably receiving the scorn and harassment of the rest, the carnival Fool functions as the vehicle whereby collective evils and pains are expelled from the community and disposed of through symbolical or actual destruction of the carrier. Tracing back the origins of this Fool, Frazer finds its earlier roots in ancient civilizations, where not rarely, it was embodied by flesh-and-bone figures. In his study, the anthropologist notes the dual nature of the Carnival Fool as both the King, representative of the highest social, political, or even religious authority, and as a ridiculous personage, mostly characterized by its utter grotesqueness:

We have seen that in Italy, Spain, and France, that is, in the countries where the influence of Rome has been deepest and most lasting, a conspicuous feature of the Carnival is a burlesque figure personifying the festive season, which after a short career of glory and dissipation is publicly shot, burnt, or otherwise destroyed, to the feigned grief of genuine delight of the populace. If the view here suggested of the Carnival is correct, this grotesque personage is no other than a direct successor of the old King of the Saturnalia. (Frazer, 1913: 312)

We have seen that in Italy, Spain, and France, that is, in the countries where the influence of Rome has been deepest and most lasting, a conspicuous feature of the Carnival is a burlesque figure personifying the festive season, which after a short career of glory and dissipation is publicly shot, burnt, or otherwise destroyed, to the feigned grief of genuine delight of the populace. If the view here suggested of the Carnival is correct, this grotesque personage is no other than a direct successor of the old King of the Saturnalia. (Frazer, 1913: 312)

In Between the Acts, Albert is inescapably appointed as a Carnival Fool. Overtly referred to as “the village idiot” and apparently mentallyimpaired, Albert fits into Bakhtin's postulate of the twofold nature of that buffoon/monarch. Along with this duality, a further bidimensionality concerns this personage. Thus, while this king, ensuing his crowning, is beaten and ridiculed, Bakhtin also acknowledges him as the one acting as a herald and exponent of the new optics provided by the carnival sense of the world. Chiming in with this, his foolery becomes a means of getting rid of the official, false truth of the world, thereby gazed from a diametrically different perspective (Bakhtin, 1984a: 49).

In Between the Acts, Albert is inescapably appointed as a Carnival Fool. Overtly referred to as “the village idiot” and apparently mentallyimpaired, Albert fits into Bakhtin's postulate of the twofold nature of that buffoon/monarch. Along with this duality, a further bidimensionality concerns this personage. Thus, while this king, ensuing his crowning, is beaten and ridiculed, Bakhtin also acknowledges him as the one acting as a herald and exponent of the new optics provided by the carnival sense of the world. Chiming in with this, his foolery becomes a means of getting rid of the official, false truth of the world, thereby gazed from a diametrically different perspective (Bakhtin, 1984a: 49).

Accordingly, it is Albert, this acknowledged fool, who dares to enact precisely “the unacted part” of each of us (Woolf, 1992a: 179). Scorned and despaired by the attendants to the village pageant around

Accordingly, it is Albert, this acknowledged fool, who dares to enact precisely “the unacted part” of each of us (Woolf, 1992a: 179). Scorned and despaired by the attendants to the village pageant around

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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as a scapegoat or communal expiatory victim. Indeed, invariably receiving the scorn and harassment of the rest, the carnival Fool functions as the vehicle whereby collective evils and pains are expelled from the community and disposed of through symbolical or actual destruction of the carrier. Tracing back the origins of this Fool, Frazer finds its earlier roots in ancient civilizations, where not rarely, it was embodied by flesh-and-bone figures. In his study, the anthropologist notes the dual nature of the Carnival Fool as both the King, representative of the highest social, political, or even religious authority, and as a ridiculous personage, mostly characterized by its utter grotesqueness:

as a scapegoat or communal expiatory victim. Indeed, invariably receiving the scorn and harassment of the rest, the carnival Fool functions as the vehicle whereby collective evils and pains are expelled from the community and disposed of through symbolical or actual destruction of the carrier. Tracing back the origins of this Fool, Frazer finds its earlier roots in ancient civilizations, where not rarely, it was embodied by flesh-and-bone figures. In his study, the anthropologist notes the dual nature of the Carnival Fool as both the King, representative of the highest social, political, or even religious authority, and as a ridiculous personage, mostly characterized by its utter grotesqueness:

We have seen that in Italy, Spain, and France, that is, in the countries where the influence of Rome has been deepest and most lasting, a conspicuous feature of the Carnival is a burlesque figure personifying the festive season, which after a short career of glory and dissipation is publicly shot, burnt, or otherwise destroyed, to the feigned grief of genuine delight of the populace. If the view here suggested of the Carnival is correct, this grotesque personage is no other than a direct successor of the old King of the Saturnalia. (Frazer, 1913: 312)

We have seen that in Italy, Spain, and France, that is, in the countries where the influence of Rome has been deepest and most lasting, a conspicuous feature of the Carnival is a burlesque figure personifying the festive season, which after a short career of glory and dissipation is publicly shot, burnt, or otherwise destroyed, to the feigned grief of genuine delight of the populace. If the view here suggested of the Carnival is correct, this grotesque personage is no other than a direct successor of the old King of the Saturnalia. (Frazer, 1913: 312)

In Between the Acts, Albert is inescapably appointed as a Carnival Fool. Overtly referred to as “the village idiot” and apparently mentallyimpaired, Albert fits into Bakhtin's postulate of the twofold nature of that buffoon/monarch. Along with this duality, a further bidimensionality concerns this personage. Thus, while this king, ensuing his crowning, is beaten and ridiculed, Bakhtin also acknowledges him as the one acting as a herald and exponent of the new optics provided by the carnival sense of the world. Chiming in with this, his foolery becomes a means of getting rid of the official, false truth of the world, thereby gazed from a diametrically different perspective (Bakhtin, 1984a: 49).

In Between the Acts, Albert is inescapably appointed as a Carnival Fool. Overtly referred to as “the village idiot” and apparently mentallyimpaired, Albert fits into Bakhtin's postulate of the twofold nature of that buffoon/monarch. Along with this duality, a further bidimensionality concerns this personage. Thus, while this king, ensuing his crowning, is beaten and ridiculed, Bakhtin also acknowledges him as the one acting as a herald and exponent of the new optics provided by the carnival sense of the world. Chiming in with this, his foolery becomes a means of getting rid of the official, false truth of the world, thereby gazed from a diametrically different perspective (Bakhtin, 1984a: 49).

Accordingly, it is Albert, this acknowledged fool, who dares to enact precisely “the unacted part” of each of us (Woolf, 1992a: 179). Scorned and despaired by the attendants to the village pageant around

Accordingly, it is Albert, this acknowledged fool, who dares to enact precisely “the unacted part” of each of us (Woolf, 1992a: 179). Scorned and despaired by the attendants to the village pageant around


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which the novel revolves, Albert stands for “something hidden, the unconscious as they call it?” (Woolf, 1992a: 179). This observation by Reverend Streatfield signals Albert as the purest essence of the carnivalesque celebration, whereby man in the Middle Ages was temporarily allowed to live his second and most authentic life, unbounded from the oppressiveness and alienation entailed by the official one (Bakhtin, 1984b: 129-130). In this regard, Albert incarnates that fooled and decrowned expiatory figure through which societies can progress and survive. Thus, the remark by different characters in the novel, such as Mrs. Elmhurst or Mrs. Parker, admitting the existence of an idiot in every village – “’The village idiot’, whispered [...] Mrs. Elmhurst [...] who came from a village ten miles distant where they, too, had an idiot” (Woolf, 1992a: 79), directly echoes Freud's notion of this figure. Hence, the psychologist agrees with Frazer on noting the prevalence of this collective fool since ancient times. Moreover, Freud highlights its relevance as he observes the pervasive nature of this victimized figure throughout the centuries as a necessary safety valve for the endurance of societies. As he has affirmed, civilizations become more solid insofar as they may have “other people left over to receive the manifestations of their aggressiveness” (Freud, 1949: 51). As a matter of fact, in the middle of a strictly-ruled society, still imbued by the haunting presence of the Victorian spirit, Woolf revisits the ancient past to poise the nearly rhetorical question - “’(s)urely [...], we're more civilized?’” (Woolf, 1992a: 100) – as voiced by Mrs. Parker, one of the attendants to the pageant. In the light of the evident answer, in a nation crowded with technological developments – though paradoxically on the verge of an international conflict – the inclusion of Albert, a patently carnivalesque buffoon, brings down the as rigid as inefficient system of values.

which the novel revolves, Albert stands for “something hidden, the unconscious as they call it?” (Woolf, 1992a: 179). This observation by Reverend Streatfield signals Albert as the purest essence of the carnivalesque celebration, whereby man in the Middle Ages was temporarily allowed to live his second and most authentic life, unbounded from the oppressiveness and alienation entailed by the official one (Bakhtin, 1984b: 129-130). In this regard, Albert incarnates that fooled and decrowned expiatory figure through which societies can progress and survive. Thus, the remark by different characters in the novel, such as Mrs. Elmhurst or Mrs. Parker, admitting the existence of an idiot in every village – “’The village idiot’, whispered [...] Mrs. Elmhurst [...] who came from a village ten miles distant where they, too, had an idiot” (Woolf, 1992a: 79), directly echoes Freud's notion of this figure. Hence, the psychologist agrees with Frazer on noting the prevalence of this collective fool since ancient times. Moreover, Freud highlights its relevance as he observes the pervasive nature of this victimized figure throughout the centuries as a necessary safety valve for the endurance of societies. As he has affirmed, civilizations become more solid insofar as they may have “other people left over to receive the manifestations of their aggressiveness” (Freud, 1949: 51). As a matter of fact, in the middle of a strictly-ruled society, still imbued by the haunting presence of the Victorian spirit, Woolf revisits the ancient past to poise the nearly rhetorical question - “’(s)urely [...], we're more civilized?’” (Woolf, 1992a: 100) – as voiced by Mrs. Parker, one of the attendants to the pageant. In the light of the evident answer, in a nation crowded with technological developments – though paradoxically on the verge of an international conflict – the inclusion of Albert, a patently carnivalesque buffoon, brings down the as rigid as inefficient system of values.

Indeed, it is precisely Albert who, in the midst of the conventionalisms surrounding the Elizabethan period which is being performed on stage, overtly laughs at the audience, “leering at each in turn” (Woolf, 1992a: 78). In keeping with the system of carnivalistic obscenities and profanations that constitute, for Bakhtin, a form of “debasing” and “bringing down to earth” whatever is officially worshipped as high and elevated (Bakhtin, 1984a: 123), Albert's openly lewd attitude to Queen Elizabeth contributes to the decrowning of the domineering and monolithic authority she represents: “Now he

Indeed, it is precisely Albert who, in the midst of the conventionalisms surrounding the Elizabethan period which is being performed on stage, overtly laughs at the audience, “leering at each in turn” (Woolf, 1992a: 78). In keeping with the system of carnivalistic obscenities and profanations that constitute, for Bakhtin, a form of “debasing” and “bringing down to earth” whatever is officially worshipped as high and elevated (Bakhtin, 1984a: 123), Albert's openly lewd attitude to Queen Elizabeth contributes to the decrowning of the domineering and monolithic authority she represents: “Now he

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

which the novel revolves, Albert stands for “something hidden, the unconscious as they call it?” (Woolf, 1992a: 179). This observation by Reverend Streatfield signals Albert as the purest essence of the carnivalesque celebration, whereby man in the Middle Ages was temporarily allowed to live his second and most authentic life, unbounded from the oppressiveness and alienation entailed by the official one (Bakhtin, 1984b: 129-130). In this regard, Albert incarnates that fooled and decrowned expiatory figure through which societies can progress and survive. Thus, the remark by different characters in the novel, such as Mrs. Elmhurst or Mrs. Parker, admitting the existence of an idiot in every village – “’The village idiot’, whispered [...] Mrs. Elmhurst [...] who came from a village ten miles distant where they, too, had an idiot” (Woolf, 1992a: 79), directly echoes Freud's notion of this figure. Hence, the psychologist agrees with Frazer on noting the prevalence of this collective fool since ancient times. Moreover, Freud highlights its relevance as he observes the pervasive nature of this victimized figure throughout the centuries as a necessary safety valve for the endurance of societies. As he has affirmed, civilizations become more solid insofar as they may have “other people left over to receive the manifestations of their aggressiveness” (Freud, 1949: 51). As a matter of fact, in the middle of a strictly-ruled society, still imbued by the haunting presence of the Victorian spirit, Woolf revisits the ancient past to poise the nearly rhetorical question - “’(s)urely [...], we're more civilized?’” (Woolf, 1992a: 100) – as voiced by Mrs. Parker, one of the attendants to the pageant. In the light of the evident answer, in a nation crowded with technological developments – though paradoxically on the verge of an international conflict – the inclusion of Albert, a patently carnivalesque buffoon, brings down the as rigid as inefficient system of values.

which the novel revolves, Albert stands for “something hidden, the unconscious as they call it?” (Woolf, 1992a: 179). This observation by Reverend Streatfield signals Albert as the purest essence of the carnivalesque celebration, whereby man in the Middle Ages was temporarily allowed to live his second and most authentic life, unbounded from the oppressiveness and alienation entailed by the official one (Bakhtin, 1984b: 129-130). In this regard, Albert incarnates that fooled and decrowned expiatory figure through which societies can progress and survive. Thus, the remark by different characters in the novel, such as Mrs. Elmhurst or Mrs. Parker, admitting the existence of an idiot in every village – “’The village idiot’, whispered [...] Mrs. Elmhurst [...] who came from a village ten miles distant where they, too, had an idiot” (Woolf, 1992a: 79), directly echoes Freud's notion of this figure. Hence, the psychologist agrees with Frazer on noting the prevalence of this collective fool since ancient times. Moreover, Freud highlights its relevance as he observes the pervasive nature of this victimized figure throughout the centuries as a necessary safety valve for the endurance of societies. As he has affirmed, civilizations become more solid insofar as they may have “other people left over to receive the manifestations of their aggressiveness” (Freud, 1949: 51). As a matter of fact, in the middle of a strictly-ruled society, still imbued by the haunting presence of the Victorian spirit, Woolf revisits the ancient past to poise the nearly rhetorical question - “’(s)urely [...], we're more civilized?’” (Woolf, 1992a: 100) – as voiced by Mrs. Parker, one of the attendants to the pageant. In the light of the evident answer, in a nation crowded with technological developments – though paradoxically on the verge of an international conflict – the inclusion of Albert, a patently carnivalesque buffoon, brings down the as rigid as inefficient system of values.

Indeed, it is precisely Albert who, in the midst of the conventionalisms surrounding the Elizabethan period which is being performed on stage, overtly laughs at the audience, “leering at each in turn” (Woolf, 1992a: 78). In keeping with the system of carnivalistic obscenities and profanations that constitute, for Bakhtin, a form of “debasing” and “bringing down to earth” whatever is officially worshipped as high and elevated (Bakhtin, 1984a: 123), Albert's openly lewd attitude to Queen Elizabeth contributes to the decrowning of the domineering and monolithic authority she represents: “Now he

Indeed, it is precisely Albert who, in the midst of the conventionalisms surrounding the Elizabethan period which is being performed on stage, overtly laughs at the audience, “leering at each in turn” (Woolf, 1992a: 78). In keeping with the system of carnivalistic obscenities and profanations that constitute, for Bakhtin, a form of “debasing” and “bringing down to earth” whatever is officially worshipped as high and elevated (Bakhtin, 1984a: 123), Albert's openly lewd attitude to Queen Elizabeth contributes to the decrowning of the domineering and monolithic authority she represents: “Now he


Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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was picking and plucking at Great Eliza's skirts. She cuffed him on the ear. He tweaked her back. He was enjoying himself immensely [....] There he was pinching the Queen's skirts” (Woolf, 1992a: 78-79).

was picking and plucking at Great Eliza's skirts. She cuffed him on the ear. He tweaked her back. He was enjoying himself immensely [....] There he was pinching the Queen's skirts” (Woolf, 1992a: 78-79).

Nevertheless, this is not the only means through which political power is decried. Alluded to as “old Queen Bess” or “Great Eliza,” the eminent and dominant figure of Queen Elizabeth is actually unmasked as merely Eliza Clark, the village tobacco-seller. Furthermore, despite the ironical remark that “(s)he was splendidly dressed up” (Woolf, 1992a: 76), her appearance is no more dignifying – falling yet in the category of the grotesque aesthetics. In this sense, her “pearl-hung” head emerging from a ruff comes to epitomize the carnivalistic dismemberment whereby natural limits become transgressed and overexceeded as a means of degradation of the conventionally superior (Bakhtin, 1984a: 189).

Nevertheless, this is not the only means through which political power is decried. Alluded to as “old Queen Bess” or “Great Eliza,” the eminent and dominant figure of Queen Elizabeth is actually unmasked as merely Eliza Clark, the village tobacco-seller. Furthermore, despite the ironical remark that “(s)he was splendidly dressed up” (Woolf, 1992a: 76), her appearance is no more dignifying – falling yet in the category of the grotesque aesthetics. In this sense, her “pearl-hung” head emerging from a ruff comes to epitomize the carnivalistic dismemberment whereby natural limits become transgressed and overexceeded as a means of degradation of the conventionally superior (Bakhtin, 1984a: 189).

Similarly, her “splendid” royal vestments amount in fact to ridiculous fakeries of their original referents. This is the case of the “sixpenny brooches [glaring] like cats' eyes” –instead of the commonly expected and more majestic tiger’s eyes – that adorn the Queen’s garments, or the down-looking pearls that complete her attire. At the same time, the delusive depiction of her allegedly silver regal acquires a patently carnivalesque overtone reminiscent of the portrayal of Don Quixote, as concerns the description of kitchen utensils elevated to the rank of royal vestments: “her cape was made of cloth of silver – in fact swabs used to scour the saucepans” (Woolf, 1992a: 76).

Similarly, her “splendid” royal vestments amount in fact to ridiculous fakeries of their original referents. This is the case of the “sixpenny brooches [glaring] like cats' eyes” –instead of the commonly expected and more majestic tiger’s eyes – that adorn the Queen’s garments, or the down-looking pearls that complete her attire. At the same time, the delusive depiction of her allegedly silver regal acquires a patently carnivalesque overtone reminiscent of the portrayal of Don Quixote, as concerns the description of kitchen utensils elevated to the rank of royal vestments: “her cape was made of cloth of silver – in fact swabs used to scour the saucepans” (Woolf, 1992a: 76).

Mounted on what turns out to be a soap-box, serving as “perhaps a rock on the ocean,” the Queen reaches a grotesquely “gigantic” size, symptomatic of carnivalistic excesses. In tune with the system of carnival inversions, the Queen is literally straight away brought down from her intended summit in the midst of the ocean as the invincible commander of the Armada, to become disparaged to the status of a mere pawn placed, at the own will of the narrator, behind a counter in a shop: “(a)nd when she mounted the soap-box in the centre, representing perhaps a rock in the ocean, her size made her appear gigantic. She could reach a flitch of bacon or hawl a tub of oil with one sweep of her arm in the shop” (Woolf, 1992a: 76). Such a form of degradation and reversal of the wheel of social hierarchies

Mounted on what turns out to be a soap-box, serving as “perhaps a rock on the ocean,” the Queen reaches a grotesquely “gigantic” size, symptomatic of carnivalistic excesses. In tune with the system of carnival inversions, the Queen is literally straight away brought down from her intended summit in the midst of the ocean as the invincible commander of the Armada, to become disparaged to the status of a mere pawn placed, at the own will of the narrator, behind a counter in a shop: “(a)nd when she mounted the soap-box in the centre, representing perhaps a rock in the ocean, her size made her appear gigantic. She could reach a flitch of bacon or hawl a tub of oil with one sweep of her arm in the shop” (Woolf, 1992a: 76). Such a form of degradation and reversal of the wheel of social hierarchies

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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was picking and plucking at Great Eliza's skirts. She cuffed him on the ear. He tweaked her back. He was enjoying himself immensely [....] There he was pinching the Queen's skirts” (Woolf, 1992a: 78-79).

was picking and plucking at Great Eliza's skirts. She cuffed him on the ear. He tweaked her back. He was enjoying himself immensely [....] There he was pinching the Queen's skirts” (Woolf, 1992a: 78-79).

Nevertheless, this is not the only means through which political power is decried. Alluded to as “old Queen Bess” or “Great Eliza,” the eminent and dominant figure of Queen Elizabeth is actually unmasked as merely Eliza Clark, the village tobacco-seller. Furthermore, despite the ironical remark that “(s)he was splendidly dressed up” (Woolf, 1992a: 76), her appearance is no more dignifying – falling yet in the category of the grotesque aesthetics. In this sense, her “pearl-hung” head emerging from a ruff comes to epitomize the carnivalistic dismemberment whereby natural limits become transgressed and overexceeded as a means of degradation of the conventionally superior (Bakhtin, 1984a: 189).

Nevertheless, this is not the only means through which political power is decried. Alluded to as “old Queen Bess” or “Great Eliza,” the eminent and dominant figure of Queen Elizabeth is actually unmasked as merely Eliza Clark, the village tobacco-seller. Furthermore, despite the ironical remark that “(s)he was splendidly dressed up” (Woolf, 1992a: 76), her appearance is no more dignifying – falling yet in the category of the grotesque aesthetics. In this sense, her “pearl-hung” head emerging from a ruff comes to epitomize the carnivalistic dismemberment whereby natural limits become transgressed and overexceeded as a means of degradation of the conventionally superior (Bakhtin, 1984a: 189).

Similarly, her “splendid” royal vestments amount in fact to ridiculous fakeries of their original referents. This is the case of the “sixpenny brooches [glaring] like cats' eyes” –instead of the commonly expected and more majestic tiger’s eyes – that adorn the Queen’s garments, or the down-looking pearls that complete her attire. At the same time, the delusive depiction of her allegedly silver regal acquires a patently carnivalesque overtone reminiscent of the portrayal of Don Quixote, as concerns the description of kitchen utensils elevated to the rank of royal vestments: “her cape was made of cloth of silver – in fact swabs used to scour the saucepans” (Woolf, 1992a: 76).

Similarly, her “splendid” royal vestments amount in fact to ridiculous fakeries of their original referents. This is the case of the “sixpenny brooches [glaring] like cats' eyes” –instead of the commonly expected and more majestic tiger’s eyes – that adorn the Queen’s garments, or the down-looking pearls that complete her attire. At the same time, the delusive depiction of her allegedly silver regal acquires a patently carnivalesque overtone reminiscent of the portrayal of Don Quixote, as concerns the description of kitchen utensils elevated to the rank of royal vestments: “her cape was made of cloth of silver – in fact swabs used to scour the saucepans” (Woolf, 1992a: 76).

Mounted on what turns out to be a soap-box, serving as “perhaps a rock on the ocean,” the Queen reaches a grotesquely “gigantic” size, symptomatic of carnivalistic excesses. In tune with the system of carnival inversions, the Queen is literally straight away brought down from her intended summit in the midst of the ocean as the invincible commander of the Armada, to become disparaged to the status of a mere pawn placed, at the own will of the narrator, behind a counter in a shop: “(a)nd when she mounted the soap-box in the centre, representing perhaps a rock in the ocean, her size made her appear gigantic. She could reach a flitch of bacon or hawl a tub of oil with one sweep of her arm in the shop” (Woolf, 1992a: 76). Such a form of degradation and reversal of the wheel of social hierarchies

Mounted on what turns out to be a soap-box, serving as “perhaps a rock on the ocean,” the Queen reaches a grotesquely “gigantic” size, symptomatic of carnivalistic excesses. In tune with the system of carnival inversions, the Queen is literally straight away brought down from her intended summit in the midst of the ocean as the invincible commander of the Armada, to become disparaged to the status of a mere pawn placed, at the own will of the narrator, behind a counter in a shop: “(a)nd when she mounted the soap-box in the centre, representing perhaps a rock in the ocean, her size made her appear gigantic. She could reach a flitch of bacon or hawl a tub of oil with one sweep of her arm in the shop” (Woolf, 1992a: 76). Such a form of degradation and reversal of the wheel of social hierarchies


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reverberates of a similar episode in Mrs. Dalloway. In the latter, the very Prime Minister becomes debased to the position of a “poor chap” selling biscuits. Ironically, as in the case of the Queen, the politician attempts to shield his own preposterousness behind the pomp and arrogance of his acts:

reverberates of a similar episode in Mrs. Dalloway. In the latter, the very Prime Minister becomes debased to the position of a “poor chap” selling biscuits. Ironically, as in the case of the Queen, the politician attempts to shield his own preposterousness behind the pomp and arrogance of his acts:

One couldn't laugh at him. He looked so ordinary. You might have stood him behind a counter and bought biscuits – poor chap, all rigged up in gold lace. And to be fair, as he went his rounds, first with Clarissa, then with Richard escorting him, he did it very well. He tried to look somebody. It was amusing to watch. Nobody looked at him. They just went on talking, yet it was perfectly plain that they all knew [...] this majesty passing; this symbol of what they all stood for, English society. (Woolf, 1992b: 188-189)

One couldn't laugh at him. He looked so ordinary. You might have stood him behind a counter and bought biscuits – poor chap, all rigged up in gold lace. And to be fair, as he went his rounds, first with Clarissa, then with Richard escorting him, he did it very well. He tried to look somebody. It was amusing to watch. Nobody looked at him. They just went on talking, yet it was perfectly plain that they all knew [...] this majesty passing; this symbol of what they all stood for, English society. (Woolf, 1992b: 188-189)

Simultaneously, the association of the Queen with greasy food tallies with the numerous excesses associated with the carnival banquet. Bakhtin notes the enumeration of different sorts of venom and poultry in Rabelais' Gargantua, one of the most outstanding examples of carnivalized literature (Bakhtin, 1984a: 268). By all reckonings, the Queen's decrowning becomes evident. Hence, her presentation as “(t)he Queen of this great land” is overwhelmed by a “roar of laughter,” which is implicitly continued when Giles Oliver mutters “’(l)aughter, loud laughter’” (Woolf, 1992a: 78). As pertains to carnival principles, popular laughter utterly destroys official authority. Hence, even when Eliza has forgotten her lines, it is actually unnoticed – “the audience laughed so loud that it did not matter” (Woolf, 1992a: 78). Likewise, while Shakespeare is supposed to sing for her – as expressed through her lines – it is in fact “a cow moo[ing]” and “a bird twitter[ing]” that can be heard (Woolf, 1992a: 78). The impersonal gramophone also partakes in this demeanour through its sudden emission of cacophonic sounds which overlap the Queen’s tentative monologue. Furthermore, along with the disruption of linearity in art, represented by the chaotic reproduction of classical melodies, the discordance of the gramophone’s emissions is linked to the drink excess that is typical of carnival celebrations: “The tune on the gramophone reeled from side to side as if drunk with merriment”

Simultaneously, the association of the Queen with greasy food tallies with the numerous excesses associated with the carnival banquet. Bakhtin notes the enumeration of different sorts of venom and poultry in Rabelais' Gargantua, one of the most outstanding examples of carnivalized literature (Bakhtin, 1984a: 268). By all reckonings, the Queen's decrowning becomes evident. Hence, her presentation as “(t)he Queen of this great land” is overwhelmed by a “roar of laughter,” which is implicitly continued when Giles Oliver mutters “’(l)aughter, loud laughter’” (Woolf, 1992a: 78). As pertains to carnival principles, popular laughter utterly destroys official authority. Hence, even when Eliza has forgotten her lines, it is actually unnoticed – “the audience laughed so loud that it did not matter” (Woolf, 1992a: 78). Likewise, while Shakespeare is supposed to sing for her – as expressed through her lines – it is in fact “a cow moo[ing]” and “a bird twitter[ing]” that can be heard (Woolf, 1992a: 78). The impersonal gramophone also partakes in this demeanour through its sudden emission of cacophonic sounds which overlap the Queen’s tentative monologue. Furthermore, along with the disruption of linearity in art, represented by the chaotic reproduction of classical melodies, the discordance of the gramophone’s emissions is linked to the drink excess that is typical of carnival celebrations: “The tune on the gramophone reeled from side to side as if drunk with merriment”

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

reverberates of a similar episode in Mrs. Dalloway. In the latter, the very Prime Minister becomes debased to the position of a “poor chap” selling biscuits. Ironically, as in the case of the Queen, the politician attempts to shield his own preposterousness behind the pomp and arrogance of his acts:

reverberates of a similar episode in Mrs. Dalloway. In the latter, the very Prime Minister becomes debased to the position of a “poor chap” selling biscuits. Ironically, as in the case of the Queen, the politician attempts to shield his own preposterousness behind the pomp and arrogance of his acts:

One couldn't laugh at him. He looked so ordinary. You might have stood him behind a counter and bought biscuits – poor chap, all rigged up in gold lace. And to be fair, as he went his rounds, first with Clarissa, then with Richard escorting him, he did it very well. He tried to look somebody. It was amusing to watch. Nobody looked at him. They just went on talking, yet it was perfectly plain that they all knew [...] this majesty passing; this symbol of what they all stood for, English society. (Woolf, 1992b: 188-189)

One couldn't laugh at him. He looked so ordinary. You might have stood him behind a counter and bought biscuits – poor chap, all rigged up in gold lace. And to be fair, as he went his rounds, first with Clarissa, then with Richard escorting him, he did it very well. He tried to look somebody. It was amusing to watch. Nobody looked at him. They just went on talking, yet it was perfectly plain that they all knew [...] this majesty passing; this symbol of what they all stood for, English society. (Woolf, 1992b: 188-189)

Simultaneously, the association of the Queen with greasy food tallies with the numerous excesses associated with the carnival banquet. Bakhtin notes the enumeration of different sorts of venom and poultry in Rabelais' Gargantua, one of the most outstanding examples of carnivalized literature (Bakhtin, 1984a: 268). By all reckonings, the Queen's decrowning becomes evident. Hence, her presentation as “(t)he Queen of this great land” is overwhelmed by a “roar of laughter,” which is implicitly continued when Giles Oliver mutters “’(l)aughter, loud laughter’” (Woolf, 1992a: 78). As pertains to carnival principles, popular laughter utterly destroys official authority. Hence, even when Eliza has forgotten her lines, it is actually unnoticed – “the audience laughed so loud that it did not matter” (Woolf, 1992a: 78). Likewise, while Shakespeare is supposed to sing for her – as expressed through her lines – it is in fact “a cow moo[ing]” and “a bird twitter[ing]” that can be heard (Woolf, 1992a: 78). The impersonal gramophone also partakes in this demeanour through its sudden emission of cacophonic sounds which overlap the Queen’s tentative monologue. Furthermore, along with the disruption of linearity in art, represented by the chaotic reproduction of classical melodies, the discordance of the gramophone’s emissions is linked to the drink excess that is typical of carnival celebrations: “The tune on the gramophone reeled from side to side as if drunk with merriment”

Simultaneously, the association of the Queen with greasy food tallies with the numerous excesses associated with the carnival banquet. Bakhtin notes the enumeration of different sorts of venom and poultry in Rabelais' Gargantua, one of the most outstanding examples of carnivalized literature (Bakhtin, 1984a: 268). By all reckonings, the Queen's decrowning becomes evident. Hence, her presentation as “(t)he Queen of this great land” is overwhelmed by a “roar of laughter,” which is implicitly continued when Giles Oliver mutters “’(l)aughter, loud laughter’” (Woolf, 1992a: 78). As pertains to carnival principles, popular laughter utterly destroys official authority. Hence, even when Eliza has forgotten her lines, it is actually unnoticed – “the audience laughed so loud that it did not matter” (Woolf, 1992a: 78). Likewise, while Shakespeare is supposed to sing for her – as expressed through her lines – it is in fact “a cow moo[ing]” and “a bird twitter[ing]” that can be heard (Woolf, 1992a: 78). The impersonal gramophone also partakes in this demeanour through its sudden emission of cacophonic sounds which overlap the Queen’s tentative monologue. Furthermore, along with the disruption of linearity in art, represented by the chaotic reproduction of classical melodies, the discordance of the gramophone’s emissions is linked to the drink excess that is typical of carnival celebrations: “The tune on the gramophone reeled from side to side as if drunk with merriment”


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Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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(Woolf, 1992a: 77). Indeed, a literal decrowning and ripping-off of the Queen’s clothes ultimately confirms the derision of the centrality represented by the monarch when, not accidentally, her ruff is unpinned and her skirts “picked” and “plucked”, while “the wind [gives] a tug at her head dress,” which becomes undone (Woolf, 1992a: 77).

(Woolf, 1992a: 77). Indeed, a literal decrowning and ripping-off of the Queen’s clothes ultimately confirms the derision of the centrality represented by the monarch when, not accidentally, her ruff is unpinned and her skirts “picked” and “plucked”, while “the wind [gives] a tug at her head dress,” which becomes undone (Woolf, 1992a: 77).

Poignantly satiric and iconoclastic as this political mockery becomes, this is not yet the only form of institutional defilement in Between the Acts. Along with politics, religion, the other Victorian colossus, undergoes a similar debunking from its hegemonic position. Steadfastly committed to destroying the oppressive manacles of an outmoded Victorian system, Woolf never ignored the inestimable potential of ancient rituals and imagery for debasing pre-fixed conventions. Actually, as a direct inheritor of those ancient traditions, carnival imagery displayed a huge range of weapons for the derision and final annihilation of those anachronous values.

Poignantly satiric and iconoclastic as this political mockery becomes, this is not yet the only form of institutional defilement in Between the Acts. Along with politics, religion, the other Victorian colossus, undergoes a similar debunking from its hegemonic position. Steadfastly committed to destroying the oppressive manacles of an outmoded Victorian system, Woolf never ignored the inestimable potential of ancient rituals and imagery for debasing pre-fixed conventions. Actually, as a direct inheritor of those ancient traditions, carnival imagery displayed a huge range of weapons for the derision and final annihilation of those anachronous values.

In the novel, the most bluntly irreverent act occurs during the performance of the village pageant rememorating British history – significantly, while the Victorian period is being enacted. Hence, in one of its acts, the celebration of a mass is taking place when, in the middle of the parson’s prayers, a fake donkey embodied by Albert suddenly irrupts on the stage at the same time as it shows how its “hindquarters [...] became active” (Woolf, 1992a: 153). Blasphemy is taken to the utmost when, coinciding with this episode, the priest's homily paradoxically announces “a happy homecoming1 with bodies refreshed by thy bounty, and minds inspired by thy wisdom” (Woolf, 1992a: 153-154).

In the novel, the most bluntly irreverent act occurs during the performance of the village pageant rememorating British history – significantly, while the Victorian period is being enacted. Hence, in one of its acts, the celebration of a mass is taking place when, in the middle of the parson’s prayers, a fake donkey embodied by Albert suddenly irrupts on the stage at the same time as it shows how its “hindquarters [...] became active” (Woolf, 1992a: 153). Blasphemy is taken to the utmost when, coinciding with this episode, the priest's homily paradoxically announces “a happy homecoming1 with bodies refreshed by thy bounty, and minds inspired by thy wisdom” (Woolf, 1992a: 153-154).

This bizarre inclusion of the ass into the pageant directly remits to the Festivals of the Ass described by Frazer. As a variation of the Festival of Fools, the anthropologist observes the celebration in France of mock masses which, even though recalling the biblical episode of Mary's Flight to Egypt, were yet centred upon the figure of an ass. In these rituals, once the animal had been introduced into the church and positioned by the altar, the priest initiated the ceremony, which consisted of mixed “scraps” from different services. In keeping with the desacralized character of these celebrations, the intervals between

This bizarre inclusion of the ass into the pageant directly remits to the Festivals of the Ass described by Frazer. As a variation of the Festival of Fools, the anthropologist observes the celebration in France of mock masses which, even though recalling the biblical episode of Mary's Flight to Egypt, were yet centred upon the figure of an ass. In these rituals, once the animal had been introduced into the church and positioned by the altar, the priest initiated the ceremony, which consisted of mixed “scraps” from different services. In keeping with the desacralized character of these celebrations, the intervals between

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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(Woolf, 1992a: 77). Indeed, a literal decrowning and ripping-off of the Queen’s clothes ultimately confirms the derision of the centrality represented by the monarch when, not accidentally, her ruff is unpinned and her skirts “picked” and “plucked”, while “the wind [gives] a tug at her head dress,” which becomes undone (Woolf, 1992a: 77).

(Woolf, 1992a: 77). Indeed, a literal decrowning and ripping-off of the Queen’s clothes ultimately confirms the derision of the centrality represented by the monarch when, not accidentally, her ruff is unpinned and her skirts “picked” and “plucked”, while “the wind [gives] a tug at her head dress,” which becomes undone (Woolf, 1992a: 77).

Poignantly satiric and iconoclastic as this political mockery becomes, this is not yet the only form of institutional defilement in Between the Acts. Along with politics, religion, the other Victorian colossus, undergoes a similar debunking from its hegemonic position. Steadfastly committed to destroying the oppressive manacles of an outmoded Victorian system, Woolf never ignored the inestimable potential of ancient rituals and imagery for debasing pre-fixed conventions. Actually, as a direct inheritor of those ancient traditions, carnival imagery displayed a huge range of weapons for the derision and final annihilation of those anachronous values.

Poignantly satiric and iconoclastic as this political mockery becomes, this is not yet the only form of institutional defilement in Between the Acts. Along with politics, religion, the other Victorian colossus, undergoes a similar debunking from its hegemonic position. Steadfastly committed to destroying the oppressive manacles of an outmoded Victorian system, Woolf never ignored the inestimable potential of ancient rituals and imagery for debasing pre-fixed conventions. Actually, as a direct inheritor of those ancient traditions, carnival imagery displayed a huge range of weapons for the derision and final annihilation of those anachronous values.

In the novel, the most bluntly irreverent act occurs during the performance of the village pageant rememorating British history – significantly, while the Victorian period is being enacted. Hence, in one of its acts, the celebration of a mass is taking place when, in the middle of the parson’s prayers, a fake donkey embodied by Albert suddenly irrupts on the stage at the same time as it shows how its “hindquarters [...] became active” (Woolf, 1992a: 153). Blasphemy is taken to the utmost when, coinciding with this episode, the priest's homily paradoxically announces “a happy homecoming1 with bodies refreshed by thy bounty, and minds inspired by thy wisdom” (Woolf, 1992a: 153-154).

In the novel, the most bluntly irreverent act occurs during the performance of the village pageant rememorating British history – significantly, while the Victorian period is being enacted. Hence, in one of its acts, the celebration of a mass is taking place when, in the middle of the parson’s prayers, a fake donkey embodied by Albert suddenly irrupts on the stage at the same time as it shows how its “hindquarters [...] became active” (Woolf, 1992a: 153). Blasphemy is taken to the utmost when, coinciding with this episode, the priest's homily paradoxically announces “a happy homecoming1 with bodies refreshed by thy bounty, and minds inspired by thy wisdom” (Woolf, 1992a: 153-154).

This bizarre inclusion of the ass into the pageant directly remits to the Festivals of the Ass described by Frazer. As a variation of the Festival of Fools, the anthropologist observes the celebration in France of mock masses which, even though recalling the biblical episode of Mary's Flight to Egypt, were yet centred upon the figure of an ass. In these rituals, once the animal had been introduced into the church and positioned by the altar, the priest initiated the ceremony, which consisted of mixed “scraps” from different services. In keeping with the desacralized character of these celebrations, the intervals between

This bizarre inclusion of the ass into the pageant directly remits to the Festivals of the Ass described by Frazer. As a variation of the Festival of Fools, the anthropologist observes the celebration in France of mock masses which, even though recalling the biblical episode of Mary's Flight to Egypt, were yet centred upon the figure of an ass. In these rituals, once the animal had been introduced into the church and positioned by the altar, the priest initiated the ceremony, which consisted of mixed “scraps” from different services. In keeping with the desacralized character of these celebrations, the intervals between


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the acts of the mass were spent on drinking, while the ceremony ended with the merry mingling of the attendants, who joined the ass in a festive dance. The rite often continued with the participants marching in a procession towards a great theatre opposite the church, where dowdy parodies were performed:

the acts of the mass were spent on drinking, while the ceremony ended with the merry mingling of the attendants, who joined the ass in a festive dance. The rite often continued with the participants marching in a procession towards a great theatre opposite the church, where dowdy parodies were performed:

Amongst the buffooneries of the Festival of Fools one of the most remarkable was the introduction of an ass into the church, where various pranks were played with the animal [...] and on [its] entering the sacred edifice [...] a parody of the mass was performed [....] A young girl with a child in her arms rode on the back of the ass in imitation of the flight into Egypt. Escorted by the clergy and the people she was led in triumph from the cathedral to the parish church of St. Stephen. There she and her ass were introduced into the chancel and stationed on the left side of the altar; and a long mass was performed which consisted of scraps borrowed indiscriminately from the services of many church festivals throughout the year. In the intervals the singers quenched their thirst: the congregation imitated their example; and the ass was fed and watered. The services over, the animal was brought from the chancel into the nave, where the whole congregation, clergy and laity mixed up together, danced round the animal and brayed like asses. Finally, after vespers and compline, the merry procession, led by the precentor and preceeded by a huge lantern, defiled through the streets to wind up the day with indecent farces in a great theatre erected opposite the church. (Frazer, 1913: 335-336)

Amongst the buffooneries of the Festival of Fools one of the most remarkable was the introduction of an ass into the church, where various pranks were played with the animal [...] and on [its] entering the sacred edifice [...] a parody of the mass was performed [....] A young girl with a child in her arms rode on the back of the ass in imitation of the flight into Egypt. Escorted by the clergy and the people she was led in triumph from the cathedral to the parish church of St. Stephen. There she and her ass were introduced into the chancel and stationed on the left side of the altar; and a long mass was performed which consisted of scraps borrowed indiscriminately from the services of many church festivals throughout the year. In the intervals the singers quenched their thirst: the congregation imitated their example; and the ass was fed and watered. The services over, the animal was brought from the chancel into the nave, where the whole congregation, clergy and laity mixed up together, danced round the animal and brayed like asses. Finally, after vespers and compline, the merry procession, led by the precentor and preceeded by a huge lantern, defiled through the streets to wind up the day with indecent farces in a great theatre erected opposite the church. (Frazer, 1913: 335-336)

In the light of this, the pageant in Pointz Hall is not exempt from its own “festival of the ass.” Indeed, during the course of those fictional religious services, a donkey – even a commonly less noble version of the ass – also breaks into the mock church. Though not riding the animal, the presence of a young woman carrying a child is suggested by Isa Oliver, who significantly makes frequent references to her son. Moreover, in the name of parody, the divine child of the tradition becomes dubbed by Manresa, the whimsically childish lady

In the light of this, the pageant in Pointz Hall is not exempt from its own “festival of the ass.” Indeed, during the course of those fictional religious services, a donkey – even a commonly less noble version of the ass – also breaks into the mock church. Though not riding the animal, the presence of a young woman carrying a child is suggested by Isa Oliver, who significantly makes frequent references to her son. Moreover, in the name of parody, the divine child of the tradition becomes dubbed by Manresa, the whimsically childish lady

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

the acts of the mass were spent on drinking, while the ceremony ended with the merry mingling of the attendants, who joined the ass in a festive dance. The rite often continued with the participants marching in a procession towards a great theatre opposite the church, where dowdy parodies were performed:

the acts of the mass were spent on drinking, while the ceremony ended with the merry mingling of the attendants, who joined the ass in a festive dance. The rite often continued with the participants marching in a procession towards a great theatre opposite the church, where dowdy parodies were performed:

Amongst the buffooneries of the Festival of Fools one of the most remarkable was the introduction of an ass into the church, where various pranks were played with the animal [...] and on [its] entering the sacred edifice [...] a parody of the mass was performed [....] A young girl with a child in her arms rode on the back of the ass in imitation of the flight into Egypt. Escorted by the clergy and the people she was led in triumph from the cathedral to the parish church of St. Stephen. There she and her ass were introduced into the chancel and stationed on the left side of the altar; and a long mass was performed which consisted of scraps borrowed indiscriminately from the services of many church festivals throughout the year. In the intervals the singers quenched their thirst: the congregation imitated their example; and the ass was fed and watered. The services over, the animal was brought from the chancel into the nave, where the whole congregation, clergy and laity mixed up together, danced round the animal and brayed like asses. Finally, after vespers and compline, the merry procession, led by the precentor and preceeded by a huge lantern, defiled through the streets to wind up the day with indecent farces in a great theatre erected opposite the church. (Frazer, 1913: 335-336)

Amongst the buffooneries of the Festival of Fools one of the most remarkable was the introduction of an ass into the church, where various pranks were played with the animal [...] and on [its] entering the sacred edifice [...] a parody of the mass was performed [....] A young girl with a child in her arms rode on the back of the ass in imitation of the flight into Egypt. Escorted by the clergy and the people she was led in triumph from the cathedral to the parish church of St. Stephen. There she and her ass were introduced into the chancel and stationed on the left side of the altar; and a long mass was performed which consisted of scraps borrowed indiscriminately from the services of many church festivals throughout the year. In the intervals the singers quenched their thirst: the congregation imitated their example; and the ass was fed and watered. The services over, the animal was brought from the chancel into the nave, where the whole congregation, clergy and laity mixed up together, danced round the animal and brayed like asses. Finally, after vespers and compline, the merry procession, led by the precentor and preceeded by a huge lantern, defiled through the streets to wind up the day with indecent farces in a great theatre erected opposite the church. (Frazer, 1913: 335-336)

In the light of this, the pageant in Pointz Hall is not exempt from its own “festival of the ass.” Indeed, during the course of those fictional religious services, a donkey – even a commonly less noble version of the ass – also breaks into the mock church. Though not riding the animal, the presence of a young woman carrying a child is suggested by Isa Oliver, who significantly makes frequent references to her son. Moreover, in the name of parody, the divine child of the tradition becomes dubbed by Manresa, the whimsically childish lady

In the light of this, the pageant in Pointz Hall is not exempt from its own “festival of the ass.” Indeed, during the course of those fictional religious services, a donkey – even a commonly less noble version of the ass – also breaks into the mock church. Though not riding the animal, the presence of a young woman carrying a child is suggested by Isa Oliver, who significantly makes frequent references to her son. Moreover, in the name of parody, the divine child of the tradition becomes dubbed by Manresa, the whimsically childish lady


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who, recurrently throughout the story, is alluded to as a “wild child of nature”. Nevertheless, if this pageant, which Reverend Streatfield describes by means of the same miscellaneous quality as the ass festival – a composite of “(s)craps, orts, and fragments” (Woolf, 1992a: 173) – is paramount within the narrative, no less emphasis is made on the intervals, which in fact provide the title for the novel. It is precisely during these periods between the acts, as in the ancient version observed by Frazer, that the audience gather together in the Barn to have tea. Not accidentally, the place is portrayed at the beginning of the narrative as a Greek temple, right of the same age and stone as the church:

who, recurrently throughout the story, is alluded to as a “wild child of nature”. Nevertheless, if this pageant, which Reverend Streatfield describes by means of the same miscellaneous quality as the ass festival – a composite of “(s)craps, orts, and fragments” (Woolf, 1992a: 173) – is paramount within the narrative, no less emphasis is made on the intervals, which in fact provide the title for the novel. It is precisely during these periods between the acts, as in the ancient version observed by Frazer, that the audience gather together in the Barn to have tea. Not accidentally, the place is portrayed at the beginning of the narrative as a Greek temple, right of the same age and stone as the church:

Those who had been to Greece always said it reminded them of a temple [....] The roof was weathered red-orange; and inside it was a hollow hall, sun-shafted, brown, [...] dark when the doors were shut, but splendidly illuminated when the doors at the end stood open [....] (Woolf, 1992a: 24)

Those who had been to Greece always said it reminded them of a temple [....] The roof was weathered red-orange; and inside it was a hollow hall, sun-shafted, brown, [...] dark when the doors were shut, but splendidly illuminated when the doors at the end stood open [....] (Woolf, 1992a: 24)

This exaltation of the Barn as a sacred place inexorably dooms it, according to the carnivalistic maxims governing this microcosm, to its own decrowning. As Bakhtin notes in his taxonomy of carnivalesque principles, any act of enhancement or crowning is invariably linked in carnival to the idea of degradation – or decrowning – of the previously elevated:

This exaltation of the Barn as a sacred place inexorably dooms it, according to the carnivalistic maxims governing this microcosm, to its own decrowning. As Bakhtin notes in his taxonomy of carnivalesque principles, any act of enhancement or crowning is invariably linked in carnival to the idea of degradation – or decrowning – of the previously elevated:

Crowning already contains the idea of immanent decrowning: it is ambivalent from the start. And he who is crowned is the antipode of a real king, a slave or a jester; this act, as it were, opens and sanctifies the inside-out world of carnival. In the ritual of crowning all aspects of the actual ceremony – the symbols of authority that are handed over to the newly crowned king and the clothing in which he is dressed – all become ambivalent and acquire a veneer of joyful relativity; they become almost stage props [...]; their symbolic meaning becomes two-leveled. From the very beginning, a decrowning glimmers through the crowning. (Bakhtin, 1984b: 124-125)

Crowning already contains the idea of immanent decrowning: it is ambivalent from the start. And he who is crowned is the antipode of a real king, a slave or a jester; this act, as it were, opens and sanctifies the inside-out world of carnival. In the ritual of crowning all aspects of the actual ceremony – the symbols of authority that are handed over to the newly crowned king and the clothing in which he is dressed – all become ambivalent and acquire a veneer of joyful relativity; they become almost stage props [...]; their symbolic meaning becomes two-leveled. From the very beginning, a decrowning glimmers through the crowning. (Bakhtin, 1984b: 124-125)

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who, recurrently throughout the story, is alluded to as a “wild child of nature”. Nevertheless, if this pageant, which Reverend Streatfield describes by means of the same miscellaneous quality as the ass festival – a composite of “(s)craps, orts, and fragments” (Woolf, 1992a: 173) – is paramount within the narrative, no less emphasis is made on the intervals, which in fact provide the title for the novel. It is precisely during these periods between the acts, as in the ancient version observed by Frazer, that the audience gather together in the Barn to have tea. Not accidentally, the place is portrayed at the beginning of the narrative as a Greek temple, right of the same age and stone as the church:

who, recurrently throughout the story, is alluded to as a “wild child of nature”. Nevertheless, if this pageant, which Reverend Streatfield describes by means of the same miscellaneous quality as the ass festival – a composite of “(s)craps, orts, and fragments” (Woolf, 1992a: 173) – is paramount within the narrative, no less emphasis is made on the intervals, which in fact provide the title for the novel. It is precisely during these periods between the acts, as in the ancient version observed by Frazer, that the audience gather together in the Barn to have tea. Not accidentally, the place is portrayed at the beginning of the narrative as a Greek temple, right of the same age and stone as the church:

Those who had been to Greece always said it reminded them of a temple [....] The roof was weathered red-orange; and inside it was a hollow hall, sun-shafted, brown, [...] dark when the doors were shut, but splendidly illuminated when the doors at the end stood open [....] (Woolf, 1992a: 24)

Those who had been to Greece always said it reminded them of a temple [....] The roof was weathered red-orange; and inside it was a hollow hall, sun-shafted, brown, [...] dark when the doors were shut, but splendidly illuminated when the doors at the end stood open [....] (Woolf, 1992a: 24)

This exaltation of the Barn as a sacred place inexorably dooms it, according to the carnivalistic maxims governing this microcosm, to its own decrowning. As Bakhtin notes in his taxonomy of carnivalesque principles, any act of enhancement or crowning is invariably linked in carnival to the idea of degradation – or decrowning – of the previously elevated:

This exaltation of the Barn as a sacred place inexorably dooms it, according to the carnivalistic maxims governing this microcosm, to its own decrowning. As Bakhtin notes in his taxonomy of carnivalesque principles, any act of enhancement or crowning is invariably linked in carnival to the idea of degradation – or decrowning – of the previously elevated:

Crowning already contains the idea of immanent decrowning: it is ambivalent from the start. And he who is crowned is the antipode of a real king, a slave or a jester; this act, as it were, opens and sanctifies the inside-out world of carnival. In the ritual of crowning all aspects of the actual ceremony – the symbols of authority that are handed over to the newly crowned king and the clothing in which he is dressed – all become ambivalent and acquire a veneer of joyful relativity; they become almost stage props [...]; their symbolic meaning becomes two-leveled. From the very beginning, a decrowning glimmers through the crowning. (Bakhtin, 1984b: 124-125)

Crowning already contains the idea of immanent decrowning: it is ambivalent from the start. And he who is crowned is the antipode of a real king, a slave or a jester; this act, as it were, opens and sanctifies the inside-out world of carnival. In the ritual of crowning all aspects of the actual ceremony – the symbols of authority that are handed over to the newly crowned king and the clothing in which he is dressed – all become ambivalent and acquire a veneer of joyful relativity; they become almost stage props [...]; their symbolic meaning becomes two-leveled. From the very beginning, a decrowning glimmers through the crowning. (Bakhtin, 1984b: 124-125)


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Thus, formerly revered as a sanctuary of tradition and a religious symbol, the Barn is afterwards implicitly profaned and degraded as merely a tea-place, whereby it is relocated onto that lower stratum suggested by Bakhtin. Mr. Hardcastle's speech is later continued by Reverend Streatfield, a confessed “fool” who cannot conceal his own grotesqueness (Woolf, 1992a: 170-171). Yet, his attempted discourse is continually interrupted, as in its French equivalent, by the spontaneous irruption of animal sounds, which overlap his words to the extent of becoming “painfully audible” (Woolf, 1992a: 175).

Thus, formerly revered as a sanctuary of tradition and a religious symbol, the Barn is afterwards implicitly profaned and degraded as merely a tea-place, whereby it is relocated onto that lower stratum suggested by Bakhtin. Mr. Hardcastle's speech is later continued by Reverend Streatfield, a confessed “fool” who cannot conceal his own grotesqueness (Woolf, 1992a: 170-171). Yet, his attempted discourse is continually interrupted, as in its French equivalent, by the spontaneous irruption of animal sounds, which overlap his words to the extent of becoming “painfully audible” (Woolf, 1992a: 175).

Significantly, once the mock mass is over in Pointz Hall, “a procession” is formed under the implicit guidance of the lamplit in the Victorian play – a reminiscence of the lantern in the ass parade. This is followed by boldly lewd acts which, initiated by the donkey's “becoming active,” covertly find their continuance through the character of Budge, whose part as a policeman evidences a preposterous image of contemporary authority. Furthermore, his performance is clearly presided by a grotesquely obscene overtone, as is suggested by his immutable position "truncheon in hand" while ironically guarding the respectability, prosperity, and purity of Victoria's land (Woolf, 1992a: 146). In fact, his ludicrous semblance constitutes a patent mockery of the purity he paradoxically tries to preserve in a land which has though corrupted itself with anachronous precepts incapable of avoiding national disaster. Additionally, the figure of Budge, “truncheon in hand,” epitomizes the masculine struggle for preserving women within the hard carcass that maintains them under male dominance. Through him, Woolf denounces the prevalence of an ideological apparatus aimed at buttressing male control, thereby allowing scarce opportunities for the Victorian middle-class woman. Indeed, poisoned with the same ideals, women themselves had come to accept a system of values which strictly circumscribed their role within marriage. Hence, in her manual for married women – The Wives of England: Their Relative Duties, Domestic Influence, and Social Obligations – Sarah Stickney Ellis reminds women of “[...] the superiority of your husband simply as a man” (Ellis, 1843: 53).

Significantly, once the mock mass is over in Pointz Hall, “a procession” is formed under the implicit guidance of the lamplit in the Victorian play – a reminiscence of the lantern in the ass parade. This is followed by boldly lewd acts which, initiated by the donkey's “becoming active,” covertly find their continuance through the character of Budge, whose part as a policeman evidences a preposterous image of contemporary authority. Furthermore, his performance is clearly presided by a grotesquely obscene overtone, as is suggested by his immutable position "truncheon in hand" while ironically guarding the respectability, prosperity, and purity of Victoria's land (Woolf, 1992a: 146). In fact, his ludicrous semblance constitutes a patent mockery of the purity he paradoxically tries to preserve in a land which has though corrupted itself with anachronous precepts incapable of avoiding national disaster. Additionally, the figure of Budge, “truncheon in hand,” epitomizes the masculine struggle for preserving women within the hard carcass that maintains them under male dominance. Through him, Woolf denounces the prevalence of an ideological apparatus aimed at buttressing male control, thereby allowing scarce opportunities for the Victorian middle-class woman. Indeed, poisoned with the same ideals, women themselves had come to accept a system of values which strictly circumscribed their role within marriage. Hence, in her manual for married women – The Wives of England: Their Relative Duties, Domestic Influence, and Social Obligations – Sarah Stickney Ellis reminds women of “[...] the superiority of your husband simply as a man” (Ellis, 1843: 53).

In this regard, the incongruous figure of Budge, the policeman – actually identified by his neighbours as a drunkard – enacts the decrowning of the Victorian attempt for imposing the patriarchal rule,

In this regard, the incongruous figure of Budge, the policeman – actually identified by his neighbours as a drunkard – enacts the decrowning of the Victorian attempt for imposing the patriarchal rule,

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Thus, formerly revered as a sanctuary of tradition and a religious symbol, the Barn is afterwards implicitly profaned and degraded as merely a tea-place, whereby it is relocated onto that lower stratum suggested by Bakhtin. Mr. Hardcastle's speech is later continued by Reverend Streatfield, a confessed “fool” who cannot conceal his own grotesqueness (Woolf, 1992a: 170-171). Yet, his attempted discourse is continually interrupted, as in its French equivalent, by the spontaneous irruption of animal sounds, which overlap his words to the extent of becoming “painfully audible” (Woolf, 1992a: 175).

Thus, formerly revered as a sanctuary of tradition and a religious symbol, the Barn is afterwards implicitly profaned and degraded as merely a tea-place, whereby it is relocated onto that lower stratum suggested by Bakhtin. Mr. Hardcastle's speech is later continued by Reverend Streatfield, a confessed “fool” who cannot conceal his own grotesqueness (Woolf, 1992a: 170-171). Yet, his attempted discourse is continually interrupted, as in its French equivalent, by the spontaneous irruption of animal sounds, which overlap his words to the extent of becoming “painfully audible” (Woolf, 1992a: 175).

Significantly, once the mock mass is over in Pointz Hall, “a procession” is formed under the implicit guidance of the lamplit in the Victorian play – a reminiscence of the lantern in the ass parade. This is followed by boldly lewd acts which, initiated by the donkey's “becoming active,” covertly find their continuance through the character of Budge, whose part as a policeman evidences a preposterous image of contemporary authority. Furthermore, his performance is clearly presided by a grotesquely obscene overtone, as is suggested by his immutable position "truncheon in hand" while ironically guarding the respectability, prosperity, and purity of Victoria's land (Woolf, 1992a: 146). In fact, his ludicrous semblance constitutes a patent mockery of the purity he paradoxically tries to preserve in a land which has though corrupted itself with anachronous precepts incapable of avoiding national disaster. Additionally, the figure of Budge, “truncheon in hand,” epitomizes the masculine struggle for preserving women within the hard carcass that maintains them under male dominance. Through him, Woolf denounces the prevalence of an ideological apparatus aimed at buttressing male control, thereby allowing scarce opportunities for the Victorian middle-class woman. Indeed, poisoned with the same ideals, women themselves had come to accept a system of values which strictly circumscribed their role within marriage. Hence, in her manual for married women – The Wives of England: Their Relative Duties, Domestic Influence, and Social Obligations – Sarah Stickney Ellis reminds women of “[...] the superiority of your husband simply as a man” (Ellis, 1843: 53).

Significantly, once the mock mass is over in Pointz Hall, “a procession” is formed under the implicit guidance of the lamplit in the Victorian play – a reminiscence of the lantern in the ass parade. This is followed by boldly lewd acts which, initiated by the donkey's “becoming active,” covertly find their continuance through the character of Budge, whose part as a policeman evidences a preposterous image of contemporary authority. Furthermore, his performance is clearly presided by a grotesquely obscene overtone, as is suggested by his immutable position "truncheon in hand" while ironically guarding the respectability, prosperity, and purity of Victoria's land (Woolf, 1992a: 146). In fact, his ludicrous semblance constitutes a patent mockery of the purity he paradoxically tries to preserve in a land which has though corrupted itself with anachronous precepts incapable of avoiding national disaster. Additionally, the figure of Budge, “truncheon in hand,” epitomizes the masculine struggle for preserving women within the hard carcass that maintains them under male dominance. Through him, Woolf denounces the prevalence of an ideological apparatus aimed at buttressing male control, thereby allowing scarce opportunities for the Victorian middle-class woman. Indeed, poisoned with the same ideals, women themselves had come to accept a system of values which strictly circumscribed their role within marriage. Hence, in her manual for married women – The Wives of England: Their Relative Duties, Domestic Influence, and Social Obligations – Sarah Stickney Ellis reminds women of “[...] the superiority of your husband simply as a man” (Ellis, 1843: 53).

In this regard, the incongruous figure of Budge, the policeman – actually identified by his neighbours as a drunkard – enacts the decrowning of the Victorian attempt for imposing the patriarchal rule,

In this regard, the incongruous figure of Budge, the policeman – actually identified by his neighbours as a drunkard – enacts the decrowning of the Victorian attempt for imposing the patriarchal rule,


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conceived as "God's law as laid down by man" (Marcus, 1987: 152). This, along with the “truncheon” that symbolizes the power of the absolute supremacy of patriarchal institutions, becomes determinedly subverted and belittled as merely the deplorable spectacle of a drunkard.

conceived as "God's law as laid down by man" (Marcus, 1987: 152). This, along with the “truncheon” that symbolizes the power of the absolute supremacy of patriarchal institutions, becomes determinedly subverted and belittled as merely the deplorable spectacle of a drunkard.

In resemblance to the merry dance after the mock mass, where, as Frazer recounts, the priest and his parishioners mixed together to dance and bray round the ass, once the pageant is over, the whole congregation in Pointz Hall gather together on the stage. In the midst of the great “jangle” and “din” that preside over the joyous festival, animals and men alike join the celebration. Moreover, as in the case of the braying men in its French equivalent, the audience in Pointz Hall experience a dramatic transgression of natural borders to the extent that “the barriers which should divide Man the Master from the Brute were dissolved ”(Woolf, 1992a: 165).

In resemblance to the merry dance after the mock mass, where, as Frazer recounts, the priest and his parishioners mixed together to dance and bray round the ass, once the pageant is over, the whole congregation in Pointz Hall gather together on the stage. In the midst of the great “jangle” and “din” that preside over the joyous festival, animals and men alike join the celebration. Moreover, as in the case of the braying men in its French equivalent, the audience in Pointz Hall experience a dramatic transgression of natural borders to the extent that “the barriers which should divide Man the Master from the Brute were dissolved ”(Woolf, 1992a: 165).

At the heart of this clerical parody, an extended variant of the Carnival King is represented by what Frazer baptized as “The Bishop of Fools” or “Abbot of Unreason” (Frazer, 1913: 312). In the carnival market-place of Pointz Hall, this figure is accurately embodied by the character of Reverend Streatfield. Mounting on the soap-box, the clergyman – as his precursor, “Queen Bess” – initiates his own dethroning. Thus, “the most grotesque and entire [...] of all incongruous sights” (Woolf, 1992a: 170-171), no sooner as Streatfield emerges, the Reverend is mocked and “laughed at by looking-glasses,” as the idiot he acknowledges himself to be (Woolf, 1992a: 172). Insofar as the priest is a patent fool and the donkey becomes the centre of the religious celebration, it cannot be other quality than the Folly that is to be worshipped. It is precisely Hogben's Folly, the field where Pointz Hall stands, that is praised by Miss La Trobe as “the very place […] for a pageant” (Woolf, 1992a: 52-53).

At the heart of this clerical parody, an extended variant of the Carnival King is represented by what Frazer baptized as “The Bishop of Fools” or “Abbot of Unreason” (Frazer, 1913: 312). In the carnival market-place of Pointz Hall, this figure is accurately embodied by the character of Reverend Streatfield. Mounting on the soap-box, the clergyman – as his precursor, “Queen Bess” – initiates his own dethroning. Thus, “the most grotesque and entire [...] of all incongruous sights” (Woolf, 1992a: 170-171), no sooner as Streatfield emerges, the Reverend is mocked and “laughed at by looking-glasses,” as the idiot he acknowledges himself to be (Woolf, 1992a: 172). Insofar as the priest is a patent fool and the donkey becomes the centre of the religious celebration, it cannot be other quality than the Folly that is to be worshipped. It is precisely Hogben's Folly, the field where Pointz Hall stands, that is praised by Miss La Trobe as “the very place […] for a pageant” (Woolf, 1992a: 52-53).

Determined to scapegoat the former character as an epitome of restrictive authority and censorship, the narrator endowed the derided priest with a multidimensional quality. On the other hand, by virtue of his identity as a carnival fool, Streatfield is constantly derided throughout the narrative and decrowned from his attempted authority. Hence, while he intends to gain the admiration of the villagers, his

Determined to scapegoat the former character as an epitome of restrictive authority and censorship, the narrator endowed the derided priest with a multidimensional quality. On the other hand, by virtue of his identity as a carnival fool, Streatfield is constantly derided throughout the narrative and decrowned from his attempted authority. Hence, while he intends to gain the admiration of the villagers, his

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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conceived as "God's law as laid down by man" (Marcus, 1987: 152). This, along with the “truncheon” that symbolizes the power of the absolute supremacy of patriarchal institutions, becomes determinedly subverted and belittled as merely the deplorable spectacle of a drunkard.

conceived as "God's law as laid down by man" (Marcus, 1987: 152). This, along with the “truncheon” that symbolizes the power of the absolute supremacy of patriarchal institutions, becomes determinedly subverted and belittled as merely the deplorable spectacle of a drunkard.

In resemblance to the merry dance after the mock mass, where, as Frazer recounts, the priest and his parishioners mixed together to dance and bray round the ass, once the pageant is over, the whole congregation in Pointz Hall gather together on the stage. In the midst of the great “jangle” and “din” that preside over the joyous festival, animals and men alike join the celebration. Moreover, as in the case of the braying men in its French equivalent, the audience in Pointz Hall experience a dramatic transgression of natural borders to the extent that “the barriers which should divide Man the Master from the Brute were dissolved ”(Woolf, 1992a: 165).

In resemblance to the merry dance after the mock mass, where, as Frazer recounts, the priest and his parishioners mixed together to dance and bray round the ass, once the pageant is over, the whole congregation in Pointz Hall gather together on the stage. In the midst of the great “jangle” and “din” that preside over the joyous festival, animals and men alike join the celebration. Moreover, as in the case of the braying men in its French equivalent, the audience in Pointz Hall experience a dramatic transgression of natural borders to the extent that “the barriers which should divide Man the Master from the Brute were dissolved ”(Woolf, 1992a: 165).

At the heart of this clerical parody, an extended variant of the Carnival King is represented by what Frazer baptized as “The Bishop of Fools” or “Abbot of Unreason” (Frazer, 1913: 312). In the carnival market-place of Pointz Hall, this figure is accurately embodied by the character of Reverend Streatfield. Mounting on the soap-box, the clergyman – as his precursor, “Queen Bess” – initiates his own dethroning. Thus, “the most grotesque and entire [...] of all incongruous sights” (Woolf, 1992a: 170-171), no sooner as Streatfield emerges, the Reverend is mocked and “laughed at by looking-glasses,” as the idiot he acknowledges himself to be (Woolf, 1992a: 172). Insofar as the priest is a patent fool and the donkey becomes the centre of the religious celebration, it cannot be other quality than the Folly that is to be worshipped. It is precisely Hogben's Folly, the field where Pointz Hall stands, that is praised by Miss La Trobe as “the very place […] for a pageant” (Woolf, 1992a: 52-53).

At the heart of this clerical parody, an extended variant of the Carnival King is represented by what Frazer baptized as “The Bishop of Fools” or “Abbot of Unreason” (Frazer, 1913: 312). In the carnival market-place of Pointz Hall, this figure is accurately embodied by the character of Reverend Streatfield. Mounting on the soap-box, the clergyman – as his precursor, “Queen Bess” – initiates his own dethroning. Thus, “the most grotesque and entire [...] of all incongruous sights” (Woolf, 1992a: 170-171), no sooner as Streatfield emerges, the Reverend is mocked and “laughed at by looking-glasses,” as the idiot he acknowledges himself to be (Woolf, 1992a: 172). Insofar as the priest is a patent fool and the donkey becomes the centre of the religious celebration, it cannot be other quality than the Folly that is to be worshipped. It is precisely Hogben's Folly, the field where Pointz Hall stands, that is praised by Miss La Trobe as “the very place […] for a pageant” (Woolf, 1992a: 52-53).

Determined to scapegoat the former character as an epitome of restrictive authority and censorship, the narrator endowed the derided priest with a multidimensional quality. On the other hand, by virtue of his identity as a carnival fool, Streatfield is constantly derided throughout the narrative and decrowned from his attempted authority. Hence, while he intends to gain the admiration of the villagers, his

Determined to scapegoat the former character as an epitome of restrictive authority and censorship, the narrator endowed the derided priest with a multidimensional quality. On the other hand, by virtue of his identity as a carnival fool, Streatfield is constantly derided throughout the narrative and decrowned from his attempted authority. Hence, while he intends to gain the admiration of the villagers, his


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only sight merely provokes the laughter of his neighbours. Furthermore, even though he thrives to become a leader for a community traditionally aimed as the passive targets of his speeches, his attempts are reiteratively sabotaged by background noises that either mutilate his discourse – “(t)he word was cut in two. A zoom severed it” (Woolf, 1992a: 174) – or annihilate his utterances:

only sight merely provokes the laughter of his neighbours. Furthermore, even though he thrives to become a leader for a community traditionally aimed as the passive targets of his speeches, his attempts are reiteratively sabotaged by background noises that either mutilate his discourse – “(t)he word was cut in two. A zoom severed it” (Woolf, 1992a: 174) – or annihilate his utterances:

He looked at the audience; then up at the sky. The whole lot of them, gentles and simples, felt embarrassed, for him, for themselves. There he stood their representative spokesman; their symbol; themselves; a butt, a clod, laughed at by looking-glasses; ignored by the cows, condemned by the clouds which continued their majestic rearrangement of the celestial landscape; an irrelevant forked stake in the flow and majesty of the summer silent world.

He looked at the audience; then up at the sky. The whole lot of them, gentles and simples, felt embarrassed, for him, for themselves. There he stood their representative spokesman; their symbol; themselves; a butt, a clod, laughed at by looking-glasses; ignored by the cows, condemned by the clouds which continued their majestic rearrangement of the celestial landscape; an irrelevant forked stake in the flow and majesty of the summer silent world.

His first words (the breeze had risen; the leaves were rustling) were lost. Then he was heard saying: ‘What.’ To that word he added another ‘Message;’ and at last a whole sentence emerged; not comprehensible [....] ‘I have been asking myself ’ —the words were repeated — what meaning, or message, this pageant was meant to convey?’ [....] ‘I will offer, very humbly [...] my interpretation.’ (Woolf, 1992a: 171)

His first words (the breeze had risen; the leaves were rustling) were lost. Then he was heard saying: ‘What.’ To that word he added another ‘Message;’ and at last a whole sentence emerged; not comprehensible [....] ‘I have been asking myself ’ —the words were repeated — what meaning, or message, this pageant was meant to convey?’ [....] ‘I will offer, very humbly [...] my interpretation.’ (Woolf, 1992a: 171)

Aside from this, the Reverend's role within the pageant entails further complexity. Thus, in her accounts of the celebrations of the primitive carnival, Jane Harrison had noted the presence of a ritual wooden pole which, placed in the middle of the acts performed on occasion of the festivity, was perceived as a symbol of the rite. Accordingly, this branch, which necessarily included a blossoming spring, was intended as an omen of the regenerated life that was to come after the removal of whatever old and waste (Harrison, 1913: 5759). Significantly, Reverend Streatfield, a “symbol” of the celebration in Pointz Hall (Woolf, 1992a: 171), comes to embody the maypole described in one of the Spring songs Harrison retrieves that were intoned, precisely, at ancient religious celebrations:

Aside from this, the Reverend's role within the pageant entails further complexity. Thus, in her accounts of the celebrations of the primitive carnival, Jane Harrison had noted the presence of a ritual wooden pole which, placed in the middle of the acts performed on occasion of the festivity, was perceived as a symbol of the rite. Accordingly, this branch, which necessarily included a blossoming spring, was intended as an omen of the regenerated life that was to come after the removal of whatever old and waste (Harrison, 1913: 5759). Significantly, Reverend Streatfield, a “symbol” of the celebration in Pointz Hall (Woolf, 1992a: 171), comes to embody the maypole described in one of the Spring songs Harrison retrieves that were intoned, precisely, at ancient religious celebrations:

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only sight merely provokes the laughter of his neighbours. Furthermore, even though he thrives to become a leader for a community traditionally aimed as the passive targets of his speeches, his attempts are reiteratively sabotaged by background noises that either mutilate his discourse – “(t)he word was cut in two. A zoom severed it” (Woolf, 1992a: 174) – or annihilate his utterances:

only sight merely provokes the laughter of his neighbours. Furthermore, even though he thrives to become a leader for a community traditionally aimed as the passive targets of his speeches, his attempts are reiteratively sabotaged by background noises that either mutilate his discourse – “(t)he word was cut in two. A zoom severed it” (Woolf, 1992a: 174) – or annihilate his utterances:

He looked at the audience; then up at the sky. The whole lot of them, gentles and simples, felt embarrassed, for him, for themselves. There he stood their representative spokesman; their symbol; themselves; a butt, a clod, laughed at by looking-glasses; ignored by the cows, condemned by the clouds which continued their majestic rearrangement of the celestial landscape; an irrelevant forked stake in the flow and majesty of the summer silent world.

He looked at the audience; then up at the sky. The whole lot of them, gentles and simples, felt embarrassed, for him, for themselves. There he stood their representative spokesman; their symbol; themselves; a butt, a clod, laughed at by looking-glasses; ignored by the cows, condemned by the clouds which continued their majestic rearrangement of the celestial landscape; an irrelevant forked stake in the flow and majesty of the summer silent world.

His first words (the breeze had risen; the leaves were rustling) were lost. Then he was heard saying: ‘What.’ To that word he added another ‘Message;’ and at last a whole sentence emerged; not comprehensible [....] ‘I have been asking myself ’ —the words were repeated — what meaning, or message, this pageant was meant to convey?’ [....] ‘I will offer, very humbly [...] my interpretation.’ (Woolf, 1992a: 171)

His first words (the breeze had risen; the leaves were rustling) were lost. Then he was heard saying: ‘What.’ To that word he added another ‘Message;’ and at last a whole sentence emerged; not comprehensible [....] ‘I have been asking myself ’ —the words were repeated — what meaning, or message, this pageant was meant to convey?’ [....] ‘I will offer, very humbly [...] my interpretation.’ (Woolf, 1992a: 171)

Aside from this, the Reverend's role within the pageant entails further complexity. Thus, in her accounts of the celebrations of the primitive carnival, Jane Harrison had noted the presence of a ritual wooden pole which, placed in the middle of the acts performed on occasion of the festivity, was perceived as a symbol of the rite. Accordingly, this branch, which necessarily included a blossoming spring, was intended as an omen of the regenerated life that was to come after the removal of whatever old and waste (Harrison, 1913: 5759). Significantly, Reverend Streatfield, a “symbol” of the celebration in Pointz Hall (Woolf, 1992a: 171), comes to embody the maypole described in one of the Spring songs Harrison retrieves that were intoned, precisely, at ancient religious celebrations:

Aside from this, the Reverend's role within the pageant entails further complexity. Thus, in her accounts of the celebrations of the primitive carnival, Jane Harrison had noted the presence of a ritual wooden pole which, placed in the middle of the acts performed on occasion of the festivity, was perceived as a symbol of the rite. Accordingly, this branch, which necessarily included a blossoming spring, was intended as an omen of the regenerated life that was to come after the removal of whatever old and waste (Harrison, 1913: 5759). Significantly, Reverend Streatfield, a “symbol” of the celebration in Pointz Hall (Woolf, 1992a: 171), comes to embody the maypole described in one of the Spring songs Harrison retrieves that were intoned, precisely, at ancient religious celebrations:


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A branch of May we have brought you, And at your door it stands; It is a sprout that is well budded out, The work of our Lord's hands. (Harrison, 1913: 59)

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A branch of May we have brought you, And at your door it stands; It is a sprout that is well budded out, The work of our Lord's hands. (Harrison, 1913: 59)

In the novel’s desacralized version of the Lord-modelled branch, Streatfield is identified as “a piece of traditional church furniture, [...] a corner cupboard, or the top beam of a gate fashioned by generations of village carpenters after some lost-in-the-mists-ofantiquity model” (Woolf, 1992a: 171). In keeping with that wooden/vegetable quality, the priest literally emerges from the ground. Concomitantly, he is considered as a “representative spokesman” for the community (Woolf, 1992a: 171). Self-appointed as the centripetal nucleus where the core meaning of the celebration is encapsulated, the Reverend turns into the actual maypole of the events in Pointz Hall.

In the novel’s desacralized version of the Lord-modelled branch, Streatfield is identified as “a piece of traditional church furniture, [...] a corner cupboard, or the top beam of a gate fashioned by generations of village carpenters after some lost-in-the-mists-ofantiquity model” (Woolf, 1992a: 171). In keeping with that wooden/vegetable quality, the priest literally emerges from the ground. Concomitantly, he is considered as a “representative spokesman” for the community (Woolf, 1992a: 171). Self-appointed as the centripetal nucleus where the core meaning of the celebration is encapsulated, the Reverend turns into the actual maypole of the events in Pointz Hall.

Certainly, an actual Spring Festival arises from the celebration of the pageant, which additionally includes, as in Harrison's outline of the ritual, its respective King and Queen of the May Day. Accordingly, Mrs. Manresa, portrayed from the very beginning as “the Queen of the Festival,” is explicitly bound to Giles, whom she has pointed as “[her] sulky hero” (Woolf, 1992a: 96). As pertains to carnival fools, Giles, who at a certain moment reveals his expiatory role through his “pose of one who bears the burden of the world's woe” (Woolf, 1992a: 100), suffers the harassment he cryptically inflicts on himself. Hence, previous to his lamentation, Giles had been exerted his cruelty upon a snake he had come across:

Certainly, an actual Spring Festival arises from the celebration of the pageant, which additionally includes, as in Harrison's outline of the ritual, its respective King and Queen of the May Day. Accordingly, Mrs. Manresa, portrayed from the very beginning as “the Queen of the Festival,” is explicitly bound to Giles, whom she has pointed as “[her] sulky hero” (Woolf, 1992a: 96). As pertains to carnival fools, Giles, who at a certain moment reveals his expiatory role through his “pose of one who bears the burden of the world's woe” (Woolf, 1992a: 100), suffers the harassment he cryptically inflicts on himself. Hence, previous to his lamentation, Giles had been exerted his cruelty upon a snake he had come across:

There, couched in the grass, curled in an olive green ring, was a snake. Dead? No, choked with a toad in its mouth. The snake was unable to swallow, the toad was unable to die. A spasm made the ribs contract; blood oozed. It was birth the wrong way round—a monstrous inversion. So, raising his foot, he stamped on them. The mass crushed and slithered. The white canvas on his tennis shoes was bloodstained and sticky. But it was action. Action relieved him. He strode to the Barn, with blood on his shoes. (Woolf 1992a: 89)

There, couched in the grass, curled in an olive green ring, was a snake. Dead? No, choked with a toad in its mouth. The snake was unable to swallow, the toad was unable to die. A spasm made the ribs contract; blood oozed. It was birth the wrong way round—a monstrous inversion. So, raising his foot, he stamped on them. The mass crushed and slithered. The white canvas on his tennis shoes was bloodstained and sticky. But it was action. Action relieved him. He strode to the Barn, with blood on his shoes. (Woolf 1992a: 89)

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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A branch of May we have brought you, And at your door it stands; It is a sprout that is well budded out, The work of our Lord's hands. (Harrison, 1913: 59)

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

19

A branch of May we have brought you, And at your door it stands; It is a sprout that is well budded out, The work of our Lord's hands. (Harrison, 1913: 59)

In the novel’s desacralized version of the Lord-modelled branch, Streatfield is identified as “a piece of traditional church furniture, [...] a corner cupboard, or the top beam of a gate fashioned by generations of village carpenters after some lost-in-the-mists-ofantiquity model” (Woolf, 1992a: 171). In keeping with that wooden/vegetable quality, the priest literally emerges from the ground. Concomitantly, he is considered as a “representative spokesman” for the community (Woolf, 1992a: 171). Self-appointed as the centripetal nucleus where the core meaning of the celebration is encapsulated, the Reverend turns into the actual maypole of the events in Pointz Hall.

In the novel’s desacralized version of the Lord-modelled branch, Streatfield is identified as “a piece of traditional church furniture, [...] a corner cupboard, or the top beam of a gate fashioned by generations of village carpenters after some lost-in-the-mists-ofantiquity model” (Woolf, 1992a: 171). In keeping with that wooden/vegetable quality, the priest literally emerges from the ground. Concomitantly, he is considered as a “representative spokesman” for the community (Woolf, 1992a: 171). Self-appointed as the centripetal nucleus where the core meaning of the celebration is encapsulated, the Reverend turns into the actual maypole of the events in Pointz Hall.

Certainly, an actual Spring Festival arises from the celebration of the pageant, which additionally includes, as in Harrison's outline of the ritual, its respective King and Queen of the May Day. Accordingly, Mrs. Manresa, portrayed from the very beginning as “the Queen of the Festival,” is explicitly bound to Giles, whom she has pointed as “[her] sulky hero” (Woolf, 1992a: 96). As pertains to carnival fools, Giles, who at a certain moment reveals his expiatory role through his “pose of one who bears the burden of the world's woe” (Woolf, 1992a: 100), suffers the harassment he cryptically inflicts on himself. Hence, previous to his lamentation, Giles had been exerted his cruelty upon a snake he had come across:

Certainly, an actual Spring Festival arises from the celebration of the pageant, which additionally includes, as in Harrison's outline of the ritual, its respective King and Queen of the May Day. Accordingly, Mrs. Manresa, portrayed from the very beginning as “the Queen of the Festival,” is explicitly bound to Giles, whom she has pointed as “[her] sulky hero” (Woolf, 1992a: 96). As pertains to carnival fools, Giles, who at a certain moment reveals his expiatory role through his “pose of one who bears the burden of the world's woe” (Woolf, 1992a: 100), suffers the harassment he cryptically inflicts on himself. Hence, previous to his lamentation, Giles had been exerted his cruelty upon a snake he had come across:

There, couched in the grass, curled in an olive green ring, was a snake. Dead? No, choked with a toad in its mouth. The snake was unable to swallow, the toad was unable to die. A spasm made the ribs contract; blood oozed. It was birth the wrong way round—a monstrous inversion. So, raising his foot, he stamped on them. The mass crushed and slithered. The white canvas on his tennis shoes was bloodstained and sticky. But it was action. Action relieved him. He strode to the Barn, with blood on his shoes. (Woolf 1992a: 89)

There, couched in the grass, curled in an olive green ring, was a snake. Dead? No, choked with a toad in its mouth. The snake was unable to swallow, the toad was unable to die. A spasm made the ribs contract; blood oozed. It was birth the wrong way round—a monstrous inversion. So, raising his foot, he stamped on them. The mass crushed and slithered. The white canvas on his tennis shoes was bloodstained and sticky. But it was action. Action relieved him. He strode to the Barn, with blood on his shoes. (Woolf 1992a: 89)


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In fact, a covert form of self-victimization is suggested through this episode, whereby the snake “couched in the grass” comes to reverberate a former image of Mr. Oliver, who had identified himself as “a flickering, mind-divided little snake in the grass” (Woolf, 1992a: 67).

In fact, a covert form of self-victimization is suggested through this episode, whereby the snake “couched in the grass” comes to reverberate a former image of Mr. Oliver, who had identified himself as “a flickering, mind-divided little snake in the grass” (Woolf, 1992a: 67).

Like that ancient pole, which should retain “a bunch of dark green foliage [...] as a memento that in it we have to do, not with a dead pole, but with a living tree from the greenwood” (Harrison, 1913: 60), Streatfield escapes his inertness to reveal some signs of his humanized side, evidenced by the tobacco stains in his forefinger. This fact “mitigated the horror” of his existential woodenness (Woolf, 1992a: 171). In her account of ancient rites, Harrison also quotes the description of the Cambridge May Day by Stubbs. According to the Puritan writer, the ritual maypole, after having been ceremonially carried by a yoke of oxen, was followed by men, women, and children alike, who worshipped it “with great d(e)votion” (cf. Harrison, 1913: 60). Stubbs continues to define the maypole as the “perfect patterne” of a heathen idol, “or rather the thyng itself ” (cf. Harrison, 1913: 60).

Like that ancient pole, which should retain “a bunch of dark green foliage [...] as a memento that in it we have to do, not with a dead pole, but with a living tree from the greenwood” (Harrison, 1913: 60), Streatfield escapes his inertness to reveal some signs of his humanized side, evidenced by the tobacco stains in his forefinger. This fact “mitigated the horror” of his existential woodenness (Woolf, 1992a: 171). In her account of ancient rites, Harrison also quotes the description of the Cambridge May Day by Stubbs. According to the Puritan writer, the ritual maypole, after having been ceremonially carried by a yoke of oxen, was followed by men, women, and children alike, who worshipped it “with great d(e)votion” (cf. Harrison, 1913: 60). Stubbs continues to define the maypole as the “perfect patterne” of a heathen idol, “or rather the thyng itself ” (cf. Harrison, 1913: 60).

Nevertheless, in keeping with the carnival sense of the world pervading Between the Acts, the sole attempt for leadership is doomed to appear as “an intolerable constriction, contraction, and reduction to simplified absurdity” (Woolf 1992a: 171). Hereby, Streatfield becomes “an irrelevant forked stake,” merely “a prominent bald branch” which, in opposition to the Cambridge maypole – transported by oxen – is condemned to remain “ignored by the cows” (Woolf, 1992a: 171).

Nevertheless, in keeping with the carnival sense of the world pervading Between the Acts, the sole attempt for leadership is doomed to appear as “an intolerable constriction, contraction, and reduction to simplified absurdity” (Woolf 1992a: 171). Hereby, Streatfield becomes “an irrelevant forked stake,” merely “a prominent bald branch” which, in opposition to the Cambridge maypole – transported by oxen – is condemned to remain “ignored by the cows” (Woolf, 1992a: 171).

As had been pointed out above, regarding his role as a carnival fool, Streatfield acts as a carrier of hope and life into the community of Pointz Hall, whose members eventually converge in a patently carnivalesque mésalliance encompassing Budge the policeman and Queen Bess, along with the Age of Reason, the foreparts of the donkey, the corrupt Mrs. Hardcastle, or the personified little England. Furthermore, it is after the speech of Streatfield, the “representative spokesman” (Woolf, 1992a: 171), that the narrator exposes her purpose of setting up a carnivalistic universe which, upon the removal of the barriers among individuals, should bring to a same level “’(t)he

As had been pointed out above, regarding his role as a carnival fool, Streatfield acts as a carrier of hope and life into the community of Pointz Hall, whose members eventually converge in a patently carnivalesque mésalliance encompassing Budge the policeman and Queen Bess, along with the Age of Reason, the foreparts of the donkey, the corrupt Mrs. Hardcastle, or the personified little England. Furthermore, it is after the speech of Streatfield, the “representative spokesman” (Woolf, 1992a: 171), that the narrator exposes her purpose of setting up a carnivalistic universe which, upon the removal of the barriers among individuals, should bring to a same level “’(t)he

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

In fact, a covert form of self-victimization is suggested through this episode, whereby the snake “couched in the grass” comes to reverberate a former image of Mr. Oliver, who had identified himself as “a flickering, mind-divided little snake in the grass” (Woolf, 1992a: 67).

In fact, a covert form of self-victimization is suggested through this episode, whereby the snake “couched in the grass” comes to reverberate a former image of Mr. Oliver, who had identified himself as “a flickering, mind-divided little snake in the grass” (Woolf, 1992a: 67).

Like that ancient pole, which should retain “a bunch of dark green foliage [...] as a memento that in it we have to do, not with a dead pole, but with a living tree from the greenwood” (Harrison, 1913: 60), Streatfield escapes his inertness to reveal some signs of his humanized side, evidenced by the tobacco stains in his forefinger. This fact “mitigated the horror” of his existential woodenness (Woolf, 1992a: 171). In her account of ancient rites, Harrison also quotes the description of the Cambridge May Day by Stubbs. According to the Puritan writer, the ritual maypole, after having been ceremonially carried by a yoke of oxen, was followed by men, women, and children alike, who worshipped it “with great d(e)votion” (cf. Harrison, 1913: 60). Stubbs continues to define the maypole as the “perfect patterne” of a heathen idol, “or rather the thyng itself ” (cf. Harrison, 1913: 60).

Like that ancient pole, which should retain “a bunch of dark green foliage [...] as a memento that in it we have to do, not with a dead pole, but with a living tree from the greenwood” (Harrison, 1913: 60), Streatfield escapes his inertness to reveal some signs of his humanized side, evidenced by the tobacco stains in his forefinger. This fact “mitigated the horror” of his existential woodenness (Woolf, 1992a: 171). In her account of ancient rites, Harrison also quotes the description of the Cambridge May Day by Stubbs. According to the Puritan writer, the ritual maypole, after having been ceremonially carried by a yoke of oxen, was followed by men, women, and children alike, who worshipped it “with great d(e)votion” (cf. Harrison, 1913: 60). Stubbs continues to define the maypole as the “perfect patterne” of a heathen idol, “or rather the thyng itself ” (cf. Harrison, 1913: 60).

Nevertheless, in keeping with the carnival sense of the world pervading Between the Acts, the sole attempt for leadership is doomed to appear as “an intolerable constriction, contraction, and reduction to simplified absurdity” (Woolf 1992a: 171). Hereby, Streatfield becomes “an irrelevant forked stake,” merely “a prominent bald branch” which, in opposition to the Cambridge maypole – transported by oxen – is condemned to remain “ignored by the cows” (Woolf, 1992a: 171).

Nevertheless, in keeping with the carnival sense of the world pervading Between the Acts, the sole attempt for leadership is doomed to appear as “an intolerable constriction, contraction, and reduction to simplified absurdity” (Woolf 1992a: 171). Hereby, Streatfield becomes “an irrelevant forked stake,” merely “a prominent bald branch” which, in opposition to the Cambridge maypole – transported by oxen – is condemned to remain “ignored by the cows” (Woolf, 1992a: 171).

As had been pointed out above, regarding his role as a carnival fool, Streatfield acts as a carrier of hope and life into the community of Pointz Hall, whose members eventually converge in a patently carnivalesque mésalliance encompassing Budge the policeman and Queen Bess, along with the Age of Reason, the foreparts of the donkey, the corrupt Mrs. Hardcastle, or the personified little England. Furthermore, it is after the speech of Streatfield, the “representative spokesman” (Woolf, 1992a: 171), that the narrator exposes her purpose of setting up a carnivalistic universe which, upon the removal of the barriers among individuals, should bring to a same level “’(t)he

As had been pointed out above, regarding his role as a carnival fool, Streatfield acts as a carrier of hope and life into the community of Pointz Hall, whose members eventually converge in a patently carnivalesque mésalliance encompassing Budge the policeman and Queen Bess, along with the Age of Reason, the foreparts of the donkey, the corrupt Mrs. Hardcastle, or the personified little England. Furthermore, it is after the speech of Streatfield, the “representative spokesman” (Woolf, 1992a: 171), that the narrator exposes her purpose of setting up a carnivalistic universe which, upon the removal of the barriers among individuals, should bring to a same level “’(t)he


Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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peasants; the kings; the fool and’ (she swallowed) ‘ourselves?’” (Woolf, 1992a: 192).

peasants; the kings; the fool and’ (she swallowed) ‘ourselves?’” (Woolf, 1992a: 192).

In conclusion, as the narrator envisions it, only by offering a deconventionalized portrayal of late Victorian society, in which the hierarchical poles of centralized power and extreme foolery become blurred, is it possible to demolish the authoritarian order enveloping the entire political and socio-cultural scaffolding. In particular, this transformation becomes imperative once the deformed lenses of that Victorian heritage have proven their pernicious inefficiency to focus the reality of a world in constant change and evolution.

In conclusion, as the narrator envisions it, only by offering a deconventionalized portrayal of late Victorian society, in which the hierarchical poles of centralized power and extreme foolery become blurred, is it possible to demolish the authoritarian order enveloping the entire political and socio-cultural scaffolding. In particular, this transformation becomes imperative once the deformed lenses of that Victorian heritage have proven their pernicious inefficiency to focus the reality of a world in constant change and evolution.

NOTES

NOTES

1

1

Note the obscene overtone of this word, whose second lexeme may denote the moment of sexual climax.

Note the obscene overtone of this word, whose second lexeme may denote the moment of sexual climax.

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Bakhtin, M.M. 1984a. La Cultura Popular en la Edad Media y en el Renacimiento. El Contexto de François Rabelais. Trans. Julio Forcat y César Conroy. Madrid: Alianza. (Moscú: Literatura, 1965). -----------------. 1984b. Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Trans. Caryl Emerson. Manchester: Manchester University Press. (Moscú: Literatura, 1929). Ellis, S.S. 1843. The Wives of England: Their Relative Duties, Domestic Influence, and Social Obligations. New York: Appleton. Frazer, J.G. 1913. The Golden Bough. A Study in Magic and Religion, vol. 4, The Scapegoat. London and New York: MacMillan. Freud, S. 1949. Civilization and its Discontents. London: Hogarth Press. Harrison, J.E. 1913. Ancient Art and Ritual. London: Williams and Norgate. Marcus, J. 1987. “The Years as Gottërdammerung, Greek Play and Domestic Novel.” Virginia Woolf and the Languages of Patriarchy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 36-56.

Bakhtin, M.M. 1984a. La Cultura Popular en la Edad Media y en el Renacimiento. El Contexto de François Rabelais. Trans. Julio Forcat y César Conroy. Madrid: Alianza. (Moscú: Literatura, 1965). -----------------. 1984b. Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Trans. Caryl Emerson. Manchester: Manchester University Press. (Moscú: Literatura, 1929). Ellis, S.S. 1843. The Wives of England: Their Relative Duties, Domestic Influence, and Social Obligations. New York: Appleton. Frazer, J.G. 1913. The Golden Bough. A Study in Magic and Religion, vol. 4, The Scapegoat. London and New York: MacMillan. Freud, S. 1949. Civilization and its Discontents. London: Hogarth Press. Harrison, J.E. 1913. Ancient Art and Ritual. London: Williams and Norgate. Marcus, J. 1987. “The Years as Gottërdammerung, Greek Play and Domestic Novel.” Virginia Woolf and the Languages of Patriarchy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 36-56.

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

Isabel Mª Andrés Cuevas The King of Fools and the Bishop of Unreason: Virginia Wolf ’s...

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21

peasants; the kings; the fool and’ (she swallowed) ‘ourselves?’” (Woolf, 1992a: 192).

peasants; the kings; the fool and’ (she swallowed) ‘ourselves?’” (Woolf, 1992a: 192).

In conclusion, as the narrator envisions it, only by offering a deconventionalized portrayal of late Victorian society, in which the hierarchical poles of centralized power and extreme foolery become blurred, is it possible to demolish the authoritarian order enveloping the entire political and socio-cultural scaffolding. In particular, this transformation becomes imperative once the deformed lenses of that Victorian heritage have proven their pernicious inefficiency to focus the reality of a world in constant change and evolution.

In conclusion, as the narrator envisions it, only by offering a deconventionalized portrayal of late Victorian society, in which the hierarchical poles of centralized power and extreme foolery become blurred, is it possible to demolish the authoritarian order enveloping the entire political and socio-cultural scaffolding. In particular, this transformation becomes imperative once the deformed lenses of that Victorian heritage have proven their pernicious inefficiency to focus the reality of a world in constant change and evolution.

NOTES

NOTES

1

1

Note the obscene overtone of this word, whose second lexeme may denote the moment of sexual climax.

Note the obscene overtone of this word, whose second lexeme may denote the moment of sexual climax.

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Bakhtin, M.M. 1984a. La Cultura Popular en la Edad Media y en el Renacimiento. El Contexto de François Rabelais. Trans. Julio Forcat y César Conroy. Madrid: Alianza. (Moscú: Literatura, 1965). -----------------. 1984b. Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Trans. Caryl Emerson. Manchester: Manchester University Press. (Moscú: Literatura, 1929). Ellis, S.S. 1843. The Wives of England: Their Relative Duties, Domestic Influence, and Social Obligations. New York: Appleton. Frazer, J.G. 1913. The Golden Bough. A Study in Magic and Religion, vol. 4, The Scapegoat. London and New York: MacMillan. Freud, S. 1949. Civilization and its Discontents. London: Hogarth Press. Harrison, J.E. 1913. Ancient Art and Ritual. London: Williams and Norgate. Marcus, J. 1987. “The Years as Gottërdammerung, Greek Play and Domestic Novel.” Virginia Woolf and the Languages of Patriarchy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 36-56.

Bakhtin, M.M. 1984a. La Cultura Popular en la Edad Media y en el Renacimiento. El Contexto de François Rabelais. Trans. Julio Forcat y César Conroy. Madrid: Alianza. (Moscú: Literatura, 1965). -----------------. 1984b. Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Trans. Caryl Emerson. Manchester: Manchester University Press. (Moscú: Literatura, 1929). Ellis, S.S. 1843. The Wives of England: Their Relative Duties, Domestic Influence, and Social Obligations. New York: Appleton. Frazer, J.G. 1913. The Golden Bough. A Study in Magic and Religion, vol. 4, The Scapegoat. London and New York: MacMillan. Freud, S. 1949. Civilization and its Discontents. London: Hogarth Press. Harrison, J.E. 1913. Ancient Art and Ritual. London: Williams and Norgate. Marcus, J. 1987. “The Years as Gottërdammerung, Greek Play and Domestic Novel.” Virginia Woolf and the Languages of Patriarchy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 36-56.


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Woolf, V. 1992a. Between the Acts, ed. Frank Kermode. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (London: Hogarth Press, 1941). ------------. 1992b. Mrs. Dalloway, ed. Elaine Showalter. London: Harmondsworth. (London: Hogarth Press, 1925). ------------. 1996. Three Guineas, ed. Hermione Lee. London: Vintage. (London: Hogarth Press, 1938).

Woolf, V. 1992a. Between the Acts, ed. Frank Kermode. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (London: Hogarth Press, 1941). ------------. 1992b. Mrs. Dalloway, ed. Elaine Showalter. London: Harmondsworth. (London: Hogarth Press, 1925). ------------. 1996. Three Guineas, ed. Hermione Lee. London: Vintage. (London: Hogarth Press, 1938).

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Woolf, V. 1992a. Between the Acts, ed. Frank Kermode. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (London: Hogarth Press, 1941). ------------. 1992b. Mrs. Dalloway, ed. Elaine Showalter. London: Harmondsworth. (London: Hogarth Press, 1925). ------------. 1996. Three Guineas, ed. Hermione Lee. London: Vintage. (London: Hogarth Press, 1938).

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Woolf, V. 1992a. Between the Acts, ed. Frank Kermode. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (London: Hogarth Press, 1941). ------------. 1992b. Mrs. Dalloway, ed. Elaine Showalter. London: Harmondsworth. (London: Hogarth Press, 1925). ------------. 1996. Three Guineas, ed. Hermione Lee. London: Vintage. (London: Hogarth Press, 1938).


Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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BETWEEN GUERRAS AND CARNALES: CHICANA FEMINIST WRITERS AND THEIR SEARCH FOR A ROOM OF THEIR OWN* Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Universidad de Oviedo carol@uniovi.es

BETWEEN GUERRAS AND CARNALES: CHICANA FEMINIST WRITERS AND THEIR SEARCH FOR A ROOM OF THEIR OWN* Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Universidad de Oviedo carol@uniovi.es

In this paper I will analyse a number of literary texts that reflect the way in which Chicana feminist writers have responded to their problematic relationship with both the Chicano community and the white women’s movement. In particular, I will focus on a number of texts written during the years of the Chicano Movement (from the 1960s to the mid-1970s). These texts tend to argue either for a transformation of Chicanismo that implies the acceptance of Chicanas’ rights or for the breaking-off of relationships with white women’s movements unless they renounce their racism. In the concluding section, I will refer to the texts written in the Post-Movement years (from the mid1970s onwards) and to the strategies used in them to portray Chicana feminists’ identity problems in more recent decades.

In this paper I will analyse a number of literary texts that reflect the way in which Chicana feminist writers have responded to their problematic relationship with both the Chicano community and the white women’s movement. In particular, I will focus on a number of texts written during the years of the Chicano Movement (from the 1960s to the mid-1970s). These texts tend to argue either for a transformation of Chicanismo that implies the acceptance of Chicanas’ rights or for the breaking-off of relationships with white women’s movements unless they renounce their racism. In the concluding section, I will refer to the texts written in the Post-Movement years (from the mid1970s onwards) and to the strategies used in them to portray Chicana feminists’ identity problems in more recent decades.

Key words: Chicana literature, feminism, nationalism.

Key words: Chicana literature, feminism, nationalism.

En este artículo analizaré un conjunto de textos literarios que reflejan el modo en que las escritoras chicanas feministas han respondido a la problemática relación que mantienen con la comunidad chicana y el movimiento feminista blanco. En concreto, me centraré sobre varios textos escritos durante los años del Movimiento Chicano (de la década de los sesenta a la mitad de la década de los setenta). Estos textos suelen decantarse por una de estas posturas: o bien exigen una transformación del Movimiento Chicano para que acepte los derechos de las chicanas, o bien propugnan un cese en las relaciones con el movimiento feminista blanco a menos que éste renuncie al racismo. En la última sección

En este artículo analizaré un conjunto de textos literarios que reflejan el modo en que las escritoras chicanas feministas han respondido a la problemática relación que mantienen con la comunidad chicana y el movimiento feminista blanco. En concreto, me centraré sobre varios textos escritos durante los años del Movimiento Chicano (de la década de los sesenta a la mitad de la década de los setenta). Estos textos suelen decantarse por una de estas posturas: o bien exigen una transformación del Movimiento Chicano para que acepte los derechos de las chicanas, o bien propugnan un cese en las relaciones con el movimiento feminista blanco a menos que éste renuncie al racismo. En la última sección

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

23

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

23

BETWEEN GUERRAS AND CARNALES: CHICANA FEMINIST WRITERS AND THEIR SEARCH FOR A ROOM OF THEIR OWN* Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Universidad de Oviedo carol@uniovi.es

BETWEEN GUERRAS AND CARNALES: CHICANA FEMINIST WRITERS AND THEIR SEARCH FOR A ROOM OF THEIR OWN* Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Universidad de Oviedo carol@uniovi.es

In this paper I will analyse a number of literary texts that reflect the way in which Chicana feminist writers have responded to their problematic relationship with both the Chicano community and the white women’s movement. In particular, I will focus on a number of texts written during the years of the Chicano Movement (from the 1960s to the mid-1970s). These texts tend to argue either for a transformation of Chicanismo that implies the acceptance of Chicanas’ rights or for the breaking-off of relationships with white women’s movements unless they renounce their racism. In the concluding section, I will refer to the texts written in the Post-Movement years (from the mid1970s onwards) and to the strategies used in them to portray Chicana feminists’ identity problems in more recent decades.

In this paper I will analyse a number of literary texts that reflect the way in which Chicana feminist writers have responded to their problematic relationship with both the Chicano community and the white women’s movement. In particular, I will focus on a number of texts written during the years of the Chicano Movement (from the 1960s to the mid-1970s). These texts tend to argue either for a transformation of Chicanismo that implies the acceptance of Chicanas’ rights or for the breaking-off of relationships with white women’s movements unless they renounce their racism. In the concluding section, I will refer to the texts written in the Post-Movement years (from the mid1970s onwards) and to the strategies used in them to portray Chicana feminists’ identity problems in more recent decades.

Key words: Chicana literature, feminism, nationalism.

Key words: Chicana literature, feminism, nationalism.

En este artículo analizaré un conjunto de textos literarios que reflejan el modo en que las escritoras chicanas feministas han respondido a la problemática relación que mantienen con la comunidad chicana y el movimiento feminista blanco. En concreto, me centraré sobre varios textos escritos durante los años del Movimiento Chicano (de la década de los sesenta a la mitad de la década de los setenta). Estos textos suelen decantarse por una de estas posturas: o bien exigen una transformación del Movimiento Chicano para que acepte los derechos de las chicanas, o bien propugnan un cese en las relaciones con el movimiento feminista blanco a menos que éste renuncie al racismo. En la última sección

En este artículo analizaré un conjunto de textos literarios que reflejan el modo en que las escritoras chicanas feministas han respondido a la problemática relación que mantienen con la comunidad chicana y el movimiento feminista blanco. En concreto, me centraré sobre varios textos escritos durante los años del Movimiento Chicano (de la década de los sesenta a la mitad de la década de los setenta). Estos textos suelen decantarse por una de estas posturas: o bien exigen una transformación del Movimiento Chicano para que acepte los derechos de las chicanas, o bien propugnan un cese en las relaciones con el movimiento feminista blanco a menos que éste renuncie al racismo. En la última sección

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007


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haré referencia a varios textos escritos en los años del Post-Movimiento Chicano (de la mitad de la década de los setenta en adelante) y a las estrategias que se usan en ellos para representar los problemas de identidad de las feministas chicanas en las últimas décadas.

haré referencia a varios textos escritos en los años del Post-Movimiento Chicano (de la mitad de la década de los setenta en adelante) y a las estrategias que se usan en ellos para representar los problemas de identidad de las feministas chicanas en las últimas décadas.

Palabras clave: Literatura chicana, feminismo, nacionalismo

Palabras clave: Literatura chicana, feminismo, nacionalismo

1. THE 1950S, 1960S AND EARLY 1970S. DEVELOPING A CHICANA FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE YEARS OF THE CHICANO MOVEMENT

1. THE 1950S, 1960S AND EARLY 1970S. DEVELOPING A CHICANA FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE YEARS OF THE CHICANO MOVEMENT

In the 1950s and 1960s the United States saw the birth and growth of many groups that actively fought for the recognition of human rights, and, in particular, in defence of minority groups. One of them was the Chicano Movement, also known as simply “The Movement,” “El Movimiento,” “La Causa” or “Chicanismo.” A great number of Chicanas who were involved in the Chicano Movement saw themselves primarily as “cultural nationalists,” but they gradually began to realize some of the contradictions of Chicanismo. According to Alma M. García, these Chicana activists started to evolve as “Chicana feminists” from the nationalist base from which they departed: “A Chicana feminist movement, like that of AfricanAmerican women, originated within the context of a nationalist movement” (1997: 4). In this way, their discourse acquired new nuances as it abandoned an exclusive focalization over “racial oppression” and took a greater interest in “gender oppression.” In any case, Alma M. García thinks that the Chicana movement implied a fight against both racial and gender discrimination: “a Chicana feminist movement represented a struggle that was both nationalistic and feminist” (1997: 4), so, in her opinion, one should always take into account those two ideologies and the influence that they played upon Chicana feminists.

In the 1950s and 1960s the United States saw the birth and growth of many groups that actively fought for the recognition of human rights, and, in particular, in defence of minority groups. One of them was the Chicano Movement, also known as simply “The Movement,” “El Movimiento,” “La Causa” or “Chicanismo.” A great number of Chicanas who were involved in the Chicano Movement saw themselves primarily as “cultural nationalists,” but they gradually began to realize some of the contradictions of Chicanismo. According to Alma M. García, these Chicana activists started to evolve as “Chicana feminists” from the nationalist base from which they departed: “A Chicana feminist movement, like that of AfricanAmerican women, originated within the context of a nationalist movement” (1997: 4). In this way, their discourse acquired new nuances as it abandoned an exclusive focalization over “racial oppression” and took a greater interest in “gender oppression.” In any case, Alma M. García thinks that the Chicana movement implied a fight against both racial and gender discrimination: “a Chicana feminist movement represented a struggle that was both nationalistic and feminist” (1997: 4), so, in her opinion, one should always take into account those two ideologies and the influence that they played upon Chicana feminists.

However, the situation of Chicana feminists within The Movement was very complex. These women opposed the image of the “Ideal Chicana” that the nationalist Chicanos had drawn for them. For

However, the situation of Chicana feminists within The Movement was very complex. These women opposed the image of the “Ideal Chicana” that the nationalist Chicanos had drawn for them. For

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

haré referencia a varios textos escritos en los años del Post-Movimiento Chicano (de la mitad de la década de los setenta en adelante) y a las estrategias que se usan en ellos para representar los problemas de identidad de las feministas chicanas en las últimas décadas.

haré referencia a varios textos escritos en los años del Post-Movimiento Chicano (de la mitad de la década de los setenta en adelante) y a las estrategias que se usan en ellos para representar los problemas de identidad de las feministas chicanas en las últimas décadas.

Palabras clave: Literatura chicana, feminismo, nacionalismo

Palabras clave: Literatura chicana, feminismo, nacionalismo

1. THE 1950S, 1960S AND EARLY 1970S. DEVELOPING A CHICANA FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE YEARS OF THE CHICANO MOVEMENT

1. THE 1950S, 1960S AND EARLY 1970S. DEVELOPING A CHICANA FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE YEARS OF THE CHICANO MOVEMENT

In the 1950s and 1960s the United States saw the birth and growth of many groups that actively fought for the recognition of human rights, and, in particular, in defence of minority groups. One of them was the Chicano Movement, also known as simply “The Movement,” “El Movimiento,” “La Causa” or “Chicanismo.” A great number of Chicanas who were involved in the Chicano Movement saw themselves primarily as “cultural nationalists,” but they gradually began to realize some of the contradictions of Chicanismo. According to Alma M. García, these Chicana activists started to evolve as “Chicana feminists” from the nationalist base from which they departed: “A Chicana feminist movement, like that of AfricanAmerican women, originated within the context of a nationalist movement” (1997: 4). In this way, their discourse acquired new nuances as it abandoned an exclusive focalization over “racial oppression” and took a greater interest in “gender oppression.” In any case, Alma M. García thinks that the Chicana movement implied a fight against both racial and gender discrimination: “a Chicana feminist movement represented a struggle that was both nationalistic and feminist” (1997: 4), so, in her opinion, one should always take into account those two ideologies and the influence that they played upon Chicana feminists.

In the 1950s and 1960s the United States saw the birth and growth of many groups that actively fought for the recognition of human rights, and, in particular, in defence of minority groups. One of them was the Chicano Movement, also known as simply “The Movement,” “El Movimiento,” “La Causa” or “Chicanismo.” A great number of Chicanas who were involved in the Chicano Movement saw themselves primarily as “cultural nationalists,” but they gradually began to realize some of the contradictions of Chicanismo. According to Alma M. García, these Chicana activists started to evolve as “Chicana feminists” from the nationalist base from which they departed: “A Chicana feminist movement, like that of AfricanAmerican women, originated within the context of a nationalist movement” (1997: 4). In this way, their discourse acquired new nuances as it abandoned an exclusive focalization over “racial oppression” and took a greater interest in “gender oppression.” In any case, Alma M. García thinks that the Chicana movement implied a fight against both racial and gender discrimination: “a Chicana feminist movement represented a struggle that was both nationalistic and feminist” (1997: 4), so, in her opinion, one should always take into account those two ideologies and the influence that they played upon Chicana feminists.

However, the situation of Chicana feminists within The Movement was very complex. These women opposed the image of the “Ideal Chicana” that the nationalist Chicanos had drawn for them. For

However, the situation of Chicana feminists within The Movement was very complex. These women opposed the image of the “Ideal Chicana” that the nationalist Chicanos had drawn for them. For


Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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these men (the “carnales” in the title), cultural survival depended upon the survival of traditional gender roles, that is, those roles that kept women in subordinated positions, in the domestic sphere, and forced them to accept all kinds of social injustice with resignation. On the contrary, Chicana feminists were conscious of a long history of reform movements in which both Mexican and Chicana women had taken an active role. The image of the “Ideal Chicana” was for them but a fictitious story that they wished to deconstruct.

these men (the “carnales” in the title), cultural survival depended upon the survival of traditional gender roles, that is, those roles that kept women in subordinated positions, in the domestic sphere, and forced them to accept all kinds of social injustice with resignation. On the contrary, Chicana feminists were conscious of a long history of reform movements in which both Mexican and Chicana women had taken an active role. The image of the “Ideal Chicana” was for them but a fictitious story that they wished to deconstruct.

The fact that they dared oppose the Chicano Movement had its negative consequences for them. Thus, they had to endure harsh criticism, as many males within The Movement saw Chicana feminism as a threat for their particular project. These women were accused of being “white feminists,” “lesbians,” “gabachas,” “agringadas” or “women’s libber.” Similarly, some Chicanas within The Movement, the “loyalists,” were also against feminist vindications, since they thought that those demands collided with some of the basic tenets of Chicano culture, such as the precepts of Catholicism, among other things.

The fact that they dared oppose the Chicano Movement had its negative consequences for them. Thus, they had to endure harsh criticism, as many males within The Movement saw Chicana feminism as a threat for their particular project. These women were accused of being “white feminists,” “lesbians,” “gabachas,” “agringadas” or “women’s libber.” Similarly, some Chicanas within The Movement, the “loyalists,” were also against feminist vindications, since they thought that those demands collided with some of the basic tenets of Chicano culture, such as the precepts of Catholicism, among other things.

In Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings, Alma M. García (1997) compiled a great number of documents that give us a thorough view of the problems that Chicana feminists have been concerned with since the days of the Chicano Movement. Here are some of the main issues around which Chicana feminists developed their critique of the Chicano Movement:

In Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings, Alma M. García (1997) compiled a great number of documents that give us a thorough view of the problems that Chicana feminists have been concerned with since the days of the Chicano Movement. Here are some of the main issues around which Chicana feminists developed their critique of the Chicano Movement:

- Within The Movement, the control of leadership was in the hands of men, while women were excluded from that leadership. - In The Movement there was a clear contradiction: men were discriminating against women in much the same way in which the system was oppressing Chicanos. - The Movement saw itself as a revolutionary group, but as far as gender issues were concerned, it was absolutely conservative. - According to The Movement, women’s liberation could wait until the “revolution” had taken place.

- Within The Movement, the control of leadership was in the hands of men, while women were excluded from that leadership. - In The Movement there was a clear contradiction: men were discriminating against women in much the same way in which the system was oppressing Chicanos. - The Movement saw itself as a revolutionary group, but as far as gender issues were concerned, it was absolutely conservative. - According to The Movement, women’s liberation could wait until the “revolution” had taken place.

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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these men (the “carnales” in the title), cultural survival depended upon the survival of traditional gender roles, that is, those roles that kept women in subordinated positions, in the domestic sphere, and forced them to accept all kinds of social injustice with resignation. On the contrary, Chicana feminists were conscious of a long history of reform movements in which both Mexican and Chicana women had taken an active role. The image of the “Ideal Chicana” was for them but a fictitious story that they wished to deconstruct.

these men (the “carnales” in the title), cultural survival depended upon the survival of traditional gender roles, that is, those roles that kept women in subordinated positions, in the domestic sphere, and forced them to accept all kinds of social injustice with resignation. On the contrary, Chicana feminists were conscious of a long history of reform movements in which both Mexican and Chicana women had taken an active role. The image of the “Ideal Chicana” was for them but a fictitious story that they wished to deconstruct.

The fact that they dared oppose the Chicano Movement had its negative consequences for them. Thus, they had to endure harsh criticism, as many males within The Movement saw Chicana feminism as a threat for their particular project. These women were accused of being “white feminists,” “lesbians,” “gabachas,” “agringadas” or “women’s libber.” Similarly, some Chicanas within The Movement, the “loyalists,” were also against feminist vindications, since they thought that those demands collided with some of the basic tenets of Chicano culture, such as the precepts of Catholicism, among other things.

The fact that they dared oppose the Chicano Movement had its negative consequences for them. Thus, they had to endure harsh criticism, as many males within The Movement saw Chicana feminism as a threat for their particular project. These women were accused of being “white feminists,” “lesbians,” “gabachas,” “agringadas” or “women’s libber.” Similarly, some Chicanas within The Movement, the “loyalists,” were also against feminist vindications, since they thought that those demands collided with some of the basic tenets of Chicano culture, such as the precepts of Catholicism, among other things.

In Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings, Alma M. García (1997) compiled a great number of documents that give us a thorough view of the problems that Chicana feminists have been concerned with since the days of the Chicano Movement. Here are some of the main issues around which Chicana feminists developed their critique of the Chicano Movement:

In Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings, Alma M. García (1997) compiled a great number of documents that give us a thorough view of the problems that Chicana feminists have been concerned with since the days of the Chicano Movement. Here are some of the main issues around which Chicana feminists developed their critique of the Chicano Movement:

- Within The Movement, the control of leadership was in the hands of men, while women were excluded from that leadership. - In The Movement there was a clear contradiction: men were discriminating against women in much the same way in which the system was oppressing Chicanos. - The Movement saw itself as a revolutionary group, but as far as gender issues were concerned, it was absolutely conservative. - According to The Movement, women’s liberation could wait until the “revolution” had taken place.

- Within The Movement, the control of leadership was in the hands of men, while women were excluded from that leadership. - In The Movement there was a clear contradiction: men were discriminating against women in much the same way in which the system was oppressing Chicanos. - The Movement saw itself as a revolutionary group, but as far as gender issues were concerned, it was absolutely conservative. - According to The Movement, women’s liberation could wait until the “revolution” had taken place.


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- Chicana feminists thought that The Movement should not give priority to some issues in detriment of other questions, since all the factors that caused the discrimination of Chicanos/as complemented one another, especially those factors that were related to gender and economy. - Chicana feminists rejected the idea that they were to be held responsible for causing splits within The Movement because of their ideological opposition. Actually, they thought that it was men themselves that were creating divisions by accusing Chicana feminists of being disloyal.

- Chicana feminists thought that The Movement should not give priority to some issues in detriment of other questions, since all the factors that caused the discrimination of Chicanos/as complemented one another, especially those factors that were related to gender and economy. - Chicana feminists rejected the idea that they were to be held responsible for causing splits within The Movement because of their ideological opposition. Actually, they thought that it was men themselves that were creating divisions by accusing Chicana feminists of being disloyal.

In the context of society at large, Chicanas were likewise discriminated against on the basis not only of their ethnicity, as The Movement claimed, but also on the basis of their gender. They were therefore facing a number of problems that The Movement refused to tackle because they were issues that exclusively affected the female members of La Raza. Among these we could mention the following:

In the context of society at large, Chicanas were likewise discriminated against on the basis not only of their ethnicity, as The Movement claimed, but also on the basis of their gender. They were therefore facing a number of problems that The Movement refused to tackle because they were issues that exclusively affected the female members of La Raza. Among these we could mention the following:

- Women were fully responsible for family life. - Due to their poorer command of the English language (after all, they were “locked” in the domestic sphere and had fewer occasions to learn English), they had more obstacles than Chicano men when it came to dealing with certain institutions, such as the welfare system and the legal system. - Their health problems were also specific: the percentage of deaths after child-bearing was very high; sometimes they were chosen as guinea pigs for birthcontrol experiments without their consent, and on certain occasions they were sterilised without their knowledge. - At the workplace they received lower wages than Chicano men, and were also restricted to fewer employment opportunities. - Their access to education was also further limited than in the case of Chicano men.

- Women were fully responsible for family life. - Due to their poorer command of the English language (after all, they were “locked” in the domestic sphere and had fewer occasions to learn English), they had more obstacles than Chicano men when it came to dealing with certain institutions, such as the welfare system and the legal system. - Their health problems were also specific: the percentage of deaths after child-bearing was very high; sometimes they were chosen as guinea pigs for birthcontrol experiments without their consent, and on certain occasions they were sterilised without their knowledge. - At the workplace they received lower wages than Chicano men, and were also restricted to fewer employment opportunities. - Their access to education was also further limited than in the case of Chicano men.

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- Chicana feminists thought that The Movement should not give priority to some issues in detriment of other questions, since all the factors that caused the discrimination of Chicanos/as complemented one another, especially those factors that were related to gender and economy. - Chicana feminists rejected the idea that they were to be held responsible for causing splits within The Movement because of their ideological opposition. Actually, they thought that it was men themselves that were creating divisions by accusing Chicana feminists of being disloyal.

- Chicana feminists thought that The Movement should not give priority to some issues in detriment of other questions, since all the factors that caused the discrimination of Chicanos/as complemented one another, especially those factors that were related to gender and economy. - Chicana feminists rejected the idea that they were to be held responsible for causing splits within The Movement because of their ideological opposition. Actually, they thought that it was men themselves that were creating divisions by accusing Chicana feminists of being disloyal.

In the context of society at large, Chicanas were likewise discriminated against on the basis not only of their ethnicity, as The Movement claimed, but also on the basis of their gender. They were therefore facing a number of problems that The Movement refused to tackle because they were issues that exclusively affected the female members of La Raza. Among these we could mention the following:

In the context of society at large, Chicanas were likewise discriminated against on the basis not only of their ethnicity, as The Movement claimed, but also on the basis of their gender. They were therefore facing a number of problems that The Movement refused to tackle because they were issues that exclusively affected the female members of La Raza. Among these we could mention the following:

- Women were fully responsible for family life. - Due to their poorer command of the English language (after all, they were “locked” in the domestic sphere and had fewer occasions to learn English), they had more obstacles than Chicano men when it came to dealing with certain institutions, such as the welfare system and the legal system. - Their health problems were also specific: the percentage of deaths after child-bearing was very high; sometimes they were chosen as guinea pigs for birthcontrol experiments without their consent, and on certain occasions they were sterilised without their knowledge. - At the workplace they received lower wages than Chicano men, and were also restricted to fewer employment opportunities. - Their access to education was also further limited than in the case of Chicano men.

- Women were fully responsible for family life. - Due to their poorer command of the English language (after all, they were “locked” in the domestic sphere and had fewer occasions to learn English), they had more obstacles than Chicano men when it came to dealing with certain institutions, such as the welfare system and the legal system. - Their health problems were also specific: the percentage of deaths after child-bearing was very high; sometimes they were chosen as guinea pigs for birthcontrol experiments without their consent, and on certain occasions they were sterilised without their knowledge. - At the workplace they received lower wages than Chicano men, and were also restricted to fewer employment opportunities. - Their access to education was also further limited than in the case of Chicano men.


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As time went on, Chicana feminists also began to realize the way in which, just as it had happened to other women of colour, their lives were determined by a great number of forms of oppression, besides race and gender, as for example social classes, religion, or language. Meanwhile, white feminism, which was mainly formed by women who belonged to the middle and upper-middle classes, had a Protestant upbringing, were English-speaking and of Anglo-Saxon origin (thus the “güeras” or “the blond ones” in the title), was turning a deaf ear to Chicanas’ problems:

As time went on, Chicana feminists also began to realize the way in which, just as it had happened to other women of colour, their lives were determined by a great number of forms of oppression, besides race and gender, as for example social classes, religion, or language. Meanwhile, white feminism, which was mainly formed by women who belonged to the middle and upper-middle classes, had a Protestant upbringing, were English-speaking and of Anglo-Saxon origin (thus the “güeras” or “the blond ones” in the title), was turning a deaf ear to Chicanas’ problems:

As women who participated in the larger society, Chicanas, like women of other Third World groups in the United States, shared with Anglo women the need to define their position in a society built on a male system of values. Certain social imperatives—the elimination of rape, the need for day-care centers, the lack of employment opportunities, and, to some extent, the abortion issue—put them squarely into the struggle of Anglo women. As Chicanas, however, they faced alienation in the larger society. Through participation in white women’s groups, Chicanas learned that certain items on their agenda (such as the struggle against racism and the crusade for bilingual and bicultural education) were not among the priorities of white women. Chicanas also found racism, tokenism, and ignorance in white women’s groups. (Sánchez 1985: 5)

As women who participated in the larger society, Chicanas, like women of other Third World groups in the United States, shared with Anglo women the need to define their position in a society built on a male system of values. Certain social imperatives—the elimination of rape, the need for day-care centers, the lack of employment opportunities, and, to some extent, the abortion issue—put them squarely into the struggle of Anglo women. As Chicanas, however, they faced alienation in the larger society. Through participation in white women’s groups, Chicanas learned that certain items on their agenda (such as the struggle against racism and the crusade for bilingual and bicultural education) were not among the priorities of white women. Chicanas also found racism, tokenism, and ignorance in white women’s groups. (Sánchez 1985: 5)

Chicanas, therefore, were facing a double set of restrictions, both as members of the Chicano community and as women. But because they seemed to be having difficulties to see their specific problems attended to, some of them began to form their own autonomous women’s groups, even at the risk of being judged disloyal by both their “carnales” and “las güeras.” At the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s, these Chicana feminists started to let themselves be heard outside the confines of The Movement. They did so thanks to their early publications, among which we can highlight Regeneración (first issued in 1970 and edited by Francisca Flores), the newspaper Hijas de Cuauhtémoc or the journal Encuentro Femenil, among

Chicanas, therefore, were facing a double set of restrictions, both as members of the Chicano community and as women. But because they seemed to be having difficulties to see their specific problems attended to, some of them began to form their own autonomous women’s groups, even at the risk of being judged disloyal by both their “carnales” and “las güeras.” At the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s, these Chicana feminists started to let themselves be heard outside the confines of The Movement. They did so thanks to their early publications, among which we can highlight Regeneración (first issued in 1970 and edited by Francisca Flores), the newspaper Hijas de Cuauhtémoc or the journal Encuentro Femenil, among

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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As time went on, Chicana feminists also began to realize the way in which, just as it had happened to other women of colour, their lives were determined by a great number of forms of oppression, besides race and gender, as for example social classes, religion, or language. Meanwhile, white feminism, which was mainly formed by women who belonged to the middle and upper-middle classes, had a Protestant upbringing, were English-speaking and of Anglo-Saxon origin (thus the “güeras” or “the blond ones” in the title), was turning a deaf ear to Chicanas’ problems:

As time went on, Chicana feminists also began to realize the way in which, just as it had happened to other women of colour, their lives were determined by a great number of forms of oppression, besides race and gender, as for example social classes, religion, or language. Meanwhile, white feminism, which was mainly formed by women who belonged to the middle and upper-middle classes, had a Protestant upbringing, were English-speaking and of Anglo-Saxon origin (thus the “güeras” or “the blond ones” in the title), was turning a deaf ear to Chicanas’ problems:

As women who participated in the larger society, Chicanas, like women of other Third World groups in the United States, shared with Anglo women the need to define their position in a society built on a male system of values. Certain social imperatives—the elimination of rape, the need for day-care centers, the lack of employment opportunities, and, to some extent, the abortion issue—put them squarely into the struggle of Anglo women. As Chicanas, however, they faced alienation in the larger society. Through participation in white women’s groups, Chicanas learned that certain items on their agenda (such as the struggle against racism and the crusade for bilingual and bicultural education) were not among the priorities of white women. Chicanas also found racism, tokenism, and ignorance in white women’s groups. (Sánchez 1985: 5)

As women who participated in the larger society, Chicanas, like women of other Third World groups in the United States, shared with Anglo women the need to define their position in a society built on a male system of values. Certain social imperatives—the elimination of rape, the need for day-care centers, the lack of employment opportunities, and, to some extent, the abortion issue—put them squarely into the struggle of Anglo women. As Chicanas, however, they faced alienation in the larger society. Through participation in white women’s groups, Chicanas learned that certain items on their agenda (such as the struggle against racism and the crusade for bilingual and bicultural education) were not among the priorities of white women. Chicanas also found racism, tokenism, and ignorance in white women’s groups. (Sánchez 1985: 5)

Chicanas, therefore, were facing a double set of restrictions, both as members of the Chicano community and as women. But because they seemed to be having difficulties to see their specific problems attended to, some of them began to form their own autonomous women’s groups, even at the risk of being judged disloyal by both their “carnales” and “las güeras.” At the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s, these Chicana feminists started to let themselves be heard outside the confines of The Movement. They did so thanks to their early publications, among which we can highlight Regeneración (first issued in 1970 and edited by Francisca Flores), the newspaper Hijas de Cuauhtémoc or the journal Encuentro Femenil, among

Chicanas, therefore, were facing a double set of restrictions, both as members of the Chicano community and as women. But because they seemed to be having difficulties to see their specific problems attended to, some of them began to form their own autonomous women’s groups, even at the risk of being judged disloyal by both their “carnales” and “las güeras.” At the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s, these Chicana feminists started to let themselves be heard outside the confines of The Movement. They did so thanks to their early publications, among which we can highlight Regeneración (first issued in 1970 and edited by Francisca Flores), the newspaper Hijas de Cuauhtémoc or the journal Encuentro Femenil, among


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others. Likewise, they began to organize workshops and conferences, after which they published the respective Proceedings.

others. Likewise, they began to organize workshops and conferences, after which they published the respective Proceedings.

The contradictory position of Chicana feminists—“apart from, yet necessarily within, each of their social milieus” (Sánchez 1985: 6)—informed not only their journals, newspapers, and critical writings, but also, and most interestingly for us, their literary writings. In the 1960s and 1970s, in particular, a number of poems criticised the blindness of Chicanas’ male counterparts in The Movement. Here we will analyse a couple of texts written in 1971, that is, still within the time span associated with The Chicano Movement (from the 1960s until 1975). As it will be seen, both are characterised by the language of “la Revolución,” but the aim of both its writers is to make the Revolution a struggle that incorporates not only the demands of the male leaders, but also the needs of its female members. In this sense, both texts expand the number of problems The Movement should be concerned with; therefore, they make the “Revolución” a more complex and richer issue. The fact that they also call for the integration of Chicanas as full citizens, not as mere “daughters,” “wives,” and “mothers,” implies a redefinition of the Chicana identity, which should not be determined by a Chicana’s dependency on a man, as well as of the Chicano identity, which should not be based on the subjugation of Chicanas.

The contradictory position of Chicana feminists—“apart from, yet necessarily within, each of their social milieus” (Sánchez 1985: 6)—informed not only their journals, newspapers, and critical writings, but also, and most interestingly for us, their literary writings. In the 1960s and 1970s, in particular, a number of poems criticised the blindness of Chicanas’ male counterparts in The Movement. Here we will analyse a couple of texts written in 1971, that is, still within the time span associated with The Chicano Movement (from the 1960s until 1975). As it will be seen, both are characterised by the language of “la Revolución,” but the aim of both its writers is to make the Revolution a struggle that incorporates not only the demands of the male leaders, but also the needs of its female members. In this sense, both texts expand the number of problems The Movement should be concerned with; therefore, they make the “Revolución” a more complex and richer issue. The fact that they also call for the integration of Chicanas as full citizens, not as mere “daughters,” “wives,” and “mothers,” implies a redefinition of the Chicana identity, which should not be determined by a Chicana’s dependency on a man, as well as of the Chicano identity, which should not be based on the subjugation of Chicanas.

The first poem I wish to analyse is “La Nueva Chicana,” written by Ana Montes and first published in 1971. The text begins by bringing together tradition and innovation. Both elements are essential for the success of the Revolution, as, according to the poetic persona, they both “do their part.” The “old woman” who goes to pray, the “young mother,” the “old man sitting on the porch,” and the “young husband” who goes to work are all members of the traditional Chicano community; the “young / Chicana”, on the other hand, symbolizes the new order of things.

The first poem I wish to analyse is “La Nueva Chicana,” written by Ana Montes and first published in 1971. The text begins by bringing together tradition and innovation. Both elements are essential for the success of the Revolution, as, according to the poetic persona, they both “do their part.” The “old woman” who goes to pray, the “young mother,” the “old man sitting on the porch,” and the “young husband” who goes to work are all members of the traditional Chicano community; the “young / Chicana”, on the other hand, symbolizes the new order of things.

The characters that stand for traditional values actually represent a very conservative view of Chicano culture. Old women are associated with religion and therefore they are in charge of the survival of traditional moral values, while old men, “sitting on the porch,” are not encumbered with such a difficult role. Young women, for their part,

The characters that stand for traditional values actually represent a very conservative view of Chicano culture. Old women are associated with religion and therefore they are in charge of the survival of traditional moral values, while old men, “sitting on the porch,” are not encumbered with such a difficult role. Young women, for their part,

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others. Likewise, they began to organize workshops and conferences, after which they published the respective Proceedings.

others. Likewise, they began to organize workshops and conferences, after which they published the respective Proceedings.

The contradictory position of Chicana feminists—“apart from, yet necessarily within, each of their social milieus” (Sánchez 1985: 6)—informed not only their journals, newspapers, and critical writings, but also, and most interestingly for us, their literary writings. In the 1960s and 1970s, in particular, a number of poems criticised the blindness of Chicanas’ male counterparts in The Movement. Here we will analyse a couple of texts written in 1971, that is, still within the time span associated with The Chicano Movement (from the 1960s until 1975). As it will be seen, both are characterised by the language of “la Revolución,” but the aim of both its writers is to make the Revolution a struggle that incorporates not only the demands of the male leaders, but also the needs of its female members. In this sense, both texts expand the number of problems The Movement should be concerned with; therefore, they make the “Revolución” a more complex and richer issue. The fact that they also call for the integration of Chicanas as full citizens, not as mere “daughters,” “wives,” and “mothers,” implies a redefinition of the Chicana identity, which should not be determined by a Chicana’s dependency on a man, as well as of the Chicano identity, which should not be based on the subjugation of Chicanas.

The contradictory position of Chicana feminists—“apart from, yet necessarily within, each of their social milieus” (Sánchez 1985: 6)—informed not only their journals, newspapers, and critical writings, but also, and most interestingly for us, their literary writings. In the 1960s and 1970s, in particular, a number of poems criticised the blindness of Chicanas’ male counterparts in The Movement. Here we will analyse a couple of texts written in 1971, that is, still within the time span associated with The Chicano Movement (from the 1960s until 1975). As it will be seen, both are characterised by the language of “la Revolución,” but the aim of both its writers is to make the Revolution a struggle that incorporates not only the demands of the male leaders, but also the needs of its female members. In this sense, both texts expand the number of problems The Movement should be concerned with; therefore, they make the “Revolución” a more complex and richer issue. The fact that they also call for the integration of Chicanas as full citizens, not as mere “daughters,” “wives,” and “mothers,” implies a redefinition of the Chicana identity, which should not be determined by a Chicana’s dependency on a man, as well as of the Chicano identity, which should not be based on the subjugation of Chicanas.

The first poem I wish to analyse is “La Nueva Chicana,” written by Ana Montes and first published in 1971. The text begins by bringing together tradition and innovation. Both elements are essential for the success of the Revolution, as, according to the poetic persona, they both “do their part.” The “old woman” who goes to pray, the “young mother,” the “old man sitting on the porch,” and the “young husband” who goes to work are all members of the traditional Chicano community; the “young / Chicana”, on the other hand, symbolizes the new order of things.

The first poem I wish to analyse is “La Nueva Chicana,” written by Ana Montes and first published in 1971. The text begins by bringing together tradition and innovation. Both elements are essential for the success of the Revolution, as, according to the poetic persona, they both “do their part.” The “old woman” who goes to pray, the “young mother,” the “old man sitting on the porch,” and the “young husband” who goes to work are all members of the traditional Chicano community; the “young / Chicana”, on the other hand, symbolizes the new order of things.

The characters that stand for traditional values actually represent a very conservative view of Chicano culture. Old women are associated with religion and therefore they are in charge of the survival of traditional moral values, while old men, “sitting on the porch,” are not encumbered with such a difficult role. Young women, for their part,

The characters that stand for traditional values actually represent a very conservative view of Chicano culture. Old women are associated with religion and therefore they are in charge of the survival of traditional moral values, while old men, “sitting on the porch,” are not encumbered with such a difficult role. Young women, for their part,


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are responsible for the reproduction of “la raza,” as they are only taken into account inasmuch they are “mothers”; their husbands, on the other hand, are the family bread-winners. In short, gender roles are rigid and immutable in this picture of the traditional Chicano community.

are responsible for the reproduction of “la raza,” as they are only taken into account inasmuch they are “mothers”; their husbands, on the other hand, are the family bread-winners. In short, gender roles are rigid and immutable in this picture of the traditional Chicano community.

In this context, the appearance of the figure of the new Chicana represents a short of disruptive presence. The poetic persona sees the need to reassure her audience by stating that this young woman may be “new” in the sense that she behaves in ways so far unheard of for a Chicana girl, but she is tightly connected with tradition as well. The persona defines both her physical appearance and her behaviour. As far as her body is concerned, two aspects are highlighted. First, the fact that she is “still the soft brown-eyed / beauty you knew.” Second, the circumstance that she is “bareheaded” and “unshawled.” The colour of this woman’s eyes tells the audience that she is no “agringada,” no blue-eyed “güera.” Her physical traits, therefore, show her Mexican ancestry and, because of this, she is a “beauty.” As all women in a traditional and patriarchal context, she is first described in terms of her physique, and her “value” comes from her being agreeable to the beauty standards of her community. Nevertheless, she transcends those strict physical standards by means of clothes: as I have already stated, she is “bareheaded” and “unshawled,” that is, she has discarded the traditional “velos” (veils) and “rebozos” (shawls) worn by traditional Mexican women. These pieces of clothing may be traditional and in that sense relevant for Chicana women, but they are also representative of a repressive culture. That is why, despite their importance, the new Chicana has “cast off ” that symbolic “shawl of the past to show her face” and, we might add, to make herself heard by the male members of The Movement.

In this context, the appearance of the figure of the new Chicana represents a short of disruptive presence. The poetic persona sees the need to reassure her audience by stating that this young woman may be “new” in the sense that she behaves in ways so far unheard of for a Chicana girl, but she is tightly connected with tradition as well. The persona defines both her physical appearance and her behaviour. As far as her body is concerned, two aspects are highlighted. First, the fact that she is “still the soft brown-eyed / beauty you knew.” Second, the circumstance that she is “bareheaded” and “unshawled.” The colour of this woman’s eyes tells the audience that she is no “agringada,” no blue-eyed “güera.” Her physical traits, therefore, show her Mexican ancestry and, because of this, she is a “beauty.” As all women in a traditional and patriarchal context, she is first described in terms of her physique, and her “value” comes from her being agreeable to the beauty standards of her community. Nevertheless, she transcends those strict physical standards by means of clothes: as I have already stated, she is “bareheaded” and “unshawled,” that is, she has discarded the traditional “velos” (veils) and “rebozos” (shawls) worn by traditional Mexican women. These pieces of clothing may be traditional and in that sense relevant for Chicana women, but they are also representative of a repressive culture. That is why, despite their importance, the new Chicana has “cast off ” that symbolic “shawl of the past to show her face” and, we might add, to make herself heard by the male members of The Movement.

Actually, when we analyse the behaviour of this new Chicana, we see that by wearing no veils and no shawls she has made a number of breakthroughs. She has adopted a more active role in her community (she is now “on the go”), and she is very articulate, “no longer the silent one.” She has achieved the strength of a religious leader who can go “spreading the word.” Like a political leader, she utters mottoes such as “VIVA LA RAZA,” and, in this sense, she fights for the same goals that men are trying to attain. This fact, again, reassures the audience: despite all her newness, the new Chicana is still “the soft

Actually, when we analyse the behaviour of this new Chicana, we see that by wearing no veils and no shawls she has made a number of breakthroughs. She has adopted a more active role in her community (she is now “on the go”), and she is very articulate, “no longer the silent one.” She has achieved the strength of a religious leader who can go “spreading the word.” Like a political leader, she utters mottoes such as “VIVA LA RAZA,” and, in this sense, she fights for the same goals that men are trying to attain. This fact, again, reassures the audience: despite all her newness, the new Chicana is still “the soft

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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are responsible for the reproduction of “la raza,” as they are only taken into account inasmuch they are “mothers”; their husbands, on the other hand, are the family bread-winners. In short, gender roles are rigid and immutable in this picture of the traditional Chicano community.

are responsible for the reproduction of “la raza,” as they are only taken into account inasmuch they are “mothers”; their husbands, on the other hand, are the family bread-winners. In short, gender roles are rigid and immutable in this picture of the traditional Chicano community.

In this context, the appearance of the figure of the new Chicana represents a short of disruptive presence. The poetic persona sees the need to reassure her audience by stating that this young woman may be “new” in the sense that she behaves in ways so far unheard of for a Chicana girl, but she is tightly connected with tradition as well. The persona defines both her physical appearance and her behaviour. As far as her body is concerned, two aspects are highlighted. First, the fact that she is “still the soft brown-eyed / beauty you knew.” Second, the circumstance that she is “bareheaded” and “unshawled.” The colour of this woman’s eyes tells the audience that she is no “agringada,” no blue-eyed “güera.” Her physical traits, therefore, show her Mexican ancestry and, because of this, she is a “beauty.” As all women in a traditional and patriarchal context, she is first described in terms of her physique, and her “value” comes from her being agreeable to the beauty standards of her community. Nevertheless, she transcends those strict physical standards by means of clothes: as I have already stated, she is “bareheaded” and “unshawled,” that is, she has discarded the traditional “velos” (veils) and “rebozos” (shawls) worn by traditional Mexican women. These pieces of clothing may be traditional and in that sense relevant for Chicana women, but they are also representative of a repressive culture. That is why, despite their importance, the new Chicana has “cast off ” that symbolic “shawl of the past to show her face” and, we might add, to make herself heard by the male members of The Movement.

In this context, the appearance of the figure of the new Chicana represents a short of disruptive presence. The poetic persona sees the need to reassure her audience by stating that this young woman may be “new” in the sense that she behaves in ways so far unheard of for a Chicana girl, but she is tightly connected with tradition as well. The persona defines both her physical appearance and her behaviour. As far as her body is concerned, two aspects are highlighted. First, the fact that she is “still the soft brown-eyed / beauty you knew.” Second, the circumstance that she is “bareheaded” and “unshawled.” The colour of this woman’s eyes tells the audience that she is no “agringada,” no blue-eyed “güera.” Her physical traits, therefore, show her Mexican ancestry and, because of this, she is a “beauty.” As all women in a traditional and patriarchal context, she is first described in terms of her physique, and her “value” comes from her being agreeable to the beauty standards of her community. Nevertheless, she transcends those strict physical standards by means of clothes: as I have already stated, she is “bareheaded” and “unshawled,” that is, she has discarded the traditional “velos” (veils) and “rebozos” (shawls) worn by traditional Mexican women. These pieces of clothing may be traditional and in that sense relevant for Chicana women, but they are also representative of a repressive culture. That is why, despite their importance, the new Chicana has “cast off ” that symbolic “shawl of the past to show her face” and, we might add, to make herself heard by the male members of The Movement.

Actually, when we analyse the behaviour of this new Chicana, we see that by wearing no veils and no shawls she has made a number of breakthroughs. She has adopted a more active role in her community (she is now “on the go”), and she is very articulate, “no longer the silent one.” She has achieved the strength of a religious leader who can go “spreading the word.” Like a political leader, she utters mottoes such as “VIVA LA RAZA,” and, in this sense, she fights for the same goals that men are trying to attain. This fact, again, reassures the audience: despite all her newness, the new Chicana is still “the soft

Actually, when we analyse the behaviour of this new Chicana, we see that by wearing no veils and no shawls she has made a number of breakthroughs. She has adopted a more active role in her community (she is now “on the go”), and she is very articulate, “no longer the silent one.” She has achieved the strength of a religious leader who can go “spreading the word.” Like a political leader, she utters mottoes such as “VIVA LA RAZA,” and, in this sense, she fights for the same goals that men are trying to attain. This fact, again, reassures the audience: despite all her newness, the new Chicana is still “the soft


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brown-eyed / beauty” who pleases men on a physical level, and who should arouse no suspicions intellectually speaking, since her aim is not to cause splits in The Movement, but to contribute her strength to the Revolution.

brown-eyed / beauty” who pleases men on a physical level, and who should arouse no suspicions intellectually speaking, since her aim is not to cause splits in The Movement, but to contribute her strength to the Revolution.

The language of the poem shows a mixture of two cultures thanks to the use of code-switching. The Spanish title of the poem introduces the Mexican heritage of Chicano culture, as do a few other capitalized phrases that summarize the most important issues: “LA NUEVA CHICANA” and “VIVA LA RAZA” tell, in short, that the new Chicana also works for the success of the Revolution. On the other hand, most of the lines are written in English, which testifies to the fact that Chicano culture is immersed, for good or bad, in an Anglo community. Just so, the mixture of mottoes of the Chicano Movement (“VIVA LA RAZA”) and demands of the Anglo feminist movement (women should take active roles in the public sphere, their voices should be heard) shows that the new Chicana is both a racial and a cultural hybrid that comprises two worlds in one body. Marta Esther Sánchez has referred to the half-bred prototype these new Chicanas modelled themselves after in these terms:

The language of the poem shows a mixture of two cultures thanks to the use of code-switching. The Spanish title of the poem introduces the Mexican heritage of Chicano culture, as do a few other capitalized phrases that summarize the most important issues: “LA NUEVA CHICANA” and “VIVA LA RAZA” tell, in short, that the new Chicana also works for the success of the Revolution. On the other hand, most of the lines are written in English, which testifies to the fact that Chicano culture is immersed, for good or bad, in an Anglo community. Just so, the mixture of mottoes of the Chicano Movement (“VIVA LA RAZA”) and demands of the Anglo feminist movement (women should take active roles in the public sphere, their voices should be heard) shows that the new Chicana is both a racial and a cultural hybrid that comprises two worlds in one body. Marta Esther Sánchez has referred to the half-bred prototype these new Chicanas modelled themselves after in these terms:

Although the women’s movement inspired them to search for new definitions of feminine identity, an awareness of their own cultural heritage encouraged them to affirm the traditions bequeathed to them by their female predecessors. (Sánchez 1985: 6)

Although the women’s movement inspired them to search for new definitions of feminine identity, an awareness of their own cultural heritage encouraged them to affirm the traditions bequeathed to them by their female predecessors. (Sánchez 1985: 6)

The second poem I want to comment on is entitled “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera.” It was published in 1971 and was written by Anna NietoGomez. In many ways, this is a text that perfectly represents the main features of “Movement poetry,” or the poetry written during the years of the Chicano Movement. To start with, the “Revolución” is the central topic. That is why we find terms such as “la raza,” “el movimiento,” and “revolución.” The latter is used only twice, but it appears in positions of special relevance: first in the title, and secondly in the final line. The fact that the three of them are Spanish terms also highlights their importance, since virtually all the other words in the poem are in English. Besides, the poem is made up of a limited number of words that are insistently repeated. Among

The second poem I want to comment on is entitled “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera.” It was published in 1971 and was written by Anna NietoGomez. In many ways, this is a text that perfectly represents the main features of “Movement poetry,” or the poetry written during the years of the Chicano Movement. To start with, the “Revolución” is the central topic. That is why we find terms such as “la raza,” “el movimiento,” and “revolución.” The latter is used only twice, but it appears in positions of special relevance: first in the title, and secondly in the final line. The fact that the three of them are Spanish terms also highlights their importance, since virtually all the other words in the poem are in English. Besides, the poem is made up of a limited number of words that are insistently repeated. Among

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brown-eyed / beauty” who pleases men on a physical level, and who should arouse no suspicions intellectually speaking, since her aim is not to cause splits in The Movement, but to contribute her strength to the Revolution.

brown-eyed / beauty” who pleases men on a physical level, and who should arouse no suspicions intellectually speaking, since her aim is not to cause splits in The Movement, but to contribute her strength to the Revolution.

The language of the poem shows a mixture of two cultures thanks to the use of code-switching. The Spanish title of the poem introduces the Mexican heritage of Chicano culture, as do a few other capitalized phrases that summarize the most important issues: “LA NUEVA CHICANA” and “VIVA LA RAZA” tell, in short, that the new Chicana also works for the success of the Revolution. On the other hand, most of the lines are written in English, which testifies to the fact that Chicano culture is immersed, for good or bad, in an Anglo community. Just so, the mixture of mottoes of the Chicano Movement (“VIVA LA RAZA”) and demands of the Anglo feminist movement (women should take active roles in the public sphere, their voices should be heard) shows that the new Chicana is both a racial and a cultural hybrid that comprises two worlds in one body. Marta Esther Sánchez has referred to the half-bred prototype these new Chicanas modelled themselves after in these terms:

The language of the poem shows a mixture of two cultures thanks to the use of code-switching. The Spanish title of the poem introduces the Mexican heritage of Chicano culture, as do a few other capitalized phrases that summarize the most important issues: “LA NUEVA CHICANA” and “VIVA LA RAZA” tell, in short, that the new Chicana also works for the success of the Revolution. On the other hand, most of the lines are written in English, which testifies to the fact that Chicano culture is immersed, for good or bad, in an Anglo community. Just so, the mixture of mottoes of the Chicano Movement (“VIVA LA RAZA”) and demands of the Anglo feminist movement (women should take active roles in the public sphere, their voices should be heard) shows that the new Chicana is both a racial and a cultural hybrid that comprises two worlds in one body. Marta Esther Sánchez has referred to the half-bred prototype these new Chicanas modelled themselves after in these terms:

Although the women’s movement inspired them to search for new definitions of feminine identity, an awareness of their own cultural heritage encouraged them to affirm the traditions bequeathed to them by their female predecessors. (Sánchez 1985: 6)

Although the women’s movement inspired them to search for new definitions of feminine identity, an awareness of their own cultural heritage encouraged them to affirm the traditions bequeathed to them by their female predecessors. (Sánchez 1985: 6)

The second poem I want to comment on is entitled “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera.” It was published in 1971 and was written by Anna NietoGomez. In many ways, this is a text that perfectly represents the main features of “Movement poetry,” or the poetry written during the years of the Chicano Movement. To start with, the “Revolución” is the central topic. That is why we find terms such as “la raza,” “el movimiento,” and “revolución.” The latter is used only twice, but it appears in positions of special relevance: first in the title, and secondly in the final line. The fact that the three of them are Spanish terms also highlights their importance, since virtually all the other words in the poem are in English. Besides, the poem is made up of a limited number of words that are insistently repeated. Among

The second poem I want to comment on is entitled “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera.” It was published in 1971 and was written by Anna NietoGomez. In many ways, this is a text that perfectly represents the main features of “Movement poetry,” or the poetry written during the years of the Chicano Movement. To start with, the “Revolución” is the central topic. That is why we find terms such as “la raza,” “el movimiento,” and “revolución.” The latter is used only twice, but it appears in positions of special relevance: first in the title, and secondly in the final line. The fact that the three of them are Spanish terms also highlights their importance, since virtually all the other words in the poem are in English. Besides, the poem is made up of a limited number of words that are insistently repeated. Among


Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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them we find “struggle,” the English version of “revolución,” which appears four times, and a number of phrases such as “They make us,” “seek the knowledge,” “Then we shall see,” etc. The title itself is repeated in the final line in exactly the same terms. Moreover, Movement poetry typically resorts to imperatives uttered by the poetic persona, who addresses the members of the Chicano community in order to give them commands that may help them attain their objectives. Here in this text, for example, we find imperatives such as “seek the knowledge of all women,” “seek the knowledge of all men,” “Now bring them together,” among others.

them we find “struggle,” the English version of “revolución,” which appears four times, and a number of phrases such as “They make us,” “seek the knowledge,” “Then we shall see,” etc. The title itself is repeated in the final line in exactly the same terms. Moreover, Movement poetry typically resorts to imperatives uttered by the poetic persona, who addresses the members of the Chicano community in order to give them commands that may help them attain their objectives. Here in this text, for example, we find imperatives such as “seek the knowledge of all women,” “seek the knowledge of all men,” “Now bring them together,” among others.

The purpose of most of the literary texts produced in the years of The Movement was of a didactic nature: writers wanted to explain the purposes of Chicanismo to their audiences, to help the Chicano community know their rights and their cultural heritage or to increase their self-esteem. For that reason, their language was bound to be simple and the main ideas had to be reiterated so that they could be grasped by everybody. This is also NietoGomez’s aim when she uses a colloquial idiom and when she recurs, once and again, to the same few words and expressions. However, in her case, as we will see, her message is not exactly the same as that of the official leaders of the Revolution, nor will her commands reproduce those of the sanctioned discourse.

The purpose of most of the literary texts produced in the years of The Movement was of a didactic nature: writers wanted to explain the purposes of Chicanismo to their audiences, to help the Chicano community know their rights and their cultural heritage or to increase their self-esteem. For that reason, their language was bound to be simple and the main ideas had to be reiterated so that they could be grasped by everybody. This is also NietoGomez’s aim when she uses a colloquial idiom and when she recurs, once and again, to the same few words and expressions. However, in her case, as we will see, her message is not exactly the same as that of the official leaders of the Revolution, nor will her commands reproduce those of the sanctioned discourse.

As a matter of fact, she refuses to represent the Chicano community as a group that is devoid of internal conflicts and fissures, which is what the official discourse had chosen to do. In fact, she depicts a minority group (“Our men are few / Our women are few”) that faces not only the problem of its marginalization in the context of society, but also that of intestine fights between men and women due to the existence of “[r]igid boundaries of roles” which “do not move” and which contribute to their further decimation: “They make us separate / They make us fewer.” Gender roles, then, are accused of bringing dissension between men and women, and, what is worse, of making the “struggle” even longer, its goals more difficult to attain: “The struggle is longer / The struggle demands more.”

As a matter of fact, she refuses to represent the Chicano community as a group that is devoid of internal conflicts and fissures, which is what the official discourse had chosen to do. In fact, she depicts a minority group (“Our men are few / Our women are few”) that faces not only the problem of its marginalization in the context of society, but also that of intestine fights between men and women due to the existence of “[r]igid boundaries of roles” which “do not move” and which contribute to their further decimation: “They make us separate / They make us fewer.” Gender roles, then, are accused of bringing dissension between men and women, and, what is worse, of making the “struggle” even longer, its goals more difficult to attain: “The struggle is longer / The struggle demands more.”

The poetic persona knows the solution to this conflict and conveys it in the final two stanzas; the same message is expressed in

The poetic persona knows the solution to this conflict and conveys it in the final two stanzas; the same message is expressed in

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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them we find “struggle,” the English version of “revolución,” which appears four times, and a number of phrases such as “They make us,” “seek the knowledge,” “Then we shall see,” etc. The title itself is repeated in the final line in exactly the same terms. Moreover, Movement poetry typically resorts to imperatives uttered by the poetic persona, who addresses the members of the Chicano community in order to give them commands that may help them attain their objectives. Here in this text, for example, we find imperatives such as “seek the knowledge of all women,” “seek the knowledge of all men,” “Now bring them together,” among others.

them we find “struggle,” the English version of “revolución,” which appears four times, and a number of phrases such as “They make us,” “seek the knowledge,” “Then we shall see,” etc. The title itself is repeated in the final line in exactly the same terms. Moreover, Movement poetry typically resorts to imperatives uttered by the poetic persona, who addresses the members of the Chicano community in order to give them commands that may help them attain their objectives. Here in this text, for example, we find imperatives such as “seek the knowledge of all women,” “seek the knowledge of all men,” “Now bring them together,” among others.

The purpose of most of the literary texts produced in the years of The Movement was of a didactic nature: writers wanted to explain the purposes of Chicanismo to their audiences, to help the Chicano community know their rights and their cultural heritage or to increase their self-esteem. For that reason, their language was bound to be simple and the main ideas had to be reiterated so that they could be grasped by everybody. This is also NietoGomez’s aim when she uses a colloquial idiom and when she recurs, once and again, to the same few words and expressions. However, in her case, as we will see, her message is not exactly the same as that of the official leaders of the Revolution, nor will her commands reproduce those of the sanctioned discourse.

The purpose of most of the literary texts produced in the years of The Movement was of a didactic nature: writers wanted to explain the purposes of Chicanismo to their audiences, to help the Chicano community know their rights and their cultural heritage or to increase their self-esteem. For that reason, their language was bound to be simple and the main ideas had to be reiterated so that they could be grasped by everybody. This is also NietoGomez’s aim when she uses a colloquial idiom and when she recurs, once and again, to the same few words and expressions. However, in her case, as we will see, her message is not exactly the same as that of the official leaders of the Revolution, nor will her commands reproduce those of the sanctioned discourse.

As a matter of fact, she refuses to represent the Chicano community as a group that is devoid of internal conflicts and fissures, which is what the official discourse had chosen to do. In fact, she depicts a minority group (“Our men are few / Our women are few”) that faces not only the problem of its marginalization in the context of society, but also that of intestine fights between men and women due to the existence of “[r]igid boundaries of roles” which “do not move” and which contribute to their further decimation: “They make us separate / They make us fewer.” Gender roles, then, are accused of bringing dissension between men and women, and, what is worse, of making the “struggle” even longer, its goals more difficult to attain: “The struggle is longer / The struggle demands more.”

As a matter of fact, she refuses to represent the Chicano community as a group that is devoid of internal conflicts and fissures, which is what the official discourse had chosen to do. In fact, she depicts a minority group (“Our men are few / Our women are few”) that faces not only the problem of its marginalization in the context of society, but also that of intestine fights between men and women due to the existence of “[r]igid boundaries of roles” which “do not move” and which contribute to their further decimation: “They make us separate / They make us fewer.” Gender roles, then, are accused of bringing dissension between men and women, and, what is worse, of making the “struggle” even longer, its goals more difficult to attain: “The struggle is longer / The struggle demands more.”

The poetic persona knows the solution to this conflict and conveys it in the final two stanzas; the same message is expressed in

The poetic persona knows the solution to this conflict and conveys it in the final two stanzas; the same message is expressed in


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each of them, but the phrasing is slightly different so that the main idea can be perfectly understood by the audience or reading public: first, “seek the knowledge of all women / seek the knowledge of all men / Now bring them together / Make them a union / Then we shall see the strength of la raza / then we shall see the success of el movimiento”; secondly, “First / Humanity and freedom between men and women / Only then / Empieza la revolución verdadera.” The idea is therefore to put an end to internal splits between men and women, and this will be achieved the moment the official discourse stops curtailing women’s actions with norms of the type, “Thou shall not do,” “Thou dare not do.” Real democracy within The Movement will imply greater strength for “la Raza,” and, eventually, the attainment of its goals. That will be the beginning of the “revolución verdadera,” the “real revolution.”

each of them, but the phrasing is slightly different so that the main idea can be perfectly understood by the audience or reading public: first, “seek the knowledge of all women / seek the knowledge of all men / Now bring them together / Make them a union / Then we shall see the strength of la raza / then we shall see the success of el movimiento”; secondly, “First / Humanity and freedom between men and women / Only then / Empieza la revolución verdadera.” The idea is therefore to put an end to internal splits between men and women, and this will be achieved the moment the official discourse stops curtailing women’s actions with norms of the type, “Thou shall not do,” “Thou dare not do.” Real democracy within The Movement will imply greater strength for “la Raza,” and, eventually, the attainment of its goals. That will be the beginning of the “revolución verdadera,” the “real revolution.”

In short, for Anna NietoGomez the Chicano Revolution must face gender discrimination before it sets off to deal with racial discrimination, since the former brings dissention into The Movement, and with divisions among its members, no movement can possibly reach its goals. NietoGomez’s proposals are thus far from resembling those of other nationalists who have stated that feminist demands should be paid attention to only after racial issues have been successfully dealt with. For instance, in his poem “Letter to a Feminist Friend” (Ashcroft et al. 1995: 252-253), the Malawian poet Feliz MnThali addresses a female comrade to remind her of all the injustices Western civilization has inflicted upon them: “You and I were slaves together / uprooted and humiliated together / Rapes and lynchings – the lash of the overseer / and the lust of the slave-owner.” Next, he goes on to warn her against the dangers of listening to white feminism: “AND NOW / the women of Europe and America / after drinking and carousing / on my sweat / rise up to castigate / and castrate / their menfolk / from the cushions of a world / I have built!” Finally, he concludes by advising her to postpone all her feminist demands until the time when nationalist demands have been achieved: “When Africa / at Home and across the seas / is truly free / there will be time for me / and time for you / to share the cooking / and change the nappies – / Till then, / first things first!” For this poet, it is obvious that the nationalist movement is the “thing” that comes first. By contrast, for Anna NietoGomez, in whose poem we also find the term “first” in the

In short, for Anna NietoGomez the Chicano Revolution must face gender discrimination before it sets off to deal with racial discrimination, since the former brings dissention into The Movement, and with divisions among its members, no movement can possibly reach its goals. NietoGomez’s proposals are thus far from resembling those of other nationalists who have stated that feminist demands should be paid attention to only after racial issues have been successfully dealt with. For instance, in his poem “Letter to a Feminist Friend” (Ashcroft et al. 1995: 252-253), the Malawian poet Feliz MnThali addresses a female comrade to remind her of all the injustices Western civilization has inflicted upon them: “You and I were slaves together / uprooted and humiliated together / Rapes and lynchings – the lash of the overseer / and the lust of the slave-owner.” Next, he goes on to warn her against the dangers of listening to white feminism: “AND NOW / the women of Europe and America / after drinking and carousing / on my sweat / rise up to castigate / and castrate / their menfolk / from the cushions of a world / I have built!” Finally, he concludes by advising her to postpone all her feminist demands until the time when nationalist demands have been achieved: “When Africa / at Home and across the seas / is truly free / there will be time for me / and time for you / to share the cooking / and change the nappies – / Till then, / first things first!” For this poet, it is obvious that the nationalist movement is the “thing” that comes first. By contrast, for Anna NietoGomez, in whose poem we also find the term “first” in the

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each of them, but the phrasing is slightly different so that the main idea can be perfectly understood by the audience or reading public: first, “seek the knowledge of all women / seek the knowledge of all men / Now bring them together / Make them a union / Then we shall see the strength of la raza / then we shall see the success of el movimiento”; secondly, “First / Humanity and freedom between men and women / Only then / Empieza la revolución verdadera.” The idea is therefore to put an end to internal splits between men and women, and this will be achieved the moment the official discourse stops curtailing women’s actions with norms of the type, “Thou shall not do,” “Thou dare not do.” Real democracy within The Movement will imply greater strength for “la Raza,” and, eventually, the attainment of its goals. That will be the beginning of the “revolución verdadera,” the “real revolution.”

each of them, but the phrasing is slightly different so that the main idea can be perfectly understood by the audience or reading public: first, “seek the knowledge of all women / seek the knowledge of all men / Now bring them together / Make them a union / Then we shall see the strength of la raza / then we shall see the success of el movimiento”; secondly, “First / Humanity and freedom between men and women / Only then / Empieza la revolución verdadera.” The idea is therefore to put an end to internal splits between men and women, and this will be achieved the moment the official discourse stops curtailing women’s actions with norms of the type, “Thou shall not do,” “Thou dare not do.” Real democracy within The Movement will imply greater strength for “la Raza,” and, eventually, the attainment of its goals. That will be the beginning of the “revolución verdadera,” the “real revolution.”

In short, for Anna NietoGomez the Chicano Revolution must face gender discrimination before it sets off to deal with racial discrimination, since the former brings dissention into The Movement, and with divisions among its members, no movement can possibly reach its goals. NietoGomez’s proposals are thus far from resembling those of other nationalists who have stated that feminist demands should be paid attention to only after racial issues have been successfully dealt with. For instance, in his poem “Letter to a Feminist Friend” (Ashcroft et al. 1995: 252-253), the Malawian poet Feliz MnThali addresses a female comrade to remind her of all the injustices Western civilization has inflicted upon them: “You and I were slaves together / uprooted and humiliated together / Rapes and lynchings – the lash of the overseer / and the lust of the slave-owner.” Next, he goes on to warn her against the dangers of listening to white feminism: “AND NOW / the women of Europe and America / after drinking and carousing / on my sweat / rise up to castigate / and castrate / their menfolk / from the cushions of a world / I have built!” Finally, he concludes by advising her to postpone all her feminist demands until the time when nationalist demands have been achieved: “When Africa / at Home and across the seas / is truly free / there will be time for me / and time for you / to share the cooking / and change the nappies – / Till then, / first things first!” For this poet, it is obvious that the nationalist movement is the “thing” that comes first. By contrast, for Anna NietoGomez, in whose poem we also find the term “first” in the

In short, for Anna NietoGomez the Chicano Revolution must face gender discrimination before it sets off to deal with racial discrimination, since the former brings dissention into The Movement, and with divisions among its members, no movement can possibly reach its goals. NietoGomez’s proposals are thus far from resembling those of other nationalists who have stated that feminist demands should be paid attention to only after racial issues have been successfully dealt with. For instance, in his poem “Letter to a Feminist Friend” (Ashcroft et al. 1995: 252-253), the Malawian poet Feliz MnThali addresses a female comrade to remind her of all the injustices Western civilization has inflicted upon them: “You and I were slaves together / uprooted and humiliated together / Rapes and lynchings – the lash of the overseer / and the lust of the slave-owner.” Next, he goes on to warn her against the dangers of listening to white feminism: “AND NOW / the women of Europe and America / after drinking and carousing / on my sweat / rise up to castigate / and castrate / their menfolk / from the cushions of a world / I have built!” Finally, he concludes by advising her to postpone all her feminist demands until the time when nationalist demands have been achieved: “When Africa / at Home and across the seas / is truly free / there will be time for me / and time for you / to share the cooking / and change the nappies – / Till then, / first things first!” For this poet, it is obvious that the nationalist movement is the “thing” that comes first. By contrast, for Anna NietoGomez, in whose poem we also find the term “first” in the


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concluding stanza, it is feminism that should be foremost. Given the conservative ideas of the Chicano Movement as far as gender issues were concerned, it is evident that a change of priorities of the kind suggested by NietoGomez in her poem would certainly imply a “revolución verdadera.”

concluding stanza, it is feminism that should be foremost. Given the conservative ideas of the Chicano Movement as far as gender issues were concerned, it is evident that a change of priorities of the kind suggested by NietoGomez in her poem would certainly imply a “revolución verdadera.”

A different attitude seems to be defended in the next poem with which I would like to conclude this section, “Mujer,” by Leticia Hernández (1971). I will not extensively comment on it, since it is written in Spanish and my primary interest here is the analysis of texts written in English. But I nevertheless call the readers’ attention to it for two reasons. First, because, like the other poems I have commented on, it also deals with the racial and gender oppression Chicanas have endured: “Mujer que has sufrido a las manos del / gabacho, y peor, a las manos de tu hombre.” Secondly, because, unlike the other texts, to a certain extent it seems to advice Chicanas to disentangle themselves from the Chicano Movement and to care for their own problems. They have never abandoned their men, despite male mistreatment of Chicanas (“Mujer, valiente y luchadora que nunca has / dejado el lado de tu hombre”), and they themselves have maintained the patriarchal status quo (“Mujer Chicana has perdurado las injusticias / de / los hombres). Now it is high time they woke up and acted differently. To start with, they should concern themselves, first and foremost, with their own liberation: “¡Despierta! / Despierta mujer, y lucha por tu libertad.”

A different attitude seems to be defended in the next poem with which I would like to conclude this section, “Mujer,” by Leticia Hernández (1971). I will not extensively comment on it, since it is written in Spanish and my primary interest here is the analysis of texts written in English. But I nevertheless call the readers’ attention to it for two reasons. First, because, like the other poems I have commented on, it also deals with the racial and gender oppression Chicanas have endured: “Mujer que has sufrido a las manos del / gabacho, y peor, a las manos de tu hombre.” Secondly, because, unlike the other texts, to a certain extent it seems to advice Chicanas to disentangle themselves from the Chicano Movement and to care for their own problems. They have never abandoned their men, despite male mistreatment of Chicanas (“Mujer, valiente y luchadora que nunca has / dejado el lado de tu hombre”), and they themselves have maintained the patriarchal status quo (“Mujer Chicana has perdurado las injusticias / de / los hombres). Now it is high time they woke up and acted differently. To start with, they should concern themselves, first and foremost, with their own liberation: “¡Despierta! / Despierta mujer, y lucha por tu libertad.”

2. THE 1970S. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF A CHICANA FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS

2. THE 1970S. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF A CHICANA FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS

As Alma M. García points out (1997), in the 1970s Chicana feminists realized that their particular struggle for women’s rights would still have to go on facing the opposition of the male members of The Movement and of “the Loyalists,” as well as the resistance of white feminism to accept its own biases against women of colour. Their disillusionment with the sexism of the Chicano Movement continued, as did their realization that they had to redefine the role of Chicanas within it. They also kept fighting for equal opportunities and social justice and they started to revise a number of by-laws and

As Alma M. García points out (1997), in the 1970s Chicana feminists realized that their particular struggle for women’s rights would still have to go on facing the opposition of the male members of The Movement and of “the Loyalists,” as well as the resistance of white feminism to accept its own biases against women of colour. Their disillusionment with the sexism of the Chicano Movement continued, as did their realization that they had to redefine the role of Chicanas within it. They also kept fighting for equal opportunities and social justice and they started to revise a number of by-laws and

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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concluding stanza, it is feminism that should be foremost. Given the conservative ideas of the Chicano Movement as far as gender issues were concerned, it is evident that a change of priorities of the kind suggested by NietoGomez in her poem would certainly imply a “revolución verdadera.”

concluding stanza, it is feminism that should be foremost. Given the conservative ideas of the Chicano Movement as far as gender issues were concerned, it is evident that a change of priorities of the kind suggested by NietoGomez in her poem would certainly imply a “revolución verdadera.”

A different attitude seems to be defended in the next poem with which I would like to conclude this section, “Mujer,” by Leticia Hernández (1971). I will not extensively comment on it, since it is written in Spanish and my primary interest here is the analysis of texts written in English. But I nevertheless call the readers’ attention to it for two reasons. First, because, like the other poems I have commented on, it also deals with the racial and gender oppression Chicanas have endured: “Mujer que has sufrido a las manos del / gabacho, y peor, a las manos de tu hombre.” Secondly, because, unlike the other texts, to a certain extent it seems to advice Chicanas to disentangle themselves from the Chicano Movement and to care for their own problems. They have never abandoned their men, despite male mistreatment of Chicanas (“Mujer, valiente y luchadora que nunca has / dejado el lado de tu hombre”), and they themselves have maintained the patriarchal status quo (“Mujer Chicana has perdurado las injusticias / de / los hombres). Now it is high time they woke up and acted differently. To start with, they should concern themselves, first and foremost, with their own liberation: “¡Despierta! / Despierta mujer, y lucha por tu libertad.”

A different attitude seems to be defended in the next poem with which I would like to conclude this section, “Mujer,” by Leticia Hernández (1971). I will not extensively comment on it, since it is written in Spanish and my primary interest here is the analysis of texts written in English. But I nevertheless call the readers’ attention to it for two reasons. First, because, like the other poems I have commented on, it also deals with the racial and gender oppression Chicanas have endured: “Mujer que has sufrido a las manos del / gabacho, y peor, a las manos de tu hombre.” Secondly, because, unlike the other texts, to a certain extent it seems to advice Chicanas to disentangle themselves from the Chicano Movement and to care for their own problems. They have never abandoned their men, despite male mistreatment of Chicanas (“Mujer, valiente y luchadora que nunca has / dejado el lado de tu hombre”), and they themselves have maintained the patriarchal status quo (“Mujer Chicana has perdurado las injusticias / de / los hombres). Now it is high time they woke up and acted differently. To start with, they should concern themselves, first and foremost, with their own liberation: “¡Despierta! / Despierta mujer, y lucha por tu libertad.”

2. THE 1970S. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF A CHICANA FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS

2. THE 1970S. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF A CHICANA FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS

As Alma M. García points out (1997), in the 1970s Chicana feminists realized that their particular struggle for women’s rights would still have to go on facing the opposition of the male members of The Movement and of “the Loyalists,” as well as the resistance of white feminism to accept its own biases against women of colour. Their disillusionment with the sexism of the Chicano Movement continued, as did their realization that they had to redefine the role of Chicanas within it. They also kept fighting for equal opportunities and social justice and they started to revise a number of by-laws and

As Alma M. García points out (1997), in the 1970s Chicana feminists realized that their particular struggle for women’s rights would still have to go on facing the opposition of the male members of The Movement and of “the Loyalists,” as well as the resistance of white feminism to accept its own biases against women of colour. Their disillusionment with the sexism of the Chicano Movement continued, as did their realization that they had to redefine the role of Chicanas within it. They also kept fighting for equal opportunities and social justice and they started to revise a number of by-laws and


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platforms of political organizations such as La Raza Unida Party, in order to denounce their lack of concern with feminist demands.

platforms of political organizations such as La Raza Unida Party, in order to denounce their lack of concern with feminist demands.

As far as their relationship with white feminism is concerned, Chicana feminists went on showing an ambivalent attitude towards it, since they recognized both the similarities that existed between white feminists and Chicana feminists, as well as the differences that set them apart. Among the former we find their common goal of achieving equal rights and equal opportunities for men and women; besides, it was in this period that many Chicanas realized the need to question strict ethnic / race categories. As regards the differences, we find a larger list:

As far as their relationship with white feminism is concerned, Chicana feminists went on showing an ambivalent attitude towards it, since they recognized both the similarities that existed between white feminists and Chicana feminists, as well as the differences that set them apart. Among the former we find their common goal of achieving equal rights and equal opportunities for men and women; besides, it was in this period that many Chicanas realized the need to question strict ethnic / race categories. As regards the differences, we find a larger list:

- Many Chicanas thought that their true identity was with the Chicano Movement or “la familia”; for them, racism was stronger than sexism. - White feminists focused too narrowly on men as their enemies. - Chicanas endured a double or triple oppression if class differences were considered. - Some of the goals promoted by the white women’s movement, such as access to executive positions, made no sense for Chicanas, who predominantly belonged to the working class.

- Many Chicanas thought that their true identity was with the Chicano Movement or “la familia”; for them, racism was stronger than sexism. - White feminists focused too narrowly on men as their enemies. - Chicanas endured a double or triple oppression if class differences were considered. - Some of the goals promoted by the white women’s movement, such as access to executive positions, made no sense for Chicanas, who predominantly belonged to the working class.

But, apart from these conflicts with both the Chicano and the white feminist movements, Chicana feminists of the 1970s also discovered that they themselves were not a homogenous group. Because of this, they had to learn how to further negotiate their “new” identity in view of the disparities that threatened their struggle. These are some of the internal issues they had to contend with:

But, apart from these conflicts with both the Chicano and the white feminist movements, Chicana feminists of the 1970s also discovered that they themselves were not a homogenous group. Because of this, they had to learn how to further negotiate their “new” identity in view of the disparities that threatened their struggle. These are some of the internal issues they had to contend with:

- The issue of abortion was one of the most controversial problems. Nevertheless, some of the major conferences passed resolutions which included support for its legalization, and they also called for low-cost clinics, which were community controlled and which had bilingual staff. - Some Chicana feminists thought that Chicanas had to

- The issue of abortion was one of the most controversial problems. Nevertheless, some of the major conferences passed resolutions which included support for its legalization, and they also called for low-cost clinics, which were community controlled and which had bilingual staff. - Some Chicana feminists thought that Chicanas had to

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platforms of political organizations such as La Raza Unida Party, in order to denounce their lack of concern with feminist demands.

platforms of political organizations such as La Raza Unida Party, in order to denounce their lack of concern with feminist demands.

As far as their relationship with white feminism is concerned, Chicana feminists went on showing an ambivalent attitude towards it, since they recognized both the similarities that existed between white feminists and Chicana feminists, as well as the differences that set them apart. Among the former we find their common goal of achieving equal rights and equal opportunities for men and women; besides, it was in this period that many Chicanas realized the need to question strict ethnic / race categories. As regards the differences, we find a larger list:

As far as their relationship with white feminism is concerned, Chicana feminists went on showing an ambivalent attitude towards it, since they recognized both the similarities that existed between white feminists and Chicana feminists, as well as the differences that set them apart. Among the former we find their common goal of achieving equal rights and equal opportunities for men and women; besides, it was in this period that many Chicanas realized the need to question strict ethnic / race categories. As regards the differences, we find a larger list:

- Many Chicanas thought that their true identity was with the Chicano Movement or “la familia”; for them, racism was stronger than sexism. - White feminists focused too narrowly on men as their enemies. - Chicanas endured a double or triple oppression if class differences were considered. - Some of the goals promoted by the white women’s movement, such as access to executive positions, made no sense for Chicanas, who predominantly belonged to the working class.

- Many Chicanas thought that their true identity was with the Chicano Movement or “la familia”; for them, racism was stronger than sexism. - White feminists focused too narrowly on men as their enemies. - Chicanas endured a double or triple oppression if class differences were considered. - Some of the goals promoted by the white women’s movement, such as access to executive positions, made no sense for Chicanas, who predominantly belonged to the working class.

But, apart from these conflicts with both the Chicano and the white feminist movements, Chicana feminists of the 1970s also discovered that they themselves were not a homogenous group. Because of this, they had to learn how to further negotiate their “new” identity in view of the disparities that threatened their struggle. These are some of the internal issues they had to contend with:

But, apart from these conflicts with both the Chicano and the white feminist movements, Chicana feminists of the 1970s also discovered that they themselves were not a homogenous group. Because of this, they had to learn how to further negotiate their “new” identity in view of the disparities that threatened their struggle. These are some of the internal issues they had to contend with:

- The issue of abortion was one of the most controversial problems. Nevertheless, some of the major conferences passed resolutions which included support for its legalization, and they also called for low-cost clinics, which were community controlled and which had bilingual staff. - Some Chicana feminists thought that Chicanas had to

- The issue of abortion was one of the most controversial problems. Nevertheless, some of the major conferences passed resolutions which included support for its legalization, and they also called for low-cost clinics, which were community controlled and which had bilingual staff. - Some Chicana feminists thought that Chicanas had to


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participate in electoral politics at the local and state levels, while others warned that this participation might deprive the movement of its oppositional political force. - Chicana feminist lesbians began to surface in the last years of the 1970s, but in this decade they still had to face much hostility. It was not until the mid-1980s that their concerns began to be addressed by Chicana feminist organizations. - Other differences among them included issues related to social class differences, political orientation, their views on the white women’s feminist movement, their relationship with other women of colour, their affinity with Third World women (specifically Latin American women), and their role as feminists within the Chicano Movement.

participate in electoral politics at the local and state levels, while others warned that this participation might deprive the movement of its oppositional political force. - Chicana feminist lesbians began to surface in the last years of the 1970s, but in this decade they still had to face much hostility. It was not until the mid-1980s that their concerns began to be addressed by Chicana feminist organizations. - Other differences among them included issues related to social class differences, political orientation, their views on the white women’s feminist movement, their relationship with other women of colour, their affinity with Third World women (specifically Latin American women), and their role as feminists within the Chicano Movement.

Literarily speaking, this period meant a continuation with the issues and stylistic techniques used in the previous decades. It will not be until the mid-1980s and the 1990s that new topics are pursued and different literary styles adopted. The texts selected to illustrate the concerns of Chicana feminists in the 1970s are, for that reason, a sort of “extension” of the texts we have already commented on. The four examples I would like to analyse are a revision of the canonical text “I Am Joaquín” (written in 1967 by Chicano poet Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez) by Bernice Rincón (1975); “Para Un Revolucionario,” also published in 1975 and written by Lorna Dee Cervantes; “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`,” by Bernice Zamora (1977), and, finally, “The Brown Women,” by Anita Sarah Duarte (1975).

Literarily speaking, this period meant a continuation with the issues and stylistic techniques used in the previous decades. It will not be until the mid-1980s and the 1990s that new topics are pursued and different literary styles adopted. The texts selected to illustrate the concerns of Chicana feminists in the 1970s are, for that reason, a sort of “extension” of the texts we have already commented on. The four examples I would like to analyse are a revision of the canonical text “I Am Joaquín” (written in 1967 by Chicano poet Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez) by Bernice Rincón (1975); “Para Un Revolucionario,” also published in 1975 and written by Lorna Dee Cervantes; “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`,” by Bernice Zamora (1977), and, finally, “The Brown Women,” by Anita Sarah Duarte (1975).

Bernice Rincón introduces her article “Chicanas on the Move” (1975) with a brief poem which revisits some of the concluding lines of Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez’s poem “I Am Joaquín” (1967). This text, which is one of the most important poems of Chicano Movement poetry, addresses a Chicano audience that supposedly comprises both men and women. Yet, due to the fact that certain adjectives are used in Spanish and this language does differentiate between the feminine and the masculine gender, the impression it causes on the female reading public is that, as it happens with the Chicano Movement, the

Bernice Rincón introduces her article “Chicanas on the Move” (1975) with a brief poem which revisits some of the concluding lines of Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez’s poem “I Am Joaquín” (1967). This text, which is one of the most important poems of Chicano Movement poetry, addresses a Chicano audience that supposedly comprises both men and women. Yet, due to the fact that certain adjectives are used in Spanish and this language does differentiate between the feminine and the masculine gender, the impression it causes on the female reading public is that, as it happens with the Chicano Movement, the

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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participate in electoral politics at the local and state levels, while others warned that this participation might deprive the movement of its oppositional political force. - Chicana feminist lesbians began to surface in the last years of the 1970s, but in this decade they still had to face much hostility. It was not until the mid-1980s that their concerns began to be addressed by Chicana feminist organizations. - Other differences among them included issues related to social class differences, political orientation, their views on the white women’s feminist movement, their relationship with other women of colour, their affinity with Third World women (specifically Latin American women), and their role as feminists within the Chicano Movement.

participate in electoral politics at the local and state levels, while others warned that this participation might deprive the movement of its oppositional political force. - Chicana feminist lesbians began to surface in the last years of the 1970s, but in this decade they still had to face much hostility. It was not until the mid-1980s that their concerns began to be addressed by Chicana feminist organizations. - Other differences among them included issues related to social class differences, political orientation, their views on the white women’s feminist movement, their relationship with other women of colour, their affinity with Third World women (specifically Latin American women), and their role as feminists within the Chicano Movement.

Literarily speaking, this period meant a continuation with the issues and stylistic techniques used in the previous decades. It will not be until the mid-1980s and the 1990s that new topics are pursued and different literary styles adopted. The texts selected to illustrate the concerns of Chicana feminists in the 1970s are, for that reason, a sort of “extension” of the texts we have already commented on. The four examples I would like to analyse are a revision of the canonical text “I Am Joaquín” (written in 1967 by Chicano poet Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez) by Bernice Rincón (1975); “Para Un Revolucionario,” also published in 1975 and written by Lorna Dee Cervantes; “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`,” by Bernice Zamora (1977), and, finally, “The Brown Women,” by Anita Sarah Duarte (1975).

Literarily speaking, this period meant a continuation with the issues and stylistic techniques used in the previous decades. It will not be until the mid-1980s and the 1990s that new topics are pursued and different literary styles adopted. The texts selected to illustrate the concerns of Chicana feminists in the 1970s are, for that reason, a sort of “extension” of the texts we have already commented on. The four examples I would like to analyse are a revision of the canonical text “I Am Joaquín” (written in 1967 by Chicano poet Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez) by Bernice Rincón (1975); “Para Un Revolucionario,” also published in 1975 and written by Lorna Dee Cervantes; “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`,” by Bernice Zamora (1977), and, finally, “The Brown Women,” by Anita Sarah Duarte (1975).

Bernice Rincón introduces her article “Chicanas on the Move” (1975) with a brief poem which revisits some of the concluding lines of Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez’s poem “I Am Joaquín” (1967). This text, which is one of the most important poems of Chicano Movement poetry, addresses a Chicano audience that supposedly comprises both men and women. Yet, due to the fact that certain adjectives are used in Spanish and this language does differentiate between the feminine and the masculine gender, the impression it causes on the female reading public is that, as it happens with the Chicano Movement, the

Bernice Rincón introduces her article “Chicanas on the Move” (1975) with a brief poem which revisits some of the concluding lines of Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez’s poem “I Am Joaquín” (1967). This text, which is one of the most important poems of Chicano Movement poetry, addresses a Chicano audience that supposedly comprises both men and women. Yet, due to the fact that certain adjectives are used in Spanish and this language does differentiate between the feminine and the masculine gender, the impression it causes on the female reading public is that, as it happens with the Chicano Movement, the


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poet also fails to recognize Chicanas’ particular concerns. That is why Rincón changes the gender of the adjectives, thus amplifying the meaning of the poetical source. If Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez had written a poem that called for equality between Anglo men and Chicanos, Bernice Rincón writes hers to push for equality between Chicanos and Chicanas. In other words, her own version is an attempt to transform Chicanismo into a truly comprehensive movement:

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poet also fails to recognize Chicanas’ particular concerns. That is why Rincón changes the gender of the adjectives, thus amplifying the meaning of the poetical source. If Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez had written a poem that called for equality between Anglo men and Chicanos, Bernice Rincón writes hers to push for equality between Chicanos and Chicanas. In other words, her own version is an attempt to transform Chicanismo into a truly comprehensive movement:

La Raza! Mexicana Española Latina Hispana Chicana or whatever I call myself, I look the same I feel the same I cry and sing the same…

La Raza! Mexicana Española Latina Hispana Chicana or whatever I call myself, I look the same I feel the same I cry and sing the same…

The second poem I would like to analyse is “Para Un Revolucionario,” by Lorna Dee Cervantes (1975). As in the case of Movement poetry, in this poem we find references to key words in the discourse of the Chicano Movement, such as “raza,” “revolución,” “carnales,” “freedom,” and “liberación.” The main topic of the poem is likewise that of the “Revolución.” Thus, Cervantes’s poetic persona presents herself as a fighter for the goals of the Movement, and that is why, when she addresses the “You” of the poem, her Chicano lover / husband, she tells him that she shares her love for “freedom” with him, and states, “for I too am raza.” However, as other Chicana feminists, she has also discovered a number of contradictions in a man (and, by extension, a movement) that proclaims himself / itself revolutionary, yet adopts the most conservative positions in terms of gender roles.

The second poem I would like to analyse is “Para Un Revolucionario,” by Lorna Dee Cervantes (1975). As in the case of Movement poetry, in this poem we find references to key words in the discourse of the Chicano Movement, such as “raza,” “revolución,” “carnales,” “freedom,” and “liberación.” The main topic of the poem is likewise that of the “Revolución.” Thus, Cervantes’s poetic persona presents herself as a fighter for the goals of the Movement, and that is why, when she addresses the “You” of the poem, her Chicano lover / husband, she tells him that she shares her love for “freedom” with him, and states, “for I too am raza.” However, as other Chicana feminists, she has also discovered a number of contradictions in a man (and, by extension, a movement) that proclaims himself / itself revolutionary, yet adopts the most conservative positions in terms of gender roles.

As a matter of fact, her male partner has a number of prerogatives that are inaccessible for her. First, he has the right to speak of sublime topics: “You speak of art,” “You speak of your love of mountains, / Freedom,” “You speak of a new way, / A new life.” On the contrary, she is the one who rapturously listens to him: “When you

As a matter of fact, her male partner has a number of prerogatives that are inaccessible for her. First, he has the right to speak of sublime topics: “You speak of art,” “You speak of your love of mountains, / Freedom,” “You speak of a new way, / A new life.” On the contrary, she is the one who rapturously listens to him: “When you

36

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

poet also fails to recognize Chicanas’ particular concerns. That is why Rincón changes the gender of the adjectives, thus amplifying the meaning of the poetical source. If Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez had written a poem that called for equality between Anglo men and Chicanos, Bernice Rincón writes hers to push for equality between Chicanos and Chicanas. In other words, her own version is an attempt to transform Chicanismo into a truly comprehensive movement: La Raza! Mexicana Española Latina Hispana Chicana or whatever I call myself, I look the same I feel the same I cry and sing the same…

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

poet also fails to recognize Chicanas’ particular concerns. That is why Rincón changes the gender of the adjectives, thus amplifying the meaning of the poetical source. If Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez had written a poem that called for equality between Anglo men and Chicanos, Bernice Rincón writes hers to push for equality between Chicanos and Chicanas. In other words, her own version is an attempt to transform Chicanismo into a truly comprehensive movement: La Raza! Mexicana Española Latina Hispana Chicana or whatever I call myself, I look the same I feel the same I cry and sing the same…

The second poem I would like to analyse is “Para Un Revolucionario,” by Lorna Dee Cervantes (1975). As in the case of Movement poetry, in this poem we find references to key words in the discourse of the Chicano Movement, such as “raza,” “revolución,” “carnales,” “freedom,” and “liberación.” The main topic of the poem is likewise that of the “Revolución.” Thus, Cervantes’s poetic persona presents herself as a fighter for the goals of the Movement, and that is why, when she addresses the “You” of the poem, her Chicano lover / husband, she tells him that she shares her love for “freedom” with him, and states, “for I too am raza.” However, as other Chicana feminists, she has also discovered a number of contradictions in a man (and, by extension, a movement) that proclaims himself / itself revolutionary, yet adopts the most conservative positions in terms of gender roles.

The second poem I would like to analyse is “Para Un Revolucionario,” by Lorna Dee Cervantes (1975). As in the case of Movement poetry, in this poem we find references to key words in the discourse of the Chicano Movement, such as “raza,” “revolución,” “carnales,” “freedom,” and “liberación.” The main topic of the poem is likewise that of the “Revolución.” Thus, Cervantes’s poetic persona presents herself as a fighter for the goals of the Movement, and that is why, when she addresses the “You” of the poem, her Chicano lover / husband, she tells him that she shares her love for “freedom” with him, and states, “for I too am raza.” However, as other Chicana feminists, she has also discovered a number of contradictions in a man (and, by extension, a movement) that proclaims himself / itself revolutionary, yet adopts the most conservative positions in terms of gender roles.

As a matter of fact, her male partner has a number of prerogatives that are inaccessible for her. First, he has the right to speak of sublime topics: “You speak of art,” “You speak of your love of mountains, / Freedom,” “You speak of a new way, / A new life.” On the contrary, she is the one who rapturously listens to him: “When you

As a matter of fact, her male partner has a number of prerogatives that are inaccessible for her. First, he has the right to speak of sublime topics: “You speak of art,” “You speak of your love of mountains, / Freedom,” “You speak of a new way, / A new life.” On the contrary, she is the one who rapturously listens to him: “When you


Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

37

speak like this / I could listen forever.” Secondly, he has the right to become the spokesperson for the Revolution, a topic hinted at in the words “Freedom” and “a new way, / A New Life,” among others. Meanwhile, she is just a body, “breasts and hair” that receive his liberating words as if they were a “soft powder raining.” Thirdly, he has the right to increase his knowledge, since he has books about important issues: “Your books are of the souls of men.” She has none of that; instead, she has “dishes,” a “stove,” and “beans.” Fourthly, he is in the company of his friends, his “carnales,” his “brothers” in The Movement. Even the “hijos” they presumably have had together are referred to as “tus hijos” (your children). Unlike him, the poetic persona is on her own, for even if she is looking after the children, she is understood by no one and has no partner by her side. Finally, the man and the woman occupy different domestic spaces. Thus, he spends his time in “la sala” (the living room), probably talking about politics, Chicano rights, and other “important” topics. Quite the opposite, she is stuck in the kitchen, and her ears are exposed to “the wail” of children and “the clatter of dishes,” that is, to mere noises that imply no challenge for her mind.

speak like this / I could listen forever.” Secondly, he has the right to become the spokesperson for the Revolution, a topic hinted at in the words “Freedom” and “a new way, / A New Life,” among others. Meanwhile, she is just a body, “breasts and hair” that receive his liberating words as if they were a “soft powder raining.” Thirdly, he has the right to increase his knowledge, since he has books about important issues: “Your books are of the souls of men.” She has none of that; instead, she has “dishes,” a “stove,” and “beans.” Fourthly, he is in the company of his friends, his “carnales,” his “brothers” in The Movement. Even the “hijos” they presumably have had together are referred to as “tus hijos” (your children). Unlike him, the poetic persona is on her own, for even if she is looking after the children, she is understood by no one and has no partner by her side. Finally, the man and the woman occupy different domestic spaces. Thus, he spends his time in “la sala” (the living room), probably talking about politics, Chicano rights, and other “important” topics. Quite the opposite, she is stuck in the kitchen, and her ears are exposed to “the wail” of children and “the clatter of dishes,” that is, to mere noises that imply no challenge for her mind.

Just as it had happened in “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera,” here the poetic persona denounces the lack of communication between the male and the female members of The Movement. In Cervantes’s poem, the poetic persona adds another problem: the only kind of contact which is possible between men and women is of a sexual nature: “it seems I can only touch you / With my body. / You lie with me / And my body es la hamaca / That spans the void between us.” Once again, for The Movement the woman seems to be valuable only insofar as she is a body that satisfies the demands that the male members make.

Just as it had happened in “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera,” here the poetic persona denounces the lack of communication between the male and the female members of The Movement. In Cervantes’s poem, the poetic persona adds another problem: the only kind of contact which is possible between men and women is of a sexual nature: “it seems I can only touch you / With my body. / You lie with me / And my body es la hamaca / That spans the void between us.” Once again, for The Movement the woman seems to be valuable only insofar as she is a body that satisfies the demands that the male members make.

Given these facts, it is only logical that the poem should conclude in a pessimistic tone. In particular, it finishes with a couple of stanzas in which the poetic persona warns her male partner about the looming future, that is, the failure of the Chicano Movement to achieve its goals due to its inability to take into account feminist demands:

Given these facts, it is only logical that the poem should conclude in a pessimistic tone. In particular, it finishes with a couple of stanzas in which the poetic persona warns her male partner about the looming future, that is, the failure of the Chicano Movement to achieve its goals due to its inability to take into account feminist demands:

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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37

speak like this / I could listen forever.” Secondly, he has the right to become the spokesperson for the Revolution, a topic hinted at in the words “Freedom” and “a new way, / A New Life,” among others. Meanwhile, she is just a body, “breasts and hair” that receive his liberating words as if they were a “soft powder raining.” Thirdly, he has the right to increase his knowledge, since he has books about important issues: “Your books are of the souls of men.” She has none of that; instead, she has “dishes,” a “stove,” and “beans.” Fourthly, he is in the company of his friends, his “carnales,” his “brothers” in The Movement. Even the “hijos” they presumably have had together are referred to as “tus hijos” (your children). Unlike him, the poetic persona is on her own, for even if she is looking after the children, she is understood by no one and has no partner by her side. Finally, the man and the woman occupy different domestic spaces. Thus, he spends his time in “la sala” (the living room), probably talking about politics, Chicano rights, and other “important” topics. Quite the opposite, she is stuck in the kitchen, and her ears are exposed to “the wail” of children and “the clatter of dishes,” that is, to mere noises that imply no challenge for her mind.

speak like this / I could listen forever.” Secondly, he has the right to become the spokesperson for the Revolution, a topic hinted at in the words “Freedom” and “a new way, / A New Life,” among others. Meanwhile, she is just a body, “breasts and hair” that receive his liberating words as if they were a “soft powder raining.” Thirdly, he has the right to increase his knowledge, since he has books about important issues: “Your books are of the souls of men.” She has none of that; instead, she has “dishes,” a “stove,” and “beans.” Fourthly, he is in the company of his friends, his “carnales,” his “brothers” in The Movement. Even the “hijos” they presumably have had together are referred to as “tus hijos” (your children). Unlike him, the poetic persona is on her own, for even if she is looking after the children, she is understood by no one and has no partner by her side. Finally, the man and the woman occupy different domestic spaces. Thus, he spends his time in “la sala” (the living room), probably talking about politics, Chicano rights, and other “important” topics. Quite the opposite, she is stuck in the kitchen, and her ears are exposed to “the wail” of children and “the clatter of dishes,” that is, to mere noises that imply no challenge for her mind.

Just as it had happened in “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera,” here the poetic persona denounces the lack of communication between the male and the female members of The Movement. In Cervantes’s poem, the poetic persona adds another problem: the only kind of contact which is possible between men and women is of a sexual nature: “it seems I can only touch you / With my body. / You lie with me / And my body es la hamaca / That spans the void between us.” Once again, for The Movement the woman seems to be valuable only insofar as she is a body that satisfies the demands that the male members make.

Just as it had happened in “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera,” here the poetic persona denounces the lack of communication between the male and the female members of The Movement. In Cervantes’s poem, the poetic persona adds another problem: the only kind of contact which is possible between men and women is of a sexual nature: “it seems I can only touch you / With my body. / You lie with me / And my body es la hamaca / That spans the void between us.” Once again, for The Movement the woman seems to be valuable only insofar as she is a body that satisfies the demands that the male members make.

Given these facts, it is only logical that the poem should conclude in a pessimistic tone. In particular, it finishes with a couple of stanzas in which the poetic persona warns her male partner about the looming future, that is, the failure of the Chicano Movement to achieve its goals due to its inability to take into account feminist demands:

Given these facts, it is only logical that the poem should conclude in a pessimistic tone. In particular, it finishes with a couple of stanzas in which the poetic persona warns her male partner about the looming future, that is, the failure of the Chicano Movement to achieve its goals due to its inability to take into account feminist demands:


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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Hermano raza, I am afraid that you will lie with me And awaken too late To find that you have fallen

Hermano raza, I am afraid that you will lie with me And awaken too late To find that you have fallen

And my hands will be left groping For you and your dream In the midst of la revolución

And my hands will be left groping For you and your dream In the midst of la revolución

In other words, the poetic persona is saying that if women are considered by The Movement as mere bodies and sexual partners, every body will lose: men will find they have “fallen,” as the original sinners in Paradise; women will be “left groping,” as if they were blind and could not properly walk; the Revolution, in short, will be but a vacuous word.

In other words, the poetic persona is saying that if women are considered by The Movement as mere bodies and sexual partners, every body will lose: men will find they have “fallen,” as the original sinners in Paradise; women will be “left groping,” as if they were blind and could not properly walk; the Revolution, in short, will be but a vacuous word.

The third poem I wish to analyse is “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`,” by Bernice Zamora (1977). The speaker or poetic persona of Zamora’s poem is a Chicana who addresses her Chicano lover, who is married and has five children. Both of them are “academic Chicanos” who have been educated in coeducational institutions. This would seem to indicate that there is no gender discrimination in their relationship, but, in fact, the poem tells a different story. One of the addressee’s best-loved utterances is quoted on a number of occasions by his Chicano mistress: “It’s the gringo who oppresses you, Babe.” By means of this sentence, he clearly tries to convince her that she has to worry about racial oppression and forget about other forms of discrimination. Besides, the way in which he calls her “Babe” indicates that he adopts a paternalistic attitude towards her which, in its turn, speaks of gender inequality.

The third poem I wish to analyse is “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`,” by Bernice Zamora (1977). The speaker or poetic persona of Zamora’s poem is a Chicana who addresses her Chicano lover, who is married and has five children. Both of them are “academic Chicanos” who have been educated in coeducational institutions. This would seem to indicate that there is no gender discrimination in their relationship, but, in fact, the poem tells a different story. One of the addressee’s best-loved utterances is quoted on a number of occasions by his Chicano mistress: “It’s the gringo who oppresses you, Babe.” By means of this sentence, he clearly tries to convince her that she has to worry about racial oppression and forget about other forms of discrimination. Besides, the way in which he calls her “Babe” indicates that he adopts a paternalistic attitude towards her which, in its turn, speaks of gender inequality.

The text offers a number of markers of that inequality. First, the fact that the Chicano lover is the recipient of a GI Bill and a Ford Fellowship; in other words, he enjoys economic comforts and several privileges. By contrast, his Chicano mistress endures economic hardships. She has worked in “beet fields / as a child” and as “a waitress / eight hours at night to / get through high school”; also, she has been “a / seamstress, typist, and field clerk / to get through college”; finally, “in graduate school” she “held two jobs, seven days / a week.”

The text offers a number of markers of that inequality. First, the fact that the Chicano lover is the recipient of a GI Bill and a Ford Fellowship; in other words, he enjoys economic comforts and several privileges. By contrast, his Chicano mistress endures economic hardships. She has worked in “beet fields / as a child” and as “a waitress / eight hours at night to / get through high school”; also, she has been “a / seamstress, typist, and field clerk / to get through college”; finally, “in graduate school” she “held two jobs, seven days / a week.”

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Hermano raza, I am afraid that you will lie with me And awaken too late To find that you have fallen

Hermano raza, I am afraid that you will lie with me And awaken too late To find that you have fallen

And my hands will be left groping For you and your dream In the midst of la revolución

And my hands will be left groping For you and your dream In the midst of la revolución

In other words, the poetic persona is saying that if women are considered by The Movement as mere bodies and sexual partners, every body will lose: men will find they have “fallen,” as the original sinners in Paradise; women will be “left groping,” as if they were blind and could not properly walk; the Revolution, in short, will be but a vacuous word.

In other words, the poetic persona is saying that if women are considered by The Movement as mere bodies and sexual partners, every body will lose: men will find they have “fallen,” as the original sinners in Paradise; women will be “left groping,” as if they were blind and could not properly walk; the Revolution, in short, will be but a vacuous word.

The third poem I wish to analyse is “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`,” by Bernice Zamora (1977). The speaker or poetic persona of Zamora’s poem is a Chicana who addresses her Chicano lover, who is married and has five children. Both of them are “academic Chicanos” who have been educated in coeducational institutions. This would seem to indicate that there is no gender discrimination in their relationship, but, in fact, the poem tells a different story. One of the addressee’s best-loved utterances is quoted on a number of occasions by his Chicano mistress: “It’s the gringo who oppresses you, Babe.” By means of this sentence, he clearly tries to convince her that she has to worry about racial oppression and forget about other forms of discrimination. Besides, the way in which he calls her “Babe” indicates that he adopts a paternalistic attitude towards her which, in its turn, speaks of gender inequality.

The third poem I wish to analyse is “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`,” by Bernice Zamora (1977). The speaker or poetic persona of Zamora’s poem is a Chicana who addresses her Chicano lover, who is married and has five children. Both of them are “academic Chicanos” who have been educated in coeducational institutions. This would seem to indicate that there is no gender discrimination in their relationship, but, in fact, the poem tells a different story. One of the addressee’s best-loved utterances is quoted on a number of occasions by his Chicano mistress: “It’s the gringo who oppresses you, Babe.” By means of this sentence, he clearly tries to convince her that she has to worry about racial oppression and forget about other forms of discrimination. Besides, the way in which he calls her “Babe” indicates that he adopts a paternalistic attitude towards her which, in its turn, speaks of gender inequality.

The text offers a number of markers of that inequality. First, the fact that the Chicano lover is the recipient of a GI Bill and a Ford Fellowship; in other words, he enjoys economic comforts and several privileges. By contrast, his Chicano mistress endures economic hardships. She has worked in “beet fields / as a child” and as “a waitress / eight hours at night to / get through high school”; also, she has been “a / seamstress, typist, and field clerk / to get through college”; finally, “in graduate school” she “held two jobs, seven days / a week.”

The text offers a number of markers of that inequality. First, the fact that the Chicano lover is the recipient of a GI Bill and a Ford Fellowship; in other words, he enjoys economic comforts and several privileges. By contrast, his Chicano mistress endures economic hardships. She has worked in “beet fields / as a child” and as “a waitress / eight hours at night to / get through high school”; also, she has been “a / seamstress, typist, and field clerk / to get through college”; finally, “in graduate school” she “held two jobs, seven days / a week.”


Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Nevertheless, each day she still keeps asking herself the same distressing question: “Can I feed my children today?” Secondly, the Chicano lover enjoys sentimental stability, since he has a “proper” wife who has borne him five children. The persona has none of that: she is his mistress, and, therefore, unlawful; besides, for that very reason she is bound to be invisible. Finally, he has the right to give her orders (for example: “you’re quick to point out / that I must write / about social reality”), and he presumes to know the truth (for instance, when he categorically says: “The gringo is our oppressor!”). For her part, she accepts his commands. Thus, even though she would rather write about birds and butterflies to escape her real life, she writes about social reality, which is what he asks her to do.

Nevertheless, each day she still keeps asking herself the same distressing question: “Can I feed my children today?” Secondly, the Chicano lover enjoys sentimental stability, since he has a “proper” wife who has borne him five children. The persona has none of that: she is his mistress, and, therefore, unlawful; besides, for that very reason she is bound to be invisible. Finally, he has the right to give her orders (for example: “you’re quick to point out / that I must write / about social reality”), and he presumes to know the truth (for instance, when he categorically says: “The gringo is our oppressor!”). For her part, she accepts his commands. Thus, even though she would rather write about birds and butterflies to escape her real life, she writes about social reality, which is what he asks her to do.

But, despite her apparent acceptance of this gender inequality, the Chicana mistress has realized all her lover’s contradictions, his hypocritical behaviour and discourse, and has decided to put him in his place by means of a very intelligent manoeuvre: after all, she writes a poem about “social reality,” just as her lover urged her to do, but not the reality of racial oppression, but of gender discrimination within The Movement itself. Thus, she exposes his economic privileges; the irony of his making love to her in “alleys” (hidden places), and then boasting of his sacrifices for her: “Then you tell me how you / bear the brunt of the / gringo’s oppression for me, / and how you would go / to prison for me”; the irony, too, of his making so much of the racial issue, and then having “three gabacha guisas” or Anglo “chicks”; finally, the hypocrisy inherent in his warning her against the white women’s movement right after he has asked her to write his thesis: “then you ask me to / write your thesis, / you’re quick to shout, / ´Don’t give that Women’s Lib trip, mujer, / that only divides us, / and we have to work / together for the movimiento / the gabacho is oppressing us!`”

But, despite her apparent acceptance of this gender inequality, the Chicana mistress has realized all her lover’s contradictions, his hypocritical behaviour and discourse, and has decided to put him in his place by means of a very intelligent manoeuvre: after all, she writes a poem about “social reality,” just as her lover urged her to do, but not the reality of racial oppression, but of gender discrimination within The Movement itself. Thus, she exposes his economic privileges; the irony of his making love to her in “alleys” (hidden places), and then boasting of his sacrifices for her: “Then you tell me how you / bear the brunt of the / gringo’s oppression for me, / and how you would go / to prison for me”; the irony, too, of his making so much of the racial issue, and then having “three gabacha guisas” or Anglo “chicks”; finally, the hypocrisy inherent in his warning her against the white women’s movement right after he has asked her to write his thesis: “then you ask me to / write your thesis, / you’re quick to shout, / ´Don’t give that Women’s Lib trip, mujer, / that only divides us, / and we have to work / together for the movimiento / the gabacho is oppressing us!`”

In Zamora’s poem, therefore, once again we encounter a woman who is divided between her loyalty to The Movement and her belief in many of the white women’s demands. As Marta Esther Sánchez says:

In Zamora’s poem, therefore, once again we encounter a woman who is divided between her loyalty to The Movement and her belief in many of the white women’s demands. As Marta Esther Sánchez says:

the woman has to decide whether to engage in a struggle against the gringo, her racial oppressor, or against the Chicano, her sexual oppressor. As he puts it, her choice is between “women’s lib” and the movimiento

the woman has to decide whether to engage in a struggle against the gringo, her racial oppressor, or against the Chicano, her sexual oppressor. As he puts it, her choice is between “women’s lib” and the movimiento

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Nevertheless, each day she still keeps asking herself the same distressing question: “Can I feed my children today?” Secondly, the Chicano lover enjoys sentimental stability, since he has a “proper” wife who has borne him five children. The persona has none of that: she is his mistress, and, therefore, unlawful; besides, for that very reason she is bound to be invisible. Finally, he has the right to give her orders (for example: “you’re quick to point out / that I must write / about social reality”), and he presumes to know the truth (for instance, when he categorically says: “The gringo is our oppressor!”). For her part, she accepts his commands. Thus, even though she would rather write about birds and butterflies to escape her real life, she writes about social reality, which is what he asks her to do.

Nevertheless, each day she still keeps asking herself the same distressing question: “Can I feed my children today?” Secondly, the Chicano lover enjoys sentimental stability, since he has a “proper” wife who has borne him five children. The persona has none of that: she is his mistress, and, therefore, unlawful; besides, for that very reason she is bound to be invisible. Finally, he has the right to give her orders (for example: “you’re quick to point out / that I must write / about social reality”), and he presumes to know the truth (for instance, when he categorically says: “The gringo is our oppressor!”). For her part, she accepts his commands. Thus, even though she would rather write about birds and butterflies to escape her real life, she writes about social reality, which is what he asks her to do.

But, despite her apparent acceptance of this gender inequality, the Chicana mistress has realized all her lover’s contradictions, his hypocritical behaviour and discourse, and has decided to put him in his place by means of a very intelligent manoeuvre: after all, she writes a poem about “social reality,” just as her lover urged her to do, but not the reality of racial oppression, but of gender discrimination within The Movement itself. Thus, she exposes his economic privileges; the irony of his making love to her in “alleys” (hidden places), and then boasting of his sacrifices for her: “Then you tell me how you / bear the brunt of the / gringo’s oppression for me, / and how you would go / to prison for me”; the irony, too, of his making so much of the racial issue, and then having “three gabacha guisas” or Anglo “chicks”; finally, the hypocrisy inherent in his warning her against the white women’s movement right after he has asked her to write his thesis: “then you ask me to / write your thesis, / you’re quick to shout, / ´Don’t give that Women’s Lib trip, mujer, / that only divides us, / and we have to work / together for the movimiento / the gabacho is oppressing us!`”

But, despite her apparent acceptance of this gender inequality, the Chicana mistress has realized all her lover’s contradictions, his hypocritical behaviour and discourse, and has decided to put him in his place by means of a very intelligent manoeuvre: after all, she writes a poem about “social reality,” just as her lover urged her to do, but not the reality of racial oppression, but of gender discrimination within The Movement itself. Thus, she exposes his economic privileges; the irony of his making love to her in “alleys” (hidden places), and then boasting of his sacrifices for her: “Then you tell me how you / bear the brunt of the / gringo’s oppression for me, / and how you would go / to prison for me”; the irony, too, of his making so much of the racial issue, and then having “three gabacha guisas” or Anglo “chicks”; finally, the hypocrisy inherent in his warning her against the white women’s movement right after he has asked her to write his thesis: “then you ask me to / write your thesis, / you’re quick to shout, / ´Don’t give that Women’s Lib trip, mujer, / that only divides us, / and we have to work / together for the movimiento / the gabacho is oppressing us!`”

In Zamora’s poem, therefore, once again we encounter a woman who is divided between her loyalty to The Movement and her belief in many of the white women’s demands. As Marta Esther Sánchez says:

In Zamora’s poem, therefore, once again we encounter a woman who is divided between her loyalty to The Movement and her belief in many of the white women’s demands. As Marta Esther Sánchez says:

the woman has to decide whether to engage in a struggle against the gringo, her racial oppressor, or against the Chicano, her sexual oppressor. As he puts it, her choice is between “women’s lib” and the movimiento

the woman has to decide whether to engage in a struggle against the gringo, her racial oppressor, or against the Chicano, her sexual oppressor. As he puts it, her choice is between “women’s lib” and the movimiento


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(ll. 60-65). If she chooses the former, she asserts her womanhood but presumably betrays the movement in the eyes of her Chicano addressee. If she chooses the movement, she embraces the Chicano’s racial struggle, but she incurs the liability of sexual inequalities imposed on Chicanas by Chicano men. Zamora’s speaker exposes the contradictions of the Chicano’s simplistic slogan. The real struggle is too complex, she argues, to be reduced to an opposition between herself and the gringo. (Sánchez 1985: 233)

(ll. 60-65). If she chooses the former, she asserts her womanhood but presumably betrays the movement in the eyes of her Chicano addressee. If she chooses the movement, she embraces the Chicano’s racial struggle, but she incurs the liability of sexual inequalities imposed on Chicanas by Chicano men. Zamora’s speaker exposes the contradictions of the Chicano’s simplistic slogan. The real struggle is too complex, she argues, to be reduced to an opposition between herself and the gringo. (Sánchez 1985: 233)

Because the real struggle is much more complex than the lover’s slogan indicates, the poetic persona cannot possibly choose one side and reject the other. She stresses her affiliation with Chicano culture when she remembers her lover that she too was brought up in a “barrio,” which means that throughout her life she has undergone many difficulties and is not easily deluded. For that reason, she is unable to see her lover as her saviour, despite his claim that he bears “the brunt of the gringo’s oppression” for her. Besides, she has learnt that her situation resembles that of other Chicanas who endure gender oppression as well. Thus, contrary to all expectations, rather than feeling jealous for the wife, the poetic persona identifies with her problems, and, by extension, with the troubles of other Chicana women whose voice is likewise annulled. Actually, she does take her lover’s wife for a partner with whom she shares a “common identity” (Sánchez 1985: 234). In fact, both are poets who write about birds and butterflies; both smell the fragrance of perfume on his collar; both are oppressed by him; in short, both are frustrated.

Because the real struggle is much more complex than the lover’s slogan indicates, the poetic persona cannot possibly choose one side and reject the other. She stresses her affiliation with Chicano culture when she remembers her lover that she too was brought up in a “barrio,” which means that throughout her life she has undergone many difficulties and is not easily deluded. For that reason, she is unable to see her lover as her saviour, despite his claim that he bears “the brunt of the gringo’s oppression” for her. Besides, she has learnt that her situation resembles that of other Chicanas who endure gender oppression as well. Thus, contrary to all expectations, rather than feeling jealous for the wife, the poetic persona identifies with her problems, and, by extension, with the troubles of other Chicana women whose voice is likewise annulled. Actually, she does take her lover’s wife for a partner with whom she shares a “common identity” (Sánchez 1985: 234). In fact, both are poets who write about birds and butterflies; both smell the fragrance of perfume on his collar; both are oppressed by him; in short, both are frustrated.

To conclude, we should emphasize the fact that her lover has asked her to denounce the gringo´s oppression, but that she ends up unveiling the Chicano’s oppression as well. Similarly, she presents herself as an apparently submissive Chicana who obeys her lover’s commands, but eventually she shows her strength by exposing the hypocrisy of her lover without forgetting that the gabacho also tries to limit the topics she writes about, and, in a more general sense, the way in which she leads her own life. As the final stanza puts it: “Still, because of the gabacho, / I must write poems about / pájaros, mariposas, and the fragrance / of oppressing perfume I smell somewhere.”

To conclude, we should emphasize the fact that her lover has asked her to denounce the gringo´s oppression, but that she ends up unveiling the Chicano’s oppression as well. Similarly, she presents herself as an apparently submissive Chicana who obeys her lover’s commands, but eventually she shows her strength by exposing the hypocrisy of her lover without forgetting that the gabacho also tries to limit the topics she writes about, and, in a more general sense, the way in which she leads her own life. As the final stanza puts it: “Still, because of the gabacho, / I must write poems about / pájaros, mariposas, and the fragrance / of oppressing perfume I smell somewhere.”

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

(ll. 60-65). If she chooses the former, she asserts her womanhood but presumably betrays the movement in the eyes of her Chicano addressee. If she chooses the movement, she embraces the Chicano’s racial struggle, but she incurs the liability of sexual inequalities imposed on Chicanas by Chicano men. Zamora’s speaker exposes the contradictions of the Chicano’s simplistic slogan. The real struggle is too complex, she argues, to be reduced to an opposition between herself and the gringo. (Sánchez 1985: 233)

(ll. 60-65). If she chooses the former, she asserts her womanhood but presumably betrays the movement in the eyes of her Chicano addressee. If she chooses the movement, she embraces the Chicano’s racial struggle, but she incurs the liability of sexual inequalities imposed on Chicanas by Chicano men. Zamora’s speaker exposes the contradictions of the Chicano’s simplistic slogan. The real struggle is too complex, she argues, to be reduced to an opposition between herself and the gringo. (Sánchez 1985: 233)

Because the real struggle is much more complex than the lover’s slogan indicates, the poetic persona cannot possibly choose one side and reject the other. She stresses her affiliation with Chicano culture when she remembers her lover that she too was brought up in a “barrio,” which means that throughout her life she has undergone many difficulties and is not easily deluded. For that reason, she is unable to see her lover as her saviour, despite his claim that he bears “the brunt of the gringo’s oppression” for her. Besides, she has learnt that her situation resembles that of other Chicanas who endure gender oppression as well. Thus, contrary to all expectations, rather than feeling jealous for the wife, the poetic persona identifies with her problems, and, by extension, with the troubles of other Chicana women whose voice is likewise annulled. Actually, she does take her lover’s wife for a partner with whom she shares a “common identity” (Sánchez 1985: 234). In fact, both are poets who write about birds and butterflies; both smell the fragrance of perfume on his collar; both are oppressed by him; in short, both are frustrated.

Because the real struggle is much more complex than the lover’s slogan indicates, the poetic persona cannot possibly choose one side and reject the other. She stresses her affiliation with Chicano culture when she remembers her lover that she too was brought up in a “barrio,” which means that throughout her life she has undergone many difficulties and is not easily deluded. For that reason, she is unable to see her lover as her saviour, despite his claim that he bears “the brunt of the gringo’s oppression” for her. Besides, she has learnt that her situation resembles that of other Chicanas who endure gender oppression as well. Thus, contrary to all expectations, rather than feeling jealous for the wife, the poetic persona identifies with her problems, and, by extension, with the troubles of other Chicana women whose voice is likewise annulled. Actually, she does take her lover’s wife for a partner with whom she shares a “common identity” (Sánchez 1985: 234). In fact, both are poets who write about birds and butterflies; both smell the fragrance of perfume on his collar; both are oppressed by him; in short, both are frustrated.

To conclude, we should emphasize the fact that her lover has asked her to denounce the gringo´s oppression, but that she ends up unveiling the Chicano’s oppression as well. Similarly, she presents herself as an apparently submissive Chicana who obeys her lover’s commands, but eventually she shows her strength by exposing the hypocrisy of her lover without forgetting that the gabacho also tries to limit the topics she writes about, and, in a more general sense, the way in which she leads her own life. As the final stanza puts it: “Still, because of the gabacho, / I must write poems about / pájaros, mariposas, and the fragrance / of oppressing perfume I smell somewhere.”

To conclude, we should emphasize the fact that her lover has asked her to denounce the gringo´s oppression, but that she ends up unveiling the Chicano’s oppression as well. Similarly, she presents herself as an apparently submissive Chicana who obeys her lover’s commands, but eventually she shows her strength by exposing the hypocrisy of her lover without forgetting that the gabacho also tries to limit the topics she writes about, and, in a more general sense, the way in which she leads her own life. As the final stanza puts it: “Still, because of the gabacho, / I must write poems about / pájaros, mariposas, and the fragrance / of oppressing perfume I smell somewhere.”


Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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The last poem I have chosen for this section is “The Brown Women,” by Anita Sarah Duarte (1975). As opposed to Zamora’s poem, which mainly focuses on how Chicanos have discriminated against Chicanas, Duarte’s text puts the emphasis on how white men and women have oppressed Chicanos/as and does not even refer to gender discrimination within the Chicano Movement. Duarte’s is a different option, then: for her, racism clearly comes first.

The last poem I have chosen for this section is “The Brown Women,” by Anita Sarah Duarte (1975). As opposed to Zamora’s poem, which mainly focuses on how Chicanos have discriminated against Chicanas, Duarte’s text puts the emphasis on how white men and women have oppressed Chicanos/as and does not even refer to gender discrimination within the Chicano Movement. Duarte’s is a different option, then: for her, racism clearly comes first.

In my view, Duarte’s text can be divided into three different sections. In the first one, from line 1 to line 10, the speaker, who presents herself as the spokesperson for all women of colour, expresses her agreement with the slogan of the white women’s movement, “sisters unite—unite and / together we / Shall all survive,” since it is only right that women should enjoy equality. However, in the second section (lines 11-78), which is the largest, the ready acceptance of that slogan is carefully qualified, as we will see. In the third and final section (lines 79103), the slogan of the white women’s movement is reiterated, as is the speaker’s belief in its accuracy, but its meaning is no longer the same.

In my view, Duarte’s text can be divided into three different sections. In the first one, from line 1 to line 10, the speaker, who presents herself as the spokesperson for all women of colour, expresses her agreement with the slogan of the white women’s movement, “sisters unite—unite and / together we / Shall all survive,” since it is only right that women should enjoy equality. However, in the second section (lines 11-78), which is the largest, the ready acceptance of that slogan is carefully qualified, as we will see. In the third and final section (lines 79103), the slogan of the white women’s movement is reiterated, as is the speaker’s belief in its accuracy, but its meaning is no longer the same.

In the second section the speaker summarizes the history of discrimination that both Chicanos and Chicanas have endured and refers to all the efforts they have made to overcome oppression, a fight that has brought them little profit, since the liberation of Brown people is yet to be achieved. Thus, she refers to the fact that the Brown fathers have worked very hard, they have “sweated like hell, For that equality to be ours.” “Brown brothers, husbands and / sweethearts” have fought in wars under the promise that they would be given full citizenship, but “the ground […] would never be theirs,” and they were actually sent off to die in wars that only benefited the “white folks,” who had the money to avoid conscription. The Brown mothers, for their part, have suffered in silence for all the injustices perpetrated against their families: “They stood back and cried, silently / they cried.” Finally, the Brown women have been denied the right to go to school, laughed at because they ate different food, made fun of because they spoke differently, discriminated against because they were poor and did not live in proper houses.

In the second section the speaker summarizes the history of discrimination that both Chicanos and Chicanas have endured and refers to all the efforts they have made to overcome oppression, a fight that has brought them little profit, since the liberation of Brown people is yet to be achieved. Thus, she refers to the fact that the Brown fathers have worked very hard, they have “sweated like hell, For that equality to be ours.” “Brown brothers, husbands and / sweethearts” have fought in wars under the promise that they would be given full citizenship, but “the ground […] would never be theirs,” and they were actually sent off to die in wars that only benefited the “white folks,” who had the money to avoid conscription. The Brown mothers, for their part, have suffered in silence for all the injustices perpetrated against their families: “They stood back and cried, silently / they cried.” Finally, the Brown women have been denied the right to go to school, laughed at because they ate different food, made fun of because they spoke differently, discriminated against because they were poor and did not live in proper houses.

The speaker, though, points out a difference between Brown mothers and their daughters, present-day Chicanas. While Brown

The speaker, though, points out a difference between Brown mothers and their daughters, present-day Chicanas. While Brown

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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The last poem I have chosen for this section is “The Brown Women,” by Anita Sarah Duarte (1975). As opposed to Zamora’s poem, which mainly focuses on how Chicanos have discriminated against Chicanas, Duarte’s text puts the emphasis on how white men and women have oppressed Chicanos/as and does not even refer to gender discrimination within the Chicano Movement. Duarte’s is a different option, then: for her, racism clearly comes first.

The last poem I have chosen for this section is “The Brown Women,” by Anita Sarah Duarte (1975). As opposed to Zamora’s poem, which mainly focuses on how Chicanos have discriminated against Chicanas, Duarte’s text puts the emphasis on how white men and women have oppressed Chicanos/as and does not even refer to gender discrimination within the Chicano Movement. Duarte’s is a different option, then: for her, racism clearly comes first.

In my view, Duarte’s text can be divided into three different sections. In the first one, from line 1 to line 10, the speaker, who presents herself as the spokesperson for all women of colour, expresses her agreement with the slogan of the white women’s movement, “sisters unite—unite and / together we / Shall all survive,” since it is only right that women should enjoy equality. However, in the second section (lines 11-78), which is the largest, the ready acceptance of that slogan is carefully qualified, as we will see. In the third and final section (lines 79103), the slogan of the white women’s movement is reiterated, as is the speaker’s belief in its accuracy, but its meaning is no longer the same.

In my view, Duarte’s text can be divided into three different sections. In the first one, from line 1 to line 10, the speaker, who presents herself as the spokesperson for all women of colour, expresses her agreement with the slogan of the white women’s movement, “sisters unite—unite and / together we / Shall all survive,” since it is only right that women should enjoy equality. However, in the second section (lines 11-78), which is the largest, the ready acceptance of that slogan is carefully qualified, as we will see. In the third and final section (lines 79103), the slogan of the white women’s movement is reiterated, as is the speaker’s belief in its accuracy, but its meaning is no longer the same.

In the second section the speaker summarizes the history of discrimination that both Chicanos and Chicanas have endured and refers to all the efforts they have made to overcome oppression, a fight that has brought them little profit, since the liberation of Brown people is yet to be achieved. Thus, she refers to the fact that the Brown fathers have worked very hard, they have “sweated like hell, For that equality to be ours.” “Brown brothers, husbands and / sweethearts” have fought in wars under the promise that they would be given full citizenship, but “the ground […] would never be theirs,” and they were actually sent off to die in wars that only benefited the “white folks,” who had the money to avoid conscription. The Brown mothers, for their part, have suffered in silence for all the injustices perpetrated against their families: “They stood back and cried, silently / they cried.” Finally, the Brown women have been denied the right to go to school, laughed at because they ate different food, made fun of because they spoke differently, discriminated against because they were poor and did not live in proper houses.

In the second section the speaker summarizes the history of discrimination that both Chicanos and Chicanas have endured and refers to all the efforts they have made to overcome oppression, a fight that has brought them little profit, since the liberation of Brown people is yet to be achieved. Thus, she refers to the fact that the Brown fathers have worked very hard, they have “sweated like hell, For that equality to be ours.” “Brown brothers, husbands and / sweethearts” have fought in wars under the promise that they would be given full citizenship, but “the ground […] would never be theirs,” and they were actually sent off to die in wars that only benefited the “white folks,” who had the money to avoid conscription. The Brown mothers, for their part, have suffered in silence for all the injustices perpetrated against their families: “They stood back and cried, silently / they cried.” Finally, the Brown women have been denied the right to go to school, laughed at because they ate different food, made fun of because they spoke differently, discriminated against because they were poor and did not live in proper houses.

The speaker, though, points out a difference between Brown mothers and their daughters, present-day Chicanas. While Brown

The speaker, though, points out a difference between Brown mothers and their daughters, present-day Chicanas. While Brown


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mothers have traditionally shown a conciliatory attitude towards white people and have forgiven their racism (“Poor them [white people], they do those things / Because they really don’t understand”), the Chicana women of today are much more belligerent: by no means are they ready to overlook white women’s oppression:

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mothers have traditionally shown a conciliatory attitude towards white people and have forgiven their racism (“Poor them [white people], they do those things / Because they really don’t understand”), the Chicana women of today are much more belligerent: by no means are they ready to overlook white women’s oppression:

Today the Brown women declare, “No, we are not alike, you the white women Have never felt the pain that we have Endured and suffered. You the white women Have never been discriminated as we have, You the white women have never been denied What we the Brown have known that we Should never seek.

Today the Brown women declare, “No, we are not alike, you the white women Have never felt the pain that we have Endured and suffered. You the white women Have never been discriminated as we have, You the white women have never been denied What we the Brown have known that we Should never seek.

So, when the speaker reaches the concluding section and she once again chants the slogan “Yes, Unite, Sisters, Unite!” the term “sisters” can no longer be understood as it is by white feminists (or, rather, I would like to think, as it was in the 1970s). The speaker has clearly stated that there can be no sisterhood between white women and brown women until racial discrimination has been totally banished from the white women’s movement:

So, when the speaker reaches the concluding section and she once again chants the slogan “Yes, Unite, Sisters, Unite!” the term “sisters” can no longer be understood as it is by white feminists (or, rather, I would like to think, as it was in the 1970s). The speaker has clearly stated that there can be no sisterhood between white women and brown women until racial discrimination has been totally banished from the white women’s movement:

We make no bones about it, Do not, we do not nor shall we ever accept Racism to be a friend to you, To be your sister. It is too much of an expense

We make no bones about it, Do not, we do not nor shall we ever accept Racism to be a friend to you, To be your sister. It is too much of an expense

In the final lines, then, the speaker, encouraged by present-day Chicanas’ determination not to fall to their knees again, concludes with great confidence and enthusiasm, chanting three slogans: “Viva La Brown Woman / Viva La Chicana / Viva Todo (sic) mi Raza.” All in all, the poem can be said to be mainly addressed at white women, and to be a sort of warning in which the speaker transmits young Chicanas’ resolution not to join the white women’s movement unless its principles are radically changed. When in the last line she says “Viva Todo mi Raza,” it becomes definitely clear that she raises no objection

In the final lines, then, the speaker, encouraged by present-day Chicanas’ determination not to fall to their knees again, concludes with great confidence and enthusiasm, chanting three slogans: “Viva La Brown Woman / Viva La Chicana / Viva Todo (sic) mi Raza.” All in all, the poem can be said to be mainly addressed at white women, and to be a sort of warning in which the speaker transmits young Chicanas’ resolution not to join the white women’s movement unless its principles are radically changed. When in the last line she says “Viva Todo mi Raza,” it becomes definitely clear that she raises no objection

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mothers have traditionally shown a conciliatory attitude towards white people and have forgiven their racism (“Poor them [white people], they do those things / Because they really don’t understand”), the Chicana women of today are much more belligerent: by no means are they ready to overlook white women’s oppression: Today the Brown women declare, “No, we are not alike, you the white women Have never felt the pain that we have Endured and suffered. You the white women Have never been discriminated as we have, You the white women have never been denied What we the Brown have known that we Should never seek.

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

mothers have traditionally shown a conciliatory attitude towards white people and have forgiven their racism (“Poor them [white people], they do those things / Because they really don’t understand”), the Chicana women of today are much more belligerent: by no means are they ready to overlook white women’s oppression: Today the Brown women declare, “No, we are not alike, you the white women Have never felt the pain that we have Endured and suffered. You the white women Have never been discriminated as we have, You the white women have never been denied What we the Brown have known that we Should never seek.

So, when the speaker reaches the concluding section and she once again chants the slogan “Yes, Unite, Sisters, Unite!” the term “sisters” can no longer be understood as it is by white feminists (or, rather, I would like to think, as it was in the 1970s). The speaker has clearly stated that there can be no sisterhood between white women and brown women until racial discrimination has been totally banished from the white women’s movement:

So, when the speaker reaches the concluding section and she once again chants the slogan “Yes, Unite, Sisters, Unite!” the term “sisters” can no longer be understood as it is by white feminists (or, rather, I would like to think, as it was in the 1970s). The speaker has clearly stated that there can be no sisterhood between white women and brown women until racial discrimination has been totally banished from the white women’s movement:

We make no bones about it, Do not, we do not nor shall we ever accept Racism to be a friend to you, To be your sister. It is too much of an expense

We make no bones about it, Do not, we do not nor shall we ever accept Racism to be a friend to you, To be your sister. It is too much of an expense

In the final lines, then, the speaker, encouraged by present-day Chicanas’ determination not to fall to their knees again, concludes with great confidence and enthusiasm, chanting three slogans: “Viva La Brown Woman / Viva La Chicana / Viva Todo (sic) mi Raza.” All in all, the poem can be said to be mainly addressed at white women, and to be a sort of warning in which the speaker transmits young Chicanas’ resolution not to join the white women’s movement unless its principles are radically changed. When in the last line she says “Viva Todo mi Raza,” it becomes definitely clear that she raises no objection

In the final lines, then, the speaker, encouraged by present-day Chicanas’ determination not to fall to their knees again, concludes with great confidence and enthusiasm, chanting three slogans: “Viva La Brown Woman / Viva La Chicana / Viva Todo (sic) mi Raza.” All in all, the poem can be said to be mainly addressed at white women, and to be a sort of warning in which the speaker transmits young Chicanas’ resolution not to join the white women’s movement unless its principles are radically changed. When in the last line she says “Viva Todo mi Raza,” it becomes definitely clear that she raises no objection


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to the sexist attitudes of the Chicano Movement; she is only concerned with the racist principles of the white women’s movement. In this, she fully agrees with Velia García’s opinion that “there is no qualitative difference between the social experience of the Chicana and the Chicano” (1977: 1), whereas that is not the case of white women and white men:

to the sexist attitudes of the Chicano Movement; she is only concerned with the racist principles of the white women’s movement. In this, she fully agrees with Velia García’s opinion that “there is no qualitative difference between the social experience of the Chicana and the Chicano” (1977: 1), whereas that is not the case of white women and white men:

In American society, white men have a distinct advantage and have used that advantage to limit the shape and lives of women with the same apparent lack of conscience with which they oppress racial minorities. It makes sense for white women to struggle against the controlling influence of white men just as it makes sense for Chicanos and Chicanas to struggle together against the forces of racism and economic exploitation that deny them the basic human right to self-determination. (García 1977: 1)

In American society, white men have a distinct advantage and have used that advantage to limit the shape and lives of women with the same apparent lack of conscience with which they oppress racial minorities. It makes sense for white women to struggle against the controlling influence of white men just as it makes sense for Chicanos and Chicanas to struggle together against the forces of racism and economic exploitation that deny them the basic human right to self-determination. (García 1977: 1)

3. BEYOND MOVEMENT CHICANA FEMINIST WRITERS

3. BEYOND MOVEMENT CHICANA FEMINIST WRITERS

By way of recollection, we could say that during the years of the Chicano Movement Chicana feminists maintained a problematic connection with both the Chicano community and the white women’s movement. After developing their consciousness and awakening to this conflict that split them into two, they began to write texts that, generally speaking, followed the formal features of Chicano Movement literature. Thus, in these early years the genres of poetry and theatre were preferred to others such as the short story or the novel. In the case of poetry, Movement texts were characterized for their emphasis on the topic of the Revolution, as far as their content was concerned, and, formally speaking, for the use of a simple and repetitive discourse that was full of slogans (for example, “Viva la Raza!”), words such as “carnales,” “raza,” “liberación,” among others, and imperatives that told the audience how they should behave and what they should do. The general purpose of these texts was to serve as a didactic medium for spreading the news of the Chicano Movement.

By way of recollection, we could say that during the years of the Chicano Movement Chicana feminists maintained a problematic connection with both the Chicano community and the white women’s movement. After developing their consciousness and awakening to this conflict that split them into two, they began to write texts that, generally speaking, followed the formal features of Chicano Movement literature. Thus, in these early years the genres of poetry and theatre were preferred to others such as the short story or the novel. In the case of poetry, Movement texts were characterized for their emphasis on the topic of the Revolution, as far as their content was concerned, and, formally speaking, for the use of a simple and repetitive discourse that was full of slogans (for example, “Viva la Raza!”), words such as “carnales,” “raza,” “liberación,” among others, and imperatives that told the audience how they should behave and what they should do. The general purpose of these texts was to serve as a didactic medium for spreading the news of the Chicano Movement.

Within this formal and thematic frame, Chicana feminist writers

Within this formal and thematic frame, Chicana feminist writers

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to the sexist attitudes of the Chicano Movement; she is only concerned with the racist principles of the white women’s movement. In this, she fully agrees with Velia García’s opinion that “there is no qualitative difference between the social experience of the Chicana and the Chicano” (1977: 1), whereas that is not the case of white women and white men:

to the sexist attitudes of the Chicano Movement; she is only concerned with the racist principles of the white women’s movement. In this, she fully agrees with Velia García’s opinion that “there is no qualitative difference between the social experience of the Chicana and the Chicano” (1977: 1), whereas that is not the case of white women and white men:

In American society, white men have a distinct advantage and have used that advantage to limit the shape and lives of women with the same apparent lack of conscience with which they oppress racial minorities. It makes sense for white women to struggle against the controlling influence of white men just as it makes sense for Chicanos and Chicanas to struggle together against the forces of racism and economic exploitation that deny them the basic human right to self-determination. (García 1977: 1)

In American society, white men have a distinct advantage and have used that advantage to limit the shape and lives of women with the same apparent lack of conscience with which they oppress racial minorities. It makes sense for white women to struggle against the controlling influence of white men just as it makes sense for Chicanos and Chicanas to struggle together against the forces of racism and economic exploitation that deny them the basic human right to self-determination. (García 1977: 1)

3. BEYOND MOVEMENT CHICANA FEMINIST WRITERS

3. BEYOND MOVEMENT CHICANA FEMINIST WRITERS

By way of recollection, we could say that during the years of the Chicano Movement Chicana feminists maintained a problematic connection with both the Chicano community and the white women’s movement. After developing their consciousness and awakening to this conflict that split them into two, they began to write texts that, generally speaking, followed the formal features of Chicano Movement literature. Thus, in these early years the genres of poetry and theatre were preferred to others such as the short story or the novel. In the case of poetry, Movement texts were characterized for their emphasis on the topic of the Revolution, as far as their content was concerned, and, formally speaking, for the use of a simple and repetitive discourse that was full of slogans (for example, “Viva la Raza!”), words such as “carnales,” “raza,” “liberación,” among others, and imperatives that told the audience how they should behave and what they should do. The general purpose of these texts was to serve as a didactic medium for spreading the news of the Chicano Movement.

By way of recollection, we could say that during the years of the Chicano Movement Chicana feminists maintained a problematic connection with both the Chicano community and the white women’s movement. After developing their consciousness and awakening to this conflict that split them into two, they began to write texts that, generally speaking, followed the formal features of Chicano Movement literature. Thus, in these early years the genres of poetry and theatre were preferred to others such as the short story or the novel. In the case of poetry, Movement texts were characterized for their emphasis on the topic of the Revolution, as far as their content was concerned, and, formally speaking, for the use of a simple and repetitive discourse that was full of slogans (for example, “Viva la Raza!”), words such as “carnales,” “raza,” “liberación,” among others, and imperatives that told the audience how they should behave and what they should do. The general purpose of these texts was to serve as a didactic medium for spreading the news of the Chicano Movement.

Within this formal and thematic frame, Chicana feminist writers

Within this formal and thematic frame, Chicana feminist writers


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chose to inscribe their own dilemma, that of their divided loyalties between Chicanismo and the white women’s movement. Some writers focused on the sexism and the machismo within The Movement. Among these we may mention Lorna Dee Cervantes’s “Para Un Revolucionario” (1975) and Bernice Zamora’s “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`” (1977). Both of them acknowledge the existence of racism in society at large, but they are of the opinion that if their male counterparts in The Movement do not accept women as equals, Chicanismo will completely fail in achieving its goals, and the Revolution will come to nothing. Actually, their poems are rather pessimistic as regards the possibilities of transforming The Movement into a fully egalitarian project and both portray a picture where failure is foreseen.

chose to inscribe their own dilemma, that of their divided loyalties between Chicanismo and the white women’s movement. Some writers focused on the sexism and the machismo within The Movement. Among these we may mention Lorna Dee Cervantes’s “Para Un Revolucionario” (1975) and Bernice Zamora’s “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`” (1977). Both of them acknowledge the existence of racism in society at large, but they are of the opinion that if their male counterparts in The Movement do not accept women as equals, Chicanismo will completely fail in achieving its goals, and the Revolution will come to nothing. Actually, their poems are rather pessimistic as regards the possibilities of transforming The Movement into a fully egalitarian project and both portray a picture where failure is foreseen.

Other texts of a slightly earlier period are more optimistic as to the evolution of Chicanismo into an egalitarian utopia. Thus, Ana Montes in “La Nueva Chicana” (1971) and Anna NietoGomez in “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera” (1971) record the birth of a “new Chicana” who manages to combine part of her Chicano cultural background with some of the rights the white women’s movements were also defending at that time. They argue for an integration of these new Chicanas into The Movement, and seem confident enough that such integration is not only necessary and desirable, but perfectly attainable.

Other texts of a slightly earlier period are more optimistic as to the evolution of Chicanismo into an egalitarian utopia. Thus, Ana Montes in “La Nueva Chicana” (1971) and Anna NietoGomez in “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera” (1971) record the birth of a “new Chicana” who manages to combine part of her Chicano cultural background with some of the rights the white women’s movements were also defending at that time. They argue for an integration of these new Chicanas into The Movement, and seem confident enough that such integration is not only necessary and desirable, but perfectly attainable.

So far, all the writers we have referred to insist on the need to transform Chicanismo. But we have also seen the case of Leticia Hernández, who in her poem “Mujer” (1971) seemed to invite Chicanas to disentangle themselves from The Movement and to worry about their own liberation, thus forgetting the plight of their male counterparts, who have contributed to their victimization. On the contrary, in “The Brown Women” (1975), Anita Sarah Duarte argued for exactly the opposite way-out—that of cutting all ties with the white women’s movement unless it renounces its racism, and closely adhering to the Chicano Movement, which is never found fault with.

So far, all the writers we have referred to insist on the need to transform Chicanismo. But we have also seen the case of Leticia Hernández, who in her poem “Mujer” (1971) seemed to invite Chicanas to disentangle themselves from The Movement and to worry about their own liberation, thus forgetting the plight of their male counterparts, who have contributed to their victimization. On the contrary, in “The Brown Women” (1975), Anita Sarah Duarte argued for exactly the opposite way-out—that of cutting all ties with the white women’s movement unless it renounces its racism, and closely adhering to the Chicano Movement, which is never found fault with.

After the mid-1970s, in the so-called “Post-Movement Years,” Chicana feminists have kept working on the Chicana identity and their efforts have given rise to “a new consciousness.” The idea of the “Revolution” has been largely abandoned, even though this has not

After the mid-1970s, in the so-called “Post-Movement Years,” Chicana feminists have kept working on the Chicana identity and their efforts have given rise to “a new consciousness.” The idea of the “Revolution” has been largely abandoned, even though this has not

44

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chose to inscribe their own dilemma, that of their divided loyalties between Chicanismo and the white women’s movement. Some writers focused on the sexism and the machismo within The Movement. Among these we may mention Lorna Dee Cervantes’s “Para Un Revolucionario” (1975) and Bernice Zamora’s “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`” (1977). Both of them acknowledge the existence of racism in society at large, but they are of the opinion that if their male counterparts in The Movement do not accept women as equals, Chicanismo will completely fail in achieving its goals, and the Revolution will come to nothing. Actually, their poems are rather pessimistic as regards the possibilities of transforming The Movement into a fully egalitarian project and both portray a picture where failure is foreseen.

chose to inscribe their own dilemma, that of their divided loyalties between Chicanismo and the white women’s movement. Some writers focused on the sexism and the machismo within The Movement. Among these we may mention Lorna Dee Cervantes’s “Para Un Revolucionario” (1975) and Bernice Zamora’s “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`” (1977). Both of them acknowledge the existence of racism in society at large, but they are of the opinion that if their male counterparts in The Movement do not accept women as equals, Chicanismo will completely fail in achieving its goals, and the Revolution will come to nothing. Actually, their poems are rather pessimistic as regards the possibilities of transforming The Movement into a fully egalitarian project and both portray a picture where failure is foreseen.

Other texts of a slightly earlier period are more optimistic as to the evolution of Chicanismo into an egalitarian utopia. Thus, Ana Montes in “La Nueva Chicana” (1971) and Anna NietoGomez in “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera” (1971) record the birth of a “new Chicana” who manages to combine part of her Chicano cultural background with some of the rights the white women’s movements were also defending at that time. They argue for an integration of these new Chicanas into The Movement, and seem confident enough that such integration is not only necessary and desirable, but perfectly attainable.

Other texts of a slightly earlier period are more optimistic as to the evolution of Chicanismo into an egalitarian utopia. Thus, Ana Montes in “La Nueva Chicana” (1971) and Anna NietoGomez in “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera” (1971) record the birth of a “new Chicana” who manages to combine part of her Chicano cultural background with some of the rights the white women’s movements were also defending at that time. They argue for an integration of these new Chicanas into The Movement, and seem confident enough that such integration is not only necessary and desirable, but perfectly attainable.

So far, all the writers we have referred to insist on the need to transform Chicanismo. But we have also seen the case of Leticia Hernández, who in her poem “Mujer” (1971) seemed to invite Chicanas to disentangle themselves from The Movement and to worry about their own liberation, thus forgetting the plight of their male counterparts, who have contributed to their victimization. On the contrary, in “The Brown Women” (1975), Anita Sarah Duarte argued for exactly the opposite way-out—that of cutting all ties with the white women’s movement unless it renounces its racism, and closely adhering to the Chicano Movement, which is never found fault with.

So far, all the writers we have referred to insist on the need to transform Chicanismo. But we have also seen the case of Leticia Hernández, who in her poem “Mujer” (1971) seemed to invite Chicanas to disentangle themselves from The Movement and to worry about their own liberation, thus forgetting the plight of their male counterparts, who have contributed to their victimization. On the contrary, in “The Brown Women” (1975), Anita Sarah Duarte argued for exactly the opposite way-out—that of cutting all ties with the white women’s movement unless it renounces its racism, and closely adhering to the Chicano Movement, which is never found fault with.

After the mid-1970s, in the so-called “Post-Movement Years,” Chicana feminists have kept working on the Chicana identity and their efforts have given rise to “a new consciousness.” The idea of the “Revolution” has been largely abandoned, even though this has not

After the mid-1970s, in the so-called “Post-Movement Years,” Chicana feminists have kept working on the Chicana identity and their efforts have given rise to “a new consciousness.” The idea of the “Revolution” has been largely abandoned, even though this has not


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necessarily implied giving up the struggle for equality. Yet, the similarities they have seen between their case and the situation of other women of colour, and the consideration of differences among Chicana feminists themselves, has resulted in a thorough questioning of the Chicana identity. Just as Chicano Literature has explored other literary genres and abandoned the combative discourse of the Chicano Movement years for a more subtle one, Chicana feminist writers have began to enter new territories. They have also tackled the problem of their divided loyalties, but they have done so in ways which are not as conspicuous as those of their predecessors in The Movement years.

necessarily implied giving up the struggle for equality. Yet, the similarities they have seen between their case and the situation of other women of colour, and the consideration of differences among Chicana feminists themselves, has resulted in a thorough questioning of the Chicana identity. Just as Chicano Literature has explored other literary genres and abandoned the combative discourse of the Chicano Movement years for a more subtle one, Chicana feminist writers have began to enter new territories. They have also tackled the problem of their divided loyalties, but they have done so in ways which are not as conspicuous as those of their predecessors in The Movement years.

In particular, they revisit historical figures, such as Doña Marina, as in Lucha Corpi’s “Marina Mother” (1980), and Amerindian myths, as in Naomi Quiñonez’s “La Diosa in Every Woman” (1996). The goal of these revisionist projects is to draw inspiration from strong Mexican and Chicana figures so as to offer present-day Chicanas empowering models that may help them overcome their long history of victimization. Cherríe Moraga, in “En busca de la fuerza femenina” (1991), is also engaged in using the technique of revisionist mythmaking for achieving similar goals. Furthermore, like other Chicana feminist writers, Moraga is intent on redefining both the Chicana and the Chicano identity. She makes the issue of machismo and sexism within the Chicano community a major problem that should be urgently tackled. Eventually, her aim is to offer definitions of Chicanismo that are compatible with homosexuality and with a number of moral values that have not been traditionally associated with Chicano culture. Gloria Anzaldúa, as can be seen in “La Conciencia de la Mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness” (1990), among other texts, is likewise interested in the issues of homosexuality and the Chicana identity. Like Moraga’s, her treatment of the latter is much more complex than the approaches made by Movement Chicana writers, since for Post-Movement writers the Chicana identity implies a number of concentric circles of discrimination that their predecessors had not been fully aware of or had lacked the courage to face. However, unlike Moraga, Anzaldúa moves a step forward in that she does not “stoop” to giving priority to either racism or sexism as the evil to eradicate first; instead, she is embarked on a larger project—that of creating a brand new culture, a hybrid culture, in which all binary opposites are transcended. Her prestige among Latina feminists (and

In particular, they revisit historical figures, such as Doña Marina, as in Lucha Corpi’s “Marina Mother” (1980), and Amerindian myths, as in Naomi Quiñonez’s “La Diosa in Every Woman” (1996). The goal of these revisionist projects is to draw inspiration from strong Mexican and Chicana figures so as to offer present-day Chicanas empowering models that may help them overcome their long history of victimization. Cherríe Moraga, in “En busca de la fuerza femenina” (1991), is also engaged in using the technique of revisionist mythmaking for achieving similar goals. Furthermore, like other Chicana feminist writers, Moraga is intent on redefining both the Chicana and the Chicano identity. She makes the issue of machismo and sexism within the Chicano community a major problem that should be urgently tackled. Eventually, her aim is to offer definitions of Chicanismo that are compatible with homosexuality and with a number of moral values that have not been traditionally associated with Chicano culture. Gloria Anzaldúa, as can be seen in “La Conciencia de la Mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness” (1990), among other texts, is likewise interested in the issues of homosexuality and the Chicana identity. Like Moraga’s, her treatment of the latter is much more complex than the approaches made by Movement Chicana writers, since for Post-Movement writers the Chicana identity implies a number of concentric circles of discrimination that their predecessors had not been fully aware of or had lacked the courage to face. However, unlike Moraga, Anzaldúa moves a step forward in that she does not “stoop” to giving priority to either racism or sexism as the evil to eradicate first; instead, she is embarked on a larger project—that of creating a brand new culture, a hybrid culture, in which all binary opposites are transcended. Her prestige among Latina feminists (and

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necessarily implied giving up the struggle for equality. Yet, the similarities they have seen between their case and the situation of other women of colour, and the consideration of differences among Chicana feminists themselves, has resulted in a thorough questioning of the Chicana identity. Just as Chicano Literature has explored other literary genres and abandoned the combative discourse of the Chicano Movement years for a more subtle one, Chicana feminist writers have began to enter new territories. They have also tackled the problem of their divided loyalties, but they have done so in ways which are not as conspicuous as those of their predecessors in The Movement years.

necessarily implied giving up the struggle for equality. Yet, the similarities they have seen between their case and the situation of other women of colour, and the consideration of differences among Chicana feminists themselves, has resulted in a thorough questioning of the Chicana identity. Just as Chicano Literature has explored other literary genres and abandoned the combative discourse of the Chicano Movement years for a more subtle one, Chicana feminist writers have began to enter new territories. They have also tackled the problem of their divided loyalties, but they have done so in ways which are not as conspicuous as those of their predecessors in The Movement years.

In particular, they revisit historical figures, such as Doña Marina, as in Lucha Corpi’s “Marina Mother” (1980), and Amerindian myths, as in Naomi Quiñonez’s “La Diosa in Every Woman” (1996). The goal of these revisionist projects is to draw inspiration from strong Mexican and Chicana figures so as to offer present-day Chicanas empowering models that may help them overcome their long history of victimization. Cherríe Moraga, in “En busca de la fuerza femenina” (1991), is also engaged in using the technique of revisionist mythmaking for achieving similar goals. Furthermore, like other Chicana feminist writers, Moraga is intent on redefining both the Chicana and the Chicano identity. She makes the issue of machismo and sexism within the Chicano community a major problem that should be urgently tackled. Eventually, her aim is to offer definitions of Chicanismo that are compatible with homosexuality and with a number of moral values that have not been traditionally associated with Chicano culture. Gloria Anzaldúa, as can be seen in “La Conciencia de la Mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness” (1990), among other texts, is likewise interested in the issues of homosexuality and the Chicana identity. Like Moraga’s, her treatment of the latter is much more complex than the approaches made by Movement Chicana writers, since for Post-Movement writers the Chicana identity implies a number of concentric circles of discrimination that their predecessors had not been fully aware of or had lacked the courage to face. However, unlike Moraga, Anzaldúa moves a step forward in that she does not “stoop” to giving priority to either racism or sexism as the evil to eradicate first; instead, she is embarked on a larger project—that of creating a brand new culture, a hybrid culture, in which all binary opposites are transcended. Her prestige among Latina feminists (and

In particular, they revisit historical figures, such as Doña Marina, as in Lucha Corpi’s “Marina Mother” (1980), and Amerindian myths, as in Naomi Quiñonez’s “La Diosa in Every Woman” (1996). The goal of these revisionist projects is to draw inspiration from strong Mexican and Chicana figures so as to offer present-day Chicanas empowering models that may help them overcome their long history of victimization. Cherríe Moraga, in “En busca de la fuerza femenina” (1991), is also engaged in using the technique of revisionist mythmaking for achieving similar goals. Furthermore, like other Chicana feminist writers, Moraga is intent on redefining both the Chicana and the Chicano identity. She makes the issue of machismo and sexism within the Chicano community a major problem that should be urgently tackled. Eventually, her aim is to offer definitions of Chicanismo that are compatible with homosexuality and with a number of moral values that have not been traditionally associated with Chicano culture. Gloria Anzaldúa, as can be seen in “La Conciencia de la Mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness” (1990), among other texts, is likewise interested in the issues of homosexuality and the Chicana identity. Like Moraga’s, her treatment of the latter is much more complex than the approaches made by Movement Chicana writers, since for Post-Movement writers the Chicana identity implies a number of concentric circles of discrimination that their predecessors had not been fully aware of or had lacked the courage to face. However, unlike Moraga, Anzaldúa moves a step forward in that she does not “stoop” to giving priority to either racism or sexism as the evil to eradicate first; instead, she is embarked on a larger project—that of creating a brand new culture, a hybrid culture, in which all binary opposites are transcended. Her prestige among Latina feminists (and


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first-world feminists!) will certainly influence the theorizing on the issue of the Chicana identity in the twenty-first century.

first-world feminists!) will certainly influence the theorizing on the issue of the Chicana identity in the twenty-first century.

While theorists keep working on the new Chicana consciousness at the philosophical level, a number of literary characters who move within the realistic frame, and whose model can be argued to be closer to “real” present-day Chicanas, go on searching for their own places in society. For them, this quest still implies a confrontation with both their Chicano community and the values generally associated with white feminism. An example of this can be seen in Sandra Cisneros’s “Mericans.” This short story’s main character, Michaela/Michel, is still at a loss as to whether she should find her place inside the Church, which metaphorically represents a traditional Chicana identity, or in the plaza, the outside world presided over either by her brothers, who impersonate machismo, or by an American lady who stands for a subtle, but nevertheless vicious, form of racism.

While theorists keep working on the new Chicana consciousness at the philosophical level, a number of literary characters who move within the realistic frame, and whose model can be argued to be closer to “real” present-day Chicanas, go on searching for their own places in society. For them, this quest still implies a confrontation with both their Chicano community and the values generally associated with white feminism. An example of this can be seen in Sandra Cisneros’s “Mericans.” This short story’s main character, Michaela/Michel, is still at a loss as to whether she should find her place inside the Church, which metaphorically represents a traditional Chicana identity, or in the plaza, the outside world presided over either by her brothers, who impersonate machismo, or by an American lady who stands for a subtle, but nevertheless vicious, form of racism.

Ideally, in the years to come the Chicano community would develop a more egalitarian culture, while white feminism would keep rooting out its racist and class biases. While these utopian goals are achieved, Chicana feminist writers will keep offering their personal amalgamations of the Chicano culture and white feminism, and their journey in search of a better world will continue giving vitality to their texts, just as it has happened since the 1960s.

Ideally, in the years to come the Chicano community would develop a more egalitarian culture, while white feminism would keep rooting out its racist and class biases. While these utopian goals are achieved, Chicana feminist writers will keep offering their personal amalgamations of the Chicano culture and white feminism, and their journey in search of a better world will continue giving vitality to their texts, just as it has happened since the 1960s.

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Anzaldúa, G. 1990. “La Conciencia de La Mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness” in G. Anzaldúa ed. Making Face, Making Soul: Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Women of Color. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Foundation Book. 377-389 Ashcroft, B., G. Griffiths & H. Tiffin eds. 1995. The Post-colonial Studies Reader. Londres: Routledge Castillo, A.R. del 1974. “Malintzín Tenepal: A Preliminary Look into a New Perspective.” Encuentro Femenil. 1.2: 58-77 Cervantes, L. D. 1975. “Para un Revolucionario.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 74-75

Anzaldúa, G. 1990. “La Conciencia de La Mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness” in G. Anzaldúa ed. Making Face, Making Soul: Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Women of Color. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Foundation Book. 377-389 Ashcroft, B., G. Griffiths & H. Tiffin eds. 1995. The Post-colonial Studies Reader. Londres: Routledge Castillo, A.R. del 1974. “Malintzín Tenepal: A Preliminary Look into a New Perspective.” Encuentro Femenil. 1.2: 58-77 Cervantes, L. D. 1975. “Para un Revolucionario.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 74-75

46

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

first-world feminists!) will certainly influence the theorizing on the issue of the Chicana identity in the twenty-first century.

first-world feminists!) will certainly influence the theorizing on the issue of the Chicana identity in the twenty-first century.

While theorists keep working on the new Chicana consciousness at the philosophical level, a number of literary characters who move within the realistic frame, and whose model can be argued to be closer to “real” present-day Chicanas, go on searching for their own places in society. For them, this quest still implies a confrontation with both their Chicano community and the values generally associated with white feminism. An example of this can be seen in Sandra Cisneros’s “Mericans.” This short story’s main character, Michaela/Michel, is still at a loss as to whether she should find her place inside the Church, which metaphorically represents a traditional Chicana identity, or in the plaza, the outside world presided over either by her brothers, who impersonate machismo, or by an American lady who stands for a subtle, but nevertheless vicious, form of racism.

While theorists keep working on the new Chicana consciousness at the philosophical level, a number of literary characters who move within the realistic frame, and whose model can be argued to be closer to “real” present-day Chicanas, go on searching for their own places in society. For them, this quest still implies a confrontation with both their Chicano community and the values generally associated with white feminism. An example of this can be seen in Sandra Cisneros’s “Mericans.” This short story’s main character, Michaela/Michel, is still at a loss as to whether she should find her place inside the Church, which metaphorically represents a traditional Chicana identity, or in the plaza, the outside world presided over either by her brothers, who impersonate machismo, or by an American lady who stands for a subtle, but nevertheless vicious, form of racism.

Ideally, in the years to come the Chicano community would develop a more egalitarian culture, while white feminism would keep rooting out its racist and class biases. While these utopian goals are achieved, Chicana feminist writers will keep offering their personal amalgamations of the Chicano culture and white feminism, and their journey in search of a better world will continue giving vitality to their texts, just as it has happened since the 1960s.

Ideally, in the years to come the Chicano community would develop a more egalitarian culture, while white feminism would keep rooting out its racist and class biases. While these utopian goals are achieved, Chicana feminist writers will keep offering their personal amalgamations of the Chicano culture and white feminism, and their journey in search of a better world will continue giving vitality to their texts, just as it has happened since the 1960s.

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Anzaldúa, G. 1990. “La Conciencia de La Mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness” in G. Anzaldúa ed. Making Face, Making Soul: Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Women of Color. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Foundation Book. 377-389 Ashcroft, B., G. Griffiths & H. Tiffin eds. 1995. The Post-colonial Studies Reader. Londres: Routledge Castillo, A.R. del 1974. “Malintzín Tenepal: A Preliminary Look into a New Perspective.” Encuentro Femenil. 1.2: 58-77 Cervantes, L. D. 1975. “Para un Revolucionario.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 74-75

Anzaldúa, G. 1990. “La Conciencia de La Mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness” in G. Anzaldúa ed. Making Face, Making Soul: Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Women of Color. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Foundation Book. 377-389 Ashcroft, B., G. Griffiths & H. Tiffin eds. 1995. The Post-colonial Studies Reader. Londres: Routledge Castillo, A.R. del 1974. “Malintzín Tenepal: A Preliminary Look into a New Perspective.” Encuentro Femenil. 1.2: 58-77 Cervantes, L. D. 1975. “Para un Revolucionario.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 74-75


Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Cisneros, S. 1991. “Mericans.” in Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. New York: Vintage. 17-20 Corpi, L. 1980. (2001) “Marina Mother.” in Palabras de Mediodía / Noon Words. Translated by Catherine Rodríguez-Nieto. Houston, Texas: Arte Público Press. 1980: 118 Duarte, A.S. 1975. “The Brown Women.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 194-196 García, A.M. ed. 1997. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge García, V. 1977 “La Chicana, Chicano Movement and Women’s Liberation.” Chicano Studies Newsletter. Berkeley: University of California-Berkeley. February and March 1977: 1-6 Gonzáles, R. 1967. “Yo soy Joaquín.” Available at: http://www.judybaca.com/dia/text/joaquin.html Hernández, L. 1971. “Mujer.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 109 Montes, A. 1971. “La Nueva Chicana.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 19 Moraga, C. 1991. “En busca de la fuerza femenina.” in L. Corpi ed. Máscaras. Series in Chicana / Latina Studies. Berkeley: Third Woman Press, 1997: 179-187 Nieto Gómez, A. 1971 “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 73 Quiñónez, N. 1987. “La Diosa in Every Woman.” in M. Herrera-Sobek & H.M. Viramontes eds. Chicana Creativity and Criticism. New Frontiers in American Literature. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996: 104-107 Rincón, B. 1975. “Chicanas on the Move.” Regeneración. 2.4: 52 Sánchez, M.E. 1985. Contemporary Chicana Poetry. A Critical Approach to an Emerging Literature. Berkeley: University of California Press Zamora, B. 1977 “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`.” Caracol. 3: 19

Cisneros, S. 1991. “Mericans.” in Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. New York: Vintage. 17-20 Corpi, L. 1980. (2001) “Marina Mother.” in Palabras de Mediodía / Noon Words. Translated by Catherine Rodríguez-Nieto. Houston, Texas: Arte Público Press. 1980: 118 Duarte, A.S. 1975. “The Brown Women.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 194-196 García, A.M. ed. 1997. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge García, V. 1977 “La Chicana, Chicano Movement and Women’s Liberation.” Chicano Studies Newsletter. Berkeley: University of California-Berkeley. February and March 1977: 1-6 Gonzáles, R. 1967. “Yo soy Joaquín.” Available at: http://www.judybaca.com/dia/text/joaquin.html Hernández, L. 1971. “Mujer.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 109 Montes, A. 1971. “La Nueva Chicana.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 19 Moraga, C. 1991. “En busca de la fuerza femenina.” in L. Corpi ed. Máscaras. Series in Chicana / Latina Studies. Berkeley: Third Woman Press, 1997: 179-187 Nieto Gómez, A. 1971 “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 73 Quiñónez, N. 1987. “La Diosa in Every Woman.” in M. Herrera-Sobek & H.M. Viramontes eds. Chicana Creativity and Criticism. New Frontiers in American Literature. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996: 104-107 Rincón, B. 1975. “Chicanas on the Move.” Regeneración. 2.4: 52 Sánchez, M.E. 1985. Contemporary Chicana Poetry. A Critical Approach to an Emerging Literature. Berkeley: University of California Press Zamora, B. 1977 “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`.” Caracol. 3: 19

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

Carolina Fernández Rodríguez Between Guerras and Carnales: Chicana Feminist Writers and ...

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Cisneros, S. 1991. “Mericans.” in Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. New York: Vintage. 17-20 Corpi, L. 1980. (2001) “Marina Mother.” in Palabras de Mediodía / Noon Words. Translated by Catherine Rodríguez-Nieto. Houston, Texas: Arte Público Press. 1980: 118 Duarte, A.S. 1975. “The Brown Women.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 194-196 García, A.M. ed. 1997. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge García, V. 1977 “La Chicana, Chicano Movement and Women’s Liberation.” Chicano Studies Newsletter. Berkeley: University of California-Berkeley. February and March 1977: 1-6 Gonzáles, R. 1967. “Yo soy Joaquín.” Available at: http://www.judybaca.com/dia/text/joaquin.html Hernández, L. 1971. “Mujer.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 109 Montes, A. 1971. “La Nueva Chicana.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 19 Moraga, C. 1991. “En busca de la fuerza femenina.” in L. Corpi ed. Máscaras. Series in Chicana / Latina Studies. Berkeley: Third Woman Press, 1997: 179-187 Nieto Gómez, A. 1971 “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 73 Quiñónez, N. 1987. “La Diosa in Every Woman.” in M. Herrera-Sobek & H.M. Viramontes eds. Chicana Creativity and Criticism. New Frontiers in American Literature. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996: 104-107 Rincón, B. 1975. “Chicanas on the Move.” Regeneración. 2.4: 52 Sánchez, M.E. 1985. Contemporary Chicana Poetry. A Critical Approach to an Emerging Literature. Berkeley: University of California Press Zamora, B. 1977 “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`.” Caracol. 3: 19

47

Cisneros, S. 1991. “Mericans.” in Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. New York: Vintage. 17-20 Corpi, L. 1980. (2001) “Marina Mother.” in Palabras de Mediodía / Noon Words. Translated by Catherine Rodríguez-Nieto. Houston, Texas: Arte Público Press. 1980: 118 Duarte, A.S. 1975. “The Brown Women.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 194-196 García, A.M. ed. 1997. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge García, V. 1977 “La Chicana, Chicano Movement and Women’s Liberation.” Chicano Studies Newsletter. Berkeley: University of California-Berkeley. February and March 1977: 1-6 Gonzáles, R. 1967. “Yo soy Joaquín.” Available at: http://www.judybaca.com/dia/text/joaquin.html Hernández, L. 1971. “Mujer.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 109 Montes, A. 1971. “La Nueva Chicana.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 19 Moraga, C. 1991. “En busca de la fuerza femenina.” in L. Corpi ed. Máscaras. Series in Chicana / Latina Studies. Berkeley: Third Woman Press, 1997: 179-187 Nieto Gómez, A. 1971 “Empieza la Revolución Verdadera.” in A.M. García ed. Chicana Feminist Thought. The Basic Historical Writings. New York and London: Routledge, 1997: 73 Quiñónez, N. 1987. “La Diosa in Every Woman.” in M. Herrera-Sobek & H.M. Viramontes eds. Chicana Creativity and Criticism. New Frontiers in American Literature. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996: 104-107 Rincón, B. 1975. “Chicanas on the Move.” Regeneración. 2.4: 52 Sánchez, M.E. 1985. Contemporary Chicana Poetry. A Critical Approach to an Emerging Literature. Berkeley: University of California Press Zamora, B. 1977 “Notes from a Chicana ´COED`.” Caracol. 3: 19



Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

49

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

49

BRITISH TRADITION AND THE QUEST FOR CANADIAN IDENTITY IN ALICE MUNRO’S NARRATIVES* Mª Teresa González Mínguez mariateresa65@hotmail.com

BRITISH TRADITION AND THE QUEST FOR CANADIAN IDENTITY IN ALICE MUNRO’S NARRATIVES* Mª Teresa González Mínguez mariateresa65@hotmail.com

This article demonstrates how Alice Munro uses Lives of Girls and Women (1971), Hateship, Friendship, Courting, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) to highlight the importance of “Britishness” among the people of Anglo-Saxon origin in Canada and how it influences the other ethnic groups in this country in the quest for a real Canadian identity. Life in towns, British history and traditions, the English language, and its literature are the main factors which export the concept of Canada throughout the world as an unseparable part of the British Empire.

This article demonstrates how Alice Munro uses Lives of Girls and Women (1971), Hateship, Friendship, Courting, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) to highlight the importance of “Britishness” among the people of Anglo-Saxon origin in Canada and how it influences the other ethnic groups in this country in the quest for a real Canadian identity. Life in towns, British history and traditions, the English language, and its literature are the main factors which export the concept of Canada throughout the world as an unseparable part of the British Empire.

Key words: Britishness, small towns, English literature, the Scots, Ontario, the English language, ethnic minorites.

Key words: Britishness, small towns, English literature, the Scots, Ontario, the English language, ethnic minorites.

Este artículo demuestra como Alice Munro utiliza Lives of Girls and Women (1971), Hateship, Friendship, Courting, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) para enfatizar la importancia de la “britaneidad” entre la población de origen anglosajón en Canadá y como influye a los otros grupos étnicos de este país en la búsqueda de una auténtica identidad canadiense. La vida en pequeñas ciudades, la historia de Gran Bretaña y sus tradiciones, la lengua inglesa y su literatura son los principales factores que exportan el concepto de Canadá en el mundo como parte inseparable del imperio británico.

Este artículo demuestra como Alice Munro utiliza Lives of Girls and Women (1971), Hateship, Friendship, Courting, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) para enfatizar la importancia de la “britaneidad” entre la población de origen anglosajón en Canadá y como influye a los otros grupos étnicos de este país en la búsqueda de una auténtica identidad canadiense. La vida en pequeñas ciudades, la historia de Gran Bretaña y sus tradiciones, la lengua inglesa y su literatura son los principales factores que exportan el concepto de Canadá en el mundo como parte inseparable del imperio británico.

Palabras clave: Britaneidad, ciudades pequeñas, literatura inglesa, los escoceses, Ontario, la lengua inglesa, minorías étnicas.

Palabras clave: Britaneidad, ciudades pequeñas, literatura inglesa, los escoceses, Ontario, la lengua inglesa, minorías étnicas.

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

49

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

49

BRITISH TRADITION AND THE QUEST FOR CANADIAN IDENTITY IN ALICE MUNRO’S NARRATIVES* Mª Teresa González Mínguez mariateresa65@hotmail.com

BRITISH TRADITION AND THE QUEST FOR CANADIAN IDENTITY IN ALICE MUNRO’S NARRATIVES* Mª Teresa González Mínguez mariateresa65@hotmail.com

This article demonstrates how Alice Munro uses Lives of Girls and Women (1971), Hateship, Friendship, Courting, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) to highlight the importance of “Britishness” among the people of Anglo-Saxon origin in Canada and how it influences the other ethnic groups in this country in the quest for a real Canadian identity. Life in towns, British history and traditions, the English language, and its literature are the main factors which export the concept of Canada throughout the world as an unseparable part of the British Empire.

This article demonstrates how Alice Munro uses Lives of Girls and Women (1971), Hateship, Friendship, Courting, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) to highlight the importance of “Britishness” among the people of Anglo-Saxon origin in Canada and how it influences the other ethnic groups in this country in the quest for a real Canadian identity. Life in towns, British history and traditions, the English language, and its literature are the main factors which export the concept of Canada throughout the world as an unseparable part of the British Empire.

Key words: Britishness, small towns, English literature, the Scots, Ontario, the English language, ethnic minorites.

Key words: Britishness, small towns, English literature, the Scots, Ontario, the English language, ethnic minorites.

Este artículo demuestra como Alice Munro utiliza Lives of Girls and Women (1971), Hateship, Friendship, Courting, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) para enfatizar la importancia de la “britaneidad” entre la población de origen anglosajón en Canadá y como influye a los otros grupos étnicos de este país en la búsqueda de una auténtica identidad canadiense. La vida en pequeñas ciudades, la historia de Gran Bretaña y sus tradiciones, la lengua inglesa y su literatura son los principales factores que exportan el concepto de Canadá en el mundo como parte inseparable del imperio británico.

Este artículo demuestra como Alice Munro utiliza Lives of Girls and Women (1971), Hateship, Friendship, Courting, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) para enfatizar la importancia de la “britaneidad” entre la población de origen anglosajón en Canadá y como influye a los otros grupos étnicos de este país en la búsqueda de una auténtica identidad canadiense. La vida en pequeñas ciudades, la historia de Gran Bretaña y sus tradiciones, la lengua inglesa y su literatura son los principales factores que exportan el concepto de Canadá en el mundo como parte inseparable del imperio británico.

Palabras clave: Britaneidad, ciudades pequeñas, literatura inglesa, los escoceses, Ontario, la lengua inglesa, minorías étnicas.

Palabras clave: Britaneidad, ciudades pequeñas, literatura inglesa, los escoceses, Ontario, la lengua inglesa, minorías étnicas.

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007


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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Since 1988 Canada is by law a multicultural country. However, we cannot deny the fact that Canada, as a nation, has been modelled on the code of Britishness. “They are the only ones nobody calls foreigners” (17), says the young protagonist of John Marlyn’s Under the Ribs of Death (1993) when he refers to the Britons. No doubt, their workings have shaped the perceptions of the rest of the nationalities co-existing in this wide territory. This is due in part to the fact that a British background has always been considered as more advanced in the scale of modernity and, also because Britishness –as a form of government, as a kind of civilization– has demonstrated that people can create “an orderly society … which provide[s] its members with freedom of conscience and access to economic opportunity regardless of differences of caste and creed” (Coleman 19). Nevertheless, it has been generally assumed that the standards of British Canadians should be assimilated by the non-British: Scottish, Welsh, and, later, Irish immigrants identified with “a certain arrogant superiority and exclusiveness, perhaps characteristic of the English race” (Woodsworth 240). In addition, a hierarchy of racial types organized in descending order from most to least assimilable was unconsciously established.

Since 1988 Canada is by law a multicultural country. However, we cannot deny the fact that Canada, as a nation, has been modelled on the code of Britishness. “They are the only ones nobody calls foreigners” (17), says the young protagonist of John Marlyn’s Under the Ribs of Death (1993) when he refers to the Britons. No doubt, their workings have shaped the perceptions of the rest of the nationalities co-existing in this wide territory. This is due in part to the fact that a British background has always been considered as more advanced in the scale of modernity and, also because Britishness –as a form of government, as a kind of civilization– has demonstrated that people can create “an orderly society … which provide[s] its members with freedom of conscience and access to economic opportunity regardless of differences of caste and creed” (Coleman 19). Nevertheless, it has been generally assumed that the standards of British Canadians should be assimilated by the non-British: Scottish, Welsh, and, later, Irish immigrants identified with “a certain arrogant superiority and exclusiveness, perhaps characteristic of the English race” (Woodsworth 240). In addition, a hierarchy of racial types organized in descending order from most to least assimilable was unconsciously established.

Teresa Gibert notes that the construction of a collective past is a central concept of postmodernism in Canada, where many writers involve readers in a process of remembering history through fiction with narratives (92). As a postmodernist writer, Alice Munro rejects a unified national identity giving an outstanding role to the British heritage in her works. In her first novel Lives of Girls and Women (1971) and in two of her collections of short stories Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) Munro highlights the Britons’ sense of self-improvement and enterprise as central principles of Canadian middle-class concepts. Parallel to this, she tries to show a purified and refined kind of Britishness, superior to the British Isles original.

Teresa Gibert notes that the construction of a collective past is a central concept of postmodernism in Canada, where many writers involve readers in a process of remembering history through fiction with narratives (92). As a postmodernist writer, Alice Munro rejects a unified national identity giving an outstanding role to the British heritage in her works. In her first novel Lives of Girls and Women (1971) and in two of her collections of short stories Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) Munro highlights the Britons’ sense of self-improvement and enterprise as central principles of Canadian middle-class concepts. Parallel to this, she tries to show a purified and refined kind of Britishness, superior to the British Isles original.

The aim of this article is to demonstrate how Alice Munro uses the works mentioned above to emphasize the importance of “Britishness” among the people of Anglo-Saxon stock and how it influences the other nationalities in the country in the quest for a real Canadian identity. Life in small towns, the history of Britain, the English language, the origins of the settlers, their customs and

The aim of this article is to demonstrate how Alice Munro uses the works mentioned above to emphasize the importance of “Britishness” among the people of Anglo-Saxon stock and how it influences the other nationalities in the country in the quest for a real Canadian identity. Life in small towns, the history of Britain, the English language, the origins of the settlers, their customs and

50

50

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Since 1988 Canada is by law a multicultural country. However, we cannot deny the fact that Canada, as a nation, has been modelled on the code of Britishness. “They are the only ones nobody calls foreigners” (17), says the young protagonist of John Marlyn’s Under the Ribs of Death (1993) when he refers to the Britons. No doubt, their workings have shaped the perceptions of the rest of the nationalities co-existing in this wide territory. This is due in part to the fact that a British background has always been considered as more advanced in the scale of modernity and, also because Britishness –as a form of government, as a kind of civilization– has demonstrated that people can create “an orderly society … which provide[s] its members with freedom of conscience and access to economic opportunity regardless of differences of caste and creed” (Coleman 19). Nevertheless, it has been generally assumed that the standards of British Canadians should be assimilated by the non-British: Scottish, Welsh, and, later, Irish immigrants identified with “a certain arrogant superiority and exclusiveness, perhaps characteristic of the English race” (Woodsworth 240). In addition, a hierarchy of racial types organized in descending order from most to least assimilable was unconsciously established.

Since 1988 Canada is by law a multicultural country. However, we cannot deny the fact that Canada, as a nation, has been modelled on the code of Britishness. “They are the only ones nobody calls foreigners” (17), says the young protagonist of John Marlyn’s Under the Ribs of Death (1993) when he refers to the Britons. No doubt, their workings have shaped the perceptions of the rest of the nationalities co-existing in this wide territory. This is due in part to the fact that a British background has always been considered as more advanced in the scale of modernity and, also because Britishness –as a form of government, as a kind of civilization– has demonstrated that people can create “an orderly society … which provide[s] its members with freedom of conscience and access to economic opportunity regardless of differences of caste and creed” (Coleman 19). Nevertheless, it has been generally assumed that the standards of British Canadians should be assimilated by the non-British: Scottish, Welsh, and, later, Irish immigrants identified with “a certain arrogant superiority and exclusiveness, perhaps characteristic of the English race” (Woodsworth 240). In addition, a hierarchy of racial types organized in descending order from most to least assimilable was unconsciously established.

Teresa Gibert notes that the construction of a collective past is a central concept of postmodernism in Canada, where many writers involve readers in a process of remembering history through fiction with narratives (92). As a postmodernist writer, Alice Munro rejects a unified national identity giving an outstanding role to the British heritage in her works. In her first novel Lives of Girls and Women (1971) and in two of her collections of short stories Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) Munro highlights the Britons’ sense of self-improvement and enterprise as central principles of Canadian middle-class concepts. Parallel to this, she tries to show a purified and refined kind of Britishness, superior to the British Isles original.

Teresa Gibert notes that the construction of a collective past is a central concept of postmodernism in Canada, where many writers involve readers in a process of remembering history through fiction with narratives (92). As a postmodernist writer, Alice Munro rejects a unified national identity giving an outstanding role to the British heritage in her works. In her first novel Lives of Girls and Women (1971) and in two of her collections of short stories Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) Munro highlights the Britons’ sense of self-improvement and enterprise as central principles of Canadian middle-class concepts. Parallel to this, she tries to show a purified and refined kind of Britishness, superior to the British Isles original.

The aim of this article is to demonstrate how Alice Munro uses the works mentioned above to emphasize the importance of “Britishness” among the people of Anglo-Saxon stock and how it influences the other nationalities in the country in the quest for a real Canadian identity. Life in small towns, the history of Britain, the English language, the origins of the settlers, their customs and

The aim of this article is to demonstrate how Alice Munro uses the works mentioned above to emphasize the importance of “Britishness” among the people of Anglo-Saxon stock and how it influences the other nationalities in the country in the quest for a real Canadian identity. Life in small towns, the history of Britain, the English language, the origins of the settlers, their customs and


Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

51

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

51

traditions, and the books they read are the most remarkable factors which export the idea of Canada throughout the world as an indivisible part of the British empire.

traditions, and the books they read are the most remarkable factors which export the idea of Canada throughout the world as an indivisible part of the British empire.

Most of the first settlers who built Ontario’s small towns came from Ireland and the rural Highlands of Scotland. The old Scottish values were the source of the new Canadian citizens’ virtues. Scots in Canada have been perfectly able to adapt their rural traditions to contemporary problems and have made the standards of such small towns like Windsor, London, Hamilton, Kitchener, Kingston or Cornwall become models for the rest of the country.1 This way, in “Hateship” (Hateship) it is said that towns in Saskatchewan were not like in Eastern Canada with their beautiful Victorian mansions and old graveyards but “mostly pretty and rudimentary affairs” (5). In a similar way to the little places in Scotland and Ireland, Canadian small towns embrace farms which represent the ownership of the land, tranquillity, family, stability, and old money like the McQuaigs’ estate in “Post and Beam” (Hateship). Contrary to this, cities mean a mix of wealth, noise, violence, corruption, crowding, multicultural proximities, and the loss of old values. In “Trespasses” (Runaway) Toronto is defined as a “crappy town” where a young girl would not deserve to grow up (28). Ontario’s capital city has a shocking effect on Uncle Benny, one of the warmest characters of LGW. When he drives there to bring little Diana back to his small community in Western Ontario, he gets hopelessly lost on its streets. For him, the city landscape is a sinister wasteland full of fast cars and terrifying industrial buildings. Small towns symbolize beauty. Beauty and usefulness are synonymous concepts in the New World as far as they were in primitive farm communities in Britain where profits were extracted from the land and cattle. It does not matter how horrendous the Flats End looks like in LGW as Mr Jordan considers it most appropriate since it is useful for his fur business.

Most of the first settlers who built Ontario’s small towns came from Ireland and the rural Highlands of Scotland. The old Scottish values were the source of the new Canadian citizens’ virtues. Scots in Canada have been perfectly able to adapt their rural traditions to contemporary problems and have made the standards of such small towns like Windsor, London, Hamilton, Kitchener, Kingston or Cornwall become models for the rest of the country.1 This way, in “Hateship” (Hateship) it is said that towns in Saskatchewan were not like in Eastern Canada with their beautiful Victorian mansions and old graveyards but “mostly pretty and rudimentary affairs” (5). In a similar way to the little places in Scotland and Ireland, Canadian small towns embrace farms which represent the ownership of the land, tranquillity, family, stability, and old money like the McQuaigs’ estate in “Post and Beam” (Hateship). Contrary to this, cities mean a mix of wealth, noise, violence, corruption, crowding, multicultural proximities, and the loss of old values. In “Trespasses” (Runaway) Toronto is defined as a “crappy town” where a young girl would not deserve to grow up (28). Ontario’s capital city has a shocking effect on Uncle Benny, one of the warmest characters of LGW. When he drives there to bring little Diana back to his small community in Western Ontario, he gets hopelessly lost on its streets. For him, the city landscape is a sinister wasteland full of fast cars and terrifying industrial buildings. Small towns symbolize beauty. Beauty and usefulness are synonymous concepts in the New World as far as they were in primitive farm communities in Britain where profits were extracted from the land and cattle. It does not matter how horrendous the Flats End looks like in LGW as Mr Jordan considers it most appropriate since it is useful for his fur business.

Unfortunately, this idyllic microcosm is not perfect at all. As William New indicates, the portraits of Canadian towns “focus on hypocrisy as much as community” (157). From the point of view of a person lacking certain economic advantages and feeling like an outcast, Munro stresses duplicity as one of the most celebrated elements of these rural community values. One the one hand she lets us see the vision of those garden alternatives as prototypes of hope and possibility

Unfortunately, this idyllic microcosm is not perfect at all. As William New indicates, the portraits of Canadian towns “focus on hypocrisy as much as community” (157). From the point of view of a person lacking certain economic advantages and feeling like an outcast, Munro stresses duplicity as one of the most celebrated elements of these rural community values. One the one hand she lets us see the vision of those garden alternatives as prototypes of hope and possibility

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

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51

traditions, and the books they read are the most remarkable factors which export the idea of Canada throughout the world as an indivisible part of the British empire.

traditions, and the books they read are the most remarkable factors which export the idea of Canada throughout the world as an indivisible part of the British empire.

Most of the first settlers who built Ontario’s small towns came from Ireland and the rural Highlands of Scotland. The old Scottish values were the source of the new Canadian citizens’ virtues. Scots in Canada have been perfectly able to adapt their rural traditions to contemporary problems and have made the standards of such small towns like Windsor, London, Hamilton, Kitchener, Kingston or Cornwall become models for the rest of the country.1 This way, in “Hateship” (Hateship) it is said that towns in Saskatchewan were not like in Eastern Canada with their beautiful Victorian mansions and old graveyards but “mostly pretty and rudimentary affairs” (5). In a similar way to the little places in Scotland and Ireland, Canadian small towns embrace farms which represent the ownership of the land, tranquillity, family, stability, and old money like the McQuaigs’ estate in “Post and Beam” (Hateship). Contrary to this, cities mean a mix of wealth, noise, violence, corruption, crowding, multicultural proximities, and the loss of old values. In “Trespasses” (Runaway) Toronto is defined as a “crappy town” where a young girl would not deserve to grow up (28). Ontario’s capital city has a shocking effect on Uncle Benny, one of the warmest characters of LGW. When he drives there to bring little Diana back to his small community in Western Ontario, he gets hopelessly lost on its streets. For him, the city landscape is a sinister wasteland full of fast cars and terrifying industrial buildings. Small towns symbolize beauty. Beauty and usefulness are synonymous concepts in the New World as far as they were in primitive farm communities in Britain where profits were extracted from the land and cattle. It does not matter how horrendous the Flats End looks like in LGW as Mr Jordan considers it most appropriate since it is useful for his fur business.

Most of the first settlers who built Ontario’s small towns came from Ireland and the rural Highlands of Scotland. The old Scottish values were the source of the new Canadian citizens’ virtues. Scots in Canada have been perfectly able to adapt their rural traditions to contemporary problems and have made the standards of such small towns like Windsor, London, Hamilton, Kitchener, Kingston or Cornwall become models for the rest of the country.1 This way, in “Hateship” (Hateship) it is said that towns in Saskatchewan were not like in Eastern Canada with their beautiful Victorian mansions and old graveyards but “mostly pretty and rudimentary affairs” (5). In a similar way to the little places in Scotland and Ireland, Canadian small towns embrace farms which represent the ownership of the land, tranquillity, family, stability, and old money like the McQuaigs’ estate in “Post and Beam” (Hateship). Contrary to this, cities mean a mix of wealth, noise, violence, corruption, crowding, multicultural proximities, and the loss of old values. In “Trespasses” (Runaway) Toronto is defined as a “crappy town” where a young girl would not deserve to grow up (28). Ontario’s capital city has a shocking effect on Uncle Benny, one of the warmest characters of LGW. When he drives there to bring little Diana back to his small community in Western Ontario, he gets hopelessly lost on its streets. For him, the city landscape is a sinister wasteland full of fast cars and terrifying industrial buildings. Small towns symbolize beauty. Beauty and usefulness are synonymous concepts in the New World as far as they were in primitive farm communities in Britain where profits were extracted from the land and cattle. It does not matter how horrendous the Flats End looks like in LGW as Mr Jordan considers it most appropriate since it is useful for his fur business.

Unfortunately, this idyllic microcosm is not perfect at all. As William New indicates, the portraits of Canadian towns “focus on hypocrisy as much as community” (157). From the point of view of a person lacking certain economic advantages and feeling like an outcast, Munro stresses duplicity as one of the most celebrated elements of these rural community values. One the one hand she lets us see the vision of those garden alternatives as prototypes of hope and possibility

Unfortunately, this idyllic microcosm is not perfect at all. As William New indicates, the portraits of Canadian towns “focus on hypocrisy as much as community” (157). From the point of view of a person lacking certain economic advantages and feeling like an outcast, Munro stresses duplicity as one of the most celebrated elements of these rural community values. One the one hand she lets us see the vision of those garden alternatives as prototypes of hope and possibility


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as opposed to big cities whose size and economic advantage seem to be the only working criteria of definition. On the other, we can perceive small town people’s falsity, gossiping and pretentiousness. In LGW Mrs Jordan would not talk to Mitch Plim’s wife because she had been a former prostitute. In the same novel Sandy Stevenson’s fat wife was considered almost an alien as she came “from down east, out of the country altogether” (9). In “Hateship” (Hateship) the owner of “Milady”, the clothes shop, cannot understand why people go to the city, drive hundred miles and tell themselves that that way they will get something better than she sells there (13).2 Munro’s attempts to establish a relation between rural Ontario and the great cities in the metropolis make the reader be more aware of the significance of this regional world. Small towns are the reminder of Britain in North America. Looking down from the bridge, Jubilee seems to Del a “pattern of streets named after battles and ladies and monarchs and pioneers” (LGW 248). By accentuating the role of those numerous and indistinguishable small towns or putting, as Walter Martin indicates, “rural Ontario on the map” (192), she wants to obliterate the fact that Canada can often be associated with provincialism and inferiority.3

as opposed to big cities whose size and economic advantage seem to be the only working criteria of definition. On the other, we can perceive small town people’s falsity, gossiping and pretentiousness. In LGW Mrs Jordan would not talk to Mitch Plim’s wife because she had been a former prostitute. In the same novel Sandy Stevenson’s fat wife was considered almost an alien as she came “from down east, out of the country altogether” (9). In “Hateship” (Hateship) the owner of “Milady”, the clothes shop, cannot understand why people go to the city, drive hundred miles and tell themselves that that way they will get something better than she sells there (13).2 Munro’s attempts to establish a relation between rural Ontario and the great cities in the metropolis make the reader be more aware of the significance of this regional world. Small towns are the reminder of Britain in North America. Looking down from the bridge, Jubilee seems to Del a “pattern of streets named after battles and ladies and monarchs and pioneers” (LGW 248). By accentuating the role of those numerous and indistinguishable small towns or putting, as Walter Martin indicates, “rural Ontario on the map” (192), she wants to obliterate the fact that Canada can often be associated with provincialism and inferiority.3

Ailsa Cox points out that Alice Munro “appears to be less conscious of a broader Canadian identity than pioneering inheritance” (6). In fact, Munro wrote to me in a letter: “I write about Scots and Irish Canadians because this is what I am, that is the small-town farm country I am part of ”.4 The people of Scottish-Irish stock are the most salient ethnic group in Canada and Ontario seems to operate as another region of Scotland for her. She even speaks about the time she spent in British Columbia as a kind of exile. Munro describes two Scotlands in Canada: the aristocratic and tragic country sketched as “all bloodshed, drowning, hacking off heads, agony of horses” (LGW 66), and the practical Calvinistic nation which venerates her neighbours’ and her own family’s capacity for improvement singling out the Scots as the inventers and promoters of the concept of Britishness forged in middleclass principles.5 Del’s ancestors in LGW come from Scottish-Irish stock and she documents the life of her hometown taking her British past as an unavoidable reference.6 The young girl is the inheritor of an ancient family tree and her uncle Craig is, according to Coral Ann Howells, “the custodian of tradition”, “the patriarchal figure” (39) who links the Canadian Jordans to the European ones as if the latter were supporting

Ailsa Cox points out that Alice Munro “appears to be less conscious of a broader Canadian identity than pioneering inheritance” (6). In fact, Munro wrote to me in a letter: “I write about Scots and Irish Canadians because this is what I am, that is the small-town farm country I am part of ”.4 The people of Scottish-Irish stock are the most salient ethnic group in Canada and Ontario seems to operate as another region of Scotland for her. She even speaks about the time she spent in British Columbia as a kind of exile. Munro describes two Scotlands in Canada: the aristocratic and tragic country sketched as “all bloodshed, drowning, hacking off heads, agony of horses” (LGW 66), and the practical Calvinistic nation which venerates her neighbours’ and her own family’s capacity for improvement singling out the Scots as the inventers and promoters of the concept of Britishness forged in middleclass principles.5 Del’s ancestors in LGW come from Scottish-Irish stock and she documents the life of her hometown taking her British past as an unavoidable reference.6 The young girl is the inheritor of an ancient family tree and her uncle Craig is, according to Coral Ann Howells, “the custodian of tradition”, “the patriarchal figure” (39) who links the Canadian Jordans to the European ones as if the latter were supporting

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as opposed to big cities whose size and economic advantage seem to be the only working criteria of definition. On the other, we can perceive small town people’s falsity, gossiping and pretentiousness. In LGW Mrs Jordan would not talk to Mitch Plim’s wife because she had been a former prostitute. In the same novel Sandy Stevenson’s fat wife was considered almost an alien as she came “from down east, out of the country altogether” (9). In “Hateship” (Hateship) the owner of “Milady”, the clothes shop, cannot understand why people go to the city, drive hundred miles and tell themselves that that way they will get something better than she sells there (13).2 Munro’s attempts to establish a relation between rural Ontario and the great cities in the metropolis make the reader be more aware of the significance of this regional world. Small towns are the reminder of Britain in North America. Looking down from the bridge, Jubilee seems to Del a “pattern of streets named after battles and ladies and monarchs and pioneers” (LGW 248). By accentuating the role of those numerous and indistinguishable small towns or putting, as Walter Martin indicates, “rural Ontario on the map” (192), she wants to obliterate the fact that Canada can often be associated with provincialism and inferiority.3

as opposed to big cities whose size and economic advantage seem to be the only working criteria of definition. On the other, we can perceive small town people’s falsity, gossiping and pretentiousness. In LGW Mrs Jordan would not talk to Mitch Plim’s wife because she had been a former prostitute. In the same novel Sandy Stevenson’s fat wife was considered almost an alien as she came “from down east, out of the country altogether” (9). In “Hateship” (Hateship) the owner of “Milady”, the clothes shop, cannot understand why people go to the city, drive hundred miles and tell themselves that that way they will get something better than she sells there (13).2 Munro’s attempts to establish a relation between rural Ontario and the great cities in the metropolis make the reader be more aware of the significance of this regional world. Small towns are the reminder of Britain in North America. Looking down from the bridge, Jubilee seems to Del a “pattern of streets named after battles and ladies and monarchs and pioneers” (LGW 248). By accentuating the role of those numerous and indistinguishable small towns or putting, as Walter Martin indicates, “rural Ontario on the map” (192), she wants to obliterate the fact that Canada can often be associated with provincialism and inferiority.3

Ailsa Cox points out that Alice Munro “appears to be less conscious of a broader Canadian identity than pioneering inheritance” (6). In fact, Munro wrote to me in a letter: “I write about Scots and Irish Canadians because this is what I am, that is the small-town farm country I am part of ”.4 The people of Scottish-Irish stock are the most salient ethnic group in Canada and Ontario seems to operate as another region of Scotland for her. She even speaks about the time she spent in British Columbia as a kind of exile. Munro describes two Scotlands in Canada: the aristocratic and tragic country sketched as “all bloodshed, drowning, hacking off heads, agony of horses” (LGW 66), and the practical Calvinistic nation which venerates her neighbours’ and her own family’s capacity for improvement singling out the Scots as the inventers and promoters of the concept of Britishness forged in middleclass principles.5 Del’s ancestors in LGW come from Scottish-Irish stock and she documents the life of her hometown taking her British past as an unavoidable reference.6 The young girl is the inheritor of an ancient family tree and her uncle Craig is, according to Coral Ann Howells, “the custodian of tradition”, “the patriarchal figure” (39) who links the Canadian Jordans to the European ones as if the latter were supporting

Ailsa Cox points out that Alice Munro “appears to be less conscious of a broader Canadian identity than pioneering inheritance” (6). In fact, Munro wrote to me in a letter: “I write about Scots and Irish Canadians because this is what I am, that is the small-town farm country I am part of ”.4 The people of Scottish-Irish stock are the most salient ethnic group in Canada and Ontario seems to operate as another region of Scotland for her. She even speaks about the time she spent in British Columbia as a kind of exile. Munro describes two Scotlands in Canada: the aristocratic and tragic country sketched as “all bloodshed, drowning, hacking off heads, agony of horses” (LGW 66), and the practical Calvinistic nation which venerates her neighbours’ and her own family’s capacity for improvement singling out the Scots as the inventers and promoters of the concept of Britishness forged in middleclass principles.5 Del’s ancestors in LGW come from Scottish-Irish stock and she documents the life of her hometown taking her British past as an unavoidable reference.6 The young girl is the inheritor of an ancient family tree and her uncle Craig is, according to Coral Ann Howells, “the custodian of tradition”, “the patriarchal figure” (39) who links the Canadian Jordans to the European ones as if the latter were supporting


Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

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Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

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them from the past. Munro’s motherland is protective, affectionate and even possesses healing powers: Lauren’s colds are significantly relieved when she drinks the hot toddies that her father prepares for her in “Trespasses” (Runaway). Undoubtedly, the Scottish-Irish Canadians have settled their majority status by means of strengthening a British identity which has not eliminated ancient loyalties such as their respect to a prestigious colonial heritage and the strong preservation of their intra-group relations and old world connections in order to mark their own boundaries and obtain benefits like promotion or upward social mobility—thanks to his Commonwealth links, Lewis, a New Zealander in “Comfort” (Hateship), finds a good job in a town by Lake Huron.

them from the past. Munro’s motherland is protective, affectionate and even possesses healing powers: Lauren’s colds are significantly relieved when she drinks the hot toddies that her father prepares for her in “Trespasses” (Runaway). Undoubtedly, the Scottish-Irish Canadians have settled their majority status by means of strengthening a British identity which has not eliminated ancient loyalties such as their respect to a prestigious colonial heritage and the strong preservation of their intra-group relations and old world connections in order to mark their own boundaries and obtain benefits like promotion or upward social mobility—thanks to his Commonwealth links, Lewis, a New Zealander in “Comfort” (Hateship), finds a good job in a town by Lake Huron.

Canada has fully participated in the creation of the British empire. Hundreds of British Canadians regard the imperial saga as part of their national heritage—at the beginning of the nineteenth century “the excitement of the New Imperialism was almost as intense in Toronto as it was in London” (Heble 393). Munro exhibits many of the Scottish Canadians who populate her works as loyal to the fundamental values of a British constitutional monarchy.7 In LGW Del remembers souvenirs such as a tiny Red Ensign or a Union Jack decorating plenty of houses in Jubilee or a photograph of King George and Queen Elizabeth pinned to the wall at the Public School when they visited Canada in 1939 (250). She is amazed by the picture of the royal couple and the two little princesses in their coronation finery that her uncle Jack kept at home (28) or the red-and-gold tin with the picture of Queen Alexandra that aunts Elspeth and Grace preserved (60). In “Family Furnishings” (Hateship) Alfrida also told stories about the royal family distinguishing “between the good ones like the king and queen and the beautiful Duchess of Kent and the dreadful ones like the Windsors and old King Eddy” (93).

Canada has fully participated in the creation of the British empire. Hundreds of British Canadians regard the imperial saga as part of their national heritage—at the beginning of the nineteenth century “the excitement of the New Imperialism was almost as intense in Toronto as it was in London” (Heble 393). Munro exhibits many of the Scottish Canadians who populate her works as loyal to the fundamental values of a British constitutional monarchy.7 In LGW Del remembers souvenirs such as a tiny Red Ensign or a Union Jack decorating plenty of houses in Jubilee or a photograph of King George and Queen Elizabeth pinned to the wall at the Public School when they visited Canada in 1939 (250). She is amazed by the picture of the royal couple and the two little princesses in their coronation finery that her uncle Jack kept at home (28) or the red-and-gold tin with the picture of Queen Alexandra that aunts Elspeth and Grace preserved (60). In “Family Furnishings” (Hateship) Alfrida also told stories about the royal family distinguishing “between the good ones like the king and queen and the beautiful Duchess of Kent and the dreadful ones like the Windsors and old King Eddy” (93).

In LGW Munro starts introducing the other minorities by mentioning an Austrian Del’s grandfather had hired to work as an employee who eventually became a victim of her aunts’ distrust (33). Years later, when Del grows older, she is surprised at the black hair of Italian girls she had seen in pictures (150). In Hateship and Runaway the writer shows sympathy and understanding for the situation of other ethnic minorities but her focus is nevertheless solidly fixed on the majority figures of the British Canadians. In Hateship the station agent

In LGW Munro starts introducing the other minorities by mentioning an Austrian Del’s grandfather had hired to work as an employee who eventually became a victim of her aunts’ distrust (33). Years later, when Del grows older, she is surprised at the black hair of Italian girls she had seen in pictures (150). In Hateship and Runaway the writer shows sympathy and understanding for the situation of other ethnic minorities but her focus is nevertheless solidly fixed on the majority figures of the British Canadians. In Hateship the station agent

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

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them from the past. Munro’s motherland is protective, affectionate and even possesses healing powers: Lauren’s colds are significantly relieved when she drinks the hot toddies that her father prepares for her in “Trespasses” (Runaway). Undoubtedly, the Scottish-Irish Canadians have settled their majority status by means of strengthening a British identity which has not eliminated ancient loyalties such as their respect to a prestigious colonial heritage and the strong preservation of their intra-group relations and old world connections in order to mark their own boundaries and obtain benefits like promotion or upward social mobility—thanks to his Commonwealth links, Lewis, a New Zealander in “Comfort” (Hateship), finds a good job in a town by Lake Huron.

them from the past. Munro’s motherland is protective, affectionate and even possesses healing powers: Lauren’s colds are significantly relieved when she drinks the hot toddies that her father prepares for her in “Trespasses” (Runaway). Undoubtedly, the Scottish-Irish Canadians have settled their majority status by means of strengthening a British identity which has not eliminated ancient loyalties such as their respect to a prestigious colonial heritage and the strong preservation of their intra-group relations and old world connections in order to mark their own boundaries and obtain benefits like promotion or upward social mobility—thanks to his Commonwealth links, Lewis, a New Zealander in “Comfort” (Hateship), finds a good job in a town by Lake Huron.

Canada has fully participated in the creation of the British empire. Hundreds of British Canadians regard the imperial saga as part of their national heritage—at the beginning of the nineteenth century “the excitement of the New Imperialism was almost as intense in Toronto as it was in London” (Heble 393). Munro exhibits many of the Scottish Canadians who populate her works as loyal to the fundamental values of a British constitutional monarchy.7 In LGW Del remembers souvenirs such as a tiny Red Ensign or a Union Jack decorating plenty of houses in Jubilee or a photograph of King George and Queen Elizabeth pinned to the wall at the Public School when they visited Canada in 1939 (250). She is amazed by the picture of the royal couple and the two little princesses in their coronation finery that her uncle Jack kept at home (28) or the red-and-gold tin with the picture of Queen Alexandra that aunts Elspeth and Grace preserved (60). In “Family Furnishings” (Hateship) Alfrida also told stories about the royal family distinguishing “between the good ones like the king and queen and the beautiful Duchess of Kent and the dreadful ones like the Windsors and old King Eddy” (93).

Canada has fully participated in the creation of the British empire. Hundreds of British Canadians regard the imperial saga as part of their national heritage—at the beginning of the nineteenth century “the excitement of the New Imperialism was almost as intense in Toronto as it was in London” (Heble 393). Munro exhibits many of the Scottish Canadians who populate her works as loyal to the fundamental values of a British constitutional monarchy.7 In LGW Del remembers souvenirs such as a tiny Red Ensign or a Union Jack decorating plenty of houses in Jubilee or a photograph of King George and Queen Elizabeth pinned to the wall at the Public School when they visited Canada in 1939 (250). She is amazed by the picture of the royal couple and the two little princesses in their coronation finery that her uncle Jack kept at home (28) or the red-and-gold tin with the picture of Queen Alexandra that aunts Elspeth and Grace preserved (60). In “Family Furnishings” (Hateship) Alfrida also told stories about the royal family distinguishing “between the good ones like the king and queen and the beautiful Duchess of Kent and the dreadful ones like the Windsors and old King Eddy” (93).

In LGW Munro starts introducing the other minorities by mentioning an Austrian Del’s grandfather had hired to work as an employee who eventually became a victim of her aunts’ distrust (33). Years later, when Del grows older, she is surprised at the black hair of Italian girls she had seen in pictures (150). In Hateship and Runaway the writer shows sympathy and understanding for the situation of other ethnic minorities but her focus is nevertheless solidly fixed on the majority figures of the British Canadians. In Hateship the station agent

In LGW Munro starts introducing the other minorities by mentioning an Austrian Del’s grandfather had hired to work as an employee who eventually became a victim of her aunts’ distrust (33). Years later, when Del grows older, she is surprised at the black hair of Italian girls she had seen in pictures (150). In Hateship and Runaway the writer shows sympathy and understanding for the situation of other ethnic minorities but her focus is nevertheless solidly fixed on the majority figures of the British Canadians. In Hateship the station agent


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spares a thought for all the Czechs, Hungarians and Ukranians living in Saskatchewan (“Hateship” 4); Sunny’s house in Toronto belongs to some people who came from Trinidad a dozen years before (“Nettles” 169); and Queenie danced with a Chinese boy named Andrew drinking the wine that the Greeks had made at a successful intercultural party (“Queenie” 258). As Munro observes in her letter “the racial mix has changed and is changing, making the cities –in particular– much more interesting”.8 This transformation is clearly expressed in Runaway. Robin, the protagonist of “Tricks”, mentions that her little town is now inhabited by people from India, Egypt, the Philippines and Korea and they are her new friends. Nevertheless, she laments that “the old patterns of life, the rules of earlier days, persist to some extent, but a lot of people go their own way without even knowing such things” (263). Some space is also reserved to other Orientals and Canadian aboriginal tribes in this collection. In “Comfort” the narrator is conscious of the fatalities of the newlyarrived Filipino nurses who are caught in the unfamiliar snow (131), in “Silence” the control of the northern parts of the country “is being gradually, cautiously, … , relinquished to the native people” (157).

spares a thought for all the Czechs, Hungarians and Ukranians living in Saskatchewan (“Hateship” 4); Sunny’s house in Toronto belongs to some people who came from Trinidad a dozen years before (“Nettles” 169); and Queenie danced with a Chinese boy named Andrew drinking the wine that the Greeks had made at a successful intercultural party (“Queenie” 258). As Munro observes in her letter “the racial mix has changed and is changing, making the cities –in particular– much more interesting”.8 This transformation is clearly expressed in Runaway. Robin, the protagonist of “Tricks”, mentions that her little town is now inhabited by people from India, Egypt, the Philippines and Korea and they are her new friends. Nevertheless, she laments that “the old patterns of life, the rules of earlier days, persist to some extent, but a lot of people go their own way without even knowing such things” (263). Some space is also reserved to other Orientals and Canadian aboriginal tribes in this collection. In “Comfort” the narrator is conscious of the fatalities of the newlyarrived Filipino nurses who are caught in the unfamiliar snow (131), in “Silence” the control of the northern parts of the country “is being gradually, cautiously, … , relinquished to the native people” (157).

In the 1960s there appeared many advent groups to defend the English language in Canada as the British-Canadians became more aware of themselves as “merely” another ethnic group. Munro uses the English language as a mark of social class. Del’s mother despised the people in the marginal Flats Road by means of “her noticeable use of good grammar” (LGW 8); the Greek landlady in “Queenie” (Hateship) may be quite rich since she owns the whole building of rented apartments but “she doesn’t speak hardly any English” (245), and Grace in “Passion” (Runaway) cannot hide the fact that she is poor because of her strong Ottawa Valley accent (164). Perhaps it is in Runaway where Munro insists on the importance of being British in Canada by elegantly ridiculing the other immigrants, even the other whites –so frequently assimilated to the British– because English is not their mother tongue: Ailo’s strong and insistent German, Dutch, or Scandinavian accent in “Chance” distinguishes her from the other people in the house (77); the Southern European maid’s ungrammaticalities in “Soon” face Julia’s university register (106), and the accents of the Dutch farmers who were patients in the hospital in “Tricks” are mocked by the cruel nurses (243). All this is in contrast

In the 1960s there appeared many advent groups to defend the English language in Canada as the British-Canadians became more aware of themselves as “merely” another ethnic group. Munro uses the English language as a mark of social class. Del’s mother despised the people in the marginal Flats Road by means of “her noticeable use of good grammar” (LGW 8); the Greek landlady in “Queenie” (Hateship) may be quite rich since she owns the whole building of rented apartments but “she doesn’t speak hardly any English” (245), and Grace in “Passion” (Runaway) cannot hide the fact that she is poor because of her strong Ottawa Valley accent (164). Perhaps it is in Runaway where Munro insists on the importance of being British in Canada by elegantly ridiculing the other immigrants, even the other whites –so frequently assimilated to the British– because English is not their mother tongue: Ailo’s strong and insistent German, Dutch, or Scandinavian accent in “Chance” distinguishes her from the other people in the house (77); the Southern European maid’s ungrammaticalities in “Soon” face Julia’s university register (106), and the accents of the Dutch farmers who were patients in the hospital in “Tricks” are mocked by the cruel nurses (243). All this is in contrast

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

spares a thought for all the Czechs, Hungarians and Ukranians living in Saskatchewan (“Hateship” 4); Sunny’s house in Toronto belongs to some people who came from Trinidad a dozen years before (“Nettles” 169); and Queenie danced with a Chinese boy named Andrew drinking the wine that the Greeks had made at a successful intercultural party (“Queenie” 258). As Munro observes in her letter “the racial mix has changed and is changing, making the cities –in particular– much more interesting”.8 This transformation is clearly expressed in Runaway. Robin, the protagonist of “Tricks”, mentions that her little town is now inhabited by people from India, Egypt, the Philippines and Korea and they are her new friends. Nevertheless, she laments that “the old patterns of life, the rules of earlier days, persist to some extent, but a lot of people go their own way without even knowing such things” (263). Some space is also reserved to other Orientals and Canadian aboriginal tribes in this collection. In “Comfort” the narrator is conscious of the fatalities of the newlyarrived Filipino nurses who are caught in the unfamiliar snow (131), in “Silence” the control of the northern parts of the country “is being gradually, cautiously, … , relinquished to the native people” (157).

spares a thought for all the Czechs, Hungarians and Ukranians living in Saskatchewan (“Hateship” 4); Sunny’s house in Toronto belongs to some people who came from Trinidad a dozen years before (“Nettles” 169); and Queenie danced with a Chinese boy named Andrew drinking the wine that the Greeks had made at a successful intercultural party (“Queenie” 258). As Munro observes in her letter “the racial mix has changed and is changing, making the cities –in particular– much more interesting”.8 This transformation is clearly expressed in Runaway. Robin, the protagonist of “Tricks”, mentions that her little town is now inhabited by people from India, Egypt, the Philippines and Korea and they are her new friends. Nevertheless, she laments that “the old patterns of life, the rules of earlier days, persist to some extent, but a lot of people go their own way without even knowing such things” (263). Some space is also reserved to other Orientals and Canadian aboriginal tribes in this collection. In “Comfort” the narrator is conscious of the fatalities of the newlyarrived Filipino nurses who are caught in the unfamiliar snow (131), in “Silence” the control of the northern parts of the country “is being gradually, cautiously, … , relinquished to the native people” (157).

In the 1960s there appeared many advent groups to defend the English language in Canada as the British-Canadians became more aware of themselves as “merely” another ethnic group. Munro uses the English language as a mark of social class. Del’s mother despised the people in the marginal Flats Road by means of “her noticeable use of good grammar” (LGW 8); the Greek landlady in “Queenie” (Hateship) may be quite rich since she owns the whole building of rented apartments but “she doesn’t speak hardly any English” (245), and Grace in “Passion” (Runaway) cannot hide the fact that she is poor because of her strong Ottawa Valley accent (164). Perhaps it is in Runaway where Munro insists on the importance of being British in Canada by elegantly ridiculing the other immigrants, even the other whites –so frequently assimilated to the British– because English is not their mother tongue: Ailo’s strong and insistent German, Dutch, or Scandinavian accent in “Chance” distinguishes her from the other people in the house (77); the Southern European maid’s ungrammaticalities in “Soon” face Julia’s university register (106), and the accents of the Dutch farmers who were patients in the hospital in “Tricks” are mocked by the cruel nurses (243). All this is in contrast

In the 1960s there appeared many advent groups to defend the English language in Canada as the British-Canadians became more aware of themselves as “merely” another ethnic group. Munro uses the English language as a mark of social class. Del’s mother despised the people in the marginal Flats Road by means of “her noticeable use of good grammar” (LGW 8); the Greek landlady in “Queenie” (Hateship) may be quite rich since she owns the whole building of rented apartments but “she doesn’t speak hardly any English” (245), and Grace in “Passion” (Runaway) cannot hide the fact that she is poor because of her strong Ottawa Valley accent (164). Perhaps it is in Runaway where Munro insists on the importance of being British in Canada by elegantly ridiculing the other immigrants, even the other whites –so frequently assimilated to the British– because English is not their mother tongue: Ailo’s strong and insistent German, Dutch, or Scandinavian accent in “Chance” distinguishes her from the other people in the house (77); the Southern European maid’s ungrammaticalities in “Soon” face Julia’s university register (106), and the accents of the Dutch farmers who were patients in the hospital in “Tricks” are mocked by the cruel nurses (243). All this is in contrast


Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

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Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

55

to Mrs Travers’s proud work as a teacher of Business English at a secretarial school or the Oxford Dictionary that she was giving Mavis as if despising the American one they had been using to play word games in “Passion” (162, 171).

to Mrs Travers’s proud work as a teacher of Business English at a secretarial school or the Oxford Dictionary that she was giving Mavis as if despising the American one they had been using to play word games in “Passion” (162, 171).

A national literature is essential for the formation of national character. George Bowering points out that Canadian literature like Canadian history is largely Scottish (qtd. in Coleman 91). Canadians are certainly enriched by the masters of English prose and verse and they take joy in these magnificent possessions. According to JoAnne McCaig, “the literature produced in Canada links [Canadians] with [their] ancestors and with one another …” (38). Many English-speaking writers have marked Alice Munro in order to write her novels and short stories and some others have determined her characters. James Carscallen turns to James Joyce’s The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man as a clear influence in LGW.9 Del Jordan is actually the feminine counterpart of Stephen Dedalus, both brilliant young children who are becoming glorious artists. Munro’s episodes are a type of Bildungsroman, charting a life chronologically. They describe a flux, and, like Thomas Hardy in Tess, show how a concentration of circumstances can determine a whole sequence of events. Two stories in Runaway illustrate this. In “Tricks” strange misunderstandings make Robin’s life change forever and in “Silence” Penelope becomes “a prosperous, practical matron” (156) living in the northern part of the country presumably as a reaction to a too liberal education from her mother.

A national literature is essential for the formation of national character. George Bowering points out that Canadian literature like Canadian history is largely Scottish (qtd. in Coleman 91). Canadians are certainly enriched by the masters of English prose and verse and they take joy in these magnificent possessions. According to JoAnne McCaig, “the literature produced in Canada links [Canadians] with [their] ancestors and with one another …” (38). Many English-speaking writers have marked Alice Munro in order to write her novels and short stories and some others have determined her characters. James Carscallen turns to James Joyce’s The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man as a clear influence in LGW.9 Del Jordan is actually the feminine counterpart of Stephen Dedalus, both brilliant young children who are becoming glorious artists. Munro’s episodes are a type of Bildungsroman, charting a life chronologically. They describe a flux, and, like Thomas Hardy in Tess, show how a concentration of circumstances can determine a whole sequence of events. Two stories in Runaway illustrate this. In “Tricks” strange misunderstandings make Robin’s life change forever and in “Silence” Penelope becomes “a prosperous, practical matron” (156) living in the northern part of the country presumably as a reaction to a too liberal education from her mother.

The XIXth century English poets are also a source of inspiration for Munro. As Walter Martin indicates “she is concerned, as Keats was, with a life of sensations” (187). In LGW, the Wawanash River seems to be a symbol of life that moves between land and water, upper and lower worlds, which suggests that Munro had Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan” in mind. Del’s mother –a book lover who earns her living selling encyclopaedias– signs her letters “Princess Ida”, a name borrowed from Tennyson’s heroine.

The XIXth century English poets are also a source of inspiration for Munro. As Walter Martin indicates “she is concerned, as Keats was, with a life of sensations” (187). In LGW, the Wawanash River seems to be a symbol of life that moves between land and water, upper and lower worlds, which suggests that Munro had Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan” in mind. Del’s mother –a book lover who earns her living selling encyclopaedias– signs her letters “Princess Ida”, a name borrowed from Tennyson’s heroine.

Cox notices that “Along with many teenagers, Munro was obsessed by Wuthering Heights, [a] gothic text … suffused with Calvinist imagery” (3). For Del in LGW, Wuthering Heights is more than a passionate text to be read. It is the urn where to keep a most valuable

Cox notices that “Along with many teenagers, Munro was obsessed by Wuthering Heights, [a] gothic text … suffused with Calvinist imagery” (3). For Del in LGW, Wuthering Heights is more than a passionate text to be read. It is the urn where to keep a most valuable

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

55

55

to Mrs Travers’s proud work as a teacher of Business English at a secretarial school or the Oxford Dictionary that she was giving Mavis as if despising the American one they had been using to play word games in “Passion” (162, 171).

to Mrs Travers’s proud work as a teacher of Business English at a secretarial school or the Oxford Dictionary that she was giving Mavis as if despising the American one they had been using to play word games in “Passion” (162, 171).

A national literature is essential for the formation of national character. George Bowering points out that Canadian literature like Canadian history is largely Scottish (qtd. in Coleman 91). Canadians are certainly enriched by the masters of English prose and verse and they take joy in these magnificent possessions. According to JoAnne McCaig, “the literature produced in Canada links [Canadians] with [their] ancestors and with one another …” (38). Many English-speaking writers have marked Alice Munro in order to write her novels and short stories and some others have determined her characters. James Carscallen turns to James Joyce’s The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man as a clear influence in LGW.9 Del Jordan is actually the feminine counterpart of Stephen Dedalus, both brilliant young children who are becoming glorious artists. Munro’s episodes are a type of Bildungsroman, charting a life chronologically. They describe a flux, and, like Thomas Hardy in Tess, show how a concentration of circumstances can determine a whole sequence of events. Two stories in Runaway illustrate this. In “Tricks” strange misunderstandings make Robin’s life change forever and in “Silence” Penelope becomes “a prosperous, practical matron” (156) living in the northern part of the country presumably as a reaction to a too liberal education from her mother.

A national literature is essential for the formation of national character. George Bowering points out that Canadian literature like Canadian history is largely Scottish (qtd. in Coleman 91). Canadians are certainly enriched by the masters of English prose and verse and they take joy in these magnificent possessions. According to JoAnne McCaig, “the literature produced in Canada links [Canadians] with [their] ancestors and with one another …” (38). Many English-speaking writers have marked Alice Munro in order to write her novels and short stories and some others have determined her characters. James Carscallen turns to James Joyce’s The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man as a clear influence in LGW.9 Del Jordan is actually the feminine counterpart of Stephen Dedalus, both brilliant young children who are becoming glorious artists. Munro’s episodes are a type of Bildungsroman, charting a life chronologically. They describe a flux, and, like Thomas Hardy in Tess, show how a concentration of circumstances can determine a whole sequence of events. Two stories in Runaway illustrate this. In “Tricks” strange misunderstandings make Robin’s life change forever and in “Silence” Penelope becomes “a prosperous, practical matron” (156) living in the northern part of the country presumably as a reaction to a too liberal education from her mother.

The XIXth century English poets are also a source of inspiration for Munro. As Walter Martin indicates “she is concerned, as Keats was, with a life of sensations” (187). In LGW, the Wawanash River seems to be a symbol of life that moves between land and water, upper and lower worlds, which suggests that Munro had Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan” in mind. Del’s mother –a book lover who earns her living selling encyclopaedias– signs her letters “Princess Ida”, a name borrowed from Tennyson’s heroine.

The XIXth century English poets are also a source of inspiration for Munro. As Walter Martin indicates “she is concerned, as Keats was, with a life of sensations” (187). In LGW, the Wawanash River seems to be a symbol of life that moves between land and water, upper and lower worlds, which suggests that Munro had Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan” in mind. Del’s mother –a book lover who earns her living selling encyclopaedias– signs her letters “Princess Ida”, a name borrowed from Tennyson’s heroine.

Cox notices that “Along with many teenagers, Munro was obsessed by Wuthering Heights, [a] gothic text … suffused with Calvinist imagery” (3). For Del in LGW, Wuthering Heights is more than a passionate text to be read. It is the urn where to keep a most valuable

Cox notices that “Along with many teenagers, Munro was obsessed by Wuthering Heights, [a] gothic text … suffused with Calvinist imagery” (3). For Del in LGW, Wuthering Heights is more than a passionate text to be read. It is the urn where to keep a most valuable


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possession. Between its pages she folded “those few poems and bits of a novel” (LGW 62) that she had written. Charlotte Brontë is indeed a model for the young girl. It was better to be like the Romantic writer than “putting herself on the road to marriage” (LGW 191), she proclaimed after thinking about what a normal life could be. Reading The Life of Charlotte Brontë gave her a sense of relief after a horrible hangover and helped her imagine “a nineteenth-century sort of life, walks and studying, rectitude, courtesy, maidenhood, [and] peacefulness” (LGW 190). Other classics fill the bookcases of Alfrida’s family house in “Family Furnishings” (Hateship): The Mill on the Floss, The Call of the Wild, The Heart of Midlothian do not seem like things bought in a store but as “presences rooted in the ground” (101). The XIXth century also reigns in the pages of “Post and Beam” (Hateship), as Lionel thinks he is in a Dickens novel ( 190). It is in “Tricks” (Runaway) where the greatest writer of all appears. Young Robin takes the train to Stratford every summer to watch Shakespeare performances. Wearing beautiful dresses, she prefers going there than to the Royal Alex in Toronto when Broadway musicals are on tour. However, however, she should have learnt the lesson well from The Comedy of Errors and prepared herself to foretell the mix-ups and disasters that natural duplicity brought to her life.

possession. Between its pages she folded “those few poems and bits of a novel” (LGW 62) that she had written. Charlotte Brontë is indeed a model for the young girl. It was better to be like the Romantic writer than “putting herself on the road to marriage” (LGW 191), she proclaimed after thinking about what a normal life could be. Reading The Life of Charlotte Brontë gave her a sense of relief after a horrible hangover and helped her imagine “a nineteenth-century sort of life, walks and studying, rectitude, courtesy, maidenhood, [and] peacefulness” (LGW 190). Other classics fill the bookcases of Alfrida’s family house in “Family Furnishings” (Hateship): The Mill on the Floss, The Call of the Wild, The Heart of Midlothian do not seem like things bought in a store but as “presences rooted in the ground” (101). The XIXth century also reigns in the pages of “Post and Beam” (Hateship), as Lionel thinks he is in a Dickens novel ( 190). It is in “Tricks” (Runaway) where the greatest writer of all appears. Young Robin takes the train to Stratford every summer to watch Shakespeare performances. Wearing beautiful dresses, she prefers going there than to the Royal Alex in Toronto when Broadway musicals are on tour. However, however, she should have learnt the lesson well from The Comedy of Errors and prepared herself to foretell the mix-ups and disasters that natural duplicity brought to her life.

As a conclusion we can state that, although Munro dislikes the role of spokesperson of a national culture, her writings defend the fact that the colonial past is a form of cultural order that inevitably dominates Canada. In her body of work people of British stock keep giving importance to such things as family sagas or names; they are keen on the idea of the persistence of the empire; they feel comfortable with “an image of European dependability” (New 86) as if they were under the protection of their motherland. Hateship and Runaway relate small towns to big cities whose identities have been constructed by their values. New ethnic groups populate their pages but most of them have conformed to British Canadian manners and customs and partially deleted their culture and even their language. The small town characters of LGW are emancipated in Hateship and Runaway mainly because they have matured but they still use Britishness as a fortress and see their nation as an old European country on new soil. In LGW, Runaway and Hateship Munro clearly investigates the nature of her own British Canadian ethnicity. Her perspective on Canada is pluralistic,

As a conclusion we can state that, although Munro dislikes the role of spokesperson of a national culture, her writings defend the fact that the colonial past is a form of cultural order that inevitably dominates Canada. In her body of work people of British stock keep giving importance to such things as family sagas or names; they are keen on the idea of the persistence of the empire; they feel comfortable with “an image of European dependability” (New 86) as if they were under the protection of their motherland. Hateship and Runaway relate small towns to big cities whose identities have been constructed by their values. New ethnic groups populate their pages but most of them have conformed to British Canadian manners and customs and partially deleted their culture and even their language. The small town characters of LGW are emancipated in Hateship and Runaway mainly because they have matured but they still use Britishness as a fortress and see their nation as an old European country on new soil. In LGW, Runaway and Hateship Munro clearly investigates the nature of her own British Canadian ethnicity. Her perspective on Canada is pluralistic,

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

possession. Between its pages she folded “those few poems and bits of a novel” (LGW 62) that she had written. Charlotte Brontë is indeed a model for the young girl. It was better to be like the Romantic writer than “putting herself on the road to marriage” (LGW 191), she proclaimed after thinking about what a normal life could be. Reading The Life of Charlotte Brontë gave her a sense of relief after a horrible hangover and helped her imagine “a nineteenth-century sort of life, walks and studying, rectitude, courtesy, maidenhood, [and] peacefulness” (LGW 190). Other classics fill the bookcases of Alfrida’s family house in “Family Furnishings” (Hateship): The Mill on the Floss, The Call of the Wild, The Heart of Midlothian do not seem like things bought in a store but as “presences rooted in the ground” (101). The XIXth century also reigns in the pages of “Post and Beam” (Hateship), as Lionel thinks he is in a Dickens novel ( 190). It is in “Tricks” (Runaway) where the greatest writer of all appears. Young Robin takes the train to Stratford every summer to watch Shakespeare performances. Wearing beautiful dresses, she prefers going there than to the Royal Alex in Toronto when Broadway musicals are on tour. However, however, she should have learnt the lesson well from The Comedy of Errors and prepared herself to foretell the mix-ups and disasters that natural duplicity brought to her life.

possession. Between its pages she folded “those few poems and bits of a novel” (LGW 62) that she had written. Charlotte Brontë is indeed a model for the young girl. It was better to be like the Romantic writer than “putting herself on the road to marriage” (LGW 191), she proclaimed after thinking about what a normal life could be. Reading The Life of Charlotte Brontë gave her a sense of relief after a horrible hangover and helped her imagine “a nineteenth-century sort of life, walks and studying, rectitude, courtesy, maidenhood, [and] peacefulness” (LGW 190). Other classics fill the bookcases of Alfrida’s family house in “Family Furnishings” (Hateship): The Mill on the Floss, The Call of the Wild, The Heart of Midlothian do not seem like things bought in a store but as “presences rooted in the ground” (101). The XIXth century also reigns in the pages of “Post and Beam” (Hateship), as Lionel thinks he is in a Dickens novel ( 190). It is in “Tricks” (Runaway) where the greatest writer of all appears. Young Robin takes the train to Stratford every summer to watch Shakespeare performances. Wearing beautiful dresses, she prefers going there than to the Royal Alex in Toronto when Broadway musicals are on tour. However, however, she should have learnt the lesson well from The Comedy of Errors and prepared herself to foretell the mix-ups and disasters that natural duplicity brought to her life.

As a conclusion we can state that, although Munro dislikes the role of spokesperson of a national culture, her writings defend the fact that the colonial past is a form of cultural order that inevitably dominates Canada. In her body of work people of British stock keep giving importance to such things as family sagas or names; they are keen on the idea of the persistence of the empire; they feel comfortable with “an image of European dependability” (New 86) as if they were under the protection of their motherland. Hateship and Runaway relate small towns to big cities whose identities have been constructed by their values. New ethnic groups populate their pages but most of them have conformed to British Canadian manners and customs and partially deleted their culture and even their language. The small town characters of LGW are emancipated in Hateship and Runaway mainly because they have matured but they still use Britishness as a fortress and see their nation as an old European country on new soil. In LGW, Runaway and Hateship Munro clearly investigates the nature of her own British Canadian ethnicity. Her perspective on Canada is pluralistic,

As a conclusion we can state that, although Munro dislikes the role of spokesperson of a national culture, her writings defend the fact that the colonial past is a form of cultural order that inevitably dominates Canada. In her body of work people of British stock keep giving importance to such things as family sagas or names; they are keen on the idea of the persistence of the empire; they feel comfortable with “an image of European dependability” (New 86) as if they were under the protection of their motherland. Hateship and Runaway relate small towns to big cities whose identities have been constructed by their values. New ethnic groups populate their pages but most of them have conformed to British Canadian manners and customs and partially deleted their culture and even their language. The small town characters of LGW are emancipated in Hateship and Runaway mainly because they have matured but they still use Britishness as a fortress and see their nation as an old European country on new soil. In LGW, Runaway and Hateship Munro clearly investigates the nature of her own British Canadian ethnicity. Her perspective on Canada is pluralistic,


Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

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Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

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but she knows that her point of view is a majority one in Canadian society. The final sentences of her kind letter to me are revealing, “If I were able to ‘feel’ my way into the life of somebody from Portugal – perhaps– or Jamaica or Croatia, now a Canadian, I’d love to do it. But it would not be as authentic as it should be”.10

but she knows that her point of view is a majority one in Canadian society. The final sentences of her kind letter to me are revealing, “If I were able to ‘feel’ my way into the life of somebody from Portugal – perhaps– or Jamaica or Croatia, now a Canadian, I’d love to do it. But it would not be as authentic as it should be”.10

NOTES:

NOTES:

1

Munro’s own father wanted to reconstruct a vanished way of life, down to the details of farming practices, social rituals and food and drink as if he were in Britain. 2 Munro herself also suffered from the consequences of this double dealing, as in 1976 LGW was removed from the grade 13 curriculum at Kenner High School because of its sexual context. 3 Like Jane Austen she invents the names of small communities and leaves the names of big cities untouched. As in Austen’s novels her imagined landscape of small towns, rivers, lakes and isolated farmsteads do not need to be named. They have become so familiar to her regular readers that they can feel southwestern Ontario at home. 4 Letter to the author. Sept 18th 2006. I visited Canada in summer 2005 and, among many other books, I bought Alice Munro’s Runaway. When I started writing this article, I decided to ask Munro herself about her feelings as a Scots-Canadian. Then I sent an envelope to the editorial place with two letters, one for them and another for Munro, begging them to send it to her home. Months later I surprisingly received a handwritten letter from Munro thanking me for my interest and answering all my questions. 5 The fictional towns which recur in LGW, Walley, Jubilee or Carstairs, are explored through strategies associated with the local and oral history as the histories of Scottish clans and families. 6 Scottish and Irish immigrants sometimes waved the term Britishness as opposed to Englishness, so they continued the same rivalry as in the metropolis. 7 At the beginning of the XXth century for the Canadians there was not much difference between a Canadian Briton and a British

1

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

Mª Teresa González Mínguez British Tradition and the Quest for Canadian Identity in Alice...

57

Munro’s own father wanted to reconstruct a vanished way of life, down to the details of farming practices, social rituals and food and drink as if he were in Britain. 2 Munro herself also suffered from the consequences of this double dealing, as in 1976 LGW was removed from the grade 13 curriculum at Kenner High School because of its sexual context. 3 Like Jane Austen she invents the names of small communities and leaves the names of big cities untouched. As in Austen’s novels her imagined landscape of small towns, rivers, lakes and isolated farmsteads do not need to be named. They have become so familiar to her regular readers that they can feel southwestern Ontario at home. 4 Letter to the author. Sept 18th 2006. I visited Canada in summer 2005 and, among many other books, I bought Alice Munro’s Runaway. When I started writing this article, I decided to ask Munro herself about her feelings as a Scots-Canadian. Then I sent an envelope to the editorial place with two letters, one for them and another for Munro, begging them to send it to her home. Months later I surprisingly received a handwritten letter from Munro thanking me for my interest and answering all my questions. 5 The fictional towns which recur in LGW, Walley, Jubilee or Carstairs, are explored through strategies associated with the local and oral history as the histories of Scottish clans and families. 6 Scottish and Irish immigrants sometimes waved the term Britishness as opposed to Englishness, so they continued the same rivalry as in the metropolis. 7 At the beginning of the XXth century for the Canadians there was not much difference between a Canadian Briton and a British

57

but she knows that her point of view is a majority one in Canadian society. The final sentences of her kind letter to me are revealing, “If I were able to ‘feel’ my way into the life of somebody from Portugal – perhaps– or Jamaica or Croatia, now a Canadian, I’d love to do it. But it would not be as authentic as it should be”.10

but she knows that her point of view is a majority one in Canadian society. The final sentences of her kind letter to me are revealing, “If I were able to ‘feel’ my way into the life of somebody from Portugal – perhaps– or Jamaica or Croatia, now a Canadian, I’d love to do it. But it would not be as authentic as it should be”.10

NOTES:

NOTES:

1

1

Munro’s own father wanted to reconstruct a vanished way of life, down to the details of farming practices, social rituals and food and drink as if he were in Britain. 2 Munro herself also suffered from the consequences of this double dealing, as in 1976 LGW was removed from the grade 13 curriculum at Kenner High School because of its sexual context. 3 Like Jane Austen she invents the names of small communities and leaves the names of big cities untouched. As in Austen’s novels her imagined landscape of small towns, rivers, lakes and isolated farmsteads do not need to be named. They have become so familiar to her regular readers that they can feel southwestern Ontario at home. 4 Letter to the author. Sept 18th 2006. I visited Canada in summer 2005 and, among many other books, I bought Alice Munro’s Runaway. When I started writing this article, I decided to ask Munro herself about her feelings as a Scots-Canadian. Then I sent an envelope to the editorial place with two letters, one for them and another for Munro, begging them to send it to her home. Months later I surprisingly received a handwritten letter from Munro thanking me for my interest and answering all my questions. 5 The fictional towns which recur in LGW, Walley, Jubilee or Carstairs, are explored through strategies associated with the local and oral history as the histories of Scottish clans and families. 6 Scottish and Irish immigrants sometimes waved the term Britishness as opposed to Englishness, so they continued the same rivalry as in the metropolis. 7 At the beginning of the XXth century for the Canadians there was not much difference between a Canadian Briton and a British

Munro’s own father wanted to reconstruct a vanished way of life, down to the details of farming practices, social rituals and food and drink as if he were in Britain. 2 Munro herself also suffered from the consequences of this double dealing, as in 1976 LGW was removed from the grade 13 curriculum at Kenner High School because of its sexual context. 3 Like Jane Austen she invents the names of small communities and leaves the names of big cities untouched. As in Austen’s novels her imagined landscape of small towns, rivers, lakes and isolated farmsteads do not need to be named. They have become so familiar to her regular readers that they can feel southwestern Ontario at home. 4 Letter to the author. Sept 18th 2006. I visited Canada in summer 2005 and, among many other books, I bought Alice Munro’s Runaway. When I started writing this article, I decided to ask Munro herself about her feelings as a Scots-Canadian. Then I sent an envelope to the editorial place with two letters, one for them and another for Munro, begging them to send it to her home. Months later I surprisingly received a handwritten letter from Munro thanking me for my interest and answering all my questions. 5 The fictional towns which recur in LGW, Walley, Jubilee or Carstairs, are explored through strategies associated with the local and oral history as the histories of Scottish clans and families. 6 Scottish and Irish immigrants sometimes waved the term Britishness as opposed to Englishness, so they continued the same rivalry as in the metropolis. 7 At the beginning of the XXth century for the Canadians there was not much difference between a Canadian Briton and a British


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Briton. Their accents were different but they usually honoured the same ideals. 8 Letter to the author. Sept 18th 2006. 9 English literature also had a sedative power in Del’s family: her own father read the same books over and over again and ironically said that H. G. Wells’s Outline of History and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe put himself to sleep. 10 Letter to the author 18 Sept 2006.

Briton. Their accents were different but they usually honoured the same ideals. 8 Letter to the author. Sept 18th 2006. 9 English literature also had a sedative power in Del’s family: her own father read the same books over and over again and ironically said that H. G. Wells’s Outline of History and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe put himself to sleep. 10 Letter to the author 18 Sept 2006.

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Carscallen, James. 1993. The Other Country. Patterns in the Writing of Alice Munro. Oakville, Ontario: EGW Press. Coleman, Daniel. 2006. White Civility. The Literary Project of White Canada. Toronto: U of Toronto P. Cox, Ailsa. 2004. Alice Munro. Horndon, Tavistock: Northcote House Publishers. Gibert, Teresa. 2004. Literatura Canadiense en Lengua Inglesa. Madrid: UNED. Howells, Coral Ann. 1998. Alice Munro. Manchester: Manchester UP. Heble, Ajay et al. 1997. New Contexts of Canadian Criticism. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. Marlyn, John. 1993. Under the Ribs of Death. Toronto: M&S. Martín, Walter. 1987. Alice Munro. Paradox and Parallel. Edmonton: the U of Alberta P. McCaig, JoAnne. 2002. Reading In. Alice Munro’s Archives. Toronto: Wilfried Laurier UP. Munro, Alice. 1971. Lives of Girls and Women. Hardmondsworth: Penguin. ___________. 2001. Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage. London: Chatto & Windhus. __________. 2006. Runaway. Toronto: M&S. New, William. 1997. Land Sliding: Imagining Space, Presence, and Power in Canadian Writing. Toronto: U of Toronto P. Woodsworth, James S. 1972. Strangers within Our Gates, or Coming Canadians. Toronto: U of Toronto P.

Carscallen, James. 1993. The Other Country. Patterns in the Writing of Alice Munro. Oakville, Ontario: EGW Press. Coleman, Daniel. 2006. White Civility. The Literary Project of White Canada. Toronto: U of Toronto P. Cox, Ailsa. 2004. Alice Munro. Horndon, Tavistock: Northcote House Publishers. Gibert, Teresa. 2004. Literatura Canadiense en Lengua Inglesa. Madrid: UNED. Howells, Coral Ann. 1998. Alice Munro. Manchester: Manchester UP. Heble, Ajay et al. 1997. New Contexts of Canadian Criticism. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. Marlyn, John. 1993. Under the Ribs of Death. Toronto: M&S. Martín, Walter. 1987. Alice Munro. Paradox and Parallel. Edmonton: the U of Alberta P. McCaig, JoAnne. 2002. Reading In. Alice Munro’s Archives. Toronto: Wilfried Laurier UP. Munro, Alice. 1971. Lives of Girls and Women. Hardmondsworth: Penguin. ___________. 2001. Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage. London: Chatto & Windhus. __________. 2006. Runaway. Toronto: M&S. New, William. 1997. Land Sliding: Imagining Space, Presence, and Power in Canadian Writing. Toronto: U of Toronto P. Woodsworth, James S. 1972. Strangers within Our Gates, or Coming Canadians. Toronto: U of Toronto P.

58

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Briton. Their accents were different but they usually honoured the same ideals. 8 Letter to the author. Sept 18th 2006. 9 English literature also had a sedative power in Del’s family: her own father read the same books over and over again and ironically said that H. G. Wells’s Outline of History and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe put himself to sleep. 10 Letter to the author 18 Sept 2006.

Briton. Their accents were different but they usually honoured the same ideals. 8 Letter to the author. Sept 18th 2006. 9 English literature also had a sedative power in Del’s family: her own father read the same books over and over again and ironically said that H. G. Wells’s Outline of History and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe put himself to sleep. 10 Letter to the author 18 Sept 2006.

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Carscallen, James. 1993. The Other Country. Patterns in the Writing of Alice Munro. Oakville, Ontario: EGW Press. Coleman, Daniel. 2006. White Civility. The Literary Project of White Canada. Toronto: U of Toronto P. Cox, Ailsa. 2004. Alice Munro. Horndon, Tavistock: Northcote House Publishers. Gibert, Teresa. 2004. Literatura Canadiense en Lengua Inglesa. Madrid: UNED. Howells, Coral Ann. 1998. Alice Munro. Manchester: Manchester UP. Heble, Ajay et al. 1997. New Contexts of Canadian Criticism. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. Marlyn, John. 1993. Under the Ribs of Death. Toronto: M&S. Martín, Walter. 1987. Alice Munro. Paradox and Parallel. Edmonton: the U of Alberta P. McCaig, JoAnne. 2002. Reading In. Alice Munro’s Archives. Toronto: Wilfried Laurier UP. Munro, Alice. 1971. Lives of Girls and Women. Hardmondsworth: Penguin. ___________. 2001. Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage. London: Chatto & Windhus. __________. 2006. Runaway. Toronto: M&S. New, William. 1997. Land Sliding: Imagining Space, Presence, and Power in Canadian Writing. Toronto: U of Toronto P. Woodsworth, James S. 1972. Strangers within Our Gates, or Coming Canadians. Toronto: U of Toronto P.

Carscallen, James. 1993. The Other Country. Patterns in the Writing of Alice Munro. Oakville, Ontario: EGW Press. Coleman, Daniel. 2006. White Civility. The Literary Project of White Canada. Toronto: U of Toronto P. Cox, Ailsa. 2004. Alice Munro. Horndon, Tavistock: Northcote House Publishers. Gibert, Teresa. 2004. Literatura Canadiense en Lengua Inglesa. Madrid: UNED. Howells, Coral Ann. 1998. Alice Munro. Manchester: Manchester UP. Heble, Ajay et al. 1997. New Contexts of Canadian Criticism. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. Marlyn, John. 1993. Under the Ribs of Death. Toronto: M&S. Martín, Walter. 1987. Alice Munro. Paradox and Parallel. Edmonton: the U of Alberta P. McCaig, JoAnne. 2002. Reading In. Alice Munro’s Archives. Toronto: Wilfried Laurier UP. Munro, Alice. 1971. Lives of Girls and Women. Hardmondsworth: Penguin. ___________. 2001. Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage. London: Chatto & Windhus. __________. 2006. Runaway. Toronto: M&S. New, William. 1997. Land Sliding: Imagining Space, Presence, and Power in Canadian Writing. Toronto: U of Toronto P. Woodsworth, James S. 1972. Strangers within Our Gates, or Coming Canadians. Toronto: U of Toronto P.


Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

59

LA SUBVERSIÓN DEL GÉNERO POLICÍACO EN THE ENIGMA DE JOHN FOWLES* Luisa Mª González Rodríguez Universidad de Salamanca luisagr@usal.es

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

59

LA SUBVERSIÓN DEL GÉNERO POLICÍACO EN THE ENIGMA DE JOHN FOWLES* Luisa Mª González Rodríguez Universidad de Salamanca luisagr@usal.es

This paper focuses on how Fowles’s “The Enigma” subverts the conventions of the classical detective genre to foreground the world as a strange and mysterious place, thereby destroying the closure and positivism inherent in the genre parodied. In this story detective fiction is evoked intertextually in order to undermine the reader’s expectations by questioning the notion of objective reality and the detective’s function in a postmodern context. “The Enigma” is analyzed from a metafictional perspective since the narrative games Fowles creates between surrogates of writers and readers try to undermine the detective’s search for answers by reflecting on the boundaries between reality and fiction and on the nature of storytelling.

This paper focuses on how Fowles’s “The Enigma” subverts the conventions of the classical detective genre to foreground the world as a strange and mysterious place, thereby destroying the closure and positivism inherent in the genre parodied. In this story detective fiction is evoked intertextually in order to undermine the reader’s expectations by questioning the notion of objective reality and the detective’s function in a postmodern context. “The Enigma” is analyzed from a metafictional perspective since the narrative games Fowles creates between surrogates of writers and readers try to undermine the detective’s search for answers by reflecting on the boundaries between reality and fiction and on the nature of storytelling.

Key words: detective genre, metafiction, intertextuality, mise en abyme, postmodernism, anti-detective fiction

Key words: detective genre, metafiction, intertextuality, mise en abyme, postmodernism, anti-detective fiction

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el modo en que Fowles manipula las convenciones del género policíaco en su relato titulado “The Enigma” con la finalidad de presentar una realidad extraña y misteriosa. En este relato se evoca un género que responde a la necesidad de certidumbre del lector para burlarse de las expectativas generadas y cuestionar nuestra noción de objetividad y la función del detective en la época postmoderna. “The Enigma” se analiza desde una perspectiva metaficcional ya que los juegos narrativos que Fowles plantea entre autores y lectores ficticios se proponen desviar el interés del detective por encontrar respuestas y centrarse en la distinción entre ficción y realidad y en el acto de la lectura como

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el modo en que Fowles manipula las convenciones del género policíaco en su relato titulado “The Enigma” con la finalidad de presentar una realidad extraña y misteriosa. En este relato se evoca un género que responde a la necesidad de certidumbre del lector para burlarse de las expectativas generadas y cuestionar nuestra noción de objetividad y la función del detective en la época postmoderna. “The Enigma” se analiza desde una perspectiva metaficcional ya que los juegos narrativos que Fowles plantea entre autores y lectores ficticios se proponen desviar el interés del detective por encontrar respuestas y centrarse en la distinción entre ficción y realidad y en el acto de la lectura como

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

Este artículo ha contado con la financiación de un proyecto de investigación de la Junta de Castilla y León Ref. SA 082A07.

Este artículo ha contado con la financiación de un proyecto de investigación de la Junta de Castilla y León Ref. SA 082A07.

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

59

LA SUBVERSIÓN DEL GÉNERO POLICÍACO EN THE ENIGMA DE JOHN FOWLES* Luisa Mª González Rodríguez Universidad de Salamanca luisagr@usal.es

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

59

LA SUBVERSIÓN DEL GÉNERO POLICÍACO EN THE ENIGMA DE JOHN FOWLES* Luisa Mª González Rodríguez Universidad de Salamanca luisagr@usal.es

This paper focuses on how Fowles’s “The Enigma” subverts the conventions of the classical detective genre to foreground the world as a strange and mysterious place, thereby destroying the closure and positivism inherent in the genre parodied. In this story detective fiction is evoked intertextually in order to undermine the reader’s expectations by questioning the notion of objective reality and the detective’s function in a postmodern context. “The Enigma” is analyzed from a metafictional perspective since the narrative games Fowles creates between surrogates of writers and readers try to undermine the detective’s search for answers by reflecting on the boundaries between reality and fiction and on the nature of storytelling.

This paper focuses on how Fowles’s “The Enigma” subverts the conventions of the classical detective genre to foreground the world as a strange and mysterious place, thereby destroying the closure and positivism inherent in the genre parodied. In this story detective fiction is evoked intertextually in order to undermine the reader’s expectations by questioning the notion of objective reality and the detective’s function in a postmodern context. “The Enigma” is analyzed from a metafictional perspective since the narrative games Fowles creates between surrogates of writers and readers try to undermine the detective’s search for answers by reflecting on the boundaries between reality and fiction and on the nature of storytelling.

Key words: detective genre, metafiction, intertextuality, mise en abyme, postmodernism, anti-detective fiction

Key words: detective genre, metafiction, intertextuality, mise en abyme, postmodernism, anti-detective fiction

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el modo en que Fowles manipula las convenciones del género policíaco en su relato titulado “The Enigma” con la finalidad de presentar una realidad extraña y misteriosa. En este relato se evoca un género que responde a la necesidad de certidumbre del lector para burlarse de las expectativas generadas y cuestionar nuestra noción de objetividad y la función del detective en la época postmoderna. “The Enigma” se analiza desde una perspectiva metaficcional ya que los juegos narrativos que Fowles plantea entre autores y lectores ficticios se proponen desviar el interés del detective por encontrar respuestas y centrarse en la distinción entre ficción y realidad y en el acto de la lectura como

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el modo en que Fowles manipula las convenciones del género policíaco en su relato titulado “The Enigma” con la finalidad de presentar una realidad extraña y misteriosa. En este relato se evoca un género que responde a la necesidad de certidumbre del lector para burlarse de las expectativas generadas y cuestionar nuestra noción de objetividad y la función del detective en la época postmoderna. “The Enigma” se analiza desde una perspectiva metaficcional ya que los juegos narrativos que Fowles plantea entre autores y lectores ficticios se proponen desviar el interés del detective por encontrar respuestas y centrarse en la distinción entre ficción y realidad y en el acto de la lectura como

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

Este artículo ha contado con la financiación de un proyecto de investigación de la Junta de Castilla y León Ref. SA 082A07.

Este artículo ha contado con la financiación de un proyecto de investigación de la Junta de Castilla y León Ref. SA 082A07.


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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

reflexión sobre las condiciones en que se genera e interpreta el significado.

reflexión sobre las condiciones en que se genera e interpreta el significado.

Palabras clave: género policíaco, metaficción, intertextualidad, mise en abyme, postmodernismo, ficción antipolicíaca

Palabras clave: género policíaco, metaficción, intertextualidad, mise en abyme, postmodernismo, ficción antipolicíaca

El postmodernismo, al preocuparse por explorar las formas de representación de la realidad y su problemática, se interesa inevitablemente por el género policíaco, cuyo énfasis sobre la explicación lógica del universo de ficción manifiesta una concepción positivista y racionalista de la realidad. Este género, heredero del romance o del género caballeresco medieval en cuanto a la existencia de un héroe que emprende una aventura solitaria para restaurar el orden social (Frye 1976: 138), se ajusta a unas convenciones muy estrictas dentro de una estructura lineal y teleológica. La ficción policíaca representa la certeza reconfortante de que el detective finalmente solucionará el misterio basándose en deducciones lógicas. Para los escritores postmodernos, la representación del universo de ficción como una estructura coherente con un final cerrado parece responder al deseo de superar la ansiedad que produce una realidad caótica e inaprensible. Además, el postmodernismo considera que este género, que refleja los valores sociales y los miedos de su tiempo, es claramente ideológico en su defensa de las ideas positivistas que defienden un universo perfectamente estructurado donde impere el orden y la razón. En palabras de Swope, “the detective novel solves not only the ‘affront to reason’ that emerges within its pages but also functions as a site of ideological containment, reinscribing the positivistic notion that the world, and the self, is known and knowable” (1998: 207). De ahí que, debido a su mensaje claramente conservador, este género se preste a ser evocado intertextualmente con intenciones paródicas. Se revisan así las convenciones del género negándose a solucionar los misterios que plantea y proponiendo una ficción en la que puedan interaccionar dialógicamente diferentes verdades y diferentes representaciones de la realidad. Esta revisión de las convenciones del género policíaco ha dado lugar a un tipo de ficción de inspiración borgiana, la ficción metafísica o anti-policíaca, que, burlándose de las convenciones que imita, abandona la investigación

El postmodernismo, al preocuparse por explorar las formas de representación de la realidad y su problemática, se interesa inevitablemente por el género policíaco, cuyo énfasis sobre la explicación lógica del universo de ficción manifiesta una concepción positivista y racionalista de la realidad. Este género, heredero del romance o del género caballeresco medieval en cuanto a la existencia de un héroe que emprende una aventura solitaria para restaurar el orden social (Frye 1976: 138), se ajusta a unas convenciones muy estrictas dentro de una estructura lineal y teleológica. La ficción policíaca representa la certeza reconfortante de que el detective finalmente solucionará el misterio basándose en deducciones lógicas. Para los escritores postmodernos, la representación del universo de ficción como una estructura coherente con un final cerrado parece responder al deseo de superar la ansiedad que produce una realidad caótica e inaprensible. Además, el postmodernismo considera que este género, que refleja los valores sociales y los miedos de su tiempo, es claramente ideológico en su defensa de las ideas positivistas que defienden un universo perfectamente estructurado donde impere el orden y la razón. En palabras de Swope, “the detective novel solves not only the ‘affront to reason’ that emerges within its pages but also functions as a site of ideological containment, reinscribing the positivistic notion that the world, and the self, is known and knowable” (1998: 207). De ahí que, debido a su mensaje claramente conservador, este género se preste a ser evocado intertextualmente con intenciones paródicas. Se revisan así las convenciones del género negándose a solucionar los misterios que plantea y proponiendo una ficción en la que puedan interaccionar dialógicamente diferentes verdades y diferentes representaciones de la realidad. Esta revisión de las convenciones del género policíaco ha dado lugar a un tipo de ficción de inspiración borgiana, la ficción metafísica o anti-policíaca, que, burlándose de las convenciones que imita, abandona la investigación

60

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

reflexión sobre las condiciones en que se genera e interpreta el significado.

reflexión sobre las condiciones en que se genera e interpreta el significado.

Palabras clave: género policíaco, metaficción, intertextualidad, mise en abyme, postmodernismo, ficción antipolicíaca

Palabras clave: género policíaco, metaficción, intertextualidad, mise en abyme, postmodernismo, ficción antipolicíaca

El postmodernismo, al preocuparse por explorar las formas de representación de la realidad y su problemática, se interesa inevitablemente por el género policíaco, cuyo énfasis sobre la explicación lógica del universo de ficción manifiesta una concepción positivista y racionalista de la realidad. Este género, heredero del romance o del género caballeresco medieval en cuanto a la existencia de un héroe que emprende una aventura solitaria para restaurar el orden social (Frye 1976: 138), se ajusta a unas convenciones muy estrictas dentro de una estructura lineal y teleológica. La ficción policíaca representa la certeza reconfortante de que el detective finalmente solucionará el misterio basándose en deducciones lógicas. Para los escritores postmodernos, la representación del universo de ficción como una estructura coherente con un final cerrado parece responder al deseo de superar la ansiedad que produce una realidad caótica e inaprensible. Además, el postmodernismo considera que este género, que refleja los valores sociales y los miedos de su tiempo, es claramente ideológico en su defensa de las ideas positivistas que defienden un universo perfectamente estructurado donde impere el orden y la razón. En palabras de Swope, “the detective novel solves not only the ‘affront to reason’ that emerges within its pages but also functions as a site of ideological containment, reinscribing the positivistic notion that the world, and the self, is known and knowable” (1998: 207). De ahí que, debido a su mensaje claramente conservador, este género se preste a ser evocado intertextualmente con intenciones paródicas. Se revisan así las convenciones del género negándose a solucionar los misterios que plantea y proponiendo una ficción en la que puedan interaccionar dialógicamente diferentes verdades y diferentes representaciones de la realidad. Esta revisión de las convenciones del género policíaco ha dado lugar a un tipo de ficción de inspiración borgiana, la ficción metafísica o anti-policíaca, que, burlándose de las convenciones que imita, abandona la investigación

El postmodernismo, al preocuparse por explorar las formas de representación de la realidad y su problemática, se interesa inevitablemente por el género policíaco, cuyo énfasis sobre la explicación lógica del universo de ficción manifiesta una concepción positivista y racionalista de la realidad. Este género, heredero del romance o del género caballeresco medieval en cuanto a la existencia de un héroe que emprende una aventura solitaria para restaurar el orden social (Frye 1976: 138), se ajusta a unas convenciones muy estrictas dentro de una estructura lineal y teleológica. La ficción policíaca representa la certeza reconfortante de que el detective finalmente solucionará el misterio basándose en deducciones lógicas. Para los escritores postmodernos, la representación del universo de ficción como una estructura coherente con un final cerrado parece responder al deseo de superar la ansiedad que produce una realidad caótica e inaprensible. Además, el postmodernismo considera que este género, que refleja los valores sociales y los miedos de su tiempo, es claramente ideológico en su defensa de las ideas positivistas que defienden un universo perfectamente estructurado donde impere el orden y la razón. En palabras de Swope, “the detective novel solves not only the ‘affront to reason’ that emerges within its pages but also functions as a site of ideological containment, reinscribing the positivistic notion that the world, and the self, is known and knowable” (1998: 207). De ahí que, debido a su mensaje claramente conservador, este género se preste a ser evocado intertextualmente con intenciones paródicas. Se revisan así las convenciones del género negándose a solucionar los misterios que plantea y proponiendo una ficción en la que puedan interaccionar dialógicamente diferentes verdades y diferentes representaciones de la realidad. Esta revisión de las convenciones del género policíaco ha dado lugar a un tipo de ficción de inspiración borgiana, la ficción metafísica o anti-policíaca, que, burlándose de las convenciones que imita, abandona la investigación


Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

61

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

61

justo cuando se está a punto de descubrir el misterio. Es una ficción que parte de la base de que en el universo postmoderno las pistas no apuntan a ninguna certeza ya que la ficción se concibe como puro juego deconstructivo y paranoico cuya función es evocar la ansiedad y la incertidumbre del hombre postmoderno. No es de extrañar que este nuevo género se proponga cuestionar las convenciones tradicionales del mismo y poner en tela de juicio la tradición humanista que parece necesitar expresamente

justo cuando se está a punto de descubrir el misterio. Es una ficción que parte de la base de que en el universo postmoderno las pistas no apuntan a ninguna certeza ya que la ficción se concibe como puro juego deconstructivo y paranoico cuya función es evocar la ansiedad y la incertidumbre del hombre postmoderno. No es de extrañar que este nuevo género se proponga cuestionar las convenciones tradicionales del mismo y poner en tela de juicio la tradición humanista que parece necesitar expresamente

the kind of social and political organization that finds its fulfillment in the imposed certainties of the well-made world of the totalitarian state, where investigation or inquisition in behalf of the achievement of a total, that is, pre-ordained or teleologically determined structure –a ‘final solution’– is the defining activity. It is, therefore, no accident that the paradigmatic archetype of the postmodern literary imagination is the anti-detective story (and its antipsychoanalytical analogue), the formal purpose of which is to evoke the impulse to ‘detect’ and/or to psychoanalyze in order to violently frustrate it by refusing to solve the crime (or find the cause of neurosis) (Spanos, 1972: 154).

the kind of social and political organization that finds its fulfillment in the imposed certainties of the well-made world of the totalitarian state, where investigation or inquisition in behalf of the achievement of a total, that is, pre-ordained or teleologically determined structure –a ‘final solution’– is the defining activity. It is, therefore, no accident that the paradigmatic archetype of the postmodern literary imagination is the anti-detective story (and its antipsychoanalytical analogue), the formal purpose of which is to evoke the impulse to ‘detect’ and/or to psychoanalyze in order to violently frustrate it by refusing to solve the crime (or find the cause of neurosis) (Spanos, 1972: 154).

Fowles, en consonancia con las teorías postmodernas, pretende invertir las implicaciones filosóficas del género policíaco con el fin de subrayar la imposibilidad de alcanzar verdades absolutas. Su ficción se estructura en torno a signos que parecen sugerir que la organización de la realidad responde a códigos ocultos para, posteriormente, indicarnos que esas pistas no conducen a nada. En otras palabras, “there is no discoverable reality beyond the precarious structures which man creates to interpret life” (Holmes, 1985: 349). En “The Enigma”, relato incluido en The Ebony Tower que narra la historia de un parlamentario que desaparece sin dejar rastro, Fowles utiliza las convenciones del género policíaco tradicional con una clara intención subversiva. Aunque este relato empieza citando estadísticas de personas desaparecidas y utilizando el tono impersonal y metódico propio del género, enseguida resulta evidente que las convenciones se evocan intertextualmente para subvertirlas poco a poco. En realidad,

Fowles, en consonancia con las teorías postmodernas, pretende invertir las implicaciones filosóficas del género policíaco con el fin de subrayar la imposibilidad de alcanzar verdades absolutas. Su ficción se estructura en torno a signos que parecen sugerir que la organización de la realidad responde a códigos ocultos para, posteriormente, indicarnos que esas pistas no conducen a nada. En otras palabras, “there is no discoverable reality beyond the precarious structures which man creates to interpret life” (Holmes, 1985: 349). En “The Enigma”, relato incluido en The Ebony Tower que narra la historia de un parlamentario que desaparece sin dejar rastro, Fowles utiliza las convenciones del género policíaco tradicional con una clara intención subversiva. Aunque este relato empieza citando estadísticas de personas desaparecidas y utilizando el tono impersonal y metódico propio del género, enseguida resulta evidente que las convenciones se evocan intertextualmente para subvertirlas poco a poco. En realidad,

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

61

61

justo cuando se está a punto de descubrir el misterio. Es una ficción que parte de la base de que en el universo postmoderno las pistas no apuntan a ninguna certeza ya que la ficción se concibe como puro juego deconstructivo y paranoico cuya función es evocar la ansiedad y la incertidumbre del hombre postmoderno. No es de extrañar que este nuevo género se proponga cuestionar las convenciones tradicionales del mismo y poner en tela de juicio la tradición humanista que parece necesitar expresamente

justo cuando se está a punto de descubrir el misterio. Es una ficción que parte de la base de que en el universo postmoderno las pistas no apuntan a ninguna certeza ya que la ficción se concibe como puro juego deconstructivo y paranoico cuya función es evocar la ansiedad y la incertidumbre del hombre postmoderno. No es de extrañar que este nuevo género se proponga cuestionar las convenciones tradicionales del mismo y poner en tela de juicio la tradición humanista que parece necesitar expresamente

the kind of social and political organization that finds its fulfillment in the imposed certainties of the well-made world of the totalitarian state, where investigation or inquisition in behalf of the achievement of a total, that is, pre-ordained or teleologically determined structure –a ‘final solution’– is the defining activity. It is, therefore, no accident that the paradigmatic archetype of the postmodern literary imagination is the anti-detective story (and its antipsychoanalytical analogue), the formal purpose of which is to evoke the impulse to ‘detect’ and/or to psychoanalyze in order to violently frustrate it by refusing to solve the crime (or find the cause of neurosis) (Spanos, 1972: 154).

the kind of social and political organization that finds its fulfillment in the imposed certainties of the well-made world of the totalitarian state, where investigation or inquisition in behalf of the achievement of a total, that is, pre-ordained or teleologically determined structure –a ‘final solution’– is the defining activity. It is, therefore, no accident that the paradigmatic archetype of the postmodern literary imagination is the anti-detective story (and its antipsychoanalytical analogue), the formal purpose of which is to evoke the impulse to ‘detect’ and/or to psychoanalyze in order to violently frustrate it by refusing to solve the crime (or find the cause of neurosis) (Spanos, 1972: 154).

Fowles, en consonancia con las teorías postmodernas, pretende invertir las implicaciones filosóficas del género policíaco con el fin de subrayar la imposibilidad de alcanzar verdades absolutas. Su ficción se estructura en torno a signos que parecen sugerir que la organización de la realidad responde a códigos ocultos para, posteriormente, indicarnos que esas pistas no conducen a nada. En otras palabras, “there is no discoverable reality beyond the precarious structures which man creates to interpret life” (Holmes, 1985: 349). En “The Enigma”, relato incluido en The Ebony Tower que narra la historia de un parlamentario que desaparece sin dejar rastro, Fowles utiliza las convenciones del género policíaco tradicional con una clara intención subversiva. Aunque este relato empieza citando estadísticas de personas desaparecidas y utilizando el tono impersonal y metódico propio del género, enseguida resulta evidente que las convenciones se evocan intertextualmente para subvertirlas poco a poco. En realidad,

Fowles, en consonancia con las teorías postmodernas, pretende invertir las implicaciones filosóficas del género policíaco con el fin de subrayar la imposibilidad de alcanzar verdades absolutas. Su ficción se estructura en torno a signos que parecen sugerir que la organización de la realidad responde a códigos ocultos para, posteriormente, indicarnos que esas pistas no conducen a nada. En otras palabras, “there is no discoverable reality beyond the precarious structures which man creates to interpret life” (Holmes, 1985: 349). En “The Enigma”, relato incluido en The Ebony Tower que narra la historia de un parlamentario que desaparece sin dejar rastro, Fowles utiliza las convenciones del género policíaco tradicional con una clara intención subversiva. Aunque este relato empieza citando estadísticas de personas desaparecidas y utilizando el tono impersonal y metódico propio del género, enseguida resulta evidente que las convenciones se evocan intertextualmente para subvertirlas poco a poco. En realidad,


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progresivamente el relato se convierte en la antítesis del género que evoca ya que la preocupación por la búsqueda de respuestas se ve contrarrestada por la obsesión postmoderna de negar la existencia de una verdad absoluta. Parece que “The Enigma” descentra y deconstruye las viejas reglas del género policíaco tradicional para preservar el misterio de la narrativa. Fowles manipula intertextualmente el género policíaco “not only to ring some fresh changes on a limited and cliché-ridden form, but also to make some striking variations on his own informing themes and methods of narrative presentation” (McSweeney, 1980/1: 316). Se podría afirmar que el principal interés de Fowles al desfiar nuestras expectativas sobre el género es proponer nuevos modelos de realidad y nuevas formas de percibirla.

progresivamente el relato se convierte en la antítesis del género que evoca ya que la preocupación por la búsqueda de respuestas se ve contrarrestada por la obsesión postmoderna de negar la existencia de una verdad absoluta. Parece que “The Enigma” descentra y deconstruye las viejas reglas del género policíaco tradicional para preservar el misterio de la narrativa. Fowles manipula intertextualmente el género policíaco “not only to ring some fresh changes on a limited and cliché-ridden form, but also to make some striking variations on his own informing themes and methods of narrative presentation” (McSweeney, 1980/1: 316). Se podría afirmar que el principal interés de Fowles al desfiar nuestras expectativas sobre el género es proponer nuevos modelos de realidad y nuevas formas de percibirla.

En “The Enigma” el lector espera que la gente que conoció a Fielding aporte alguna pista para esclarecer el caso. Las expectativas que genera la evocación intertextual del género policíaco inducen al lector a pensar que las informaciones que se dan sobre los hechos permitirán establecer una lógica en los acontecimientos y que se resolverá el misterio mediante la concatenación de causas y efectos. Sin embargo, poco a poco todo se complica y el análisis de las pistas no nos lleva a ninguna conclusión lógica. El lector verá truncadas sus expectativas pues, a pesar de que todas las personas que conocían a Fielding son interrogadas y de que se barajan todas las hipótesis posibles, se nos plantea la imposibilidad de reconstruir lo que verdaderamente pasó. Se cuestiona así la objetividad y la posibilidad de acceder al conocimiento del pasado.

En “The Enigma” el lector espera que la gente que conoció a Fielding aporte alguna pista para esclarecer el caso. Las expectativas que genera la evocación intertextual del género policíaco inducen al lector a pensar que las informaciones que se dan sobre los hechos permitirán establecer una lógica en los acontecimientos y que se resolverá el misterio mediante la concatenación de causas y efectos. Sin embargo, poco a poco todo se complica y el análisis de las pistas no nos lleva a ninguna conclusión lógica. El lector verá truncadas sus expectativas pues, a pesar de que todas las personas que conocían a Fielding son interrogadas y de que se barajan todas las hipótesis posibles, se nos plantea la imposibilidad de reconstruir lo que verdaderamente pasó. Se cuestiona así la objetividad y la posibilidad de acceder al conocimiento del pasado.

Los personajes que desaparecen es un tema recurrente en la ficción de Fowles. Alrededor de estas desapariciones, construye un halo de misterio que envuelve a los personajes frustrando todo deseo del lector de acceder a su verdadera identidad y motivación. Estas misteriosas desapariciones favorecen la proliferación de textos que, al construirse sobre entidades inexistentes, subrayan la ausencia de referentes estables. Se podría afirmar que “the dematerialization of the character takes place by infinitization, by deconstructing the real being” (Carpi, 2002: 99). En este relato la desaparición de Fielding da lugar a hipótesis que crean textos que re-crean al personaje una y otra vez prolongando su existencia hasta el infinito. Fielding, al entrar en la

Los personajes que desaparecen es un tema recurrente en la ficción de Fowles. Alrededor de estas desapariciones, construye un halo de misterio que envuelve a los personajes frustrando todo deseo del lector de acceder a su verdadera identidad y motivación. Estas misteriosas desapariciones favorecen la proliferación de textos que, al construirse sobre entidades inexistentes, subrayan la ausencia de referentes estables. Se podría afirmar que “the dematerialization of the character takes place by infinitization, by deconstructing the real being” (Carpi, 2002: 99). En este relato la desaparición de Fielding da lugar a hipótesis que crean textos que re-crean al personaje una y otra vez prolongando su existencia hasta el infinito. Fielding, al entrar en la

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progresivamente el relato se convierte en la antítesis del género que evoca ya que la preocupación por la búsqueda de respuestas se ve contrarrestada por la obsesión postmoderna de negar la existencia de una verdad absoluta. Parece que “The Enigma” descentra y deconstruye las viejas reglas del género policíaco tradicional para preservar el misterio de la narrativa. Fowles manipula intertextualmente el género policíaco “not only to ring some fresh changes on a limited and cliché-ridden form, but also to make some striking variations on his own informing themes and methods of narrative presentation” (McSweeney, 1980/1: 316). Se podría afirmar que el principal interés de Fowles al desfiar nuestras expectativas sobre el género es proponer nuevos modelos de realidad y nuevas formas de percibirla.

progresivamente el relato se convierte en la antítesis del género que evoca ya que la preocupación por la búsqueda de respuestas se ve contrarrestada por la obsesión postmoderna de negar la existencia de una verdad absoluta. Parece que “The Enigma” descentra y deconstruye las viejas reglas del género policíaco tradicional para preservar el misterio de la narrativa. Fowles manipula intertextualmente el género policíaco “not only to ring some fresh changes on a limited and cliché-ridden form, but also to make some striking variations on his own informing themes and methods of narrative presentation” (McSweeney, 1980/1: 316). Se podría afirmar que el principal interés de Fowles al desfiar nuestras expectativas sobre el género es proponer nuevos modelos de realidad y nuevas formas de percibirla.

En “The Enigma” el lector espera que la gente que conoció a Fielding aporte alguna pista para esclarecer el caso. Las expectativas que genera la evocación intertextual del género policíaco inducen al lector a pensar que las informaciones que se dan sobre los hechos permitirán establecer una lógica en los acontecimientos y que se resolverá el misterio mediante la concatenación de causas y efectos. Sin embargo, poco a poco todo se complica y el análisis de las pistas no nos lleva a ninguna conclusión lógica. El lector verá truncadas sus expectativas pues, a pesar de que todas las personas que conocían a Fielding son interrogadas y de que se barajan todas las hipótesis posibles, se nos plantea la imposibilidad de reconstruir lo que verdaderamente pasó. Se cuestiona así la objetividad y la posibilidad de acceder al conocimiento del pasado.

En “The Enigma” el lector espera que la gente que conoció a Fielding aporte alguna pista para esclarecer el caso. Las expectativas que genera la evocación intertextual del género policíaco inducen al lector a pensar que las informaciones que se dan sobre los hechos permitirán establecer una lógica en los acontecimientos y que se resolverá el misterio mediante la concatenación de causas y efectos. Sin embargo, poco a poco todo se complica y el análisis de las pistas no nos lleva a ninguna conclusión lógica. El lector verá truncadas sus expectativas pues, a pesar de que todas las personas que conocían a Fielding son interrogadas y de que se barajan todas las hipótesis posibles, se nos plantea la imposibilidad de reconstruir lo que verdaderamente pasó. Se cuestiona así la objetividad y la posibilidad de acceder al conocimiento del pasado.

Los personajes que desaparecen es un tema recurrente en la ficción de Fowles. Alrededor de estas desapariciones, construye un halo de misterio que envuelve a los personajes frustrando todo deseo del lector de acceder a su verdadera identidad y motivación. Estas misteriosas desapariciones favorecen la proliferación de textos que, al construirse sobre entidades inexistentes, subrayan la ausencia de referentes estables. Se podría afirmar que “the dematerialization of the character takes place by infinitization, by deconstructing the real being” (Carpi, 2002: 99). En este relato la desaparición de Fielding da lugar a hipótesis que crean textos que re-crean al personaje una y otra vez prolongando su existencia hasta el infinito. Fielding, al entrar en la

Los personajes que desaparecen es un tema recurrente en la ficción de Fowles. Alrededor de estas desapariciones, construye un halo de misterio que envuelve a los personajes frustrando todo deseo del lector de acceder a su verdadera identidad y motivación. Estas misteriosas desapariciones favorecen la proliferación de textos que, al construirse sobre entidades inexistentes, subrayan la ausencia de referentes estables. Se podría afirmar que “the dematerialization of the character takes place by infinitization, by deconstructing the real being” (Carpi, 2002: 99). En este relato la desaparición de Fielding da lugar a hipótesis que crean textos que re-crean al personaje una y otra vez prolongando su existencia hasta el infinito. Fielding, al entrar en la


Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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biblioteca, parece haber traspasado la barrera ontológica y haberse situado en un espacio extradiegético, es decir, se ha salido de la narrativa. Como afirma Richard Swope, “the postmodern missing person, or metaphysical Wakefield, must confront the possibility of never returning, of having no home to return to, or even of not knowing which self is to return” (1998: 211). En un principio, esto produce en el lector un sentimiento de desesperación ante la imposibilidad de aprehender la identidad de un personaje que se ha diluido en el espacio virtual del texto. Sin embargo, progresivamente, el lector comienza a entender que esta virtualidad desafía el concepto de objetividad y libera su existencia y su esencia de manera infinita. El lector debe colaborar con el autor y reinventar a los personajes a su manera, ya que éstos carecen de una identidad estable. Reduce, así, a los personajes a ser meras imágenes producto de su imaginación que surgen de la nada y vuelven a su punto de partida.

biblioteca, parece haber traspasado la barrera ontológica y haberse situado en un espacio extradiegético, es decir, se ha salido de la narrativa. Como afirma Richard Swope, “the postmodern missing person, or metaphysical Wakefield, must confront the possibility of never returning, of having no home to return to, or even of not knowing which self is to return” (1998: 211). En un principio, esto produce en el lector un sentimiento de desesperación ante la imposibilidad de aprehender la identidad de un personaje que se ha diluido en el espacio virtual del texto. Sin embargo, progresivamente, el lector comienza a entender que esta virtualidad desafía el concepto de objetividad y libera su existencia y su esencia de manera infinita. El lector debe colaborar con el autor y reinventar a los personajes a su manera, ya que éstos carecen de una identidad estable. Reduce, así, a los personajes a ser meras imágenes producto de su imaginación que surgen de la nada y vuelven a su punto de partida.

La desaparición de Fielding genera múltiples narrativas que se insertan en la trama principal. De esta forma se aplaza la solución del misterio mediante variaciones textuales que, a modo de duplicación caleidoscópica, nos sugieren que la realidad no es tan simple e inequívoca como el relato policíaco tradicional podía hacernos creer. El lector ve frustrados sus deseos de resolver el misterio ante la proliferación de senderos laberínticos que postergan continuamente las conclusiones definitivas. A diferencia del género parodiado, que se caracteriza por una progresión lineal de los acontecimientos y por una estructura cerrada, este relato metafísico o anti-policíaco se caracteriza por la ruptura de la linealidad de la narrativa y por la ausencia de un centro y de un final en su estructura. El lector se ve obligado a volver repetidamente sobre los hechos como si fuera imposible salir del laberinto textual simplificando los significados que la narrativa origina. Ante la imposibilidad de decantarse por ninguna de las hipótesis, el lector se ve obligado a aceptar el misterio insondable de la realidad. Al negarnos una explicación probable de la desaparición, cualquier hipótesis parece igualmente probable, “instead of one all-inclusive story, the plot provides the means for the construction of various competing, conflicting and incomplete fabulas” (Brax 2003: 259). Parece imposible encontrar significados estables porque no podemos saber lo que realmente pasó al protagonista. Quizás esto sea un misterio, incluso, para el propio autor. “The Enigma” se deconstruye

La desaparición de Fielding genera múltiples narrativas que se insertan en la trama principal. De esta forma se aplaza la solución del misterio mediante variaciones textuales que, a modo de duplicación caleidoscópica, nos sugieren que la realidad no es tan simple e inequívoca como el relato policíaco tradicional podía hacernos creer. El lector ve frustrados sus deseos de resolver el misterio ante la proliferación de senderos laberínticos que postergan continuamente las conclusiones definitivas. A diferencia del género parodiado, que se caracteriza por una progresión lineal de los acontecimientos y por una estructura cerrada, este relato metafísico o anti-policíaco se caracteriza por la ruptura de la linealidad de la narrativa y por la ausencia de un centro y de un final en su estructura. El lector se ve obligado a volver repetidamente sobre los hechos como si fuera imposible salir del laberinto textual simplificando los significados que la narrativa origina. Ante la imposibilidad de decantarse por ninguna de las hipótesis, el lector se ve obligado a aceptar el misterio insondable de la realidad. Al negarnos una explicación probable de la desaparición, cualquier hipótesis parece igualmente probable, “instead of one all-inclusive story, the plot provides the means for the construction of various competing, conflicting and incomplete fabulas” (Brax 2003: 259). Parece imposible encontrar significados estables porque no podemos saber lo que realmente pasó al protagonista. Quizás esto sea un misterio, incluso, para el propio autor. “The Enigma” se deconstruye

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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biblioteca, parece haber traspasado la barrera ontológica y haberse situado en un espacio extradiegético, es decir, se ha salido de la narrativa. Como afirma Richard Swope, “the postmodern missing person, or metaphysical Wakefield, must confront the possibility of never returning, of having no home to return to, or even of not knowing which self is to return” (1998: 211). En un principio, esto produce en el lector un sentimiento de desesperación ante la imposibilidad de aprehender la identidad de un personaje que se ha diluido en el espacio virtual del texto. Sin embargo, progresivamente, el lector comienza a entender que esta virtualidad desafía el concepto de objetividad y libera su existencia y su esencia de manera infinita. El lector debe colaborar con el autor y reinventar a los personajes a su manera, ya que éstos carecen de una identidad estable. Reduce, así, a los personajes a ser meras imágenes producto de su imaginación que surgen de la nada y vuelven a su punto de partida.

biblioteca, parece haber traspasado la barrera ontológica y haberse situado en un espacio extradiegético, es decir, se ha salido de la narrativa. Como afirma Richard Swope, “the postmodern missing person, or metaphysical Wakefield, must confront the possibility of never returning, of having no home to return to, or even of not knowing which self is to return” (1998: 211). En un principio, esto produce en el lector un sentimiento de desesperación ante la imposibilidad de aprehender la identidad de un personaje que se ha diluido en el espacio virtual del texto. Sin embargo, progresivamente, el lector comienza a entender que esta virtualidad desafía el concepto de objetividad y libera su existencia y su esencia de manera infinita. El lector debe colaborar con el autor y reinventar a los personajes a su manera, ya que éstos carecen de una identidad estable. Reduce, así, a los personajes a ser meras imágenes producto de su imaginación que surgen de la nada y vuelven a su punto de partida.

La desaparición de Fielding genera múltiples narrativas que se insertan en la trama principal. De esta forma se aplaza la solución del misterio mediante variaciones textuales que, a modo de duplicación caleidoscópica, nos sugieren que la realidad no es tan simple e inequívoca como el relato policíaco tradicional podía hacernos creer. El lector ve frustrados sus deseos de resolver el misterio ante la proliferación de senderos laberínticos que postergan continuamente las conclusiones definitivas. A diferencia del género parodiado, que se caracteriza por una progresión lineal de los acontecimientos y por una estructura cerrada, este relato metafísico o anti-policíaco se caracteriza por la ruptura de la linealidad de la narrativa y por la ausencia de un centro y de un final en su estructura. El lector se ve obligado a volver repetidamente sobre los hechos como si fuera imposible salir del laberinto textual simplificando los significados que la narrativa origina. Ante la imposibilidad de decantarse por ninguna de las hipótesis, el lector se ve obligado a aceptar el misterio insondable de la realidad. Al negarnos una explicación probable de la desaparición, cualquier hipótesis parece igualmente probable, “instead of one all-inclusive story, the plot provides the means for the construction of various competing, conflicting and incomplete fabulas” (Brax 2003: 259). Parece imposible encontrar significados estables porque no podemos saber lo que realmente pasó al protagonista. Quizás esto sea un misterio, incluso, para el propio autor. “The Enigma” se deconstruye

La desaparición de Fielding genera múltiples narrativas que se insertan en la trama principal. De esta forma se aplaza la solución del misterio mediante variaciones textuales que, a modo de duplicación caleidoscópica, nos sugieren que la realidad no es tan simple e inequívoca como el relato policíaco tradicional podía hacernos creer. El lector ve frustrados sus deseos de resolver el misterio ante la proliferación de senderos laberínticos que postergan continuamente las conclusiones definitivas. A diferencia del género parodiado, que se caracteriza por una progresión lineal de los acontecimientos y por una estructura cerrada, este relato metafísico o anti-policíaco se caracteriza por la ruptura de la linealidad de la narrativa y por la ausencia de un centro y de un final en su estructura. El lector se ve obligado a volver repetidamente sobre los hechos como si fuera imposible salir del laberinto textual simplificando los significados que la narrativa origina. Ante la imposibilidad de decantarse por ninguna de las hipótesis, el lector se ve obligado a aceptar el misterio insondable de la realidad. Al negarnos una explicación probable de la desaparición, cualquier hipótesis parece igualmente probable, “instead of one all-inclusive story, the plot provides the means for the construction of various competing, conflicting and incomplete fabulas” (Brax 2003: 259). Parece imposible encontrar significados estables porque no podemos saber lo que realmente pasó al protagonista. Quizás esto sea un misterio, incluso, para el propio autor. “The Enigma” se deconstruye


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a sí mismo planteando hipótesis que no sólo sirven de punto de partida para las diferentes interpretaciones, sino que recrean hipótesis que revelan los mecanismos de su propia construcción. Las diferentes ficciones generadas por la desaparición del personaje nos obligan a redefinir constantemente los conceptos y estructuras que usamos para interpretar la realidad. Como afirma Daniela Carpi, “contained inside the labyrinth –or shall we say within the unwinding text?– is thwarted reason, a challenge to the interpreter, the monster/unredeemed irrationality (the Minotaur) in flight from the interpretative effort” (2002: 106). El autor parece indicar al lector que ambos están juntos en la misma aventura, atrapados en el texto infinito, buscando soluciones a un misterio que se niega a ser clausurado.

a sí mismo planteando hipótesis que no sólo sirven de punto de partida para las diferentes interpretaciones, sino que recrean hipótesis que revelan los mecanismos de su propia construcción. Las diferentes ficciones generadas por la desaparición del personaje nos obligan a redefinir constantemente los conceptos y estructuras que usamos para interpretar la realidad. Como afirma Daniela Carpi, “contained inside the labyrinth –or shall we say within the unwinding text?– is thwarted reason, a challenge to the interpreter, the monster/unredeemed irrationality (the Minotaur) in flight from the interpretative effort” (2002: 106). El autor parece indicar al lector que ambos están juntos en la misma aventura, atrapados en el texto infinito, buscando soluciones a un misterio que se niega a ser clausurado.

Por otra parte, en la narración se desestabiliza la estructura epistemológica propia del género policíaco vaciando de contenido el tema del descubrimiento del misterio de la desaparición de Fielding. La estructura se va transformando a medida que adquiere un lugar central la preocupación postmoderna por la existencia, como demuestran las palabras de Isobel, la antigua novia del hijo de Fielding:

Por otra parte, en la narración se desestabiliza la estructura epistemológica propia del género policíaco vaciando de contenido el tema del descubrimiento del misterio de la desaparición de Fielding. La estructura se va transformando a medida que adquiere un lugar central la preocupación postmoderna por la existencia, como demuestran las palabras de Isobel, la antigua novia del hijo de Fielding:

Nothing is real. All is fiction … Let’s pretend everything to do with the Fieldings, even you and me sitting here now, is in a novel. A detective story. Yes? Somewhere there’s someone writing us, we’re not real. He or she decides who we are, what we do, all about us (221).

Nothing is real. All is fiction … Let’s pretend everything to do with the Fieldings, even you and me sitting here now, is in a novel. A detective story. Yes? Somewhere there’s someone writing us, we’re not real. He or she decides who we are, what we do, all about us (221).

En este sentido, la desaparición del protagonista del relato, que nos recuerda a la historia de “Wakefield” de Hawthorne en cuanto que ambos protagonistas se ausentan de las historias que narran sus vidas, parece desviar la atención del lector de la problemática epistemológica propia del género tradicional hacia una problemática ontológica típicamente postmoderna. En opinión de Isobel, la historia de Fielding no representa la historia de la desaparición de una persona real sino la historia de un texto en el que el protagonista desaparece desafiando a la autoridad del autor. Ella parece estar convencida de esto y así se lo hace saber al sargento Jennings: “I think the writer would have to face up to that. His main character has walked out on him. So all he’s left with is the character’s determination to have it that way. High and dry.

En este sentido, la desaparición del protagonista del relato, que nos recuerda a la historia de “Wakefield” de Hawthorne en cuanto que ambos protagonistas se ausentan de las historias que narran sus vidas, parece desviar la atención del lector de la problemática epistemológica propia del género tradicional hacia una problemática ontológica típicamente postmoderna. En opinión de Isobel, la historia de Fielding no representa la historia de la desaparición de una persona real sino la historia de un texto en el que el protagonista desaparece desafiando a la autoridad del autor. Ella parece estar convencida de esto y así se lo hace saber al sargento Jennings: “I think the writer would have to face up to that. His main character has walked out on him. So all he’s left with is the character’s determination to have it that way. High and dry.

64

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

a sí mismo planteando hipótesis que no sólo sirven de punto de partida para las diferentes interpretaciones, sino que recrean hipótesis que revelan los mecanismos de su propia construcción. Las diferentes ficciones generadas por la desaparición del personaje nos obligan a redefinir constantemente los conceptos y estructuras que usamos para interpretar la realidad. Como afirma Daniela Carpi, “contained inside the labyrinth –or shall we say within the unwinding text?– is thwarted reason, a challenge to the interpreter, the monster/unredeemed irrationality (the Minotaur) in flight from the interpretative effort” (2002: 106). El autor parece indicar al lector que ambos están juntos en la misma aventura, atrapados en el texto infinito, buscando soluciones a un misterio que se niega a ser clausurado.

a sí mismo planteando hipótesis que no sólo sirven de punto de partida para las diferentes interpretaciones, sino que recrean hipótesis que revelan los mecanismos de su propia construcción. Las diferentes ficciones generadas por la desaparición del personaje nos obligan a redefinir constantemente los conceptos y estructuras que usamos para interpretar la realidad. Como afirma Daniela Carpi, “contained inside the labyrinth –or shall we say within the unwinding text?– is thwarted reason, a challenge to the interpreter, the monster/unredeemed irrationality (the Minotaur) in flight from the interpretative effort” (2002: 106). El autor parece indicar al lector que ambos están juntos en la misma aventura, atrapados en el texto infinito, buscando soluciones a un misterio que se niega a ser clausurado.

Por otra parte, en la narración se desestabiliza la estructura epistemológica propia del género policíaco vaciando de contenido el tema del descubrimiento del misterio de la desaparición de Fielding. La estructura se va transformando a medida que adquiere un lugar central la preocupación postmoderna por la existencia, como demuestran las palabras de Isobel, la antigua novia del hijo de Fielding:

Por otra parte, en la narración se desestabiliza la estructura epistemológica propia del género policíaco vaciando de contenido el tema del descubrimiento del misterio de la desaparición de Fielding. La estructura se va transformando a medida que adquiere un lugar central la preocupación postmoderna por la existencia, como demuestran las palabras de Isobel, la antigua novia del hijo de Fielding:

Nothing is real. All is fiction … Let’s pretend everything to do with the Fieldings, even you and me sitting here now, is in a novel. A detective story. Yes? Somewhere there’s someone writing us, we’re not real. He or she decides who we are, what we do, all about us (221).

Nothing is real. All is fiction … Let’s pretend everything to do with the Fieldings, even you and me sitting here now, is in a novel. A detective story. Yes? Somewhere there’s someone writing us, we’re not real. He or she decides who we are, what we do, all about us (221).

En este sentido, la desaparición del protagonista del relato, que nos recuerda a la historia de “Wakefield” de Hawthorne en cuanto que ambos protagonistas se ausentan de las historias que narran sus vidas, parece desviar la atención del lector de la problemática epistemológica propia del género tradicional hacia una problemática ontológica típicamente postmoderna. En opinión de Isobel, la historia de Fielding no representa la historia de la desaparición de una persona real sino la historia de un texto en el que el protagonista desaparece desafiando a la autoridad del autor. Ella parece estar convencida de esto y así se lo hace saber al sargento Jennings: “I think the writer would have to face up to that. His main character has walked out on him. So all he’s left with is the character’s determination to have it that way. High and dry.

En este sentido, la desaparición del protagonista del relato, que nos recuerda a la historia de “Wakefield” de Hawthorne en cuanto que ambos protagonistas se ausentan de las historias que narran sus vidas, parece desviar la atención del lector de la problemática epistemológica propia del género tradicional hacia una problemática ontológica típicamente postmoderna. En opinión de Isobel, la historia de Fielding no representa la historia de la desaparición de una persona real sino la historia de un texto en el que el protagonista desaparece desafiando a la autoridad del autor. Ella parece estar convencida de esto y así se lo hace saber al sargento Jennings: “I think the writer would have to face up to that. His main character has walked out on him. So all he’s left with is the character’s determination to have it that way. High and dry.


Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

Without a decent ending” (223). Wakefield, el cual

65

Fielding sigue el modelo de

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

Without a decent ending” (223). Wakefield, el cual

65

Fielding sigue el modelo de

established precedence for evoking the epistemological –how am I to know my place in the world?– and for adding the ontological questions now central to postmodernism: What is the nature of this world? And what is the nature of my place, or lack of place in this world? (Swope, 1998: 209).

established precedence for evoking the epistemological –how am I to know my place in the world?– and for adding the ontological questions now central to postmodernism: What is the nature of this world? And what is the nature of my place, or lack of place in this world? (Swope, 1998: 209).

La realidad cotidiana de la desaparición parece carecer de interés frente a los problemas de referencialidad y verosimilitud que se nos plantean. De esta forma, “The Enigma” se nos presenta como un texto metaficcional que reflexiona sobre su propia condición de texto y de ficción. Las palabras de Isobel son un guiño al lector que deja entrever la manipulación del autor que juega con las convenciones del género policíaco para finalmente centrar la atención sobre la ontología del texto desvelando su artificialidad.

La realidad cotidiana de la desaparición parece carecer de interés frente a los problemas de referencialidad y verosimilitud que se nos plantean. De esta forma, “The Enigma” se nos presenta como un texto metaficcional que reflexiona sobre su propia condición de texto y de ficción. Las palabras de Isobel son un guiño al lector que deja entrever la manipulación del autor que juega con las convenciones del género policíaco para finalmente centrar la atención sobre la ontología del texto desvelando su artificialidad.

Isobel complica el problema ontológico que presenta la novela apuntando a la ficcionalidad no sólo de la versión que va a dar sobre la desaparición de Fielding, “I do have a private theory. About what happened. It’s very wild ... Very literary” (219), sino también de la novela de la que ella forma parte como personaje. Isobel confunde los niveles ontológicos de la novela al inscribir su ficción sobre Fielding dentro de otra ficción donde ella comparte el mismo nivel ontológico, y la misma irrealidad, que Fielding y al presentar las reflexiones de los protagonistas sobre su carácter de meras ficiones escritas por un autor. De esta forma, planteando la irrealidad de los personajes del género policíaco, se insta al lector a dudar de la capacidad referencial del género que más que imitar la realidad se imita a sí mismo. En esta misma línea, Isobel intenta envolver al lector en sus elucubraciones sobre la referencialidad y la posibilidad de representar la realidad. Su respuesta ante la queja de Jennings de que las novelas policíacas no representan la realidad confronta de nuevo al lector con la problemática ontológica y referencial planteando que si la ficción no se imita a sí misma quizás representara mejor la realidad, o quizás no: “then if our story disobeys the unreal literary rules, that might mean it’s actually truer to life?” (223). Así, Isobel se encarga de transmitir al

Isobel complica el problema ontológico que presenta la novela apuntando a la ficcionalidad no sólo de la versión que va a dar sobre la desaparición de Fielding, “I do have a private theory. About what happened. It’s very wild ... Very literary” (219), sino también de la novela de la que ella forma parte como personaje. Isobel confunde los niveles ontológicos de la novela al inscribir su ficción sobre Fielding dentro de otra ficción donde ella comparte el mismo nivel ontológico, y la misma irrealidad, que Fielding y al presentar las reflexiones de los protagonistas sobre su carácter de meras ficiones escritas por un autor. De esta forma, planteando la irrealidad de los personajes del género policíaco, se insta al lector a dudar de la capacidad referencial del género que más que imitar la realidad se imita a sí mismo. En esta misma línea, Isobel intenta envolver al lector en sus elucubraciones sobre la referencialidad y la posibilidad de representar la realidad. Su respuesta ante la queja de Jennings de que las novelas policíacas no representan la realidad confronta de nuevo al lector con la problemática ontológica y referencial planteando que si la ficción no se imita a sí misma quizás representara mejor la realidad, o quizás no: “then if our story disobeys the unreal literary rules, that might mean it’s actually truer to life?” (223). Así, Isobel se encarga de transmitir al

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

Without a decent ending” (223). Wakefield, el cual

65

Fielding sigue el modelo de

Without a decent ending” (223). Wakefield, el cual

65

Fielding sigue el modelo de

established precedence for evoking the epistemological –how am I to know my place in the world?– and for adding the ontological questions now central to postmodernism: What is the nature of this world? And what is the nature of my place, or lack of place in this world? (Swope, 1998: 209).

established precedence for evoking the epistemological –how am I to know my place in the world?– and for adding the ontological questions now central to postmodernism: What is the nature of this world? And what is the nature of my place, or lack of place in this world? (Swope, 1998: 209).

La realidad cotidiana de la desaparición parece carecer de interés frente a los problemas de referencialidad y verosimilitud que se nos plantean. De esta forma, “The Enigma” se nos presenta como un texto metaficcional que reflexiona sobre su propia condición de texto y de ficción. Las palabras de Isobel son un guiño al lector que deja entrever la manipulación del autor que juega con las convenciones del género policíaco para finalmente centrar la atención sobre la ontología del texto desvelando su artificialidad.

La realidad cotidiana de la desaparición parece carecer de interés frente a los problemas de referencialidad y verosimilitud que se nos plantean. De esta forma, “The Enigma” se nos presenta como un texto metaficcional que reflexiona sobre su propia condición de texto y de ficción. Las palabras de Isobel son un guiño al lector que deja entrever la manipulación del autor que juega con las convenciones del género policíaco para finalmente centrar la atención sobre la ontología del texto desvelando su artificialidad.

Isobel complica el problema ontológico que presenta la novela apuntando a la ficcionalidad no sólo de la versión que va a dar sobre la desaparición de Fielding, “I do have a private theory. About what happened. It’s very wild ... Very literary” (219), sino también de la novela de la que ella forma parte como personaje. Isobel confunde los niveles ontológicos de la novela al inscribir su ficción sobre Fielding dentro de otra ficción donde ella comparte el mismo nivel ontológico, y la misma irrealidad, que Fielding y al presentar las reflexiones de los protagonistas sobre su carácter de meras ficiones escritas por un autor. De esta forma, planteando la irrealidad de los personajes del género policíaco, se insta al lector a dudar de la capacidad referencial del género que más que imitar la realidad se imita a sí mismo. En esta misma línea, Isobel intenta envolver al lector en sus elucubraciones sobre la referencialidad y la posibilidad de representar la realidad. Su respuesta ante la queja de Jennings de que las novelas policíacas no representan la realidad confronta de nuevo al lector con la problemática ontológica y referencial planteando que si la ficción no se imita a sí misma quizás representara mejor la realidad, o quizás no: “then if our story disobeys the unreal literary rules, that might mean it’s actually truer to life?” (223). Así, Isobel se encarga de transmitir al

Isobel complica el problema ontológico que presenta la novela apuntando a la ficcionalidad no sólo de la versión que va a dar sobre la desaparición de Fielding, “I do have a private theory. About what happened. It’s very wild ... Very literary” (219), sino también de la novela de la que ella forma parte como personaje. Isobel confunde los niveles ontológicos de la novela al inscribir su ficción sobre Fielding dentro de otra ficción donde ella comparte el mismo nivel ontológico, y la misma irrealidad, que Fielding y al presentar las reflexiones de los protagonistas sobre su carácter de meras ficiones escritas por un autor. De esta forma, planteando la irrealidad de los personajes del género policíaco, se insta al lector a dudar de la capacidad referencial del género que más que imitar la realidad se imita a sí mismo. En esta misma línea, Isobel intenta envolver al lector en sus elucubraciones sobre la referencialidad y la posibilidad de representar la realidad. Su respuesta ante la queja de Jennings de que las novelas policíacas no representan la realidad confronta de nuevo al lector con la problemática ontológica y referencial planteando que si la ficción no se imita a sí misma quizás representara mejor la realidad, o quizás no: “then if our story disobeys the unreal literary rules, that might mean it’s actually truer to life?” (223). Así, Isobel se encarga de transmitir al


66

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

lector la paradoja del escritor postmoderno que utiliza las convenciones genéricas cuestionando la posibilidad de que esas estructuras se conviertan en verdadero referente de la realidad y de la existencia.

lector la paradoja del escritor postmoderno que utiliza las convenciones genéricas cuestionando la posibilidad de que esas estructuras se conviertan en verdadero referente de la realidad y de la existencia.

“The Enigma” también se burla de la estructura de la novela policíaca aludiendo a los giros inesperados en la trama a los que se recurre para conseguir una explicación racional al misterio que se plantea. Por ello, la desaparición de Fielding no ofrece un final lógico, ni siquiera ofrece un final, como sería esperable en una novela policíaca. Isobel se queja burlonamente de que el protagonista desaparezca dejando la historia “without a decent ending” (223). La ausencia de un final coherente manifiesta su concepción de la realidad como caótica e inaprensible. El no saber todas las repuestas se convierte en este relato en parte de la condición postmoderna centrada en el misterio de la existencia. Esta ausencia de respuestas manifiesta una tendencia al desorden y a la irracionalidad. Además, esta futura novelista se burla de la necesidad del lector de saber cómo termina una historia y de que toda historia tenga una solución o un desenlace final: “when you couldn’t work out a logical end from the human premises, you dragged in something external. You had the villain struck down by lightning. A chimney pot fell on his head. You know?” (221). Su empeño por finalizar la historia, en la que ella sólo es una ficción, deja al descubierto las estructuras que utilizamos para construir la realidad reduciendo al absurdo el principio de verosimilitud. Sugiere a Jennings que Fielding podría haberse ahogado él mismo en el lago y, a la manera de Agatha Christie, expone detalladamente su versión de cómo se pudieron desarrollar los acontecimientos. Las ideas extravagantes y rebuscadas que propone imitan claramente las convenciones del género tradicional advirtiéndonos de su artificialidad. Además, las elucubraciones de Isobel posponen indefinidamente la conclusión y la solución del misterio impidiendo al lector alcanzar el conocimiento anhelado de forma que, utilizando la terminología barthesiana, podríamos definir el texto como dilatorio y plural.

“The Enigma” también se burla de la estructura de la novela policíaca aludiendo a los giros inesperados en la trama a los que se recurre para conseguir una explicación racional al misterio que se plantea. Por ello, la desaparición de Fielding no ofrece un final lógico, ni siquiera ofrece un final, como sería esperable en una novela policíaca. Isobel se queja burlonamente de que el protagonista desaparezca dejando la historia “without a decent ending” (223). La ausencia de un final coherente manifiesta su concepción de la realidad como caótica e inaprensible. El no saber todas las repuestas se convierte en este relato en parte de la condición postmoderna centrada en el misterio de la existencia. Esta ausencia de respuestas manifiesta una tendencia al desorden y a la irracionalidad. Además, esta futura novelista se burla de la necesidad del lector de saber cómo termina una historia y de que toda historia tenga una solución o un desenlace final: “when you couldn’t work out a logical end from the human premises, you dragged in something external. You had the villain struck down by lightning. A chimney pot fell on his head. You know?” (221). Su empeño por finalizar la historia, en la que ella sólo es una ficción, deja al descubierto las estructuras que utilizamos para construir la realidad reduciendo al absurdo el principio de verosimilitud. Sugiere a Jennings que Fielding podría haberse ahogado él mismo en el lago y, a la manera de Agatha Christie, expone detalladamente su versión de cómo se pudieron desarrollar los acontecimientos. Las ideas extravagantes y rebuscadas que propone imitan claramente las convenciones del género tradicional advirtiéndonos de su artificialidad. Además, las elucubraciones de Isobel posponen indefinidamente la conclusión y la solución del misterio impidiendo al lector alcanzar el conocimiento anhelado de forma que, utilizando la terminología barthesiana, podríamos definir el texto como dilatorio y plural.

La conclusión que nos ofrece nuestra protagonista sobre el posible suicidio de Fielding no convence al lector porque, al reconocer su carácter artificial, transmite un mensaje desestabilizador haciendo al lector dudar de las certezas a que el género lo tenía acostumbrado. Fowles parece pensar que es más auténtico reflejar la incertidumbre a

La conclusión que nos ofrece nuestra protagonista sobre el posible suicidio de Fielding no convence al lector porque, al reconocer su carácter artificial, transmite un mensaje desestabilizador haciendo al lector dudar de las certezas a que el género lo tenía acostumbrado. Fowles parece pensar que es más auténtico reflejar la incertidumbre a

66

66

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

lector la paradoja del escritor postmoderno que utiliza las convenciones genéricas cuestionando la posibilidad de que esas estructuras se conviertan en verdadero referente de la realidad y de la existencia.

lector la paradoja del escritor postmoderno que utiliza las convenciones genéricas cuestionando la posibilidad de que esas estructuras se conviertan en verdadero referente de la realidad y de la existencia.

“The Enigma” también se burla de la estructura de la novela policíaca aludiendo a los giros inesperados en la trama a los que se recurre para conseguir una explicación racional al misterio que se plantea. Por ello, la desaparición de Fielding no ofrece un final lógico, ni siquiera ofrece un final, como sería esperable en una novela policíaca. Isobel se queja burlonamente de que el protagonista desaparezca dejando la historia “without a decent ending” (223). La ausencia de un final coherente manifiesta su concepción de la realidad como caótica e inaprensible. El no saber todas las repuestas se convierte en este relato en parte de la condición postmoderna centrada en el misterio de la existencia. Esta ausencia de respuestas manifiesta una tendencia al desorden y a la irracionalidad. Además, esta futura novelista se burla de la necesidad del lector de saber cómo termina una historia y de que toda historia tenga una solución o un desenlace final: “when you couldn’t work out a logical end from the human premises, you dragged in something external. You had the villain struck down by lightning. A chimney pot fell on his head. You know?” (221). Su empeño por finalizar la historia, en la que ella sólo es una ficción, deja al descubierto las estructuras que utilizamos para construir la realidad reduciendo al absurdo el principio de verosimilitud. Sugiere a Jennings que Fielding podría haberse ahogado él mismo en el lago y, a la manera de Agatha Christie, expone detalladamente su versión de cómo se pudieron desarrollar los acontecimientos. Las ideas extravagantes y rebuscadas que propone imitan claramente las convenciones del género tradicional advirtiéndonos de su artificialidad. Además, las elucubraciones de Isobel posponen indefinidamente la conclusión y la solución del misterio impidiendo al lector alcanzar el conocimiento anhelado de forma que, utilizando la terminología barthesiana, podríamos definir el texto como dilatorio y plural.

“The Enigma” también se burla de la estructura de la novela policíaca aludiendo a los giros inesperados en la trama a los que se recurre para conseguir una explicación racional al misterio que se plantea. Por ello, la desaparición de Fielding no ofrece un final lógico, ni siquiera ofrece un final, como sería esperable en una novela policíaca. Isobel se queja burlonamente de que el protagonista desaparezca dejando la historia “without a decent ending” (223). La ausencia de un final coherente manifiesta su concepción de la realidad como caótica e inaprensible. El no saber todas las repuestas se convierte en este relato en parte de la condición postmoderna centrada en el misterio de la existencia. Esta ausencia de respuestas manifiesta una tendencia al desorden y a la irracionalidad. Además, esta futura novelista se burla de la necesidad del lector de saber cómo termina una historia y de que toda historia tenga una solución o un desenlace final: “when you couldn’t work out a logical end from the human premises, you dragged in something external. You had the villain struck down by lightning. A chimney pot fell on his head. You know?” (221). Su empeño por finalizar la historia, en la que ella sólo es una ficción, deja al descubierto las estructuras que utilizamos para construir la realidad reduciendo al absurdo el principio de verosimilitud. Sugiere a Jennings que Fielding podría haberse ahogado él mismo en el lago y, a la manera de Agatha Christie, expone detalladamente su versión de cómo se pudieron desarrollar los acontecimientos. Las ideas extravagantes y rebuscadas que propone imitan claramente las convenciones del género tradicional advirtiéndonos de su artificialidad. Además, las elucubraciones de Isobel posponen indefinidamente la conclusión y la solución del misterio impidiendo al lector alcanzar el conocimiento anhelado de forma que, utilizando la terminología barthesiana, podríamos definir el texto como dilatorio y plural.

La conclusión que nos ofrece nuestra protagonista sobre el posible suicidio de Fielding no convence al lector porque, al reconocer su carácter artificial, transmite un mensaje desestabilizador haciendo al lector dudar de las certezas a que el género lo tenía acostumbrado. Fowles parece pensar que es más auténtico reflejar la incertidumbre a

La conclusión que nos ofrece nuestra protagonista sobre el posible suicidio de Fielding no convence al lector porque, al reconocer su carácter artificial, transmite un mensaje desestabilizador haciendo al lector dudar de las certezas a que el género lo tenía acostumbrado. Fowles parece pensar que es más auténtico reflejar la incertidumbre a


Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

67

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

67

que está abocado el hombre moderno por lo que plantea interrogantes sin dar soluciones. Se propone, al igual que los artistas postmodernos, expulsar al lector del Edén de las ficciones perfectamente estructuradas para exponerlo a la incertidumbre existencial que le rodea. Esto supone una modificación de los postulados básicos del género policíaco cuya inversión ha dado lugar a un nuevo género, la ficción metafísica o anti-policíaca, que se adapta a la perfección a los postulados postmodernos. En palabras de Holquist,

que está abocado el hombre moderno por lo que plantea interrogantes sin dar soluciones. Se propone, al igual que los artistas postmodernos, expulsar al lector del Edén de las ficciones perfectamente estructuradas para exponerlo a la incertidumbre existencial que le rodea. Esto supone una modificación de los postulados básicos del género policíaco cuya inversión ha dado lugar a un nuevo género, la ficción metafísica o anti-policíaca, que se adapta a la perfección a los postulados postmodernos. En palabras de Holquist,

the metaphysical detective story does not have the narcotizing effect of its progenitor; instead of familiarity, it gives strangeness, a strangeness which more often than not is the result of jumbling the well known patterns of classical detective stories. Instead of reassuring, they disturb. They are not an escape, but an attack (Holquist, 1971: 155).

the metaphysical detective story does not have the narcotizing effect of its progenitor; instead of familiarity, it gives strangeness, a strangeness which more often than not is the result of jumbling the well known patterns of classical detective stories. Instead of reassuring, they disturb. They are not an escape, but an attack (Holquist, 1971: 155).

Por otra parte, “The Enigma” a lo largo de la novela va desplazando progresivamente hacia los márgenes el interés por resolver el misterio, de manera que tanto el personaje como el enigma que plantea su desaparición se convierten en secundarios o marginales. El personaje de Fielding deja de tener interés para el lector que pasa a centrarse en la historia de amor que parece haber surgido entre Isobel y Jennings. Fowles subvierte los clichés de la novela policíaca, encarnados en la mentalidad racionalista de Jennings, mediante la celebración del poder de la imaginación y de la intuición de la protagonista femenina consiguiendo así borrar las huellas del género evocado architextualmente. Además, somete al género aludido a una manipulación paródica confrontándonos con un detective que deja de interesarse por los principios racionalistas propios del papel que representa para interesarse por el mundo creativo e imaginativo de Isobel. El interés del lector por la estructura policíaca va perdiendo peso para centrarse en la existencia y en los misterios que la rodean porque, como reconoce el narrador del relato, “the tender pragmatisms of flesh have poetries no enigma, human or divine, can diminish or demean –indeed, it can only cause them, and then walk out” (231). De esta forma, el lector percibe que “The Enigma” se superpone a modo de palimsesto sobre la estructura de la ficción policíaca de manera que “it is a new text, a new kind of plot, written over the face of the old

Por otra parte, “The Enigma” a lo largo de la novela va desplazando progresivamente hacia los márgenes el interés por resolver el misterio, de manera que tanto el personaje como el enigma que plantea su desaparición se convierten en secundarios o marginales. El personaje de Fielding deja de tener interés para el lector que pasa a centrarse en la historia de amor que parece haber surgido entre Isobel y Jennings. Fowles subvierte los clichés de la novela policíaca, encarnados en la mentalidad racionalista de Jennings, mediante la celebración del poder de la imaginación y de la intuición de la protagonista femenina consiguiendo así borrar las huellas del género evocado architextualmente. Además, somete al género aludido a una manipulación paródica confrontándonos con un detective que deja de interesarse por los principios racionalistas propios del papel que representa para interesarse por el mundo creativo e imaginativo de Isobel. El interés del lector por la estructura policíaca va perdiendo peso para centrarse en la existencia y en los misterios que la rodean porque, como reconoce el narrador del relato, “the tender pragmatisms of flesh have poetries no enigma, human or divine, can diminish or demean –indeed, it can only cause them, and then walk out” (231). De esta forma, el lector percibe que “The Enigma” se superpone a modo de palimsesto sobre la estructura de la ficción policíaca de manera que “it is a new text, a new kind of plot, written over the face of the old

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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que está abocado el hombre moderno por lo que plantea interrogantes sin dar soluciones. Se propone, al igual que los artistas postmodernos, expulsar al lector del Edén de las ficciones perfectamente estructuradas para exponerlo a la incertidumbre existencial que le rodea. Esto supone una modificación de los postulados básicos del género policíaco cuya inversión ha dado lugar a un nuevo género, la ficción metafísica o anti-policíaca, que se adapta a la perfección a los postulados postmodernos. En palabras de Holquist,

que está abocado el hombre moderno por lo que plantea interrogantes sin dar soluciones. Se propone, al igual que los artistas postmodernos, expulsar al lector del Edén de las ficciones perfectamente estructuradas para exponerlo a la incertidumbre existencial que le rodea. Esto supone una modificación de los postulados básicos del género policíaco cuya inversión ha dado lugar a un nuevo género, la ficción metafísica o anti-policíaca, que se adapta a la perfección a los postulados postmodernos. En palabras de Holquist,

the metaphysical detective story does not have the narcotizing effect of its progenitor; instead of familiarity, it gives strangeness, a strangeness which more often than not is the result of jumbling the well known patterns of classical detective stories. Instead of reassuring, they disturb. They are not an escape, but an attack (Holquist, 1971: 155).

the metaphysical detective story does not have the narcotizing effect of its progenitor; instead of familiarity, it gives strangeness, a strangeness which more often than not is the result of jumbling the well known patterns of classical detective stories. Instead of reassuring, they disturb. They are not an escape, but an attack (Holquist, 1971: 155).

Por otra parte, “The Enigma” a lo largo de la novela va desplazando progresivamente hacia los márgenes el interés por resolver el misterio, de manera que tanto el personaje como el enigma que plantea su desaparición se convierten en secundarios o marginales. El personaje de Fielding deja de tener interés para el lector que pasa a centrarse en la historia de amor que parece haber surgido entre Isobel y Jennings. Fowles subvierte los clichés de la novela policíaca, encarnados en la mentalidad racionalista de Jennings, mediante la celebración del poder de la imaginación y de la intuición de la protagonista femenina consiguiendo así borrar las huellas del género evocado architextualmente. Además, somete al género aludido a una manipulación paródica confrontándonos con un detective que deja de interesarse por los principios racionalistas propios del papel que representa para interesarse por el mundo creativo e imaginativo de Isobel. El interés del lector por la estructura policíaca va perdiendo peso para centrarse en la existencia y en los misterios que la rodean porque, como reconoce el narrador del relato, “the tender pragmatisms of flesh have poetries no enigma, human or divine, can diminish or demean –indeed, it can only cause them, and then walk out” (231). De esta forma, el lector percibe que “The Enigma” se superpone a modo de palimsesto sobre la estructura de la ficción policíaca de manera que “it is a new text, a new kind of plot, written over the face of the old

Por otra parte, “The Enigma” a lo largo de la novela va desplazando progresivamente hacia los márgenes el interés por resolver el misterio, de manera que tanto el personaje como el enigma que plantea su desaparición se convierten en secundarios o marginales. El personaje de Fielding deja de tener interés para el lector que pasa a centrarse en la historia de amor que parece haber surgido entre Isobel y Jennings. Fowles subvierte los clichés de la novela policíaca, encarnados en la mentalidad racionalista de Jennings, mediante la celebración del poder de la imaginación y de la intuición de la protagonista femenina consiguiendo así borrar las huellas del género evocado architextualmente. Además, somete al género aludido a una manipulación paródica confrontándonos con un detective que deja de interesarse por los principios racionalistas propios del papel que representa para interesarse por el mundo creativo e imaginativo de Isobel. El interés del lector por la estructura policíaca va perdiendo peso para centrarse en la existencia y en los misterios que la rodean porque, como reconoce el narrador del relato, “the tender pragmatisms of flesh have poetries no enigma, human or divine, can diminish or demean –indeed, it can only cause them, and then walk out” (231). De esta forma, el lector percibe que “The Enigma” se superpone a modo de palimsesto sobre la estructura de la ficción policíaca de manera que “it is a new text, a new kind of plot, written over the face of the old


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detective story, whose traditional elements still are legible underneath the new message” (Holquist, 1971: 153).

detective story, whose traditional elements still are legible underneath the new message” (Holquist, 1971: 153).

Además, este texto camaleónico va desviando el interés del género policíaco por descubrir la verdad y construyendo un relato metaficcional donde se reflexiona sobre el proceso de creación e interpretación del texto. Así, Isobel se convierte en la autora postmoderna que descubre el carácter mediatizado de todo texto. Consciente de que toda ficción está condenada a convertirse en una mise en abyme, la protagonista crea micro-historias que, además de subrayar el carácter circular e infinito de toda narrativa, amenazan con desestabilizar el universo ontológico de la trama principal. Isobel se convierte en la narradora de la historia en la que, después de asumir su papel de autora y otorgar a Jennings la función de lector, ella misma se convierte en personaje:

Además, este texto camaleónico va desviando el interés del género policíaco por descubrir la verdad y construyendo un relato metaficcional donde se reflexiona sobre el proceso de creación e interpretación del texto. Así, Isobel se convierte en la autora postmoderna que descubre el carácter mediatizado de todo texto. Consciente de que toda ficción está condenada a convertirse en una mise en abyme, la protagonista crea micro-historias que, además de subrayar el carácter circular e infinito de toda narrativa, amenazan con desestabilizar el universo ontológico de la trama principal. Isobel se convierte en la narradora de la historia en la que, después de asumir su papel de autora y otorgar a Jennings la función de lector, ella misma se convierte en personaje:

The real girl placed with her plastic tea spoon, looked up at him unsmiling now; trying him out “… and being the kind of person she is, once she’d decided it was the right thing to do, nothing, not even rather dishy young policemen who buy her cups of tea, would ever get the facts out of her.” (222).

The real girl placed with her plastic tea spoon, looked up at him unsmiling now; trying him out “… and being the kind of person she is, once she’d decided it was the right thing to do, nothing, not even rather dishy young policemen who buy her cups of tea, would ever get the facts out of her.” (222).

Las comillas dobles sirven para recordar al lector los marcos que lo distancian de la narrativa principal, es decir, que estamos en un nivel hipodiegético respecto al primer nivel narrativo. Isobel se atreve, incluso, a resaltar el carácter ficticio de ese universo que ella misma ha creado: “Let’s pretend everything to do with the Fieldings, even you and me sitting here now, is in a novel. A detective story” (221). Estas palabras son claramente subversivas en cuanto a que destruyen toda intención mimética del género policíaco tradicional. La ficción postmoderna se vuelve auto-reflexiva al plantear al lector problemas ontológicos que centran su atención sobre la literatura como artificio, como construcción de mundos.

Las comillas dobles sirven para recordar al lector los marcos que lo distancian de la narrativa principal, es decir, que estamos en un nivel hipodiegético respecto al primer nivel narrativo. Isobel se atreve, incluso, a resaltar el carácter ficticio de ese universo que ella misma ha creado: “Let’s pretend everything to do with the Fieldings, even you and me sitting here now, is in a novel. A detective story” (221). Estas palabras son claramente subversivas en cuanto a que destruyen toda intención mimética del género policíaco tradicional. La ficción postmoderna se vuelve auto-reflexiva al plantear al lector problemas ontológicos que centran su atención sobre la literatura como artificio, como construcción de mundos.

La nueva narradora, en su primera creación hipotética, plantea que el personaje desaparecido se encontró con ella en la biblioteca del British Museum y que ella lo ayudó a esconderse durante unos días: “The writer could have made them meet. He’d have to make it a kind

La nueva narradora, en su primera creación hipotética, plantea que el personaje desaparecido se encontró con ella en la biblioteca del British Museum y que ella lo ayudó a esconderse durante unos días: “The writer could have made them meet. He’d have to make it a kind

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detective story, whose traditional elements still are legible underneath the new message” (Holquist, 1971: 153).

detective story, whose traditional elements still are legible underneath the new message” (Holquist, 1971: 153).

Además, este texto camaleónico va desviando el interés del género policíaco por descubrir la verdad y construyendo un relato metaficcional donde se reflexiona sobre el proceso de creación e interpretación del texto. Así, Isobel se convierte en la autora postmoderna que descubre el carácter mediatizado de todo texto. Consciente de que toda ficción está condenada a convertirse en una mise en abyme, la protagonista crea micro-historias que, además de subrayar el carácter circular e infinito de toda narrativa, amenazan con desestabilizar el universo ontológico de la trama principal. Isobel se convierte en la narradora de la historia en la que, después de asumir su papel de autora y otorgar a Jennings la función de lector, ella misma se convierte en personaje:

Además, este texto camaleónico va desviando el interés del género policíaco por descubrir la verdad y construyendo un relato metaficcional donde se reflexiona sobre el proceso de creación e interpretación del texto. Así, Isobel se convierte en la autora postmoderna que descubre el carácter mediatizado de todo texto. Consciente de que toda ficción está condenada a convertirse en una mise en abyme, la protagonista crea micro-historias que, además de subrayar el carácter circular e infinito de toda narrativa, amenazan con desestabilizar el universo ontológico de la trama principal. Isobel se convierte en la narradora de la historia en la que, después de asumir su papel de autora y otorgar a Jennings la función de lector, ella misma se convierte en personaje:

The real girl placed with her plastic tea spoon, looked up at him unsmiling now; trying him out “… and being the kind of person she is, once she’d decided it was the right thing to do, nothing, not even rather dishy young policemen who buy her cups of tea, would ever get the facts out of her.” (222).

The real girl placed with her plastic tea spoon, looked up at him unsmiling now; trying him out “… and being the kind of person she is, once she’d decided it was the right thing to do, nothing, not even rather dishy young policemen who buy her cups of tea, would ever get the facts out of her.” (222).

Las comillas dobles sirven para recordar al lector los marcos que lo distancian de la narrativa principal, es decir, que estamos en un nivel hipodiegético respecto al primer nivel narrativo. Isobel se atreve, incluso, a resaltar el carácter ficticio de ese universo que ella misma ha creado: “Let’s pretend everything to do with the Fieldings, even you and me sitting here now, is in a novel. A detective story” (221). Estas palabras son claramente subversivas en cuanto a que destruyen toda intención mimética del género policíaco tradicional. La ficción postmoderna se vuelve auto-reflexiva al plantear al lector problemas ontológicos que centran su atención sobre la literatura como artificio, como construcción de mundos.

Las comillas dobles sirven para recordar al lector los marcos que lo distancian de la narrativa principal, es decir, que estamos en un nivel hipodiegético respecto al primer nivel narrativo. Isobel se atreve, incluso, a resaltar el carácter ficticio de ese universo que ella misma ha creado: “Let’s pretend everything to do with the Fieldings, even you and me sitting here now, is in a novel. A detective story” (221). Estas palabras son claramente subversivas en cuanto a que destruyen toda intención mimética del género policíaco tradicional. La ficción postmoderna se vuelve auto-reflexiva al plantear al lector problemas ontológicos que centran su atención sobre la literatura como artificio, como construcción de mundos.

La nueva narradora, en su primera creación hipotética, plantea que el personaje desaparecido se encontró con ella en la biblioteca del British Museum y que ella lo ayudó a esconderse durante unos días: “The writer could have made them meet. He’d have to make it a kind

La nueva narradora, en su primera creación hipotética, plantea que el personaje desaparecido se encontró con ella en la biblioteca del British Museum y que ella lo ayudó a esconderse durante unos días: “The writer could have made them meet. He’d have to make it a kind


Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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of spur-of-the-moment thing. Obviously it could have been better planned, if the missing man had had it in his mind for some time …” (222). Esta primera hipótesis sugiere muy sutilmente una interpretación metaficcional ya que insinúa que, puesto que el personaje desaparecido es una ficción, se esconde en la biblioteca, es decir, desaparece entre otros textos de ficción. El detective Jennings no parece entender la ironía y, por ello, se burla de su hipótesis por considerarla poco imaginativa. “So our writer would have to tear this ending up?” (223), pregunta Isobel no sin cierta malicia. Por ese motivo, se atreve a ser más explícita y propone abiertamente una interpretación metaficcional del relato: “I think the writer would have to face up to that. His main character has walked out on him. So all he’s left with is the character’s determination to have it that way. High and dry. Without a decent ending” (223). Este final es enormemente subversivo puesto que no va a ser aceptado fácilmente por lectores como el detective Jennings que necesitan certezas y que exigen que la ficción se adapte a las normas establecidas. La ausencia de un final se ajusta a la idea postmoderna defendida por Isobel: “The one thing people never forget is the unsolved. Nothing lasts like a mystery” (226), pero no parece interesar al tipo de lector representado por Jennings en la ficción. De ahí que el detective proponga su propia teoría, la teoría del suicidio que parece más plausible. De nuevo, el interés de la historia parece centrarse en los sistemas que rigen nuestra percepción más que en la narrativa misma. El lector es consciente de las diferencias de percepción entre ambos personajes: “the sergeant felt the abyss between them; people who live by ideas, people who have to live by facts” (224).

of spur-of-the-moment thing. Obviously it could have been better planned, if the missing man had had it in his mind for some time …” (222). Esta primera hipótesis sugiere muy sutilmente una interpretación metaficcional ya que insinúa que, puesto que el personaje desaparecido es una ficción, se esconde en la biblioteca, es decir, desaparece entre otros textos de ficción. El detective Jennings no parece entender la ironía y, por ello, se burla de su hipótesis por considerarla poco imaginativa. “So our writer would have to tear this ending up?” (223), pregunta Isobel no sin cierta malicia. Por ese motivo, se atreve a ser más explícita y propone abiertamente una interpretación metaficcional del relato: “I think the writer would have to face up to that. His main character has walked out on him. So all he’s left with is the character’s determination to have it that way. High and dry. Without a decent ending” (223). Este final es enormemente subversivo puesto que no va a ser aceptado fácilmente por lectores como el detective Jennings que necesitan certezas y que exigen que la ficción se adapte a las normas establecidas. La ausencia de un final se ajusta a la idea postmoderna defendida por Isobel: “The one thing people never forget is the unsolved. Nothing lasts like a mystery” (226), pero no parece interesar al tipo de lector representado por Jennings en la ficción. De ahí que el detective proponga su propia teoría, la teoría del suicidio que parece más plausible. De nuevo, el interés de la historia parece centrarse en los sistemas que rigen nuestra percepción más que en la narrativa misma. El lector es consciente de las diferencias de percepción entre ambos personajes: “the sergeant felt the abyss between them; people who live by ideas, people who have to live by facts” (224).

A raíz de estas palabras el lector reflexiona de forma consciente sobre su propia actitud interpretativa, motivado por su identificación en la ficción con el comportamiento del detective Jennings. En consonancia con su actitud racionalista, el detective sigue defendiendo la tesis del suicidio, aunque considera que necesita pruebas consistentes para probar su hipótesis. De ahí que Isobel, en su función de narradora postmoderna, decida seguirle el juego y proporcionarle datos precisos, aunque ficticios, sobre cómo, cuándo y dónde pudo haber sucedido. La escritora se burla abiertamente de su deseo de certezas y de su actitud racionalista. Es evidente, pues, que este juego burlón, que refleja la interacción del escritor y el lector a través de sus

A raíz de estas palabras el lector reflexiona de forma consciente sobre su propia actitud interpretativa, motivado por su identificación en la ficción con el comportamiento del detective Jennings. En consonancia con su actitud racionalista, el detective sigue defendiendo la tesis del suicidio, aunque considera que necesita pruebas consistentes para probar su hipótesis. De ahí que Isobel, en su función de narradora postmoderna, decida seguirle el juego y proporcionarle datos precisos, aunque ficticios, sobre cómo, cuándo y dónde pudo haber sucedido. La escritora se burla abiertamente de su deseo de certezas y de su actitud racionalista. Es evidente, pues, que este juego burlón, que refleja la interacción del escritor y el lector a través de sus

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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of spur-of-the-moment thing. Obviously it could have been better planned, if the missing man had had it in his mind for some time …” (222). Esta primera hipótesis sugiere muy sutilmente una interpretación metaficcional ya que insinúa que, puesto que el personaje desaparecido es una ficción, se esconde en la biblioteca, es decir, desaparece entre otros textos de ficción. El detective Jennings no parece entender la ironía y, por ello, se burla de su hipótesis por considerarla poco imaginativa. “So our writer would have to tear this ending up?” (223), pregunta Isobel no sin cierta malicia. Por ese motivo, se atreve a ser más explícita y propone abiertamente una interpretación metaficcional del relato: “I think the writer would have to face up to that. His main character has walked out on him. So all he’s left with is the character’s determination to have it that way. High and dry. Without a decent ending” (223). Este final es enormemente subversivo puesto que no va a ser aceptado fácilmente por lectores como el detective Jennings que necesitan certezas y que exigen que la ficción se adapte a las normas establecidas. La ausencia de un final se ajusta a la idea postmoderna defendida por Isobel: “The one thing people never forget is the unsolved. Nothing lasts like a mystery” (226), pero no parece interesar al tipo de lector representado por Jennings en la ficción. De ahí que el detective proponga su propia teoría, la teoría del suicidio que parece más plausible. De nuevo, el interés de la historia parece centrarse en los sistemas que rigen nuestra percepción más que en la narrativa misma. El lector es consciente de las diferencias de percepción entre ambos personajes: “the sergeant felt the abyss between them; people who live by ideas, people who have to live by facts” (224).

of spur-of-the-moment thing. Obviously it could have been better planned, if the missing man had had it in his mind for some time …” (222). Esta primera hipótesis sugiere muy sutilmente una interpretación metaficcional ya que insinúa que, puesto que el personaje desaparecido es una ficción, se esconde en la biblioteca, es decir, desaparece entre otros textos de ficción. El detective Jennings no parece entender la ironía y, por ello, se burla de su hipótesis por considerarla poco imaginativa. “So our writer would have to tear this ending up?” (223), pregunta Isobel no sin cierta malicia. Por ese motivo, se atreve a ser más explícita y propone abiertamente una interpretación metaficcional del relato: “I think the writer would have to face up to that. His main character has walked out on him. So all he’s left with is the character’s determination to have it that way. High and dry. Without a decent ending” (223). Este final es enormemente subversivo puesto que no va a ser aceptado fácilmente por lectores como el detective Jennings que necesitan certezas y que exigen que la ficción se adapte a las normas establecidas. La ausencia de un final se ajusta a la idea postmoderna defendida por Isobel: “The one thing people never forget is the unsolved. Nothing lasts like a mystery” (226), pero no parece interesar al tipo de lector representado por Jennings en la ficción. De ahí que el detective proponga su propia teoría, la teoría del suicidio que parece más plausible. De nuevo, el interés de la historia parece centrarse en los sistemas que rigen nuestra percepción más que en la narrativa misma. El lector es consciente de las diferencias de percepción entre ambos personajes: “the sergeant felt the abyss between them; people who live by ideas, people who have to live by facts” (224).

A raíz de estas palabras el lector reflexiona de forma consciente sobre su propia actitud interpretativa, motivado por su identificación en la ficción con el comportamiento del detective Jennings. En consonancia con su actitud racionalista, el detective sigue defendiendo la tesis del suicidio, aunque considera que necesita pruebas consistentes para probar su hipótesis. De ahí que Isobel, en su función de narradora postmoderna, decida seguirle el juego y proporcionarle datos precisos, aunque ficticios, sobre cómo, cuándo y dónde pudo haber sucedido. La escritora se burla abiertamente de su deseo de certezas y de su actitud racionalista. Es evidente, pues, que este juego burlón, que refleja la interacción del escritor y el lector a través de sus

A raíz de estas palabras el lector reflexiona de forma consciente sobre su propia actitud interpretativa, motivado por su identificación en la ficción con el comportamiento del detective Jennings. En consonancia con su actitud racionalista, el detective sigue defendiendo la tesis del suicidio, aunque considera que necesita pruebas consistentes para probar su hipótesis. De ahí que Isobel, en su función de narradora postmoderna, decida seguirle el juego y proporcionarle datos precisos, aunque ficticios, sobre cómo, cuándo y dónde pudo haber sucedido. La escritora se burla abiertamente de su deseo de certezas y de su actitud racionalista. Es evidente, pues, que este juego burlón, que refleja la interacción del escritor y el lector a través de sus


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sustitutos en la ficción, tiene la clara intención de enseñar al lector a tolerar otras formas de interpretación. Y es precisamente esa intención lo que lleva a Isobel a negarle el final que el detective espera. Jennings sabe que ella es la última persona que vio al desaparecido Fielding y espera que sea la clave en la solución del misterio. Este es el motivo por el que el detective insiste en que Isobel responda a su pregunta sobre si realmente se encontró con Fielding en la sala de lectura del British Museum; “Just tying the ends”(228), se justifica. Frente al deseo de certezas de Jennings encontramos la firme resistencia de Isobel quien, decidida a modificar su actitud hacia la lectura y hacia la vida, contesta: “And if I don’t answer?” (228). Se podría entender que la escritora se propone enseñar al detective, y al lector, a hacer una lectura metaficcional, es decir, a tolerar el misterio y la incertidumbre. Su empresa no está exenta de dificultad ya que el detective sigue empecinado en que la historia se ajuste a las reglas convencionales y le proporcione un final esclarecedor: “I don’t think that writer of yours would allow that” (228). Sin embargo, es en esta pugna entre el autor y el lector ficticios donde el lector empieza a ser consciente de la intención “didáctica” del autor real sobre él. Nuevamente, nos sentimos identificados con nuestro sustituto en la ficción cuando, consciente del juego del autor, afirma:

sustitutos en la ficción, tiene la clara intención de enseñar al lector a tolerar otras formas de interpretación. Y es precisamente esa intención lo que lleva a Isobel a negarle el final que el detective espera. Jennings sabe que ella es la última persona que vio al desaparecido Fielding y espera que sea la clave en la solución del misterio. Este es el motivo por el que el detective insiste en que Isobel responda a su pregunta sobre si realmente se encontró con Fielding en la sala de lectura del British Museum; “Just tying the ends”(228), se justifica. Frente al deseo de certezas de Jennings encontramos la firme resistencia de Isobel quien, decidida a modificar su actitud hacia la lectura y hacia la vida, contesta: “And if I don’t answer?” (228). Se podría entender que la escritora se propone enseñar al detective, y al lector, a hacer una lectura metaficcional, es decir, a tolerar el misterio y la incertidumbre. Su empresa no está exenta de dificultad ya que el detective sigue empecinado en que la historia se ajuste a las reglas convencionales y le proporcione un final esclarecedor: “I don’t think that writer of yours would allow that” (228). Sin embargo, es en esta pugna entre el autor y el lector ficticios donde el lector empieza a ser consciente de la intención “didáctica” del autor real sobre él. Nuevamente, nos sentimos identificados con nuestro sustituto en la ficción cuando, consciente del juego del autor, afirma:

It was bantering, yet he knew he was being put to the test; that this was precisely what was to be learned. And in some strange way the case had died during the last half an hour; it was not so much that he accepted her theory, but that like everyone else, though for a different reason, he now saw it didn’t really matter. The act was done; taking it to bits, discovering how it had been done in detail, was not the point (229).

It was bantering, yet he knew he was being put to the test; that this was precisely what was to be learned. And in some strange way the case had died during the last half an hour; it was not so much that he accepted her theory, but that like everyone else, though for a different reason, he now saw it didn’t really matter. The act was done; taking it to bits, discovering how it had been done in detail, was not the point (229).

Parece que las intenciones didácticas de Isobel, también las de Fowles, han empezado a dar sus frutos puesto que Jennings, ante el ataque directo de Isobel al concepto de realidad convencional, aprende a intuir la existencia de otras “realidades”. Resulta obvio ahora que la continua frustración de las expectativas del lector y los continuos obstáculos que interrumpen el proceso de lectura se proponen, en última instancia, evitar la concepción teleológica y racional de la narrativa. Pero, también, la invitación de Isobel a interpretar la historia

Parece que las intenciones didácticas de Isobel, también las de Fowles, han empezado a dar sus frutos puesto que Jennings, ante el ataque directo de Isobel al concepto de realidad convencional, aprende a intuir la existencia de otras “realidades”. Resulta obvio ahora que la continua frustración de las expectativas del lector y los continuos obstáculos que interrumpen el proceso de lectura se proponen, en última instancia, evitar la concepción teleológica y racional de la narrativa. Pero, también, la invitación de Isobel a interpretar la historia

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

sustitutos en la ficción, tiene la clara intención de enseñar al lector a tolerar otras formas de interpretación. Y es precisamente esa intención lo que lleva a Isobel a negarle el final que el detective espera. Jennings sabe que ella es la última persona que vio al desaparecido Fielding y espera que sea la clave en la solución del misterio. Este es el motivo por el que el detective insiste en que Isobel responda a su pregunta sobre si realmente se encontró con Fielding en la sala de lectura del British Museum; “Just tying the ends”(228), se justifica. Frente al deseo de certezas de Jennings encontramos la firme resistencia de Isobel quien, decidida a modificar su actitud hacia la lectura y hacia la vida, contesta: “And if I don’t answer?” (228). Se podría entender que la escritora se propone enseñar al detective, y al lector, a hacer una lectura metaficcional, es decir, a tolerar el misterio y la incertidumbre. Su empresa no está exenta de dificultad ya que el detective sigue empecinado en que la historia se ajuste a las reglas convencionales y le proporcione un final esclarecedor: “I don’t think that writer of yours would allow that” (228). Sin embargo, es en esta pugna entre el autor y el lector ficticios donde el lector empieza a ser consciente de la intención “didáctica” del autor real sobre él. Nuevamente, nos sentimos identificados con nuestro sustituto en la ficción cuando, consciente del juego del autor, afirma:

sustitutos en la ficción, tiene la clara intención de enseñar al lector a tolerar otras formas de interpretación. Y es precisamente esa intención lo que lleva a Isobel a negarle el final que el detective espera. Jennings sabe que ella es la última persona que vio al desaparecido Fielding y espera que sea la clave en la solución del misterio. Este es el motivo por el que el detective insiste en que Isobel responda a su pregunta sobre si realmente se encontró con Fielding en la sala de lectura del British Museum; “Just tying the ends”(228), se justifica. Frente al deseo de certezas de Jennings encontramos la firme resistencia de Isobel quien, decidida a modificar su actitud hacia la lectura y hacia la vida, contesta: “And if I don’t answer?” (228). Se podría entender que la escritora se propone enseñar al detective, y al lector, a hacer una lectura metaficcional, es decir, a tolerar el misterio y la incertidumbre. Su empresa no está exenta de dificultad ya que el detective sigue empecinado en que la historia se ajuste a las reglas convencionales y le proporcione un final esclarecedor: “I don’t think that writer of yours would allow that” (228). Sin embargo, es en esta pugna entre el autor y el lector ficticios donde el lector empieza a ser consciente de la intención “didáctica” del autor real sobre él. Nuevamente, nos sentimos identificados con nuestro sustituto en la ficción cuando, consciente del juego del autor, afirma:

It was bantering, yet he knew he was being put to the test; that this was precisely what was to be learned. And in some strange way the case had died during the last half an hour; it was not so much that he accepted her theory, but that like everyone else, though for a different reason, he now saw it didn’t really matter. The act was done; taking it to bits, discovering how it had been done in detail, was not the point (229).

It was bantering, yet he knew he was being put to the test; that this was precisely what was to be learned. And in some strange way the case had died during the last half an hour; it was not so much that he accepted her theory, but that like everyone else, though for a different reason, he now saw it didn’t really matter. The act was done; taking it to bits, discovering how it had been done in detail, was not the point (229).

Parece que las intenciones didácticas de Isobel, también las de Fowles, han empezado a dar sus frutos puesto que Jennings, ante el ataque directo de Isobel al concepto de realidad convencional, aprende a intuir la existencia de otras “realidades”. Resulta obvio ahora que la continua frustración de las expectativas del lector y los continuos obstáculos que interrumpen el proceso de lectura se proponen, en última instancia, evitar la concepción teleológica y racional de la narrativa. Pero, también, la invitación de Isobel a interpretar la historia

Parece que las intenciones didácticas de Isobel, también las de Fowles, han empezado a dar sus frutos puesto que Jennings, ante el ataque directo de Isobel al concepto de realidad convencional, aprende a intuir la existencia de otras “realidades”. Resulta obvio ahora que la continua frustración de las expectativas del lector y los continuos obstáculos que interrumpen el proceso de lectura se proponen, en última instancia, evitar la concepción teleológica y racional de la narrativa. Pero, también, la invitación de Isobel a interpretar la historia


Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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en clave metaficcional no sólo supone un cambio radical en nuestra concepción de la realidad y de la ficción, sino que nos hace, además, darnos cuenta de la importancia del lector en el proceso creativo. Así, se podría decir, utilizando las palabras de Linda Hutcheon, que “as the novelist actualizes the world of his imagination through words, so the reader –from those same words– manufactures in reverse a literary universe that is as much his creation as the novelist’s” (1980: 27). La negativa de Isobel, y de Fowles, a proporcionar al lector un final “aceptable” alcanza, así, una dimensión más profunda en cuanto a que invita al lector a tolerar la incertidumbre otorgándole plena libertad para crear sus propias ficciones, sus propias formas de ordenar y entender la realidad. En otras palabras, se sugiere al lector que las hipótesis que crea en su imaginación quizás resulten tan reales como el universo extra-textual.

en clave metaficcional no sólo supone un cambio radical en nuestra concepción de la realidad y de la ficción, sino que nos hace, además, darnos cuenta de la importancia del lector en el proceso creativo. Así, se podría decir, utilizando las palabras de Linda Hutcheon, que “as the novelist actualizes the world of his imagination through words, so the reader –from those same words– manufactures in reverse a literary universe that is as much his creation as the novelist’s” (1980: 27). La negativa de Isobel, y de Fowles, a proporcionar al lector un final “aceptable” alcanza, así, una dimensión más profunda en cuanto a que invita al lector a tolerar la incertidumbre otorgándole plena libertad para crear sus propias ficciones, sus propias formas de ordenar y entender la realidad. En otras palabras, se sugiere al lector que las hipótesis que crea en su imaginación quizás resulten tan reales como el universo extra-textual.

“The Enigma” despliega una serie de preguntas, hipótesis imperfectas y soluciones imposibles. Las explicaciones de Isobel se guían más por la imaginación que por la lógica. Finalmente, este relato confronta al lector con la ignorancia y el misterio ya que, al mismo tiempo que lo invita a formular hipótesis, no le ofrece verdades irrefutables que le permitan comprobar la validez de las mismas. “The Enigma” parece un intento fallido de recomponer las piezas del puzzle de la realidad objetiva y de completar el proceso deductivo de la novela policíaca tradicional. En este sentido se ajusta a la perfección a la descripción que del género policíaco metafísico hacen Merivale y McSweeney:

“The Enigma” despliega una serie de preguntas, hipótesis imperfectas y soluciones imposibles. Las explicaciones de Isobel se guían más por la imaginación que por la lógica. Finalmente, este relato confronta al lector con la ignorancia y el misterio ya que, al mismo tiempo que lo invita a formular hipótesis, no le ofrece verdades irrefutables que le permitan comprobar la validez de las mismas. “The Enigma” parece un intento fallido de recomponer las piezas del puzzle de la realidad objetiva y de completar el proceso deductivo de la novela policíaca tradicional. En este sentido se ajusta a la perfección a la descripción que del género policíaco metafísico hacen Merivale y McSweeney:

A metaphysical detective story is a text that parodies or subverts traditional detective-story conventions –such as narrative closure and the detective’s role as surrogate reader– with the intention, or at least the effect, of asking questions about mysteries of being and knowing which transcend the mere machinations of the mystery plot. Metaphysical detective stories often emphasize this transcendence, moreover, by becoming self-reflexive (that is, by representing allegorically the text’s own process of composition) (1999: 2).

A metaphysical detective story is a text that parodies or subverts traditional detective-story conventions –such as narrative closure and the detective’s role as surrogate reader– with the intention, or at least the effect, of asking questions about mysteries of being and knowing which transcend the mere machinations of the mystery plot. Metaphysical detective stories often emphasize this transcendence, moreover, by becoming self-reflexive (that is, by representing allegorically the text’s own process of composition) (1999: 2).

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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en clave metaficcional no sólo supone un cambio radical en nuestra concepción de la realidad y de la ficción, sino que nos hace, además, darnos cuenta de la importancia del lector en el proceso creativo. Así, se podría decir, utilizando las palabras de Linda Hutcheon, que “as the novelist actualizes the world of his imagination through words, so the reader –from those same words– manufactures in reverse a literary universe that is as much his creation as the novelist’s” (1980: 27). La negativa de Isobel, y de Fowles, a proporcionar al lector un final “aceptable” alcanza, así, una dimensión más profunda en cuanto a que invita al lector a tolerar la incertidumbre otorgándole plena libertad para crear sus propias ficciones, sus propias formas de ordenar y entender la realidad. En otras palabras, se sugiere al lector que las hipótesis que crea en su imaginación quizás resulten tan reales como el universo extra-textual.

en clave metaficcional no sólo supone un cambio radical en nuestra concepción de la realidad y de la ficción, sino que nos hace, además, darnos cuenta de la importancia del lector en el proceso creativo. Así, se podría decir, utilizando las palabras de Linda Hutcheon, que “as the novelist actualizes the world of his imagination through words, so the reader –from those same words– manufactures in reverse a literary universe that is as much his creation as the novelist’s” (1980: 27). La negativa de Isobel, y de Fowles, a proporcionar al lector un final “aceptable” alcanza, así, una dimensión más profunda en cuanto a que invita al lector a tolerar la incertidumbre otorgándole plena libertad para crear sus propias ficciones, sus propias formas de ordenar y entender la realidad. En otras palabras, se sugiere al lector que las hipótesis que crea en su imaginación quizás resulten tan reales como el universo extra-textual.

“The Enigma” despliega una serie de preguntas, hipótesis imperfectas y soluciones imposibles. Las explicaciones de Isobel se guían más por la imaginación que por la lógica. Finalmente, este relato confronta al lector con la ignorancia y el misterio ya que, al mismo tiempo que lo invita a formular hipótesis, no le ofrece verdades irrefutables que le permitan comprobar la validez de las mismas. “The Enigma” parece un intento fallido de recomponer las piezas del puzzle de la realidad objetiva y de completar el proceso deductivo de la novela policíaca tradicional. En este sentido se ajusta a la perfección a la descripción que del género policíaco metafísico hacen Merivale y McSweeney:

“The Enigma” despliega una serie de preguntas, hipótesis imperfectas y soluciones imposibles. Las explicaciones de Isobel se guían más por la imaginación que por la lógica. Finalmente, este relato confronta al lector con la ignorancia y el misterio ya que, al mismo tiempo que lo invita a formular hipótesis, no le ofrece verdades irrefutables que le permitan comprobar la validez de las mismas. “The Enigma” parece un intento fallido de recomponer las piezas del puzzle de la realidad objetiva y de completar el proceso deductivo de la novela policíaca tradicional. En este sentido se ajusta a la perfección a la descripción que del género policíaco metafísico hacen Merivale y McSweeney:

A metaphysical detective story is a text that parodies or subverts traditional detective-story conventions –such as narrative closure and the detective’s role as surrogate reader– with the intention, or at least the effect, of asking questions about mysteries of being and knowing which transcend the mere machinations of the mystery plot. Metaphysical detective stories often emphasize this transcendence, moreover, by becoming self-reflexive (that is, by representing allegorically the text’s own process of composition) (1999: 2).

A metaphysical detective story is a text that parodies or subverts traditional detective-story conventions –such as narrative closure and the detective’s role as surrogate reader– with the intention, or at least the effect, of asking questions about mysteries of being and knowing which transcend the mere machinations of the mystery plot. Metaphysical detective stories often emphasize this transcendence, moreover, by becoming self-reflexive (that is, by representing allegorically the text’s own process of composition) (1999: 2).


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Las diferentes formas subjetivas de estructurar la realidad contribuyen a crear una tensión que intensifica la ambigüedad del universo ficticio. El lector que emprende la lectura con la esperanza de tener acceso a un universo coherente verá, por tanto, frustradas sus expectativas ante el despliegue de estrategias metaficcionales que convierten la construcción del universo de ficción en una empresa extremadamente problemática. Los diferentes micro-relatos que se insertan en la narrativa principal contradicen nuestras expectativas sobre el texto como espacio estático y, debido a que éste despliega todo su potencial y mutabilidad, consigue modificar nuestra percepción del mismo. En otras palabras, esta bifurcación de posibilidades invita a la repetida re-construcción del texto, que se transforma ante cada nueva alternativa, de forma que el acto de escritura y el de la interpretación se funden progresivamente hasta hacerse inseparables. Al final del relato, unas ficciones se acumulan sobre otras negando cualquier significado o solución al misterio. Isobel es la autora de un texto sous rature, de una escritura que se borra continuamente pero que no nos deja olvidar su significado. Se podría afirmar que

Las diferentes formas subjetivas de estructurar la realidad contribuyen a crear una tensión que intensifica la ambigüedad del universo ficticio. El lector que emprende la lectura con la esperanza de tener acceso a un universo coherente verá, por tanto, frustradas sus expectativas ante el despliegue de estrategias metaficcionales que convierten la construcción del universo de ficción en una empresa extremadamente problemática. Los diferentes micro-relatos que se insertan en la narrativa principal contradicen nuestras expectativas sobre el texto como espacio estático y, debido a que éste despliega todo su potencial y mutabilidad, consigue modificar nuestra percepción del mismo. En otras palabras, esta bifurcación de posibilidades invita a la repetida re-construcción del texto, que se transforma ante cada nueva alternativa, de forma que el acto de escritura y el de la interpretación se funden progresivamente hasta hacerse inseparables. Al final del relato, unas ficciones se acumulan sobre otras negando cualquier significado o solución al misterio. Isobel es la autora de un texto sous rature, de una escritura que se borra continuamente pero que no nos deja olvidar su significado. Se podría afirmar que

in the metafictional category the anti-detective novel becomes mainly ‘assassination’ of texts and ‘hideand-seek’ between the writer and reader. The detective game is rarefied and intellectualized to such an extent that it becomes the sophisticated ritualization of the timeless game between writer and reader present in any good novel (Tani 1984: 146-147).

in the metafictional category the anti-detective novel becomes mainly ‘assassination’ of texts and ‘hideand-seek’ between the writer and reader. The detective game is rarefied and intellectualized to such an extent that it becomes the sophisticated ritualization of the timeless game between writer and reader present in any good novel (Tani 1984: 146-147).

“The Enigma” se plantea como juego que se propone deconstruir el texto mediante la proliferación de hipótesis que nos indican que este no es el texto definitivo que represente la realidad, sino sólo un texto sobre otro anterior. El autor se niega a ofrecer una narrativa coherente que explique la desaparición de Fielding y, al hacerlo, insiste en el efecto liberador derivado de la ambigüedad deliberada. Es un texto paranoico debido a su indeterminación y a los marcos de referencia tan contradictorios que presenta. En definitiva, la dialéctica entre auto-destrucción y auto-invención consigue involucrar al lector en un proceso interminable que no admite síntesis pues ninguna interpretación se presenta como definitiva. Pues parece evidente que “Fowles sets up the mystery not to allow us to choose our

“The Enigma” se plantea como juego que se propone deconstruir el texto mediante la proliferación de hipótesis que nos indican que este no es el texto definitivo que represente la realidad, sino sólo un texto sobre otro anterior. El autor se niega a ofrecer una narrativa coherente que explique la desaparición de Fielding y, al hacerlo, insiste en el efecto liberador derivado de la ambigüedad deliberada. Es un texto paranoico debido a su indeterminación y a los marcos de referencia tan contradictorios que presenta. En definitiva, la dialéctica entre auto-destrucción y auto-invención consigue involucrar al lector en un proceso interminable que no admite síntesis pues ninguna interpretación se presenta como definitiva. Pues parece evidente que “Fowles sets up the mystery not to allow us to choose our

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Las diferentes formas subjetivas de estructurar la realidad contribuyen a crear una tensión que intensifica la ambigüedad del universo ficticio. El lector que emprende la lectura con la esperanza de tener acceso a un universo coherente verá, por tanto, frustradas sus expectativas ante el despliegue de estrategias metaficcionales que convierten la construcción del universo de ficción en una empresa extremadamente problemática. Los diferentes micro-relatos que se insertan en la narrativa principal contradicen nuestras expectativas sobre el texto como espacio estático y, debido a que éste despliega todo su potencial y mutabilidad, consigue modificar nuestra percepción del mismo. En otras palabras, esta bifurcación de posibilidades invita a la repetida re-construcción del texto, que se transforma ante cada nueva alternativa, de forma que el acto de escritura y el de la interpretación se funden progresivamente hasta hacerse inseparables. Al final del relato, unas ficciones se acumulan sobre otras negando cualquier significado o solución al misterio. Isobel es la autora de un texto sous rature, de una escritura que se borra continuamente pero que no nos deja olvidar su significado. Se podría afirmar que

Las diferentes formas subjetivas de estructurar la realidad contribuyen a crear una tensión que intensifica la ambigüedad del universo ficticio. El lector que emprende la lectura con la esperanza de tener acceso a un universo coherente verá, por tanto, frustradas sus expectativas ante el despliegue de estrategias metaficcionales que convierten la construcción del universo de ficción en una empresa extremadamente problemática. Los diferentes micro-relatos que se insertan en la narrativa principal contradicen nuestras expectativas sobre el texto como espacio estático y, debido a que éste despliega todo su potencial y mutabilidad, consigue modificar nuestra percepción del mismo. En otras palabras, esta bifurcación de posibilidades invita a la repetida re-construcción del texto, que se transforma ante cada nueva alternativa, de forma que el acto de escritura y el de la interpretación se funden progresivamente hasta hacerse inseparables. Al final del relato, unas ficciones se acumulan sobre otras negando cualquier significado o solución al misterio. Isobel es la autora de un texto sous rature, de una escritura que se borra continuamente pero que no nos deja olvidar su significado. Se podría afirmar que

in the metafictional category the anti-detective novel becomes mainly ‘assassination’ of texts and ‘hideand-seek’ between the writer and reader. The detective game is rarefied and intellectualized to such an extent that it becomes the sophisticated ritualization of the timeless game between writer and reader present in any good novel (Tani 1984: 146-147).

in the metafictional category the anti-detective novel becomes mainly ‘assassination’ of texts and ‘hideand-seek’ between the writer and reader. The detective game is rarefied and intellectualized to such an extent that it becomes the sophisticated ritualization of the timeless game between writer and reader present in any good novel (Tani 1984: 146-147).

“The Enigma” se plantea como juego que se propone deconstruir el texto mediante la proliferación de hipótesis que nos indican que este no es el texto definitivo que represente la realidad, sino sólo un texto sobre otro anterior. El autor se niega a ofrecer una narrativa coherente que explique la desaparición de Fielding y, al hacerlo, insiste en el efecto liberador derivado de la ambigüedad deliberada. Es un texto paranoico debido a su indeterminación y a los marcos de referencia tan contradictorios que presenta. En definitiva, la dialéctica entre auto-destrucción y auto-invención consigue involucrar al lector en un proceso interminable que no admite síntesis pues ninguna interpretación se presenta como definitiva. Pues parece evidente que “Fowles sets up the mystery not to allow us to choose our

“The Enigma” se plantea como juego que se propone deconstruir el texto mediante la proliferación de hipótesis que nos indican que este no es el texto definitivo que represente la realidad, sino sólo un texto sobre otro anterior. El autor se niega a ofrecer una narrativa coherente que explique la desaparición de Fielding y, al hacerlo, insiste en el efecto liberador derivado de la ambigüedad deliberada. Es un texto paranoico debido a su indeterminación y a los marcos de referencia tan contradictorios que presenta. En definitiva, la dialéctica entre auto-destrucción y auto-invención consigue involucrar al lector en un proceso interminable que no admite síntesis pues ninguna interpretación se presenta como definitiva. Pues parece evidente que “Fowles sets up the mystery not to allow us to choose our


Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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own solution, but to question the motives and values supporting that very drive for closure” (Roessner 2000: 308).

own solution, but to question the motives and values supporting that very drive for closure” (Roessner 2000: 308).

Fowles en este relato apuesta por desdibujar las fronteras entre géneros y deformarlos de forma que apenas resulten reconocibles por el lector. Se nos anima a interpretar el texto según las expectativas del género policíaco para posteriormente destruir las convenciones evocadas burlándose de nuestro deseo de univocidad. La subversión de las estructuras propias del relato policíaco sirve para jugar con las expectativas que trae consigo el lector convirtiendo el acto de la lectura en una reflexión sobre las condiciones en que se genera e interpreta el significado. Pero, además, la architextualidad obliga al lector a concentrarse en el género que resulta desplazado y modificado por la obra que tenemos delante. De esta forma, este relato metafísico desplaza a su antecesor, superponiéndose a modo de palimsesto, con la finalidad de celebrar la ruptura de los límites que separan los géneros. Esto supone el reconocimiento de que los géneros no son estructuras incuestionables ni inamovibles ya que todas las convenciones parecen susceptibles a la ironía y a la deconstrucción de forma que se de paso a nuevas convenciones que permitan regenerar las formas literarias.

Fowles en este relato apuesta por desdibujar las fronteras entre géneros y deformarlos de forma que apenas resulten reconocibles por el lector. Se nos anima a interpretar el texto según las expectativas del género policíaco para posteriormente destruir las convenciones evocadas burlándose de nuestro deseo de univocidad. La subversión de las estructuras propias del relato policíaco sirve para jugar con las expectativas que trae consigo el lector convirtiendo el acto de la lectura en una reflexión sobre las condiciones en que se genera e interpreta el significado. Pero, además, la architextualidad obliga al lector a concentrarse en el género que resulta desplazado y modificado por la obra que tenemos delante. De esta forma, este relato metafísico desplaza a su antecesor, superponiéndose a modo de palimsesto, con la finalidad de celebrar la ruptura de los límites que separan los géneros. Esto supone el reconocimiento de que los géneros no son estructuras incuestionables ni inamovibles ya que todas las convenciones parecen susceptibles a la ironía y a la deconstrucción de forma que se de paso a nuevas convenciones que permitan regenerar las formas literarias.

Fowles propone nuevas estructuras narrativas que, aunque se nutren de estructuras conocidas, permitan superar la necesidad de orientación que tiene el lector y reflejar la complejidad y ambigüedad de la realidad. Esto supone un desafío a la estabilidad de significados que propugnaba el realismo. Si la estructura o el género literario en el pasado parecía facilitar la interpretación de las obras, el postmodernismo va a jugar con esas certezas borrando los límites que separan los géneros. De hecho, se podría afirmar que

Fowles propone nuevas estructuras narrativas que, aunque se nutren de estructuras conocidas, permitan superar la necesidad de orientación que tiene el lector y reflejar la complejidad y ambigüedad de la realidad. Esto supone un desafío a la estabilidad de significados que propugnaba el realismo. Si la estructura o el género literario en el pasado parecía facilitar la interpretación de las obras, el postmodernismo va a jugar con esas certezas borrando los límites que separan los géneros. De hecho, se podría afirmar que

postmodernism not only radicalizes forms, but also satirizes them, exposing their incapacities to connect with reality and the possibilities for distortion which result. In one way … this can be seen as evasive, a negation of art’s potential to confront the challenges of life and history. In another way, however, it can be seen as responsibly encouraging the readers to challenge for themselves cultural codes and established patterns of thought (Smyth, 1991: 25).

postmodernism not only radicalizes forms, but also satirizes them, exposing their incapacities to connect with reality and the possibilities for distortion which result. In one way … this can be seen as evasive, a negation of art’s potential to confront the challenges of life and history. In another way, however, it can be seen as responsibly encouraging the readers to challenge for themselves cultural codes and established patterns of thought (Smyth, 1991: 25).

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Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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own solution, but to question the motives and values supporting that very drive for closure” (Roessner 2000: 308).

own solution, but to question the motives and values supporting that very drive for closure” (Roessner 2000: 308).

Fowles en este relato apuesta por desdibujar las fronteras entre géneros y deformarlos de forma que apenas resulten reconocibles por el lector. Se nos anima a interpretar el texto según las expectativas del género policíaco para posteriormente destruir las convenciones evocadas burlándose de nuestro deseo de univocidad. La subversión de las estructuras propias del relato policíaco sirve para jugar con las expectativas que trae consigo el lector convirtiendo el acto de la lectura en una reflexión sobre las condiciones en que se genera e interpreta el significado. Pero, además, la architextualidad obliga al lector a concentrarse en el género que resulta desplazado y modificado por la obra que tenemos delante. De esta forma, este relato metafísico desplaza a su antecesor, superponiéndose a modo de palimsesto, con la finalidad de celebrar la ruptura de los límites que separan los géneros. Esto supone el reconocimiento de que los géneros no son estructuras incuestionables ni inamovibles ya que todas las convenciones parecen susceptibles a la ironía y a la deconstrucción de forma que se de paso a nuevas convenciones que permitan regenerar las formas literarias.

Fowles en este relato apuesta por desdibujar las fronteras entre géneros y deformarlos de forma que apenas resulten reconocibles por el lector. Se nos anima a interpretar el texto según las expectativas del género policíaco para posteriormente destruir las convenciones evocadas burlándose de nuestro deseo de univocidad. La subversión de las estructuras propias del relato policíaco sirve para jugar con las expectativas que trae consigo el lector convirtiendo el acto de la lectura en una reflexión sobre las condiciones en que se genera e interpreta el significado. Pero, además, la architextualidad obliga al lector a concentrarse en el género que resulta desplazado y modificado por la obra que tenemos delante. De esta forma, este relato metafísico desplaza a su antecesor, superponiéndose a modo de palimsesto, con la finalidad de celebrar la ruptura de los límites que separan los géneros. Esto supone el reconocimiento de que los géneros no son estructuras incuestionables ni inamovibles ya que todas las convenciones parecen susceptibles a la ironía y a la deconstrucción de forma que se de paso a nuevas convenciones que permitan regenerar las formas literarias.

Fowles propone nuevas estructuras narrativas que, aunque se nutren de estructuras conocidas, permitan superar la necesidad de orientación que tiene el lector y reflejar la complejidad y ambigüedad de la realidad. Esto supone un desafío a la estabilidad de significados que propugnaba el realismo. Si la estructura o el género literario en el pasado parecía facilitar la interpretación de las obras, el postmodernismo va a jugar con esas certezas borrando los límites que separan los géneros. De hecho, se podría afirmar que

Fowles propone nuevas estructuras narrativas que, aunque se nutren de estructuras conocidas, permitan superar la necesidad de orientación que tiene el lector y reflejar la complejidad y ambigüedad de la realidad. Esto supone un desafío a la estabilidad de significados que propugnaba el realismo. Si la estructura o el género literario en el pasado parecía facilitar la interpretación de las obras, el postmodernismo va a jugar con esas certezas borrando los límites que separan los géneros. De hecho, se podría afirmar que

postmodernism not only radicalizes forms, but also satirizes them, exposing their incapacities to connect with reality and the possibilities for distortion which result. In one way … this can be seen as evasive, a negation of art’s potential to confront the challenges of life and history. In another way, however, it can be seen as responsibly encouraging the readers to challenge for themselves cultural codes and established patterns of thought (Smyth, 1991: 25).

postmodernism not only radicalizes forms, but also satirizes them, exposing their incapacities to connect with reality and the possibilities for distortion which result. In one way … this can be seen as evasive, a negation of art’s potential to confront the challenges of life and history. In another way, however, it can be seen as responsibly encouraging the readers to challenge for themselves cultural codes and established patterns of thought (Smyth, 1991: 25).


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Estas narrativas postmodernas incomodan e inquietan al lector al hacerlo desconfiar de las convenciones y creencias procedentes de su repertorio literario. Son narrativas que, reflexionando sobre la artificialidad de las estructuras aparentemente inamovibles, no ofrecen soluciones sino que más bien plantean interrogantes al lector. En definitiva, son obras socialmente comprometidas pues, mediante la auto-reflexión sobre la codificación de los significados, exploran los condicionamientos que las formas imponen sobre nuestra visión de la realidad con la intención de liberar al lector de la autoridad de la tradición. Como consecuencia, se desafía el concepto que el lector tiene de la interpretación y se le insta a dejarse de interesar por el significado de un texto literario para centrar su atención sobre cómo está construido dicho texto. De esta forma, la revisión de las estructuras permite concebir los textos como productos abiertos e inacabados que pueden estar sujetos a continua revisión al igual que los códigos culturales que pretenden transmitir.

Estas narrativas postmodernas incomodan e inquietan al lector al hacerlo desconfiar de las convenciones y creencias procedentes de su repertorio literario. Son narrativas que, reflexionando sobre la artificialidad de las estructuras aparentemente inamovibles, no ofrecen soluciones sino que más bien plantean interrogantes al lector. En definitiva, son obras socialmente comprometidas pues, mediante la auto-reflexión sobre la codificación de los significados, exploran los condicionamientos que las formas imponen sobre nuestra visión de la realidad con la intención de liberar al lector de la autoridad de la tradición. Como consecuencia, se desafía el concepto que el lector tiene de la interpretación y se le insta a dejarse de interesar por el significado de un texto literario para centrar su atención sobre cómo está construido dicho texto. De esta forma, la revisión de las estructuras permite concebir los textos como productos abiertos e inacabados que pueden estar sujetos a continua revisión al igual que los códigos culturales que pretenden transmitir.

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Brax, K. 2003. The Poetics of Mystery. Genre, Representation and Narrative Ethics in John Fowles’s Historical Fiction. Helsinki: Helsinky University Printing House. Carpi, D. 2002. “Hypertext and Mystery: A Re-reading of John Fowles’ ‘The Enigma’, Mantissa and A Maggot”. Anglistik. 13, 1: 93-106 Fowles, J. 1975. The Ebony Tower. New York: Signet. Frye, N. 1976. The Secular Scripture: A Study of the Structure of Romance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Holmes, F. M. 1985. “Fictional Self-Consciousness in John Fowles’s ‘The Ebony Tower’”. ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature. 16, 3: 21 Holquist, M. 1971. “Whodunit and Other Questions: Metaphysical Detective Stories in Post-War Fiction”. New Literary History. 3, 1: 135-156 Hutcheon, L. 1980. Narcissistic Narrative: The Metafictional Paradox. London: Routledge. McSweeney, K. 1980-81. “John Fowles’s Variations in The Ebony Tower”. Journal of Modern Literature. 8, 2: 303-324

Brax, K. 2003. The Poetics of Mystery. Genre, Representation and Narrative Ethics in John Fowles’s Historical Fiction. Helsinki: Helsinky University Printing House. Carpi, D. 2002. “Hypertext and Mystery: A Re-reading of John Fowles’ ‘The Enigma’, Mantissa and A Maggot”. Anglistik. 13, 1: 93-106 Fowles, J. 1975. The Ebony Tower. New York: Signet. Frye, N. 1976. The Secular Scripture: A Study of the Structure of Romance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Holmes, F. M. 1985. “Fictional Self-Consciousness in John Fowles’s ‘The Ebony Tower’”. ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature. 16, 3: 21 Holquist, M. 1971. “Whodunit and Other Questions: Metaphysical Detective Stories in Post-War Fiction”. New Literary History. 3, 1: 135-156 Hutcheon, L. 1980. Narcissistic Narrative: The Metafictional Paradox. London: Routledge. McSweeney, K. 1980-81. “John Fowles’s Variations in The Ebony Tower”. Journal of Modern Literature. 8, 2: 303-324

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Estas narrativas postmodernas incomodan e inquietan al lector al hacerlo desconfiar de las convenciones y creencias procedentes de su repertorio literario. Son narrativas que, reflexionando sobre la artificialidad de las estructuras aparentemente inamovibles, no ofrecen soluciones sino que más bien plantean interrogantes al lector. En definitiva, son obras socialmente comprometidas pues, mediante la auto-reflexión sobre la codificación de los significados, exploran los condicionamientos que las formas imponen sobre nuestra visión de la realidad con la intención de liberar al lector de la autoridad de la tradición. Como consecuencia, se desafía el concepto que el lector tiene de la interpretación y se le insta a dejarse de interesar por el significado de un texto literario para centrar su atención sobre cómo está construido dicho texto. De esta forma, la revisión de las estructuras permite concebir los textos como productos abiertos e inacabados que pueden estar sujetos a continua revisión al igual que los códigos culturales que pretenden transmitir.

Estas narrativas postmodernas incomodan e inquietan al lector al hacerlo desconfiar de las convenciones y creencias procedentes de su repertorio literario. Son narrativas que, reflexionando sobre la artificialidad de las estructuras aparentemente inamovibles, no ofrecen soluciones sino que más bien plantean interrogantes al lector. En definitiva, son obras socialmente comprometidas pues, mediante la auto-reflexión sobre la codificación de los significados, exploran los condicionamientos que las formas imponen sobre nuestra visión de la realidad con la intención de liberar al lector de la autoridad de la tradición. Como consecuencia, se desafía el concepto que el lector tiene de la interpretación y se le insta a dejarse de interesar por el significado de un texto literario para centrar su atención sobre cómo está construido dicho texto. De esta forma, la revisión de las estructuras permite concebir los textos como productos abiertos e inacabados que pueden estar sujetos a continua revisión al igual que los códigos culturales que pretenden transmitir.

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Brax, K. 2003. The Poetics of Mystery. Genre, Representation and Narrative Ethics in John Fowles’s Historical Fiction. Helsinki: Helsinky University Printing House. Carpi, D. 2002. “Hypertext and Mystery: A Re-reading of John Fowles’ ‘The Enigma’, Mantissa and A Maggot”. Anglistik. 13, 1: 93-106 Fowles, J. 1975. The Ebony Tower. New York: Signet. Frye, N. 1976. The Secular Scripture: A Study of the Structure of Romance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Holmes, F. M. 1985. “Fictional Self-Consciousness in John Fowles’s ‘The Ebony Tower’”. ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature. 16, 3: 21 Holquist, M. 1971. “Whodunit and Other Questions: Metaphysical Detective Stories in Post-War Fiction”. New Literary History. 3, 1: 135-156 Hutcheon, L. 1980. Narcissistic Narrative: The Metafictional Paradox. London: Routledge. McSweeney, K. 1980-81. “John Fowles’s Variations in The Ebony Tower”. Journal of Modern Literature. 8, 2: 303-324

Brax, K. 2003. The Poetics of Mystery. Genre, Representation and Narrative Ethics in John Fowles’s Historical Fiction. Helsinki: Helsinky University Printing House. Carpi, D. 2002. “Hypertext and Mystery: A Re-reading of John Fowles’ ‘The Enigma’, Mantissa and A Maggot”. Anglistik. 13, 1: 93-106 Fowles, J. 1975. The Ebony Tower. New York: Signet. Frye, N. 1976. The Secular Scripture: A Study of the Structure of Romance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Holmes, F. M. 1985. “Fictional Self-Consciousness in John Fowles’s ‘The Ebony Tower’”. ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature. 16, 3: 21 Holquist, M. 1971. “Whodunit and Other Questions: Metaphysical Detective Stories in Post-War Fiction”. New Literary History. 3, 1: 135-156 Hutcheon, L. 1980. Narcissistic Narrative: The Metafictional Paradox. London: Routledge. McSweeney, K. 1980-81. “John Fowles’s Variations in The Ebony Tower”. Journal of Modern Literature. 8, 2: 303-324


Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

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Merivale, P. y S. E. Sweeney. 1999. “The Game’s Afoot: On the Trail of the Metaphysical Detective Story” en P. Merivale y S. Sweeney, eds. The Metaphysical Detective Story from Poe to Postmodernism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press Roessner, J. 2000. “Unsolved Mysteries: Agents of Historical Change in John Fowles’s A Maggot”. Papers on Language & Literature: a Quarterly Journal for Scholars and Critics of Language and Literature. 36, 3: 302-23 Smyth, E. J. 1991. Postmodernism and Contemporary Fiction. London: Batsford. Spanos, W. V. 1972. “The Detective and The Boundary: Some Notes on the Postmodern Literary Imagination”. Boundary.2 1, 1: 147-168 Swope, R. 1998. “Approaching the Threshold(s) in Postmodern Detective Fiction: Hawthorne’s “Wakefield” and other Missing Persons”. Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 39, 3: 207-227 Tani, Stefano. 1984. The Doomed Detective. The Contribution of the Detective Novel to Postmodern American and Italian Fiction. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Merivale, P. y S. E. Sweeney. 1999. “The Game’s Afoot: On the Trail of the Metaphysical Detective Story” en P. Merivale y S. Sweeney, eds. The Metaphysical Detective Story from Poe to Postmodernism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press Roessner, J. 2000. “Unsolved Mysteries: Agents of Historical Change in John Fowles’s A Maggot”. Papers on Language & Literature: a Quarterly Journal for Scholars and Critics of Language and Literature. 36, 3: 302-23 Smyth, E. J. 1991. Postmodernism and Contemporary Fiction. London: Batsford. Spanos, W. V. 1972. “The Detective and The Boundary: Some Notes on the Postmodern Literary Imagination”. Boundary.2 1, 1: 147-168 Swope, R. 1998. “Approaching the Threshold(s) in Postmodern Detective Fiction: Hawthorne’s “Wakefield” and other Missing Persons”. Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 39, 3: 207-227 Tani, Stefano. 1984. The Doomed Detective. The Contribution of the Detective Novel to Postmodern American and Italian Fiction. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

Luisa Mª González Rodríguez La subversión del género policíaco en The Enigma de John Fowles

75

Merivale, P. y S. E. Sweeney. 1999. “The Game’s Afoot: On the Trail of the Metaphysical Detective Story” en P. Merivale y S. Sweeney, eds. The Metaphysical Detective Story from Poe to Postmodernism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press Roessner, J. 2000. “Unsolved Mysteries: Agents of Historical Change in John Fowles’s A Maggot”. Papers on Language & Literature: a Quarterly Journal for Scholars and Critics of Language and Literature. 36, 3: 302-23 Smyth, E. J. 1991. Postmodernism and Contemporary Fiction. London: Batsford. Spanos, W. V. 1972. “The Detective and The Boundary: Some Notes on the Postmodern Literary Imagination”. Boundary.2 1, 1: 147-168 Swope, R. 1998. “Approaching the Threshold(s) in Postmodern Detective Fiction: Hawthorne’s “Wakefield” and other Missing Persons”. Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 39, 3: 207-227 Tani, Stefano. 1984. The Doomed Detective. The Contribution of the Detective Novel to Postmodern American and Italian Fiction. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

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Merivale, P. y S. E. Sweeney. 1999. “The Game’s Afoot: On the Trail of the Metaphysical Detective Story” en P. Merivale y S. Sweeney, eds. The Metaphysical Detective Story from Poe to Postmodernism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press Roessner, J. 2000. “Unsolved Mysteries: Agents of Historical Change in John Fowles’s A Maggot”. Papers on Language & Literature: a Quarterly Journal for Scholars and Critics of Language and Literature. 36, 3: 302-23 Smyth, E. J. 1991. Postmodernism and Contemporary Fiction. London: Batsford. Spanos, W. V. 1972. “The Detective and The Boundary: Some Notes on the Postmodern Literary Imagination”. Boundary.2 1, 1: 147-168 Swope, R. 1998. “Approaching the Threshold(s) in Postmodern Detective Fiction: Hawthorne’s “Wakefield” and other Missing Persons”. Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 39, 3: 207-227 Tani, Stefano. 1984. The Doomed Detective. The Contribution of the Detective Novel to Postmodern American and Italian Fiction. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.



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TRISTRAM’S IDENTITY REVISITED * Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Universidad de Granada sumille@correo.ugr.es

Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram’s Identity Revisited

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TRISTRAM’S IDENTITY REVISITED * Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Universidad de Granada sumille@correo.ugr.es

It was a commissary sent to me from the post office, with a rescript in his hand for the payment of some six livres odd sous. Upon what account? Said I. – ‘Tis upon the part of the king, replied the commissary, heaving up both his shoulders-My good friend, quoth I, -as sure as I am I – and you are you-And who are you? Said he. – Don’t puzzle me, said I.

It was a commissary sent to me from the post office, with a rescript in his hand for the payment of some six livres odd sous. Upon what account? Said I. – ‘Tis upon the part of the king, replied the commissary, heaving up both his shoulders-My good friend, quoth I, -as sure as I am I – and you are you-And who are you? Said he. – Don’t puzzle me, said I.

(Sterne 2003: 473)

(Sterne 2003: 473)

This article briefly connects the postulates of four authors from very different backgrounds with the manner in which the issue of personal identity is dealt with in Sterne’s Tristram Shandy. The chosen thinkers are John Locke, David Hume, Jacques Lacan, and Jean Baudrillard. Locke’s ideas on language, knowledge, and personal identity will be contrasted with those of Sterne. Then, the article will discuss Hume’s theories on associationism and his conviction that the notion of the “I” is a mere illusion created by human memory. As to Lacan and Baudrillard, the former’s theory of “the mirror stage”, and the concepts of simulation and hyperreality put forward by the latter will be compared with the ideas underlying Tristram Shandy. In this manner, by the end of the article I will have elaborated a gradient in which Locke is very distant from Sterne’s world view and Baudrillard occupies the closest position, while both Hume and Lacan can be placed in the middle of that gradient.

This article briefly connects the postulates of four authors from very different backgrounds with the manner in which the issue of personal identity is dealt with in Sterne’s Tristram Shandy. The chosen thinkers are John Locke, David Hume, Jacques Lacan, and Jean Baudrillard. Locke’s ideas on language, knowledge, and personal identity will be contrasted with those of Sterne. Then, the article will discuss Hume’s theories on associationism and his conviction that the notion of the “I” is a mere illusion created by human memory. As to Lacan and Baudrillard, the former’s theory of “the mirror stage”, and the concepts of simulation and hyperreality put forward by the latter will be compared with the ideas underlying Tristram Shandy. In this manner, by the end of the article I will have elaborated a gradient in which Locke is very distant from Sterne’s world view and Baudrillard occupies the closest position, while both Hume and Lacan can be placed in the middle of that gradient.

Key words: Tristram Shandy, Sterne, Locke, Hume, Lacan, Baudrillard, personal identity.

Key words: Tristram Shandy, Sterne, Locke, Hume, Lacan, Baudrillard, personal identity.

Este artículo compara las teorías de John Locke, David Hume, Jacques Lacan, y Jean Baudrillard con la

Este artículo compara las teorías de John Locke, David Hume, Jacques Lacan, y Jean Baudrillard con la

* Fecha de recepción: marzo 2007

Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram’s Identity Revisited

77

* Fecha de recepción: marzo 2007

Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram’s Identity Revisited

77

TRISTRAM’S IDENTITY REVISITED * Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Universidad de Granada sumille@correo.ugr.es

TRISTRAM’S IDENTITY REVISITED * Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Universidad de Granada sumille@correo.ugr.es It was a commissary sent to me from the post office, with a rescript in his hand for the payment of some six livres odd sous. Upon what account? Said I. – ‘Tis upon the part of the king, replied the commissary, heaving up both his shoulders-My good friend, quoth I, -as sure as I am I – and you are you-And who are you? Said he. – Don’t puzzle me, said I.

It was a commissary sent to me from the post office, with a rescript in his hand for the payment of some six livres odd sous. Upon what account? Said I. – ‘Tis upon the part of the king, replied the commissary, heaving up both his shoulders-My good friend, quoth I, -as sure as I am I – and you are you-And who are you? Said he. – Don’t puzzle me, said I.

(Sterne 2003: 473)

(Sterne 2003: 473)

This article briefly connects the postulates of four authors from very different backgrounds with the manner in which the issue of personal identity is dealt with in Sterne’s Tristram Shandy. The chosen thinkers are John Locke, David Hume, Jacques Lacan, and Jean Baudrillard. Locke’s ideas on language, knowledge, and personal identity will be contrasted with those of Sterne. Then, the article will discuss Hume’s theories on associationism and his conviction that the notion of the “I” is a mere illusion created by human memory. As to Lacan and Baudrillard, the former’s theory of “the mirror stage”, and the concepts of simulation and hyperreality put forward by the latter will be compared with the ideas underlying Tristram Shandy. In this manner, by the end of the article I will have elaborated a gradient in which Locke is very distant from Sterne’s world view and Baudrillard occupies the closest position, while both Hume and Lacan can be placed in the middle of that gradient.

This article briefly connects the postulates of four authors from very different backgrounds with the manner in which the issue of personal identity is dealt with in Sterne’s Tristram Shandy. The chosen thinkers are John Locke, David Hume, Jacques Lacan, and Jean Baudrillard. Locke’s ideas on language, knowledge, and personal identity will be contrasted with those of Sterne. Then, the article will discuss Hume’s theories on associationism and his conviction that the notion of the “I” is a mere illusion created by human memory. As to Lacan and Baudrillard, the former’s theory of “the mirror stage”, and the concepts of simulation and hyperreality put forward by the latter will be compared with the ideas underlying Tristram Shandy. In this manner, by the end of the article I will have elaborated a gradient in which Locke is very distant from Sterne’s world view and Baudrillard occupies the closest position, while both Hume and Lacan can be placed in the middle of that gradient.

Key words: Tristram Shandy, Sterne, Locke, Hume, Lacan, Baudrillard, personal identity.

Key words: Tristram Shandy, Sterne, Locke, Hume, Lacan, Baudrillard, personal identity.

Este artículo compara las teorías de John Locke, David Hume, Jacques Lacan, y Jean Baudrillard con la

Este artículo compara las teorías de John Locke, David Hume, Jacques Lacan, y Jean Baudrillard con la

* Fecha de recepción: marzo 2007

* Fecha de recepción: marzo 2007


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manera en que Sterne trata el tema de la identidad personal en Tristram Shandy. En el mismo se tienen en cuenta las reflexiones de Locke acerca del lenguaje, el conocimiento, y la identidad personal; las teorías de Hume sobre la asociación de ideas y la noción del “yo” como ilusión producida por la memoria; la teoría del estadio del espejo desarrollada por Lacan, y las nociones de simulación e hiperrealidad formuladas por Baudrillard. Las conclusiones de este breve estudio comparativo permiten la elaboración de una escala en la que, con respecto a la visión del mundo de Sterne, Locke ocupa el extremo más distante, Baudrillard el más próximo, y Hume y Lacan una posición intermedia entre los otros dos autores.

manera en que Sterne trata el tema de la identidad personal en Tristram Shandy. En el mismo se tienen en cuenta las reflexiones de Locke acerca del lenguaje, el conocimiento, y la identidad personal; las teorías de Hume sobre la asociación de ideas y la noción del “yo” como ilusión producida por la memoria; la teoría del estadio del espejo desarrollada por Lacan, y las nociones de simulación e hiperrealidad formuladas por Baudrillard. Las conclusiones de este breve estudio comparativo permiten la elaboración de una escala en la que, con respecto a la visión del mundo de Sterne, Locke ocupa el extremo más distante, Baudrillard el más próximo, y Hume y Lacan una posición intermedia entre los otros dos autores.

Palabras clave: Tristram Shandy, Sterne, Locke, Hume, Lacan, Baudrillard, identidad personal.

Palabras clave: Tristram Shandy, Sterne, Locke, Hume, Lacan, Baudrillard, identidad personal.

Along with the issues of language, knowledge, or the use of metafiction, the problematic point of personal identity occupies a central position within Laurence Sterne’s The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Indeed, Sterne’s novel is conceived as the unfinished autobiography of the character of Tristram Shandy, who, despite his promise of giving an exact account of his life, ends up writing about episodes from the lives of his father and his uncle Toby. By the end of the book, however, it seems as if the main reason why Tristram attempted to write his autobiography were, precisely, a personal need for self-knowledge; and the analysis of his father’s and uncle’s lives and opinions, the only means to achieve his purpose. In any case, the means Tristram uses to puzzle out the riddle of his own personal identity have been a great source of debate and comparison with various philosophical postulates.

Along with the issues of language, knowledge, or the use of metafiction, the problematic point of personal identity occupies a central position within Laurence Sterne’s The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Indeed, Sterne’s novel is conceived as the unfinished autobiography of the character of Tristram Shandy, who, despite his promise of giving an exact account of his life, ends up writing about episodes from the lives of his father and his uncle Toby. By the end of the book, however, it seems as if the main reason why Tristram attempted to write his autobiography were, precisely, a personal need for self-knowledge; and the analysis of his father’s and uncle’s lives and opinions, the only means to achieve his purpose. In any case, the means Tristram uses to puzzle out the riddle of his own personal identity have been a great source of debate and comparison with various philosophical postulates.

In this article, I am going to connect the theses of four different thinkers, with the manner in which Sterne deals with the issue of personal identity in Tristram Shandy. Thus, I will discuss the postulates defended by John Locke, David Hume, Jacques Lacan, and Jean Baudrillard in this respect. There are several reasons for my selection

In this article, I am going to connect the theses of four different thinkers, with the manner in which Sterne deals with the issue of personal identity in Tristram Shandy. Thus, I will discuss the postulates defended by John Locke, David Hume, Jacques Lacan, and Jean Baudrillard in this respect. There are several reasons for my selection

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manera en que Sterne trata el tema de la identidad personal en Tristram Shandy. En el mismo se tienen en cuenta las reflexiones de Locke acerca del lenguaje, el conocimiento, y la identidad personal; las teorías de Hume sobre la asociación de ideas y la noción del “yo” como ilusión producida por la memoria; la teoría del estadio del espejo desarrollada por Lacan, y las nociones de simulación e hiperrealidad formuladas por Baudrillard. Las conclusiones de este breve estudio comparativo permiten la elaboración de una escala en la que, con respecto a la visión del mundo de Sterne, Locke ocupa el extremo más distante, Baudrillard el más próximo, y Hume y Lacan una posición intermedia entre los otros dos autores.

manera en que Sterne trata el tema de la identidad personal en Tristram Shandy. En el mismo se tienen en cuenta las reflexiones de Locke acerca del lenguaje, el conocimiento, y la identidad personal; las teorías de Hume sobre la asociación de ideas y la noción del “yo” como ilusión producida por la memoria; la teoría del estadio del espejo desarrollada por Lacan, y las nociones de simulación e hiperrealidad formuladas por Baudrillard. Las conclusiones de este breve estudio comparativo permiten la elaboración de una escala en la que, con respecto a la visión del mundo de Sterne, Locke ocupa el extremo más distante, Baudrillard el más próximo, y Hume y Lacan una posición intermedia entre los otros dos autores.

Palabras clave: Tristram Shandy, Sterne, Locke, Hume, Lacan, Baudrillard, identidad personal.

Palabras clave: Tristram Shandy, Sterne, Locke, Hume, Lacan, Baudrillard, identidad personal.

Along with the issues of language, knowledge, or the use of metafiction, the problematic point of personal identity occupies a central position within Laurence Sterne’s The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Indeed, Sterne’s novel is conceived as the unfinished autobiography of the character of Tristram Shandy, who, despite his promise of giving an exact account of his life, ends up writing about episodes from the lives of his father and his uncle Toby. By the end of the book, however, it seems as if the main reason why Tristram attempted to write his autobiography were, precisely, a personal need for self-knowledge; and the analysis of his father’s and uncle’s lives and opinions, the only means to achieve his purpose. In any case, the means Tristram uses to puzzle out the riddle of his own personal identity have been a great source of debate and comparison with various philosophical postulates.

Along with the issues of language, knowledge, or the use of metafiction, the problematic point of personal identity occupies a central position within Laurence Sterne’s The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Indeed, Sterne’s novel is conceived as the unfinished autobiography of the character of Tristram Shandy, who, despite his promise of giving an exact account of his life, ends up writing about episodes from the lives of his father and his uncle Toby. By the end of the book, however, it seems as if the main reason why Tristram attempted to write his autobiography were, precisely, a personal need for self-knowledge; and the analysis of his father’s and uncle’s lives and opinions, the only means to achieve his purpose. In any case, the means Tristram uses to puzzle out the riddle of his own personal identity have been a great source of debate and comparison with various philosophical postulates.

In this article, I am going to connect the theses of four different thinkers, with the manner in which Sterne deals with the issue of personal identity in Tristram Shandy. Thus, I will discuss the postulates defended by John Locke, David Hume, Jacques Lacan, and Jean Baudrillard in this respect. There are several reasons for my selection

In this article, I am going to connect the theses of four different thinkers, with the manner in which Sterne deals with the issue of personal identity in Tristram Shandy. Thus, I will discuss the postulates defended by John Locke, David Hume, Jacques Lacan, and Jean Baudrillard in this respect. There are several reasons for my selection


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of these four authors. First, both Locke and Hume are essential in any writing that aims to deal with this issue. They are two of the greatest exponents of British empiricism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the connections between their theories and Tristram Shandy are so strong that they are impossible to obviate. Hence, in this article, I will start by presenting the different views Sterne and Locke had upon the subjects of language, knowledge, and personal identity. Regarding Hume’s position, I will comment on the main points of his empiricist system, and then, I will demonstrate how Tristram Shandy appears to be closer to his argument that personal identity is merely an illusion produced by the different impressions stored by our memory.

of these four authors. First, both Locke and Hume are essential in any writing that aims to deal with this issue. They are two of the greatest exponents of British empiricism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the connections between their theories and Tristram Shandy are so strong that they are impossible to obviate. Hence, in this article, I will start by presenting the different views Sterne and Locke had upon the subjects of language, knowledge, and personal identity. Regarding Hume’s position, I will comment on the main points of his empiricist system, and then, I will demonstrate how Tristram Shandy appears to be closer to his argument that personal identity is merely an illusion produced by the different impressions stored by our memory.

Since this paper also intends to consider the matter of personal identity in Sterne’s masterpiece from a new angle, it also includes some of the most distinctive ideas of two controversial authors who stand out within two influential currents of thought of the twentieth century: Jaques Lacan and Jean Baudrillard, who respectively belong to the backgrounds of psychoanalysis and postmodernism. I will fundamentally centre my attention on the notion of “the mirror stage” developed by the former, along with the notions of simulation and hyperreality put forward by the latter. Indeed, my main motivation for including them in this analysis is that this article intends to go beyond both the traditional framework provided by British empiricism, and the typical postmodernist or psychoanalytical approaches that have been so recently in vogue in literary criticism.

Since this paper also intends to consider the matter of personal identity in Sterne’s masterpiece from a new angle, it also includes some of the most distinctive ideas of two controversial authors who stand out within two influential currents of thought of the twentieth century: Jaques Lacan and Jean Baudrillard, who respectively belong to the backgrounds of psychoanalysis and postmodernism. I will fundamentally centre my attention on the notion of “the mirror stage” developed by the former, along with the notions of simulation and hyperreality put forward by the latter. Indeed, my main motivation for including them in this analysis is that this article intends to go beyond both the traditional framework provided by British empiricism, and the typical postmodernist or psychoanalytical approaches that have been so recently in vogue in literary criticism.

I will carry out in this article a brief survey of the chief theories of these four thinkers, highlighting the points they share with Laurence Sterne, and those in which they disagree. Hence, by the end of my essay I will have proved which of these four authors are closer to Sterne’s ideas on personal identity when writing Tristram Shandy, and which are further away from them.

I will carry out in this article a brief survey of the chief theories of these four thinkers, highlighting the points they share with Laurence Sterne, and those in which they disagree. Hence, by the end of my essay I will have proved which of these four authors are closer to Sterne’s ideas on personal identity when writing Tristram Shandy, and which are further away from them.

1. JOHN LOCKE AND TRISTRAM’S TAUTOLOGICAL QUEST FOR IDENTITY

1. JOHN LOCKE AND TRISTRAM’S TAUTOLOGICAL QUEST FOR IDENTITY

Locke’s influence on Tristram Shandy goes beyond the explicit reference to his name or his writings, for it pervades a considerable part

Locke’s influence on Tristram Shandy goes beyond the explicit reference to his name or his writings, for it pervades a considerable part

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of these four authors. First, both Locke and Hume are essential in any writing that aims to deal with this issue. They are two of the greatest exponents of British empiricism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the connections between their theories and Tristram Shandy are so strong that they are impossible to obviate. Hence, in this article, I will start by presenting the different views Sterne and Locke had upon the subjects of language, knowledge, and personal identity. Regarding Hume’s position, I will comment on the main points of his empiricist system, and then, I will demonstrate how Tristram Shandy appears to be closer to his argument that personal identity is merely an illusion produced by the different impressions stored by our memory.

of these four authors. First, both Locke and Hume are essential in any writing that aims to deal with this issue. They are two of the greatest exponents of British empiricism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the connections between their theories and Tristram Shandy are so strong that they are impossible to obviate. Hence, in this article, I will start by presenting the different views Sterne and Locke had upon the subjects of language, knowledge, and personal identity. Regarding Hume’s position, I will comment on the main points of his empiricist system, and then, I will demonstrate how Tristram Shandy appears to be closer to his argument that personal identity is merely an illusion produced by the different impressions stored by our memory.

Since this paper also intends to consider the matter of personal identity in Sterne’s masterpiece from a new angle, it also includes some of the most distinctive ideas of two controversial authors who stand out within two influential currents of thought of the twentieth century: Jaques Lacan and Jean Baudrillard, who respectively belong to the backgrounds of psychoanalysis and postmodernism. I will fundamentally centre my attention on the notion of “the mirror stage” developed by the former, along with the notions of simulation and hyperreality put forward by the latter. Indeed, my main motivation for including them in this analysis is that this article intends to go beyond both the traditional framework provided by British empiricism, and the typical postmodernist or psychoanalytical approaches that have been so recently in vogue in literary criticism.

Since this paper also intends to consider the matter of personal identity in Sterne’s masterpiece from a new angle, it also includes some of the most distinctive ideas of two controversial authors who stand out within two influential currents of thought of the twentieth century: Jaques Lacan and Jean Baudrillard, who respectively belong to the backgrounds of psychoanalysis and postmodernism. I will fundamentally centre my attention on the notion of “the mirror stage” developed by the former, along with the notions of simulation and hyperreality put forward by the latter. Indeed, my main motivation for including them in this analysis is that this article intends to go beyond both the traditional framework provided by British empiricism, and the typical postmodernist or psychoanalytical approaches that have been so recently in vogue in literary criticism.

I will carry out in this article a brief survey of the chief theories of these four thinkers, highlighting the points they share with Laurence Sterne, and those in which they disagree. Hence, by the end of my essay I will have proved which of these four authors are closer to Sterne’s ideas on personal identity when writing Tristram Shandy, and which are further away from them.

I will carry out in this article a brief survey of the chief theories of these four thinkers, highlighting the points they share with Laurence Sterne, and those in which they disagree. Hence, by the end of my essay I will have proved which of these four authors are closer to Sterne’s ideas on personal identity when writing Tristram Shandy, and which are further away from them.

1. JOHN LOCKE AND TRISTRAM’S TAUTOLOGICAL QUEST FOR IDENTITY

1. JOHN LOCKE AND TRISTRAM’S TAUTOLOGICAL QUEST FOR IDENTITY

Locke’s influence on Tristram Shandy goes beyond the explicit reference to his name or his writings, for it pervades a considerable part

Locke’s influence on Tristram Shandy goes beyond the explicit reference to his name or his writings, for it pervades a considerable part


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of the novel. Indeed, Sterne borrowed numerous ideas and longer passages from Locke which he afterwards modified to achieve comic or satiric effects, and so, to criticise and to parody the philosopher’s thesis (Day 1984: 75-83; Moglen 2001: 87-108). Their opinions about language are their main point of disagreement, and the source of the majority of their other discrepancies. On the one hand, Locke stressed the importance of clarity, and the absence of ambiguity and obscurity, to avoid equivocations and achieve transparent communication. In fact, Locke’s insight into human understanding depended on a strictly denotative use of language, in which each word stands for a distinct idea:

of the novel. Indeed, Sterne borrowed numerous ideas and longer passages from Locke which he afterwards modified to achieve comic or satiric effects, and so, to criticise and to parody the philosopher’s thesis (Day 1984: 75-83; Moglen 2001: 87-108). Their opinions about language are their main point of disagreement, and the source of the majority of their other discrepancies. On the one hand, Locke stressed the importance of clarity, and the absence of ambiguity and obscurity, to avoid equivocations and achieve transparent communication. In fact, Locke’s insight into human understanding depended on a strictly denotative use of language, in which each word stands for a distinct idea:

[...] We shall better come to find the right use of words, the natural advantages and defects of language, and the remedies that ought to be used to avoid the inconveniencies of obscurity or uncertainty in the signification of words; without which it is impossible to discourse with any clearness or order concerning knowledge: which being conversant about propositions, and these most commonly universal ones, has greater connection with words than perhaps is suspected. (Locke 1997: 363)

[...] We shall better come to find the right use of words, the natural advantages and defects of language, and the remedies that ought to be used to avoid the inconveniencies of obscurity or uncertainty in the signification of words; without which it is impossible to discourse with any clearness or order concerning knowledge: which being conversant about propositions, and these most commonly universal ones, has greater connection with words than perhaps is suspected. (Locke 1997: 363)

On the other hand, however, we find the style used in Tristram Shandy, in which the comic and bawdy images at the heart of the book’s humour are the consequence of a distinctive obscurity and ambiguity in the use of words. Hence, even though both Locke and Sterne agreed that language is the fundamental means we have of achieving knowledge, their different views respecting this issue determine and explain the ways in which they explored human understanding. Thus, while Locke relied on a strictly denotative use of language, Sterne explored the human mind through the way in which it associates ideas, which requires accepting the role of ambiguity and confusion. This is why Sterne stressed the importance of subjectivity in the perception of the world, and why he believed that our knowledge of it could only be fragmentary. Consequently, for Sterne, language is far from being an ideal and objective tool of communication, for it is as faulty, fragmentary and subjective as the knowledge we transmit when using it.

On the other hand, however, we find the style used in Tristram Shandy, in which the comic and bawdy images at the heart of the book’s humour are the consequence of a distinctive obscurity and ambiguity in the use of words. Hence, even though both Locke and Sterne agreed that language is the fundamental means we have of achieving knowledge, their different views respecting this issue determine and explain the ways in which they explored human understanding. Thus, while Locke relied on a strictly denotative use of language, Sterne explored the human mind through the way in which it associates ideas, which requires accepting the role of ambiguity and confusion. This is why Sterne stressed the importance of subjectivity in the perception of the world, and why he believed that our knowledge of it could only be fragmentary. Consequently, for Sterne, language is far from being an ideal and objective tool of communication, for it is as faulty, fragmentary and subjective as the knowledge we transmit when using it.

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of the novel. Indeed, Sterne borrowed numerous ideas and longer passages from Locke which he afterwards modified to achieve comic or satiric effects, and so, to criticise and to parody the philosopher’s thesis (Day 1984: 75-83; Moglen 2001: 87-108). Their opinions about language are their main point of disagreement, and the source of the majority of their other discrepancies. On the one hand, Locke stressed the importance of clarity, and the absence of ambiguity and obscurity, to avoid equivocations and achieve transparent communication. In fact, Locke’s insight into human understanding depended on a strictly denotative use of language, in which each word stands for a distinct idea:

of the novel. Indeed, Sterne borrowed numerous ideas and longer passages from Locke which he afterwards modified to achieve comic or satiric effects, and so, to criticise and to parody the philosopher’s thesis (Day 1984: 75-83; Moglen 2001: 87-108). Their opinions about language are their main point of disagreement, and the source of the majority of their other discrepancies. On the one hand, Locke stressed the importance of clarity, and the absence of ambiguity and obscurity, to avoid equivocations and achieve transparent communication. In fact, Locke’s insight into human understanding depended on a strictly denotative use of language, in which each word stands for a distinct idea:

[...] We shall better come to find the right use of words, the natural advantages and defects of language, and the remedies that ought to be used to avoid the inconveniencies of obscurity or uncertainty in the signification of words; without which it is impossible to discourse with any clearness or order concerning knowledge: which being conversant about propositions, and these most commonly universal ones, has greater connection with words than perhaps is suspected. (Locke 1997: 363)

[...] We shall better come to find the right use of words, the natural advantages and defects of language, and the remedies that ought to be used to avoid the inconveniencies of obscurity or uncertainty in the signification of words; without which it is impossible to discourse with any clearness or order concerning knowledge: which being conversant about propositions, and these most commonly universal ones, has greater connection with words than perhaps is suspected. (Locke 1997: 363)

On the other hand, however, we find the style used in Tristram Shandy, in which the comic and bawdy images at the heart of the book’s humour are the consequence of a distinctive obscurity and ambiguity in the use of words. Hence, even though both Locke and Sterne agreed that language is the fundamental means we have of achieving knowledge, their different views respecting this issue determine and explain the ways in which they explored human understanding. Thus, while Locke relied on a strictly denotative use of language, Sterne explored the human mind through the way in which it associates ideas, which requires accepting the role of ambiguity and confusion. This is why Sterne stressed the importance of subjectivity in the perception of the world, and why he believed that our knowledge of it could only be fragmentary. Consequently, for Sterne, language is far from being an ideal and objective tool of communication, for it is as faulty, fragmentary and subjective as the knowledge we transmit when using it.

On the other hand, however, we find the style used in Tristram Shandy, in which the comic and bawdy images at the heart of the book’s humour are the consequence of a distinctive obscurity and ambiguity in the use of words. Hence, even though both Locke and Sterne agreed that language is the fundamental means we have of achieving knowledge, their different views respecting this issue determine and explain the ways in which they explored human understanding. Thus, while Locke relied on a strictly denotative use of language, Sterne explored the human mind through the way in which it associates ideas, which requires accepting the role of ambiguity and confusion. This is why Sterne stressed the importance of subjectivity in the perception of the world, and why he believed that our knowledge of it could only be fragmentary. Consequently, for Sterne, language is far from being an ideal and objective tool of communication, for it is as faulty, fragmentary and subjective as the knowledge we transmit when using it.


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Indeed, language becomes in Tristram Shandy an obstacle on the way to knowledge (for it leads to equivocations and misunderstandings), but also the means to achieve it. Moreover, words and reality are so inseparably intertwined in Tristram Shandy, that words become reality itself. An example of this may be found in Walter’s obsession with finding an appropriate name for his son, since he thinks that “good or bad names...irresistibly impress’d upon our characters and conduct” an indelible influence all throughout one’s life (Sterne 2003: 47). Extending what is asserted in relation to Christian names to words in general, it seems as if, rather than words adjusting themselves to the task of representing reality, it were just the other way round. Truth and reality are determined by words: If words change, reality changes. Locke’s position contrasts with this theory, for he does not put the stress on words but on what we perceive from the outside world. According to Locke, when we are born our mind is a tabula rasa on which nothing is written. We start filling our minds with contents only when we get impressions from the external world through our senses. Thus, reality is ultimately responsible for writing on the blank page of our minds, and, in this way, for determining our character.

Indeed, language becomes in Tristram Shandy an obstacle on the way to knowledge (for it leads to equivocations and misunderstandings), but also the means to achieve it. Moreover, words and reality are so inseparably intertwined in Tristram Shandy, that words become reality itself. An example of this may be found in Walter’s obsession with finding an appropriate name for his son, since he thinks that “good or bad names...irresistibly impress’d upon our characters and conduct” an indelible influence all throughout one’s life (Sterne 2003: 47). Extending what is asserted in relation to Christian names to words in general, it seems as if, rather than words adjusting themselves to the task of representing reality, it were just the other way round. Truth and reality are determined by words: If words change, reality changes. Locke’s position contrasts with this theory, for he does not put the stress on words but on what we perceive from the outside world. According to Locke, when we are born our mind is a tabula rasa on which nothing is written. We start filling our minds with contents only when we get impressions from the external world through our senses. Thus, reality is ultimately responsible for writing on the blank page of our minds, and, in this way, for determining our character.

Both Sterne and Locke’s views on language and knowledge condition their respective theories on the issue of personal identity. Consequently, since they have not agreed in any of the two previous points, it is impossible for them to do so in this other one. But this did not discourage Sterne from using Locke’s thought as a quarry for his novel; far from it, according to some critics, “Tristram’s account represents Sterne’s comic exemplification of Locke’s views of identity” (Simpson 1984: 143). So, in order to continue exploring the issue of personal identity in Tristram Shandy, we should start by considering Locke’s position. In Locke’s own words:

Both Sterne and Locke’s views on language and knowledge condition their respective theories on the issue of personal identity. Consequently, since they have not agreed in any of the two previous points, it is impossible for them to do so in this other one. But this did not discourage Sterne from using Locke’s thought as a quarry for his novel; far from it, according to some critics, “Tristram’s account represents Sterne’s comic exemplification of Locke’s views of identity” (Simpson 1984: 143). So, in order to continue exploring the issue of personal identity in Tristram Shandy, we should start by considering Locke’s position. In Locke’s own words:

For since consciousness always accompanies thinking, and it is that that makes everyone to be what he calls ‘self ’, and thereby distinguishes himself from all other thinking things; in this alone consists personal identity, i.e. the sameness of a rational being; and as far as this consciousness can be extended backwards to any past action or thought, so far reaches the identity of that

For since consciousness always accompanies thinking, and it is that that makes everyone to be what he calls ‘self ’, and thereby distinguishes himself from all other thinking things; in this alone consists personal identity, i.e. the sameness of a rational being; and as far as this consciousness can be extended backwards to any past action or thought, so far reaches the identity of that

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Indeed, language becomes in Tristram Shandy an obstacle on the way to knowledge (for it leads to equivocations and misunderstandings), but also the means to achieve it. Moreover, words and reality are so inseparably intertwined in Tristram Shandy, that words become reality itself. An example of this may be found in Walter’s obsession with finding an appropriate name for his son, since he thinks that “good or bad names...irresistibly impress’d upon our characters and conduct” an indelible influence all throughout one’s life (Sterne 2003: 47). Extending what is asserted in relation to Christian names to words in general, it seems as if, rather than words adjusting themselves to the task of representing reality, it were just the other way round. Truth and reality are determined by words: If words change, reality changes. Locke’s position contrasts with this theory, for he does not put the stress on words but on what we perceive from the outside world. According to Locke, when we are born our mind is a tabula rasa on which nothing is written. We start filling our minds with contents only when we get impressions from the external world through our senses. Thus, reality is ultimately responsible for writing on the blank page of our minds, and, in this way, for determining our character.

Indeed, language becomes in Tristram Shandy an obstacle on the way to knowledge (for it leads to equivocations and misunderstandings), but also the means to achieve it. Moreover, words and reality are so inseparably intertwined in Tristram Shandy, that words become reality itself. An example of this may be found in Walter’s obsession with finding an appropriate name for his son, since he thinks that “good or bad names...irresistibly impress’d upon our characters and conduct” an indelible influence all throughout one’s life (Sterne 2003: 47). Extending what is asserted in relation to Christian names to words in general, it seems as if, rather than words adjusting themselves to the task of representing reality, it were just the other way round. Truth and reality are determined by words: If words change, reality changes. Locke’s position contrasts with this theory, for he does not put the stress on words but on what we perceive from the outside world. According to Locke, when we are born our mind is a tabula rasa on which nothing is written. We start filling our minds with contents only when we get impressions from the external world through our senses. Thus, reality is ultimately responsible for writing on the blank page of our minds, and, in this way, for determining our character.

Both Sterne and Locke’s views on language and knowledge condition their respective theories on the issue of personal identity. Consequently, since they have not agreed in any of the two previous points, it is impossible for them to do so in this other one. But this did not discourage Sterne from using Locke’s thought as a quarry for his novel; far from it, according to some critics, “Tristram’s account represents Sterne’s comic exemplification of Locke’s views of identity” (Simpson 1984: 143). So, in order to continue exploring the issue of personal identity in Tristram Shandy, we should start by considering Locke’s position. In Locke’s own words:

Both Sterne and Locke’s views on language and knowledge condition their respective theories on the issue of personal identity. Consequently, since they have not agreed in any of the two previous points, it is impossible for them to do so in this other one. But this did not discourage Sterne from using Locke’s thought as a quarry for his novel; far from it, according to some critics, “Tristram’s account represents Sterne’s comic exemplification of Locke’s views of identity” (Simpson 1984: 143). So, in order to continue exploring the issue of personal identity in Tristram Shandy, we should start by considering Locke’s position. In Locke’s own words:

For since consciousness always accompanies thinking, and it is that that makes everyone to be what he calls ‘self ’, and thereby distinguishes himself from all other thinking things; in this alone consists personal identity, i.e. the sameness of a rational being; and as far as this consciousness can be extended backwards to any past action or thought, so far reaches the identity of that

For since consciousness always accompanies thinking, and it is that that makes everyone to be what he calls ‘self ’, and thereby distinguishes himself from all other thinking things; in this alone consists personal identity, i.e. the sameness of a rational being; and as far as this consciousness can be extended backwards to any past action or thought, so far reaches the identity of that


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person; it is the same self now it was then; and it is by the same self with this present one that now reflects on it, that that action was done. (Locke 1997: 302)

person; it is the same self now it was then; and it is by the same self with this present one that now reflects on it, that that action was done. (Locke 1997: 302)

From Locke’s viewpoint, being the same person consists in being conscious of being the same person. The interesting thing about this statement is that it is tautological, in the same way Tristram’s quest for his identity is bound to be tautological. As has been said, Tristram writes his “autobiography” in order to discover who he is. Hence, language becomes the only way he has of discovering his identity, which lies nowhere but in the words themselves: the words he uses to try to find his identity are the proof of its existence. As a consequence, Tristram is trapped in a vicious circle: his quest for identity is based on the use of language, which brings his self to light, which, again, is made of nothing but language. This is the reason why some critics have stated, for instance, that “there is for Sterne no reality outside language”, or that “Sterne rejects the possibility that definitions can be anything but tautological” (Moglen 2001: 98-99). So, rather than language being the mirror of reality, it becomes reality itself.

From Locke’s viewpoint, being the same person consists in being conscious of being the same person. The interesting thing about this statement is that it is tautological, in the same way Tristram’s quest for his identity is bound to be tautological. As has been said, Tristram writes his “autobiography” in order to discover who he is. Hence, language becomes the only way he has of discovering his identity, which lies nowhere but in the words themselves: the words he uses to try to find his identity are the proof of its existence. As a consequence, Tristram is trapped in a vicious circle: his quest for identity is based on the use of language, which brings his self to light, which, again, is made of nothing but language. This is the reason why some critics have stated, for instance, that “there is for Sterne no reality outside language”, or that “Sterne rejects the possibility that definitions can be anything but tautological” (Moglen 2001: 98-99). So, rather than language being the mirror of reality, it becomes reality itself.

It is also interesting to remark the importance of Tristram’s speaking about his father and uncle in relation with the discovery of his own identity. Indeed, while the title of the novel promises an autobiographical work, in Tristram Shandy we do not really read about Tristram’s life (although his opinions are always present), but about episodes from the lives of his father and uncle. If we translate this to the problematic of personal identity, what we get is that Tristram is unable to describe his own life and opinions unattached from his father’s and uncle’s. This does not mean that we do not get any knowledge of Tristram’s life and opinions in his book; that would be admitting that by the end of it we know nothing about Tristram (which is not true), and it would imply Tristram’s being an objective narrator (if a such thing can exist). Indeed, Tristram does not report in a clinical way the situations in which his family is placed or the thoughts they have, for he “pollutes” the narration with his own subjectivity. The truth is that Tristram explores his own identity by exploring those of his father and uncle.

It is also interesting to remark the importance of Tristram’s speaking about his father and uncle in relation with the discovery of his own identity. Indeed, while the title of the novel promises an autobiographical work, in Tristram Shandy we do not really read about Tristram’s life (although his opinions are always present), but about episodes from the lives of his father and uncle. If we translate this to the problematic of personal identity, what we get is that Tristram is unable to describe his own life and opinions unattached from his father’s and uncle’s. This does not mean that we do not get any knowledge of Tristram’s life and opinions in his book; that would be admitting that by the end of it we know nothing about Tristram (which is not true), and it would imply Tristram’s being an objective narrator (if a such thing can exist). Indeed, Tristram does not report in a clinical way the situations in which his family is placed or the thoughts they have, for he “pollutes” the narration with his own subjectivity. The truth is that Tristram explores his own identity by exploring those of his father and uncle.

The exploration of his family background becomes, thus, the

The exploration of his family background becomes, thus, the

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person; it is the same self now it was then; and it is by the same self with this present one that now reflects on it, that that action was done. (Locke 1997: 302)

person; it is the same self now it was then; and it is by the same self with this present one that now reflects on it, that that action was done. (Locke 1997: 302)

From Locke’s viewpoint, being the same person consists in being conscious of being the same person. The interesting thing about this statement is that it is tautological, in the same way Tristram’s quest for his identity is bound to be tautological. As has been said, Tristram writes his “autobiography” in order to discover who he is. Hence, language becomes the only way he has of discovering his identity, which lies nowhere but in the words themselves: the words he uses to try to find his identity are the proof of its existence. As a consequence, Tristram is trapped in a vicious circle: his quest for identity is based on the use of language, which brings his self to light, which, again, is made of nothing but language. This is the reason why some critics have stated, for instance, that “there is for Sterne no reality outside language”, or that “Sterne rejects the possibility that definitions can be anything but tautological” (Moglen 2001: 98-99). So, rather than language being the mirror of reality, it becomes reality itself.

From Locke’s viewpoint, being the same person consists in being conscious of being the same person. The interesting thing about this statement is that it is tautological, in the same way Tristram’s quest for his identity is bound to be tautological. As has been said, Tristram writes his “autobiography” in order to discover who he is. Hence, language becomes the only way he has of discovering his identity, which lies nowhere but in the words themselves: the words he uses to try to find his identity are the proof of its existence. As a consequence, Tristram is trapped in a vicious circle: his quest for identity is based on the use of language, which brings his self to light, which, again, is made of nothing but language. This is the reason why some critics have stated, for instance, that “there is for Sterne no reality outside language”, or that “Sterne rejects the possibility that definitions can be anything but tautological” (Moglen 2001: 98-99). So, rather than language being the mirror of reality, it becomes reality itself.

It is also interesting to remark the importance of Tristram’s speaking about his father and uncle in relation with the discovery of his own identity. Indeed, while the title of the novel promises an autobiographical work, in Tristram Shandy we do not really read about Tristram’s life (although his opinions are always present), but about episodes from the lives of his father and uncle. If we translate this to the problematic of personal identity, what we get is that Tristram is unable to describe his own life and opinions unattached from his father’s and uncle’s. This does not mean that we do not get any knowledge of Tristram’s life and opinions in his book; that would be admitting that by the end of it we know nothing about Tristram (which is not true), and it would imply Tristram’s being an objective narrator (if a such thing can exist). Indeed, Tristram does not report in a clinical way the situations in which his family is placed or the thoughts they have, for he “pollutes” the narration with his own subjectivity. The truth is that Tristram explores his own identity by exploring those of his father and uncle.

It is also interesting to remark the importance of Tristram’s speaking about his father and uncle in relation with the discovery of his own identity. Indeed, while the title of the novel promises an autobiographical work, in Tristram Shandy we do not really read about Tristram’s life (although his opinions are always present), but about episodes from the lives of his father and uncle. If we translate this to the problematic of personal identity, what we get is that Tristram is unable to describe his own life and opinions unattached from his father’s and uncle’s. This does not mean that we do not get any knowledge of Tristram’s life and opinions in his book; that would be admitting that by the end of it we know nothing about Tristram (which is not true), and it would imply Tristram’s being an objective narrator (if a such thing can exist). Indeed, Tristram does not report in a clinical way the situations in which his family is placed or the thoughts they have, for he “pollutes” the narration with his own subjectivity. The truth is that Tristram explores his own identity by exploring those of his father and uncle.

The exploration of his family background becomes, thus, the

The exploration of his family background becomes, thus, the


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Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram’s Identity Revisited

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starting point for Tristram to discover more about himself. It is no wonder then that this fundamental premise is clearly stated in the opening sentence of Tristram Shandy: “I wish either my father or my mother,... had minded what they were about when they begot me; had they duly consider’d how much depended upon what they were then doing;– that not only the production of a rational Being was concern’d in it, but that possibly the happy formation and temperature of his body, perhaps his genius and the very cast of his mind”. Moreover, further on in his reflection, Tristram ends up concluding “that nine parts in ten of a man’s sense or his nonsense, his success and miscarriages in this world depend upon their motions and activity, and the different tracks and trains you put them into” (Sterne 2003: 5). Bearing this statement in mind, it is then coherent that the greatest part of the book is devoted to describing in detail the characters of his closer relatives, the crucial moment of his conception and birth, the choice of his name and his christening, and his early childhood, for the sum of all those elements makes up ninety per cent of Tristram’s actual personal identity.

starting point for Tristram to discover more about himself. It is no wonder then that this fundamental premise is clearly stated in the opening sentence of Tristram Shandy: “I wish either my father or my mother,... had minded what they were about when they begot me; had they duly consider’d how much depended upon what they were then doing;– that not only the production of a rational Being was concern’d in it, but that possibly the happy formation and temperature of his body, perhaps his genius and the very cast of his mind”. Moreover, further on in his reflection, Tristram ends up concluding “that nine parts in ten of a man’s sense or his nonsense, his success and miscarriages in this world depend upon their motions and activity, and the different tracks and trains you put them into” (Sterne 2003: 5). Bearing this statement in mind, it is then coherent that the greatest part of the book is devoted to describing in detail the characters of his closer relatives, the crucial moment of his conception and birth, the choice of his name and his christening, and his early childhood, for the sum of all those elements makes up ninety per cent of Tristram’s actual personal identity.

Locke’s position respecting that same issue can be summarized in the following sentence: “Because I am conscious of myself I may distinguish myself from other thinking beings and have a concept of myself ” (Priest 1990: 87). Locke thus locates the starting point of identity in oneself: in order to have a consciousness of myself I must distinguish myself from the others. The “I” comes before “the others”. However, what Sterne is saying in Tristram Shandy is that we have a consciousness of ourselves precisely because we have a consciousness of the existence of the others; that the process of discovering the others is parallel to discovering oneself. Thus, the “I” does not appear to myself before the “others”, but at the same time the “others” appear to myself. It seems that we are learning about Tristram not only at the same time we are learning about his uncle or his father, but that Tristram is learning about himself. In this respect, it is possible to say that the views on personal identity presented in Tristram Shandy do not agree with those put forward by Locke. Even though Sterne ridicules and moves away from the kind of empiricism Locke defends, it seems, on the other hand, that he is closer in various points to Hume’s position on this subject.

Locke’s position respecting that same issue can be summarized in the following sentence: “Because I am conscious of myself I may distinguish myself from other thinking beings and have a concept of myself ” (Priest 1990: 87). Locke thus locates the starting point of identity in oneself: in order to have a consciousness of myself I must distinguish myself from the others. The “I” comes before “the others”. However, what Sterne is saying in Tristram Shandy is that we have a consciousness of ourselves precisely because we have a consciousness of the existence of the others; that the process of discovering the others is parallel to discovering oneself. Thus, the “I” does not appear to myself before the “others”, but at the same time the “others” appear to myself. It seems that we are learning about Tristram not only at the same time we are learning about his uncle or his father, but that Tristram is learning about himself. In this respect, it is possible to say that the views on personal identity presented in Tristram Shandy do not agree with those put forward by Locke. Even though Sterne ridicules and moves away from the kind of empiricism Locke defends, it seems, on the other hand, that he is closer in various points to Hume’s position on this subject.

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Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram’s Identity Revisited

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starting point for Tristram to discover more about himself. It is no wonder then that this fundamental premise is clearly stated in the opening sentence of Tristram Shandy: “I wish either my father or my mother,... had minded what they were about when they begot me; had they duly consider’d how much depended upon what they were then doing;– that not only the production of a rational Being was concern’d in it, but that possibly the happy formation and temperature of his body, perhaps his genius and the very cast of his mind”. Moreover, further on in his reflection, Tristram ends up concluding “that nine parts in ten of a man’s sense or his nonsense, his success and miscarriages in this world depend upon their motions and activity, and the different tracks and trains you put them into” (Sterne 2003: 5). Bearing this statement in mind, it is then coherent that the greatest part of the book is devoted to describing in detail the characters of his closer relatives, the crucial moment of his conception and birth, the choice of his name and his christening, and his early childhood, for the sum of all those elements makes up ninety per cent of Tristram’s actual personal identity.

starting point for Tristram to discover more about himself. It is no wonder then that this fundamental premise is clearly stated in the opening sentence of Tristram Shandy: “I wish either my father or my mother,... had minded what they were about when they begot me; had they duly consider’d how much depended upon what they were then doing;– that not only the production of a rational Being was concern’d in it, but that possibly the happy formation and temperature of his body, perhaps his genius and the very cast of his mind”. Moreover, further on in his reflection, Tristram ends up concluding “that nine parts in ten of a man’s sense or his nonsense, his success and miscarriages in this world depend upon their motions and activity, and the different tracks and trains you put them into” (Sterne 2003: 5). Bearing this statement in mind, it is then coherent that the greatest part of the book is devoted to describing in detail the characters of his closer relatives, the crucial moment of his conception and birth, the choice of his name and his christening, and his early childhood, for the sum of all those elements makes up ninety per cent of Tristram’s actual personal identity.

Locke’s position respecting that same issue can be summarized in the following sentence: “Because I am conscious of myself I may distinguish myself from other thinking beings and have a concept of myself ” (Priest 1990: 87). Locke thus locates the starting point of identity in oneself: in order to have a consciousness of myself I must distinguish myself from the others. The “I” comes before “the others”. However, what Sterne is saying in Tristram Shandy is that we have a consciousness of ourselves precisely because we have a consciousness of the existence of the others; that the process of discovering the others is parallel to discovering oneself. Thus, the “I” does not appear to myself before the “others”, but at the same time the “others” appear to myself. It seems that we are learning about Tristram not only at the same time we are learning about his uncle or his father, but that Tristram is learning about himself. In this respect, it is possible to say that the views on personal identity presented in Tristram Shandy do not agree with those put forward by Locke. Even though Sterne ridicules and moves away from the kind of empiricism Locke defends, it seems, on the other hand, that he is closer in various points to Hume’s position on this subject.

Locke’s position respecting that same issue can be summarized in the following sentence: “Because I am conscious of myself I may distinguish myself from other thinking beings and have a concept of myself ” (Priest 1990: 87). Locke thus locates the starting point of identity in oneself: in order to have a consciousness of myself I must distinguish myself from the others. The “I” comes before “the others”. However, what Sterne is saying in Tristram Shandy is that we have a consciousness of ourselves precisely because we have a consciousness of the existence of the others; that the process of discovering the others is parallel to discovering oneself. Thus, the “I” does not appear to myself before the “others”, but at the same time the “others” appear to myself. It seems that we are learning about Tristram not only at the same time we are learning about his uncle or his father, but that Tristram is learning about himself. In this respect, it is possible to say that the views on personal identity presented in Tristram Shandy do not agree with those put forward by Locke. Even though Sterne ridicules and moves away from the kind of empiricism Locke defends, it seems, on the other hand, that he is closer in various points to Hume’s position on this subject.


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2. DAVID HUME AND THE ILLUSION OF THE IDENTITY OF THE “I”

2. DAVID HUME AND THE ILLUSION OF THE IDENTITY OF THE “I”

The ontology developed by Hume only admitted one kind of entity: the perceptions, which are divided into impressions and ideas. Impressions are the irreducible perceptions, and they are the sensations, the passions, and the emotions. They are the intense perceptions we have when we see or listen, or when we feel pain or pleasure. Ideas are, however, the faded images of sensations in our minds: thoughts or memories which are merely copies of previous impressions. Thus, an impression must always constitute the foundation of an idea. When an idea is not based on an impression, then, according to Hume, it is a false one.

The ontology developed by Hume only admitted one kind of entity: the perceptions, which are divided into impressions and ideas. Impressions are the irreducible perceptions, and they are the sensations, the passions, and the emotions. They are the intense perceptions we have when we see or listen, or when we feel pain or pleasure. Ideas are, however, the faded images of sensations in our minds: thoughts or memories which are merely copies of previous impressions. Thus, an impression must always constitute the foundation of an idea. When an idea is not based on an impression, then, according to Hume, it is a false one.

Hume also denies the ontological value of the principle of causality. This principle states that two events connected to each other through a cause-effect relationship are related to each other in a necessary way. But, according to Hume, we only have an impression of the phenomenon that is the cause, of the one which is the effect, and of the relationship of spatial-temporal closeness that exists between both. For example, when we see a billiard ball hitting another one, what we really see is the movement of one of them followed by the movement of the other. What we do not see is that the first one causes the second to move. So, when certain phenomena always happen just after another, we tend associate both (Belaval 1976: 262). Consequently, we end up by acquiring a habit and always expect to witness how certain events take place after a specific phenomenon occurs. In this way, the unique basis for the validity of the knowledge we obtain from the principle of causality is that of habit and custom.

Hume also denies the ontological value of the principle of causality. This principle states that two events connected to each other through a cause-effect relationship are related to each other in a necessary way. But, according to Hume, we only have an impression of the phenomenon that is the cause, of the one which is the effect, and of the relationship of spatial-temporal closeness that exists between both. For example, when we see a billiard ball hitting another one, what we really see is the movement of one of them followed by the movement of the other. What we do not see is that the first one causes the second to move. So, when certain phenomena always happen just after another, we tend associate both (Belaval 1976: 262). Consequently, we end up by acquiring a habit and always expect to witness how certain events take place after a specific phenomenon occurs. In this way, the unique basis for the validity of the knowledge we obtain from the principle of causality is that of habit and custom.

In Hume’s opinion, we should exclusively use the principle of causality to connect impressions with other impressions. It is not legitimate to use it to talk about predictions about the future, nor can we part from something of which we have an impression to get to something of which we lack one. And this is precisely so because Hume does not accept as true any idea which does not derive from an impression. Consequently, we cannot demonstrate, for instance, that the sun will rise tomorrow morning, that someone who is alive is bound to die, or that the water we have just put in a saucepan will boil at a

In Hume’s opinion, we should exclusively use the principle of causality to connect impressions with other impressions. It is not legitimate to use it to talk about predictions about the future, nor can we part from something of which we have an impression to get to something of which we lack one. And this is precisely so because Hume does not accept as true any idea which does not derive from an impression. Consequently, we cannot demonstrate, for instance, that the sun will rise tomorrow morning, that someone who is alive is bound to die, or that the water we have just put in a saucepan will boil at a

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

2. DAVID HUME AND THE ILLUSION OF THE IDENTITY OF THE “I”

2. DAVID HUME AND THE ILLUSION OF THE IDENTITY OF THE “I”

The ontology developed by Hume only admitted one kind of entity: the perceptions, which are divided into impressions and ideas. Impressions are the irreducible perceptions, and they are the sensations, the passions, and the emotions. They are the intense perceptions we have when we see or listen, or when we feel pain or pleasure. Ideas are, however, the faded images of sensations in our minds: thoughts or memories which are merely copies of previous impressions. Thus, an impression must always constitute the foundation of an idea. When an idea is not based on an impression, then, according to Hume, it is a false one.

The ontology developed by Hume only admitted one kind of entity: the perceptions, which are divided into impressions and ideas. Impressions are the irreducible perceptions, and they are the sensations, the passions, and the emotions. They are the intense perceptions we have when we see or listen, or when we feel pain or pleasure. Ideas are, however, the faded images of sensations in our minds: thoughts or memories which are merely copies of previous impressions. Thus, an impression must always constitute the foundation of an idea. When an idea is not based on an impression, then, according to Hume, it is a false one.

Hume also denies the ontological value of the principle of causality. This principle states that two events connected to each other through a cause-effect relationship are related to each other in a necessary way. But, according to Hume, we only have an impression of the phenomenon that is the cause, of the one which is the effect, and of the relationship of spatial-temporal closeness that exists between both. For example, when we see a billiard ball hitting another one, what we really see is the movement of one of them followed by the movement of the other. What we do not see is that the first one causes the second to move. So, when certain phenomena always happen just after another, we tend associate both (Belaval 1976: 262). Consequently, we end up by acquiring a habit and always expect to witness how certain events take place after a specific phenomenon occurs. In this way, the unique basis for the validity of the knowledge we obtain from the principle of causality is that of habit and custom.

Hume also denies the ontological value of the principle of causality. This principle states that two events connected to each other through a cause-effect relationship are related to each other in a necessary way. But, according to Hume, we only have an impression of the phenomenon that is the cause, of the one which is the effect, and of the relationship of spatial-temporal closeness that exists between both. For example, when we see a billiard ball hitting another one, what we really see is the movement of one of them followed by the movement of the other. What we do not see is that the first one causes the second to move. So, when certain phenomena always happen just after another, we tend associate both (Belaval 1976: 262). Consequently, we end up by acquiring a habit and always expect to witness how certain events take place after a specific phenomenon occurs. In this way, the unique basis for the validity of the knowledge we obtain from the principle of causality is that of habit and custom.

In Hume’s opinion, we should exclusively use the principle of causality to connect impressions with other impressions. It is not legitimate to use it to talk about predictions about the future, nor can we part from something of which we have an impression to get to something of which we lack one. And this is precisely so because Hume does not accept as true any idea which does not derive from an impression. Consequently, we cannot demonstrate, for instance, that the sun will rise tomorrow morning, that someone who is alive is bound to die, or that the water we have just put in a saucepan will boil at a

In Hume’s opinion, we should exclusively use the principle of causality to connect impressions with other impressions. It is not legitimate to use it to talk about predictions about the future, nor can we part from something of which we have an impression to get to something of which we lack one. And this is precisely so because Hume does not accept as true any idea which does not derive from an impression. Consequently, we cannot demonstrate, for instance, that the sun will rise tomorrow morning, that someone who is alive is bound to die, or that the water we have just put in a saucepan will boil at a


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Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram’s Identity Revisited

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hundred degrees centigrade. And we cannot demonstrate this because we cannot start from something of which we have an impression (that, for instance, in all previous cases, water has always boiled at a hundred degrees centigrade) to get to an statement which is not based on any impression (that the water I have in this saucepan will boil when it reaches that temperature). Thus, the knowledge we can get from the acceptance of the principle of causality has only got a probabilistic value, never reaching the level of absolute certainty. For that reason, Hume criticizes all metaphysics based on that principle, attacking, among other points, the idea of the “I”.

hundred degrees centigrade. And we cannot demonstrate this because we cannot start from something of which we have an impression (that, for instance, in all previous cases, water has always boiled at a hundred degrees centigrade) to get to an statement which is not based on any impression (that the water I have in this saucepan will boil when it reaches that temperature). Thus, the knowledge we can get from the acceptance of the principle of causality has only got a probabilistic value, never reaching the level of absolute certainty. For that reason, Hume criticizes all metaphysics based on that principle, attacking, among other points, the idea of the “I”.

Hume also asks himself whether there is any impression which provides a basis to the identity of the “I”. After looking for an impression which stays in our minds permanently, and being unable to find any, Hume finally concludes that humans are merely a collection of variable impressions. Thus, in Hume’s view, the basis of our own consciousness is memory, which is in charge of collecting the succession of those different impressions that constitute our lives. So, in a way, it can be said that the notion of personal identity is just an illusion produced by our memory, since humans are simply the result of the sum of endless and changing impressions:

Hume also asks himself whether there is any impression which provides a basis to the identity of the “I”. After looking for an impression which stays in our minds permanently, and being unable to find any, Hume finally concludes that humans are merely a collection of variable impressions. Thus, in Hume’s view, the basis of our own consciousness is memory, which is in charge of collecting the succession of those different impressions that constitute our lives. So, in a way, it can be said that the notion of personal identity is just an illusion produced by our memory, since humans are simply the result of the sum of endless and changing impressions:

Identity depends on the relations of ideas; and these relations produce identity, by means of that easy transition they occasion. But as the relations, and the easiness of the transition may diminish by insensible degrees, we have no just standard by which we can decide any dispute concerning the time when they acquire or lose a title to the name of identity. (Hume 2000: 171)

Identity depends on the relations of ideas; and these relations produce identity, by means of that easy transition they occasion. But as the relations, and the easiness of the transition may diminish by insensible degrees, we have no just standard by which we can decide any dispute concerning the time when they acquire or lose a title to the name of identity. (Hume 2000: 171)

In fact, one of the main difficulties Tristram has to confront when writing the story is to control the wanderings of his mind and the spontaneous and various associations it establishes. There are innumerable examples in the text where Tristram abruptly interrupts what he was saying to explore an idea that has just come to his mind:

In fact, one of the main difficulties Tristram has to confront when writing the story is to control the wanderings of his mind and the spontaneous and various associations it establishes. There are innumerable examples in the text where Tristram abruptly interrupts what he was saying to explore an idea that has just come to his mind:

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Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram’s Identity Revisited

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hundred degrees centigrade. And we cannot demonstrate this because we cannot start from something of which we have an impression (that, for instance, in all previous cases, water has always boiled at a hundred degrees centigrade) to get to an statement which is not based on any impression (that the water I have in this saucepan will boil when it reaches that temperature). Thus, the knowledge we can get from the acceptance of the principle of causality has only got a probabilistic value, never reaching the level of absolute certainty. For that reason, Hume criticizes all metaphysics based on that principle, attacking, among other points, the idea of the “I”.

hundred degrees centigrade. And we cannot demonstrate this because we cannot start from something of which we have an impression (that, for instance, in all previous cases, water has always boiled at a hundred degrees centigrade) to get to an statement which is not based on any impression (that the water I have in this saucepan will boil when it reaches that temperature). Thus, the knowledge we can get from the acceptance of the principle of causality has only got a probabilistic value, never reaching the level of absolute certainty. For that reason, Hume criticizes all metaphysics based on that principle, attacking, among other points, the idea of the “I”.

Hume also asks himself whether there is any impression which provides a basis to the identity of the “I”. After looking for an impression which stays in our minds permanently, and being unable to find any, Hume finally concludes that humans are merely a collection of variable impressions. Thus, in Hume’s view, the basis of our own consciousness is memory, which is in charge of collecting the succession of those different impressions that constitute our lives. So, in a way, it can be said that the notion of personal identity is just an illusion produced by our memory, since humans are simply the result of the sum of endless and changing impressions:

Hume also asks himself whether there is any impression which provides a basis to the identity of the “I”. After looking for an impression which stays in our minds permanently, and being unable to find any, Hume finally concludes that humans are merely a collection of variable impressions. Thus, in Hume’s view, the basis of our own consciousness is memory, which is in charge of collecting the succession of those different impressions that constitute our lives. So, in a way, it can be said that the notion of personal identity is just an illusion produced by our memory, since humans are simply the result of the sum of endless and changing impressions:

Identity depends on the relations of ideas; and these relations produce identity, by means of that easy transition they occasion. But as the relations, and the easiness of the transition may diminish by insensible degrees, we have no just standard by which we can decide any dispute concerning the time when they acquire or lose a title to the name of identity. (Hume 2000: 171)

Identity depends on the relations of ideas; and these relations produce identity, by means of that easy transition they occasion. But as the relations, and the easiness of the transition may diminish by insensible degrees, we have no just standard by which we can decide any dispute concerning the time when they acquire or lose a title to the name of identity. (Hume 2000: 171)

In fact, one of the main difficulties Tristram has to confront when writing the story is to control the wanderings of his mind and the spontaneous and various associations it establishes. There are innumerable examples in the text where Tristram abruptly interrupts what he was saying to explore an idea that has just come to his mind:

In fact, one of the main difficulties Tristram has to confront when writing the story is to control the wanderings of his mind and the spontaneous and various associations it establishes. There are innumerable examples in the text where Tristram abruptly interrupts what he was saying to explore an idea that has just come to his mind:


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-What can they be doing, brother? Quoth my father, - we can scarce hear ourselves talk. I think, replied my uncle Toby, taking his pipe from his mouth, and striking the head of it two or three times upon the nail of his left thumb, as he began his sentence, - I think, says he: - But to enter rightly into my uncle Toby’s sentiments upon this matter, you must be made to enter first a little into his character, the outlines of which I shall just give you, and then the dialogue between him and my father will go on as well again. (Sterne 2003: 56)

-What can they be doing, brother? Quoth my father, - we can scarce hear ourselves talk. I think, replied my uncle Toby, taking his pipe from his mouth, and striking the head of it two or three times upon the nail of his left thumb, as he began his sentence, - I think, says he: - But to enter rightly into my uncle Toby’s sentiments upon this matter, you must be made to enter first a little into his character, the outlines of which I shall just give you, and then the dialogue between him and my father will go on as well again. (Sterne 2003: 56)

As Tristram promises, he continues with this conversation after informing us about the main psychological features of his uncle Toby, although this does not happen until Chapter VI of Volume II.

As Tristram promises, he continues with this conversation after informing us about the main psychological features of his uncle Toby, although this does not happen until Chapter VI of Volume II.

Tristram does not fight off all the associations of ideas that his mind establishes as he goes along with his narration. He does not dismiss them precisely because it seems that, instead of having an strict outline for his book in his mind, Tristram is creating the storyline as he writes. As a consequence, those associations of ideas are not an obstacle to its continuation. Passages from the novel such as the following give evidence to this argument:

Tristram does not fight off all the associations of ideas that his mind establishes as he goes along with his narration. He does not dismiss them precisely because it seems that, instead of having an strict outline for his book in his mind, Tristram is creating the storyline as he writes. As a consequence, those associations of ideas are not an obstacle to its continuation. Passages from the novel such as the following give evidence to this argument:

These unforeseen stoppages, which I own I had no conception of when I first set out;---but which, I am convinced now, will rather increase than diminish as I advance,---have struck out a hint which I am resolved to follow;---and that is,---not to be in a hurry;---but to go on leisurely, writing and publishing two volumes of my life every year;---which, if I am suffered to go on quietly, and can make a tolerable bargain with my bookseller, I shall continue to do as long as I live. (Sterne 2003: 35)

These unforeseen stoppages, which I own I had no conception of when I first set out;---but which, I am convinced now, will rather increase than diminish as I advance,---have struck out a hint which I am resolved to follow;---and that is,---not to be in a hurry;---but to go on leisurely, writing and publishing two volumes of my life every year;---which, if I am suffered to go on quietly, and can make a tolerable bargain with my bookseller, I shall continue to do as long as I live. (Sterne 2003: 35)

Indeed, those associations of ideas and free wanderings of the mind are one of the most significant structural devices in the book, for they give the reader the key for Tristram Shandy’s identity. We can even state that, precisely because Tristram’s main aim when writing is to discover more about himself, he does not elude these associations,

Indeed, those associations of ideas and free wanderings of the mind are one of the most significant structural devices in the book, for they give the reader the key for Tristram Shandy’s identity. We can even state that, precisely because Tristram’s main aim when writing is to discover more about himself, he does not elude these associations,

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-What can they be doing, brother? Quoth my father, - we can scarce hear ourselves talk. I think, replied my uncle Toby, taking his pipe from his mouth, and striking the head of it two or three times upon the nail of his left thumb, as he began his sentence, - I think, says he: - But to enter rightly into my uncle Toby’s sentiments upon this matter, you must be made to enter first a little into his character, the outlines of which I shall just give you, and then the dialogue between him and my father will go on as well again. (Sterne 2003: 56)

-What can they be doing, brother? Quoth my father, - we can scarce hear ourselves talk. I think, replied my uncle Toby, taking his pipe from his mouth, and striking the head of it two or three times upon the nail of his left thumb, as he began his sentence, - I think, says he: - But to enter rightly into my uncle Toby’s sentiments upon this matter, you must be made to enter first a little into his character, the outlines of which I shall just give you, and then the dialogue between him and my father will go on as well again. (Sterne 2003: 56)

As Tristram promises, he continues with this conversation after informing us about the main psychological features of his uncle Toby, although this does not happen until Chapter VI of Volume II.

As Tristram promises, he continues with this conversation after informing us about the main psychological features of his uncle Toby, although this does not happen until Chapter VI of Volume II.

Tristram does not fight off all the associations of ideas that his mind establishes as he goes along with his narration. He does not dismiss them precisely because it seems that, instead of having an strict outline for his book in his mind, Tristram is creating the storyline as he writes. As a consequence, those associations of ideas are not an obstacle to its continuation. Passages from the novel such as the following give evidence to this argument:

Tristram does not fight off all the associations of ideas that his mind establishes as he goes along with his narration. He does not dismiss them precisely because it seems that, instead of having an strict outline for his book in his mind, Tristram is creating the storyline as he writes. As a consequence, those associations of ideas are not an obstacle to its continuation. Passages from the novel such as the following give evidence to this argument:

These unforeseen stoppages, which I own I had no conception of when I first set out;---but which, I am convinced now, will rather increase than diminish as I advance,---have struck out a hint which I am resolved to follow;---and that is,---not to be in a hurry;---but to go on leisurely, writing and publishing two volumes of my life every year;---which, if I am suffered to go on quietly, and can make a tolerable bargain with my bookseller, I shall continue to do as long as I live. (Sterne 2003: 35)

These unforeseen stoppages, which I own I had no conception of when I first set out;---but which, I am convinced now, will rather increase than diminish as I advance,---have struck out a hint which I am resolved to follow;---and that is,---not to be in a hurry;---but to go on leisurely, writing and publishing two volumes of my life every year;---which, if I am suffered to go on quietly, and can make a tolerable bargain with my bookseller, I shall continue to do as long as I live. (Sterne 2003: 35)

Indeed, those associations of ideas and free wanderings of the mind are one of the most significant structural devices in the book, for they give the reader the key for Tristram Shandy’s identity. We can even state that, precisely because Tristram’s main aim when writing is to discover more about himself, he does not elude these associations,

Indeed, those associations of ideas and free wanderings of the mind are one of the most significant structural devices in the book, for they give the reader the key for Tristram Shandy’s identity. We can even state that, precisely because Tristram’s main aim when writing is to discover more about himself, he does not elude these associations,


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but explores them. Moreover, thanks to the use Sterne makes of associationism, readers feel they know how Tristram’s mind works: the way it establishes connections between different ideas, or fights off them in order to organize and present them in a coherent way. Indeed, it seems that readers are following at the same time both the events of the narration, and the wanderings of Tristram’s mind.

but explores them. Moreover, thanks to the use Sterne makes of associationism, readers feel they know how Tristram’s mind works: the way it establishes connections between different ideas, or fights off them in order to organize and present them in a coherent way. Indeed, it seems that readers are following at the same time both the events of the narration, and the wanderings of Tristram’s mind.

The stress Sterne placed on associationism takes him closer to Hume’s analysis of human consciousness. Hume believed that the human mind is constantly receiving impressions which it associates following the principles of cause and effect, contiguity in time or place, and resemblance (the same principles Sterne uses for organizing Tristram’s narration), but that there is not a single unalterable feature in our minds which can resist the passage of time (Ayer 1952: 306307). So, adding to all this the fact that our mental contents are the pillars upon which we create the notion of identity, then it seems there is no reason why a person could claim to be now the same person he was a couple of years, or even hours ago. The notion of personal identity is merely an illusion created by human memory. Consequently, Tristram’s consciousness of himself is nothing more than a collection of variable and endless impressions tied up by his memory. His quest for self-knowledge is doomed to failure, since it is as if he were trying to chase and gather a set of impressions under the illusory unity that the pronoun “I” is able to offer.

The stress Sterne placed on associationism takes him closer to Hume’s analysis of human consciousness. Hume believed that the human mind is constantly receiving impressions which it associates following the principles of cause and effect, contiguity in time or place, and resemblance (the same principles Sterne uses for organizing Tristram’s narration), but that there is not a single unalterable feature in our minds which can resist the passage of time (Ayer 1952: 306307). So, adding to all this the fact that our mental contents are the pillars upon which we create the notion of identity, then it seems there is no reason why a person could claim to be now the same person he was a couple of years, or even hours ago. The notion of personal identity is merely an illusion created by human memory. Consequently, Tristram’s consciousness of himself is nothing more than a collection of variable and endless impressions tied up by his memory. His quest for self-knowledge is doomed to failure, since it is as if he were trying to chase and gather a set of impressions under the illusory unity that the pronoun “I” is able to offer.

Locke and Hume’s insights into memory seem inescapable when discussing a narrative like Tristram Shandy, whose major founding principle is the linguistic articulation of the memory of past perceptions. But despite its central place in their philosophy, Locke and Hume approach memory from slightly different perspectives. Locke certainly admits that human consciousness and the ability to remember past events and thoughts constitute the pillars of self-consciousness. Moreover, he believes personal identity is based on an individual’s selfrecognition in spite of temporal and spatial changes. And, of course, this essential premise is the natural consequence of man’s faculty of remembering past perceptions. Unlike Hume, however, Locke does not stigmatise memory as a self-deceiving ability of the human mind. He conceives of it, instead, as an innate faculty which goes hand in hand with his rationality and his awareness of his own existence.

Locke and Hume’s insights into memory seem inescapable when discussing a narrative like Tristram Shandy, whose major founding principle is the linguistic articulation of the memory of past perceptions. But despite its central place in their philosophy, Locke and Hume approach memory from slightly different perspectives. Locke certainly admits that human consciousness and the ability to remember past events and thoughts constitute the pillars of self-consciousness. Moreover, he believes personal identity is based on an individual’s selfrecognition in spite of temporal and spatial changes. And, of course, this essential premise is the natural consequence of man’s faculty of remembering past perceptions. Unlike Hume, however, Locke does not stigmatise memory as a self-deceiving ability of the human mind. He conceives of it, instead, as an innate faculty which goes hand in hand with his rationality and his awareness of his own existence.

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but explores them. Moreover, thanks to the use Sterne makes of associationism, readers feel they know how Tristram’s mind works: the way it establishes connections between different ideas, or fights off them in order to organize and present them in a coherent way. Indeed, it seems that readers are following at the same time both the events of the narration, and the wanderings of Tristram’s mind.

but explores them. Moreover, thanks to the use Sterne makes of associationism, readers feel they know how Tristram’s mind works: the way it establishes connections between different ideas, or fights off them in order to organize and present them in a coherent way. Indeed, it seems that readers are following at the same time both the events of the narration, and the wanderings of Tristram’s mind.

The stress Sterne placed on associationism takes him closer to Hume’s analysis of human consciousness. Hume believed that the human mind is constantly receiving impressions which it associates following the principles of cause and effect, contiguity in time or place, and resemblance (the same principles Sterne uses for organizing Tristram’s narration), but that there is not a single unalterable feature in our minds which can resist the passage of time (Ayer 1952: 306307). So, adding to all this the fact that our mental contents are the pillars upon which we create the notion of identity, then it seems there is no reason why a person could claim to be now the same person he was a couple of years, or even hours ago. The notion of personal identity is merely an illusion created by human memory. Consequently, Tristram’s consciousness of himself is nothing more than a collection of variable and endless impressions tied up by his memory. His quest for self-knowledge is doomed to failure, since it is as if he were trying to chase and gather a set of impressions under the illusory unity that the pronoun “I” is able to offer.

The stress Sterne placed on associationism takes him closer to Hume’s analysis of human consciousness. Hume believed that the human mind is constantly receiving impressions which it associates following the principles of cause and effect, contiguity in time or place, and resemblance (the same principles Sterne uses for organizing Tristram’s narration), but that there is not a single unalterable feature in our minds which can resist the passage of time (Ayer 1952: 306307). So, adding to all this the fact that our mental contents are the pillars upon which we create the notion of identity, then it seems there is no reason why a person could claim to be now the same person he was a couple of years, or even hours ago. The notion of personal identity is merely an illusion created by human memory. Consequently, Tristram’s consciousness of himself is nothing more than a collection of variable and endless impressions tied up by his memory. His quest for self-knowledge is doomed to failure, since it is as if he were trying to chase and gather a set of impressions under the illusory unity that the pronoun “I” is able to offer.

Locke and Hume’s insights into memory seem inescapable when discussing a narrative like Tristram Shandy, whose major founding principle is the linguistic articulation of the memory of past perceptions. But despite its central place in their philosophy, Locke and Hume approach memory from slightly different perspectives. Locke certainly admits that human consciousness and the ability to remember past events and thoughts constitute the pillars of self-consciousness. Moreover, he believes personal identity is based on an individual’s selfrecognition in spite of temporal and spatial changes. And, of course, this essential premise is the natural consequence of man’s faculty of remembering past perceptions. Unlike Hume, however, Locke does not stigmatise memory as a self-deceiving ability of the human mind. He conceives of it, instead, as an innate faculty which goes hand in hand with his rationality and his awareness of his own existence.

Locke and Hume’s insights into memory seem inescapable when discussing a narrative like Tristram Shandy, whose major founding principle is the linguistic articulation of the memory of past perceptions. But despite its central place in their philosophy, Locke and Hume approach memory from slightly different perspectives. Locke certainly admits that human consciousness and the ability to remember past events and thoughts constitute the pillars of self-consciousness. Moreover, he believes personal identity is based on an individual’s selfrecognition in spite of temporal and spatial changes. And, of course, this essential premise is the natural consequence of man’s faculty of remembering past perceptions. Unlike Hume, however, Locke does not stigmatise memory as a self-deceiving ability of the human mind. He conceives of it, instead, as an innate faculty which goes hand in hand with his rationality and his awareness of his own existence.


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3. JACQUES LACAN AND THE AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL TEXT AS A MIRROR

3. JACQUES LACAN AND THE AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL TEXT AS A MIRROR

Leaving behind Locke and Hume’s postulates, I am now going to move in time two centuries forward: from Britain to France, from empiricism to Lacanian psychoanalysis. Lacan, who qualified his work as a genuine “return to Freud”, drew on many different sources to elaborate his theories. He was interested in the work of Levi-Strauss, Barthes, and Saussure, and in fields such as those of mathematics, philosophy, and linguistics. Indeed, the great appeal that structuralism had on him enabled Jacques Derrida to affirm that he had adopted a structuralist approach to the psychoanalytical practice. The significant influence of linguistics was also responsible for his key theory that the unconscious is structured like a language, and played a prominent role in the division of the psychic structure into the three elements of the Real, the Imaginary, and the Symbolic. Another central notion developed by Jacques Lacan was the so-called “Mirror Stage”, which he presented for the first time in 1936, at the Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association in Marienbad. I would like to explore this idea and compare it with the views on personal identity as they appear in Tristram Shandy.

Leaving behind Locke and Hume’s postulates, I am now going to move in time two centuries forward: from Britain to France, from empiricism to Lacanian psychoanalysis. Lacan, who qualified his work as a genuine “return to Freud”, drew on many different sources to elaborate his theories. He was interested in the work of Levi-Strauss, Barthes, and Saussure, and in fields such as those of mathematics, philosophy, and linguistics. Indeed, the great appeal that structuralism had on him enabled Jacques Derrida to affirm that he had adopted a structuralist approach to the psychoanalytical practice. The significant influence of linguistics was also responsible for his key theory that the unconscious is structured like a language, and played a prominent role in the division of the psychic structure into the three elements of the Real, the Imaginary, and the Symbolic. Another central notion developed by Jacques Lacan was the so-called “Mirror Stage”, which he presented for the first time in 1936, at the Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association in Marienbad. I would like to explore this idea and compare it with the views on personal identity as they appear in Tristram Shandy.

The mirror stage is a fundamental moment of maturation in the psychological development of the child which takes place between the sixth and the eighteenth month of life. It consists in the encounter of a child, who is not very proficient in controlling his physical movements, with his image. In other words, it is the identification of the infant with the image he sees in the mirror, even though he does not yet possess a sense of unity at the motive and neurological levels. As a consequence of this encounter, the child senses there is a kind of unity in his own body, which until then seemed to be fragmented, and many times, uncontrollable. It is as if the infant compensated in the field of the imaginary representation for the delay in his physical development. With regards to the formation of the individual during the mirror stage Lacan stated the following:

The mirror stage is a fundamental moment of maturation in the psychological development of the child which takes place between the sixth and the eighteenth month of life. It consists in the encounter of a child, who is not very proficient in controlling his physical movements, with his image. In other words, it is the identification of the infant with the image he sees in the mirror, even though he does not yet possess a sense of unity at the motive and neurological levels. As a consequence of this encounter, the child senses there is a kind of unity in his own body, which until then seemed to be fragmented, and many times, uncontrollable. It is as if the infant compensated in the field of the imaginary representation for the delay in his physical development. With regards to the formation of the individual during the mirror stage Lacan stated the following:

[…] the mirror stage is a drama whose internal pressure pushes precipitously from insufficiency to anticipation –and, for the subject caught up in the lure

[…] the mirror stage is a drama whose internal pressure pushes precipitously from insufficiency to anticipation –and, for the subject caught up in the lure

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3. JACQUES LACAN AND THE AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL TEXT AS A MIRROR

3. JACQUES LACAN AND THE AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL TEXT AS A MIRROR

Leaving behind Locke and Hume’s postulates, I am now going to move in time two centuries forward: from Britain to France, from empiricism to Lacanian psychoanalysis. Lacan, who qualified his work as a genuine “return to Freud”, drew on many different sources to elaborate his theories. He was interested in the work of Levi-Strauss, Barthes, and Saussure, and in fields such as those of mathematics, philosophy, and linguistics. Indeed, the great appeal that structuralism had on him enabled Jacques Derrida to affirm that he had adopted a structuralist approach to the psychoanalytical practice. The significant influence of linguistics was also responsible for his key theory that the unconscious is structured like a language, and played a prominent role in the division of the psychic structure into the three elements of the Real, the Imaginary, and the Symbolic. Another central notion developed by Jacques Lacan was the so-called “Mirror Stage”, which he presented for the first time in 1936, at the Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association in Marienbad. I would like to explore this idea and compare it with the views on personal identity as they appear in Tristram Shandy.

Leaving behind Locke and Hume’s postulates, I am now going to move in time two centuries forward: from Britain to France, from empiricism to Lacanian psychoanalysis. Lacan, who qualified his work as a genuine “return to Freud”, drew on many different sources to elaborate his theories. He was interested in the work of Levi-Strauss, Barthes, and Saussure, and in fields such as those of mathematics, philosophy, and linguistics. Indeed, the great appeal that structuralism had on him enabled Jacques Derrida to affirm that he had adopted a structuralist approach to the psychoanalytical practice. The significant influence of linguistics was also responsible for his key theory that the unconscious is structured like a language, and played a prominent role in the division of the psychic structure into the three elements of the Real, the Imaginary, and the Symbolic. Another central notion developed by Jacques Lacan was the so-called “Mirror Stage”, which he presented for the first time in 1936, at the Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association in Marienbad. I would like to explore this idea and compare it with the views on personal identity as they appear in Tristram Shandy.

The mirror stage is a fundamental moment of maturation in the psychological development of the child which takes place between the sixth and the eighteenth month of life. It consists in the encounter of a child, who is not very proficient in controlling his physical movements, with his image. In other words, it is the identification of the infant with the image he sees in the mirror, even though he does not yet possess a sense of unity at the motive and neurological levels. As a consequence of this encounter, the child senses there is a kind of unity in his own body, which until then seemed to be fragmented, and many times, uncontrollable. It is as if the infant compensated in the field of the imaginary representation for the delay in his physical development. With regards to the formation of the individual during the mirror stage Lacan stated the following:

The mirror stage is a fundamental moment of maturation in the psychological development of the child which takes place between the sixth and the eighteenth month of life. It consists in the encounter of a child, who is not very proficient in controlling his physical movements, with his image. In other words, it is the identification of the infant with the image he sees in the mirror, even though he does not yet possess a sense of unity at the motive and neurological levels. As a consequence of this encounter, the child senses there is a kind of unity in his own body, which until then seemed to be fragmented, and many times, uncontrollable. It is as if the infant compensated in the field of the imaginary representation for the delay in his physical development. With regards to the formation of the individual during the mirror stage Lacan stated the following:

[…] the mirror stage is a drama whose internal pressure pushes precipitously from insufficiency to anticipation –and, for the subject caught up in the lure

[…] the mirror stage is a drama whose internal pressure pushes precipitously from insufficiency to anticipation –and, for the subject caught up in the lure


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of spatial identification, turns out fantasies that proceed from a fragmented image of the body to what I will call an “orthopaedic” form of its totality. (Lacan 2002: 6)

of spatial identification, turns out fantasies that proceed from a fragmented image of the body to what I will call an “orthopaedic” form of its totality. (Lacan 2002: 6)

Moreover, the mirror stage acquires a fundamental role within the process of establishing “a relationship between an organism and its reality” (Lacan 2002: 6). In other words, the process of identification that occurs during the mirror stage is the first step towards the creation of Lacan’s version of the Freudian ego (i.e., the subject as we typically conceive it). However, due to his inability to master the language, and to identify himself with the Other, the infant in Lacan’s example cannot be thought of being a proper subject yet.

Moreover, the mirror stage acquires a fundamental role within the process of establishing “a relationship between an organism and its reality” (Lacan 2002: 6). In other words, the process of identification that occurs during the mirror stage is the first step towards the creation of Lacan’s version of the Freudian ego (i.e., the subject as we typically conceive it). However, due to his inability to master the language, and to identify himself with the Other, the infant in Lacan’s example cannot be thought of being a proper subject yet.

In contrast with the infant in the mirror stage from Lacan’s example, we find Tristram Shandy, whom we suppose to be completely in control of his body, more than used to seeing himself in a mirror and recognizing his image on it, and fully aware of the existence of the Other: it has already been said that one of the techniques he uses to explore his identity is that of considering those of his father and uncle. But, above all, the main difference between Lacan’s speechless child and the garrulous Tristram is the use of language: Tristram is, thus, a fully formed subject from a Lacanian point of view.

In contrast with the infant in the mirror stage from Lacan’s example, we find Tristram Shandy, whom we suppose to be completely in control of his body, more than used to seeing himself in a mirror and recognizing his image on it, and fully aware of the existence of the Other: it has already been said that one of the techniques he uses to explore his identity is that of considering those of his father and uncle. But, above all, the main difference between Lacan’s speechless child and the garrulous Tristram is the use of language: Tristram is, thus, a fully formed subject from a Lacanian point of view.

We might then expand the Lacanian notion of the mirror stage into a new theory which we might call the “textual mirror phase” theory. This theory amounts to a sort of second phase of the mirror stage, this time in adulthood, which affects fully formed and linguistically articulate subjects like Tristram Shandy. As has already been said, Tristram decides to write his “autobiography” in order to find out who he is, and so, language becomes his main tool for achieving this purpose. We may then conclude that Tristram creates through language a textual mirror in which to see his identity. Thus, the mirror which he has created for this specific purpose, the tools he uses to build it, and the image he sees on it, are completely made of words. In this manner, we go back to the vicious circle we already mentioned when dealing with the connections between Tristram Shandy and Locke. Tristram sees the image he has of himself in his written “autobiography”, recognizes himself in it, and identifies himself with the characters he has created of himself, his father, and

We might then expand the Lacanian notion of the mirror stage into a new theory which we might call the “textual mirror phase” theory. This theory amounts to a sort of second phase of the mirror stage, this time in adulthood, which affects fully formed and linguistically articulate subjects like Tristram Shandy. As has already been said, Tristram decides to write his “autobiography” in order to find out who he is, and so, language becomes his main tool for achieving this purpose. We may then conclude that Tristram creates through language a textual mirror in which to see his identity. Thus, the mirror which he has created for this specific purpose, the tools he uses to build it, and the image he sees on it, are completely made of words. In this manner, we go back to the vicious circle we already mentioned when dealing with the connections between Tristram Shandy and Locke. Tristram sees the image he has of himself in his written “autobiography”, recognizes himself in it, and identifies himself with the characters he has created of himself, his father, and

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of spatial identification, turns out fantasies that proceed from a fragmented image of the body to what I will call an “orthopaedic” form of its totality. (Lacan 2002: 6)

of spatial identification, turns out fantasies that proceed from a fragmented image of the body to what I will call an “orthopaedic” form of its totality. (Lacan 2002: 6)

Moreover, the mirror stage acquires a fundamental role within the process of establishing “a relationship between an organism and its reality” (Lacan 2002: 6). In other words, the process of identification that occurs during the mirror stage is the first step towards the creation of Lacan’s version of the Freudian ego (i.e., the subject as we typically conceive it). However, due to his inability to master the language, and to identify himself with the Other, the infant in Lacan’s example cannot be thought of being a proper subject yet.

Moreover, the mirror stage acquires a fundamental role within the process of establishing “a relationship between an organism and its reality” (Lacan 2002: 6). In other words, the process of identification that occurs during the mirror stage is the first step towards the creation of Lacan’s version of the Freudian ego (i.e., the subject as we typically conceive it). However, due to his inability to master the language, and to identify himself with the Other, the infant in Lacan’s example cannot be thought of being a proper subject yet.

In contrast with the infant in the mirror stage from Lacan’s example, we find Tristram Shandy, whom we suppose to be completely in control of his body, more than used to seeing himself in a mirror and recognizing his image on it, and fully aware of the existence of the Other: it has already been said that one of the techniques he uses to explore his identity is that of considering those of his father and uncle. But, above all, the main difference between Lacan’s speechless child and the garrulous Tristram is the use of language: Tristram is, thus, a fully formed subject from a Lacanian point of view.

In contrast with the infant in the mirror stage from Lacan’s example, we find Tristram Shandy, whom we suppose to be completely in control of his body, more than used to seeing himself in a mirror and recognizing his image on it, and fully aware of the existence of the Other: it has already been said that one of the techniques he uses to explore his identity is that of considering those of his father and uncle. But, above all, the main difference between Lacan’s speechless child and the garrulous Tristram is the use of language: Tristram is, thus, a fully formed subject from a Lacanian point of view.

We might then expand the Lacanian notion of the mirror stage into a new theory which we might call the “textual mirror phase” theory. This theory amounts to a sort of second phase of the mirror stage, this time in adulthood, which affects fully formed and linguistically articulate subjects like Tristram Shandy. As has already been said, Tristram decides to write his “autobiography” in order to find out who he is, and so, language becomes his main tool for achieving this purpose. We may then conclude that Tristram creates through language a textual mirror in which to see his identity. Thus, the mirror which he has created for this specific purpose, the tools he uses to build it, and the image he sees on it, are completely made of words. In this manner, we go back to the vicious circle we already mentioned when dealing with the connections between Tristram Shandy and Locke. Tristram sees the image he has of himself in his written “autobiography”, recognizes himself in it, and identifies himself with the characters he has created of himself, his father, and

We might then expand the Lacanian notion of the mirror stage into a new theory which we might call the “textual mirror phase” theory. This theory amounts to a sort of second phase of the mirror stage, this time in adulthood, which affects fully formed and linguistically articulate subjects like Tristram Shandy. As has already been said, Tristram decides to write his “autobiography” in order to find out who he is, and so, language becomes his main tool for achieving this purpose. We may then conclude that Tristram creates through language a textual mirror in which to see his identity. Thus, the mirror which he has created for this specific purpose, the tools he uses to build it, and the image he sees on it, are completely made of words. In this manner, we go back to the vicious circle we already mentioned when dealing with the connections between Tristram Shandy and Locke. Tristram sees the image he has of himself in his written “autobiography”, recognizes himself in it, and identifies himself with the characters he has created of himself, his father, and


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uncle. But even though everything seems to make sense now, it is necessary to go further and ask ourselves the key question that still remains to be posed: Why does Tristram choose to create his textual mirror to know more about his identity?

uncle. But even though everything seems to make sense now, it is necessary to go further and ask ourselves the key question that still remains to be posed: Why does Tristram choose to create his textual mirror to know more about his identity?

One possible answer is that even though Tristram has a sense of physical unity, he lacks one at a psychological level. In other words, that he feels he is simply, as Hume had stated, a collection of endless and ever-growing impressions; merely a mind continually assaulted by the innumerable associations of ideas which flood his narrative. In this situation, both memory and the process of writing one’s autobiography would have a similar function: grouping fragmented impressions and associations of ideas under the illusory notion of personal identity. In other words, the attempt of writing one’s life is similar to making a puzzle: one collects a number of fragmented pieces, and then orders them in a specific manner to give them some cohesion and meaning. It is in a way a self-deceiving technique that artificially shapes into a text something which is, by nature, shapeless and disjointed.

One possible answer is that even though Tristram has a sense of physical unity, he lacks one at a psychological level. In other words, that he feels he is simply, as Hume had stated, a collection of endless and ever-growing impressions; merely a mind continually assaulted by the innumerable associations of ideas which flood his narrative. In this situation, both memory and the process of writing one’s autobiography would have a similar function: grouping fragmented impressions and associations of ideas under the illusory notion of personal identity. In other words, the attempt of writing one’s life is similar to making a puzzle: one collects a number of fragmented pieces, and then orders them in a specific manner to give them some cohesion and meaning. It is in a way a self-deceiving technique that artificially shapes into a text something which is, by nature, shapeless and disjointed.

Nonetheless, it is also worthwhile to point out the deceitful nature of the “textual mirror”, since it is very easy to fall into its trap. In this respect, there is again a parallelism with the child’s mirror stage. It is not unusual to see how an adult says “Yes, that is you” to the surprised infant who starts to identify the primitive notion he may have of himself with the one the mirror reflects. But, of course, the image projected by the glass is not the child, only an image of him. Hence, the image in the mirror is not comparable with the infant himself. Likewise, it would be deceitful to believe that Tristram’s autobiography (i.e., a self-made textual mirror that reflects an image of Tristram created by himself) can show Tristram’s true self, when it actually offers nothing more than a mere image. Thus, the conclusions of the Lacanian perspective on this matter seem to agree with Hume’s, since according to the theories of these two authors Tristram’s attempts to explore his personal identity are doomed to failure. Nevertheless, a slight difference between them must also be pointed out. On the one hand, Hume would qualify as vain all sorts of attempts to defend the thesis of the unity of the “I”, describing them as mere illusions, or self-deceiving techniques to convince oneself of the pipe dream of one’s psychological unity. On the other hand, however,

Nonetheless, it is also worthwhile to point out the deceitful nature of the “textual mirror”, since it is very easy to fall into its trap. In this respect, there is again a parallelism with the child’s mirror stage. It is not unusual to see how an adult says “Yes, that is you” to the surprised infant who starts to identify the primitive notion he may have of himself with the one the mirror reflects. But, of course, the image projected by the glass is not the child, only an image of him. Hence, the image in the mirror is not comparable with the infant himself. Likewise, it would be deceitful to believe that Tristram’s autobiography (i.e., a self-made textual mirror that reflects an image of Tristram created by himself) can show Tristram’s true self, when it actually offers nothing more than a mere image. Thus, the conclusions of the Lacanian perspective on this matter seem to agree with Hume’s, since according to the theories of these two authors Tristram’s attempts to explore his personal identity are doomed to failure. Nevertheless, a slight difference between them must also be pointed out. On the one hand, Hume would qualify as vain all sorts of attempts to defend the thesis of the unity of the “I”, describing them as mere illusions, or self-deceiving techniques to convince oneself of the pipe dream of one’s psychological unity. On the other hand, however,

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uncle. But even though everything seems to make sense now, it is necessary to go further and ask ourselves the key question that still remains to be posed: Why does Tristram choose to create his textual mirror to know more about his identity?

uncle. But even though everything seems to make sense now, it is necessary to go further and ask ourselves the key question that still remains to be posed: Why does Tristram choose to create his textual mirror to know more about his identity?

One possible answer is that even though Tristram has a sense of physical unity, he lacks one at a psychological level. In other words, that he feels he is simply, as Hume had stated, a collection of endless and ever-growing impressions; merely a mind continually assaulted by the innumerable associations of ideas which flood his narrative. In this situation, both memory and the process of writing one’s autobiography would have a similar function: grouping fragmented impressions and associations of ideas under the illusory notion of personal identity. In other words, the attempt of writing one’s life is similar to making a puzzle: one collects a number of fragmented pieces, and then orders them in a specific manner to give them some cohesion and meaning. It is in a way a self-deceiving technique that artificially shapes into a text something which is, by nature, shapeless and disjointed.

One possible answer is that even though Tristram has a sense of physical unity, he lacks one at a psychological level. In other words, that he feels he is simply, as Hume had stated, a collection of endless and ever-growing impressions; merely a mind continually assaulted by the innumerable associations of ideas which flood his narrative. In this situation, both memory and the process of writing one’s autobiography would have a similar function: grouping fragmented impressions and associations of ideas under the illusory notion of personal identity. In other words, the attempt of writing one’s life is similar to making a puzzle: one collects a number of fragmented pieces, and then orders them in a specific manner to give them some cohesion and meaning. It is in a way a self-deceiving technique that artificially shapes into a text something which is, by nature, shapeless and disjointed.

Nonetheless, it is also worthwhile to point out the deceitful nature of the “textual mirror”, since it is very easy to fall into its trap. In this respect, there is again a parallelism with the child’s mirror stage. It is not unusual to see how an adult says “Yes, that is you” to the surprised infant who starts to identify the primitive notion he may have of himself with the one the mirror reflects. But, of course, the image projected by the glass is not the child, only an image of him. Hence, the image in the mirror is not comparable with the infant himself. Likewise, it would be deceitful to believe that Tristram’s autobiography (i.e., a self-made textual mirror that reflects an image of Tristram created by himself) can show Tristram’s true self, when it actually offers nothing more than a mere image. Thus, the conclusions of the Lacanian perspective on this matter seem to agree with Hume’s, since according to the theories of these two authors Tristram’s attempts to explore his personal identity are doomed to failure. Nevertheless, a slight difference between them must also be pointed out. On the one hand, Hume would qualify as vain all sorts of attempts to defend the thesis of the unity of the “I”, describing them as mere illusions, or self-deceiving techniques to convince oneself of the pipe dream of one’s psychological unity. On the other hand, however,

Nonetheless, it is also worthwhile to point out the deceitful nature of the “textual mirror”, since it is very easy to fall into its trap. In this respect, there is again a parallelism with the child’s mirror stage. It is not unusual to see how an adult says “Yes, that is you” to the surprised infant who starts to identify the primitive notion he may have of himself with the one the mirror reflects. But, of course, the image projected by the glass is not the child, only an image of him. Hence, the image in the mirror is not comparable with the infant himself. Likewise, it would be deceitful to believe that Tristram’s autobiography (i.e., a self-made textual mirror that reflects an image of Tristram created by himself) can show Tristram’s true self, when it actually offers nothing more than a mere image. Thus, the conclusions of the Lacanian perspective on this matter seem to agree with Hume’s, since according to the theories of these two authors Tristram’s attempts to explore his personal identity are doomed to failure. Nevertheless, a slight difference between them must also be pointed out. On the one hand, Hume would qualify as vain all sorts of attempts to defend the thesis of the unity of the “I”, describing them as mere illusions, or self-deceiving techniques to convince oneself of the pipe dream of one’s psychological unity. On the other hand, however,


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Lacanian thought would simply disagree with the specific means Tristram uses to know more about himself, for they imply putting Tristram’s true self on a par with the textual image his autobiography reflects of the former.

Lacanian thought would simply disagree with the specific means Tristram uses to know more about himself, for they imply putting Tristram’s true self on a par with the textual image his autobiography reflects of the former.

Indeed, the theories of the three authors we have seen up to this point disagree (or even disapprove) in one way or another with the manner in which Tristram decides to explore his personal identity. In contrast with them, we are now going to deal with the thoughts of Jean Baudrillard, father of the theory of hyperreality, who far from disregarding Tristram’s approach to the issue of personal identity, seems to applaud and celebrate it.

Indeed, the theories of the three authors we have seen up to this point disagree (or even disapprove) in one way or another with the manner in which Tristram decides to explore his personal identity. In contrast with them, we are now going to deal with the thoughts of Jean Baudrillard, father of the theory of hyperreality, who far from disregarding Tristram’s approach to the issue of personal identity, seems to applaud and celebrate it.

4. JEAN BAUDRILLARD: SIMULACRA AND THE THEORY OF HYPERREALITY

4. JEAN BAUDRILLARD: SIMULACRA AND THE THEORY OF HYPERREALITY

Even though the first volumes of Sterne’s Tristram Shandy were published more than two hundred years ago, it presents many devices which are also extensively used by postmodernist writers. Sterne has in common with postmodernist fiction the use of parody and sceptical irony, the techniques of metafiction and self-reflexiveness, together with a taste for eclecticism, redundancy, discontinuity, multiplicity, and intertextuality. Like Sterne, Postmodernist writers also prefer a discourse in which they can play with different points of view, rather than foster a monologic one in which just a single voice is in control throughout the whole work. Among their other common concerns are the problematic representation of the world and the self, their belief in the fragmented nature of our perceptions and knowledge, the limitations and imperfections of language, or the complexity of the issues of time, memory, and history, which in their view are inseparable from individual subjectivity. Indeed, the treatment of the issue of personal identity in Tristram Shandy has not gone unnoticed by contemporary critics such as Herbert Klein, who states that Tristram can “be thought to be a precursor of postmodern identity, which is also characterized by ‘difference’ and does not exist on its own, but only in contradistinction to other identities within a web of relationships” (Klein 1996: 129).

Even though the first volumes of Sterne’s Tristram Shandy were published more than two hundred years ago, it presents many devices which are also extensively used by postmodernist writers. Sterne has in common with postmodernist fiction the use of parody and sceptical irony, the techniques of metafiction and self-reflexiveness, together with a taste for eclecticism, redundancy, discontinuity, multiplicity, and intertextuality. Like Sterne, Postmodernist writers also prefer a discourse in which they can play with different points of view, rather than foster a monologic one in which just a single voice is in control throughout the whole work. Among their other common concerns are the problematic representation of the world and the self, their belief in the fragmented nature of our perceptions and knowledge, the limitations and imperfections of language, or the complexity of the issues of time, memory, and history, which in their view are inseparable from individual subjectivity. Indeed, the treatment of the issue of personal identity in Tristram Shandy has not gone unnoticed by contemporary critics such as Herbert Klein, who states that Tristram can “be thought to be a precursor of postmodern identity, which is also characterized by ‘difference’ and does not exist on its own, but only in contradistinction to other identities within a web of relationships” (Klein 1996: 129).

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Lacanian thought would simply disagree with the specific means Tristram uses to know more about himself, for they imply putting Tristram’s true self on a par with the textual image his autobiography reflects of the former.

Lacanian thought would simply disagree with the specific means Tristram uses to know more about himself, for they imply putting Tristram’s true self on a par with the textual image his autobiography reflects of the former.

Indeed, the theories of the three authors we have seen up to this point disagree (or even disapprove) in one way or another with the manner in which Tristram decides to explore his personal identity. In contrast with them, we are now going to deal with the thoughts of Jean Baudrillard, father of the theory of hyperreality, who far from disregarding Tristram’s approach to the issue of personal identity, seems to applaud and celebrate it.

Indeed, the theories of the three authors we have seen up to this point disagree (or even disapprove) in one way or another with the manner in which Tristram decides to explore his personal identity. In contrast with them, we are now going to deal with the thoughts of Jean Baudrillard, father of the theory of hyperreality, who far from disregarding Tristram’s approach to the issue of personal identity, seems to applaud and celebrate it.

4. JEAN BAUDRILLARD: SIMULACRA AND THE THEORY OF HYPERREALITY

4. JEAN BAUDRILLARD: SIMULACRA AND THE THEORY OF HYPERREALITY

Even though the first volumes of Sterne’s Tristram Shandy were published more than two hundred years ago, it presents many devices which are also extensively used by postmodernist writers. Sterne has in common with postmodernist fiction the use of parody and sceptical irony, the techniques of metafiction and self-reflexiveness, together with a taste for eclecticism, redundancy, discontinuity, multiplicity, and intertextuality. Like Sterne, Postmodernist writers also prefer a discourse in which they can play with different points of view, rather than foster a monologic one in which just a single voice is in control throughout the whole work. Among their other common concerns are the problematic representation of the world and the self, their belief in the fragmented nature of our perceptions and knowledge, the limitations and imperfections of language, or the complexity of the issues of time, memory, and history, which in their view are inseparable from individual subjectivity. Indeed, the treatment of the issue of personal identity in Tristram Shandy has not gone unnoticed by contemporary critics such as Herbert Klein, who states that Tristram can “be thought to be a precursor of postmodern identity, which is also characterized by ‘difference’ and does not exist on its own, but only in contradistinction to other identities within a web of relationships” (Klein 1996: 129).

Even though the first volumes of Sterne’s Tristram Shandy were published more than two hundred years ago, it presents many devices which are also extensively used by postmodernist writers. Sterne has in common with postmodernist fiction the use of parody and sceptical irony, the techniques of metafiction and self-reflexiveness, together with a taste for eclecticism, redundancy, discontinuity, multiplicity, and intertextuality. Like Sterne, Postmodernist writers also prefer a discourse in which they can play with different points of view, rather than foster a monologic one in which just a single voice is in control throughout the whole work. Among their other common concerns are the problematic representation of the world and the self, their belief in the fragmented nature of our perceptions and knowledge, the limitations and imperfections of language, or the complexity of the issues of time, memory, and history, which in their view are inseparable from individual subjectivity. Indeed, the treatment of the issue of personal identity in Tristram Shandy has not gone unnoticed by contemporary critics such as Herbert Klein, who states that Tristram can “be thought to be a precursor of postmodern identity, which is also characterized by ‘difference’ and does not exist on its own, but only in contradistinction to other identities within a web of relationships” (Klein 1996: 129).


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When dealing with the movement of postmodernism it is, in a way, inevitable to make reference to the theories developed by the French critic Jean Baudrillard, whose analyses of the postmodern era have prompted conflicting responses. While many consider him the “high priest” of the “religion of postmodernism” (Woods 1999: 25), others believe that he “increasingly turns away from common sense and skepticism”, and have accused him of exhibiting “all the worst traits of poststructuralism” (Bertens 1995: 144). In any case, all this variety of opinions ultimately shows the importance of his theories, whose repercussions can be found in fields such as those of film studies and literary criticism.

When dealing with the movement of postmodernism it is, in a way, inevitable to make reference to the theories developed by the French critic Jean Baudrillard, whose analyses of the postmodern era have prompted conflicting responses. While many consider him the “high priest” of the “religion of postmodernism” (Woods 1999: 25), others believe that he “increasingly turns away from common sense and skepticism”, and have accused him of exhibiting “all the worst traits of poststructuralism” (Bertens 1995: 144). In any case, all this variety of opinions ultimately shows the importance of his theories, whose repercussions can be found in fields such as those of film studies and literary criticism.

According to Baudrillard, we nowadays live in “the third order of simulation”, which means that “simulation is the dominant scheme of the present phase of history” (Baudrillard 1988: 135). The essence of this historical period can be found in the new cybernetic technology, the current mass production, the hyper-conformism of the masses, and a fundamental presence of the media in every aspect of ordinary life. In economic terms, Baudrillard believes capitalism is no longer a mode of production, but a mode of political control and domination. Moreover, he asserts that consumption and production have collapsed into each other (Baudrillard 1988: 98-118), and that society is ultimately controlled by the code, so whatever we do is, in a way, preprogrammed by the system. It is also under these circumstances that the notion of what traditionally has been called “real” begins not to make sense, for the constant reduplication of “the real” makes the boundaries that separate reality from unreality fade. In the same way, it is impossible to establish any differences between what is considered to be “true”, and “false”, or between the notions of “original” and “copy”. Indeed, from this perspective, as Baudrillard himself points out:

According to Baudrillard, we nowadays live in “the third order of simulation”, which means that “simulation is the dominant scheme of the present phase of history” (Baudrillard 1988: 135). The essence of this historical period can be found in the new cybernetic technology, the current mass production, the hyper-conformism of the masses, and a fundamental presence of the media in every aspect of ordinary life. In economic terms, Baudrillard believes capitalism is no longer a mode of production, but a mode of political control and domination. Moreover, he asserts that consumption and production have collapsed into each other (Baudrillard 1988: 98-118), and that society is ultimately controlled by the code, so whatever we do is, in a way, preprogrammed by the system. It is also under these circumstances that the notion of what traditionally has been called “real” begins not to make sense, for the constant reduplication of “the real” makes the boundaries that separate reality from unreality fade. In the same way, it is impossible to establish any differences between what is considered to be “true”, and “false”, or between the notions of “original” and “copy”. Indeed, from this perspective, as Baudrillard himself points out:

The era of simulation is thus everywhere initiated by the interchangeability of previously contradictory or dialectically opposed terms. Everywhere the same ‘genesis of simulacra’: the interchangeability of the beautiful and the ugly in fashion; of the right and the left in politics; of the true and the false in every media message; of the useful and the useless at the level of

The era of simulation is thus everywhere initiated by the interchangeability of previously contradictory or dialectically opposed terms. Everywhere the same ‘genesis of simulacra’: the interchangeability of the beautiful and the ugly in fashion; of the right and the left in politics; of the true and the false in every media message; of the useful and the useless at the level of

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When dealing with the movement of postmodernism it is, in a way, inevitable to make reference to the theories developed by the French critic Jean Baudrillard, whose analyses of the postmodern era have prompted conflicting responses. While many consider him the “high priest” of the “religion of postmodernism” (Woods 1999: 25), others believe that he “increasingly turns away from common sense and skepticism”, and have accused him of exhibiting “all the worst traits of poststructuralism” (Bertens 1995: 144). In any case, all this variety of opinions ultimately shows the importance of his theories, whose repercussions can be found in fields such as those of film studies and literary criticism.

When dealing with the movement of postmodernism it is, in a way, inevitable to make reference to the theories developed by the French critic Jean Baudrillard, whose analyses of the postmodern era have prompted conflicting responses. While many consider him the “high priest” of the “religion of postmodernism” (Woods 1999: 25), others believe that he “increasingly turns away from common sense and skepticism”, and have accused him of exhibiting “all the worst traits of poststructuralism” (Bertens 1995: 144). In any case, all this variety of opinions ultimately shows the importance of his theories, whose repercussions can be found in fields such as those of film studies and literary criticism.

According to Baudrillard, we nowadays live in “the third order of simulation”, which means that “simulation is the dominant scheme of the present phase of history” (Baudrillard 1988: 135). The essence of this historical period can be found in the new cybernetic technology, the current mass production, the hyper-conformism of the masses, and a fundamental presence of the media in every aspect of ordinary life. In economic terms, Baudrillard believes capitalism is no longer a mode of production, but a mode of political control and domination. Moreover, he asserts that consumption and production have collapsed into each other (Baudrillard 1988: 98-118), and that society is ultimately controlled by the code, so whatever we do is, in a way, preprogrammed by the system. It is also under these circumstances that the notion of what traditionally has been called “real” begins not to make sense, for the constant reduplication of “the real” makes the boundaries that separate reality from unreality fade. In the same way, it is impossible to establish any differences between what is considered to be “true”, and “false”, or between the notions of “original” and “copy”. Indeed, from this perspective, as Baudrillard himself points out:

According to Baudrillard, we nowadays live in “the third order of simulation”, which means that “simulation is the dominant scheme of the present phase of history” (Baudrillard 1988: 135). The essence of this historical period can be found in the new cybernetic technology, the current mass production, the hyper-conformism of the masses, and a fundamental presence of the media in every aspect of ordinary life. In economic terms, Baudrillard believes capitalism is no longer a mode of production, but a mode of political control and domination. Moreover, he asserts that consumption and production have collapsed into each other (Baudrillard 1988: 98-118), and that society is ultimately controlled by the code, so whatever we do is, in a way, preprogrammed by the system. It is also under these circumstances that the notion of what traditionally has been called “real” begins not to make sense, for the constant reduplication of “the real” makes the boundaries that separate reality from unreality fade. In the same way, it is impossible to establish any differences between what is considered to be “true”, and “false”, or between the notions of “original” and “copy”. Indeed, from this perspective, as Baudrillard himself points out:

The era of simulation is thus everywhere initiated by the interchangeability of previously contradictory or dialectically opposed terms. Everywhere the same ‘genesis of simulacra’: the interchangeability of the beautiful and the ugly in fashion; of the right and the left in politics; of the true and the false in every media message; of the useful and the useless at the level of

The era of simulation is thus everywhere initiated by the interchangeability of previously contradictory or dialectically opposed terms. Everywhere the same ‘genesis of simulacra’: the interchangeability of the beautiful and the ugly in fashion; of the right and the left in politics; of the true and the false in every media message; of the useful and the useless at the level of


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objects; and of nature and culture at every level of meaning. (Baudrillard 1988: 128)

objects; and of nature and culture at every level of meaning. (Baudrillard 1988: 128)

Hence, since “the age of simulation thus begins with a liquidation of all referentials” (Baudrillard 1988: 172), the term “reality” has become an empty word. The concept of “hyperreality” appears to be more appropriate instead, for it conveys the idea of “the state where distinctions between objects and their representations are dissolved and one is left with only simulacra” (Woods 1999: 27). In order to illustrate this point, Baudrillard offers the example of Disneyland, which he says is not within the limits of the “imaginary” or “unreal”: it is simply “presented as imaginary in order to make us believe that the rest is real, when in fact all Los Angeles and the America surrounding it are no longer real, but of the order of the hyperreal and of simulation” (Baudrillard 1988: 172).

Hence, since “the age of simulation thus begins with a liquidation of all referentials” (Baudrillard 1988: 172), the term “reality” has become an empty word. The concept of “hyperreality” appears to be more appropriate instead, for it conveys the idea of “the state where distinctions between objects and their representations are dissolved and one is left with only simulacra” (Woods 1999: 27). In order to illustrate this point, Baudrillard offers the example of Disneyland, which he says is not within the limits of the “imaginary” or “unreal”: it is simply “presented as imaginary in order to make us believe that the rest is real, when in fact all Los Angeles and the America surrounding it are no longer real, but of the order of the hyperreal and of simulation” (Baudrillard 1988: 172).

Curiously enough, even though Tristram Shandy is not a narrative produced in this Baudrillardian era of simulation, it approaches the issue of personal identity as if it were. At first sight, it apparently seems possible to discern in the novel four different Tristrams: the man who lives his life, (who can be considered a sort of ghost, a presence that emanates by default from the text); the writer of his autobiography; the character within the novel that acts as its narrator; and the protagonist of his own autobiography, a character of a work of non-fiction. One may think it is legitimate to wonder which of these four is the “real” Tristram. From the viewpoint of the implications of the Lacanian “mirror phase”, it would be a fallacy to believe the authentic Tristram is a character of the narrative, for the latter is simply an image that the real Tristram projects when writing his autobiography. So, in the same way as the infant is not comparable with his image in the mirror, the true Tristram is alien to the image that he projects on his own textual mirror. Nevertheless, this position becomes untenable under the premises established by Baudrillard.

Curiously enough, even though Tristram Shandy is not a narrative produced in this Baudrillardian era of simulation, it approaches the issue of personal identity as if it were. At first sight, it apparently seems possible to discern in the novel four different Tristrams: the man who lives his life, (who can be considered a sort of ghost, a presence that emanates by default from the text); the writer of his autobiography; the character within the novel that acts as its narrator; and the protagonist of his own autobiography, a character of a work of non-fiction. One may think it is legitimate to wonder which of these four is the “real” Tristram. From the viewpoint of the implications of the Lacanian “mirror phase”, it would be a fallacy to believe the authentic Tristram is a character of the narrative, for the latter is simply an image that the real Tristram projects when writing his autobiography. So, in the same way as the infant is not comparable with his image in the mirror, the true Tristram is alien to the image that he projects on his own textual mirror. Nevertheless, this position becomes untenable under the premises established by Baudrillard.

When Baudrillard assumes there is no possible distinction between what was traditionally thought to be “real” and “imaginary”, or between “authentic” and “illusory”, he is stating that eventually everything is comparable. Consequently, the four Tristrams above

When Baudrillard assumes there is no possible distinction between what was traditionally thought to be “real” and “imaginary”, or between “authentic” and “illusory”, he is stating that eventually everything is comparable. Consequently, the four Tristrams above

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objects; and of nature and culture at every level of meaning. (Baudrillard 1988: 128)

objects; and of nature and culture at every level of meaning. (Baudrillard 1988: 128)

Hence, since “the age of simulation thus begins with a liquidation of all referentials” (Baudrillard 1988: 172), the term “reality” has become an empty word. The concept of “hyperreality” appears to be more appropriate instead, for it conveys the idea of “the state where distinctions between objects and their representations are dissolved and one is left with only simulacra” (Woods 1999: 27). In order to illustrate this point, Baudrillard offers the example of Disneyland, which he says is not within the limits of the “imaginary” or “unreal”: it is simply “presented as imaginary in order to make us believe that the rest is real, when in fact all Los Angeles and the America surrounding it are no longer real, but of the order of the hyperreal and of simulation” (Baudrillard 1988: 172).

Hence, since “the age of simulation thus begins with a liquidation of all referentials” (Baudrillard 1988: 172), the term “reality” has become an empty word. The concept of “hyperreality” appears to be more appropriate instead, for it conveys the idea of “the state where distinctions between objects and their representations are dissolved and one is left with only simulacra” (Woods 1999: 27). In order to illustrate this point, Baudrillard offers the example of Disneyland, which he says is not within the limits of the “imaginary” or “unreal”: it is simply “presented as imaginary in order to make us believe that the rest is real, when in fact all Los Angeles and the America surrounding it are no longer real, but of the order of the hyperreal and of simulation” (Baudrillard 1988: 172).

Curiously enough, even though Tristram Shandy is not a narrative produced in this Baudrillardian era of simulation, it approaches the issue of personal identity as if it were. At first sight, it apparently seems possible to discern in the novel four different Tristrams: the man who lives his life, (who can be considered a sort of ghost, a presence that emanates by default from the text); the writer of his autobiography; the character within the novel that acts as its narrator; and the protagonist of his own autobiography, a character of a work of non-fiction. One may think it is legitimate to wonder which of these four is the “real” Tristram. From the viewpoint of the implications of the Lacanian “mirror phase”, it would be a fallacy to believe the authentic Tristram is a character of the narrative, for the latter is simply an image that the real Tristram projects when writing his autobiography. So, in the same way as the infant is not comparable with his image in the mirror, the true Tristram is alien to the image that he projects on his own textual mirror. Nevertheless, this position becomes untenable under the premises established by Baudrillard.

Curiously enough, even though Tristram Shandy is not a narrative produced in this Baudrillardian era of simulation, it approaches the issue of personal identity as if it were. At first sight, it apparently seems possible to discern in the novel four different Tristrams: the man who lives his life, (who can be considered a sort of ghost, a presence that emanates by default from the text); the writer of his autobiography; the character within the novel that acts as its narrator; and the protagonist of his own autobiography, a character of a work of non-fiction. One may think it is legitimate to wonder which of these four is the “real” Tristram. From the viewpoint of the implications of the Lacanian “mirror phase”, it would be a fallacy to believe the authentic Tristram is a character of the narrative, for the latter is simply an image that the real Tristram projects when writing his autobiography. So, in the same way as the infant is not comparable with his image in the mirror, the true Tristram is alien to the image that he projects on his own textual mirror. Nevertheless, this position becomes untenable under the premises established by Baudrillard.

When Baudrillard assumes there is no possible distinction between what was traditionally thought to be “real” and “imaginary”, or between “authentic” and “illusory”, he is stating that eventually everything is comparable. Consequently, the four Tristrams above

When Baudrillard assumes there is no possible distinction between what was traditionally thought to be “real” and “imaginary”, or between “authentic” and “illusory”, he is stating that eventually everything is comparable. Consequently, the four Tristrams above


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mentioned are just one single Tristram, and none of them is subordinated to the other. Hence, it is impossible to speak about a true and a false Tristram, or about an original Tristram and a reflection of him. Nor is it viable to say that a certain one precedes the rest, for all of them are placed at the same level and are part of the same motion. In other words, Tristram Shandy is not placed in a world of antitheses and oppositions, but within the sphere of the hyperreal, in which it is possible for him to have all those different faces simultaneously and without running into contradiction. In fact, Tristram can be only understood as the total sum of all of them. Once again, the circularity that characterizes Baudrillard’s postulates goes hand in hand with the circularity of the tautological nature of Tristram’s quest for identity: his autobiography, which is made up of words, becomes both his only means for exploring his identity, and, at the same time, the proof of its existence. The tautological nature of language in Tristram Shandy is the definitive proof of the existence of his hyperreal universe.

mentioned are just one single Tristram, and none of them is subordinated to the other. Hence, it is impossible to speak about a true and a false Tristram, or about an original Tristram and a reflection of him. Nor is it viable to say that a certain one precedes the rest, for all of them are placed at the same level and are part of the same motion. In other words, Tristram Shandy is not placed in a world of antitheses and oppositions, but within the sphere of the hyperreal, in which it is possible for him to have all those different faces simultaneously and without running into contradiction. In fact, Tristram can be only understood as the total sum of all of them. Once again, the circularity that characterizes Baudrillard’s postulates goes hand in hand with the circularity of the tautological nature of Tristram’s quest for identity: his autobiography, which is made up of words, becomes both his only means for exploring his identity, and, at the same time, the proof of its existence. The tautological nature of language in Tristram Shandy is the definitive proof of the existence of his hyperreal universe.

5. TO CONCLUDE…

5. TO CONCLUDE…

Were we to draw a gradient, on the extreme located further away from the principles around which personal identity revolves in Tristram Shandy, we would find John Locke’s arguments. The source of the great differences between their postulates can be traced back to their views on language and knowledge. On the one hand, Locke believed it was possible to achieve an objective knowledge of human understanding provided that language were used in an strictly denotative way to avoid misunderstandings and confusion. This kind of statement presupposes that it is possible both for human knowledge and language to be objective, and so, independent from the individual’s subjectivity. Sterne, however, had a radically different view on this issue: neither language nor human knowledge are ever going to be complete, objective, or aseptic, for they are inevitably dependent on the subject that is perceiving reality or transmitting a message. In other words, language is equally fragmentary, faulty, and subjective in the information we transmit through it. Consequently, the selfknowledge Tristram is able to acquire through writing his autobiography is a fragmentary one as well. Moreover, it is also

Were we to draw a gradient, on the extreme located further away from the principles around which personal identity revolves in Tristram Shandy, we would find John Locke’s arguments. The source of the great differences between their postulates can be traced back to their views on language and knowledge. On the one hand, Locke believed it was possible to achieve an objective knowledge of human understanding provided that language were used in an strictly denotative way to avoid misunderstandings and confusion. This kind of statement presupposes that it is possible both for human knowledge and language to be objective, and so, independent from the individual’s subjectivity. Sterne, however, had a radically different view on this issue: neither language nor human knowledge are ever going to be complete, objective, or aseptic, for they are inevitably dependent on the subject that is perceiving reality or transmitting a message. In other words, language is equally fragmentary, faulty, and subjective in the information we transmit through it. Consequently, the selfknowledge Tristram is able to acquire through writing his autobiography is a fragmentary one as well. Moreover, it is also

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mentioned are just one single Tristram, and none of them is subordinated to the other. Hence, it is impossible to speak about a true and a false Tristram, or about an original Tristram and a reflection of him. Nor is it viable to say that a certain one precedes the rest, for all of them are placed at the same level and are part of the same motion. In other words, Tristram Shandy is not placed in a world of antitheses and oppositions, but within the sphere of the hyperreal, in which it is possible for him to have all those different faces simultaneously and without running into contradiction. In fact, Tristram can be only understood as the total sum of all of them. Once again, the circularity that characterizes Baudrillard’s postulates goes hand in hand with the circularity of the tautological nature of Tristram’s quest for identity: his autobiography, which is made up of words, becomes both his only means for exploring his identity, and, at the same time, the proof of its existence. The tautological nature of language in Tristram Shandy is the definitive proof of the existence of his hyperreal universe.

mentioned are just one single Tristram, and none of them is subordinated to the other. Hence, it is impossible to speak about a true and a false Tristram, or about an original Tristram and a reflection of him. Nor is it viable to say that a certain one precedes the rest, for all of them are placed at the same level and are part of the same motion. In other words, Tristram Shandy is not placed in a world of antitheses and oppositions, but within the sphere of the hyperreal, in which it is possible for him to have all those different faces simultaneously and without running into contradiction. In fact, Tristram can be only understood as the total sum of all of them. Once again, the circularity that characterizes Baudrillard’s postulates goes hand in hand with the circularity of the tautological nature of Tristram’s quest for identity: his autobiography, which is made up of words, becomes both his only means for exploring his identity, and, at the same time, the proof of its existence. The tautological nature of language in Tristram Shandy is the definitive proof of the existence of his hyperreal universe.

5. TO CONCLUDE…

5. TO CONCLUDE…

Were we to draw a gradient, on the extreme located further away from the principles around which personal identity revolves in Tristram Shandy, we would find John Locke’s arguments. The source of the great differences between their postulates can be traced back to their views on language and knowledge. On the one hand, Locke believed it was possible to achieve an objective knowledge of human understanding provided that language were used in an strictly denotative way to avoid misunderstandings and confusion. This kind of statement presupposes that it is possible both for human knowledge and language to be objective, and so, independent from the individual’s subjectivity. Sterne, however, had a radically different view on this issue: neither language nor human knowledge are ever going to be complete, objective, or aseptic, for they are inevitably dependent on the subject that is perceiving reality or transmitting a message. In other words, language is equally fragmentary, faulty, and subjective in the information we transmit through it. Consequently, the selfknowledge Tristram is able to acquire through writing his autobiography is a fragmentary one as well. Moreover, it is also

Were we to draw a gradient, on the extreme located further away from the principles around which personal identity revolves in Tristram Shandy, we would find John Locke’s arguments. The source of the great differences between their postulates can be traced back to their views on language and knowledge. On the one hand, Locke believed it was possible to achieve an objective knowledge of human understanding provided that language were used in an strictly denotative way to avoid misunderstandings and confusion. This kind of statement presupposes that it is possible both for human knowledge and language to be objective, and so, independent from the individual’s subjectivity. Sterne, however, had a radically different view on this issue: neither language nor human knowledge are ever going to be complete, objective, or aseptic, for they are inevitably dependent on the subject that is perceiving reality or transmitting a message. In other words, language is equally fragmentary, faulty, and subjective in the information we transmit through it. Consequently, the selfknowledge Tristram is able to acquire through writing his autobiography is a fragmentary one as well. Moreover, it is also


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tautological, for language becomes both the means he has for discovering his identity, and the final evidence of its existence.

tautological, for language becomes both the means he has for discovering his identity, and the final evidence of its existence.

Under these conditions, it seems as if Sterne found in the analysis of the subjective association of ideas the best means to explore the fragmented human mind. In this respect, it is possible to say that he moves closer to David Hume’s perspective. Moreover, it can even be thought that as a consequence of the great stress Sterne gives to Tristram’s association of ideas, the latter seems to be, as Hume would be eager to confirm, a mere collection of endless and variable impressions which are only given a certain unity by Tristram’s memory. Two different arguments can be offered to support the latter thesis. First, there is the fact that those associations of ideas are precisely the major structural device in the book. Hence, it does make sense to think that this is consistent if we assume that is the only possible way for someone to write his autobiography. In the second place, this view is also consistent with the circular and tautological nature of Tristram’s quest: if Tristram’s consciousness is nothing but a group of impressions tied together by his memory, then, the task of exploring his identity is an example of how these impressions reflect on themselves.

Under these conditions, it seems as if Sterne found in the analysis of the subjective association of ideas the best means to explore the fragmented human mind. In this respect, it is possible to say that he moves closer to David Hume’s perspective. Moreover, it can even be thought that as a consequence of the great stress Sterne gives to Tristram’s association of ideas, the latter seems to be, as Hume would be eager to confirm, a mere collection of endless and variable impressions which are only given a certain unity by Tristram’s memory. Two different arguments can be offered to support the latter thesis. First, there is the fact that those associations of ideas are precisely the major structural device in the book. Hence, it does make sense to think that this is consistent if we assume that is the only possible way for someone to write his autobiography. In the second place, this view is also consistent with the circular and tautological nature of Tristram’s quest: if Tristram’s consciousness is nothing but a group of impressions tied together by his memory, then, the task of exploring his identity is an example of how these impressions reflect on themselves.

As to the theories put forward by Lacan, it is worthwhile to mention the importance that both the psychoanalyst and Sterne gave to the presence of the external element of the “Other” in the process of the formation of the self. Tristram is Tristram precisely because he sees similarities and differences with other people that surround him (mainly with his father and uncle). Thus, the process of knowing more about himself inevitably includes investigating the figures that have had a greater impact in the formation of his personality.

As to the theories put forward by Lacan, it is worthwhile to mention the importance that both the psychoanalyst and Sterne gave to the presence of the external element of the “Other” in the process of the formation of the self. Tristram is Tristram precisely because he sees similarities and differences with other people that surround him (mainly with his father and uncle). Thus, the process of knowing more about himself inevitably includes investigating the figures that have had a greater impact in the formation of his personality.

In addition to this, the tautological nature of Tristram’s search for identity should be reconsidered from the Lacanian viewpoint. My thesis of the “textual mirror phase”, based on Lacan’s concept of the “mirror stage”, dealt precisely with the fact that Tristram used language as his main tool to build a textual mirror on which to see himself. Thus, both the mirror itself, and the image projected on it were also made up of words. The “textual mirror” theory implies, like Lacan’s episode of the child in front of the mirror, that even though there can be an identification with the image on the mirror, the image

In addition to this, the tautological nature of Tristram’s search for identity should be reconsidered from the Lacanian viewpoint. My thesis of the “textual mirror phase”, based on Lacan’s concept of the “mirror stage”, dealt precisely with the fact that Tristram used language as his main tool to build a textual mirror on which to see himself. Thus, both the mirror itself, and the image projected on it were also made up of words. The “textual mirror” theory implies, like Lacan’s episode of the child in front of the mirror, that even though there can be an identification with the image on the mirror, the image

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tautological, for language becomes both the means he has for discovering his identity, and the final evidence of its existence.

tautological, for language becomes both the means he has for discovering his identity, and the final evidence of its existence.

Under these conditions, it seems as if Sterne found in the analysis of the subjective association of ideas the best means to explore the fragmented human mind. In this respect, it is possible to say that he moves closer to David Hume’s perspective. Moreover, it can even be thought that as a consequence of the great stress Sterne gives to Tristram’s association of ideas, the latter seems to be, as Hume would be eager to confirm, a mere collection of endless and variable impressions which are only given a certain unity by Tristram’s memory. Two different arguments can be offered to support the latter thesis. First, there is the fact that those associations of ideas are precisely the major structural device in the book. Hence, it does make sense to think that this is consistent if we assume that is the only possible way for someone to write his autobiography. In the second place, this view is also consistent with the circular and tautological nature of Tristram’s quest: if Tristram’s consciousness is nothing but a group of impressions tied together by his memory, then, the task of exploring his identity is an example of how these impressions reflect on themselves.

Under these conditions, it seems as if Sterne found in the analysis of the subjective association of ideas the best means to explore the fragmented human mind. In this respect, it is possible to say that he moves closer to David Hume’s perspective. Moreover, it can even be thought that as a consequence of the great stress Sterne gives to Tristram’s association of ideas, the latter seems to be, as Hume would be eager to confirm, a mere collection of endless and variable impressions which are only given a certain unity by Tristram’s memory. Two different arguments can be offered to support the latter thesis. First, there is the fact that those associations of ideas are precisely the major structural device in the book. Hence, it does make sense to think that this is consistent if we assume that is the only possible way for someone to write his autobiography. In the second place, this view is also consistent with the circular and tautological nature of Tristram’s quest: if Tristram’s consciousness is nothing but a group of impressions tied together by his memory, then, the task of exploring his identity is an example of how these impressions reflect on themselves.

As to the theories put forward by Lacan, it is worthwhile to mention the importance that both the psychoanalyst and Sterne gave to the presence of the external element of the “Other” in the process of the formation of the self. Tristram is Tristram precisely because he sees similarities and differences with other people that surround him (mainly with his father and uncle). Thus, the process of knowing more about himself inevitably includes investigating the figures that have had a greater impact in the formation of his personality.

As to the theories put forward by Lacan, it is worthwhile to mention the importance that both the psychoanalyst and Sterne gave to the presence of the external element of the “Other” in the process of the formation of the self. Tristram is Tristram precisely because he sees similarities and differences with other people that surround him (mainly with his father and uncle). Thus, the process of knowing more about himself inevitably includes investigating the figures that have had a greater impact in the formation of his personality.

In addition to this, the tautological nature of Tristram’s search for identity should be reconsidered from the Lacanian viewpoint. My thesis of the “textual mirror phase”, based on Lacan’s concept of the “mirror stage”, dealt precisely with the fact that Tristram used language as his main tool to build a textual mirror on which to see himself. Thus, both the mirror itself, and the image projected on it were also made up of words. The “textual mirror” theory implies, like Lacan’s episode of the child in front of the mirror, that even though there can be an identification with the image on the mirror, the image

In addition to this, the tautological nature of Tristram’s search for identity should be reconsidered from the Lacanian viewpoint. My thesis of the “textual mirror phase”, based on Lacan’s concept of the “mirror stage”, dealt precisely with the fact that Tristram used language as his main tool to build a textual mirror on which to see himself. Thus, both the mirror itself, and the image projected on it were also made up of words. The “textual mirror” theory implies, like Lacan’s episode of the child in front of the mirror, that even though there can be an identification with the image on the mirror, the image


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is always other than the original. Consequently the assumption that arguably underlies Tristram Shandy is that, like the language used to create that mirror and the information one can get out of the analysis of the reflection, the original object which is being reflected is as fragmentary, disjointed, and uneven as the copy the mirror reflects. Moreover, if we agree that tautology pervades everything in Tristram Shandy, and that it seems it is unfeasible to go outside language, I wonder whether it is even possible to make that distinction between “original” and “copy”, or between “real” and “imaginary”. With this consideration we have already entered the Baudrillardian territory of simulacra and hyperreality.

is always other than the original. Consequently the assumption that arguably underlies Tristram Shandy is that, like the language used to create that mirror and the information one can get out of the analysis of the reflection, the original object which is being reflected is as fragmentary, disjointed, and uneven as the copy the mirror reflects. Moreover, if we agree that tautology pervades everything in Tristram Shandy, and that it seems it is unfeasible to go outside language, I wonder whether it is even possible to make that distinction between “original” and “copy”, or between “real” and “imaginary”. With this consideration we have already entered the Baudrillardian territory of simulacra and hyperreality.

Indeed, apart from sharing a belief in the fragmented nature of language and knowledge, Tristram Shandy shares with postmodernist works a hyperreal universe in which the boundaries between contradictions and dichotomies have been effaced. Sterne presents Tristram Shandy not as a cohesive and solid character, but as a figure who has so many different faces and facets, that he has to make an effort to group them and convince himself of his unity. However, none of these facets (or their linguistic representations in Tristram’s autobiography) can be said to be false, imaginary, or a mere copy of some “original” but unknown “real” ones that only the “real” Tristram possesses. Tristram is by definition a hyperreal character whose different selves are placed on the same level, constituting part of the same motion. None of them are “true” or “false”, but they are simply part of the machinery of Tristram’s fragmented and hyperreal personal identity. One of the facts that support the theory of Tristram’s hyperreal world is precisely the tautological nature of the language in the narrative. The tautology that underlies Tristram Shandy makes it also impossible to go out of language, to find a “real” world outside it, or even to distinguish an “external” and “authentic” Tristram, from the ones linguistically constructed in the novel. The circular movement which pervades Sterne’s masterpiece is what Baudrillard described when he developed his theory of hyperreality.

Indeed, apart from sharing a belief in the fragmented nature of language and knowledge, Tristram Shandy shares with postmodernist works a hyperreal universe in which the boundaries between contradictions and dichotomies have been effaced. Sterne presents Tristram Shandy not as a cohesive and solid character, but as a figure who has so many different faces and facets, that he has to make an effort to group them and convince himself of his unity. However, none of these facets (or their linguistic representations in Tristram’s autobiography) can be said to be false, imaginary, or a mere copy of some “original” but unknown “real” ones that only the “real” Tristram possesses. Tristram is by definition a hyperreal character whose different selves are placed on the same level, constituting part of the same motion. None of them are “true” or “false”, but they are simply part of the machinery of Tristram’s fragmented and hyperreal personal identity. One of the facts that support the theory of Tristram’s hyperreal world is precisely the tautological nature of the language in the narrative. The tautology that underlies Tristram Shandy makes it also impossible to go out of language, to find a “real” world outside it, or even to distinguish an “external” and “authentic” Tristram, from the ones linguistically constructed in the novel. The circular movement which pervades Sterne’s masterpiece is what Baudrillard described when he developed his theory of hyperreality.

By way of conclusion, it can be said that from the four authors with which I have dealt, Locke constitutes the one who is more distant from Sterne’s world view, not only regarding his considerations on language or knowledge, but also on those that have to do with the

By way of conclusion, it can be said that from the four authors with which I have dealt, Locke constitutes the one who is more distant from Sterne’s world view, not only regarding his considerations on language or knowledge, but also on those that have to do with the

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is always other than the original. Consequently the assumption that arguably underlies Tristram Shandy is that, like the language used to create that mirror and the information one can get out of the analysis of the reflection, the original object which is being reflected is as fragmentary, disjointed, and uneven as the copy the mirror reflects. Moreover, if we agree that tautology pervades everything in Tristram Shandy, and that it seems it is unfeasible to go outside language, I wonder whether it is even possible to make that distinction between “original” and “copy”, or between “real” and “imaginary”. With this consideration we have already entered the Baudrillardian territory of simulacra and hyperreality.

is always other than the original. Consequently the assumption that arguably underlies Tristram Shandy is that, like the language used to create that mirror and the information one can get out of the analysis of the reflection, the original object which is being reflected is as fragmentary, disjointed, and uneven as the copy the mirror reflects. Moreover, if we agree that tautology pervades everything in Tristram Shandy, and that it seems it is unfeasible to go outside language, I wonder whether it is even possible to make that distinction between “original” and “copy”, or between “real” and “imaginary”. With this consideration we have already entered the Baudrillardian territory of simulacra and hyperreality.

Indeed, apart from sharing a belief in the fragmented nature of language and knowledge, Tristram Shandy shares with postmodernist works a hyperreal universe in which the boundaries between contradictions and dichotomies have been effaced. Sterne presents Tristram Shandy not as a cohesive and solid character, but as a figure who has so many different faces and facets, that he has to make an effort to group them and convince himself of his unity. However, none of these facets (or their linguistic representations in Tristram’s autobiography) can be said to be false, imaginary, or a mere copy of some “original” but unknown “real” ones that only the “real” Tristram possesses. Tristram is by definition a hyperreal character whose different selves are placed on the same level, constituting part of the same motion. None of them are “true” or “false”, but they are simply part of the machinery of Tristram’s fragmented and hyperreal personal identity. One of the facts that support the theory of Tristram’s hyperreal world is precisely the tautological nature of the language in the narrative. The tautology that underlies Tristram Shandy makes it also impossible to go out of language, to find a “real” world outside it, or even to distinguish an “external” and “authentic” Tristram, from the ones linguistically constructed in the novel. The circular movement which pervades Sterne’s masterpiece is what Baudrillard described when he developed his theory of hyperreality.

Indeed, apart from sharing a belief in the fragmented nature of language and knowledge, Tristram Shandy shares with postmodernist works a hyperreal universe in which the boundaries between contradictions and dichotomies have been effaced. Sterne presents Tristram Shandy not as a cohesive and solid character, but as a figure who has so many different faces and facets, that he has to make an effort to group them and convince himself of his unity. However, none of these facets (or their linguistic representations in Tristram’s autobiography) can be said to be false, imaginary, or a mere copy of some “original” but unknown “real” ones that only the “real” Tristram possesses. Tristram is by definition a hyperreal character whose different selves are placed on the same level, constituting part of the same motion. None of them are “true” or “false”, but they are simply part of the machinery of Tristram’s fragmented and hyperreal personal identity. One of the facts that support the theory of Tristram’s hyperreal world is precisely the tautological nature of the language in the narrative. The tautology that underlies Tristram Shandy makes it also impossible to go out of language, to find a “real” world outside it, or even to distinguish an “external” and “authentic” Tristram, from the ones linguistically constructed in the novel. The circular movement which pervades Sterne’s masterpiece is what Baudrillard described when he developed his theory of hyperreality.

By way of conclusion, it can be said that from the four authors with which I have dealt, Locke constitutes the one who is more distant from Sterne’s world view, not only regarding his considerations on language or knowledge, but also on those that have to do with the

By way of conclusion, it can be said that from the four authors with which I have dealt, Locke constitutes the one who is more distant from Sterne’s world view, not only regarding his considerations on language or knowledge, but also on those that have to do with the


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issue of personal identity. In the other extreme of the gradient, however, it is possible to locate Baudrillard’s notions of simulacra and hyperreality (even though they are the most recent ones), for they actually agree with the way in which Tristram attempts to discover more about his fragmented and hyperreal self. Hence, the closest author in time is the one that, from an ideological point of view, is more distant, and vice versa. In the middle of the gradient, half way between Locke’s and Baudrillard’s position, we would find David Hume and Jacques Lacan. Both of them seem to agree with Tristram in some points and disagree with him in others. In this manner, Hume’s theories on associationism draw him closer to Tristram Shandy, for the narrative seems to be structured according to the free associations Tristram’s mind establishes as he writes. On the other hand, however, Hume’s extreme empiricist postulates in general, and the consideration of the notion of the “I” as a mere illusion created by our memory in particular, cause a rift between his postulates and the ones that underlie the novel. As has been said, along with Hume, Lacan would be placed in the middle of that imaginary gradient as well. On the one hand, his theory of the importance of the external “Other” is in harmony with Tristram’s exploration of his father and uncle’s characters in order to know more about his. Nonetheless, from a Lacanian point of view, Tristram’s attempt to learn more about his true self by means of analysing the picture of himself shaped in his autobiography is actually a mere fallacy: the Tristram we discover in the novel is just an image, a reflection of the real Tristram Shandy, but not Tristram himself.

issue of personal identity. In the other extreme of the gradient, however, it is possible to locate Baudrillard’s notions of simulacra and hyperreality (even though they are the most recent ones), for they actually agree with the way in which Tristram attempts to discover more about his fragmented and hyperreal self. Hence, the closest author in time is the one that, from an ideological point of view, is more distant, and vice versa. In the middle of the gradient, half way between Locke’s and Baudrillard’s position, we would find David Hume and Jacques Lacan. Both of them seem to agree with Tristram in some points and disagree with him in others. In this manner, Hume’s theories on associationism draw him closer to Tristram Shandy, for the narrative seems to be structured according to the free associations Tristram’s mind establishes as he writes. On the other hand, however, Hume’s extreme empiricist postulates in general, and the consideration of the notion of the “I” as a mere illusion created by our memory in particular, cause a rift between his postulates and the ones that underlie the novel. As has been said, along with Hume, Lacan would be placed in the middle of that imaginary gradient as well. On the one hand, his theory of the importance of the external “Other” is in harmony with Tristram’s exploration of his father and uncle’s characters in order to know more about his. Nonetheless, from a Lacanian point of view, Tristram’s attempt to learn more about his true self by means of analysing the picture of himself shaped in his autobiography is actually a mere fallacy: the Tristram we discover in the novel is just an image, a reflection of the real Tristram Shandy, but not Tristram himself.

Indeed, Tristram Shandy has been traditionally approached from the perspective of British empiricism, and more recently, from postmodernist and psychoanalytical points of view. In this respect, the main aim of this paper has been to point out in a brief and general manner that a contrastive analysis of these four readings of Sterne’s novel might point the way towards more detailed research and a better understanding of what Sterne was doing.

Indeed, Tristram Shandy has been traditionally approached from the perspective of British empiricism, and more recently, from postmodernist and psychoanalytical points of view. In this respect, the main aim of this paper has been to point out in a brief and general manner that a contrastive analysis of these four readings of Sterne’s novel might point the way towards more detailed research and a better understanding of what Sterne was doing.

Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram’s Identity Revisited

Rocío Gutiérrez Sumillera Tristram’s Identity Revisited

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issue of personal identity. In the other extreme of the gradient, however, it is possible to locate Baudrillard’s notions of simulacra and hyperreality (even though they are the most recent ones), for they actually agree with the way in which Tristram attempts to discover more about his fragmented and hyperreal self. Hence, the closest author in time is the one that, from an ideological point of view, is more distant, and vice versa. In the middle of the gradient, half way between Locke’s and Baudrillard’s position, we would find David Hume and Jacques Lacan. Both of them seem to agree with Tristram in some points and disagree with him in others. In this manner, Hume’s theories on associationism draw him closer to Tristram Shandy, for the narrative seems to be structured according to the free associations Tristram’s mind establishes as he writes. On the other hand, however, Hume’s extreme empiricist postulates in general, and the consideration of the notion of the “I” as a mere illusion created by our memory in particular, cause a rift between his postulates and the ones that underlie the novel. As has been said, along with Hume, Lacan would be placed in the middle of that imaginary gradient as well. On the one hand, his theory of the importance of the external “Other” is in harmony with Tristram’s exploration of his father and uncle’s characters in order to know more about his. Nonetheless, from a Lacanian point of view, Tristram’s attempt to learn more about his true self by means of analysing the picture of himself shaped in his autobiography is actually a mere fallacy: the Tristram we discover in the novel is just an image, a reflection of the real Tristram Shandy, but not Tristram himself.

issue of personal identity. In the other extreme of the gradient, however, it is possible to locate Baudrillard’s notions of simulacra and hyperreality (even though they are the most recent ones), for they actually agree with the way in which Tristram attempts to discover more about his fragmented and hyperreal self. Hence, the closest author in time is the one that, from an ideological point of view, is more distant, and vice versa. In the middle of the gradient, half way between Locke’s and Baudrillard’s position, we would find David Hume and Jacques Lacan. Both of them seem to agree with Tristram in some points and disagree with him in others. In this manner, Hume’s theories on associationism draw him closer to Tristram Shandy, for the narrative seems to be structured according to the free associations Tristram’s mind establishes as he writes. On the other hand, however, Hume’s extreme empiricist postulates in general, and the consideration of the notion of the “I” as a mere illusion created by our memory in particular, cause a rift between his postulates and the ones that underlie the novel. As has been said, along with Hume, Lacan would be placed in the middle of that imaginary gradient as well. On the one hand, his theory of the importance of the external “Other” is in harmony with Tristram’s exploration of his father and uncle’s characters in order to know more about his. Nonetheless, from a Lacanian point of view, Tristram’s attempt to learn more about his true self by means of analysing the picture of himself shaped in his autobiography is actually a mere fallacy: the Tristram we discover in the novel is just an image, a reflection of the real Tristram Shandy, but not Tristram himself.

Indeed, Tristram Shandy has been traditionally approached from the perspective of British empiricism, and more recently, from postmodernist and psychoanalytical points of view. In this respect, the main aim of this paper has been to point out in a brief and general manner that a contrastive analysis of these four readings of Sterne’s novel might point the way towards more detailed research and a better understanding of what Sterne was doing.

Indeed, Tristram Shandy has been traditionally approached from the perspective of British empiricism, and more recently, from postmodernist and psychoanalytical points of view. In this respect, the main aim of this paper has been to point out in a brief and general manner that a contrastive analysis of these four readings of Sterne’s novel might point the way towards more detailed research and a better understanding of what Sterne was doing.


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OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Ayer, A. J. & Winch, Raymond. 1952. British Empirical Philosophers: Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Reid, and J. S. Mill. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “Simulacra and Simulations.” Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Cambridge: Polity. 166-184. Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “Symbolic Exchange and Death.” Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Cambridge: Polity. 119-148. Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “The Mirror of Production.” Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Cambridge: Polity. 98-118. Belaval, Yvon. 1976. Racionalismo, Empirismo, Ilustración. Vol. 6 of Historia de la Filosofía Siglo Veintiuno. Ed. Siglo XXI de España. Bertens, Johannes Willem. 1995. The Idea of the Postmodern: a History. London: Routledge. Day, W. G. 1984. “Tristram Shandy: Locke May Not Be the Key.” Laurence Sterne: Riddles and Mysteries. Ed. Valerie Grosvenor Myer. London: Vision Press. 75-83. Hume, David. 2000. A Treatise of Human Nature. Eds. David Fate Norton & Mary J. Norton. Oxford: Oxford UP. Klein, Herbert. 1996. “Identity Reclaimed: The Art of Being Tristram.” Laurence Sterne in Modernism and Postmodernism. Eds. David Pierce & Peter de Voogd. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 123-132. Lacan, Jacques. 2002. “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the I Function, as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience.” Ecrits: a Selection. New York; London: WW Norton & Co. 3-9. Locke, John. 1997. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. Roger Woolhous. London: Penguin. Moglen, Helene. 2001. Trauma of Gender: A Feminist Theory of the English Novel. Ed. Ewing. USA: California UP. Priest, Stephen. 1990. The British Empiricists: Hobbes to Ayer. London: Penguin. Simpson, K. G. 1984. “At this Moment in Space: Time, Space and Values in Tristram Shandy.” Laurence Sterne: Riddles and Mysteries. Ed. Valerie Grosvenor Myer. London: Vision Press. 142-158. Sterne, Laurence. 2003. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Eds. Melvyn New & Joan New. Penguin Classics. Woods, Tim. 1999. Beginning Postmodernism. Manchester: Manchester UP.

Ayer, A. J. & Winch, Raymond. 1952. British Empirical Philosophers: Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Reid, and J. S. Mill. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “Simulacra and Simulations.” Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Cambridge: Polity. 166-184. Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “Symbolic Exchange and Death.” Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Cambridge: Polity. 119-148. Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “The Mirror of Production.” Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Cambridge: Polity. 98-118. Belaval, Yvon. 1976. Racionalismo, Empirismo, Ilustración. Vol. 6 of Historia de la Filosofía Siglo Veintiuno. Ed. Siglo XXI de España. Bertens, Johannes Willem. 1995. The Idea of the Postmodern: a History. London: Routledge. Day, W. G. 1984. “Tristram Shandy: Locke May Not Be the Key.” Laurence Sterne: Riddles and Mysteries. Ed. Valerie Grosvenor Myer. London: Vision Press. 75-83. Hume, David. 2000. A Treatise of Human Nature. Eds. David Fate Norton & Mary J. Norton. Oxford: Oxford UP. Klein, Herbert. 1996. “Identity Reclaimed: The Art of Being Tristram.” Laurence Sterne in Modernism and Postmodernism. Eds. David Pierce & Peter de Voogd. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 123-132. Lacan, Jacques. 2002. “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the I Function, as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience.” Ecrits: a Selection. New York; London: WW Norton & Co. 3-9. Locke, John. 1997. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. Roger Woolhous. London: Penguin. Moglen, Helene. 2001. Trauma of Gender: A Feminist Theory of the English Novel. Ed. Ewing. USA: California UP. Priest, Stephen. 1990. The British Empiricists: Hobbes to Ayer. London: Penguin. Simpson, K. G. 1984. “At this Moment in Space: Time, Space and Values in Tristram Shandy.” Laurence Sterne: Riddles and Mysteries. Ed. Valerie Grosvenor Myer. London: Vision Press. 142-158. Sterne, Laurence. 2003. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Eds. Melvyn New & Joan New. Penguin Classics. Woods, Tim. 1999. Beginning Postmodernism. Manchester: Manchester UP.

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Ayer, A. J. & Winch, Raymond. 1952. British Empirical Philosophers: Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Reid, and J. S. Mill. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “Simulacra and Simulations.” Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Cambridge: Polity. 166-184. Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “Symbolic Exchange and Death.” Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Cambridge: Polity. 119-148. Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “The Mirror of Production.” Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Cambridge: Polity. 98-118. Belaval, Yvon. 1976. Racionalismo, Empirismo, Ilustración. Vol. 6 of Historia de la Filosofía Siglo Veintiuno. Ed. Siglo XXI de España. Bertens, Johannes Willem. 1995. The Idea of the Postmodern: a History. London: Routledge. Day, W. G. 1984. “Tristram Shandy: Locke May Not Be the Key.” Laurence Sterne: Riddles and Mysteries. Ed. Valerie Grosvenor Myer. London: Vision Press. 75-83. Hume, David. 2000. A Treatise of Human Nature. Eds. David Fate Norton & Mary J. Norton. Oxford: Oxford UP. Klein, Herbert. 1996. “Identity Reclaimed: The Art of Being Tristram.” Laurence Sterne in Modernism and Postmodernism. Eds. David Pierce & Peter de Voogd. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 123-132. Lacan, Jacques. 2002. “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the I Function, as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience.” Ecrits: a Selection. New York; London: WW Norton & Co. 3-9. Locke, John. 1997. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. Roger Woolhous. London: Penguin. Moglen, Helene. 2001. Trauma of Gender: A Feminist Theory of the English Novel. Ed. Ewing. USA: California UP. Priest, Stephen. 1990. The British Empiricists: Hobbes to Ayer. London: Penguin. Simpson, K. G. 1984. “At this Moment in Space: Time, Space and Values in Tristram Shandy.” Laurence Sterne: Riddles and Mysteries. Ed. Valerie Grosvenor Myer. London: Vision Press. 142-158. Sterne, Laurence. 2003. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Eds. Melvyn New & Joan New. Penguin Classics. Woods, Tim. 1999. Beginning Postmodernism. Manchester: Manchester UP.

Ayer, A. J. & Winch, Raymond. 1952. British Empirical Philosophers: Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Reid, and J. S. Mill. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “Simulacra and Simulations.” Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Cambridge: Polity. 166-184. Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “Symbolic Exchange and Death.” Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Cambridge: Polity. 119-148. Baudrillard, Jean. 1988. “The Mirror of Production.” Selected Writings. Ed. Mark Poster. Cambridge: Polity. 98-118. Belaval, Yvon. 1976. Racionalismo, Empirismo, Ilustración. Vol. 6 of Historia de la Filosofía Siglo Veintiuno. Ed. Siglo XXI de España. Bertens, Johannes Willem. 1995. The Idea of the Postmodern: a History. London: Routledge. Day, W. G. 1984. “Tristram Shandy: Locke May Not Be the Key.” Laurence Sterne: Riddles and Mysteries. Ed. Valerie Grosvenor Myer. London: Vision Press. 75-83. Hume, David. 2000. A Treatise of Human Nature. Eds. David Fate Norton & Mary J. Norton. Oxford: Oxford UP. Klein, Herbert. 1996. “Identity Reclaimed: The Art of Being Tristram.” Laurence Sterne in Modernism and Postmodernism. Eds. David Pierce & Peter de Voogd. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 123-132. Lacan, Jacques. 2002. “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the I Function, as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience.” Ecrits: a Selection. New York; London: WW Norton & Co. 3-9. Locke, John. 1997. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. Roger Woolhous. London: Penguin. Moglen, Helene. 2001. Trauma of Gender: A Feminist Theory of the English Novel. Ed. Ewing. USA: California UP. Priest, Stephen. 1990. The British Empiricists: Hobbes to Ayer. London: Penguin. Simpson, K. G. 1984. “At this Moment in Space: Time, Space and Values in Tristram Shandy.” Laurence Sterne: Riddles and Mysteries. Ed. Valerie Grosvenor Myer. London: Vision Press. 142-158. Sterne, Laurence. 2003. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Eds. Melvyn New & Joan New. Penguin Classics. Woods, Tim. 1999. Beginning Postmodernism. Manchester: Manchester UP.


Rosa Muñoz Luna The Bell Jar: Towards a Fading in Mind and Color

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THE BELL JAR: TOWARDS A FADING IN MIND AND COLOR* Rosa Muñoz Luna Universidad de Málaga rosamluna@hotmail.com

Rosa Muñoz Luna The Bell Jar: Towards a Fading in Mind and Color

THE BELL JAR: TOWARDS A FADING IN MIND AND COLOR* Rosa Muñoz Luna Universidad de Málaga rosamluna@hotmail.com

“To Ruth Stoner, who taught me literature in full color”

“To Ruth Stoner, who taught me literature in full color”

The aim of this paper is to show, by means of colors, a gradual evolution in the protagonists mental illness in Sylvia Plath’s novel The Bell Jar. The novel also portrays Plath’s personal vision of the world when she was already suffering a strong depression and it offers her authentic familiarity with the radical medical treatments she underwent. Strong colors first, and then soft and neutral ones in the second half of the novel paint a crucial period in a teenager’s life, full of first experiences in sex and gender discrimination.

The aim of this paper is to show, by means of colors, a gradual evolution in the protagonists mental illness in Sylvia Plath’s novel The Bell Jar. The novel also portrays Plath’s personal vision of the world when she was already suffering a strong depression and it offers her authentic familiarity with the radical medical treatments she underwent. Strong colors first, and then soft and neutral ones in the second half of the novel paint a crucial period in a teenager’s life, full of first experiences in sex and gender discrimination.

Key words: color, symbolism, mind, psychiatry, electrotherapy, gender

Key words: color, symbolism, mind, psychiatry, electrotherapy, gender

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar, a través de los colores, la evolución que tiene lugar en la enfermedad mental de la protagonista de la novela de Sylvia Plath The Bell Jar. La novela presenta la visión que tenía Plath del mundo cuando ya había empezado a sufrir una fuerte depresión, y ofrece una auténtica familiaridad con los tratamientos médicos tan radicales a los que estaba sometida. Colores fuertes al principio, y después tonos más suaves y neutros en la segunda mitad de la obra, dan color a un período crucial en la vida de una adolescente, lleno de primeras experiencias sexuales y de discriminación de género.

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar, a través de los colores, la evolución que tiene lugar en la enfermedad mental de la protagonista de la novela de Sylvia Plath The Bell Jar. La novela presenta la visión que tenía Plath del mundo cuando ya había empezado a sufrir una fuerte depresión, y ofrece una auténtica familiaridad con los tratamientos médicos tan radicales a los que estaba sometida. Colores fuertes al principio, y después tonos más suaves y neutros en la segunda mitad de la obra, dan color a un período crucial en la vida de una adolescente, lleno de primeras experiencias sexuales y de discriminación de género.

Palabras Clave: Color, simbolismo, mente, psiquiatría, electroterapia, género

Palabras Clave: Color, simbolismo, mente, psiquiatría, electroterapia, género

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

Rosa Muñoz Luna The Bell Jar: Towards a Fading in Mind and Color

99

THE BELL JAR: TOWARDS A FADING IN MIND AND COLOR* Rosa Muñoz Luna Universidad de Málaga rosamluna@hotmail.com

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

Rosa Muñoz Luna The Bell Jar: Towards a Fading in Mind and Color

99

THE BELL JAR: TOWARDS A FADING IN MIND AND COLOR* Rosa Muñoz Luna Universidad de Málaga rosamluna@hotmail.com

“To Ruth Stoner, who taught me literature in full color”

“To Ruth Stoner, who taught me literature in full color”

The aim of this paper is to show, by means of colors, a gradual evolution in the protagonists mental illness in Sylvia Plath’s novel The Bell Jar. The novel also portrays Plath’s personal vision of the world when she was already suffering a strong depression and it offers her authentic familiarity with the radical medical treatments she underwent. Strong colors first, and then soft and neutral ones in the second half of the novel paint a crucial period in a teenager’s life, full of first experiences in sex and gender discrimination.

The aim of this paper is to show, by means of colors, a gradual evolution in the protagonists mental illness in Sylvia Plath’s novel The Bell Jar. The novel also portrays Plath’s personal vision of the world when she was already suffering a strong depression and it offers her authentic familiarity with the radical medical treatments she underwent. Strong colors first, and then soft and neutral ones in the second half of the novel paint a crucial period in a teenager’s life, full of first experiences in sex and gender discrimination.

Key words: color, symbolism, mind, psychiatry, electrotherapy, gender

Key words: color, symbolism, mind, psychiatry, electrotherapy, gender

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar, a través de los colores, la evolución que tiene lugar en la enfermedad mental de la protagonista de la novela de Sylvia Plath The Bell Jar. La novela presenta la visión que tenía Plath del mundo cuando ya había empezado a sufrir una fuerte depresión, y ofrece una auténtica familiaridad con los tratamientos médicos tan radicales a los que estaba sometida. Colores fuertes al principio, y después tonos más suaves y neutros en la segunda mitad de la obra, dan color a un período crucial en la vida de una adolescente, lleno de primeras experiencias sexuales y de discriminación de género.

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar, a través de los colores, la evolución que tiene lugar en la enfermedad mental de la protagonista de la novela de Sylvia Plath The Bell Jar. La novela presenta la visión que tenía Plath del mundo cuando ya había empezado a sufrir una fuerte depresión, y ofrece una auténtica familiaridad con los tratamientos médicos tan radicales a los que estaba sometida. Colores fuertes al principio, y después tonos más suaves y neutros en la segunda mitad de la obra, dan color a un período crucial en la vida de una adolescente, lleno de primeras experiencias sexuales y de discriminación de género.

Palabras Clave: Color, simbolismo, mente, psiquiatría, electroterapia, género

Palabras Clave: Color, simbolismo, mente, psiquiatría, electroterapia, género

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

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* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007


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Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar is a story about breakdowns and suicide attempts in which the use of colors, together with other strategies, gives unity and consistency to the process of depression that the protagonist, Esther Greenwood, undergoes. As Susan Bassnett describes it, it is “a novel about a woman who learns how to live with herself and how to come to terms with the world” (1987: 122). The main character describes her surroundings, her world, through firsthand experiences and an accurate depiction of the colors she perceives. Every new experience constitutes so strong a challenge for her that the climax is reached when it is no longer real experiences that give meaning to colors, but rather the opposite: her feelings are veiled by the most neutral colors. Colors as symbols are both Esther’s and Plath’s means of communication with their surrounding world at those moments when language fails to do so. I will attempt to explain these roles and their grading throughout the novel by means of the tradition of color in literature, the effect of psychiatric treatments and the interpretation of Plath’s writings by feminist theories. The Bell Jar is commonly held to be an instance of feminine and feminist practice in the twentieth century because it is a novel about, as Bassnett has effectively expressed it, “the loss of beauty, about the corrupting influence of life in modern cities, … about loneliness and sex-role conflicts” (1987: 37), and –as I will show later on— there is evidence in both the content and form of the novel that maintains the woman as the protagonist in all these fields: the story is about a woman and it is told from her point of view.

Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar is a story about breakdowns and suicide attempts in which the use of colors, together with other strategies, gives unity and consistency to the process of depression that the protagonist, Esther Greenwood, undergoes. As Susan Bassnett describes it, it is “a novel about a woman who learns how to live with herself and how to come to terms with the world” (1987: 122). The main character describes her surroundings, her world, through firsthand experiences and an accurate depiction of the colors she perceives. Every new experience constitutes so strong a challenge for her that the climax is reached when it is no longer real experiences that give meaning to colors, but rather the opposite: her feelings are veiled by the most neutral colors. Colors as symbols are both Esther’s and Plath’s means of communication with their surrounding world at those moments when language fails to do so. I will attempt to explain these roles and their grading throughout the novel by means of the tradition of color in literature, the effect of psychiatric treatments and the interpretation of Plath’s writings by feminist theories. The Bell Jar is commonly held to be an instance of feminine and feminist practice in the twentieth century because it is a novel about, as Bassnett has effectively expressed it, “the loss of beauty, about the corrupting influence of life in modern cities, … about loneliness and sex-role conflicts” (1987: 37), and –as I will show later on— there is evidence in both the content and form of the novel that maintains the woman as the protagonist in all these fields: the story is about a woman and it is told from her point of view.

Sylvia Plath can be seen as the female version of the Doomed Poet, which has traditionally been a man, while at the same time she is an example of what Bassnett calls the “Frustrated Female” and the “Deprived Woman” (1987: 1). Her story is a hopeless search for her place in society, something of what Esther is also dispossessed. As a confessional poet writing from the personal and the subjective, Plath allowed her personal experiences to completely shape her writing. The writing of the novel had begun in 1960 in England. By early 1961 she suffered a miscarriage when she had already written a good part of it. I agree with Bassnett that biographical experiences play chief roles in her work and that “[T]he spell in hospital must have woken old memories. The images of whiteness, of the self wrapped in mummylike bandages … and the dead babies appear as a recurring motif

Sylvia Plath can be seen as the female version of the Doomed Poet, which has traditionally been a man, while at the same time she is an example of what Bassnett calls the “Frustrated Female” and the “Deprived Woman” (1987: 1). Her story is a hopeless search for her place in society, something of what Esther is also dispossessed. As a confessional poet writing from the personal and the subjective, Plath allowed her personal experiences to completely shape her writing. The writing of the novel had begun in 1960 in England. By early 1961 she suffered a miscarriage when she had already written a good part of it. I agree with Bassnett that biographical experiences play chief roles in her work and that “[T]he spell in hospital must have woken old memories. The images of whiteness, of the self wrapped in mummylike bandages … and the dead babies appear as a recurring motif

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar is a story about breakdowns and suicide attempts in which the use of colors, together with other strategies, gives unity and consistency to the process of depression that the protagonist, Esther Greenwood, undergoes. As Susan Bassnett describes it, it is “a novel about a woman who learns how to live with herself and how to come to terms with the world” (1987: 122). The main character describes her surroundings, her world, through firsthand experiences and an accurate depiction of the colors she perceives. Every new experience constitutes so strong a challenge for her that the climax is reached when it is no longer real experiences that give meaning to colors, but rather the opposite: her feelings are veiled by the most neutral colors. Colors as symbols are both Esther’s and Plath’s means of communication with their surrounding world at those moments when language fails to do so. I will attempt to explain these roles and their grading throughout the novel by means of the tradition of color in literature, the effect of psychiatric treatments and the interpretation of Plath’s writings by feminist theories. The Bell Jar is commonly held to be an instance of feminine and feminist practice in the twentieth century because it is a novel about, as Bassnett has effectively expressed it, “the loss of beauty, about the corrupting influence of life in modern cities, … about loneliness and sex-role conflicts” (1987: 37), and –as I will show later on— there is evidence in both the content and form of the novel that maintains the woman as the protagonist in all these fields: the story is about a woman and it is told from her point of view.

Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar is a story about breakdowns and suicide attempts in which the use of colors, together with other strategies, gives unity and consistency to the process of depression that the protagonist, Esther Greenwood, undergoes. As Susan Bassnett describes it, it is “a novel about a woman who learns how to live with herself and how to come to terms with the world” (1987: 122). The main character describes her surroundings, her world, through firsthand experiences and an accurate depiction of the colors she perceives. Every new experience constitutes so strong a challenge for her that the climax is reached when it is no longer real experiences that give meaning to colors, but rather the opposite: her feelings are veiled by the most neutral colors. Colors as symbols are both Esther’s and Plath’s means of communication with their surrounding world at those moments when language fails to do so. I will attempt to explain these roles and their grading throughout the novel by means of the tradition of color in literature, the effect of psychiatric treatments and the interpretation of Plath’s writings by feminist theories. The Bell Jar is commonly held to be an instance of feminine and feminist practice in the twentieth century because it is a novel about, as Bassnett has effectively expressed it, “the loss of beauty, about the corrupting influence of life in modern cities, … about loneliness and sex-role conflicts” (1987: 37), and –as I will show later on— there is evidence in both the content and form of the novel that maintains the woman as the protagonist in all these fields: the story is about a woman and it is told from her point of view.

Sylvia Plath can be seen as the female version of the Doomed Poet, which has traditionally been a man, while at the same time she is an example of what Bassnett calls the “Frustrated Female” and the “Deprived Woman” (1987: 1). Her story is a hopeless search for her place in society, something of what Esther is also dispossessed. As a confessional poet writing from the personal and the subjective, Plath allowed her personal experiences to completely shape her writing. The writing of the novel had begun in 1960 in England. By early 1961 she suffered a miscarriage when she had already written a good part of it. I agree with Bassnett that biographical experiences play chief roles in her work and that “[T]he spell in hospital must have woken old memories. The images of whiteness, of the self wrapped in mummylike bandages … and the dead babies appear as a recurring motif

Sylvia Plath can be seen as the female version of the Doomed Poet, which has traditionally been a man, while at the same time she is an example of what Bassnett calls the “Frustrated Female” and the “Deprived Woman” (1987: 1). Her story is a hopeless search for her place in society, something of what Esther is also dispossessed. As a confessional poet writing from the personal and the subjective, Plath allowed her personal experiences to completely shape her writing. The writing of the novel had begun in 1960 in England. By early 1961 she suffered a miscarriage when she had already written a good part of it. I agree with Bassnett that biographical experiences play chief roles in her work and that “[T]he spell in hospital must have woken old memories. The images of whiteness, of the self wrapped in mummylike bandages … and the dead babies appear as a recurring motif


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throughout the novel” (1987: 20). In fact, critics such as Jacqueline Rose use the term “Extremist art” to refer to Plath’s style and in my opinion, the application of colors to her fiction is simply a continuation of this extremist technique, the colors standing for extreme aspects, either good or bad: death, intense cleanliness, innocence, strong hypocrisy, mortal illness, etc. But in opposition to artists like Virginia Woolf, Rose states that the label extremist does not apply to Plath as an artist of the irrational (1991: 22, 25). I share the same opinion because Sylvia Plath, through the protagonist, tries to give a rational explanation of the effects of a mental disorder from the patient’s perspective. Plath creates contradictory feelings, scenes, and characters in her writings (e.g. “[W]ith Doreen, Esther feels morally superior; with Betsy, she feels corrupt and worldly” [Wagner-Martin 1999: 35]) and consequently some critics find an impossibility of consistency in some of her works1. However, the use of colors in The Bell Jar follows a regular and consistent pattern throughout the novel. Colors take on some meaning when the author uses them as leitmotifs that stand for particular —and constant— aspects throughout the story, and they are fully realized when the reader makes a referential use of them. Such postmodernist issues are displayed through psychopathology: Plath uses colors as a kind of therapy, giving them different meanings in the two halves of the novel. At the beginning the protagonist is going crazy and she is bombarded by vivid primary colors; in the second half of the novel, and after shock treatment, all colors, and even other sensations, are reduced —the effects that shock treatment have on her are displayed through drab or blended colors. Such a reduction of feelings and color variety implies that there are very few examples of colors in the second half of the novel, grey and beige being the only ones Plath uses to describe what Esther perceives. Although the use of colors in The Bell Jar may seem obvious, very little has been published on this aspect. However, it is evident that colors and their tradition are brought together in the novel with such disparate elements as psychiatric treatments and feminist theories.

throughout the novel” (1987: 20). In fact, critics such as Jacqueline Rose use the term “Extremist art” to refer to Plath’s style and in my opinion, the application of colors to her fiction is simply a continuation of this extremist technique, the colors standing for extreme aspects, either good or bad: death, intense cleanliness, innocence, strong hypocrisy, mortal illness, etc. But in opposition to artists like Virginia Woolf, Rose states that the label extremist does not apply to Plath as an artist of the irrational (1991: 22, 25). I share the same opinion because Sylvia Plath, through the protagonist, tries to give a rational explanation of the effects of a mental disorder from the patient’s perspective. Plath creates contradictory feelings, scenes, and characters in her writings (e.g. “[W]ith Doreen, Esther feels morally superior; with Betsy, she feels corrupt and worldly” [Wagner-Martin 1999: 35]) and consequently some critics find an impossibility of consistency in some of her works1. However, the use of colors in The Bell Jar follows a regular and consistent pattern throughout the novel. Colors take on some meaning when the author uses them as leitmotifs that stand for particular —and constant— aspects throughout the story, and they are fully realized when the reader makes a referential use of them. Such postmodernist issues are displayed through psychopathology: Plath uses colors as a kind of therapy, giving them different meanings in the two halves of the novel. At the beginning the protagonist is going crazy and she is bombarded by vivid primary colors; in the second half of the novel, and after shock treatment, all colors, and even other sensations, are reduced —the effects that shock treatment have on her are displayed through drab or blended colors. Such a reduction of feelings and color variety implies that there are very few examples of colors in the second half of the novel, grey and beige being the only ones Plath uses to describe what Esther perceives. Although the use of colors in The Bell Jar may seem obvious, very little has been published on this aspect. However, it is evident that colors and their tradition are brought together in the novel with such disparate elements as psychiatric treatments and feminist theories.

It was the Russian symbolists in the nineteenth century who first formally attributed metaphysical meanings to colors, and influenced by them, many authors have used colors to give consistency to their dramatic threads. For example, Philip Walker writes about

It was the Russian symbolists in the nineteenth century who first formally attributed metaphysical meanings to colors, and influenced by them, many authors have used colors to give consistency to their dramatic threads. For example, Philip Walker writes about

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throughout the novel” (1987: 20). In fact, critics such as Jacqueline Rose use the term “Extremist art” to refer to Plath’s style and in my opinion, the application of colors to her fiction is simply a continuation of this extremist technique, the colors standing for extreme aspects, either good or bad: death, intense cleanliness, innocence, strong hypocrisy, mortal illness, etc. But in opposition to artists like Virginia Woolf, Rose states that the label extremist does not apply to Plath as an artist of the irrational (1991: 22, 25). I share the same opinion because Sylvia Plath, through the protagonist, tries to give a rational explanation of the effects of a mental disorder from the patient’s perspective. Plath creates contradictory feelings, scenes, and characters in her writings (e.g. “[W]ith Doreen, Esther feels morally superior; with Betsy, she feels corrupt and worldly” [Wagner-Martin 1999: 35]) and consequently some critics find an impossibility of consistency in some of her works1. However, the use of colors in The Bell Jar follows a regular and consistent pattern throughout the novel. Colors take on some meaning when the author uses them as leitmotifs that stand for particular —and constant— aspects throughout the story, and they are fully realized when the reader makes a referential use of them. Such postmodernist issues are displayed through psychopathology: Plath uses colors as a kind of therapy, giving them different meanings in the two halves of the novel. At the beginning the protagonist is going crazy and she is bombarded by vivid primary colors; in the second half of the novel, and after shock treatment, all colors, and even other sensations, are reduced —the effects that shock treatment have on her are displayed through drab or blended colors. Such a reduction of feelings and color variety implies that there are very few examples of colors in the second half of the novel, grey and beige being the only ones Plath uses to describe what Esther perceives. Although the use of colors in The Bell Jar may seem obvious, very little has been published on this aspect. However, it is evident that colors and their tradition are brought together in the novel with such disparate elements as psychiatric treatments and feminist theories.

throughout the novel” (1987: 20). In fact, critics such as Jacqueline Rose use the term “Extremist art” to refer to Plath’s style and in my opinion, the application of colors to her fiction is simply a continuation of this extremist technique, the colors standing for extreme aspects, either good or bad: death, intense cleanliness, innocence, strong hypocrisy, mortal illness, etc. But in opposition to artists like Virginia Woolf, Rose states that the label extremist does not apply to Plath as an artist of the irrational (1991: 22, 25). I share the same opinion because Sylvia Plath, through the protagonist, tries to give a rational explanation of the effects of a mental disorder from the patient’s perspective. Plath creates contradictory feelings, scenes, and characters in her writings (e.g. “[W]ith Doreen, Esther feels morally superior; with Betsy, she feels corrupt and worldly” [Wagner-Martin 1999: 35]) and consequently some critics find an impossibility of consistency in some of her works1. However, the use of colors in The Bell Jar follows a regular and consistent pattern throughout the novel. Colors take on some meaning when the author uses them as leitmotifs that stand for particular —and constant— aspects throughout the story, and they are fully realized when the reader makes a referential use of them. Such postmodernist issues are displayed through psychopathology: Plath uses colors as a kind of therapy, giving them different meanings in the two halves of the novel. At the beginning the protagonist is going crazy and she is bombarded by vivid primary colors; in the second half of the novel, and after shock treatment, all colors, and even other sensations, are reduced —the effects that shock treatment have on her are displayed through drab or blended colors. Such a reduction of feelings and color variety implies that there are very few examples of colors in the second half of the novel, grey and beige being the only ones Plath uses to describe what Esther perceives. Although the use of colors in The Bell Jar may seem obvious, very little has been published on this aspect. However, it is evident that colors and their tradition are brought together in the novel with such disparate elements as psychiatric treatments and feminist theories.

It was the Russian symbolists in the nineteenth century who first formally attributed metaphysical meanings to colors, and influenced by them, many authors have used colors to give consistency to their dramatic threads. For example, Philip Walker writes about

It was the Russian symbolists in the nineteenth century who first formally attributed metaphysical meanings to colors, and influenced by them, many authors have used colors to give consistency to their dramatic threads. For example, Philip Walker writes about


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Zola’s use of color images in Germinal, where “he invests them like leitmotifs with associations expressive of all levels of meaning of the novel” (1962: 442). There is evidence of this in Plath’s novel as well: colors play a chief role in the different temporal stages of Esther’s illness, portraying her gradual worsening and numbing. Moreover, the different levels or layers of the novel are also saturated with vivid impressions given by the use of colors: through the technique of repetition, Plath uses colors both naturalistically and symbolically to unify the protagonist’s experiences at hospital, at home, at the Amazon hotel, and in her relationships with other characters. This richness of color imagery serves to identify all color shades –from the brighter to the gloomier— with emotions and thus, the novel enriches both outwardly and inwardly, outside and inside the bell jar that protects and isolates Esther. The use of colors in this novel differs from color symbolism in other works, for instance, in the writings of the French novelist Colette. I.T. Olken analyzes this author’s imagery and points out that a color, “with reference to clothing, varies in effect according to the person who wears it” (1962: 145). On the contrary, each color is associated with a certain character in Plath’s novel, so that color and character stand together for a certain aspect, e.g.: Doreen is dressed in white, being the center of attraction in all social parties; Jay Cee and Esther’s mother use the unfashionable color lavender while they try to impose their traditional women’s roles on the protagonist; Esther dresses in neutral colors in the second half of the novel while she passes completely unperceived in many circumstances.

Zola’s use of color images in Germinal, where “he invests them like leitmotifs with associations expressive of all levels of meaning of the novel” (1962: 442). There is evidence of this in Plath’s novel as well: colors play a chief role in the different temporal stages of Esther’s illness, portraying her gradual worsening and numbing. Moreover, the different levels or layers of the novel are also saturated with vivid impressions given by the use of colors: through the technique of repetition, Plath uses colors both naturalistically and symbolically to unify the protagonist’s experiences at hospital, at home, at the Amazon hotel, and in her relationships with other characters. This richness of color imagery serves to identify all color shades –from the brighter to the gloomier— with emotions and thus, the novel enriches both outwardly and inwardly, outside and inside the bell jar that protects and isolates Esther. The use of colors in this novel differs from color symbolism in other works, for instance, in the writings of the French novelist Colette. I.T. Olken analyzes this author’s imagery and points out that a color, “with reference to clothing, varies in effect according to the person who wears it” (1962: 145). On the contrary, each color is associated with a certain character in Plath’s novel, so that color and character stand together for a certain aspect, e.g.: Doreen is dressed in white, being the center of attraction in all social parties; Jay Cee and Esther’s mother use the unfashionable color lavender while they try to impose their traditional women’s roles on the protagonist; Esther dresses in neutral colors in the second half of the novel while she passes completely unperceived in many circumstances.

Colors are links between the external world and the space within the bell jar in which Esther Greenwood finds herself, and they symbolize the power that one exerts on the other. Esther does not seem to live in a world that understands her, nor does she know how to overcome the gap between the world and herself. Ricardo Quinones, in a study of modernist challenges and perspectives, points out the fact that there is a remarkable rupture with the traditional cultural values in general (1983: 7) and, in Esther’s particular case, with the different social forces. This break might be caused by the bell jar, an obstacle to the perception of smells, noises, and flavors, but this is not the case with colors. Colors are seen as the external appearance of things, and they are given a meaning that is highly influenced by the subjective perception of the observer. The stages of Esther’s illness

Colors are links between the external world and the space within the bell jar in which Esther Greenwood finds herself, and they symbolize the power that one exerts on the other. Esther does not seem to live in a world that understands her, nor does she know how to overcome the gap between the world and herself. Ricardo Quinones, in a study of modernist challenges and perspectives, points out the fact that there is a remarkable rupture with the traditional cultural values in general (1983: 7) and, in Esther’s particular case, with the different social forces. This break might be caused by the bell jar, an obstacle to the perception of smells, noises, and flavors, but this is not the case with colors. Colors are seen as the external appearance of things, and they are given a meaning that is highly influenced by the subjective perception of the observer. The stages of Esther’s illness

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Zola’s use of color images in Germinal, where “he invests them like leitmotifs with associations expressive of all levels of meaning of the novel” (1962: 442). There is evidence of this in Plath’s novel as well: colors play a chief role in the different temporal stages of Esther’s illness, portraying her gradual worsening and numbing. Moreover, the different levels or layers of the novel are also saturated with vivid impressions given by the use of colors: through the technique of repetition, Plath uses colors both naturalistically and symbolically to unify the protagonist’s experiences at hospital, at home, at the Amazon hotel, and in her relationships with other characters. This richness of color imagery serves to identify all color shades –from the brighter to the gloomier— with emotions and thus, the novel enriches both outwardly and inwardly, outside and inside the bell jar that protects and isolates Esther. The use of colors in this novel differs from color symbolism in other works, for instance, in the writings of the French novelist Colette. I.T. Olken analyzes this author’s imagery and points out that a color, “with reference to clothing, varies in effect according to the person who wears it” (1962: 145). On the contrary, each color is associated with a certain character in Plath’s novel, so that color and character stand together for a certain aspect, e.g.: Doreen is dressed in white, being the center of attraction in all social parties; Jay Cee and Esther’s mother use the unfashionable color lavender while they try to impose their traditional women’s roles on the protagonist; Esther dresses in neutral colors in the second half of the novel while she passes completely unperceived in many circumstances.

Zola’s use of color images in Germinal, where “he invests them like leitmotifs with associations expressive of all levels of meaning of the novel” (1962: 442). There is evidence of this in Plath’s novel as well: colors play a chief role in the different temporal stages of Esther’s illness, portraying her gradual worsening and numbing. Moreover, the different levels or layers of the novel are also saturated with vivid impressions given by the use of colors: through the technique of repetition, Plath uses colors both naturalistically and symbolically to unify the protagonist’s experiences at hospital, at home, at the Amazon hotel, and in her relationships with other characters. This richness of color imagery serves to identify all color shades –from the brighter to the gloomier— with emotions and thus, the novel enriches both outwardly and inwardly, outside and inside the bell jar that protects and isolates Esther. The use of colors in this novel differs from color symbolism in other works, for instance, in the writings of the French novelist Colette. I.T. Olken analyzes this author’s imagery and points out that a color, “with reference to clothing, varies in effect according to the person who wears it” (1962: 145). On the contrary, each color is associated with a certain character in Plath’s novel, so that color and character stand together for a certain aspect, e.g.: Doreen is dressed in white, being the center of attraction in all social parties; Jay Cee and Esther’s mother use the unfashionable color lavender while they try to impose their traditional women’s roles on the protagonist; Esther dresses in neutral colors in the second half of the novel while she passes completely unperceived in many circumstances.

Colors are links between the external world and the space within the bell jar in which Esther Greenwood finds herself, and they symbolize the power that one exerts on the other. Esther does not seem to live in a world that understands her, nor does she know how to overcome the gap between the world and herself. Ricardo Quinones, in a study of modernist challenges and perspectives, points out the fact that there is a remarkable rupture with the traditional cultural values in general (1983: 7) and, in Esther’s particular case, with the different social forces. This break might be caused by the bell jar, an obstacle to the perception of smells, noises, and flavors, but this is not the case with colors. Colors are seen as the external appearance of things, and they are given a meaning that is highly influenced by the subjective perception of the observer. The stages of Esther’s illness

Colors are links between the external world and the space within the bell jar in which Esther Greenwood finds herself, and they symbolize the power that one exerts on the other. Esther does not seem to live in a world that understands her, nor does she know how to overcome the gap between the world and herself. Ricardo Quinones, in a study of modernist challenges and perspectives, points out the fact that there is a remarkable rupture with the traditional cultural values in general (1983: 7) and, in Esther’s particular case, with the different social forces. This break might be caused by the bell jar, an obstacle to the perception of smells, noises, and flavors, but this is not the case with colors. Colors are seen as the external appearance of things, and they are given a meaning that is highly influenced by the subjective perception of the observer. The stages of Esther’s illness


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are described symbolically through colors that express abstract ideas and emotions occurring within the protagonist’s mind, and it is the reader who has to recreate these emotions through the use of these unexplained symbols. In this case, Esther’s process of physical, mental, and sexual maturation makes her more sensitive towards the world that surrounds her, whereas her mental processes are factors involved in the assignation of meaning. The protagonist’s feelings of marginalization, of being an outsider, also exert an influence on her understanding of life, and can be paralleled with Plath’s external vision of England, where she spent her last years studying at Cambridge with a Fulbright scholarship and then settling into a turbulent marriage and motherhood. As an American in England she would inevitably be marginalized, not belonging to the culture in which she found herself, possibly looking at life through the eyes of an outcast. The color beige in the second half of the novel exemplifies Esther’s feeling of alienation during the most critical period of her illness: through her subjective point of view, things are perceived in this nondescript color, emphasizing the physical and psychological abyss that exists between her and the material reality that surrounds her.

are described symbolically through colors that express abstract ideas and emotions occurring within the protagonist’s mind, and it is the reader who has to recreate these emotions through the use of these unexplained symbols. In this case, Esther’s process of physical, mental, and sexual maturation makes her more sensitive towards the world that surrounds her, whereas her mental processes are factors involved in the assignation of meaning. The protagonist’s feelings of marginalization, of being an outsider, also exert an influence on her understanding of life, and can be paralleled with Plath’s external vision of England, where she spent her last years studying at Cambridge with a Fulbright scholarship and then settling into a turbulent marriage and motherhood. As an American in England she would inevitably be marginalized, not belonging to the culture in which she found herself, possibly looking at life through the eyes of an outcast. The color beige in the second half of the novel exemplifies Esther’s feeling of alienation during the most critical period of her illness: through her subjective point of view, things are perceived in this nondescript color, emphasizing the physical and psychological abyss that exists between her and the material reality that surrounds her.

Psychology and cognitive sciences are linked to the topic of colors because the way in which the human mind decodes and interprets symbols is important when trying to find a logical relationship between a color and the purpose with which the author is using it. The psychologists Odgen and Richards have studied the theories of meaning and symbols, and they state that their interpretation or decoding is closely linked to the “process of thinking” (1972: 9, 24). This assignment of symbolism to colors follows a universal process of thinking, and it facilitates the identification between the reader’s different emotional states and the protagonist’s: scenes are colored according to Esther’s psychological mood, emphasizing one color over others and thus establishing a link with the reader’s personal experience.

Psychology and cognitive sciences are linked to the topic of colors because the way in which the human mind decodes and interprets symbols is important when trying to find a logical relationship between a color and the purpose with which the author is using it. The psychologists Odgen and Richards have studied the theories of meaning and symbols, and they state that their interpretation or decoding is closely linked to the “process of thinking” (1972: 9, 24). This assignment of symbolism to colors follows a universal process of thinking, and it facilitates the identification between the reader’s different emotional states and the protagonist’s: scenes are colored according to Esther’s psychological mood, emphasizing one color over others and thus establishing a link with the reader’s personal experience.

In Esther’s case, her vision of the world is a consequence of a contemptuous and oppressive cultural and familial education, and it helps the reader to understand the very essence of the protagonist. Again, according to Odgen and Richards, “[T]he sensations that lie at the basis of all perceptions are subjective signs of external objects”

In Esther’s case, her vision of the world is a consequence of a contemptuous and oppressive cultural and familial education, and it helps the reader to understand the very essence of the protagonist. Again, according to Odgen and Richards, “[T]he sensations that lie at the basis of all perceptions are subjective signs of external objects”

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are described symbolically through colors that express abstract ideas and emotions occurring within the protagonist’s mind, and it is the reader who has to recreate these emotions through the use of these unexplained symbols. In this case, Esther’s process of physical, mental, and sexual maturation makes her more sensitive towards the world that surrounds her, whereas her mental processes are factors involved in the assignation of meaning. The protagonist’s feelings of marginalization, of being an outsider, also exert an influence on her understanding of life, and can be paralleled with Plath’s external vision of England, where she spent her last years studying at Cambridge with a Fulbright scholarship and then settling into a turbulent marriage and motherhood. As an American in England she would inevitably be marginalized, not belonging to the culture in which she found herself, possibly looking at life through the eyes of an outcast. The color beige in the second half of the novel exemplifies Esther’s feeling of alienation during the most critical period of her illness: through her subjective point of view, things are perceived in this nondescript color, emphasizing the physical and psychological abyss that exists between her and the material reality that surrounds her.

are described symbolically through colors that express abstract ideas and emotions occurring within the protagonist’s mind, and it is the reader who has to recreate these emotions through the use of these unexplained symbols. In this case, Esther’s process of physical, mental, and sexual maturation makes her more sensitive towards the world that surrounds her, whereas her mental processes are factors involved in the assignation of meaning. The protagonist’s feelings of marginalization, of being an outsider, also exert an influence on her understanding of life, and can be paralleled with Plath’s external vision of England, where she spent her last years studying at Cambridge with a Fulbright scholarship and then settling into a turbulent marriage and motherhood. As an American in England she would inevitably be marginalized, not belonging to the culture in which she found herself, possibly looking at life through the eyes of an outcast. The color beige in the second half of the novel exemplifies Esther’s feeling of alienation during the most critical period of her illness: through her subjective point of view, things are perceived in this nondescript color, emphasizing the physical and psychological abyss that exists between her and the material reality that surrounds her.

Psychology and cognitive sciences are linked to the topic of colors because the way in which the human mind decodes and interprets symbols is important when trying to find a logical relationship between a color and the purpose with which the author is using it. The psychologists Odgen and Richards have studied the theories of meaning and symbols, and they state that their interpretation or decoding is closely linked to the “process of thinking” (1972: 9, 24). This assignment of symbolism to colors follows a universal process of thinking, and it facilitates the identification between the reader’s different emotional states and the protagonist’s: scenes are colored according to Esther’s psychological mood, emphasizing one color over others and thus establishing a link with the reader’s personal experience.

Psychology and cognitive sciences are linked to the topic of colors because the way in which the human mind decodes and interprets symbols is important when trying to find a logical relationship between a color and the purpose with which the author is using it. The psychologists Odgen and Richards have studied the theories of meaning and symbols, and they state that their interpretation or decoding is closely linked to the “process of thinking” (1972: 9, 24). This assignment of symbolism to colors follows a universal process of thinking, and it facilitates the identification between the reader’s different emotional states and the protagonist’s: scenes are colored according to Esther’s psychological mood, emphasizing one color over others and thus establishing a link with the reader’s personal experience.

In Esther’s case, her vision of the world is a consequence of a contemptuous and oppressive cultural and familial education, and it helps the reader to understand the very essence of the protagonist. Again, according to Odgen and Richards, “[T]he sensations that lie at the basis of all perceptions are subjective signs of external objects”

In Esther’s case, her vision of the world is a consequence of a contemptuous and oppressive cultural and familial education, and it helps the reader to understand the very essence of the protagonist. Again, according to Odgen and Richards, “[T]he sensations that lie at the basis of all perceptions are subjective signs of external objects”


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(1972: 79). Thus, colors are the form that Sylvia Plath chose to transmit Esther’s experiences. Although the novel is based on Plath’s own experiences when she was a student at Smith College, the relationship with her mother, an oppressive relationship, is also a central motif. The usage of colors as powerful symbols is but an example of the subliminal language that the oppressed have to use to escape their oppressors’ censorship, which Nina Baym has labeled “alternative speech” (1987: 50) and that in the case of Plath is inevitably influenced by her world-hospital. Therefore, Plath uses colors as alternative speech in an attempt to elude the motherdaughter bond.

(1972: 79). Thus, colors are the form that Sylvia Plath chose to transmit Esther’s experiences. Although the novel is based on Plath’s own experiences when she was a student at Smith College, the relationship with her mother, an oppressive relationship, is also a central motif. The usage of colors as powerful symbols is but an example of the subliminal language that the oppressed have to use to escape their oppressors’ censorship, which Nina Baym has labeled “alternative speech” (1987: 50) and that in the case of Plath is inevitably influenced by her world-hospital. Therefore, Plath uses colors as alternative speech in an attempt to elude the motherdaughter bond.

We have evidence of these theories in the novel from the very beginning, where Esther’s subliminal language and her perceptions start playing an important role. The text opens with a very sensorial and negative description of New York from Esther’s standpoint, focusing on smells such as “fusty” or “peanut-smelling,” and where black is already associated with negative experiences: a “black, noseless balloon stinking of vinegar” (Plath 1966: 1-2).2 The color black can be understood as a “sign-situation” (Odgen and Richards 1972: 244) and I interpret it as a powerful symbol/sign that reinforces the effect of the visual images it is attached to. Therefore, I agree with Charles Chadwick that the common feeling of dissatisfaction among symbolist writers is displayed through an attempt to penetrate beyond reality by creating a parallel world (1978: 44). The color black stands for unpleasant aspects in Esther’s life, i.e. when she describes how she feels after a disappointing meeting with Buddy, symbolizing lack of love and feelings: “in the cold, black, three o’clock wind” (Plath 1966: 57). However, the blackest elements that appear in the first part of the novel are always connected to ferocious feelings of death, miscarriage, guilt, and terrible failure. For example, Plath conjures up images of death: “with a black mole on her cheek; twenty days after that mole appeared, the girl was dead,” or disappointment: “the same dead, black expression” (Plath 1966: 60, 141). The author illustrates Esther’s anticipation of failure: “the figs began to go black, and, one by one, they plopped to the ground,” and she subtly hints at her desires for suicide: “its buildings blackened, as if for a funeral” (Plath 1966: 73, 106). Black is present in the clothes of other secondary characters that are placed in a context of death: an Italian in a “black leather jacket”

We have evidence of these theories in the novel from the very beginning, where Esther’s subliminal language and her perceptions start playing an important role. The text opens with a very sensorial and negative description of New York from Esther’s standpoint, focusing on smells such as “fusty” or “peanut-smelling,” and where black is already associated with negative experiences: a “black, noseless balloon stinking of vinegar” (Plath 1966: 1-2).2 The color black can be understood as a “sign-situation” (Odgen and Richards 1972: 244) and I interpret it as a powerful symbol/sign that reinforces the effect of the visual images it is attached to. Therefore, I agree with Charles Chadwick that the common feeling of dissatisfaction among symbolist writers is displayed through an attempt to penetrate beyond reality by creating a parallel world (1978: 44). The color black stands for unpleasant aspects in Esther’s life, i.e. when she describes how she feels after a disappointing meeting with Buddy, symbolizing lack of love and feelings: “in the cold, black, three o’clock wind” (Plath 1966: 57). However, the blackest elements that appear in the first part of the novel are always connected to ferocious feelings of death, miscarriage, guilt, and terrible failure. For example, Plath conjures up images of death: “with a black mole on her cheek; twenty days after that mole appeared, the girl was dead,” or disappointment: “the same dead, black expression” (Plath 1966: 60, 141). The author illustrates Esther’s anticipation of failure: “the figs began to go black, and, one by one, they plopped to the ground,” and she subtly hints at her desires for suicide: “its buildings blackened, as if for a funeral” (Plath 1966: 73, 106). Black is present in the clothes of other secondary characters that are placed in a context of death: an Italian in a “black leather jacket”

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(1972: 79). Thus, colors are the form that Sylvia Plath chose to transmit Esther’s experiences. Although the novel is based on Plath’s own experiences when she was a student at Smith College, the relationship with her mother, an oppressive relationship, is also a central motif. The usage of colors as powerful symbols is but an example of the subliminal language that the oppressed have to use to escape their oppressors’ censorship, which Nina Baym has labeled “alternative speech” (1987: 50) and that in the case of Plath is inevitably influenced by her world-hospital. Therefore, Plath uses colors as alternative speech in an attempt to elude the motherdaughter bond.

(1972: 79). Thus, colors are the form that Sylvia Plath chose to transmit Esther’s experiences. Although the novel is based on Plath’s own experiences when she was a student at Smith College, the relationship with her mother, an oppressive relationship, is also a central motif. The usage of colors as powerful symbols is but an example of the subliminal language that the oppressed have to use to escape their oppressors’ censorship, which Nina Baym has labeled “alternative speech” (1987: 50) and that in the case of Plath is inevitably influenced by her world-hospital. Therefore, Plath uses colors as alternative speech in an attempt to elude the motherdaughter bond.

We have evidence of these theories in the novel from the very beginning, where Esther’s subliminal language and her perceptions start playing an important role. The text opens with a very sensorial and negative description of New York from Esther’s standpoint, focusing on smells such as “fusty” or “peanut-smelling,” and where black is already associated with negative experiences: a “black, noseless balloon stinking of vinegar” (Plath 1966: 1-2).2 The color black can be understood as a “sign-situation” (Odgen and Richards 1972: 244) and I interpret it as a powerful symbol/sign that reinforces the effect of the visual images it is attached to. Therefore, I agree with Charles Chadwick that the common feeling of dissatisfaction among symbolist writers is displayed through an attempt to penetrate beyond reality by creating a parallel world (1978: 44). The color black stands for unpleasant aspects in Esther’s life, i.e. when she describes how she feels after a disappointing meeting with Buddy, symbolizing lack of love and feelings: “in the cold, black, three o’clock wind” (Plath 1966: 57). However, the blackest elements that appear in the first part of the novel are always connected to ferocious feelings of death, miscarriage, guilt, and terrible failure. For example, Plath conjures up images of death: “with a black mole on her cheek; twenty days after that mole appeared, the girl was dead,” or disappointment: “the same dead, black expression” (Plath 1966: 60, 141). The author illustrates Esther’s anticipation of failure: “the figs began to go black, and, one by one, they plopped to the ground,” and she subtly hints at her desires for suicide: “its buildings blackened, as if for a funeral” (Plath 1966: 73, 106). Black is present in the clothes of other secondary characters that are placed in a context of death: an Italian in a “black leather jacket”

We have evidence of these theories in the novel from the very beginning, where Esther’s subliminal language and her perceptions start playing an important role. The text opens with a very sensorial and negative description of New York from Esther’s standpoint, focusing on smells such as “fusty” or “peanut-smelling,” and where black is already associated with negative experiences: a “black, noseless balloon stinking of vinegar” (Plath 1966: 1-2).2 The color black can be understood as a “sign-situation” (Odgen and Richards 1972: 244) and I interpret it as a powerful symbol/sign that reinforces the effect of the visual images it is attached to. Therefore, I agree with Charles Chadwick that the common feeling of dissatisfaction among symbolist writers is displayed through an attempt to penetrate beyond reality by creating a parallel world (1978: 44). The color black stands for unpleasant aspects in Esther’s life, i.e. when she describes how she feels after a disappointing meeting with Buddy, symbolizing lack of love and feelings: “in the cold, black, three o’clock wind” (Plath 1966: 57). However, the blackest elements that appear in the first part of the novel are always connected to ferocious feelings of death, miscarriage, guilt, and terrible failure. For example, Plath conjures up images of death: “with a black mole on her cheek; twenty days after that mole appeared, the girl was dead,” or disappointment: “the same dead, black expression” (Plath 1966: 60, 141). The author illustrates Esther’s anticipation of failure: “the figs began to go black, and, one by one, they plopped to the ground,” and she subtly hints at her desires for suicide: “its buildings blackened, as if for a funeral” (Plath 1966: 73, 106). Black is present in the clothes of other secondary characters that are placed in a context of death: an Italian in a “black leather jacket”


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guided her into the graveyard (Plath 1966: 157); and in macabre objects that become Esther’s everyday reality: “ELECTROTHERAPY, printed in black letters” (Plath 1966: 204). Moreover, the color purple, in combination with black, is also linked to death: “[T]hese cadavers were so unhuman-looking they didn’t bother me a bit. They had stiff, leathery, purple-black skin and they smelt like old pickle jars” (Plath 1966: 59); as well as illness: “[T]hey were bruised purple” (Plath 1966: 184). Nevertheless, in the second half of the novel, when the idea of death is interiorized within Esther’s mind as something natural, it is described ironically as pink in a context in which her clothes and other objects that surround her are darker: “my father’s gravestone … of a mottled pink marble,” and she even compares the feeling of death with the thing she likes most in the world, that is, food: “it was like tinned salmon” (Plath 1966: 160). Salmon, though pink colored, is also dead and buried, like her father.

guided her into the graveyard (Plath 1966: 157); and in macabre objects that become Esther’s everyday reality: “ELECTROTHERAPY, printed in black letters” (Plath 1966: 204). Moreover, the color purple, in combination with black, is also linked to death: “[T]hese cadavers were so unhuman-looking they didn’t bother me a bit. They had stiff, leathery, purple-black skin and they smelt like old pickle jars” (Plath 1966: 59); as well as illness: “[T]hey were bruised purple” (Plath 1966: 184). Nevertheless, in the second half of the novel, when the idea of death is interiorized within Esther’s mind as something natural, it is described ironically as pink in a context in which her clothes and other objects that surround her are darker: “my father’s gravestone … of a mottled pink marble,” and she even compares the feeling of death with the thing she likes most in the world, that is, food: “it was like tinned salmon” (Plath 1966: 160). Salmon, though pink colored, is also dead and buried, like her father.

The philosopher Johann W. Goethe was also interested in colors and their symbolic representation. He linked colors to feelings: “[t]hey are immediately associated with the emotions of the mind…. General impressions produced by single colors cannot be changed, that they act specifically, and must produce definite, specific states in the living organ…. Particular colors excite particular states of feeling” (1970: 304-5). The general pessimistic mood of the protagonist throughout the novel is linked to Plath’s conviction that though the world seems apparently benign, it hides a potential threat, particularly towards herself. According to this interpretation, white produces a feeling of success and physical attraction that is but the benign appearance of reality: Doreen, with her “bleached blonde white hair and her white dress, she was so white she looked silver” is the center of attraction, while Esther is “melting into the shadows” (Plath 1966: 9, 11). This perception is connected with what Bassnett identifies as the “white Goddess myth” as a symbol of femaleness that, at the same time, raises the problem of relationship with the male (1987: 50). Thus, the diamond that Marco has and which Esther feels so attracted to also shows “a great white light” (Plath 1966: 101); Lenny Shepherd’s attractiveness lies in his “strong white teeth,” and Buddy is “so handsome, wearing a thick white turtleneck sweater” (Plath 1966: 5253). These three male characters exemplify Esther’s troublesome relationships with men. They are unable to offer Esther any fruitful

The philosopher Johann W. Goethe was also interested in colors and their symbolic representation. He linked colors to feelings: “[t]hey are immediately associated with the emotions of the mind…. General impressions produced by single colors cannot be changed, that they act specifically, and must produce definite, specific states in the living organ…. Particular colors excite particular states of feeling” (1970: 304-5). The general pessimistic mood of the protagonist throughout the novel is linked to Plath’s conviction that though the world seems apparently benign, it hides a potential threat, particularly towards herself. According to this interpretation, white produces a feeling of success and physical attraction that is but the benign appearance of reality: Doreen, with her “bleached blonde white hair and her white dress, she was so white she looked silver” is the center of attraction, while Esther is “melting into the shadows” (Plath 1966: 9, 11). This perception is connected with what Bassnett identifies as the “white Goddess myth” as a symbol of femaleness that, at the same time, raises the problem of relationship with the male (1987: 50). Thus, the diamond that Marco has and which Esther feels so attracted to also shows “a great white light” (Plath 1966: 101); Lenny Shepherd’s attractiveness lies in his “strong white teeth,” and Buddy is “so handsome, wearing a thick white turtleneck sweater” (Plath 1966: 5253). These three male characters exemplify Esther’s troublesome relationships with men. They are unable to offer Esther any fruitful

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guided her into the graveyard (Plath 1966: 157); and in macabre objects that become Esther’s everyday reality: “ELECTROTHERAPY, printed in black letters” (Plath 1966: 204). Moreover, the color purple, in combination with black, is also linked to death: “[T]hese cadavers were so unhuman-looking they didn’t bother me a bit. They had stiff, leathery, purple-black skin and they smelt like old pickle jars” (Plath 1966: 59); as well as illness: “[T]hey were bruised purple” (Plath 1966: 184). Nevertheless, in the second half of the novel, when the idea of death is interiorized within Esther’s mind as something natural, it is described ironically as pink in a context in which her clothes and other objects that surround her are darker: “my father’s gravestone … of a mottled pink marble,” and she even compares the feeling of death with the thing she likes most in the world, that is, food: “it was like tinned salmon” (Plath 1966: 160). Salmon, though pink colored, is also dead and buried, like her father.

guided her into the graveyard (Plath 1966: 157); and in macabre objects that become Esther’s everyday reality: “ELECTROTHERAPY, printed in black letters” (Plath 1966: 204). Moreover, the color purple, in combination with black, is also linked to death: “[T]hese cadavers were so unhuman-looking they didn’t bother me a bit. They had stiff, leathery, purple-black skin and they smelt like old pickle jars” (Plath 1966: 59); as well as illness: “[T]hey were bruised purple” (Plath 1966: 184). Nevertheless, in the second half of the novel, when the idea of death is interiorized within Esther’s mind as something natural, it is described ironically as pink in a context in which her clothes and other objects that surround her are darker: “my father’s gravestone … of a mottled pink marble,” and she even compares the feeling of death with the thing she likes most in the world, that is, food: “it was like tinned salmon” (Plath 1966: 160). Salmon, though pink colored, is also dead and buried, like her father.

The philosopher Johann W. Goethe was also interested in colors and their symbolic representation. He linked colors to feelings: “[t]hey are immediately associated with the emotions of the mind…. General impressions produced by single colors cannot be changed, that they act specifically, and must produce definite, specific states in the living organ…. Particular colors excite particular states of feeling” (1970: 304-5). The general pessimistic mood of the protagonist throughout the novel is linked to Plath’s conviction that though the world seems apparently benign, it hides a potential threat, particularly towards herself. According to this interpretation, white produces a feeling of success and physical attraction that is but the benign appearance of reality: Doreen, with her “bleached blonde white hair and her white dress, she was so white she looked silver” is the center of attraction, while Esther is “melting into the shadows” (Plath 1966: 9, 11). This perception is connected with what Bassnett identifies as the “white Goddess myth” as a symbol of femaleness that, at the same time, raises the problem of relationship with the male (1987: 50). Thus, the diamond that Marco has and which Esther feels so attracted to also shows “a great white light” (Plath 1966: 101); Lenny Shepherd’s attractiveness lies in his “strong white teeth,” and Buddy is “so handsome, wearing a thick white turtleneck sweater” (Plath 1966: 5253). These three male characters exemplify Esther’s troublesome relationships with men. They are unable to offer Esther any fruitful

The philosopher Johann W. Goethe was also interested in colors and their symbolic representation. He linked colors to feelings: “[t]hey are immediately associated with the emotions of the mind…. General impressions produced by single colors cannot be changed, that they act specifically, and must produce definite, specific states in the living organ…. Particular colors excite particular states of feeling” (1970: 304-5). The general pessimistic mood of the protagonist throughout the novel is linked to Plath’s conviction that though the world seems apparently benign, it hides a potential threat, particularly towards herself. According to this interpretation, white produces a feeling of success and physical attraction that is but the benign appearance of reality: Doreen, with her “bleached blonde white hair and her white dress, she was so white she looked silver” is the center of attraction, while Esther is “melting into the shadows” (Plath 1966: 9, 11). This perception is connected with what Bassnett identifies as the “white Goddess myth” as a symbol of femaleness that, at the same time, raises the problem of relationship with the male (1987: 50). Thus, the diamond that Marco has and which Esther feels so attracted to also shows “a great white light” (Plath 1966: 101); Lenny Shepherd’s attractiveness lies in his “strong white teeth,” and Buddy is “so handsome, wearing a thick white turtleneck sweater” (Plath 1966: 5253). These three male characters exemplify Esther’s troublesome relationships with men. They are unable to offer Esther any fruitful


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interaction either because they seem to be misogynous, as in the case of Marco, or because they do not have anything to share beyond their attractive physical appearance.

interaction either because they seem to be misogynous, as in the case of Marco, or because they do not have anything to share beyond their attractive physical appearance.

Throughout the history of color tradition in Western society, the color white has always occupied a central position. White is linked with light and goodness, in opposition to darkness and evil, represented by the color black. Jennifer Jeffers tries to explain why the British writer A.S. Byatt selects white as protagonist in Possession. The long-established associations of the color white with “harmony, silence, purity, innocence, joy” are the reasons why it becomes a protagonist in its own right in the novel (Jeffers 2002). These conventional associations of the color white also appear in The Bell Jar, though in my opinion they do not represent the main function of this color in the text. Plath uses the color white only exceptionally as the traditional symbol of either innocence: the fetuses look “so white and defenseless” (Plath 1966: 142); or hope in religion: there was a “white Methodist church” (Plath 1966: 157). But the central issue that white symbolizes throughout the novel is the cleanliness, disinfection, and sterility that Esther lives within both in the Amazon Hotel and in hospital. The critic Renée R. Curry narrows down her analysis of colors in literature and she writes about Plath’s use of white in her writings. She points out what might be one of the main functions of this color in the book when she states that “Plath writes an unfamiliar whiteness into her texts” (2000: 126). This is clear during Esther’s stay at the Amazon hotel and at mental hospitals, and Hoisington and Imbery – though they base their statements on We, Zamjatin’s most famous novel— refer to the same feeling that Esther perceives in these two places. For them, “[W]hite conveys sterility as well as purity” (1992: 162) and this is exemplified not only in the descriptions of what surrounds Esther, but also in her relationship with the male characters mentioned above. Plath’s accurate focusing on the whiteness of those places gives the sense that Esther does not feel comfortable in that atmosphere of perfection, especially when the reader finds out about either the hypocrisy or the negative experiences that hide beneath the appearance of purity: she lies in her “white hotel bed feeling lonely and weak” next to a “china-white bedside telephone” that she rarely uses (Plath 1966: 52); she is provided with a “white bathrobe” and “a big white hotel towel” in a bathroom with “white torture-chamber

Throughout the history of color tradition in Western society, the color white has always occupied a central position. White is linked with light and goodness, in opposition to darkness and evil, represented by the color black. Jennifer Jeffers tries to explain why the British writer A.S. Byatt selects white as protagonist in Possession. The long-established associations of the color white with “harmony, silence, purity, innocence, joy” are the reasons why it becomes a protagonist in its own right in the novel (Jeffers 2002). These conventional associations of the color white also appear in The Bell Jar, though in my opinion they do not represent the main function of this color in the text. Plath uses the color white only exceptionally as the traditional symbol of either innocence: the fetuses look “so white and defenseless” (Plath 1966: 142); or hope in religion: there was a “white Methodist church” (Plath 1966: 157). But the central issue that white symbolizes throughout the novel is the cleanliness, disinfection, and sterility that Esther lives within both in the Amazon Hotel and in hospital. The critic Renée R. Curry narrows down her analysis of colors in literature and she writes about Plath’s use of white in her writings. She points out what might be one of the main functions of this color in the book when she states that “Plath writes an unfamiliar whiteness into her texts” (2000: 126). This is clear during Esther’s stay at the Amazon hotel and at mental hospitals, and Hoisington and Imbery – though they base their statements on We, Zamjatin’s most famous novel— refer to the same feeling that Esther perceives in these two places. For them, “[W]hite conveys sterility as well as purity” (1992: 162) and this is exemplified not only in the descriptions of what surrounds Esther, but also in her relationship with the male characters mentioned above. Plath’s accurate focusing on the whiteness of those places gives the sense that Esther does not feel comfortable in that atmosphere of perfection, especially when the reader finds out about either the hypocrisy or the negative experiences that hide beneath the appearance of purity: she lies in her “white hotel bed feeling lonely and weak” next to a “china-white bedside telephone” that she rarely uses (Plath 1966: 52); she is provided with a “white bathrobe” and “a big white hotel towel” in a bathroom with “white torture-chamber

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interaction either because they seem to be misogynous, as in the case of Marco, or because they do not have anything to share beyond their attractive physical appearance.

interaction either because they seem to be misogynous, as in the case of Marco, or because they do not have anything to share beyond their attractive physical appearance.

Throughout the history of color tradition in Western society, the color white has always occupied a central position. White is linked with light and goodness, in opposition to darkness and evil, represented by the color black. Jennifer Jeffers tries to explain why the British writer A.S. Byatt selects white as protagonist in Possession. The long-established associations of the color white with “harmony, silence, purity, innocence, joy” are the reasons why it becomes a protagonist in its own right in the novel (Jeffers 2002). These conventional associations of the color white also appear in The Bell Jar, though in my opinion they do not represent the main function of this color in the text. Plath uses the color white only exceptionally as the traditional symbol of either innocence: the fetuses look “so white and defenseless” (Plath 1966: 142); or hope in religion: there was a “white Methodist church” (Plath 1966: 157). But the central issue that white symbolizes throughout the novel is the cleanliness, disinfection, and sterility that Esther lives within both in the Amazon Hotel and in hospital. The critic Renée R. Curry narrows down her analysis of colors in literature and she writes about Plath’s use of white in her writings. She points out what might be one of the main functions of this color in the book when she states that “Plath writes an unfamiliar whiteness into her texts” (2000: 126). This is clear during Esther’s stay at the Amazon hotel and at mental hospitals, and Hoisington and Imbery – though they base their statements on We, Zamjatin’s most famous novel— refer to the same feeling that Esther perceives in these two places. For them, “[W]hite conveys sterility as well as purity” (1992: 162) and this is exemplified not only in the descriptions of what surrounds Esther, but also in her relationship with the male characters mentioned above. Plath’s accurate focusing on the whiteness of those places gives the sense that Esther does not feel comfortable in that atmosphere of perfection, especially when the reader finds out about either the hypocrisy or the negative experiences that hide beneath the appearance of purity: she lies in her “white hotel bed feeling lonely and weak” next to a “china-white bedside telephone” that she rarely uses (Plath 1966: 52); she is provided with a “white bathrobe” and “a big white hotel towel” in a bathroom with “white torture-chamber

Throughout the history of color tradition in Western society, the color white has always occupied a central position. White is linked with light and goodness, in opposition to darkness and evil, represented by the color black. Jennifer Jeffers tries to explain why the British writer A.S. Byatt selects white as protagonist in Possession. The long-established associations of the color white with “harmony, silence, purity, innocence, joy” are the reasons why it becomes a protagonist in its own right in the novel (Jeffers 2002). These conventional associations of the color white also appear in The Bell Jar, though in my opinion they do not represent the main function of this color in the text. Plath uses the color white only exceptionally as the traditional symbol of either innocence: the fetuses look “so white and defenseless” (Plath 1966: 142); or hope in religion: there was a “white Methodist church” (Plath 1966: 157). But the central issue that white symbolizes throughout the novel is the cleanliness, disinfection, and sterility that Esther lives within both in the Amazon Hotel and in hospital. The critic Renée R. Curry narrows down her analysis of colors in literature and she writes about Plath’s use of white in her writings. She points out what might be one of the main functions of this color in the book when she states that “Plath writes an unfamiliar whiteness into her texts” (2000: 126). This is clear during Esther’s stay at the Amazon hotel and at mental hospitals, and Hoisington and Imbery – though they base their statements on We, Zamjatin’s most famous novel— refer to the same feeling that Esther perceives in these two places. For them, “[W]hite conveys sterility as well as purity” (1992: 162) and this is exemplified not only in the descriptions of what surrounds Esther, but also in her relationship with the male characters mentioned above. Plath’s accurate focusing on the whiteness of those places gives the sense that Esther does not feel comfortable in that atmosphere of perfection, especially when the reader finds out about either the hypocrisy or the negative experiences that hide beneath the appearance of purity: she lies in her “white hotel bed feeling lonely and weak” next to a “china-white bedside telephone” that she rarely uses (Plath 1966: 52); she is provided with a “white bathrobe” and “a big white hotel towel” in a bathroom with “white torture-chamber


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tiles” (Plath 1966: 17, 41). Ironically, the waiters that serve the poisoned food at the Ladies’ Day banquet are in “hygienic white smocks” with “immaculate white shirts” (Plath 1966: 23, 25). For Esther, the hospital is white with doctors and nurses in white caps; she even has to dress up in a “white coat” and wear a “white mask” when she visits the hospital with Buddy (Plath 1966: 59, 60). Both Buddy and she wear a “white nylon shirt” and “white silk pajamas” or a “white blouse” respectively when they stay in hospital (Plath 1966: 86, 166), where she eats at tables with “white linen table-cloths and glasses and paper napkins” and sleeps under a “thick white blanket” and a “white, drumtight sheet” (Plath 1966: 179-180, 205). This is a superficial cleanliness that actually hides pain and torture. White is, together with black, a protagonist in the text. According to Curry, the frequent use of black and white in the novel “evidences Plath’s perception of the world as racially arranged” (2000: 167). To this opinion, I would also add that black is a good balance for the effects of purity, virginity, and artificial perfection.

tiles” (Plath 1966: 17, 41). Ironically, the waiters that serve the poisoned food at the Ladies’ Day banquet are in “hygienic white smocks” with “immaculate white shirts” (Plath 1966: 23, 25). For Esther, the hospital is white with doctors and nurses in white caps; she even has to dress up in a “white coat” and wear a “white mask” when she visits the hospital with Buddy (Plath 1966: 59, 60). Both Buddy and she wear a “white nylon shirt” and “white silk pajamas” or a “white blouse” respectively when they stay in hospital (Plath 1966: 86, 166), where she eats at tables with “white linen table-cloths and glasses and paper napkins” and sleeps under a “thick white blanket” and a “white, drumtight sheet” (Plath 1966: 179-180, 205). This is a superficial cleanliness that actually hides pain and torture. White is, together with black, a protagonist in the text. According to Curry, the frequent use of black and white in the novel “evidences Plath’s perception of the world as racially arranged” (2000: 167). To this opinion, I would also add that black is a good balance for the effects of purity, virginity, and artificial perfection.

This constant association and repetition of colors is also present in the colors of the daisies, lilies, and lavender: they are used in the novel to describe women or womanlike objects. For a young woman like Esther, who describes herself as a Chinaman3, these colors represent all that she wants to be opposed to: bright colors such as “fuzzy pink,” “blue,” “red” have been chosen to describe her lip-sticks, mascara, eyeshadow… and that she identifies with the creation of a superficial mask (Plath 1966: 37). The presents the girls receive at Ladies’ Day are a pocket mirror with “frosted daisies around the edge” and a card written “in lavender ink” (Plath 1966: 23, 51). Esther, like Plath herself, “can scarcely find anything within her that was feminine at all” (Rose 1991: 19) and tends to reject them in the same way she rejects Buddy’s “ashtray in the shape of a lily pad” (Plath 1966: 86). Finally, the fact that both her mother in “her lilac blouse,” and Jay Cee’s “lilac-gloved hand,” and “dress with purple cartwheels” are significant because both are interested mainly in Esther’s conventional and traditional professional development, forgetting about her inner worries and desires to resist convention (Plath 1966: 36, 166). Both women, as mother figures, look “ugly,” “terrible” and “awful” (Plath 1966: 5, 36, 166), in opposition to the lack of interest in the clothing color of Doctor Nolan, who dresses in a fashionable way that Esther likes and who is able to sympathize

This constant association and repetition of colors is also present in the colors of the daisies, lilies, and lavender: they are used in the novel to describe women or womanlike objects. For a young woman like Esther, who describes herself as a Chinaman3, these colors represent all that she wants to be opposed to: bright colors such as “fuzzy pink,” “blue,” “red” have been chosen to describe her lip-sticks, mascara, eyeshadow… and that she identifies with the creation of a superficial mask (Plath 1966: 37). The presents the girls receive at Ladies’ Day are a pocket mirror with “frosted daisies around the edge” and a card written “in lavender ink” (Plath 1966: 23, 51). Esther, like Plath herself, “can scarcely find anything within her that was feminine at all” (Rose 1991: 19) and tends to reject them in the same way she rejects Buddy’s “ashtray in the shape of a lily pad” (Plath 1966: 86). Finally, the fact that both her mother in “her lilac blouse,” and Jay Cee’s “lilac-gloved hand,” and “dress with purple cartwheels” are significant because both are interested mainly in Esther’s conventional and traditional professional development, forgetting about her inner worries and desires to resist convention (Plath 1966: 36, 166). Both women, as mother figures, look “ugly,” “terrible” and “awful” (Plath 1966: 5, 36, 166), in opposition to the lack of interest in the clothing color of Doctor Nolan, who dresses in a fashionable way that Esther likes and who is able to sympathize

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tiles” (Plath 1966: 17, 41). Ironically, the waiters that serve the poisoned food at the Ladies’ Day banquet are in “hygienic white smocks” with “immaculate white shirts” (Plath 1966: 23, 25). For Esther, the hospital is white with doctors and nurses in white caps; she even has to dress up in a “white coat” and wear a “white mask” when she visits the hospital with Buddy (Plath 1966: 59, 60). Both Buddy and she wear a “white nylon shirt” and “white silk pajamas” or a “white blouse” respectively when they stay in hospital (Plath 1966: 86, 166), where she eats at tables with “white linen table-cloths and glasses and paper napkins” and sleeps under a “thick white blanket” and a “white, drumtight sheet” (Plath 1966: 179-180, 205). This is a superficial cleanliness that actually hides pain and torture. White is, together with black, a protagonist in the text. According to Curry, the frequent use of black and white in the novel “evidences Plath’s perception of the world as racially arranged” (2000: 167). To this opinion, I would also add that black is a good balance for the effects of purity, virginity, and artificial perfection.

tiles” (Plath 1966: 17, 41). Ironically, the waiters that serve the poisoned food at the Ladies’ Day banquet are in “hygienic white smocks” with “immaculate white shirts” (Plath 1966: 23, 25). For Esther, the hospital is white with doctors and nurses in white caps; she even has to dress up in a “white coat” and wear a “white mask” when she visits the hospital with Buddy (Plath 1966: 59, 60). Both Buddy and she wear a “white nylon shirt” and “white silk pajamas” or a “white blouse” respectively when they stay in hospital (Plath 1966: 86, 166), where she eats at tables with “white linen table-cloths and glasses and paper napkins” and sleeps under a “thick white blanket” and a “white, drumtight sheet” (Plath 1966: 179-180, 205). This is a superficial cleanliness that actually hides pain and torture. White is, together with black, a protagonist in the text. According to Curry, the frequent use of black and white in the novel “evidences Plath’s perception of the world as racially arranged” (2000: 167). To this opinion, I would also add that black is a good balance for the effects of purity, virginity, and artificial perfection.

This constant association and repetition of colors is also present in the colors of the daisies, lilies, and lavender: they are used in the novel to describe women or womanlike objects. For a young woman like Esther, who describes herself as a Chinaman3, these colors represent all that she wants to be opposed to: bright colors such as “fuzzy pink,” “blue,” “red” have been chosen to describe her lip-sticks, mascara, eyeshadow… and that she identifies with the creation of a superficial mask (Plath 1966: 37). The presents the girls receive at Ladies’ Day are a pocket mirror with “frosted daisies around the edge” and a card written “in lavender ink” (Plath 1966: 23, 51). Esther, like Plath herself, “can scarcely find anything within her that was feminine at all” (Rose 1991: 19) and tends to reject them in the same way she rejects Buddy’s “ashtray in the shape of a lily pad” (Plath 1966: 86). Finally, the fact that both her mother in “her lilac blouse,” and Jay Cee’s “lilac-gloved hand,” and “dress with purple cartwheels” are significant because both are interested mainly in Esther’s conventional and traditional professional development, forgetting about her inner worries and desires to resist convention (Plath 1966: 36, 166). Both women, as mother figures, look “ugly,” “terrible” and “awful” (Plath 1966: 5, 36, 166), in opposition to the lack of interest in the clothing color of Doctor Nolan, who dresses in a fashionable way that Esther likes and who is able to sympathize

This constant association and repetition of colors is also present in the colors of the daisies, lilies, and lavender: they are used in the novel to describe women or womanlike objects. For a young woman like Esther, who describes herself as a Chinaman3, these colors represent all that she wants to be opposed to: bright colors such as “fuzzy pink,” “blue,” “red” have been chosen to describe her lip-sticks, mascara, eyeshadow… and that she identifies with the creation of a superficial mask (Plath 1966: 37). The presents the girls receive at Ladies’ Day are a pocket mirror with “frosted daisies around the edge” and a card written “in lavender ink” (Plath 1966: 23, 51). Esther, like Plath herself, “can scarcely find anything within her that was feminine at all” (Rose 1991: 19) and tends to reject them in the same way she rejects Buddy’s “ashtray in the shape of a lily pad” (Plath 1966: 86). Finally, the fact that both her mother in “her lilac blouse,” and Jay Cee’s “lilac-gloved hand,” and “dress with purple cartwheels” are significant because both are interested mainly in Esther’s conventional and traditional professional development, forgetting about her inner worries and desires to resist convention (Plath 1966: 36, 166). Both women, as mother figures, look “ugly,” “terrible” and “awful” (Plath 1966: 5, 36, 166), in opposition to the lack of interest in the clothing color of Doctor Nolan, who dresses in a fashionable way that Esther likes and who is able to sympathize


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with Esther’s problems and moral dilemma; she is closer to a friend, someone who tries to be honest with Esther. Rose interprets the clear opposition of Dr. Nolan to other women in the novel as a case of “lesbianism” (1991: 109). Latent lesbianism or not, it is obvious that the feminine lilac color is irksome to both Esther and Sylvia, and probably depends on its symbolizing the passive conventional woman. I agree with Hoisington and Imbery that color conveys “[T]hat which links characters, as well as that which separates them” (1992: 165). As has been illustrated above, colors in the characters’ clothes generate feelings of sympathy or dislike in the protagonist.

with Esther’s problems and moral dilemma; she is closer to a friend, someone who tries to be honest with Esther. Rose interprets the clear opposition of Dr. Nolan to other women in the novel as a case of “lesbianism” (1991: 109). Latent lesbianism or not, it is obvious that the feminine lilac color is irksome to both Esther and Sylvia, and probably depends on its symbolizing the passive conventional woman. I agree with Hoisington and Imbery that color conveys “[T]hat which links characters, as well as that which separates them” (1992: 165). As has been illustrated above, colors in the characters’ clothes generate feelings of sympathy or dislike in the protagonist.

As it seems in the case with lavender, colors, of course, are gender-sensitive. Linda Wagner-Martin, in her biography of Plath, focuses on the gender differences that children receive at school, and believes that to be one of the reasons why men and women perceive things differently (1999: 6). There is an instance of this in the novel: Doctor Nolan, in opposition to Doctor Gordon, has a negative opinion about electrotherapy, and Esther, as a woman, identifies with the former. The critic Anne Stevenson also states that “Sylvia worried about her gender, about her terrible urge to survive” in a suspicious world (1989: 21). In fact her world is distrustful, and colors seem to be the means by which Esther attempts to decode it. In the novel, male figures make life more difficult for women: they are not only careless about things that women consider important but are also negative influences for them, especially in the field of medicine. Plath was not the first to link color to mental illness in women; Charlotte Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” provides an excellent parallel situation, emphasizing women’s concern about colors and the escape from a male and medical world in which creative women are simply not understood.

As it seems in the case with lavender, colors, of course, are gender-sensitive. Linda Wagner-Martin, in her biography of Plath, focuses on the gender differences that children receive at school, and believes that to be one of the reasons why men and women perceive things differently (1999: 6). There is an instance of this in the novel: Doctor Nolan, in opposition to Doctor Gordon, has a negative opinion about electrotherapy, and Esther, as a woman, identifies with the former. The critic Anne Stevenson also states that “Sylvia worried about her gender, about her terrible urge to survive” in a suspicious world (1989: 21). In fact her world is distrustful, and colors seem to be the means by which Esther attempts to decode it. In the novel, male figures make life more difficult for women: they are not only careless about things that women consider important but are also negative influences for them, especially in the field of medicine. Plath was not the first to link color to mental illness in women; Charlotte Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” provides an excellent parallel situation, emphasizing women’s concern about colors and the escape from a male and medical world in which creative women are simply not understood.

In this gender struggle, exemplified by the color red in The Bell Jar, Plath feels limited by her condition as woman. This limitation is shown in the novel through a clear position of the inferiority of Esther during her encounters with men. She does not feel she is understood by Buddy, a man who does not satisfy her necessities as a woman. In her relationship with Irwin, her trauma becomes much more striking since he causes Esther to start bleeding profusely. The fact that her relationship with Irwin ends up in a flow of red blood is a reminder, according to Bassnett, of non-productivity in the sense that it is a sign

In this gender struggle, exemplified by the color red in The Bell Jar, Plath feels limited by her condition as woman. This limitation is shown in the novel through a clear position of the inferiority of Esther during her encounters with men. She does not feel she is understood by Buddy, a man who does not satisfy her necessities as a woman. In her relationship with Irwin, her trauma becomes much more striking since he causes Esther to start bleeding profusely. The fact that her relationship with Irwin ends up in a flow of red blood is a reminder, according to Bassnett, of non-productivity in the sense that it is a sign

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with Esther’s problems and moral dilemma; she is closer to a friend, someone who tries to be honest with Esther. Rose interprets the clear opposition of Dr. Nolan to other women in the novel as a case of “lesbianism” (1991: 109). Latent lesbianism or not, it is obvious that the feminine lilac color is irksome to both Esther and Sylvia, and probably depends on its symbolizing the passive conventional woman. I agree with Hoisington and Imbery that color conveys “[T]hat which links characters, as well as that which separates them” (1992: 165). As has been illustrated above, colors in the characters’ clothes generate feelings of sympathy or dislike in the protagonist.

with Esther’s problems and moral dilemma; she is closer to a friend, someone who tries to be honest with Esther. Rose interprets the clear opposition of Dr. Nolan to other women in the novel as a case of “lesbianism” (1991: 109). Latent lesbianism or not, it is obvious that the feminine lilac color is irksome to both Esther and Sylvia, and probably depends on its symbolizing the passive conventional woman. I agree with Hoisington and Imbery that color conveys “[T]hat which links characters, as well as that which separates them” (1992: 165). As has been illustrated above, colors in the characters’ clothes generate feelings of sympathy or dislike in the protagonist.

As it seems in the case with lavender, colors, of course, are gender-sensitive. Linda Wagner-Martin, in her biography of Plath, focuses on the gender differences that children receive at school, and believes that to be one of the reasons why men and women perceive things differently (1999: 6). There is an instance of this in the novel: Doctor Nolan, in opposition to Doctor Gordon, has a negative opinion about electrotherapy, and Esther, as a woman, identifies with the former. The critic Anne Stevenson also states that “Sylvia worried about her gender, about her terrible urge to survive” in a suspicious world (1989: 21). In fact her world is distrustful, and colors seem to be the means by which Esther attempts to decode it. In the novel, male figures make life more difficult for women: they are not only careless about things that women consider important but are also negative influences for them, especially in the field of medicine. Plath was not the first to link color to mental illness in women; Charlotte Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” provides an excellent parallel situation, emphasizing women’s concern about colors and the escape from a male and medical world in which creative women are simply not understood.

As it seems in the case with lavender, colors, of course, are gender-sensitive. Linda Wagner-Martin, in her biography of Plath, focuses on the gender differences that children receive at school, and believes that to be one of the reasons why men and women perceive things differently (1999: 6). There is an instance of this in the novel: Doctor Nolan, in opposition to Doctor Gordon, has a negative opinion about electrotherapy, and Esther, as a woman, identifies with the former. The critic Anne Stevenson also states that “Sylvia worried about her gender, about her terrible urge to survive” in a suspicious world (1989: 21). In fact her world is distrustful, and colors seem to be the means by which Esther attempts to decode it. In the novel, male figures make life more difficult for women: they are not only careless about things that women consider important but are also negative influences for them, especially in the field of medicine. Plath was not the first to link color to mental illness in women; Charlotte Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” provides an excellent parallel situation, emphasizing women’s concern about colors and the escape from a male and medical world in which creative women are simply not understood.

In this gender struggle, exemplified by the color red in The Bell Jar, Plath feels limited by her condition as woman. This limitation is shown in the novel through a clear position of the inferiority of Esther during her encounters with men. She does not feel she is understood by Buddy, a man who does not satisfy her necessities as a woman. In her relationship with Irwin, her trauma becomes much more striking since he causes Esther to start bleeding profusely. The fact that her relationship with Irwin ends up in a flow of red blood is a reminder, according to Bassnett, of non-productivity in the sense that it is a sign

In this gender struggle, exemplified by the color red in The Bell Jar, Plath feels limited by her condition as woman. This limitation is shown in the novel through a clear position of the inferiority of Esther during her encounters with men. She does not feel she is understood by Buddy, a man who does not satisfy her necessities as a woman. In her relationship with Irwin, her trauma becomes much more striking since he causes Esther to start bleeding profusely. The fact that her relationship with Irwin ends up in a flow of red blood is a reminder, according to Bassnett, of non-productivity in the sense that it is a sign


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that conception has not taken place (1987: 69). It is significant that Esther’s first consummated sexual encounter ends up in tragedy; this trauma creates a sense of guilt, pain, and injury in Esther’s subconscious, typical of those women who engage in pre-marital sex, and these feelings increase whenever she sees the Catholic and everpregnant Dodo Conway through her window. The color red also receives negative connotations when it represents the bad influences of men towards women in the novel: Mr. Manzi’s special chalk is red and in spite of Esther’s inferiority in all her heterosexual relationships, she is able to deceive this professor by making him think that she loves the subject he teaches so much that she is attending his lectures without being enrolled in the course. In another instance, male doctors cut Mrs. Tomolillo’s skin and a “fierce, bright red” blood begins to run down (Plath 1966: 219). Wagner-Martin interprets the graphic description of blood as a metaphor of emotional loss, and actually it is depicted by the flow of blood coming out of the woman (1999: 46). In opposition to the white chastity, the color red has traditional connotations of lost innocence and purity. However, the spilt blood could also be a symbol of menstruation as waste, and surprisingly enough, some mid-twentieth-century psychiatrists still link it to mental illness. Max Lüscher has studied the effects of colors on the human mind and concludes that “actions related to attack and conquest are represented everywhere by the colour red” (1990: 15). This concept would explain the psychological and physical consequences of this color on Esther. As Lüscher argues, “blood pressure increases and breathing and heart rhythms accelerate” (1990: 15). This feeling of dangerous conflict is present at a turning point in the novel, when Esther more directly faces her true feeling towards her mother, so that The Bell Jar expands to encompass much broader themes: “[T]o the man-woman power relation is added the relation between mother and daughter” (Rose 1991: 75). As Bassnett points out, when Esther dumps the dozen red roses brought by her mother as a birthday gift into the hospital waste-basket, she realizes that part of her feeling for her mother is hatred (1987: 76-77). Some of Freud’s defenders would analyze the relationship between Esther and her mother as “the concept of the preOedipal mother,” also called “phallic mother”: “the child responds to the pre-Oedipal mother only because she or he believes that the mother has a penis;” after that, she is “rudely rejected when the child discovers the mother’s appalling lack” (Baym 1987: 55-6). In my

that conception has not taken place (1987: 69). It is significant that Esther’s first consummated sexual encounter ends up in tragedy; this trauma creates a sense of guilt, pain, and injury in Esther’s subconscious, typical of those women who engage in pre-marital sex, and these feelings increase whenever she sees the Catholic and everpregnant Dodo Conway through her window. The color red also receives negative connotations when it represents the bad influences of men towards women in the novel: Mr. Manzi’s special chalk is red and in spite of Esther’s inferiority in all her heterosexual relationships, she is able to deceive this professor by making him think that she loves the subject he teaches so much that she is attending his lectures without being enrolled in the course. In another instance, male doctors cut Mrs. Tomolillo’s skin and a “fierce, bright red” blood begins to run down (Plath 1966: 219). Wagner-Martin interprets the graphic description of blood as a metaphor of emotional loss, and actually it is depicted by the flow of blood coming out of the woman (1999: 46). In opposition to the white chastity, the color red has traditional connotations of lost innocence and purity. However, the spilt blood could also be a symbol of menstruation as waste, and surprisingly enough, some mid-twentieth-century psychiatrists still link it to mental illness. Max Lüscher has studied the effects of colors on the human mind and concludes that “actions related to attack and conquest are represented everywhere by the colour red” (1990: 15). This concept would explain the psychological and physical consequences of this color on Esther. As Lüscher argues, “blood pressure increases and breathing and heart rhythms accelerate” (1990: 15). This feeling of dangerous conflict is present at a turning point in the novel, when Esther more directly faces her true feeling towards her mother, so that The Bell Jar expands to encompass much broader themes: “[T]o the man-woman power relation is added the relation between mother and daughter” (Rose 1991: 75). As Bassnett points out, when Esther dumps the dozen red roses brought by her mother as a birthday gift into the hospital waste-basket, she realizes that part of her feeling for her mother is hatred (1987: 76-77). Some of Freud’s defenders would analyze the relationship between Esther and her mother as “the concept of the preOedipal mother,” also called “phallic mother”: “the child responds to the pre-Oedipal mother only because she or he believes that the mother has a penis;” after that, she is “rudely rejected when the child discovers the mother’s appalling lack” (Baym 1987: 55-6). In my

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that conception has not taken place (1987: 69). It is significant that Esther’s first consummated sexual encounter ends up in tragedy; this trauma creates a sense of guilt, pain, and injury in Esther’s subconscious, typical of those women who engage in pre-marital sex, and these feelings increase whenever she sees the Catholic and everpregnant Dodo Conway through her window. The color red also receives negative connotations when it represents the bad influences of men towards women in the novel: Mr. Manzi’s special chalk is red and in spite of Esther’s inferiority in all her heterosexual relationships, she is able to deceive this professor by making him think that she loves the subject he teaches so much that she is attending his lectures without being enrolled in the course. In another instance, male doctors cut Mrs. Tomolillo’s skin and a “fierce, bright red” blood begins to run down (Plath 1966: 219). Wagner-Martin interprets the graphic description of blood as a metaphor of emotional loss, and actually it is depicted by the flow of blood coming out of the woman (1999: 46). In opposition to the white chastity, the color red has traditional connotations of lost innocence and purity. However, the spilt blood could also be a symbol of menstruation as waste, and surprisingly enough, some mid-twentieth-century psychiatrists still link it to mental illness. Max Lüscher has studied the effects of colors on the human mind and concludes that “actions related to attack and conquest are represented everywhere by the colour red” (1990: 15). This concept would explain the psychological and physical consequences of this color on Esther. As Lüscher argues, “blood pressure increases and breathing and heart rhythms accelerate” (1990: 15). This feeling of dangerous conflict is present at a turning point in the novel, when Esther more directly faces her true feeling towards her mother, so that The Bell Jar expands to encompass much broader themes: “[T]o the man-woman power relation is added the relation between mother and daughter” (Rose 1991: 75). As Bassnett points out, when Esther dumps the dozen red roses brought by her mother as a birthday gift into the hospital waste-basket, she realizes that part of her feeling for her mother is hatred (1987: 76-77). Some of Freud’s defenders would analyze the relationship between Esther and her mother as “the concept of the preOedipal mother,” also called “phallic mother”: “the child responds to the pre-Oedipal mother only because she or he believes that the mother has a penis;” after that, she is “rudely rejected when the child discovers the mother’s appalling lack” (Baym 1987: 55-6). In my

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that conception has not taken place (1987: 69). It is significant that Esther’s first consummated sexual encounter ends up in tragedy; this trauma creates a sense of guilt, pain, and injury in Esther’s subconscious, typical of those women who engage in pre-marital sex, and these feelings increase whenever she sees the Catholic and everpregnant Dodo Conway through her window. The color red also receives negative connotations when it represents the bad influences of men towards women in the novel: Mr. Manzi’s special chalk is red and in spite of Esther’s inferiority in all her heterosexual relationships, she is able to deceive this professor by making him think that she loves the subject he teaches so much that she is attending his lectures without being enrolled in the course. In another instance, male doctors cut Mrs. Tomolillo’s skin and a “fierce, bright red” blood begins to run down (Plath 1966: 219). Wagner-Martin interprets the graphic description of blood as a metaphor of emotional loss, and actually it is depicted by the flow of blood coming out of the woman (1999: 46). In opposition to the white chastity, the color red has traditional connotations of lost innocence and purity. However, the spilt blood could also be a symbol of menstruation as waste, and surprisingly enough, some mid-twentieth-century psychiatrists still link it to mental illness. Max Lüscher has studied the effects of colors on the human mind and concludes that “actions related to attack and conquest are represented everywhere by the colour red” (1990: 15). This concept would explain the psychological and physical consequences of this color on Esther. As Lüscher argues, “blood pressure increases and breathing and heart rhythms accelerate” (1990: 15). This feeling of dangerous conflict is present at a turning point in the novel, when Esther more directly faces her true feeling towards her mother, so that The Bell Jar expands to encompass much broader themes: “[T]o the man-woman power relation is added the relation between mother and daughter” (Rose 1991: 75). As Bassnett points out, when Esther dumps the dozen red roses brought by her mother as a birthday gift into the hospital waste-basket, she realizes that part of her feeling for her mother is hatred (1987: 76-77). Some of Freud’s defenders would analyze the relationship between Esther and her mother as “the concept of the preOedipal mother,” also called “phallic mother”: “the child responds to the pre-Oedipal mother only because she or he believes that the mother has a penis;” after that, she is “rudely rejected when the child discovers the mother’s appalling lack” (Baym 1987: 55-6). In my


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opinion, Esther’s rejection of her mother could also be the consequence of the pressure and high expectations that the mother exerts over her daughter by trying to impose her moral values on Esther, in an attempt to turn her into what she has been forced to become because of the abandonment of Mr. Greenwood. In opposition to this negative influence, Esther seeks in Dr. Nolan an imaginary mother, friend or lover and finds in her many of the things she has been seeking. The description of the clothes of both women exemplifies Esther’s clear preference for the latter. This socially unacceptable and possibly homosexual trend made Esther a suitable candidate for electroshock, which emphasizes conformity, normality and fixed gender roles.

opinion, Esther’s rejection of her mother could also be the consequence of the pressure and high expectations that the mother exerts over her daughter by trying to impose her moral values on Esther, in an attempt to turn her into what she has been forced to become because of the abandonment of Mr. Greenwood. In opposition to this negative influence, Esther seeks in Dr. Nolan an imaginary mother, friend or lover and finds in her many of the things she has been seeking. The description of the clothes of both women exemplifies Esther’s clear preference for the latter. This socially unacceptable and possibly homosexual trend made Esther a suitable candidate for electroshock, which emphasizes conformity, normality and fixed gender roles.

Bassnett believes that the use of symbolic colors is structured in a “kaleidoscopic manner” (1987: 40). The colors mentioned above are considered central colors and basic pillars for the plot, but there are also other colors that derive from that central core. Very detailed and colorful expressions describe and give a deeper meaning to the food and the clothes the characters wear, as well as the objects that surround Esther at the most critical moments. Doreen’s white dress is described as if it was the gown of a goddess, while Betsy’s plain white blouse and green skirt is what Esther chooses to wear during the climax of her psychological breakdown. Consequently, the result is an underlying continuity and wholeness in this apparent fragmentation and disunity: they are different but complementary ways of presenting Esther’s mental evolution through colors. There is continuity because they are coreferential links within the novel, they give coherence to the text and serve the readers as connectors between their own experience and the story. On the other hand, there is discontinuity in the way this piece of art is presented —Esther’s illness is presented not as a slow gradual development but as a quick, stumbling and nonproportioned process. In contrast, in the second half of the novel, colors become less bright and less distinct, objects have come to look the same and they blend into the background. There is a significant reduction of the color pattern as Esther’s mental illness progresses: grayish, brownish tones appear, beige now being the most alienating color. Plath’s concern about her existence shows a contradictory desire of being “absolutely different from everything else in the world and at the same time absolutely undifferentiated from it” (Stevenson 1989: 21) and this is reflected through color. The color scheme of the

Bassnett believes that the use of symbolic colors is structured in a “kaleidoscopic manner” (1987: 40). The colors mentioned above are considered central colors and basic pillars for the plot, but there are also other colors that derive from that central core. Very detailed and colorful expressions describe and give a deeper meaning to the food and the clothes the characters wear, as well as the objects that surround Esther at the most critical moments. Doreen’s white dress is described as if it was the gown of a goddess, while Betsy’s plain white blouse and green skirt is what Esther chooses to wear during the climax of her psychological breakdown. Consequently, the result is an underlying continuity and wholeness in this apparent fragmentation and disunity: they are different but complementary ways of presenting Esther’s mental evolution through colors. There is continuity because they are coreferential links within the novel, they give coherence to the text and serve the readers as connectors between their own experience and the story. On the other hand, there is discontinuity in the way this piece of art is presented —Esther’s illness is presented not as a slow gradual development but as a quick, stumbling and nonproportioned process. In contrast, in the second half of the novel, colors become less bright and less distinct, objects have come to look the same and they blend into the background. There is a significant reduction of the color pattern as Esther’s mental illness progresses: grayish, brownish tones appear, beige now being the most alienating color. Plath’s concern about her existence shows a contradictory desire of being “absolutely different from everything else in the world and at the same time absolutely undifferentiated from it” (Stevenson 1989: 21) and this is reflected through color. The color scheme of the

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opinion, Esther’s rejection of her mother could also be the consequence of the pressure and high expectations that the mother exerts over her daughter by trying to impose her moral values on Esther, in an attempt to turn her into what she has been forced to become because of the abandonment of Mr. Greenwood. In opposition to this negative influence, Esther seeks in Dr. Nolan an imaginary mother, friend or lover and finds in her many of the things she has been seeking. The description of the clothes of both women exemplifies Esther’s clear preference for the latter. This socially unacceptable and possibly homosexual trend made Esther a suitable candidate for electroshock, which emphasizes conformity, normality and fixed gender roles.

opinion, Esther’s rejection of her mother could also be the consequence of the pressure and high expectations that the mother exerts over her daughter by trying to impose her moral values on Esther, in an attempt to turn her into what she has been forced to become because of the abandonment of Mr. Greenwood. In opposition to this negative influence, Esther seeks in Dr. Nolan an imaginary mother, friend or lover and finds in her many of the things she has been seeking. The description of the clothes of both women exemplifies Esther’s clear preference for the latter. This socially unacceptable and possibly homosexual trend made Esther a suitable candidate for electroshock, which emphasizes conformity, normality and fixed gender roles.

Bassnett believes that the use of symbolic colors is structured in a “kaleidoscopic manner” (1987: 40). The colors mentioned above are considered central colors and basic pillars for the plot, but there are also other colors that derive from that central core. Very detailed and colorful expressions describe and give a deeper meaning to the food and the clothes the characters wear, as well as the objects that surround Esther at the most critical moments. Doreen’s white dress is described as if it was the gown of a goddess, while Betsy’s plain white blouse and green skirt is what Esther chooses to wear during the climax of her psychological breakdown. Consequently, the result is an underlying continuity and wholeness in this apparent fragmentation and disunity: they are different but complementary ways of presenting Esther’s mental evolution through colors. There is continuity because they are coreferential links within the novel, they give coherence to the text and serve the readers as connectors between their own experience and the story. On the other hand, there is discontinuity in the way this piece of art is presented —Esther’s illness is presented not as a slow gradual development but as a quick, stumbling and nonproportioned process. In contrast, in the second half of the novel, colors become less bright and less distinct, objects have come to look the same and they blend into the background. There is a significant reduction of the color pattern as Esther’s mental illness progresses: grayish, brownish tones appear, beige now being the most alienating color. Plath’s concern about her existence shows a contradictory desire of being “absolutely different from everything else in the world and at the same time absolutely undifferentiated from it” (Stevenson 1989: 21) and this is reflected through color. The color scheme of the

Bassnett believes that the use of symbolic colors is structured in a “kaleidoscopic manner” (1987: 40). The colors mentioned above are considered central colors and basic pillars for the plot, but there are also other colors that derive from that central core. Very detailed and colorful expressions describe and give a deeper meaning to the food and the clothes the characters wear, as well as the objects that surround Esther at the most critical moments. Doreen’s white dress is described as if it was the gown of a goddess, while Betsy’s plain white blouse and green skirt is what Esther chooses to wear during the climax of her psychological breakdown. Consequently, the result is an underlying continuity and wholeness in this apparent fragmentation and disunity: they are different but complementary ways of presenting Esther’s mental evolution through colors. There is continuity because they are coreferential links within the novel, they give coherence to the text and serve the readers as connectors between their own experience and the story. On the other hand, there is discontinuity in the way this piece of art is presented —Esther’s illness is presented not as a slow gradual development but as a quick, stumbling and nonproportioned process. In contrast, in the second half of the novel, colors become less bright and less distinct, objects have come to look the same and they blend into the background. There is a significant reduction of the color pattern as Esther’s mental illness progresses: grayish, brownish tones appear, beige now being the most alienating color. Plath’s concern about her existence shows a contradictory desire of being “absolutely different from everything else in the world and at the same time absolutely undifferentiated from it” (Stevenson 1989: 21) and this is reflected through color. The color scheme of the


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sanatorium she spends the end of the novel in is beige: walls, carpets, chairs, sofas, etc. are in this color, and it is even presented as a possible cause for the failure of the treatment she undergoes: the repetitive colors that surround her prevent the improvement of Esther’s individuality and mental skills. Colors are much simpler and duller in this second part and they give unity to the action. This monotonous feeling also adds relevant details such as the fact that Esther spends several weeks in the same clothes: “a green skirt and a white blouse” (Plath 1966: 191); these are neutral and cold colors that correspond with Esther’s most critical period. We, as witnesses of this experience, also change like colors and Esther: our perception changes as it is inspired by pity, mistrust, or astonishment.

sanatorium she spends the end of the novel in is beige: walls, carpets, chairs, sofas, etc. are in this color, and it is even presented as a possible cause for the failure of the treatment she undergoes: the repetitive colors that surround her prevent the improvement of Esther’s individuality and mental skills. Colors are much simpler and duller in this second part and they give unity to the action. This monotonous feeling also adds relevant details such as the fact that Esther spends several weeks in the same clothes: “a green skirt and a white blouse” (Plath 1966: 191); these are neutral and cold colors that correspond with Esther’s most critical period. We, as witnesses of this experience, also change like colors and Esther: our perception changes as it is inspired by pity, mistrust, or astonishment.

The possible reason for the failure of the medical treatment Esther receives goes back to the beginning of the twentieth century, when electricity was combined with convulsion in electroshock, a technique that flourished in America from the 1920s through the 1940s. Timothy Kneeland describes the side effects of such an intensive cure as a “regimen that rendered the patient profoundly disoriented, unable to speak or remember, incontinent” (2002: 58). Theoretically, it was thought that if a person with mental problems regressed to an infantile state, his or her personality could be reorganized. Kneeland narrows down the target patients of these types of treatments and assures that electroshock treatment (EST) was indicated in any type of psychiatric disorder such as “manic-depressive depression or psychoneurotic depression” (2002: 67). This can be applied to the case of Esther, who is a patient of these features and was expected to restructure her personality after the treatment. However, the studies of longer-term outcomes of EST are less optimistic: the consequences on mind, body and personality were not exactly what doctors and patients expected. On the other hand, the issue of EST clearly connects with the question of gender, so deeply rooted in the novel. Kneeland points out a relevant fact about this medical practice that involves a consistent and lasting association with sex: “physicians who practiced electrical psychiatry were male, while the majority of their patients, by the 1950s were female” (2002: 71). The cases of female patients described in Kneeland’s study highlight the passive nature that these women acquire after the treatment, being able to resume their housework and other aspects of their lives they were

The possible reason for the failure of the medical treatment Esther receives goes back to the beginning of the twentieth century, when electricity was combined with convulsion in electroshock, a technique that flourished in America from the 1920s through the 1940s. Timothy Kneeland describes the side effects of such an intensive cure as a “regimen that rendered the patient profoundly disoriented, unable to speak or remember, incontinent” (2002: 58). Theoretically, it was thought that if a person with mental problems regressed to an infantile state, his or her personality could be reorganized. Kneeland narrows down the target patients of these types of treatments and assures that electroshock treatment (EST) was indicated in any type of psychiatric disorder such as “manic-depressive depression or psychoneurotic depression” (2002: 67). This can be applied to the case of Esther, who is a patient of these features and was expected to restructure her personality after the treatment. However, the studies of longer-term outcomes of EST are less optimistic: the consequences on mind, body and personality were not exactly what doctors and patients expected. On the other hand, the issue of EST clearly connects with the question of gender, so deeply rooted in the novel. Kneeland points out a relevant fact about this medical practice that involves a consistent and lasting association with sex: “physicians who practiced electrical psychiatry were male, while the majority of their patients, by the 1950s were female” (2002: 71). The cases of female patients described in Kneeland’s study highlight the passive nature that these women acquire after the treatment, being able to resume their housework and other aspects of their lives they were

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sanatorium she spends the end of the novel in is beige: walls, carpets, chairs, sofas, etc. are in this color, and it is even presented as a possible cause for the failure of the treatment she undergoes: the repetitive colors that surround her prevent the improvement of Esther’s individuality and mental skills. Colors are much simpler and duller in this second part and they give unity to the action. This monotonous feeling also adds relevant details such as the fact that Esther spends several weeks in the same clothes: “a green skirt and a white blouse” (Plath 1966: 191); these are neutral and cold colors that correspond with Esther’s most critical period. We, as witnesses of this experience, also change like colors and Esther: our perception changes as it is inspired by pity, mistrust, or astonishment.

sanatorium she spends the end of the novel in is beige: walls, carpets, chairs, sofas, etc. are in this color, and it is even presented as a possible cause for the failure of the treatment she undergoes: the repetitive colors that surround her prevent the improvement of Esther’s individuality and mental skills. Colors are much simpler and duller in this second part and they give unity to the action. This monotonous feeling also adds relevant details such as the fact that Esther spends several weeks in the same clothes: “a green skirt and a white blouse” (Plath 1966: 191); these are neutral and cold colors that correspond with Esther’s most critical period. We, as witnesses of this experience, also change like colors and Esther: our perception changes as it is inspired by pity, mistrust, or astonishment.

The possible reason for the failure of the medical treatment Esther receives goes back to the beginning of the twentieth century, when electricity was combined with convulsion in electroshock, a technique that flourished in America from the 1920s through the 1940s. Timothy Kneeland describes the side effects of such an intensive cure as a “regimen that rendered the patient profoundly disoriented, unable to speak or remember, incontinent” (2002: 58). Theoretically, it was thought that if a person with mental problems regressed to an infantile state, his or her personality could be reorganized. Kneeland narrows down the target patients of these types of treatments and assures that electroshock treatment (EST) was indicated in any type of psychiatric disorder such as “manic-depressive depression or psychoneurotic depression” (2002: 67). This can be applied to the case of Esther, who is a patient of these features and was expected to restructure her personality after the treatment. However, the studies of longer-term outcomes of EST are less optimistic: the consequences on mind, body and personality were not exactly what doctors and patients expected. On the other hand, the issue of EST clearly connects with the question of gender, so deeply rooted in the novel. Kneeland points out a relevant fact about this medical practice that involves a consistent and lasting association with sex: “physicians who practiced electrical psychiatry were male, while the majority of their patients, by the 1950s were female” (2002: 71). The cases of female patients described in Kneeland’s study highlight the passive nature that these women acquire after the treatment, being able to resume their housework and other aspects of their lives they were

The possible reason for the failure of the medical treatment Esther receives goes back to the beginning of the twentieth century, when electricity was combined with convulsion in electroshock, a technique that flourished in America from the 1920s through the 1940s. Timothy Kneeland describes the side effects of such an intensive cure as a “regimen that rendered the patient profoundly disoriented, unable to speak or remember, incontinent” (2002: 58). Theoretically, it was thought that if a person with mental problems regressed to an infantile state, his or her personality could be reorganized. Kneeland narrows down the target patients of these types of treatments and assures that electroshock treatment (EST) was indicated in any type of psychiatric disorder such as “manic-depressive depression or psychoneurotic depression” (2002: 67). This can be applied to the case of Esther, who is a patient of these features and was expected to restructure her personality after the treatment. However, the studies of longer-term outcomes of EST are less optimistic: the consequences on mind, body and personality were not exactly what doctors and patients expected. On the other hand, the issue of EST clearly connects with the question of gender, so deeply rooted in the novel. Kneeland points out a relevant fact about this medical practice that involves a consistent and lasting association with sex: “physicians who practiced electrical psychiatry were male, while the majority of their patients, by the 1950s were female” (2002: 71). The cases of female patients described in Kneeland’s study highlight the passive nature that these women acquire after the treatment, being able to resume their housework and other aspects of their lives they were


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against before having EST. This explains Esther’s changed attitude in the second half of the novel, where “she gave up her outside interest and became careless in her personal appearance” requiring constant supervision and exemplifying the deep impact that this severe treatment has on her (Kneeland 2002: 72). Plath cleverly expresses this submission and oppression through the dramatic color changes occurring in the second half of the novel. Electroshock acts as a filter which has deadened Esther’s senses, such that she no longer sees strong vivid primary colors but drab and dimmer tones.

against before having EST. This explains Esther’s changed attitude in the second half of the novel, where “she gave up her outside interest and became careless in her personal appearance” requiring constant supervision and exemplifying the deep impact that this severe treatment has on her (Kneeland 2002: 72). Plath cleverly expresses this submission and oppression through the dramatic color changes occurring in the second half of the novel. Electroshock acts as a filter which has deadened Esther’s senses, such that she no longer sees strong vivid primary colors but drab and dimmer tones.

Thus, colors throughout this novel bear crucial information about the main character’s attitudes towards life and about Plath’s personal vision of the world. The negative charge in colors also exemplifies Plath’s pessimistic attitude towards being a woman, that is, “to be rigidly, tragically, circumscribed” (Rose 1991: 116). As Odgen and Richards point out, “[T]he science of Symbolism is now ready to emerge, and with it will come a new educational technique that will treat language as the most important instrument we possess” (1972: 242). Colors are Esther’s individual language in a medium in which she is neither allowed to express herself, nor is understood when she does so. These ironic reflections through the character of Esther appear to be a harsh autobiography in which ghosts from the past are agents in a mental manipulation of colors. And they are therefore an ever-lasting influence on Esther’s present and even on Plath’s future. Ironically, color therapy is becoming a fashionable alternative to traditional medical treatments, as if Plath were anticipating this healing method by forty years; Plath’s use of colors, however pessimistic it may seem, symbolizes her struggle to survive through writing, and so far that struggle has been successful.

Thus, colors throughout this novel bear crucial information about the main character’s attitudes towards life and about Plath’s personal vision of the world. The negative charge in colors also exemplifies Plath’s pessimistic attitude towards being a woman, that is, “to be rigidly, tragically, circumscribed” (Rose 1991: 116). As Odgen and Richards point out, “[T]he science of Symbolism is now ready to emerge, and with it will come a new educational technique that will treat language as the most important instrument we possess” (1972: 242). Colors are Esther’s individual language in a medium in which she is neither allowed to express herself, nor is understood when she does so. These ironic reflections through the character of Esther appear to be a harsh autobiography in which ghosts from the past are agents in a mental manipulation of colors. And they are therefore an ever-lasting influence on Esther’s present and even on Plath’s future. Ironically, color therapy is becoming a fashionable alternative to traditional medical treatments, as if Plath were anticipating this healing method by forty years; Plath’s use of colors, however pessimistic it may seem, symbolizes her struggle to survive through writing, and so far that struggle has been successful.

NOTES

NOTES

1

. Due to her real mental instability, Plath’s works likely reflect the contradictions she suffered in real life. 2. All quotes from Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar have been taken from a second edition. The novel was first published in 1962. 3. The author uses this term at the very beginning of the novel (Plath 1966: 3).

1

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. Due to her real mental instability, Plath’s works likely reflect the contradictions she suffered in real life. 2. All quotes from Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar have been taken from a second edition. The novel was first published in 1962. 3. The author uses this term at the very beginning of the novel (Plath 1966: 3).

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

against before having EST. This explains Esther’s changed attitude in the second half of the novel, where “she gave up her outside interest and became careless in her personal appearance” requiring constant supervision and exemplifying the deep impact that this severe treatment has on her (Kneeland 2002: 72). Plath cleverly expresses this submission and oppression through the dramatic color changes occurring in the second half of the novel. Electroshock acts as a filter which has deadened Esther’s senses, such that she no longer sees strong vivid primary colors but drab and dimmer tones.

against before having EST. This explains Esther’s changed attitude in the second half of the novel, where “she gave up her outside interest and became careless in her personal appearance” requiring constant supervision and exemplifying the deep impact that this severe treatment has on her (Kneeland 2002: 72). Plath cleverly expresses this submission and oppression through the dramatic color changes occurring in the second half of the novel. Electroshock acts as a filter which has deadened Esther’s senses, such that she no longer sees strong vivid primary colors but drab and dimmer tones.

Thus, colors throughout this novel bear crucial information about the main character’s attitudes towards life and about Plath’s personal vision of the world. The negative charge in colors also exemplifies Plath’s pessimistic attitude towards being a woman, that is, “to be rigidly, tragically, circumscribed” (Rose 1991: 116). As Odgen and Richards point out, “[T]he science of Symbolism is now ready to emerge, and with it will come a new educational technique that will treat language as the most important instrument we possess” (1972: 242). Colors are Esther’s individual language in a medium in which she is neither allowed to express herself, nor is understood when she does so. These ironic reflections through the character of Esther appear to be a harsh autobiography in which ghosts from the past are agents in a mental manipulation of colors. And they are therefore an ever-lasting influence on Esther’s present and even on Plath’s future. Ironically, color therapy is becoming a fashionable alternative to traditional medical treatments, as if Plath were anticipating this healing method by forty years; Plath’s use of colors, however pessimistic it may seem, symbolizes her struggle to survive through writing, and so far that struggle has been successful.

Thus, colors throughout this novel bear crucial information about the main character’s attitudes towards life and about Plath’s personal vision of the world. The negative charge in colors also exemplifies Plath’s pessimistic attitude towards being a woman, that is, “to be rigidly, tragically, circumscribed” (Rose 1991: 116). As Odgen and Richards point out, “[T]he science of Symbolism is now ready to emerge, and with it will come a new educational technique that will treat language as the most important instrument we possess” (1972: 242). Colors are Esther’s individual language in a medium in which she is neither allowed to express herself, nor is understood when she does so. These ironic reflections through the character of Esther appear to be a harsh autobiography in which ghosts from the past are agents in a mental manipulation of colors. And they are therefore an ever-lasting influence on Esther’s present and even on Plath’s future. Ironically, color therapy is becoming a fashionable alternative to traditional medical treatments, as if Plath were anticipating this healing method by forty years; Plath’s use of colors, however pessimistic it may seem, symbolizes her struggle to survive through writing, and so far that struggle has been successful.

NOTES

NOTES

1

1

. Due to her real mental instability, Plath’s works likely reflect the contradictions she suffered in real life. 2. All quotes from Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar have been taken from a second edition. The novel was first published in 1962. 3. The author uses this term at the very beginning of the novel (Plath 1966: 3).

. Due to her real mental instability, Plath’s works likely reflect the contradictions she suffered in real life. 2. All quotes from Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar have been taken from a second edition. The novel was first published in 1962. 3. The author uses this term at the very beginning of the novel (Plath 1966: 3).


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WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Bassnett, Susan. 1987. Sylvia Plath. Houndmills: MacMillan Press. Baym, Nina. 1987. “The Madwoman and Her Languages: Why I Don’t Do Feminist Literary Theory.” Feminist Issues in Literary Scholarship. Ed. Susan Benstock. Bloomington: Indiana UP. 46-60. Chadwick, Charles. 1978. Symbolism. London: Methuen. Curry, Renée R. 2000. White Women Writing White: H.D., Elizabeth Bishop, Sylvia Plath, and Whiteness. London: Greenwood Press. Hoisington, S. & L. Imbery. 1992. “Zamjatin’s Modernist Palette: Colors and Their Function in We.” The Slavic and East European Journal. American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages. 36.2: 159-171. Jeffers, Jennifer M. 2002. “The White Bed of Desire in A.S. Byatt’s Possession.” Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 43.2. Kneeland, Timothy. 2002. Pushbutton Psychiatry: A History of Electroshock in America. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. 20 Jun. 2006. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibliotecauma/Doc?id=10021437>. Lüscher, Max. 1990 (1969). Test de los colores: test de Lüscher. Barcelona: Paidós. Odgen, C.K., Richards, I.A. 1972. The Meaning of Meaning. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Olken, I.T. 1962. “Aspects of Imagery in Colette: Color and Light.” PMLA. Modern Language Association. 77.1: 140-148. Plath, Sylvia. 1966 (1962). The Bell Jar. London: Faber. Quinones, Ricardo. 1983. “From Resistance to Reassessment.” Eds. M. Chefdor et al. Modernism: Challenges and Perspectives. Chicago: U of Illinois P. 6-104. Rose, Jacqueline. 1991. The Haunting of Sylvia Plath. London: Virago Press. Stevenson, Anne. 1989. Bitter Fame: a Life of Sylvia Plath. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Von Goethe, Johann W. 1970 (1840). Theory of Colors. Trans. Charles L. Eastlake. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Wagner-Martin, Linda. 1999. Sylvia Plath: a Literary Life. London: MacMillan Press. Walker, Philip. 1962. “Zola’s Use of Color Imagery in Germinal.” PMLA. Modern Language Association. 77.4: 442-449.

Bassnett, Susan. 1987. Sylvia Plath. Houndmills: MacMillan Press. Baym, Nina. 1987. “The Madwoman and Her Languages: Why I Don’t Do Feminist Literary Theory.” Feminist Issues in Literary Scholarship. Ed. Susan Benstock. Bloomington: Indiana UP. 46-60. Chadwick, Charles. 1978. Symbolism. London: Methuen. Curry, Renée R. 2000. White Women Writing White: H.D., Elizabeth Bishop, Sylvia Plath, and Whiteness. London: Greenwood Press. Hoisington, S. & L. Imbery. 1992. “Zamjatin’s Modernist Palette: Colors and Their Function in We.” The Slavic and East European Journal. American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages. 36.2: 159-171. Jeffers, Jennifer M. 2002. “The White Bed of Desire in A.S. Byatt’s Possession.” Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 43.2. Kneeland, Timothy. 2002. Pushbutton Psychiatry: A History of Electroshock in America. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. 20 Jun. 2006. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibliotecauma/Doc?id=10021437>. Lüscher, Max. 1990 (1969). Test de los colores: test de Lüscher. Barcelona: Paidós. Odgen, C.K., Richards, I.A. 1972. The Meaning of Meaning. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Olken, I.T. 1962. “Aspects of Imagery in Colette: Color and Light.” PMLA. Modern Language Association. 77.1: 140-148. Plath, Sylvia. 1966 (1962). The Bell Jar. London: Faber. Quinones, Ricardo. 1983. “From Resistance to Reassessment.” Eds. M. Chefdor et al. Modernism: Challenges and Perspectives. Chicago: U of Illinois P. 6-104. Rose, Jacqueline. 1991. The Haunting of Sylvia Plath. London: Virago Press. Stevenson, Anne. 1989. Bitter Fame: a Life of Sylvia Plath. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Von Goethe, Johann W. 1970 (1840). Theory of Colors. Trans. Charles L. Eastlake. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Wagner-Martin, Linda. 1999. Sylvia Plath: a Literary Life. London: MacMillan Press. Walker, Philip. 1962. “Zola’s Use of Color Imagery in Germinal.” PMLA. Modern Language Association. 77.4: 442-449.

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Rosa Muñoz Luna The Bell Jar: Towards a Fading in Mind and Color

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113

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Bassnett, Susan. 1987. Sylvia Plath. Houndmills: MacMillan Press. Baym, Nina. 1987. “The Madwoman and Her Languages: Why I Don’t Do Feminist Literary Theory.” Feminist Issues in Literary Scholarship. Ed. Susan Benstock. Bloomington: Indiana UP. 46-60. Chadwick, Charles. 1978. Symbolism. London: Methuen. Curry, Renée R. 2000. White Women Writing White: H.D., Elizabeth Bishop, Sylvia Plath, and Whiteness. London: Greenwood Press. Hoisington, S. & L. Imbery. 1992. “Zamjatin’s Modernist Palette: Colors and Their Function in We.” The Slavic and East European Journal. American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages. 36.2: 159-171. Jeffers, Jennifer M. 2002. “The White Bed of Desire in A.S. Byatt’s Possession.” Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 43.2. Kneeland, Timothy. 2002. Pushbutton Psychiatry: A History of Electroshock in America. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. 20 Jun. 2006. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibliotecauma/Doc?id=10021437>. Lüscher, Max. 1990 (1969). Test de los colores: test de Lüscher. Barcelona: Paidós. Odgen, C.K., Richards, I.A. 1972. The Meaning of Meaning. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Olken, I.T. 1962. “Aspects of Imagery in Colette: Color and Light.” PMLA. Modern Language Association. 77.1: 140-148. Plath, Sylvia. 1966 (1962). The Bell Jar. London: Faber. Quinones, Ricardo. 1983. “From Resistance to Reassessment.” Eds. M. Chefdor et al. Modernism: Challenges and Perspectives. Chicago: U of Illinois P. 6-104. Rose, Jacqueline. 1991. The Haunting of Sylvia Plath. London: Virago Press. Stevenson, Anne. 1989. Bitter Fame: a Life of Sylvia Plath. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Von Goethe, Johann W. 1970 (1840). Theory of Colors. Trans. Charles L. Eastlake. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Wagner-Martin, Linda. 1999. Sylvia Plath: a Literary Life. London: MacMillan Press. Walker, Philip. 1962. “Zola’s Use of Color Imagery in Germinal.” PMLA. Modern Language Association. 77.4: 442-449.

Bassnett, Susan. 1987. Sylvia Plath. Houndmills: MacMillan Press. Baym, Nina. 1987. “The Madwoman and Her Languages: Why I Don’t Do Feminist Literary Theory.” Feminist Issues in Literary Scholarship. Ed. Susan Benstock. Bloomington: Indiana UP. 46-60. Chadwick, Charles. 1978. Symbolism. London: Methuen. Curry, Renée R. 2000. White Women Writing White: H.D., Elizabeth Bishop, Sylvia Plath, and Whiteness. London: Greenwood Press. Hoisington, S. & L. Imbery. 1992. “Zamjatin’s Modernist Palette: Colors and Their Function in We.” The Slavic and East European Journal. American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages. 36.2: 159-171. Jeffers, Jennifer M. 2002. “The White Bed of Desire in A.S. Byatt’s Possession.” Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 43.2. Kneeland, Timothy. 2002. Pushbutton Psychiatry: A History of Electroshock in America. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. 20 Jun. 2006. <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibliotecauma/Doc?id=10021437>. Lüscher, Max. 1990 (1969). Test de los colores: test de Lüscher. Barcelona: Paidós. Odgen, C.K., Richards, I.A. 1972. The Meaning of Meaning. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Olken, I.T. 1962. “Aspects of Imagery in Colette: Color and Light.” PMLA. Modern Language Association. 77.1: 140-148. Plath, Sylvia. 1966 (1962). The Bell Jar. London: Faber. Quinones, Ricardo. 1983. “From Resistance to Reassessment.” Eds. M. Chefdor et al. Modernism: Challenges and Perspectives. Chicago: U of Illinois P. 6-104. Rose, Jacqueline. 1991. The Haunting of Sylvia Plath. London: Virago Press. Stevenson, Anne. 1989. Bitter Fame: a Life of Sylvia Plath. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Von Goethe, Johann W. 1970 (1840). Theory of Colors. Trans. Charles L. Eastlake. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Wagner-Martin, Linda. 1999. Sylvia Plath: a Literary Life. London: MacMillan Press. Walker, Philip. 1962. “Zola’s Use of Color Imagery in Germinal.” PMLA. Modern Language Association. 77.4: 442-449.



Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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JOE ORTON AND THE SUBVERSION OF THE FRENCH FARCICAL TRADITION * Ignacio Ramos Gay Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Ignacio.Ramos@uclm.es

JOE ORTON AND THE SUBVERSION OF THE FRENCH FARCICAL TRADITION * Ignacio Ramos Gay Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Ignacio.Ramos@uclm.es

Joe Orton’s plays represent a swing between the influence and the subversion of nineteenth-century farcical formulae, as they were popularised by French vaudevilliste Georges Feydeau. The aim of this paper is to explore the use Orton made of the external structure of farce and vaudeville so as to conceal a fierce criticism of a decadent society. The classical comic molds, as they were displayed in France by playwrights such as Eugène Labiche and Georges Feydeau, are but a subterfuge veiling burlesque and farcical comedy, those two revolutionary artistic forms which lead to social subversion. In this sense, not only was Orton acknowledging the freedom the artist had in France but, also, rejecting the process of softening and bowdlerization by which English farce had become throughout nineteenth century a commodious and pleasant social device in the service of the bourgeoisie, and reclaiming a farcical formula capable of demolishing by means of laughter the convenient complacency of the audience.

Joe Orton’s plays represent a swing between the influence and the subversion of nineteenth-century farcical formulae, as they were popularised by French vaudevilliste Georges Feydeau. The aim of this paper is to explore the use Orton made of the external structure of farce and vaudeville so as to conceal a fierce criticism of a decadent society. The classical comic molds, as they were displayed in France by playwrights such as Eugène Labiche and Georges Feydeau, are but a subterfuge veiling burlesque and farcical comedy, those two revolutionary artistic forms which lead to social subversion. In this sense, not only was Orton acknowledging the freedom the artist had in France but, also, rejecting the process of softening and bowdlerization by which English farce had become throughout nineteenth century a commodious and pleasant social device in the service of the bourgeoisie, and reclaiming a farcical formula capable of demolishing by means of laughter the convenient complacency of the audience.

Key words: Comedy, Farce, Vaudeville, Joe Orton, Subversion

Key words: Comedy, Farce, Vaudeville, Joe Orton, Subversion

La dramaturgia de Joe Orton muestra una perpetua oscilación entre la influencia y la subversión de las fórmulas clásicas de la farsa decimonónica, popularizada por el vodevilista francés Georges Feydeau. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el recurso a las estructuras dramáticas tradicionales de la farsa y el vodevil con el fin de velar una feroz crítica contra una sociedad en decadencia. Los moldes cómicos

La dramaturgia de Joe Orton muestra una perpetua oscilación entre la influencia y la subversión de las fórmulas clásicas de la farsa decimonónica, popularizada por el vodevilista francés Georges Feydeau. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el recurso a las estructuras dramáticas tradicionales de la farsa y el vodevil con el fin de velar una feroz crítica contra una sociedad en decadencia. Los moldes cómicos

* Fecha de recepción: septiembre 2006

Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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* Fecha de recepción: septiembre 2006

Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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JOE ORTON AND THE SUBVERSION OF THE FRENCH FARCICAL TRADITION * Ignacio Ramos Gay Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Ignacio.Ramos@uclm.es

JOE ORTON AND THE SUBVERSION OF THE FRENCH FARCICAL TRADITION * Ignacio Ramos Gay Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Ignacio.Ramos@uclm.es

Joe Orton’s plays represent a swing between the influence and the subversion of nineteenth-century farcical formulae, as they were popularised by French vaudevilliste Georges Feydeau. The aim of this paper is to explore the use Orton made of the external structure of farce and vaudeville so as to conceal a fierce criticism of a decadent society. The classical comic molds, as they were displayed in France by playwrights such as Eugène Labiche and Georges Feydeau, are but a subterfuge veiling burlesque and farcical comedy, those two revolutionary artistic forms which lead to social subversion. In this sense, not only was Orton acknowledging the freedom the artist had in France but, also, rejecting the process of softening and bowdlerization by which English farce had become throughout nineteenth century a commodious and pleasant social device in the service of the bourgeoisie, and reclaiming a farcical formula capable of demolishing by means of laughter the convenient complacency of the audience.

Joe Orton’s plays represent a swing between the influence and the subversion of nineteenth-century farcical formulae, as they were popularised by French vaudevilliste Georges Feydeau. The aim of this paper is to explore the use Orton made of the external structure of farce and vaudeville so as to conceal a fierce criticism of a decadent society. The classical comic molds, as they were displayed in France by playwrights such as Eugène Labiche and Georges Feydeau, are but a subterfuge veiling burlesque and farcical comedy, those two revolutionary artistic forms which lead to social subversion. In this sense, not only was Orton acknowledging the freedom the artist had in France but, also, rejecting the process of softening and bowdlerization by which English farce had become throughout nineteenth century a commodious and pleasant social device in the service of the bourgeoisie, and reclaiming a farcical formula capable of demolishing by means of laughter the convenient complacency of the audience.

Key words: Comedy, Farce, Vaudeville, Joe Orton, Subversion

Key words: Comedy, Farce, Vaudeville, Joe Orton, Subversion

La dramaturgia de Joe Orton muestra una perpetua oscilación entre la influencia y la subversión de las fórmulas clásicas de la farsa decimonónica, popularizada por el vodevilista francés Georges Feydeau. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el recurso a las estructuras dramáticas tradicionales de la farsa y el vodevil con el fin de velar una feroz crítica contra una sociedad en decadencia. Los moldes cómicos

La dramaturgia de Joe Orton muestra una perpetua oscilación entre la influencia y la subversión de las fórmulas clásicas de la farsa decimonónica, popularizada por el vodevilista francés Georges Feydeau. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el recurso a las estructuras dramáticas tradicionales de la farsa y el vodevil con el fin de velar una feroz crítica contra una sociedad en decadencia. Los moldes cómicos

* Fecha de recepción: septiembre 2006

* Fecha de recepción: septiembre 2006


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convencionales, tal y como fueron aplicados en Francia por dramaturgos como Eugène Labiche y Georges Feydeau, constituyen así un subterfugio capaz de enmascarar bajo la apariencia de la comedia y de la farsa tradicional dos formas artísticas revolucionarias subversivas. En este sentido, por cuanto hizo uso de los esquemas dramáticos franceses, Orton no sólo reveló la libertad artística del dramaturgo en Francia, en contraposición con la rigidez moral británica, sino que rechazó el proceso de censura y expurgación que convirtieron a la farsa en un género al servicio de la burguesía en Gran Bretaña reclamando una fórmula capaz de socavar los cimientos sociales del público por medio de la comicidad.

convencionales, tal y como fueron aplicados en Francia por dramaturgos como Eugène Labiche y Georges Feydeau, constituyen así un subterfugio capaz de enmascarar bajo la apariencia de la comedia y de la farsa tradicional dos formas artísticas revolucionarias subversivas. En este sentido, por cuanto hizo uso de los esquemas dramáticos franceses, Orton no sólo reveló la libertad artística del dramaturgo en Francia, en contraposición con la rigidez moral británica, sino que rechazó el proceso de censura y expurgación que convirtieron a la farsa en un género al servicio de la burguesía en Gran Bretaña reclamando una fórmula capaz de socavar los cimientos sociales del público por medio de la comicidad.

Palabras clave: Comedia, Farsa, Vodevil, Joe Orton, Subversión

Palabras clave: Comedia, Farsa, Vodevil, Joe Orton, Subversión

Although often considered an inferior or second-rate genre similar to vaudeville, melodrama, burletta or extravaganza, during the last quarter of the century farce has been established as one of the most profitable and successful genres. This is evident from the recent academic interest concerning French vaudeville writers such as Georges Feydeau and Eugène Labiche, and British farceurs such as Noël Coward, Ben Travers, Alan Ayckbourn or Joe Orton, whose plays are constantly performed both in London and Paris.

Although often considered an inferior or second-rate genre similar to vaudeville, melodrama, burletta or extravaganza, during the last quarter of the century farce has been established as one of the most profitable and successful genres. This is evident from the recent academic interest concerning French vaudeville writers such as Georges Feydeau and Eugène Labiche, and British farceurs such as Noël Coward, Ben Travers, Alan Ayckbourn or Joe Orton, whose plays are constantly performed both in London and Paris.

Throughout the 19th century, farce and vaudeville had been intimately related to each other, particularly after the disappearance of rhyming couplets within the structure of the latter, so that by the turn of the century the terms farce and vaudeville had become almost synonymous. In fact, nowadays it would be impossible to tell the structural difference between, for instance, on the one hand, Alan Ayckbourn’s or Ben Travers’ marriage farces, and on the other, Feydeau’s cycle Du mariage au divorce. Furthermore, at present both playwrights are generally typified as representatives of high comedy, although they had been previously despised for a long time by an academic tradition which insisted on ignoring the fact that farce is

Throughout the 19th century, farce and vaudeville had been intimately related to each other, particularly after the disappearance of rhyming couplets within the structure of the latter, so that by the turn of the century the terms farce and vaudeville had become almost synonymous. In fact, nowadays it would be impossible to tell the structural difference between, for instance, on the one hand, Alan Ayckbourn’s or Ben Travers’ marriage farces, and on the other, Feydeau’s cycle Du mariage au divorce. Furthermore, at present both playwrights are generally typified as representatives of high comedy, although they had been previously despised for a long time by an academic tradition which insisted on ignoring the fact that farce is

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convencionales, tal y como fueron aplicados en Francia por dramaturgos como Eugène Labiche y Georges Feydeau, constituyen así un subterfugio capaz de enmascarar bajo la apariencia de la comedia y de la farsa tradicional dos formas artísticas revolucionarias subversivas. En este sentido, por cuanto hizo uso de los esquemas dramáticos franceses, Orton no sólo reveló la libertad artística del dramaturgo en Francia, en contraposición con la rigidez moral británica, sino que rechazó el proceso de censura y expurgación que convirtieron a la farsa en un género al servicio de la burguesía en Gran Bretaña reclamando una fórmula capaz de socavar los cimientos sociales del público por medio de la comicidad.

convencionales, tal y como fueron aplicados en Francia por dramaturgos como Eugène Labiche y Georges Feydeau, constituyen así un subterfugio capaz de enmascarar bajo la apariencia de la comedia y de la farsa tradicional dos formas artísticas revolucionarias subversivas. En este sentido, por cuanto hizo uso de los esquemas dramáticos franceses, Orton no sólo reveló la libertad artística del dramaturgo en Francia, en contraposición con la rigidez moral británica, sino que rechazó el proceso de censura y expurgación que convirtieron a la farsa en un género al servicio de la burguesía en Gran Bretaña reclamando una fórmula capaz de socavar los cimientos sociales del público por medio de la comicidad.

Palabras clave: Comedia, Farsa, Vodevil, Joe Orton, Subversión

Palabras clave: Comedia, Farsa, Vodevil, Joe Orton, Subversión

Although often considered an inferior or second-rate genre similar to vaudeville, melodrama, burletta or extravaganza, during the last quarter of the century farce has been established as one of the most profitable and successful genres. This is evident from the recent academic interest concerning French vaudeville writers such as Georges Feydeau and Eugène Labiche, and British farceurs such as Noël Coward, Ben Travers, Alan Ayckbourn or Joe Orton, whose plays are constantly performed both in London and Paris.

Although often considered an inferior or second-rate genre similar to vaudeville, melodrama, burletta or extravaganza, during the last quarter of the century farce has been established as one of the most profitable and successful genres. This is evident from the recent academic interest concerning French vaudeville writers such as Georges Feydeau and Eugène Labiche, and British farceurs such as Noël Coward, Ben Travers, Alan Ayckbourn or Joe Orton, whose plays are constantly performed both in London and Paris.

Throughout the 19th century, farce and vaudeville had been intimately related to each other, particularly after the disappearance of rhyming couplets within the structure of the latter, so that by the turn of the century the terms farce and vaudeville had become almost synonymous. In fact, nowadays it would be impossible to tell the structural difference between, for instance, on the one hand, Alan Ayckbourn’s or Ben Travers’ marriage farces, and on the other, Feydeau’s cycle Du mariage au divorce. Furthermore, at present both playwrights are generally typified as representatives of high comedy, although they had been previously despised for a long time by an academic tradition which insisted on ignoring the fact that farce is

Throughout the 19th century, farce and vaudeville had been intimately related to each other, particularly after the disappearance of rhyming couplets within the structure of the latter, so that by the turn of the century the terms farce and vaudeville had become almost synonymous. In fact, nowadays it would be impossible to tell the structural difference between, for instance, on the one hand, Alan Ayckbourn’s or Ben Travers’ marriage farces, and on the other, Feydeau’s cycle Du mariage au divorce. Furthermore, at present both playwrights are generally typified as representatives of high comedy, although they had been previously despised for a long time by an academic tradition which insisted on ignoring the fact that farce is


Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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primarily a visual medium, rather than a genre based on literary paradigms. According to Henri Gidel, vaudeville has been traditionally considered a stigmatised genre « dont il fallait bien constater son existence mais qui ne méritait le moindre examen sérieux » (1986:1). Today, recent stage directors such as Patrice Chéreau, Jacques Lassalle, Jean Pierre Vincent, Gaston Baty and Bruno Bayen, together with scholars such as Jacqueline Autrusseau, Henri Gidel, Leonard Pronko, Arlette Shenkan, or Stuart Baker both in Europe and the United States, have not only revived the study of farce and vaudeville owing to their success on the modern stage, but also the study of drama according to its visual elements, rather than on textual and literary standards. As Ann Ubersfeld has stated, « contrairement à un préjugé fort répandu et dont la source est l’école, le théâtre n’est pas un genre littéraire. Il est une partie scénique » (Ubersfeld 10)1. The paradigms of theatrical sociology, based on performance and on the interaction between the audience and the actors, have been regarded as key factors in the evaluation of the dramatic quality of several genres traditionally disdained or considered « infraliterary ». This perspective has been reinforced by current semiotics of drama, notably by theorists such as Ann Ubersfeld, Jean Marie Thomasseau, Michael R. Booth and George Rowell, who have insisted on reformulating the history of the theatre according to the evolution of the audience’s taste.

primarily a visual medium, rather than a genre based on literary paradigms. According to Henri Gidel, vaudeville has been traditionally considered a stigmatised genre « dont il fallait bien constater son existence mais qui ne méritait le moindre examen sérieux » (1986:1). Today, recent stage directors such as Patrice Chéreau, Jacques Lassalle, Jean Pierre Vincent, Gaston Baty and Bruno Bayen, together with scholars such as Jacqueline Autrusseau, Henri Gidel, Leonard Pronko, Arlette Shenkan, or Stuart Baker both in Europe and the United States, have not only revived the study of farce and vaudeville owing to their success on the modern stage, but also the study of drama according to its visual elements, rather than on textual and literary standards. As Ann Ubersfeld has stated, « contrairement à un préjugé fort répandu et dont la source est l’école, le théâtre n’est pas un genre littéraire. Il est une partie scénique » (Ubersfeld 10)1. The paradigms of theatrical sociology, based on performance and on the interaction between the audience and the actors, have been regarded as key factors in the evaluation of the dramatic quality of several genres traditionally disdained or considered « infraliterary ». This perspective has been reinforced by current semiotics of drama, notably by theorists such as Ann Ubersfeld, Jean Marie Thomasseau, Michael R. Booth and George Rowell, who have insisted on reformulating the history of the theatre according to the evolution of the audience’s taste.

The renaissance of British farce during the sixties was mostly due to Joe Orton’s controversial but ephemeral eruption onto the English stage. His plays represented both a reaction against, and a perpetuation of farcical formulae: on the one hand, they were a continuation of Ben Travers’ dramaturgy and paved the way for Peter Barnes, Howard Brenton and Alan Ayckbourn. On the other, his linguistic irreverence and social impudence, which mirrored vaudeville’s structure as it had been exported by France, revolutionized the British classical approach to farce. For English farce was a far more sweetened and softened product than its French counterpart. As Michael R. Booth puts it, « charm, sentiment, and a sense of fun, all expressed in the proper moral spirit, are definitively characteristic of nineteenth-century English farce » (Booth 124). This prudish undercurrent may be perceived also during the first half of the twentieth century in the plays of Ben Travers, as well as in Ray Cooney’s and John Chapman’s Whitehall farces. However, Orton’s plays

The renaissance of British farce during the sixties was mostly due to Joe Orton’s controversial but ephemeral eruption onto the English stage. His plays represented both a reaction against, and a perpetuation of farcical formulae: on the one hand, they were a continuation of Ben Travers’ dramaturgy and paved the way for Peter Barnes, Howard Brenton and Alan Ayckbourn. On the other, his linguistic irreverence and social impudence, which mirrored vaudeville’s structure as it had been exported by France, revolutionized the British classical approach to farce. For English farce was a far more sweetened and softened product than its French counterpart. As Michael R. Booth puts it, « charm, sentiment, and a sense of fun, all expressed in the proper moral spirit, are definitively characteristic of nineteenth-century English farce » (Booth 124). This prudish undercurrent may be perceived also during the first half of the twentieth century in the plays of Ben Travers, as well as in Ray Cooney’s and John Chapman’s Whitehall farces. However, Orton’s plays

Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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primarily a visual medium, rather than a genre based on literary paradigms. According to Henri Gidel, vaudeville has been traditionally considered a stigmatised genre « dont il fallait bien constater son existence mais qui ne méritait le moindre examen sérieux » (1986:1). Today, recent stage directors such as Patrice Chéreau, Jacques Lassalle, Jean Pierre Vincent, Gaston Baty and Bruno Bayen, together with scholars such as Jacqueline Autrusseau, Henri Gidel, Leonard Pronko, Arlette Shenkan, or Stuart Baker both in Europe and the United States, have not only revived the study of farce and vaudeville owing to their success on the modern stage, but also the study of drama according to its visual elements, rather than on textual and literary standards. As Ann Ubersfeld has stated, « contrairement à un préjugé fort répandu et dont la source est l’école, le théâtre n’est pas un genre littéraire. Il est une partie scénique » (Ubersfeld 10)1. The paradigms of theatrical sociology, based on performance and on the interaction between the audience and the actors, have been regarded as key factors in the evaluation of the dramatic quality of several genres traditionally disdained or considered « infraliterary ». This perspective has been reinforced by current semiotics of drama, notably by theorists such as Ann Ubersfeld, Jean Marie Thomasseau, Michael R. Booth and George Rowell, who have insisted on reformulating the history of the theatre according to the evolution of the audience’s taste.

primarily a visual medium, rather than a genre based on literary paradigms. According to Henri Gidel, vaudeville has been traditionally considered a stigmatised genre « dont il fallait bien constater son existence mais qui ne méritait le moindre examen sérieux » (1986:1). Today, recent stage directors such as Patrice Chéreau, Jacques Lassalle, Jean Pierre Vincent, Gaston Baty and Bruno Bayen, together with scholars such as Jacqueline Autrusseau, Henri Gidel, Leonard Pronko, Arlette Shenkan, or Stuart Baker both in Europe and the United States, have not only revived the study of farce and vaudeville owing to their success on the modern stage, but also the study of drama according to its visual elements, rather than on textual and literary standards. As Ann Ubersfeld has stated, « contrairement à un préjugé fort répandu et dont la source est l’école, le théâtre n’est pas un genre littéraire. Il est une partie scénique » (Ubersfeld 10)1. The paradigms of theatrical sociology, based on performance and on the interaction between the audience and the actors, have been regarded as key factors in the evaluation of the dramatic quality of several genres traditionally disdained or considered « infraliterary ». This perspective has been reinforced by current semiotics of drama, notably by theorists such as Ann Ubersfeld, Jean Marie Thomasseau, Michael R. Booth and George Rowell, who have insisted on reformulating the history of the theatre according to the evolution of the audience’s taste.

The renaissance of British farce during the sixties was mostly due to Joe Orton’s controversial but ephemeral eruption onto the English stage. His plays represented both a reaction against, and a perpetuation of farcical formulae: on the one hand, they were a continuation of Ben Travers’ dramaturgy and paved the way for Peter Barnes, Howard Brenton and Alan Ayckbourn. On the other, his linguistic irreverence and social impudence, which mirrored vaudeville’s structure as it had been exported by France, revolutionized the British classical approach to farce. For English farce was a far more sweetened and softened product than its French counterpart. As Michael R. Booth puts it, « charm, sentiment, and a sense of fun, all expressed in the proper moral spirit, are definitively characteristic of nineteenth-century English farce » (Booth 124). This prudish undercurrent may be perceived also during the first half of the twentieth century in the plays of Ben Travers, as well as in Ray Cooney’s and John Chapman’s Whitehall farces. However, Orton’s plays

The renaissance of British farce during the sixties was mostly due to Joe Orton’s controversial but ephemeral eruption onto the English stage. His plays represented both a reaction against, and a perpetuation of farcical formulae: on the one hand, they were a continuation of Ben Travers’ dramaturgy and paved the way for Peter Barnes, Howard Brenton and Alan Ayckbourn. On the other, his linguistic irreverence and social impudence, which mirrored vaudeville’s structure as it had been exported by France, revolutionized the British classical approach to farce. For English farce was a far more sweetened and softened product than its French counterpart. As Michael R. Booth puts it, « charm, sentiment, and a sense of fun, all expressed in the proper moral spirit, are definitively characteristic of nineteenth-century English farce » (Booth 124). This prudish undercurrent may be perceived also during the first half of the twentieth century in the plays of Ben Travers, as well as in Ray Cooney’s and John Chapman’s Whitehall farces. However, Orton’s plays


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constitute a model of influence and subversion of earlier trends and techniques. For instance, as Christopher Innes states (268), his first major farce, Loot (1965), clearly echoed Ben Travers’ 1928 classic, Plunder, both in its title and in the basic elements of its plot. Yet the traditional robbery becomes an excuse in Orton’s play to dismantle the pillars upon which society is based, notably family, love and social justice. Similarly, in his final and most developed farce, What the Butler Saw (1969), there are echoes of Traver’s Rookery Nook (1926) in a husband’s fruitless and successive attempts to find a dress for a naked girl, a situation which clearly resembles George Feydeau’s vaudeville, La dame de Chez Maxim (1899). Orton himself admitted to being influenced by classical farce, and to his being a « great admirer of Ben Travers, in particular » (Innes 268). Nevertheless, he rejected the process of softening and bowdlerization by which English farce had become throughout the nineteenth century a commodious and pleasant social device in the service of the bourgeoisie, and worked towards a farcical formula capable of demolishing by means of laughter the convenient complacency of the audience. This formula had to have been modelled upon French vaudevillistes and farceurs, who accomplished a satisfactory balance between a respect towards conventional drama writing, and a derisive and venturesome attitude towards the audience. The aim of this paper is to explore the influence and subversion of the nineteenth-century French farcical tradition in the plays of Joe Orton. By means of analysing the main features present in French farce and vaudeville –quid pro quos, imbroglios, hectic discourse and body language, sexual connotations as a breach of bourgeois decorum, etc.– I will describe the subversive use this author made of nineteenth-century comic genres. Orton appears thus as a representative of a cultural legacy the essentials of which were pushed to the limit, in an attempt to demolish by laughter the complacency of the audience.

constitute a model of influence and subversion of earlier trends and techniques. For instance, as Christopher Innes states (268), his first major farce, Loot (1965), clearly echoed Ben Travers’ 1928 classic, Plunder, both in its title and in the basic elements of its plot. Yet the traditional robbery becomes an excuse in Orton’s play to dismantle the pillars upon which society is based, notably family, love and social justice. Similarly, in his final and most developed farce, What the Butler Saw (1969), there are echoes of Traver’s Rookery Nook (1926) in a husband’s fruitless and successive attempts to find a dress for a naked girl, a situation which clearly resembles George Feydeau’s vaudeville, La dame de Chez Maxim (1899). Orton himself admitted to being influenced by classical farce, and to his being a « great admirer of Ben Travers, in particular » (Innes 268). Nevertheless, he rejected the process of softening and bowdlerization by which English farce had become throughout the nineteenth century a commodious and pleasant social device in the service of the bourgeoisie, and worked towards a farcical formula capable of demolishing by means of laughter the convenient complacency of the audience. This formula had to have been modelled upon French vaudevillistes and farceurs, who accomplished a satisfactory balance between a respect towards conventional drama writing, and a derisive and venturesome attitude towards the audience. The aim of this paper is to explore the influence and subversion of the nineteenth-century French farcical tradition in the plays of Joe Orton. By means of analysing the main features present in French farce and vaudeville –quid pro quos, imbroglios, hectic discourse and body language, sexual connotations as a breach of bourgeois decorum, etc.– I will describe the subversive use this author made of nineteenth-century comic genres. Orton appears thus as a representative of a cultural legacy the essentials of which were pushed to the limit, in an attempt to demolish by laughter the complacency of the audience.

In fact, what Orton did was to apply systematically to the British stage the freedom farce and vaudeville had had in France. As his Diaries reveal, through his reading and attending numerous vaudevilles by Georges Feydeau, the most important French writer of vaudeville during the first quarter of the twentieth century, Orton became acquainted with the frenetic mechanics of farce. By means of implementing the formula of French vaudeville, he was parodying and

In fact, what Orton did was to apply systematically to the British stage the freedom farce and vaudeville had had in France. As his Diaries reveal, through his reading and attending numerous vaudevilles by Georges Feydeau, the most important French writer of vaudeville during the first quarter of the twentieth century, Orton became acquainted with the frenetic mechanics of farce. By means of implementing the formula of French vaudeville, he was parodying and

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constitute a model of influence and subversion of earlier trends and techniques. For instance, as Christopher Innes states (268), his first major farce, Loot (1965), clearly echoed Ben Travers’ 1928 classic, Plunder, both in its title and in the basic elements of its plot. Yet the traditional robbery becomes an excuse in Orton’s play to dismantle the pillars upon which society is based, notably family, love and social justice. Similarly, in his final and most developed farce, What the Butler Saw (1969), there are echoes of Traver’s Rookery Nook (1926) in a husband’s fruitless and successive attempts to find a dress for a naked girl, a situation which clearly resembles George Feydeau’s vaudeville, La dame de Chez Maxim (1899). Orton himself admitted to being influenced by classical farce, and to his being a « great admirer of Ben Travers, in particular » (Innes 268). Nevertheless, he rejected the process of softening and bowdlerization by which English farce had become throughout the nineteenth century a commodious and pleasant social device in the service of the bourgeoisie, and worked towards a farcical formula capable of demolishing by means of laughter the convenient complacency of the audience. This formula had to have been modelled upon French vaudevillistes and farceurs, who accomplished a satisfactory balance between a respect towards conventional drama writing, and a derisive and venturesome attitude towards the audience. The aim of this paper is to explore the influence and subversion of the nineteenth-century French farcical tradition in the plays of Joe Orton. By means of analysing the main features present in French farce and vaudeville –quid pro quos, imbroglios, hectic discourse and body language, sexual connotations as a breach of bourgeois decorum, etc.– I will describe the subversive use this author made of nineteenth-century comic genres. Orton appears thus as a representative of a cultural legacy the essentials of which were pushed to the limit, in an attempt to demolish by laughter the complacency of the audience.

constitute a model of influence and subversion of earlier trends and techniques. For instance, as Christopher Innes states (268), his first major farce, Loot (1965), clearly echoed Ben Travers’ 1928 classic, Plunder, both in its title and in the basic elements of its plot. Yet the traditional robbery becomes an excuse in Orton’s play to dismantle the pillars upon which society is based, notably family, love and social justice. Similarly, in his final and most developed farce, What the Butler Saw (1969), there are echoes of Traver’s Rookery Nook (1926) in a husband’s fruitless and successive attempts to find a dress for a naked girl, a situation which clearly resembles George Feydeau’s vaudeville, La dame de Chez Maxim (1899). Orton himself admitted to being influenced by classical farce, and to his being a « great admirer of Ben Travers, in particular » (Innes 268). Nevertheless, he rejected the process of softening and bowdlerization by which English farce had become throughout the nineteenth century a commodious and pleasant social device in the service of the bourgeoisie, and worked towards a farcical formula capable of demolishing by means of laughter the convenient complacency of the audience. This formula had to have been modelled upon French vaudevillistes and farceurs, who accomplished a satisfactory balance between a respect towards conventional drama writing, and a derisive and venturesome attitude towards the audience. The aim of this paper is to explore the influence and subversion of the nineteenth-century French farcical tradition in the plays of Joe Orton. By means of analysing the main features present in French farce and vaudeville –quid pro quos, imbroglios, hectic discourse and body language, sexual connotations as a breach of bourgeois decorum, etc.– I will describe the subversive use this author made of nineteenth-century comic genres. Orton appears thus as a representative of a cultural legacy the essentials of which were pushed to the limit, in an attempt to demolish by laughter the complacency of the audience.

In fact, what Orton did was to apply systematically to the British stage the freedom farce and vaudeville had had in France. As his Diaries reveal, through his reading and attending numerous vaudevilles by Georges Feydeau, the most important French writer of vaudeville during the first quarter of the twentieth century, Orton became acquainted with the frenetic mechanics of farce. By means of implementing the formula of French vaudeville, he was parodying and

In fact, what Orton did was to apply systematically to the British stage the freedom farce and vaudeville had had in France. As his Diaries reveal, through his reading and attending numerous vaudevilles by Georges Feydeau, the most important French writer of vaudeville during the first quarter of the twentieth century, Orton became acquainted with the frenetic mechanics of farce. By means of implementing the formula of French vaudeville, he was parodying and


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Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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reacting against a recognisable type of theatre. The difference resided in the themes exploited by the different playwrights: while nineteenth-century British farce was morally more conservative, only reproducing the scheme of French farce on a structural level, its French counterpart applied this hectic tempo in order to demolish the conventional conceptions of bourgeois morality. As Michael R. Booth suggests:

reacting against a recognisable type of theatre. The difference resided in the themes exploited by the different playwrights: while nineteenth-century British farce was morally more conservative, only reproducing the scheme of French farce on a structural level, its French counterpart applied this hectic tempo in order to demolish the conventional conceptions of bourgeois morality. As Michael R. Booth suggests:

Labiche and Feydeau are not sentimental, nor do they write on that level of domesticity concerning the trivia at home, hearth, and daily living that cram the English farce to bursting. One might say the domesticity of French farce is hard and sharp-edged, the domesticity of English farce soft and well disposed. The difference occurs because the farce of Labiche and Feydeau is anti-idealistic and satirical in aim, whereas the purpose of its far less aggressive Victorian counterpart is to amuse in a jolly and properly moral way, to cast a friendly, a vincular eye on the minor vicissitudes of home and family. (Booth 124).

Labiche and Feydeau are not sentimental, nor do they write on that level of domesticity concerning the trivia at home, hearth, and daily living that cram the English farce to bursting. One might say the domesticity of French farce is hard and sharp-edged, the domesticity of English farce soft and well disposed. The difference occurs because the farce of Labiche and Feydeau is anti-idealistic and satirical in aim, whereas the purpose of its far less aggressive Victorian counterpart is to amuse in a jolly and properly moral way, to cast a friendly, a vincular eye on the minor vicissitudes of home and family. (Booth 124).

British farceurs such as Ben Travers imitated French vaudeville in order to provide a comic structure for their plays. Humour in Feydeau, as well as in his forerunner, George Labiche, is meant to demystify all the bourgeois illusions created by the Second Empire and la Belle-Époque, reflecting the solipsism and alienation of modern times. Sex, marriage, wealth, and moral values in general are absolutely inverted in Feydeau’s plays, while Travers’ works end by reaffirming the orthodox status quo exhibited in the first scenes, as a sign of moral conservatism. In this sense, Joe Orton’s black farces can be said to be descendants of the French farcical tradition, rather than that of the British, for in his plays, ethical principles are capsized and moral values are turned upside down, despite his resorting to conventional techniques which had proved successful in the theatre and for the boxoffice.

British farceurs such as Ben Travers imitated French vaudeville in order to provide a comic structure for their plays. Humour in Feydeau, as well as in his forerunner, George Labiche, is meant to demystify all the bourgeois illusions created by the Second Empire and la Belle-Époque, reflecting the solipsism and alienation of modern times. Sex, marriage, wealth, and moral values in general are absolutely inverted in Feydeau’s plays, while Travers’ works end by reaffirming the orthodox status quo exhibited in the first scenes, as a sign of moral conservatism. In this sense, Joe Orton’s black farces can be said to be descendants of the French farcical tradition, rather than that of the British, for in his plays, ethical principles are capsized and moral values are turned upside down, despite his resorting to conventional techniques which had proved successful in the theatre and for the boxoffice.

The inner structure of vaudeville provides an appropriate dramatic context for the counterbalance of chaos and order displayed in Orton’s plays. Formerly a combination of dance, pantomime,

The inner structure of vaudeville provides an appropriate dramatic context for the counterbalance of chaos and order displayed in Orton’s plays. Formerly a combination of dance, pantomime,

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Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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reacting against a recognisable type of theatre. The difference resided in the themes exploited by the different playwrights: while nineteenth-century British farce was morally more conservative, only reproducing the scheme of French farce on a structural level, its French counterpart applied this hectic tempo in order to demolish the conventional conceptions of bourgeois morality. As Michael R. Booth suggests:

reacting against a recognisable type of theatre. The difference resided in the themes exploited by the different playwrights: while nineteenth-century British farce was morally more conservative, only reproducing the scheme of French farce on a structural level, its French counterpart applied this hectic tempo in order to demolish the conventional conceptions of bourgeois morality. As Michael R. Booth suggests:

Labiche and Feydeau are not sentimental, nor do they write on that level of domesticity concerning the trivia at home, hearth, and daily living that cram the English farce to bursting. One might say the domesticity of French farce is hard and sharp-edged, the domesticity of English farce soft and well disposed. The difference occurs because the farce of Labiche and Feydeau is anti-idealistic and satirical in aim, whereas the purpose of its far less aggressive Victorian counterpart is to amuse in a jolly and properly moral way, to cast a friendly, a vincular eye on the minor vicissitudes of home and family. (Booth 124).

Labiche and Feydeau are not sentimental, nor do they write on that level of domesticity concerning the trivia at home, hearth, and daily living that cram the English farce to bursting. One might say the domesticity of French farce is hard and sharp-edged, the domesticity of English farce soft and well disposed. The difference occurs because the farce of Labiche and Feydeau is anti-idealistic and satirical in aim, whereas the purpose of its far less aggressive Victorian counterpart is to amuse in a jolly and properly moral way, to cast a friendly, a vincular eye on the minor vicissitudes of home and family. (Booth 124).

British farceurs such as Ben Travers imitated French vaudeville in order to provide a comic structure for their plays. Humour in Feydeau, as well as in his forerunner, George Labiche, is meant to demystify all the bourgeois illusions created by the Second Empire and la Belle-Époque, reflecting the solipsism and alienation of modern times. Sex, marriage, wealth, and moral values in general are absolutely inverted in Feydeau’s plays, while Travers’ works end by reaffirming the orthodox status quo exhibited in the first scenes, as a sign of moral conservatism. In this sense, Joe Orton’s black farces can be said to be descendants of the French farcical tradition, rather than that of the British, for in his plays, ethical principles are capsized and moral values are turned upside down, despite his resorting to conventional techniques which had proved successful in the theatre and for the boxoffice.

British farceurs such as Ben Travers imitated French vaudeville in order to provide a comic structure for their plays. Humour in Feydeau, as well as in his forerunner, George Labiche, is meant to demystify all the bourgeois illusions created by the Second Empire and la Belle-Époque, reflecting the solipsism and alienation of modern times. Sex, marriage, wealth, and moral values in general are absolutely inverted in Feydeau’s plays, while Travers’ works end by reaffirming the orthodox status quo exhibited in the first scenes, as a sign of moral conservatism. In this sense, Joe Orton’s black farces can be said to be descendants of the French farcical tradition, rather than that of the British, for in his plays, ethical principles are capsized and moral values are turned upside down, despite his resorting to conventional techniques which had proved successful in the theatre and for the boxoffice.

The inner structure of vaudeville provides an appropriate dramatic context for the counterbalance of chaos and order displayed in Orton’s plays. Formerly a combination of dance, pantomime,

The inner structure of vaudeville provides an appropriate dramatic context for the counterbalance of chaos and order displayed in Orton’s plays. Formerly a combination of dance, pantomime,


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dialogue and song, the genre of vaudeville, after losing its rhyming couplets, retained constant movement and rotations on the stage as its main features, in opposition to the serious gravity of tragedy. A genre mainly based upon comic situations rather than on deep psychology, its characters turned into caricatural players of complicated plots and mere puppets of the dramatist’s will. One of the most important features of vaudeville which can be observed in Orton’s plays concerns their structural complexity, which makes the plays swing between chaos and order. Orton was consciously following the conventional formula for farce modelled by nineteenth-century British playwrights such as Arthur Wing Pinero, Sir Arthur Jones and even Oscar Wilde, who based themselves on the French pièce bien faite (well-made play). Its basic structure was made up of synthetic elements such as a sympathetic hero struggling against adversity or dilemma throughout three acts, which were defined by the obstacles he had to overcome. Due to this scheme, characters only existed when in conflict with situations, and they were defined by their reactions to them. The philosophy of composition was based on making antagonistic characters come across one another on the stage systematically. Therefore, the aim of the genre was to place characters on the stage according to a divine or non-human logic, and make them respond to the frantic evolution of events. This inner mechanism dominated the whole play, and since it is a genre, as Henri Clouard defined it, “in which the pitiless logic of the most preposterously unexpected situations requires that they be prepared and polished with impeccable precision” (Pronko 131), its impact on the audience depended on the actors’ choreographic movements on the stage and on their interaction with the audience. The stage is specifically constructed so as to allow the frenetic entry and exit of characters, as is accurately described in numerous extended stage directions. Several doors, windows and cupboards derived from boulevard drama permit the characters’ ceaseless appearances and disappearances, rapid entries and exits that represent a psychological swing between accepted and proscribed social attitudes. That is why Rance, the government medical inspector in What the Butler Saw, metatheatrically wonders « Why are there so many doors. Was the house designed by a lunatic? » (WBS 376)2. The realistic setting loses its meaning, and lounges as well as living rooms turn into the sphere of madness. Solemn bourgeois attitudes are demolished by frantic discourse and body language.

dialogue and song, the genre of vaudeville, after losing its rhyming couplets, retained constant movement and rotations on the stage as its main features, in opposition to the serious gravity of tragedy. A genre mainly based upon comic situations rather than on deep psychology, its characters turned into caricatural players of complicated plots and mere puppets of the dramatist’s will. One of the most important features of vaudeville which can be observed in Orton’s plays concerns their structural complexity, which makes the plays swing between chaos and order. Orton was consciously following the conventional formula for farce modelled by nineteenth-century British playwrights such as Arthur Wing Pinero, Sir Arthur Jones and even Oscar Wilde, who based themselves on the French pièce bien faite (well-made play). Its basic structure was made up of synthetic elements such as a sympathetic hero struggling against adversity or dilemma throughout three acts, which were defined by the obstacles he had to overcome. Due to this scheme, characters only existed when in conflict with situations, and they were defined by their reactions to them. The philosophy of composition was based on making antagonistic characters come across one another on the stage systematically. Therefore, the aim of the genre was to place characters on the stage according to a divine or non-human logic, and make them respond to the frantic evolution of events. This inner mechanism dominated the whole play, and since it is a genre, as Henri Clouard defined it, “in which the pitiless logic of the most preposterously unexpected situations requires that they be prepared and polished with impeccable precision” (Pronko 131), its impact on the audience depended on the actors’ choreographic movements on the stage and on their interaction with the audience. The stage is specifically constructed so as to allow the frenetic entry and exit of characters, as is accurately described in numerous extended stage directions. Several doors, windows and cupboards derived from boulevard drama permit the characters’ ceaseless appearances and disappearances, rapid entries and exits that represent a psychological swing between accepted and proscribed social attitudes. That is why Rance, the government medical inspector in What the Butler Saw, metatheatrically wonders « Why are there so many doors. Was the house designed by a lunatic? » (WBS 376)2. The realistic setting loses its meaning, and lounges as well as living rooms turn into the sphere of madness. Solemn bourgeois attitudes are demolished by frantic discourse and body language.

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dialogue and song, the genre of vaudeville, after losing its rhyming couplets, retained constant movement and rotations on the stage as its main features, in opposition to the serious gravity of tragedy. A genre mainly based upon comic situations rather than on deep psychology, its characters turned into caricatural players of complicated plots and mere puppets of the dramatist’s will. One of the most important features of vaudeville which can be observed in Orton’s plays concerns their structural complexity, which makes the plays swing between chaos and order. Orton was consciously following the conventional formula for farce modelled by nineteenth-century British playwrights such as Arthur Wing Pinero, Sir Arthur Jones and even Oscar Wilde, who based themselves on the French pièce bien faite (well-made play). Its basic structure was made up of synthetic elements such as a sympathetic hero struggling against adversity or dilemma throughout three acts, which were defined by the obstacles he had to overcome. Due to this scheme, characters only existed when in conflict with situations, and they were defined by their reactions to them. The philosophy of composition was based on making antagonistic characters come across one another on the stage systematically. Therefore, the aim of the genre was to place characters on the stage according to a divine or non-human logic, and make them respond to the frantic evolution of events. This inner mechanism dominated the whole play, and since it is a genre, as Henri Clouard defined it, “in which the pitiless logic of the most preposterously unexpected situations requires that they be prepared and polished with impeccable precision” (Pronko 131), its impact on the audience depended on the actors’ choreographic movements on the stage and on their interaction with the audience. The stage is specifically constructed so as to allow the frenetic entry and exit of characters, as is accurately described in numerous extended stage directions. Several doors, windows and cupboards derived from boulevard drama permit the characters’ ceaseless appearances and disappearances, rapid entries and exits that represent a psychological swing between accepted and proscribed social attitudes. That is why Rance, the government medical inspector in What the Butler Saw, metatheatrically wonders « Why are there so many doors. Was the house designed by a lunatic? » (WBS 376)2. The realistic setting loses its meaning, and lounges as well as living rooms turn into the sphere of madness. Solemn bourgeois attitudes are demolished by frantic discourse and body language.

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

dialogue and song, the genre of vaudeville, after losing its rhyming couplets, retained constant movement and rotations on the stage as its main features, in opposition to the serious gravity of tragedy. A genre mainly based upon comic situations rather than on deep psychology, its characters turned into caricatural players of complicated plots and mere puppets of the dramatist’s will. One of the most important features of vaudeville which can be observed in Orton’s plays concerns their structural complexity, which makes the plays swing between chaos and order. Orton was consciously following the conventional formula for farce modelled by nineteenth-century British playwrights such as Arthur Wing Pinero, Sir Arthur Jones and even Oscar Wilde, who based themselves on the French pièce bien faite (well-made play). Its basic structure was made up of synthetic elements such as a sympathetic hero struggling against adversity or dilemma throughout three acts, which were defined by the obstacles he had to overcome. Due to this scheme, characters only existed when in conflict with situations, and they were defined by their reactions to them. The philosophy of composition was based on making antagonistic characters come across one another on the stage systematically. Therefore, the aim of the genre was to place characters on the stage according to a divine or non-human logic, and make them respond to the frantic evolution of events. This inner mechanism dominated the whole play, and since it is a genre, as Henri Clouard defined it, “in which the pitiless logic of the most preposterously unexpected situations requires that they be prepared and polished with impeccable precision” (Pronko 131), its impact on the audience depended on the actors’ choreographic movements on the stage and on their interaction with the audience. The stage is specifically constructed so as to allow the frenetic entry and exit of characters, as is accurately described in numerous extended stage directions. Several doors, windows and cupboards derived from boulevard drama permit the characters’ ceaseless appearances and disappearances, rapid entries and exits that represent a psychological swing between accepted and proscribed social attitudes. That is why Rance, the government medical inspector in What the Butler Saw, metatheatrically wonders « Why are there so many doors. Was the house designed by a lunatic? » (WBS 376)2. The realistic setting loses its meaning, and lounges as well as living rooms turn into the sphere of madness. Solemn bourgeois attitudes are demolished by frantic discourse and body language.


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Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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Orton thus displays a devastating mastery of all vaudeville’s trademarks, including the chase, the repetition and mechanisation of words and actions, the use of gadgets and other stage properties, and the hectic movement of actors.

Orton thus displays a devastating mastery of all vaudeville’s trademarks, including the chase, the repetition and mechanisation of words and actions, the use of gadgets and other stage properties, and the hectic movement of actors.

This frenzied motion of the characters deprives them of their personality, turning them into mere objects, subject to the law of dramatic fate. Throughout a succession of surrealistic scenes we are constantly reminded of the purely physical existence of Orton’s characters, heirs to the objects and rhythms of Labiche’s Chapeau de Paille d’Italie (1851), Feydeau’s « fauteuil extatique » (ecstatic armchair) in La dame de Chez Maxim (1899), and of Sardou’s Les Pattes de Mouche (1860). For this frantic mechanism, dominated by living objects that provoke the actors’ movements, reflects a universe ruled by purely material and inanimate beings, as well as the hopeless human subjugation to them. Stage properties themselves drop their purely ornamental nature as part of the setting and acquire human qualities. Turning into malefic or benignant objects, they tame the characters’ will so that they lose their human substance. For instance, in Loot, Hal does not hesitate to remove the corpse of his dead mother in order to make room within the coffin to hide the booty, displaying no feeling of distress. Similarly, in the following scenes Hal’s mother’s corpse is metonymically identified with the wooden box when he wonders about the consequences of the car accident. Obviously, the son’s concern centres on the money concealed in the coffin, while the policeman identifies container and contained:

This frenzied motion of the characters deprives them of their personality, turning them into mere objects, subject to the law of dramatic fate. Throughout a succession of surrealistic scenes we are constantly reminded of the purely physical existence of Orton’s characters, heirs to the objects and rhythms of Labiche’s Chapeau de Paille d’Italie (1851), Feydeau’s « fauteuil extatique » (ecstatic armchair) in La dame de Chez Maxim (1899), and of Sardou’s Les Pattes de Mouche (1860). For this frantic mechanism, dominated by living objects that provoke the actors’ movements, reflects a universe ruled by purely material and inanimate beings, as well as the hopeless human subjugation to them. Stage properties themselves drop their purely ornamental nature as part of the setting and acquire human qualities. Turning into malefic or benignant objects, they tame the characters’ will so that they lose their human substance. For instance, in Loot, Hal does not hesitate to remove the corpse of his dead mother in order to make room within the coffin to hide the booty, displaying no feeling of distress. Similarly, in the following scenes Hal’s mother’s corpse is metonymically identified with the wooden box when he wonders about the consequences of the car accident. Obviously, the son’s concern centres on the money concealed in the coffin, while the policeman identifies container and contained:

HAL: Was the actual fabric of the coffin damaged? MC LEAVY: No. Your mother is quite safe. (L 238)

HAL: Was the actual fabric of the coffin damaged? MC LEAVY: No. Your mother is quite safe. (L 238)

Characters lose their human properties, both metaphorically and literally speaking. In the same play, Hal suggests burying his mother’s fake eye separately from the rest of her body after noticing its loss, while in What the Butler Saw (1969), Winston Churchill’s penis is actually ablated and stolen from his life-size bronze statue. Again, the human body is but an object, and this penis is irreverently identified with Churchill’s famous cigar. As the amazed government medical inspector notices when he compares both:

Characters lose their human properties, both metaphorically and literally speaking. In the same play, Hal suggests burying his mother’s fake eye separately from the rest of her body after noticing its loss, while in What the Butler Saw (1969), Winston Churchill’s penis is actually ablated and stolen from his life-size bronze statue. Again, the human body is but an object, and this penis is irreverently identified with Churchill’s famous cigar. As the amazed government medical inspector notices when he compares both:

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Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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Orton thus displays a devastating mastery of all vaudeville’s trademarks, including the chase, the repetition and mechanisation of words and actions, the use of gadgets and other stage properties, and the hectic movement of actors.

Orton thus displays a devastating mastery of all vaudeville’s trademarks, including the chase, the repetition and mechanisation of words and actions, the use of gadgets and other stage properties, and the hectic movement of actors.

This frenzied motion of the characters deprives them of their personality, turning them into mere objects, subject to the law of dramatic fate. Throughout a succession of surrealistic scenes we are constantly reminded of the purely physical existence of Orton’s characters, heirs to the objects and rhythms of Labiche’s Chapeau de Paille d’Italie (1851), Feydeau’s « fauteuil extatique » (ecstatic armchair) in La dame de Chez Maxim (1899), and of Sardou’s Les Pattes de Mouche (1860). For this frantic mechanism, dominated by living objects that provoke the actors’ movements, reflects a universe ruled by purely material and inanimate beings, as well as the hopeless human subjugation to them. Stage properties themselves drop their purely ornamental nature as part of the setting and acquire human qualities. Turning into malefic or benignant objects, they tame the characters’ will so that they lose their human substance. For instance, in Loot, Hal does not hesitate to remove the corpse of his dead mother in order to make room within the coffin to hide the booty, displaying no feeling of distress. Similarly, in the following scenes Hal’s mother’s corpse is metonymically identified with the wooden box when he wonders about the consequences of the car accident. Obviously, the son’s concern centres on the money concealed in the coffin, while the policeman identifies container and contained:

This frenzied motion of the characters deprives them of their personality, turning them into mere objects, subject to the law of dramatic fate. Throughout a succession of surrealistic scenes we are constantly reminded of the purely physical existence of Orton’s characters, heirs to the objects and rhythms of Labiche’s Chapeau de Paille d’Italie (1851), Feydeau’s « fauteuil extatique » (ecstatic armchair) in La dame de Chez Maxim (1899), and of Sardou’s Les Pattes de Mouche (1860). For this frantic mechanism, dominated by living objects that provoke the actors’ movements, reflects a universe ruled by purely material and inanimate beings, as well as the hopeless human subjugation to them. Stage properties themselves drop their purely ornamental nature as part of the setting and acquire human qualities. Turning into malefic or benignant objects, they tame the characters’ will so that they lose their human substance. For instance, in Loot, Hal does not hesitate to remove the corpse of his dead mother in order to make room within the coffin to hide the booty, displaying no feeling of distress. Similarly, in the following scenes Hal’s mother’s corpse is metonymically identified with the wooden box when he wonders about the consequences of the car accident. Obviously, the son’s concern centres on the money concealed in the coffin, while the policeman identifies container and contained:

HAL: Was the actual fabric of the coffin damaged? MC LEAVY: No. Your mother is quite safe. (L 238) Characters lose their human properties, both metaphorically and literally speaking. In the same play, Hal suggests burying his mother’s fake eye separately from the rest of her body after noticing its loss, while in What the Butler Saw (1969), Winston Churchill’s penis is actually ablated and stolen from his life-size bronze statue. Again, the human body is but an object, and this penis is irreverently identified with Churchill’s famous cigar. As the amazed government medical inspector notices when he compares both:

HAL: Was the actual fabric of the coffin damaged? MC LEAVY: No. Your mother is quite safe. (L 238) Characters lose their human properties, both metaphorically and literally speaking. In the same play, Hal suggests burying his mother’s fake eye separately from the rest of her body after noticing its loss, while in What the Butler Saw (1969), Winston Churchill’s penis is actually ablated and stolen from his life-size bronze statue. Again, the human body is but an object, and this penis is irreverently identified with Churchill’s famous cigar. As the amazed government medical inspector notices when he compares both:


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RANCE (with admiration): How much more inspiring if, in those dark days, we’d seen what we see now. Instead we had to be content with a cigar –the symbol falling far short, as we all realize, of the object itself. (WBS 447)

RANCE (with admiration): How much more inspiring if, in those dark days, we’d seen what we see now. Instead we had to be content with a cigar –the symbol falling far short, as we all realize, of the object itself. (WBS 447)

The characters, being deprived of the objects defining them (eyes, teeth, etc.), and subjugated to a rhythm following a snowball effect, consequently lose their identity, turning into simple puppets tied to the dramatist’s strings. Most of Feydeau’s and Labiche’s vaudevilles revolve around a character whose identity has been mistaken, thus entailing a succession of quid pro quos revealing a double existence of the character. This double existence actually reflects his inner desires and his wish to be free by means of getting rid of the constraints strict morality imposes on the individual. Quid pro quos and mistaken identities are perfectly combined in Orton’s What the Butler Saw, a play whose title displays from the very beginning its connections with exhibitionism, the title making a reference to the mutoscope, a well-known seaside machine showing obscene images through a keyhole. The social microcosm of the play, being a psychiatric clinic where madness is exploited rather than cured, oscillates between chaos and order. Each of the characters projects his and her own insanity on all the others, despite their persistent and sterile allegations that everything can be logically explained. The play takes off from a typical French boulevard situation: a debauched doctor ordering his would-be secretary to undress in order examine her « intellectual » skills. However, his dissolute intentions are disrupted both by the entrance of his wife and, later, by the appearance of a government medical inspector, who takes the naked secretary for a patient. The initial imbroglio is complicated by the arrival of a young man who is blackmailing the doctor’s wife for having had sexual intercourse with him the previous night. Confusion increases with the advent of a police sergeant in search of a woman who has stolen an essential part of Winston Churchill’s public statue. As in Feydeau’s vaudevilles, every character has a vital reason to conceal his identity; they impersonate another being so as to avoid social responsibilities. Moreover, all the characters are surrounded by numerous doors, rooms and corridors, yet there is no possibility of escape. They have to be shut or kept in a small or enclosed space, reflecting thus social and

The characters, being deprived of the objects defining them (eyes, teeth, etc.), and subjugated to a rhythm following a snowball effect, consequently lose their identity, turning into simple puppets tied to the dramatist’s strings. Most of Feydeau’s and Labiche’s vaudevilles revolve around a character whose identity has been mistaken, thus entailing a succession of quid pro quos revealing a double existence of the character. This double existence actually reflects his inner desires and his wish to be free by means of getting rid of the constraints strict morality imposes on the individual. Quid pro quos and mistaken identities are perfectly combined in Orton’s What the Butler Saw, a play whose title displays from the very beginning its connections with exhibitionism, the title making a reference to the mutoscope, a well-known seaside machine showing obscene images through a keyhole. The social microcosm of the play, being a psychiatric clinic where madness is exploited rather than cured, oscillates between chaos and order. Each of the characters projects his and her own insanity on all the others, despite their persistent and sterile allegations that everything can be logically explained. The play takes off from a typical French boulevard situation: a debauched doctor ordering his would-be secretary to undress in order examine her « intellectual » skills. However, his dissolute intentions are disrupted both by the entrance of his wife and, later, by the appearance of a government medical inspector, who takes the naked secretary for a patient. The initial imbroglio is complicated by the arrival of a young man who is blackmailing the doctor’s wife for having had sexual intercourse with him the previous night. Confusion increases with the advent of a police sergeant in search of a woman who has stolen an essential part of Winston Churchill’s public statue. As in Feydeau’s vaudevilles, every character has a vital reason to conceal his identity; they impersonate another being so as to avoid social responsibilities. Moreover, all the characters are surrounded by numerous doors, rooms and corridors, yet there is no possibility of escape. They have to be shut or kept in a small or enclosed space, reflecting thus social and

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

RANCE (with admiration): How much more inspiring if, in those dark days, we’d seen what we see now. Instead we had to be content with a cigar –the symbol falling far short, as we all realize, of the object itself. (WBS 447)

RANCE (with admiration): How much more inspiring if, in those dark days, we’d seen what we see now. Instead we had to be content with a cigar –the symbol falling far short, as we all realize, of the object itself. (WBS 447)

The characters, being deprived of the objects defining them (eyes, teeth, etc.), and subjugated to a rhythm following a snowball effect, consequently lose their identity, turning into simple puppets tied to the dramatist’s strings. Most of Feydeau’s and Labiche’s vaudevilles revolve around a character whose identity has been mistaken, thus entailing a succession of quid pro quos revealing a double existence of the character. This double existence actually reflects his inner desires and his wish to be free by means of getting rid of the constraints strict morality imposes on the individual. Quid pro quos and mistaken identities are perfectly combined in Orton’s What the Butler Saw, a play whose title displays from the very beginning its connections with exhibitionism, the title making a reference to the mutoscope, a well-known seaside machine showing obscene images through a keyhole. The social microcosm of the play, being a psychiatric clinic where madness is exploited rather than cured, oscillates between chaos and order. Each of the characters projects his and her own insanity on all the others, despite their persistent and sterile allegations that everything can be logically explained. The play takes off from a typical French boulevard situation: a debauched doctor ordering his would-be secretary to undress in order examine her « intellectual » skills. However, his dissolute intentions are disrupted both by the entrance of his wife and, later, by the appearance of a government medical inspector, who takes the naked secretary for a patient. The initial imbroglio is complicated by the arrival of a young man who is blackmailing the doctor’s wife for having had sexual intercourse with him the previous night. Confusion increases with the advent of a police sergeant in search of a woman who has stolen an essential part of Winston Churchill’s public statue. As in Feydeau’s vaudevilles, every character has a vital reason to conceal his identity; they impersonate another being so as to avoid social responsibilities. Moreover, all the characters are surrounded by numerous doors, rooms and corridors, yet there is no possibility of escape. They have to be shut or kept in a small or enclosed space, reflecting thus social and

The characters, being deprived of the objects defining them (eyes, teeth, etc.), and subjugated to a rhythm following a snowball effect, consequently lose their identity, turning into simple puppets tied to the dramatist’s strings. Most of Feydeau’s and Labiche’s vaudevilles revolve around a character whose identity has been mistaken, thus entailing a succession of quid pro quos revealing a double existence of the character. This double existence actually reflects his inner desires and his wish to be free by means of getting rid of the constraints strict morality imposes on the individual. Quid pro quos and mistaken identities are perfectly combined in Orton’s What the Butler Saw, a play whose title displays from the very beginning its connections with exhibitionism, the title making a reference to the mutoscope, a well-known seaside machine showing obscene images through a keyhole. The social microcosm of the play, being a psychiatric clinic where madness is exploited rather than cured, oscillates between chaos and order. Each of the characters projects his and her own insanity on all the others, despite their persistent and sterile allegations that everything can be logically explained. The play takes off from a typical French boulevard situation: a debauched doctor ordering his would-be secretary to undress in order examine her « intellectual » skills. However, his dissolute intentions are disrupted both by the entrance of his wife and, later, by the appearance of a government medical inspector, who takes the naked secretary for a patient. The initial imbroglio is complicated by the arrival of a young man who is blackmailing the doctor’s wife for having had sexual intercourse with him the previous night. Confusion increases with the advent of a police sergeant in search of a woman who has stolen an essential part of Winston Churchill’s public statue. As in Feydeau’s vaudevilles, every character has a vital reason to conceal his identity; they impersonate another being so as to avoid social responsibilities. Moreover, all the characters are surrounded by numerous doors, rooms and corridors, yet there is no possibility of escape. They have to be shut or kept in a small or enclosed space, reflecting thus social and


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Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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individual confinement. Fate can not be avoided, and as Sartre declared, « l’enfer c’est les autres » (Hell is other people). The difference with traditional vaudeville resides in the fact that social constraints and rules, represented by the police sergeant and the government medical inspector, are themselves as insane and devious as those characters whose behaviour they are intending to correct. The effect of such an accelerating confusion of roles and identities discredits the logic behind it. Reason and madness merge, and social power is just a synonym of gross indecency and not a symbol of equity or justice.

individual confinement. Fate can not be avoided, and as Sartre declared, « l’enfer c’est les autres » (Hell is other people). The difference with traditional vaudeville resides in the fact that social constraints and rules, represented by the police sergeant and the government medical inspector, are themselves as insane and devious as those characters whose behaviour they are intending to correct. The effect of such an accelerating confusion of roles and identities discredits the logic behind it. Reason and madness merge, and social power is just a synonym of gross indecency and not a symbol of equity or justice.

Just as in Feydeau’s plays where sex was, even when merely suggested and never shown on the stage, a comic means of provoking the audience’s response to the play, Orton continues this tradition, pushing it to the limit. Transvestism and quid pro quos permit numerous sexual inferences dealing with marginal or deviant practices. Incest, cross-dressing, nymphomania, homosexuality, lesbianism, exhibitionism, hermaphrodism, voyeurism, necrophilia, paedophilia, sadomasochism, bondage, various fetishes and rape dominate Orton’s plays, as for Orton « sexual licence » was the only way to smash wretched civilization and violate conventional taboos. In Loot, a son is required to strip his mother’s corpse naked; in Entertaining Mister Sloan, a woman constantly repeats to the man she wants to have sex with « I’ll be your mamma », and in What the Butler Saw, a mother is raped by her son. Furthermore, the anagnoristic and almost melodramatic recognition of this last play leads to the revelation of an incestuous marriage between a brother and his sister. Sexual deviation as well as killing are seen as the norm for Orton’s characters, who revolve in a sort of social jungle where any rule displays its opposite and justice is based upon power –either linguistic or physical power. In traditional vaudeville, sex and unfaithfulness were meant to provoke both laughter and moral indignation in the audience, who recognised in the characters that were ridiculed on the stage a reflection not of themselves but of their contemporaries. At the same time, sexual references in Feydeau’s plays undermined a moral establishment based upon conservative and old-fashioned clichés, displaying the playwright’s dissatisfaction with his own marriage3. Similarly, Orton’s chaotic scenes, which are defined by a constant rejection of all social values and the expression of sexual attitudes utterly divorced from sentiment present his own homosexuality and promiscuity as a norm.

Just as in Feydeau’s plays where sex was, even when merely suggested and never shown on the stage, a comic means of provoking the audience’s response to the play, Orton continues this tradition, pushing it to the limit. Transvestism and quid pro quos permit numerous sexual inferences dealing with marginal or deviant practices. Incest, cross-dressing, nymphomania, homosexuality, lesbianism, exhibitionism, hermaphrodism, voyeurism, necrophilia, paedophilia, sadomasochism, bondage, various fetishes and rape dominate Orton’s plays, as for Orton « sexual licence » was the only way to smash wretched civilization and violate conventional taboos. In Loot, a son is required to strip his mother’s corpse naked; in Entertaining Mister Sloan, a woman constantly repeats to the man she wants to have sex with « I’ll be your mamma », and in What the Butler Saw, a mother is raped by her son. Furthermore, the anagnoristic and almost melodramatic recognition of this last play leads to the revelation of an incestuous marriage between a brother and his sister. Sexual deviation as well as killing are seen as the norm for Orton’s characters, who revolve in a sort of social jungle where any rule displays its opposite and justice is based upon power –either linguistic or physical power. In traditional vaudeville, sex and unfaithfulness were meant to provoke both laughter and moral indignation in the audience, who recognised in the characters that were ridiculed on the stage a reflection not of themselves but of their contemporaries. At the same time, sexual references in Feydeau’s plays undermined a moral establishment based upon conservative and old-fashioned clichés, displaying the playwright’s dissatisfaction with his own marriage3. Similarly, Orton’s chaotic scenes, which are defined by a constant rejection of all social values and the expression of sexual attitudes utterly divorced from sentiment present his own homosexuality and promiscuity as a norm.

Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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individual confinement. Fate can not be avoided, and as Sartre declared, « l’enfer c’est les autres » (Hell is other people). The difference with traditional vaudeville resides in the fact that social constraints and rules, represented by the police sergeant and the government medical inspector, are themselves as insane and devious as those characters whose behaviour they are intending to correct. The effect of such an accelerating confusion of roles and identities discredits the logic behind it. Reason and madness merge, and social power is just a synonym of gross indecency and not a symbol of equity or justice.

individual confinement. Fate can not be avoided, and as Sartre declared, « l’enfer c’est les autres » (Hell is other people). The difference with traditional vaudeville resides in the fact that social constraints and rules, represented by the police sergeant and the government medical inspector, are themselves as insane and devious as those characters whose behaviour they are intending to correct. The effect of such an accelerating confusion of roles and identities discredits the logic behind it. Reason and madness merge, and social power is just a synonym of gross indecency and not a symbol of equity or justice.

Just as in Feydeau’s plays where sex was, even when merely suggested and never shown on the stage, a comic means of provoking the audience’s response to the play, Orton continues this tradition, pushing it to the limit. Transvestism and quid pro quos permit numerous sexual inferences dealing with marginal or deviant practices. Incest, cross-dressing, nymphomania, homosexuality, lesbianism, exhibitionism, hermaphrodism, voyeurism, necrophilia, paedophilia, sadomasochism, bondage, various fetishes and rape dominate Orton’s plays, as for Orton « sexual licence » was the only way to smash wretched civilization and violate conventional taboos. In Loot, a son is required to strip his mother’s corpse naked; in Entertaining Mister Sloan, a woman constantly repeats to the man she wants to have sex with « I’ll be your mamma », and in What the Butler Saw, a mother is raped by her son. Furthermore, the anagnoristic and almost melodramatic recognition of this last play leads to the revelation of an incestuous marriage between a brother and his sister. Sexual deviation as well as killing are seen as the norm for Orton’s characters, who revolve in a sort of social jungle where any rule displays its opposite and justice is based upon power –either linguistic or physical power. In traditional vaudeville, sex and unfaithfulness were meant to provoke both laughter and moral indignation in the audience, who recognised in the characters that were ridiculed on the stage a reflection not of themselves but of their contemporaries. At the same time, sexual references in Feydeau’s plays undermined a moral establishment based upon conservative and old-fashioned clichés, displaying the playwright’s dissatisfaction with his own marriage3. Similarly, Orton’s chaotic scenes, which are defined by a constant rejection of all social values and the expression of sexual attitudes utterly divorced from sentiment present his own homosexuality and promiscuity as a norm.

Just as in Feydeau’s plays where sex was, even when merely suggested and never shown on the stage, a comic means of provoking the audience’s response to the play, Orton continues this tradition, pushing it to the limit. Transvestism and quid pro quos permit numerous sexual inferences dealing with marginal or deviant practices. Incest, cross-dressing, nymphomania, homosexuality, lesbianism, exhibitionism, hermaphrodism, voyeurism, necrophilia, paedophilia, sadomasochism, bondage, various fetishes and rape dominate Orton’s plays, as for Orton « sexual licence » was the only way to smash wretched civilization and violate conventional taboos. In Loot, a son is required to strip his mother’s corpse naked; in Entertaining Mister Sloan, a woman constantly repeats to the man she wants to have sex with « I’ll be your mamma », and in What the Butler Saw, a mother is raped by her son. Furthermore, the anagnoristic and almost melodramatic recognition of this last play leads to the revelation of an incestuous marriage between a brother and his sister. Sexual deviation as well as killing are seen as the norm for Orton’s characters, who revolve in a sort of social jungle where any rule displays its opposite and justice is based upon power –either linguistic or physical power. In traditional vaudeville, sex and unfaithfulness were meant to provoke both laughter and moral indignation in the audience, who recognised in the characters that were ridiculed on the stage a reflection not of themselves but of their contemporaries. At the same time, sexual references in Feydeau’s plays undermined a moral establishment based upon conservative and old-fashioned clichés, displaying the playwright’s dissatisfaction with his own marriage3. Similarly, Orton’s chaotic scenes, which are defined by a constant rejection of all social values and the expression of sexual attitudes utterly divorced from sentiment present his own homosexuality and promiscuity as a norm.


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Sex is used in Orton’s plays as a means to stir up public outrage and create controversy, a situation which he deliberately exacerbated by condemning his own plays in the press under fictitious noms de plume such as Mrs Edna Welthorpe, or Donald H. Hartley.

Sex is used in Orton’s plays as a means to stir up public outrage and create controversy, a situation which he deliberately exacerbated by condemning his own plays in the press under fictitious noms de plume such as Mrs Edna Welthorpe, or Donald H. Hartley.

As in French vaudeville, sex and adultery constitute recurrent topics, reflecting the period’s obsession and moral frustration. Sex represents the engine activating the characters’ movements, with no ulterior meaning other than its physical sphere. Satisfaction has no point at all, and love and romantic ideals give place to numerous obscene references dealing with incest, paedophilia, ménages à trois and homosexuality. Yet sex in vaudeville, even when furtive and suddenly discovered by hysterical wives or furious husbands, is always a means for characters to free themselves from oppressive marital atmospheres. However, in Orton’s plays, sex is never a symbol of freedom but, on the contrary, it is the most important sign revealing the characters’ slavery to traditional moral standards. Marginal sexual practices and nonconventional sexual behaviour are always present in his plays as a means to liberate the subject from his enclosure within the moral establishment. However, even when dealing with marginal sexual practices such as necrophilia or paedophilia, there is always a moral condemnation of these expressed by the characters’ concealment of them and by their sexual dissatisfaction. Not only are bestiality and lust the norm, but also frustration, for sex never helps the characters work out a solution for chaos. On the contrary, it emphasizes both their social and physical confinement, burying them alive in their own psychological emptiness. For sex in Orton represents the alienation of the individual, as there is nothing beyond it, neither pleasure or happiness. In this sense, Orton’s plays resemble the Marquis de Sade’s novels, as sex is never a symbol of sentiment and happiness but the expression of moral and physical domination. Pleasure is not permitted in his plays. It is substituted by rough obligations and the annihilation of the individual. Moreover, just as Justine’s and Juliette’s circular and stagnated destinies reflect Sade’s physical incarceration, so Orton’s plays mirror the dramatist’s social imprisonment within his homosexual condition. In both cases, provocative attitudes concerning sex are more the expression of lost paradises than a means of achieving self-satisfaction. Furthermore, it is necessary to acknowledge that Orton’s alienated perception of sexual relationships was never allowed

As in French vaudeville, sex and adultery constitute recurrent topics, reflecting the period’s obsession and moral frustration. Sex represents the engine activating the characters’ movements, with no ulterior meaning other than its physical sphere. Satisfaction has no point at all, and love and romantic ideals give place to numerous obscene references dealing with incest, paedophilia, ménages à trois and homosexuality. Yet sex in vaudeville, even when furtive and suddenly discovered by hysterical wives or furious husbands, is always a means for characters to free themselves from oppressive marital atmospheres. However, in Orton’s plays, sex is never a symbol of freedom but, on the contrary, it is the most important sign revealing the characters’ slavery to traditional moral standards. Marginal sexual practices and nonconventional sexual behaviour are always present in his plays as a means to liberate the subject from his enclosure within the moral establishment. However, even when dealing with marginal sexual practices such as necrophilia or paedophilia, there is always a moral condemnation of these expressed by the characters’ concealment of them and by their sexual dissatisfaction. Not only are bestiality and lust the norm, but also frustration, for sex never helps the characters work out a solution for chaos. On the contrary, it emphasizes both their social and physical confinement, burying them alive in their own psychological emptiness. For sex in Orton represents the alienation of the individual, as there is nothing beyond it, neither pleasure or happiness. In this sense, Orton’s plays resemble the Marquis de Sade’s novels, as sex is never a symbol of sentiment and happiness but the expression of moral and physical domination. Pleasure is not permitted in his plays. It is substituted by rough obligations and the annihilation of the individual. Moreover, just as Justine’s and Juliette’s circular and stagnated destinies reflect Sade’s physical incarceration, so Orton’s plays mirror the dramatist’s social imprisonment within his homosexual condition. In both cases, provocative attitudes concerning sex are more the expression of lost paradises than a means of achieving self-satisfaction. Furthermore, it is necessary to acknowledge that Orton’s alienated perception of sexual relationships was never allowed

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Sex is used in Orton’s plays as a means to stir up public outrage and create controversy, a situation which he deliberately exacerbated by condemning his own plays in the press under fictitious noms de plume such as Mrs Edna Welthorpe, or Donald H. Hartley.

Sex is used in Orton’s plays as a means to stir up public outrage and create controversy, a situation which he deliberately exacerbated by condemning his own plays in the press under fictitious noms de plume such as Mrs Edna Welthorpe, or Donald H. Hartley.

As in French vaudeville, sex and adultery constitute recurrent topics, reflecting the period’s obsession and moral frustration. Sex represents the engine activating the characters’ movements, with no ulterior meaning other than its physical sphere. Satisfaction has no point at all, and love and romantic ideals give place to numerous obscene references dealing with incest, paedophilia, ménages à trois and homosexuality. Yet sex in vaudeville, even when furtive and suddenly discovered by hysterical wives or furious husbands, is always a means for characters to free themselves from oppressive marital atmospheres. However, in Orton’s plays, sex is never a symbol of freedom but, on the contrary, it is the most important sign revealing the characters’ slavery to traditional moral standards. Marginal sexual practices and nonconventional sexual behaviour are always present in his plays as a means to liberate the subject from his enclosure within the moral establishment. However, even when dealing with marginal sexual practices such as necrophilia or paedophilia, there is always a moral condemnation of these expressed by the characters’ concealment of them and by their sexual dissatisfaction. Not only are bestiality and lust the norm, but also frustration, for sex never helps the characters work out a solution for chaos. On the contrary, it emphasizes both their social and physical confinement, burying them alive in their own psychological emptiness. For sex in Orton represents the alienation of the individual, as there is nothing beyond it, neither pleasure or happiness. In this sense, Orton’s plays resemble the Marquis de Sade’s novels, as sex is never a symbol of sentiment and happiness but the expression of moral and physical domination. Pleasure is not permitted in his plays. It is substituted by rough obligations and the annihilation of the individual. Moreover, just as Justine’s and Juliette’s circular and stagnated destinies reflect Sade’s physical incarceration, so Orton’s plays mirror the dramatist’s social imprisonment within his homosexual condition. In both cases, provocative attitudes concerning sex are more the expression of lost paradises than a means of achieving self-satisfaction. Furthermore, it is necessary to acknowledge that Orton’s alienated perception of sexual relationships was never allowed

As in French vaudeville, sex and adultery constitute recurrent topics, reflecting the period’s obsession and moral frustration. Sex represents the engine activating the characters’ movements, with no ulterior meaning other than its physical sphere. Satisfaction has no point at all, and love and romantic ideals give place to numerous obscene references dealing with incest, paedophilia, ménages à trois and homosexuality. Yet sex in vaudeville, even when furtive and suddenly discovered by hysterical wives or furious husbands, is always a means for characters to free themselves from oppressive marital atmospheres. However, in Orton’s plays, sex is never a symbol of freedom but, on the contrary, it is the most important sign revealing the characters’ slavery to traditional moral standards. Marginal sexual practices and nonconventional sexual behaviour are always present in his plays as a means to liberate the subject from his enclosure within the moral establishment. However, even when dealing with marginal sexual practices such as necrophilia or paedophilia, there is always a moral condemnation of these expressed by the characters’ concealment of them and by their sexual dissatisfaction. Not only are bestiality and lust the norm, but also frustration, for sex never helps the characters work out a solution for chaos. On the contrary, it emphasizes both their social and physical confinement, burying them alive in their own psychological emptiness. For sex in Orton represents the alienation of the individual, as there is nothing beyond it, neither pleasure or happiness. In this sense, Orton’s plays resemble the Marquis de Sade’s novels, as sex is never a symbol of sentiment and happiness but the expression of moral and physical domination. Pleasure is not permitted in his plays. It is substituted by rough obligations and the annihilation of the individual. Moreover, just as Justine’s and Juliette’s circular and stagnated destinies reflect Sade’s physical incarceration, so Orton’s plays mirror the dramatist’s social imprisonment within his homosexual condition. In both cases, provocative attitudes concerning sex are more the expression of lost paradises than a means of achieving self-satisfaction. Furthermore, it is necessary to acknowledge that Orton’s alienated perception of sexual relationships was never allowed


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Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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the possibility to mature, as his brutal and untimely death at the hands of his boyfriend, Kenneth Halliwell, frustrated any natural evolution of his work.

the possibility to mature, as his brutal and untimely death at the hands of his boyfriend, Kenneth Halliwell, frustrated any natural evolution of his work.

The surrealistic and chaotic plots contrast with the conventional –even naturalistic– settings of Orton’s plays. As in Feydeau’s pieces, Orton’s characters belong to respectable social spheres –doctors, policemen, government representatives, etc.– displaying through their jobs an authority within society. It is around them that society revolves, since their language and roles express social order and law. However, chaos emerges from the schism between their functions as social representatives and their individual actions. For neither their words nor their gestures are respectable but abnormal and dishonest, and those who suffer as a result of their actions are those who naively believe in them. In Orton’s plays, the main victims of such an anarchic universe are those who obey rules and do not revolt against them. Innocence is a synonym for stupidity, and egalitarian principles only the natural way to self-destruction.

The surrealistic and chaotic plots contrast with the conventional –even naturalistic– settings of Orton’s plays. As in Feydeau’s pieces, Orton’s characters belong to respectable social spheres –doctors, policemen, government representatives, etc.– displaying through their jobs an authority within society. It is around them that society revolves, since their language and roles express social order and law. However, chaos emerges from the schism between their functions as social representatives and their individual actions. For neither their words nor their gestures are respectable but abnormal and dishonest, and those who suffer as a result of their actions are those who naively believe in them. In Orton’s plays, the main victims of such an anarchic universe are those who obey rules and do not revolt against them. Innocence is a synonym for stupidity, and egalitarian principles only the natural way to self-destruction.

Corruption pervades not only characters’ actions but also their speech. As dialogues corrode bienséance (decorum) and society is deprived of any paradigmatic meaning, language turns out to be pointless, for no communication is achieved. Farce and vaudeville have also been identified as forerunners of surrealism and the absurd drama by numerous researchers throughout the second half of the 20th century4. A reader of avant-garde literature and of the theatre of the absurd, as defined by Martin Esslin, Orton pays a tribute to absurdist dramatists in his reconstruction of conversations where linguistic exchange is not only the phonological expression of man’s solipsism, but rather the main manifestation of social aggression. The following conversation between the police agent Truscott and the bank robber in Loot exemplifies the emptiness of words and the twisted speech of authority:

Corruption pervades not only characters’ actions but also their speech. As dialogues corrode bienséance (decorum) and society is deprived of any paradigmatic meaning, language turns out to be pointless, for no communication is achieved. Farce and vaudeville have also been identified as forerunners of surrealism and the absurd drama by numerous researchers throughout the second half of the 20th century4. A reader of avant-garde literature and of the theatre of the absurd, as defined by Martin Esslin, Orton pays a tribute to absurdist dramatists in his reconstruction of conversations where linguistic exchange is not only the phonological expression of man’s solipsism, but rather the main manifestation of social aggression. The following conversation between the police agent Truscott and the bank robber in Loot exemplifies the emptiness of words and the twisted speech of authority:

TRUSCOTT: Why do you make such stupid remarks? HAL: I’m a stupid person. That’s what I’m trying to say. TRUSCOTT: What proof have you that you’re stupid. Give me an example of your stupidity. HAL: I can’t.

TRUSCOTT: Why do you make such stupid remarks? HAL: I’m a stupid person. That’s what I’m trying to say. TRUSCOTT: What proof have you that you’re stupid. Give me an example of your stupidity. HAL: I can’t.

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Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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the possibility to mature, as his brutal and untimely death at the hands of his boyfriend, Kenneth Halliwell, frustrated any natural evolution of his work.

the possibility to mature, as his brutal and untimely death at the hands of his boyfriend, Kenneth Halliwell, frustrated any natural evolution of his work.

The surrealistic and chaotic plots contrast with the conventional –even naturalistic– settings of Orton’s plays. As in Feydeau’s pieces, Orton’s characters belong to respectable social spheres –doctors, policemen, government representatives, etc.– displaying through their jobs an authority within society. It is around them that society revolves, since their language and roles express social order and law. However, chaos emerges from the schism between their functions as social representatives and their individual actions. For neither their words nor their gestures are respectable but abnormal and dishonest, and those who suffer as a result of their actions are those who naively believe in them. In Orton’s plays, the main victims of such an anarchic universe are those who obey rules and do not revolt against them. Innocence is a synonym for stupidity, and egalitarian principles only the natural way to self-destruction.

The surrealistic and chaotic plots contrast with the conventional –even naturalistic– settings of Orton’s plays. As in Feydeau’s pieces, Orton’s characters belong to respectable social spheres –doctors, policemen, government representatives, etc.– displaying through their jobs an authority within society. It is around them that society revolves, since their language and roles express social order and law. However, chaos emerges from the schism between their functions as social representatives and their individual actions. For neither their words nor their gestures are respectable but abnormal and dishonest, and those who suffer as a result of their actions are those who naively believe in them. In Orton’s plays, the main victims of such an anarchic universe are those who obey rules and do not revolt against them. Innocence is a synonym for stupidity, and egalitarian principles only the natural way to self-destruction.

Corruption pervades not only characters’ actions but also their speech. As dialogues corrode bienséance (decorum) and society is deprived of any paradigmatic meaning, language turns out to be pointless, for no communication is achieved. Farce and vaudeville have also been identified as forerunners of surrealism and the absurd drama by numerous researchers throughout the second half of the 20th century4. A reader of avant-garde literature and of the theatre of the absurd, as defined by Martin Esslin, Orton pays a tribute to absurdist dramatists in his reconstruction of conversations where linguistic exchange is not only the phonological expression of man’s solipsism, but rather the main manifestation of social aggression. The following conversation between the police agent Truscott and the bank robber in Loot exemplifies the emptiness of words and the twisted speech of authority:

Corruption pervades not only characters’ actions but also their speech. As dialogues corrode bienséance (decorum) and society is deprived of any paradigmatic meaning, language turns out to be pointless, for no communication is achieved. Farce and vaudeville have also been identified as forerunners of surrealism and the absurd drama by numerous researchers throughout the second half of the 20th century4. A reader of avant-garde literature and of the theatre of the absurd, as defined by Martin Esslin, Orton pays a tribute to absurdist dramatists in his reconstruction of conversations where linguistic exchange is not only the phonological expression of man’s solipsism, but rather the main manifestation of social aggression. The following conversation between the police agent Truscott and the bank robber in Loot exemplifies the emptiness of words and the twisted speech of authority:

TRUSCOTT: Why do you make such stupid remarks? HAL: I’m a stupid person. That’s what I’m trying to say. TRUSCOTT: What proof have you that you’re stupid. Give me an example of your stupidity. HAL: I can’t.

TRUSCOTT: Why do you make such stupid remarks? HAL: I’m a stupid person. That’s what I’m trying to say. TRUSCOTT: What proof have you that you’re stupid. Give me an example of your stupidity. HAL: I can’t.


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TRUSCOTT: Why not? I don’t believe you’re stupid at all. Hal: I am. I had a hand in the bank job. FAY draws a sharp breath. HAL sits frozen. TRUSCOTT takes his pipe from his mouth. (With a nervous laugh.) There, that’s stupid, isn’t it? Telling you that. TRUSCOTT (also laughing). You must be stupid if you expect me to believe you. Why, if you had a hand in the bank job, you wouldn’t tell me. FAY: Not unless he was stupid. TRUSCOTT: But he is stupid. He’s just admitted it. He must be the stupidest criminal in England. Unless –(He regards HAL with mounting suspicion)– unless he is the cleverest. What was your motive in confessing to the bank job? HAL: To prove I’m stupid. TRUSCOTT: But you’ve proved the opposite. HAL: Yes. (L 233-234)

TRUSCOTT: Why not? I don’t believe you’re stupid at all. Hal: I am. I had a hand in the bank job. FAY draws a sharp breath. HAL sits frozen. TRUSCOTT takes his pipe from his mouth. (With a nervous laugh.) There, that’s stupid, isn’t it? Telling you that. TRUSCOTT (also laughing). You must be stupid if you expect me to believe you. Why, if you had a hand in the bank job, you wouldn’t tell me. FAY: Not unless he was stupid. TRUSCOTT: But he is stupid. He’s just admitted it. He must be the stupidest criminal in England. Unless –(He regards HAL with mounting suspicion)– unless he is the cleverest. What was your motive in confessing to the bank job? HAL: To prove I’m stupid. TRUSCOTT: But you’ve proved the opposite. HAL: Yes. (L 233-234)

Language is just a means to reinforce man’s sterile attempts to communicate. Stylistically, verbal refinement is combined with scatological grossness, and pithy aphorisms converge with subversive vulgarity, reflecting thus a two-faced society. Expressions such as « why don’t you shut your mouth and give your arse a chance » (EMS 74); « have you taken up transvestism? I’d no idea our marriage teetered on the edge of fashion » (WBS 373); « I live in a world of top decisions. We’ve no time for ladies » (EMS 90) or « I’m not in favour of private grief. Show your emotions in public or not at all » (Loot 198) are reminiscent of Wilde’s paradoxical wit and misogyny, and account for the dramatist’s desire to subvert the classical formulae of farce by means of projecting onto the stage the natural harshness of the society that victimized him as a homosexual.

Language is just a means to reinforce man’s sterile attempts to communicate. Stylistically, verbal refinement is combined with scatological grossness, and pithy aphorisms converge with subversive vulgarity, reflecting thus a two-faced society. Expressions such as « why don’t you shut your mouth and give your arse a chance » (EMS 74); « have you taken up transvestism? I’d no idea our marriage teetered on the edge of fashion » (WBS 373); « I live in a world of top decisions. We’ve no time for ladies » (EMS 90) or « I’m not in favour of private grief. Show your emotions in public or not at all » (Loot 198) are reminiscent of Wilde’s paradoxical wit and misogyny, and account for the dramatist’s desire to subvert the classical formulae of farce by means of projecting onto the stage the natural harshness of the society that victimized him as a homosexual.

In French vaudeville, language was a means of suggestion rather than a crude linguistic expression. Sex and extramarital relationships –as well as any other censored sexual practices- were always insinuated, never revealed through coarse or crude dialogues. Language was a corollary of the scene, as no obscene references, symbols or characters were overtly exhibited on the stage, but were

In French vaudeville, language was a means of suggestion rather than a crude linguistic expression. Sex and extramarital relationships –as well as any other censored sexual practices- were always insinuated, never revealed through coarse or crude dialogues. Language was a corollary of the scene, as no obscene references, symbols or characters were overtly exhibited on the stage, but were

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TRUSCOTT: Why not? I don’t believe you’re stupid at all. Hal: I am. I had a hand in the bank job. FAY draws a sharp breath. HAL sits frozen. TRUSCOTT takes his pipe from his mouth. (With a nervous laugh.) There, that’s stupid, isn’t it? Telling you that. TRUSCOTT (also laughing). You must be stupid if you expect me to believe you. Why, if you had a hand in the bank job, you wouldn’t tell me. FAY: Not unless he was stupid. TRUSCOTT: But he is stupid. He’s just admitted it. He must be the stupidest criminal in England. Unless –(He regards HAL with mounting suspicion)– unless he is the cleverest. What was your motive in confessing to the bank job? HAL: To prove I’m stupid. TRUSCOTT: But you’ve proved the opposite. HAL: Yes. (L 233-234)

TRUSCOTT: Why not? I don’t believe you’re stupid at all. Hal: I am. I had a hand in the bank job. FAY draws a sharp breath. HAL sits frozen. TRUSCOTT takes his pipe from his mouth. (With a nervous laugh.) There, that’s stupid, isn’t it? Telling you that. TRUSCOTT (also laughing). You must be stupid if you expect me to believe you. Why, if you had a hand in the bank job, you wouldn’t tell me. FAY: Not unless he was stupid. TRUSCOTT: But he is stupid. He’s just admitted it. He must be the stupidest criminal in England. Unless –(He regards HAL with mounting suspicion)– unless he is the cleverest. What was your motive in confessing to the bank job? HAL: To prove I’m stupid. TRUSCOTT: But you’ve proved the opposite. HAL: Yes. (L 233-234)

Language is just a means to reinforce man’s sterile attempts to communicate. Stylistically, verbal refinement is combined with scatological grossness, and pithy aphorisms converge with subversive vulgarity, reflecting thus a two-faced society. Expressions such as « why don’t you shut your mouth and give your arse a chance » (EMS 74); « have you taken up transvestism? I’d no idea our marriage teetered on the edge of fashion » (WBS 373); « I live in a world of top decisions. We’ve no time for ladies » (EMS 90) or « I’m not in favour of private grief. Show your emotions in public or not at all » (Loot 198) are reminiscent of Wilde’s paradoxical wit and misogyny, and account for the dramatist’s desire to subvert the classical formulae of farce by means of projecting onto the stage the natural harshness of the society that victimized him as a homosexual.

Language is just a means to reinforce man’s sterile attempts to communicate. Stylistically, verbal refinement is combined with scatological grossness, and pithy aphorisms converge with subversive vulgarity, reflecting thus a two-faced society. Expressions such as « why don’t you shut your mouth and give your arse a chance » (EMS 74); « have you taken up transvestism? I’d no idea our marriage teetered on the edge of fashion » (WBS 373); « I live in a world of top decisions. We’ve no time for ladies » (EMS 90) or « I’m not in favour of private grief. Show your emotions in public or not at all » (Loot 198) are reminiscent of Wilde’s paradoxical wit and misogyny, and account for the dramatist’s desire to subvert the classical formulae of farce by means of projecting onto the stage the natural harshness of the society that victimized him as a homosexual.

In French vaudeville, language was a means of suggestion rather than a crude linguistic expression. Sex and extramarital relationships –as well as any other censored sexual practices- were always insinuated, never revealed through coarse or crude dialogues. Language was a corollary of the scene, as no obscene references, symbols or characters were overtly exhibited on the stage, but were

In French vaudeville, language was a means of suggestion rather than a crude linguistic expression. Sex and extramarital relationships –as well as any other censored sexual practices- were always insinuated, never revealed through coarse or crude dialogues. Language was a corollary of the scene, as no obscene references, symbols or characters were overtly exhibited on the stage, but were


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Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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only hinted at and inferred by the audience. As a result of his intention to shock his public, Orton went one step beyond classical farce and vaudeville. The playgoer of the 1960’s was utterly different from the public at the beginning of the twentieth century, despite being outraged by the very same taboos. Thus Orton understood that the representation of the topics traditionally banned from the stage had to be updated and renewed according to an almost medieval explicitness, avoiding any kind of linguistic indulgence. By means of linguistic subversion, he carried out an actual implosion of conventional dramatic dialogue, and of the social attitudes associated with it.

only hinted at and inferred by the audience. As a result of his intention to shock his public, Orton went one step beyond classical farce and vaudeville. The playgoer of the 1960’s was utterly different from the public at the beginning of the twentieth century, despite being outraged by the very same taboos. Thus Orton understood that the representation of the topics traditionally banned from the stage had to be updated and renewed according to an almost medieval explicitness, avoiding any kind of linguistic indulgence. By means of linguistic subversion, he carried out an actual implosion of conventional dramatic dialogue, and of the social attitudes associated with it.

This denial of politically correct situations is accentuated by the almost naturalistic and boulevard-like surface of the plays. As Christopher Innes states,

This denial of politically correct situations is accentuated by the almost naturalistic and boulevard-like surface of the plays. As Christopher Innes states,

The naturalistic setting and the use of sentimental comedy formula for a perverse action that the characters treat as perfectly acceptable behaviour is designed to intensify the shock effect. Instead of nastiness being relegated to the woodshed, it is uncovered beneath the ordinary living-room carpet. (Innes 269)

The naturalistic setting and the use of sentimental comedy formula for a perverse action that the characters treat as perfectly acceptable behaviour is designed to intensify the shock effect. Instead of nastiness being relegated to the woodshed, it is uncovered beneath the ordinary living-room carpet. (Innes 269)

Despite the fantasy elements extracted from farcical imperatives, realism is intended to identify the bourgeois audience with the theatrical fiction, and to increase the impact on the public. Orton reformulated the relationship between class and sexuality by means of subverting the poetics of daily life. As can be observed in French farceurs like Labiche and notably Feydeau, he resorted to laughter as a means of creating an illusion of reality and of exorcizing its moral essentials. Under the simple external structure of farce and vaudeville he concealed his fierce criticism of a decadent society. Chaos and order in Orton’s plays reflect burlesque and farcical comedy as two revolutionary artistic forms leading to subversion for, as Oscar Wilde stated in The Soul of Man under Socialism, it was in works of this kind that the artist in England was allowed very great freedom5.

Despite the fantasy elements extracted from farcical imperatives, realism is intended to identify the bourgeois audience with the theatrical fiction, and to increase the impact on the public. Orton reformulated the relationship between class and sexuality by means of subverting the poetics of daily life. As can be observed in French farceurs like Labiche and notably Feydeau, he resorted to laughter as a means of creating an illusion of reality and of exorcizing its moral essentials. Under the simple external structure of farce and vaudeville he concealed his fierce criticism of a decadent society. Chaos and order in Orton’s plays reflect burlesque and farcical comedy as two revolutionary artistic forms leading to subversion for, as Oscar Wilde stated in The Soul of Man under Socialism, it was in works of this kind that the artist in England was allowed very great freedom5.

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Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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only hinted at and inferred by the audience. As a result of his intention to shock his public, Orton went one step beyond classical farce and vaudeville. The playgoer of the 1960’s was utterly different from the public at the beginning of the twentieth century, despite being outraged by the very same taboos. Thus Orton understood that the representation of the topics traditionally banned from the stage had to be updated and renewed according to an almost medieval explicitness, avoiding any kind of linguistic indulgence. By means of linguistic subversion, he carried out an actual implosion of conventional dramatic dialogue, and of the social attitudes associated with it.

only hinted at and inferred by the audience. As a result of his intention to shock his public, Orton went one step beyond classical farce and vaudeville. The playgoer of the 1960’s was utterly different from the public at the beginning of the twentieth century, despite being outraged by the very same taboos. Thus Orton understood that the representation of the topics traditionally banned from the stage had to be updated and renewed according to an almost medieval explicitness, avoiding any kind of linguistic indulgence. By means of linguistic subversion, he carried out an actual implosion of conventional dramatic dialogue, and of the social attitudes associated with it.

This denial of politically correct situations is accentuated by the almost naturalistic and boulevard-like surface of the plays. As Christopher Innes states,

This denial of politically correct situations is accentuated by the almost naturalistic and boulevard-like surface of the plays. As Christopher Innes states,

The naturalistic setting and the use of sentimental comedy formula for a perverse action that the characters treat as perfectly acceptable behaviour is designed to intensify the shock effect. Instead of nastiness being relegated to the woodshed, it is uncovered beneath the ordinary living-room carpet. (Innes 269)

The naturalistic setting and the use of sentimental comedy formula for a perverse action that the characters treat as perfectly acceptable behaviour is designed to intensify the shock effect. Instead of nastiness being relegated to the woodshed, it is uncovered beneath the ordinary living-room carpet. (Innes 269)

Despite the fantasy elements extracted from farcical imperatives, realism is intended to identify the bourgeois audience with the theatrical fiction, and to increase the impact on the public. Orton reformulated the relationship between class and sexuality by means of subverting the poetics of daily life. As can be observed in French farceurs like Labiche and notably Feydeau, he resorted to laughter as a means of creating an illusion of reality and of exorcizing its moral essentials. Under the simple external structure of farce and vaudeville he concealed his fierce criticism of a decadent society. Chaos and order in Orton’s plays reflect burlesque and farcical comedy as two revolutionary artistic forms leading to subversion for, as Oscar Wilde stated in The Soul of Man under Socialism, it was in works of this kind that the artist in England was allowed very great freedom5.

Despite the fantasy elements extracted from farcical imperatives, realism is intended to identify the bourgeois audience with the theatrical fiction, and to increase the impact on the public. Orton reformulated the relationship between class and sexuality by means of subverting the poetics of daily life. As can be observed in French farceurs like Labiche and notably Feydeau, he resorted to laughter as a means of creating an illusion of reality and of exorcizing its moral essentials. Under the simple external structure of farce and vaudeville he concealed his fierce criticism of a decadent society. Chaos and order in Orton’s plays reflect burlesque and farcical comedy as two revolutionary artistic forms leading to subversion for, as Oscar Wilde stated in The Soul of Man under Socialism, it was in works of this kind that the artist in England was allowed very great freedom5.


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NOTE.S

NOTE.S

1

“Contrary to an extended prejudice, the source of which is the school, the theatre is not a literary genre. It is part of the stage”. 2 Quotations refer to The Complete Plays edition (London, 1976). Plays have been abbreviated as follows: Entertaining Mr Sloane (EMS); Loot (L); What the Butler Saw (WBS). 3 Feydeau’s one-act farces Feu la mère de madame (1908), On purge Bébé! (1910), Mais n’te promène donc pas toute nue! (1911), Léonie est en avance (1911) and Hortense a dit: ‘Je m’en fous!’ (1916) have been regarded by theatre historians (Gidel, 1979; Pronko, 1982; Lorcey, 2004) as the expression of Feydeau’s own disenchantment within marriage. Their generic title, “Du mariage au divorce” (From Marriage to Divorce) emphasises the playwright’s understanding of the modern married couple. Written at the time when Feydeau decided to move out the house where he was living with his wife Marianne CarolusDuran, the plays reflect the failure of communication and the subsequent loneliness of the married man. 4 In this sense, Henri Gidel (1979 : 337) states that La Dame de Chez Maxim is a farce “que ne surpasseront pas les inventions de Parade, des Mariés de la Tour Eiffel, des Mamelles de Tiresias” (that was never surmounted by inventions such as Parade, Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel, and Les Mamelles de Tirésias”. 5 In Wilde’s words, “burlesque and farcical comedy, the two most popular forms, are distinct forms of art. Delightful work may be produced under burlesque and farcical conditions, and in work of this kind the artist in England is allowed a very great freedom.”(1998: 909).

1

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Autrusseau, J. 1971. Labiche et son théâtre. Paris : L’Arche. Baker, S. 1981. Georges Feydeau and the Aesthetics of Farce. Michigan: UMI Research Press. Booth, M. R. 1980. Prefaces to English Nineteenth Century Theatre. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Charney, M. 1981. Joe Orton. New York : Grove Press.

Autrusseau, J. 1971. Labiche et son théâtre. Paris : L’Arche. Baker, S. 1981. Georges Feydeau and the Aesthetics of Farce. Michigan: UMI Research Press. Booth, M. R. 1980. Prefaces to English Nineteenth Century Theatre. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Charney, M. 1981. Joe Orton. New York : Grove Press.

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“Contrary to an extended prejudice, the source of which is the school, the theatre is not a literary genre. It is part of the stage”. 2 Quotations refer to The Complete Plays edition (London, 1976). Plays have been abbreviated as follows: Entertaining Mr Sloane (EMS); Loot (L); What the Butler Saw (WBS). 3 Feydeau’s one-act farces Feu la mère de madame (1908), On purge Bébé! (1910), Mais n’te promène donc pas toute nue! (1911), Léonie est en avance (1911) and Hortense a dit: ‘Je m’en fous!’ (1916) have been regarded by theatre historians (Gidel, 1979; Pronko, 1982; Lorcey, 2004) as the expression of Feydeau’s own disenchantment within marriage. Their generic title, “Du mariage au divorce” (From Marriage to Divorce) emphasises the playwright’s understanding of the modern married couple. Written at the time when Feydeau decided to move out the house where he was living with his wife Marianne CarolusDuran, the plays reflect the failure of communication and the subsequent loneliness of the married man. 4 In this sense, Henri Gidel (1979 : 337) states that La Dame de Chez Maxim is a farce “que ne surpasseront pas les inventions de Parade, des Mariés de la Tour Eiffel, des Mamelles de Tiresias” (that was never surmounted by inventions such as Parade, Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel, and Les Mamelles de Tirésias”. 5 In Wilde’s words, “burlesque and farcical comedy, the two most popular forms, are distinct forms of art. Delightful work may be produced under burlesque and farcical conditions, and in work of this kind the artist in England is allowed a very great freedom.”(1998: 909).

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

NOTE.S

NOTE.S

1

“Contrary to an extended prejudice, the source of which is the school, the theatre is not a literary genre. It is part of the stage”. 2 Quotations refer to The Complete Plays edition (London, 1976). Plays have been abbreviated as follows: Entertaining Mr Sloane (EMS); Loot (L); What the Butler Saw (WBS). 3 Feydeau’s one-act farces Feu la mère de madame (1908), On purge Bébé! (1910), Mais n’te promène donc pas toute nue! (1911), Léonie est en avance (1911) and Hortense a dit: ‘Je m’en fous!’ (1916) have been regarded by theatre historians (Gidel, 1979; Pronko, 1982; Lorcey, 2004) as the expression of Feydeau’s own disenchantment within marriage. Their generic title, “Du mariage au divorce” (From Marriage to Divorce) emphasises the playwright’s understanding of the modern married couple. Written at the time when Feydeau decided to move out the house where he was living with his wife Marianne CarolusDuran, the plays reflect the failure of communication and the subsequent loneliness of the married man. 4 In this sense, Henri Gidel (1979 : 337) states that La Dame de Chez Maxim is a farce “que ne surpasseront pas les inventions de Parade, des Mariés de la Tour Eiffel, des Mamelles de Tiresias” (that was never surmounted by inventions such as Parade, Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel, and Les Mamelles de Tirésias”. 5 In Wilde’s words, “burlesque and farcical comedy, the two most popular forms, are distinct forms of art. Delightful work may be produced under burlesque and farcical conditions, and in work of this kind the artist in England is allowed a very great freedom.”(1998: 909).

1

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Autrusseau, J. 1971. Labiche et son théâtre. Paris : L’Arche. Baker, S. 1981. Georges Feydeau and the Aesthetics of Farce. Michigan: UMI Research Press. Booth, M. R. 1980. Prefaces to English Nineteenth Century Theatre. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Charney, M. 1981. Joe Orton. New York : Grove Press.

Autrusseau, J. 1971. Labiche et son théâtre. Paris : L’Arche. Baker, S. 1981. Georges Feydeau and the Aesthetics of Farce. Michigan: UMI Research Press. Booth, M. R. 1980. Prefaces to English Nineteenth Century Theatre. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Charney, M. 1981. Joe Orton. New York : Grove Press.

“Contrary to an extended prejudice, the source of which is the school, the theatre is not a literary genre. It is part of the stage”. 2 Quotations refer to The Complete Plays edition (London, 1976). Plays have been abbreviated as follows: Entertaining Mr Sloane (EMS); Loot (L); What the Butler Saw (WBS). 3 Feydeau’s one-act farces Feu la mère de madame (1908), On purge Bébé! (1910), Mais n’te promène donc pas toute nue! (1911), Léonie est en avance (1911) and Hortense a dit: ‘Je m’en fous!’ (1916) have been regarded by theatre historians (Gidel, 1979; Pronko, 1982; Lorcey, 2004) as the expression of Feydeau’s own disenchantment within marriage. Their generic title, “Du mariage au divorce” (From Marriage to Divorce) emphasises the playwright’s understanding of the modern married couple. Written at the time when Feydeau decided to move out the house where he was living with his wife Marianne CarolusDuran, the plays reflect the failure of communication and the subsequent loneliness of the married man. 4 In this sense, Henri Gidel (1979 : 337) states that La Dame de Chez Maxim is a farce “que ne surpasseront pas les inventions de Parade, des Mariés de la Tour Eiffel, des Mamelles de Tiresias” (that was never surmounted by inventions such as Parade, Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel, and Les Mamelles de Tirésias”. 5 In Wilde’s words, “burlesque and farcical comedy, the two most popular forms, are distinct forms of art. Delightful work may be produced under burlesque and farcical conditions, and in work of this kind the artist in England is allowed a very great freedom.”(1998: 909).


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Ignacio Ramos Gay Joe Orton and the Subversion of the French Farcical Tradition

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Feydeau, G. 1988. Théâtre complet. Paris: Bordas. 4 Vols. Gidel, H. 1979. Le théâtre de Georges Feydeau. Paris : Klincksieck. Gidel, H. 1986. Le vaudeville. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Innes, C. 1992. Modern British Drama. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Labiche, E. 1979. Théâtre. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion. Lorcey, J. 1971. Georges Feydeau. Paris: Table Ronde. Orton, J. 1976. The Complete Plays. London: Methuen. Orton, J. 1986. The Orton Diaries. New York: Harper & Row. Pronko, L. 1982. Eugène Labiche and Georges Feydeau. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. Redmon, J. (ed) 1988. Farce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rowell, G. 1978. The Victorian Theatre 1792-1914. A Survey. Cambridge: C. U. P. Sartre, J.-P. 1947. Huis clos. Les mouches. Paris : Gallimard. Shenkan, A. 1972. Georges Feydeau. Paris: Seghers. Thomasseau, J. M. 1984. Le mélodrame. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France. Ubersfeld, A. 1981. L’école du spectateur. Paris: Editions sociales. Wilde, O. 1998. Collected Works of Oscar Wilde. Ware: Wordsworth Editions.

Feydeau, G. 1988. Théâtre complet. Paris: Bordas. 4 Vols. Gidel, H. 1979. Le théâtre de Georges Feydeau. Paris : Klincksieck. Gidel, H. 1986. Le vaudeville. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Innes, C. 1992. Modern British Drama. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Labiche, E. 1979. Théâtre. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion. Lorcey, J. 1971. Georges Feydeau. Paris: Table Ronde. Orton, J. 1976. The Complete Plays. London: Methuen. Orton, J. 1986. The Orton Diaries. New York: Harper & Row. Pronko, L. 1982. Eugène Labiche and Georges Feydeau. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. Redmon, J. (ed) 1988. Farce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rowell, G. 1978. The Victorian Theatre 1792-1914. A Survey. Cambridge: C. U. P. Sartre, J.-P. 1947. Huis clos. Les mouches. Paris : Gallimard. Shenkan, A. 1972. Georges Feydeau. Paris: Seghers. Thomasseau, J. M. 1984. Le mélodrame. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France. Ubersfeld, A. 1981. L’école du spectateur. Paris: Editions sociales. Wilde, O. 1998. Collected Works of Oscar Wilde. Ware: Wordsworth Editions.

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Feydeau, G. 1988. Théâtre complet. Paris: Bordas. 4 Vols. Gidel, H. 1979. Le théâtre de Georges Feydeau. Paris : Klincksieck. Gidel, H. 1986. Le vaudeville. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Innes, C. 1992. Modern British Drama. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Labiche, E. 1979. Théâtre. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion. Lorcey, J. 1971. Georges Feydeau. Paris: Table Ronde. Orton, J. 1976. The Complete Plays. London: Methuen. Orton, J. 1986. The Orton Diaries. New York: Harper & Row. Pronko, L. 1982. Eugène Labiche and Georges Feydeau. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. Redmon, J. (ed) 1988. Farce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rowell, G. 1978. The Victorian Theatre 1792-1914. A Survey. Cambridge: C. U. P. Sartre, J.-P. 1947. Huis clos. Les mouches. Paris : Gallimard. Shenkan, A. 1972. Georges Feydeau. Paris: Seghers. Thomasseau, J. M. 1984. Le mélodrame. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France. Ubersfeld, A. 1981. L’école du spectateur. Paris: Editions sociales. Wilde, O. 1998. Collected Works of Oscar Wilde. Ware: Wordsworth Editions.

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Feydeau, G. 1988. Théâtre complet. Paris: Bordas. 4 Vols. Gidel, H. 1979. Le théâtre de Georges Feydeau. Paris : Klincksieck. Gidel, H. 1986. Le vaudeville. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Innes, C. 1992. Modern British Drama. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Labiche, E. 1979. Théâtre. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion. Lorcey, J. 1971. Georges Feydeau. Paris: Table Ronde. Orton, J. 1976. The Complete Plays. London: Methuen. Orton, J. 1986. The Orton Diaries. New York: Harper & Row. Pronko, L. 1982. Eugène Labiche and Georges Feydeau. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing. Redmon, J. (ed) 1988. Farce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rowell, G. 1978. The Victorian Theatre 1792-1914. A Survey. Cambridge: C. U. P. Sartre, J.-P. 1947. Huis clos. Les mouches. Paris : Gallimard. Shenkan, A. 1972. Georges Feydeau. Paris: Seghers. Thomasseau, J. M. 1984. Le mélodrame. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France. Ubersfeld, A. 1981. L’école du spectateur. Paris: Editions sociales. Wilde, O. 1998. Collected Works of Oscar Wilde. Ware: Wordsworth Editions.



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VIOLENCIA VERBAL EN LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN BRITÁNICOS: ESTUDIO DE CORPUS* Antonio García Gómez Universidad de Alcalá de Henares antonio.garciag@uah.es

VIOLENCIA VERBAL EN LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN BRITÁNICOS: ESTUDIO DE CORPUS* Antonio García Gómez Universidad de Alcalá de Henares antonio.garciag@uah.es

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a case study on the expression and function of directives of warning and threat in audience discussion programmes in British television. Firstly, drawing from literature on conflict talk, I will argue the reasons why verbal disputes should be analysed in audience discussion programmes. Second, I will comment on the data selected and transcribed to carry out the analysis. Third, I will define the scope of the study and the hypothesis proposed. By focusing on the microstructure of conversation at the level of exchange, I will delve into the pragmatic function and the linguistic realisation of these particular directives and propose a clear connection between their use and the three-move exchange as the basic organisational unit of conflict talk.

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a case study on the expression and function of directives of warning and threat in audience discussion programmes in British television. Firstly, drawing from literature on conflict talk, I will argue the reasons why verbal disputes should be analysed in audience discussion programmes. Second, I will comment on the data selected and transcribed to carry out the analysis. Third, I will define the scope of the study and the hypothesis proposed. By focusing on the microstructure of conversation at the level of exchange, I will delve into the pragmatic function and the linguistic realisation of these particular directives and propose a clear connection between their use and the three-move exchange as the basic organisational unit of conflict talk.

Key words: Discourse analysis, turn-taking, pragmatics, grammatical structures, and conflict talk.

Key words: Discourse analysis, turn-taking, pragmatics, grammatical structures, and conflict talk.

El presente estudio tiene como objeto analizar la expresión y la función de los directivos de advertencia y de amenaza en los audience discussion programmes en la televisión británica. En primer lugar, partimos de una revisión de la bibliografía existente y se argumentan las razones principales por las que se debe estudiar el habla conflictiva. En segundo lugar, se presenta el corpus de estudio compilado para llevar a cabo el análisis. En tercer lugar, se expone el objetivo y la hipótesis de trabajo. Por último, se lleva a cabo un análisis pragmático-discursivo de los actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza con el fin de establecer un vínculo claro entre su presencia

El presente estudio tiene como objeto analizar la expresión y la función de los directivos de advertencia y de amenaza en los audience discussion programmes en la televisión británica. En primer lugar, partimos de una revisión de la bibliografía existente y se argumentan las razones principales por las que se debe estudiar el habla conflictiva. En segundo lugar, se presenta el corpus de estudio compilado para llevar a cabo el análisis. En tercer lugar, se expone el objetivo y la hipótesis de trabajo. Por último, se lleva a cabo un análisis pragmático-discursivo de los actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza con el fin de establecer un vínculo claro entre su presencia

* Fecha de recepción: febrero 2007

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* Fecha de recepción: febrero 2007

Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio ...

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VIOLENCIA VERBAL EN LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN BRITÁNICOS: ESTUDIO DE CORPUS* Antonio García Gómez Universidad de Alcalá de Henares antonio.garciag@uah.es

VIOLENCIA VERBAL EN LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN BRITÁNICOS: ESTUDIO DE CORPUS* Antonio García Gómez Universidad de Alcalá de Henares antonio.garciag@uah.es

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a case study on the expression and function of directives of warning and threat in audience discussion programmes in British television. Firstly, drawing from literature on conflict talk, I will argue the reasons why verbal disputes should be analysed in audience discussion programmes. Second, I will comment on the data selected and transcribed to carry out the analysis. Third, I will define the scope of the study and the hypothesis proposed. By focusing on the microstructure of conversation at the level of exchange, I will delve into the pragmatic function and the linguistic realisation of these particular directives and propose a clear connection between their use and the three-move exchange as the basic organisational unit of conflict talk.

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a case study on the expression and function of directives of warning and threat in audience discussion programmes in British television. Firstly, drawing from literature on conflict talk, I will argue the reasons why verbal disputes should be analysed in audience discussion programmes. Second, I will comment on the data selected and transcribed to carry out the analysis. Third, I will define the scope of the study and the hypothesis proposed. By focusing on the microstructure of conversation at the level of exchange, I will delve into the pragmatic function and the linguistic realisation of these particular directives and propose a clear connection between their use and the three-move exchange as the basic organisational unit of conflict talk.

Key words: Discourse analysis, turn-taking, pragmatics, grammatical structures, and conflict talk.

Key words: Discourse analysis, turn-taking, pragmatics, grammatical structures, and conflict talk.

El presente estudio tiene como objeto analizar la expresión y la función de los directivos de advertencia y de amenaza en los audience discussion programmes en la televisión británica. En primer lugar, partimos de una revisión de la bibliografía existente y se argumentan las razones principales por las que se debe estudiar el habla conflictiva. En segundo lugar, se presenta el corpus de estudio compilado para llevar a cabo el análisis. En tercer lugar, se expone el objetivo y la hipótesis de trabajo. Por último, se lleva a cabo un análisis pragmático-discursivo de los actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza con el fin de establecer un vínculo claro entre su presencia

El presente estudio tiene como objeto analizar la expresión y la función de los directivos de advertencia y de amenaza en los audience discussion programmes en la televisión británica. En primer lugar, partimos de una revisión de la bibliografía existente y se argumentan las razones principales por las que se debe estudiar el habla conflictiva. En segundo lugar, se presenta el corpus de estudio compilado para llevar a cabo el análisis. En tercer lugar, se expone el objetivo y la hipótesis de trabajo. Por último, se lleva a cabo un análisis pragmático-discursivo de los actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza con el fin de establecer un vínculo claro entre su presencia

* Fecha de recepción: febrero 2007

* Fecha de recepción: febrero 2007


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en el habla conflictiva y la defensa del intercambio como la unidad básica que organiza dicho habla.

en el habla conflictiva y la defensa del intercambio como la unidad básica que organiza dicho habla.

Palabras clave: análisis del discurso, sistema de turnos, pragmática, estructuras gramaticales y habla conflictiva.

Palabras clave: análisis del discurso, sistema de turnos, pragmática, estructuras gramaticales y habla conflictiva.

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

Comunicarnos con otros seres sociales es aparentemente fácil, pero la realidad es que la presencia del conflicto en nuestra vida es constante desde el momento en que compartimos el mismo espacio con otros miembros de la sociedad (Eder, 1990). Sin lugar a dudas, es un rasgo tan común como frecuente en nuestra vida social que no sólo determina cómo se desarrollan nuestras relaciones con otros seres sociales (Briggs, 1996 y 1997), sino que además puede ser considerado como un elemento crucial en la construcción de la realidad y como un elemento clave en el proceso de socialización (Dersley y Wootton, 2000 y 2001).

Comunicarnos con otros seres sociales es aparentemente fácil, pero la realidad es que la presencia del conflicto en nuestra vida es constante desde el momento en que compartimos el mismo espacio con otros miembros de la sociedad (Eder, 1990). Sin lugar a dudas, es un rasgo tan común como frecuente en nuestra vida social que no sólo determina cómo se desarrollan nuestras relaciones con otros seres sociales (Briggs, 1996 y 1997), sino que además puede ser considerado como un elemento crucial en la construcción de la realidad y como un elemento clave en el proceso de socialización (Dersley y Wootton, 2000 y 2001).

El espíritu que guía el presente estudio defiende que los episodios de habla conflictiva, en su gran mayoría, no sólo son inevitables, sino que, incluso, son deseables. Contrariamente a la vieja creencia que ha vinculado el conflicto al fracaso en ámbitos tales como la familia, el colegio, etc., propondremos que no es acertado intentar suprimir el conflicto y todo lo que su presencia conlleva. El conflicto, por tanto, no puede ni debe ser tratado como un tipo de habla proscrita que se aleja de lo normal, de lo socialmente ordenado (Coupland, Wiemann y Giles, 1991). En esta misma línea, compartimos la idea de Ghazal (1993) de que la presencia del conflicto es un signo de salud, porque los individuos somos capaces de expresarnos y porque además se da espacio para el reconocimiento y el derecho a la diferencia.

El espíritu que guía el presente estudio defiende que los episodios de habla conflictiva, en su gran mayoría, no sólo son inevitables, sino que, incluso, son deseables. Contrariamente a la vieja creencia que ha vinculado el conflicto al fracaso en ámbitos tales como la familia, el colegio, etc., propondremos que no es acertado intentar suprimir el conflicto y todo lo que su presencia conlleva. El conflicto, por tanto, no puede ni debe ser tratado como un tipo de habla proscrita que se aleja de lo normal, de lo socialmente ordenado (Coupland, Wiemann y Giles, 1991). En esta misma línea, compartimos la idea de Ghazal (1993) de que la presencia del conflicto es un signo de salud, porque los individuos somos capaces de expresarnos y porque además se da espacio para el reconocimiento y el derecho a la diferencia.

En lo que sigue, la sección 1 argumenta la necesidad de estudiar el habla conflictiva y presenta el objetivo y la hipótesis de trabajo. La sección 2 describe el corpus seleccionado para el estudio. La sección 3 desarrolla un análisis pragmático-discursivo exhaustivo de los actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza en disputas verbales extraídas

En lo que sigue, la sección 1 argumenta la necesidad de estudiar el habla conflictiva y presenta el objetivo y la hipótesis de trabajo. La sección 2 describe el corpus seleccionado para el estudio. La sección 3 desarrolla un análisis pragmático-discursivo exhaustivo de los actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza en disputas verbales extraídas

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en el habla conflictiva y la defensa del intercambio como la unidad básica que organiza dicho habla.

en el habla conflictiva y la defensa del intercambio como la unidad básica que organiza dicho habla.

Palabras clave: análisis del discurso, sistema de turnos, pragmática, estructuras gramaticales y habla conflictiva.

Palabras clave: análisis del discurso, sistema de turnos, pragmática, estructuras gramaticales y habla conflictiva.

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

Comunicarnos con otros seres sociales es aparentemente fácil, pero la realidad es que la presencia del conflicto en nuestra vida es constante desde el momento en que compartimos el mismo espacio con otros miembros de la sociedad (Eder, 1990). Sin lugar a dudas, es un rasgo tan común como frecuente en nuestra vida social que no sólo determina cómo se desarrollan nuestras relaciones con otros seres sociales (Briggs, 1996 y 1997), sino que además puede ser considerado como un elemento crucial en la construcción de la realidad y como un elemento clave en el proceso de socialización (Dersley y Wootton, 2000 y 2001).

Comunicarnos con otros seres sociales es aparentemente fácil, pero la realidad es que la presencia del conflicto en nuestra vida es constante desde el momento en que compartimos el mismo espacio con otros miembros de la sociedad (Eder, 1990). Sin lugar a dudas, es un rasgo tan común como frecuente en nuestra vida social que no sólo determina cómo se desarrollan nuestras relaciones con otros seres sociales (Briggs, 1996 y 1997), sino que además puede ser considerado como un elemento crucial en la construcción de la realidad y como un elemento clave en el proceso de socialización (Dersley y Wootton, 2000 y 2001).

El espíritu que guía el presente estudio defiende que los episodios de habla conflictiva, en su gran mayoría, no sólo son inevitables, sino que, incluso, son deseables. Contrariamente a la vieja creencia que ha vinculado el conflicto al fracaso en ámbitos tales como la familia, el colegio, etc., propondremos que no es acertado intentar suprimir el conflicto y todo lo que su presencia conlleva. El conflicto, por tanto, no puede ni debe ser tratado como un tipo de habla proscrita que se aleja de lo normal, de lo socialmente ordenado (Coupland, Wiemann y Giles, 1991). En esta misma línea, compartimos la idea de Ghazal (1993) de que la presencia del conflicto es un signo de salud, porque los individuos somos capaces de expresarnos y porque además se da espacio para el reconocimiento y el derecho a la diferencia.

El espíritu que guía el presente estudio defiende que los episodios de habla conflictiva, en su gran mayoría, no sólo son inevitables, sino que, incluso, son deseables. Contrariamente a la vieja creencia que ha vinculado el conflicto al fracaso en ámbitos tales como la familia, el colegio, etc., propondremos que no es acertado intentar suprimir el conflicto y todo lo que su presencia conlleva. El conflicto, por tanto, no puede ni debe ser tratado como un tipo de habla proscrita que se aleja de lo normal, de lo socialmente ordenado (Coupland, Wiemann y Giles, 1991). En esta misma línea, compartimos la idea de Ghazal (1993) de que la presencia del conflicto es un signo de salud, porque los individuos somos capaces de expresarnos y porque además se da espacio para el reconocimiento y el derecho a la diferencia.

En lo que sigue, la sección 1 argumenta la necesidad de estudiar el habla conflictiva y presenta el objetivo y la hipótesis de trabajo. La sección 2 describe el corpus seleccionado para el estudio. La sección 3 desarrolla un análisis pragmático-discursivo exhaustivo de los actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza en disputas verbales extraídas

En lo que sigue, la sección 1 argumenta la necesidad de estudiar el habla conflictiva y presenta el objetivo y la hipótesis de trabajo. La sección 2 describe el corpus seleccionado para el estudio. La sección 3 desarrolla un análisis pragmático-discursivo exhaustivo de los actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza en disputas verbales extraídas


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del corpus escogido. La sección 4 compila las conclusiones derivadas del análisis. Por último, junto con la bibliografía, se presenta un apéndice con las convenciones del análisis seguidas.

del corpus escogido. La sección 4 compila las conclusiones derivadas del análisis. Por último, junto con la bibliografía, se presenta un apéndice con las convenciones del análisis seguidas.

2. NECESIDAD DEL ESTUDIO DEL HABLA CONFLICTIVA

2. NECESIDAD DEL ESTUDIO DEL HABLA CONFLICTIVA

El habla conflictiva es un fenómeno enraizado en cualquier ámbito o dimensión de la vida social humana, desde la más tierna infancia hasta el final de nuestros días (Georgakopoulou, 2001). Debido a la falta de atención que el habla conflictiva ha padecido podríamos preguntarnos por qué ha sido relegada a un segundo plano y no se ha estudiado antes (Grimshaw, 1990: 3). Por ello, argumentaremos diferentes razones por las que este estudio es necesario.

El habla conflictiva es un fenómeno enraizado en cualquier ámbito o dimensión de la vida social humana, desde la más tierna infancia hasta el final de nuestros días (Georgakopoulou, 2001). Debido a la falta de atención que el habla conflictiva ha padecido podríamos preguntarnos por qué ha sido relegada a un segundo plano y no se ha estudiado antes (Grimshaw, 1990: 3). Por ello, argumentaremos diferentes razones por las que este estudio es necesario.

Dentro de la sociología podemos encontrar una amplia bibliografía tanto de trabajos teóricos como empíricos que abordan el conflicto social; sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que han combinado dicho enfoque social con uno discursivo (Grimshaw, 1990). De hecho, a excepción de Hutchby (1996 y 2001) que analiza el habla conflictiva en los programas radiofónicos, la mayoría de los estudios existentes tratan aspectos muy particulares y un tanto reducidos del complejo proceso que tiene lugar en este tipo de interacción específica (Rama Martínez, 2003, O’keeffe, 2006). Tal es el caso de Vuchinich que centra su atención en cómo se empiezan y concluyen las disputas familiares (Vuchinich, 1990) y de aquellos estudios de naturaleza sociolingüística (Labov, 1972a; 1972b; Labov y Fanshel, 1977; Touzard, 1981) que se refieren a aspectos muy concretos del habla conflictiva. Estos estudios sólo reflejan patrones de un tipo de subcultura, grupo étnico, clase social o una estructura social específica como es la familia (García Gómez, 2005).

Dentro de la sociología podemos encontrar una amplia bibliografía tanto de trabajos teóricos como empíricos que abordan el conflicto social; sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que han combinado dicho enfoque social con uno discursivo (Grimshaw, 1990). De hecho, a excepción de Hutchby (1996 y 2001) que analiza el habla conflictiva en los programas radiofónicos, la mayoría de los estudios existentes tratan aspectos muy particulares y un tanto reducidos del complejo proceso que tiene lugar en este tipo de interacción específica (Rama Martínez, 2003, O’keeffe, 2006). Tal es el caso de Vuchinich que centra su atención en cómo se empiezan y concluyen las disputas familiares (Vuchinich, 1990) y de aquellos estudios de naturaleza sociolingüística (Labov, 1972a; 1972b; Labov y Fanshel, 1977; Touzard, 1981) que se refieren a aspectos muy concretos del habla conflictiva. Estos estudios sólo reflejan patrones de un tipo de subcultura, grupo étnico, clase social o una estructura social específica como es la familia (García Gómez, 2005).

El hecho de encontrar esta limitación en la bibliografía fue una de las razones principales que nos llevó a seleccionar como población de estudio un conjunto de transcripciones del audience discussion programme británico Kilroy. Tal decisión responde a la necesidad de usar un corpus de datos que incluyera una muestra representativa de personas de diferente edad y rasgos de personalidad que, además, pertenecieran a distintos estratos sociales; y, del mismo modo, nos

El hecho de encontrar esta limitación en la bibliografía fue una de las razones principales que nos llevó a seleccionar como población de estudio un conjunto de transcripciones del audience discussion programme británico Kilroy. Tal decisión responde a la necesidad de usar un corpus de datos que incluyera una muestra representativa de personas de diferente edad y rasgos de personalidad que, además, pertenecieran a distintos estratos sociales; y, del mismo modo, nos

Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio ...

Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio ...

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del corpus escogido. La sección 4 compila las conclusiones derivadas del análisis. Por último, junto con la bibliografía, se presenta un apéndice con las convenciones del análisis seguidas.

del corpus escogido. La sección 4 compila las conclusiones derivadas del análisis. Por último, junto con la bibliografía, se presenta un apéndice con las convenciones del análisis seguidas.

2. NECESIDAD DEL ESTUDIO DEL HABLA CONFLICTIVA

2. NECESIDAD DEL ESTUDIO DEL HABLA CONFLICTIVA

El habla conflictiva es un fenómeno enraizado en cualquier ámbito o dimensión de la vida social humana, desde la más tierna infancia hasta el final de nuestros días (Georgakopoulou, 2001). Debido a la falta de atención que el habla conflictiva ha padecido podríamos preguntarnos por qué ha sido relegada a un segundo plano y no se ha estudiado antes (Grimshaw, 1990: 3). Por ello, argumentaremos diferentes razones por las que este estudio es necesario.

El habla conflictiva es un fenómeno enraizado en cualquier ámbito o dimensión de la vida social humana, desde la más tierna infancia hasta el final de nuestros días (Georgakopoulou, 2001). Debido a la falta de atención que el habla conflictiva ha padecido podríamos preguntarnos por qué ha sido relegada a un segundo plano y no se ha estudiado antes (Grimshaw, 1990: 3). Por ello, argumentaremos diferentes razones por las que este estudio es necesario.

Dentro de la sociología podemos encontrar una amplia bibliografía tanto de trabajos teóricos como empíricos que abordan el conflicto social; sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que han combinado dicho enfoque social con uno discursivo (Grimshaw, 1990). De hecho, a excepción de Hutchby (1996 y 2001) que analiza el habla conflictiva en los programas radiofónicos, la mayoría de los estudios existentes tratan aspectos muy particulares y un tanto reducidos del complejo proceso que tiene lugar en este tipo de interacción específica (Rama Martínez, 2003, O’keeffe, 2006). Tal es el caso de Vuchinich que centra su atención en cómo se empiezan y concluyen las disputas familiares (Vuchinich, 1990) y de aquellos estudios de naturaleza sociolingüística (Labov, 1972a; 1972b; Labov y Fanshel, 1977; Touzard, 1981) que se refieren a aspectos muy concretos del habla conflictiva. Estos estudios sólo reflejan patrones de un tipo de subcultura, grupo étnico, clase social o una estructura social específica como es la familia (García Gómez, 2005).

Dentro de la sociología podemos encontrar una amplia bibliografía tanto de trabajos teóricos como empíricos que abordan el conflicto social; sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que han combinado dicho enfoque social con uno discursivo (Grimshaw, 1990). De hecho, a excepción de Hutchby (1996 y 2001) que analiza el habla conflictiva en los programas radiofónicos, la mayoría de los estudios existentes tratan aspectos muy particulares y un tanto reducidos del complejo proceso que tiene lugar en este tipo de interacción específica (Rama Martínez, 2003, O’keeffe, 2006). Tal es el caso de Vuchinich que centra su atención en cómo se empiezan y concluyen las disputas familiares (Vuchinich, 1990) y de aquellos estudios de naturaleza sociolingüística (Labov, 1972a; 1972b; Labov y Fanshel, 1977; Touzard, 1981) que se refieren a aspectos muy concretos del habla conflictiva. Estos estudios sólo reflejan patrones de un tipo de subcultura, grupo étnico, clase social o una estructura social específica como es la familia (García Gómez, 2005).

El hecho de encontrar esta limitación en la bibliografía fue una de las razones principales que nos llevó a seleccionar como población de estudio un conjunto de transcripciones del audience discussion programme británico Kilroy. Tal decisión responde a la necesidad de usar un corpus de datos que incluyera una muestra representativa de personas de diferente edad y rasgos de personalidad que, además, pertenecieran a distintos estratos sociales; y, del mismo modo, nos

El hecho de encontrar esta limitación en la bibliografía fue una de las razones principales que nos llevó a seleccionar como población de estudio un conjunto de transcripciones del audience discussion programme británico Kilroy. Tal decisión responde a la necesidad de usar un corpus de datos que incluyera una muestra representativa de personas de diferente edad y rasgos de personalidad que, además, pertenecieran a distintos estratos sociales; y, del mismo modo, nos


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permitiera un análisis sistemático en un contexto específico (Nelson, 2001). Nuestro argumento a favor del estudio del habla conflictiva está apoyado por la notable proliferación de distintos estudios publicados en los últimos años (Schiffrin, 1984; Antaki, 1994; Hutchby, 1996, 2001; Myers, 1998, 2001; Rees-Miller, 2000; Wilmot y Hocker, 2000; Georgakopoulou, 2001). Estos estudios reafirman nuestra determinación de estudiar este tipo específico de interacción.

permitiera un análisis sistemático en un contexto específico (Nelson, 2001). Nuestro argumento a favor del estudio del habla conflictiva está apoyado por la notable proliferación de distintos estudios publicados en los últimos años (Schiffrin, 1984; Antaki, 1994; Hutchby, 1996, 2001; Myers, 1998, 2001; Rees-Miller, 2000; Wilmot y Hocker, 2000; Georgakopoulou, 2001). Estos estudios reafirman nuestra determinación de estudiar este tipo específico de interacción.

Así pues, nuestra investigación contribuye a nutrir la bibliografía naciente y, para ello, se fundamenta en la siguiente premisa: el estudio de las relaciones psicológicas, sociales y el discurso del habla conflictiva, es ciertamente fructífero. Además, los estudios que han emprendido esta empresa han aportado algunas nociones conceptuales parciales, como apunta Grimshaw (1990), varían en cuanto al nivel de abstracción y sobre todo en cuanto a la relevancia para el estudio del habla conflictiva en contraposición con otros tipos de habla en general. Así, numerosos estudios han dado gran prioridad a la argumentación y persuasión, normalmente en textos escritos, dejando a un lado el conflicto en el habla (Nelson, 2001; Stein y Albro, 2001).

Así pues, nuestra investigación contribuye a nutrir la bibliografía naciente y, para ello, se fundamenta en la siguiente premisa: el estudio de las relaciones psicológicas, sociales y el discurso del habla conflictiva, es ciertamente fructífero. Además, los estudios que han emprendido esta empresa han aportado algunas nociones conceptuales parciales, como apunta Grimshaw (1990), varían en cuanto al nivel de abstracción y sobre todo en cuanto a la relevancia para el estudio del habla conflictiva en contraposición con otros tipos de habla en general. Así, numerosos estudios han dado gran prioridad a la argumentación y persuasión, normalmente en textos escritos, dejando a un lado el conflicto en el habla (Nelson, 2001; Stein y Albro, 2001).

En lo que sigue identificaremos, más concretamente, las dos razones fundamentales por las que creemos que los estudios en la bibliografía plantean una aproximación, si no deficiente al menos parcial del habla conflictiva:

En lo que sigue identificaremos, más concretamente, las dos razones fundamentales por las que creemos que los estudios en la bibliografía plantean una aproximación, si no deficiente al menos parcial del habla conflictiva:

1. Las conclusiones existentes sobre el funcionamiento del habla conflictiva se limitan a estudios centrados en episodios conflictivos inducidos; es decir, el análisis de este tipo de habla y su comportamiento asociado se estudia a partir de una serie de cuestionarios y tareas diseñadas para producir o reproducir una situación de tensión en un número determinado de sujetos que son reunidos en un laboratorio para este fin (Vuchinich, 1990). De esta manera, sus reacciones, comportamientos e interacción son grabados para su posterior estudio. A nuestro entender, sería conveniente prestar mayor atención a otro tipo de episodios de naturaleza conflictiva en los que el conflicto surge de forma espontánea con el fin de corroborar los resultados de los estudios basados en situaciones conflictivas artificiales (García Gómez, 2000 y 2002). Por este motivo, propondremos el análisis del habla conflictiva en una situación cuasi conversacional.

1. Las conclusiones existentes sobre el funcionamiento del habla conflictiva se limitan a estudios centrados en episodios conflictivos inducidos; es decir, el análisis de este tipo de habla y su comportamiento asociado se estudia a partir de una serie de cuestionarios y tareas diseñadas para producir o reproducir una situación de tensión en un número determinado de sujetos que son reunidos en un laboratorio para este fin (Vuchinich, 1990). De esta manera, sus reacciones, comportamientos e interacción son grabados para su posterior estudio. A nuestro entender, sería conveniente prestar mayor atención a otro tipo de episodios de naturaleza conflictiva en los que el conflicto surge de forma espontánea con el fin de corroborar los resultados de los estudios basados en situaciones conflictivas artificiales (García Gómez, 2000 y 2002). Por este motivo, propondremos el análisis del habla conflictiva en una situación cuasi conversacional.

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permitiera un análisis sistemático en un contexto específico (Nelson, 2001). Nuestro argumento a favor del estudio del habla conflictiva está apoyado por la notable proliferación de distintos estudios publicados en los últimos años (Schiffrin, 1984; Antaki, 1994; Hutchby, 1996, 2001; Myers, 1998, 2001; Rees-Miller, 2000; Wilmot y Hocker, 2000; Georgakopoulou, 2001). Estos estudios reafirman nuestra determinación de estudiar este tipo específico de interacción.

permitiera un análisis sistemático en un contexto específico (Nelson, 2001). Nuestro argumento a favor del estudio del habla conflictiva está apoyado por la notable proliferación de distintos estudios publicados en los últimos años (Schiffrin, 1984; Antaki, 1994; Hutchby, 1996, 2001; Myers, 1998, 2001; Rees-Miller, 2000; Wilmot y Hocker, 2000; Georgakopoulou, 2001). Estos estudios reafirman nuestra determinación de estudiar este tipo específico de interacción.

Así pues, nuestra investigación contribuye a nutrir la bibliografía naciente y, para ello, se fundamenta en la siguiente premisa: el estudio de las relaciones psicológicas, sociales y el discurso del habla conflictiva, es ciertamente fructífero. Además, los estudios que han emprendido esta empresa han aportado algunas nociones conceptuales parciales, como apunta Grimshaw (1990), varían en cuanto al nivel de abstracción y sobre todo en cuanto a la relevancia para el estudio del habla conflictiva en contraposición con otros tipos de habla en general. Así, numerosos estudios han dado gran prioridad a la argumentación y persuasión, normalmente en textos escritos, dejando a un lado el conflicto en el habla (Nelson, 2001; Stein y Albro, 2001).

Así pues, nuestra investigación contribuye a nutrir la bibliografía naciente y, para ello, se fundamenta en la siguiente premisa: el estudio de las relaciones psicológicas, sociales y el discurso del habla conflictiva, es ciertamente fructífero. Además, los estudios que han emprendido esta empresa han aportado algunas nociones conceptuales parciales, como apunta Grimshaw (1990), varían en cuanto al nivel de abstracción y sobre todo en cuanto a la relevancia para el estudio del habla conflictiva en contraposición con otros tipos de habla en general. Así, numerosos estudios han dado gran prioridad a la argumentación y persuasión, normalmente en textos escritos, dejando a un lado el conflicto en el habla (Nelson, 2001; Stein y Albro, 2001).

En lo que sigue identificaremos, más concretamente, las dos razones fundamentales por las que creemos que los estudios en la bibliografía plantean una aproximación, si no deficiente al menos parcial del habla conflictiva:

En lo que sigue identificaremos, más concretamente, las dos razones fundamentales por las que creemos que los estudios en la bibliografía plantean una aproximación, si no deficiente al menos parcial del habla conflictiva:

1. Las conclusiones existentes sobre el funcionamiento del habla conflictiva se limitan a estudios centrados en episodios conflictivos inducidos; es decir, el análisis de este tipo de habla y su comportamiento asociado se estudia a partir de una serie de cuestionarios y tareas diseñadas para producir o reproducir una situación de tensión en un número determinado de sujetos que son reunidos en un laboratorio para este fin (Vuchinich, 1990). De esta manera, sus reacciones, comportamientos e interacción son grabados para su posterior estudio. A nuestro entender, sería conveniente prestar mayor atención a otro tipo de episodios de naturaleza conflictiva en los que el conflicto surge de forma espontánea con el fin de corroborar los resultados de los estudios basados en situaciones conflictivas artificiales (García Gómez, 2000 y 2002). Por este motivo, propondremos el análisis del habla conflictiva en una situación cuasi conversacional.

1. Las conclusiones existentes sobre el funcionamiento del habla conflictiva se limitan a estudios centrados en episodios conflictivos inducidos; es decir, el análisis de este tipo de habla y su comportamiento asociado se estudia a partir de una serie de cuestionarios y tareas diseñadas para producir o reproducir una situación de tensión en un número determinado de sujetos que son reunidos en un laboratorio para este fin (Vuchinich, 1990). De esta manera, sus reacciones, comportamientos e interacción son grabados para su posterior estudio. A nuestro entender, sería conveniente prestar mayor atención a otro tipo de episodios de naturaleza conflictiva en los que el conflicto surge de forma espontánea con el fin de corroborar los resultados de los estudios basados en situaciones conflictivas artificiales (García Gómez, 2000 y 2002). Por este motivo, propondremos el análisis del habla conflictiva en una situación cuasi conversacional.


Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio ...

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2. Los estudios de naturaleza lingüística se centran sobre todo en aspectos muy reducidos de la interacción. Así, presentan principalmente análisis de cómo se inicia y se concluye un episodio de habla conflictiva (Stein y Albro, 2001). Forgatch (1989) y Vuchinich (1990), por su parte, centran su atención en un fenómeno similar: el origen y la resolución de disputas familiares. Según nuestro criterio, un análisis de los mecanismos que operan en la distribución del sistema de turnos, complementado con un estudio sólido de las estrategias pragmático-discursivas es clave para entender el complejo proceso que tiene lugar en el habla conflictiva. Por tanto, el presente estudio arrojará luz sobre el habla conflictiva, abordando dichos mecanismos y estrategias en un análisis a nivel discursivo.

2. Los estudios de naturaleza lingüística se centran sobre todo en aspectos muy reducidos de la interacción. Así, presentan principalmente análisis de cómo se inicia y se concluye un episodio de habla conflictiva (Stein y Albro, 2001). Forgatch (1989) y Vuchinich (1990), por su parte, centran su atención en un fenómeno similar: el origen y la resolución de disputas familiares. Según nuestro criterio, un análisis de los mecanismos que operan en la distribución del sistema de turnos, complementado con un estudio sólido de las estrategias pragmático-discursivas es clave para entender el complejo proceso que tiene lugar en el habla conflictiva. Por tanto, el presente estudio arrojará luz sobre el habla conflictiva, abordando dichos mecanismos y estrategias en un análisis a nivel discursivo.

Por último plantearemos el objetivo del estudio y la hipótesis de trabajo. El análisis detallado de las secuencias de habla conflictiva en Kilroy manifiesta que la configuración del sistema de turnos presenta una formación concreta que se caracteriza por la presencia de movimientos de inicio que conforman intercambios más allá de la estructura pregunta-respuesta. En concreto, el presente estudio persigue como su objetivo principal analizar la relación existente entre las motivaciones pragmáticas de los hablantes con la configuración y organización del intercambio o unidad básica del habla conflictiva. La hipótesis de trabajo puede ser formulada del modo siguiente: las intenciones discursivas de los hablantes no sólo causan la presencia de actos directivos de advertencia y actos directivos de amenaza en el movimiento de inicio del intercambio comunicativo, sino también la existencia de un tercer movimiento dentro de dicho intercambio. En otras palabras, existe una relación, más o menos sistemática, entre el nivel discursivo (motivaciones pragmáticas) y pragmático (actos de habla) y entre ambos niveles y la configuración estructural o unidad básica del habla conflictiva.

Por último plantearemos el objetivo del estudio y la hipótesis de trabajo. El análisis detallado de las secuencias de habla conflictiva en Kilroy manifiesta que la configuración del sistema de turnos presenta una formación concreta que se caracteriza por la presencia de movimientos de inicio que conforman intercambios más allá de la estructura pregunta-respuesta. En concreto, el presente estudio persigue como su objetivo principal analizar la relación existente entre las motivaciones pragmáticas de los hablantes con la configuración y organización del intercambio o unidad básica del habla conflictiva. La hipótesis de trabajo puede ser formulada del modo siguiente: las intenciones discursivas de los hablantes no sólo causan la presencia de actos directivos de advertencia y actos directivos de amenaza en el movimiento de inicio del intercambio comunicativo, sino también la existencia de un tercer movimiento dentro de dicho intercambio. En otras palabras, existe una relación, más o menos sistemática, entre el nivel discursivo (motivaciones pragmáticas) y pragmático (actos de habla) y entre ambos niveles y la configuración estructural o unidad básica del habla conflictiva.

3. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN TOTAL DEL ESTUDIO

3. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN TOTAL DEL ESTUDIO

La población total del estudio fue seleccionada siguiendo los siguientes criterios: el tema de los programas y la configuración de la categoría invitado y moderador. Analicemos brevemente estos dos aspectos. En lo que se refiere al tema, los programas fueron

La población total del estudio fue seleccionada siguiendo los siguientes criterios: el tema de los programas y la configuración de la categoría invitado y moderador. Analicemos brevemente estos dos aspectos. En lo que se refiere al tema, los programas fueron

Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio ...

Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio ...

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2. Los estudios de naturaleza lingüística se centran sobre todo en aspectos muy reducidos de la interacción. Así, presentan principalmente análisis de cómo se inicia y se concluye un episodio de habla conflictiva (Stein y Albro, 2001). Forgatch (1989) y Vuchinich (1990), por su parte, centran su atención en un fenómeno similar: el origen y la resolución de disputas familiares. Según nuestro criterio, un análisis de los mecanismos que operan en la distribución del sistema de turnos, complementado con un estudio sólido de las estrategias pragmático-discursivas es clave para entender el complejo proceso que tiene lugar en el habla conflictiva. Por tanto, el presente estudio arrojará luz sobre el habla conflictiva, abordando dichos mecanismos y estrategias en un análisis a nivel discursivo.

2. Los estudios de naturaleza lingüística se centran sobre todo en aspectos muy reducidos de la interacción. Así, presentan principalmente análisis de cómo se inicia y se concluye un episodio de habla conflictiva (Stein y Albro, 2001). Forgatch (1989) y Vuchinich (1990), por su parte, centran su atención en un fenómeno similar: el origen y la resolución de disputas familiares. Según nuestro criterio, un análisis de los mecanismos que operan en la distribución del sistema de turnos, complementado con un estudio sólido de las estrategias pragmático-discursivas es clave para entender el complejo proceso que tiene lugar en el habla conflictiva. Por tanto, el presente estudio arrojará luz sobre el habla conflictiva, abordando dichos mecanismos y estrategias en un análisis a nivel discursivo.

Por último plantearemos el objetivo del estudio y la hipótesis de trabajo. El análisis detallado de las secuencias de habla conflictiva en Kilroy manifiesta que la configuración del sistema de turnos presenta una formación concreta que se caracteriza por la presencia de movimientos de inicio que conforman intercambios más allá de la estructura pregunta-respuesta. En concreto, el presente estudio persigue como su objetivo principal analizar la relación existente entre las motivaciones pragmáticas de los hablantes con la configuración y organización del intercambio o unidad básica del habla conflictiva. La hipótesis de trabajo puede ser formulada del modo siguiente: las intenciones discursivas de los hablantes no sólo causan la presencia de actos directivos de advertencia y actos directivos de amenaza en el movimiento de inicio del intercambio comunicativo, sino también la existencia de un tercer movimiento dentro de dicho intercambio. En otras palabras, existe una relación, más o menos sistemática, entre el nivel discursivo (motivaciones pragmáticas) y pragmático (actos de habla) y entre ambos niveles y la configuración estructural o unidad básica del habla conflictiva.

Por último plantearemos el objetivo del estudio y la hipótesis de trabajo. El análisis detallado de las secuencias de habla conflictiva en Kilroy manifiesta que la configuración del sistema de turnos presenta una formación concreta que se caracteriza por la presencia de movimientos de inicio que conforman intercambios más allá de la estructura pregunta-respuesta. En concreto, el presente estudio persigue como su objetivo principal analizar la relación existente entre las motivaciones pragmáticas de los hablantes con la configuración y organización del intercambio o unidad básica del habla conflictiva. La hipótesis de trabajo puede ser formulada del modo siguiente: las intenciones discursivas de los hablantes no sólo causan la presencia de actos directivos de advertencia y actos directivos de amenaza en el movimiento de inicio del intercambio comunicativo, sino también la existencia de un tercer movimiento dentro de dicho intercambio. En otras palabras, existe una relación, más o menos sistemática, entre el nivel discursivo (motivaciones pragmáticas) y pragmático (actos de habla) y entre ambos niveles y la configuración estructural o unidad básica del habla conflictiva.

3. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN TOTAL DEL ESTUDIO

3. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN TOTAL DEL ESTUDIO

La población total del estudio fue seleccionada siguiendo los siguientes criterios: el tema de los programas y la configuración de la categoría invitado y moderador. Analicemos brevemente estos dos aspectos. En lo que se refiere al tema, los programas fueron

La población total del estudio fue seleccionada siguiendo los siguientes criterios: el tema de los programas y la configuración de la categoría invitado y moderador. Analicemos brevemente estos dos aspectos. En lo que se refiere al tema, los programas fueron


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seleccionados principalmente atendiendo a la naturaleza conflictiva del tema, donde la categoría invitado quedaba claramente dividida en la defensa de puntos de vista divergentes. Durante la defensa de los puntos divergentes sobre el tema a tratar, era posible observar cómo durante largos períodos del programa los invitados mantenían un diálogo acalorado y tomaban la palabra para defender un punto u otro. Característicamente, se podía ver cómo en este tipo de secuencias el moderador voluntariamente jugaba un papel secundario y sólo intervenía en casos necesarios: llamando al orden cuando la situación entre los participantes era caótica y era imposible seguir la discusión o fomentando la controversia entre los invitados.

seleccionados principalmente atendiendo a la naturaleza conflictiva del tema, donde la categoría invitado quedaba claramente dividida en la defensa de puntos de vista divergentes. Durante la defensa de los puntos divergentes sobre el tema a tratar, era posible observar cómo durante largos períodos del programa los invitados mantenían un diálogo acalorado y tomaban la palabra para defender un punto u otro. Característicamente, se podía ver cómo en este tipo de secuencias el moderador voluntariamente jugaba un papel secundario y sólo intervenía en casos necesarios: llamando al orden cuando la situación entre los participantes era caótica y era imposible seguir la discusión o fomentando la controversia entre los invitados.

Además, se decidió trabajar con un número limitado y abarcable de audience discussion programmes extraídos de Kilroy, el corpus compilado consta de un total de quince programas de una hora de duración cada uno con una extensión total de 174.354 palabras. En el presente trabajo ilustraremos nuestro análisis con extractos extraídos de siete de estos quince programas. Los títulos se especifican a continuación: “Being bullied still affects me”; “My partner cheated on me”; “Left after a long marriage”; “My children don’t like my partner”; “I don’t like my daughter’s partner”; “Standing by an alcoholic partner”; “Should you put your faith in a healer?”.

Además, se decidió trabajar con un número limitado y abarcable de audience discussion programmes extraídos de Kilroy, el corpus compilado consta de un total de quince programas de una hora de duración cada uno con una extensión total de 174.354 palabras. En el presente trabajo ilustraremos nuestro análisis con extractos extraídos de siete de estos quince programas. Los títulos se especifican a continuación: “Being bullied still affects me”; “My partner cheated on me”; “Left after a long marriage”; “My children don’t like my partner”; “I don’t like my daughter’s partner”; “Standing by an alcoholic partner”; “Should you put your faith in a healer?”.

4. ESTUDIO PRAGMÁTICO-DISCURSIVO DE LOS ACTOS DIRECTIVOS DE ADVERTENCIA Y DE AMENAZA EN LOS EPISODIOS DE HABLA CONFLICTIVA EN KILROY

4. ESTUDIO PRAGMÁTICO-DISCURSIVO DE LOS ACTOS DIRECTIVOS DE ADVERTENCIA Y DE AMENAZA EN LOS EPISODIOS DE HABLA CONFLICTIVA EN KILROY

Entendemos el término de acto directivo como una categoría discursiva cuyo objeto es conseguir que el oyente realice una acción o, por el contrario, evitar que la ejecute, ya sea por el beneficio del propio hablante o por el oyente (Bolinger, 1968; Schreiber, 1972; Sadock, 1974; Katz, 1977; Searle and Venderveken, 1985; Tsui, 1994: 116). En este contexto se observó que a menudo los invitados pueden autoseleccionarse para ocupar el turno, ya esté libre o no, mediante la producción de actos directivos. Estos intercambios están formados por tres movimientos producidos por dos hablantes distintos. Por un lado, un hablante inicia el intercambio mediante el uso de un acto directivo que conforma el movimiento de inicio. Por otro lado, el adversario, al que va dirigido el acto directivo, produce un movimiento de respuesta

Entendemos el término de acto directivo como una categoría discursiva cuyo objeto es conseguir que el oyente realice una acción o, por el contrario, evitar que la ejecute, ya sea por el beneficio del propio hablante o por el oyente (Bolinger, 1968; Schreiber, 1972; Sadock, 1974; Katz, 1977; Searle and Venderveken, 1985; Tsui, 1994: 116). En este contexto se observó que a menudo los invitados pueden autoseleccionarse para ocupar el turno, ya esté libre o no, mediante la producción de actos directivos. Estos intercambios están formados por tres movimientos producidos por dos hablantes distintos. Por un lado, un hablante inicia el intercambio mediante el uso de un acto directivo que conforma el movimiento de inicio. Por otro lado, el adversario, al que va dirigido el acto directivo, produce un movimiento de respuesta

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seleccionados principalmente atendiendo a la naturaleza conflictiva del tema, donde la categoría invitado quedaba claramente dividida en la defensa de puntos de vista divergentes. Durante la defensa de los puntos divergentes sobre el tema a tratar, era posible observar cómo durante largos períodos del programa los invitados mantenían un diálogo acalorado y tomaban la palabra para defender un punto u otro. Característicamente, se podía ver cómo en este tipo de secuencias el moderador voluntariamente jugaba un papel secundario y sólo intervenía en casos necesarios: llamando al orden cuando la situación entre los participantes era caótica y era imposible seguir la discusión o fomentando la controversia entre los invitados.

seleccionados principalmente atendiendo a la naturaleza conflictiva del tema, donde la categoría invitado quedaba claramente dividida en la defensa de puntos de vista divergentes. Durante la defensa de los puntos divergentes sobre el tema a tratar, era posible observar cómo durante largos períodos del programa los invitados mantenían un diálogo acalorado y tomaban la palabra para defender un punto u otro. Característicamente, se podía ver cómo en este tipo de secuencias el moderador voluntariamente jugaba un papel secundario y sólo intervenía en casos necesarios: llamando al orden cuando la situación entre los participantes era caótica y era imposible seguir la discusión o fomentando la controversia entre los invitados.

Además, se decidió trabajar con un número limitado y abarcable de audience discussion programmes extraídos de Kilroy, el corpus compilado consta de un total de quince programas de una hora de duración cada uno con una extensión total de 174.354 palabras. En el presente trabajo ilustraremos nuestro análisis con extractos extraídos de siete de estos quince programas. Los títulos se especifican a continuación: “Being bullied still affects me”; “My partner cheated on me”; “Left after a long marriage”; “My children don’t like my partner”; “I don’t like my daughter’s partner”; “Standing by an alcoholic partner”; “Should you put your faith in a healer?”.

Además, se decidió trabajar con un número limitado y abarcable de audience discussion programmes extraídos de Kilroy, el corpus compilado consta de un total de quince programas de una hora de duración cada uno con una extensión total de 174.354 palabras. En el presente trabajo ilustraremos nuestro análisis con extractos extraídos de siete de estos quince programas. Los títulos se especifican a continuación: “Being bullied still affects me”; “My partner cheated on me”; “Left after a long marriage”; “My children don’t like my partner”; “I don’t like my daughter’s partner”; “Standing by an alcoholic partner”; “Should you put your faith in a healer?”.

4. ESTUDIO PRAGMÁTICO-DISCURSIVO DE LOS ACTOS DIRECTIVOS DE ADVERTENCIA Y DE AMENAZA EN LOS EPISODIOS DE HABLA CONFLICTIVA EN KILROY

4. ESTUDIO PRAGMÁTICO-DISCURSIVO DE LOS ACTOS DIRECTIVOS DE ADVERTENCIA Y DE AMENAZA EN LOS EPISODIOS DE HABLA CONFLICTIVA EN KILROY

Entendemos el término de acto directivo como una categoría discursiva cuyo objeto es conseguir que el oyente realice una acción o, por el contrario, evitar que la ejecute, ya sea por el beneficio del propio hablante o por el oyente (Bolinger, 1968; Schreiber, 1972; Sadock, 1974; Katz, 1977; Searle and Venderveken, 1985; Tsui, 1994: 116). En este contexto se observó que a menudo los invitados pueden autoseleccionarse para ocupar el turno, ya esté libre o no, mediante la producción de actos directivos. Estos intercambios están formados por tres movimientos producidos por dos hablantes distintos. Por un lado, un hablante inicia el intercambio mediante el uso de un acto directivo que conforma el movimiento de inicio. Por otro lado, el adversario, al que va dirigido el acto directivo, produce un movimiento de respuesta

Entendemos el término de acto directivo como una categoría discursiva cuyo objeto es conseguir que el oyente realice una acción o, por el contrario, evitar que la ejecute, ya sea por el beneficio del propio hablante o por el oyente (Bolinger, 1968; Schreiber, 1972; Sadock, 1974; Katz, 1977; Searle and Venderveken, 1985; Tsui, 1994: 116). En este contexto se observó que a menudo los invitados pueden autoseleccionarse para ocupar el turno, ya esté libre o no, mediante la producción de actos directivos. Estos intercambios están formados por tres movimientos producidos por dos hablantes distintos. Por un lado, un hablante inicia el intercambio mediante el uso de un acto directivo que conforma el movimiento de inicio. Por otro lado, el adversario, al que va dirigido el acto directivo, produce un movimiento de respuesta


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que tiene siempre como finalidad retar la fuerza ilocutiva del acto directivo (García Gómez, 2000). Del mismo modo, se hizo evidente que el hablante que produce el movimiento de inicio intenta recuperar la fuerza ilocutiva del enunciado anterior mediante un movimiento de continuación con el que se cierra y consolida el intercambio.

que tiene siempre como finalidad retar la fuerza ilocutiva del acto directivo (García Gómez, 2000). Del mismo modo, se hizo evidente que el hablante que produce el movimiento de inicio intenta recuperar la fuerza ilocutiva del enunciado anterior mediante un movimiento de continuación con el que se cierra y consolida el intercambio.

En el análisis del corpus se observó que, a pesar de que todos los actos directivos tienen la función de intentar manipular al adversario, es posible identificar dos motivaciones pragmáticas diferenciadas que subyacen en su uso. Éstas son: a) Persuasión, estrategia entendida como la posibilidad de alterar el sistema de creencias del adversario al dirigir la percepción u opinión de éste en la misma dirección que la del hablante. Dicha estrategia se lleva a cabo mediante el uso de actos directivos de advertencia; y b) Coerción, estrategia entendida como el intento de modificar el comportamiento del adversario al controlar su conducta o capacidad de actuación. Dicha estrategia se realiza mediante el uso de actos directivos de amenaza.

En el análisis del corpus se observó que, a pesar de que todos los actos directivos tienen la función de intentar manipular al adversario, es posible identificar dos motivaciones pragmáticas diferenciadas que subyacen en su uso. Éstas son: a) Persuasión, estrategia entendida como la posibilidad de alterar el sistema de creencias del adversario al dirigir la percepción u opinión de éste en la misma dirección que la del hablante. Dicha estrategia se lleva a cabo mediante el uso de actos directivos de advertencia; y b) Coerción, estrategia entendida como el intento de modificar el comportamiento del adversario al controlar su conducta o capacidad de actuación. Dicha estrategia se realiza mediante el uso de actos directivos de amenaza.

Otro elemento relevante que tendrá que tenerse en cuenta en el estudio de la función y motivación pragmática de los actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza es la distancia social. Esto se debe a que en el corpus todos los hablantes, independientemente de su poder discursivo y del estatus social que se le confiere en función de su postura ante el tema o conducta, producen cualquiera de estos dos actos directivos (actos de advertencia y amenaza). Para ello cabe esperar que un hablante use una estrategia persuasiva cuando la distancia social con su adversario es alta, y una estrategia coercitiva cuando ambos invitados se conocen o guardan algún tipo de relación interpersonal, por ejemplo invitados que tienen un vínculo familiar. Esto puede representarse del modo siguiente:

Otro elemento relevante que tendrá que tenerse en cuenta en el estudio de la función y motivación pragmática de los actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza es la distancia social. Esto se debe a que en el corpus todos los hablantes, independientemente de su poder discursivo y del estatus social que se le confiere en función de su postura ante el tema o conducta, producen cualquiera de estos dos actos directivos (actos de advertencia y amenaza). Para ello cabe esperar que un hablante use una estrategia persuasiva cuando la distancia social con su adversario es alta, y una estrategia coercitiva cuando ambos invitados se conocen o guardan algún tipo de relación interpersonal, por ejemplo invitados que tienen un vínculo familiar. Esto puede representarse del modo siguiente:

Actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza en el habla conflictiva

Actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza en el habla conflictiva

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que tiene siempre como finalidad retar la fuerza ilocutiva del acto directivo (García Gómez, 2000). Del mismo modo, se hizo evidente que el hablante que produce el movimiento de inicio intenta recuperar la fuerza ilocutiva del enunciado anterior mediante un movimiento de continuación con el que se cierra y consolida el intercambio.

que tiene siempre como finalidad retar la fuerza ilocutiva del acto directivo (García Gómez, 2000). Del mismo modo, se hizo evidente que el hablante que produce el movimiento de inicio intenta recuperar la fuerza ilocutiva del enunciado anterior mediante un movimiento de continuación con el que se cierra y consolida el intercambio.

En el análisis del corpus se observó que, a pesar de que todos los actos directivos tienen la función de intentar manipular al adversario, es posible identificar dos motivaciones pragmáticas diferenciadas que subyacen en su uso. Éstas son: a) Persuasión, estrategia entendida como la posibilidad de alterar el sistema de creencias del adversario al dirigir la percepción u opinión de éste en la misma dirección que la del hablante. Dicha estrategia se lleva a cabo mediante el uso de actos directivos de advertencia; y b) Coerción, estrategia entendida como el intento de modificar el comportamiento del adversario al controlar su conducta o capacidad de actuación. Dicha estrategia se realiza mediante el uso de actos directivos de amenaza.

En el análisis del corpus se observó que, a pesar de que todos los actos directivos tienen la función de intentar manipular al adversario, es posible identificar dos motivaciones pragmáticas diferenciadas que subyacen en su uso. Éstas son: a) Persuasión, estrategia entendida como la posibilidad de alterar el sistema de creencias del adversario al dirigir la percepción u opinión de éste en la misma dirección que la del hablante. Dicha estrategia se lleva a cabo mediante el uso de actos directivos de advertencia; y b) Coerción, estrategia entendida como el intento de modificar el comportamiento del adversario al controlar su conducta o capacidad de actuación. Dicha estrategia se realiza mediante el uso de actos directivos de amenaza.

Otro elemento relevante que tendrá que tenerse en cuenta en el estudio de la función y motivación pragmática de los actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza es la distancia social. Esto se debe a que en el corpus todos los hablantes, independientemente de su poder discursivo y del estatus social que se le confiere en función de su postura ante el tema o conducta, producen cualquiera de estos dos actos directivos (actos de advertencia y amenaza). Para ello cabe esperar que un hablante use una estrategia persuasiva cuando la distancia social con su adversario es alta, y una estrategia coercitiva cuando ambos invitados se conocen o guardan algún tipo de relación interpersonal, por ejemplo invitados que tienen un vínculo familiar. Esto puede representarse del modo siguiente:

Otro elemento relevante que tendrá que tenerse en cuenta en el estudio de la función y motivación pragmática de los actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza es la distancia social. Esto se debe a que en el corpus todos los hablantes, independientemente de su poder discursivo y del estatus social que se le confiere en función de su postura ante el tema o conducta, producen cualquiera de estos dos actos directivos (actos de advertencia y amenaza). Para ello cabe esperar que un hablante use una estrategia persuasiva cuando la distancia social con su adversario es alta, y una estrategia coercitiva cuando ambos invitados se conocen o guardan algún tipo de relación interpersonal, por ejemplo invitados que tienen un vínculo familiar. Esto puede representarse del modo siguiente:

Actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza en el habla conflictiva

Actos directivos de advertencia y de amenaza en el habla conflictiva


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Ahora bien, hemos de resaltar que la línea que separa el uso de los actos directivos como una estrategia puramente persuasiva o coercitiva es ciertamente difusa, como hemos intentado reflejar en las líneas discontinuas que separan un acto directivo de otro en el cuadro anterior. Según nuestro criterio, el uso del directivo no puede ni debe ser entendido como una categoría cerrada, sino que puede variar dependiendo del tema sobre el que se discute, la implicación del hablante u otros factores tales como su personalidad.

Ahora bien, hemos de resaltar que la línea que separa el uso de los actos directivos como una estrategia puramente persuasiva o coercitiva es ciertamente difusa, como hemos intentado reflejar en las líneas discontinuas que separan un acto directivo de otro en el cuadro anterior. Según nuestro criterio, el uso del directivo no puede ni debe ser entendido como una categoría cerrada, sino que puede variar dependiendo del tema sobre el que se discute, la implicación del hablante u otros factores tales como su personalidad.

En lo que sigue, discutiremos los intercambios iniciados con un acto directivo de advertencia que pueden ser asociados inicialmente a una estrategia persuasiva y los movimientos iniciados con un acto directivo de amenaza que se relacionan con una estrategia coercitiva.

En lo que sigue, discutiremos los intercambios iniciados con un acto directivo de advertencia que pueden ser asociados inicialmente a una estrategia persuasiva y los movimientos iniciados con un acto directivo de amenaza que se relacionan con una estrategia coercitiva.

4.1. Intercambios iniciados con un acto directivo de advertencia

4.1. Intercambios iniciados con un acto directivo de advertencia

Según Tsui (1994), la fuerza ilocutiva de los actos directivos de advertencia sugiere un curso de acción beneficioso para el oyente donde se especifica la consecuencia negativa de su falta de sumisión y obediencia. En el caso del acto directivo de advertencia en el habla conflictiva, los hablantes proponen al adversario un curso alternativo y beneficioso de acción bajo la advertencia de que algo negativo puede sucederle si mantiene su punto de vista, actitud o comportamiento sobre el asunto a discutir. En el corpus hemos encontrado una única realización lingüística a través de la cual es posible establecer la motivación pragmática del hablante para producir dicho acto ilocutivo: Oración de imperativo + Oración declarativa.

Según Tsui (1994), la fuerza ilocutiva de los actos directivos de advertencia sugiere un curso de acción beneficioso para el oyente donde se especifica la consecuencia negativa de su falta de sumisión y obediencia. En el caso del acto directivo de advertencia en el habla conflictiva, los hablantes proponen al adversario un curso alternativo y beneficioso de acción bajo la advertencia de que algo negativo puede sucederle si mantiene su punto de vista, actitud o comportamiento sobre el asunto a discutir. En el corpus hemos encontrado una única realización lingüística a través de la cual es posible establecer la motivación pragmática del hablante para producir dicho acto ilocutivo: Oración de imperativo + Oración declarativa.

En lo que respecta a esta realización lingüística, el análisis revela que en el habla conflictiva, los invitados se sirven del uso del imperativo explícito acompañado de una oración declarativa para realizar un acto directivo de advertencia. Así pues, el hablante presenta al adversario dos realidades opuestas: “haz X o sucederá Y”. Este hecho determina que interpretemos el uso del acto directivo de advertencia como una estrategia persuasiva, en donde el adversario debe elegir entre llevar el curso de acción expresada en el imperativo o asumir las consecuencias negativas de su desacato que se presentan en la oración declarativa (Núñez Perucha, 2005). Curiosamente, es frecuente encontrar en este tipo de intercambios un contraste entre el

En lo que respecta a esta realización lingüística, el análisis revela que en el habla conflictiva, los invitados se sirven del uso del imperativo explícito acompañado de una oración declarativa para realizar un acto directivo de advertencia. Así pues, el hablante presenta al adversario dos realidades opuestas: “haz X o sucederá Y”. Este hecho determina que interpretemos el uso del acto directivo de advertencia como una estrategia persuasiva, en donde el adversario debe elegir entre llevar el curso de acción expresada en el imperativo o asumir las consecuencias negativas de su desacato que se presentan en la oración declarativa (Núñez Perucha, 2005). Curiosamente, es frecuente encontrar en este tipo de intercambios un contraste entre el

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Ahora bien, hemos de resaltar que la línea que separa el uso de los actos directivos como una estrategia puramente persuasiva o coercitiva es ciertamente difusa, como hemos intentado reflejar en las líneas discontinuas que separan un acto directivo de otro en el cuadro anterior. Según nuestro criterio, el uso del directivo no puede ni debe ser entendido como una categoría cerrada, sino que puede variar dependiendo del tema sobre el que se discute, la implicación del hablante u otros factores tales como su personalidad.

Ahora bien, hemos de resaltar que la línea que separa el uso de los actos directivos como una estrategia puramente persuasiva o coercitiva es ciertamente difusa, como hemos intentado reflejar en las líneas discontinuas que separan un acto directivo de otro en el cuadro anterior. Según nuestro criterio, el uso del directivo no puede ni debe ser entendido como una categoría cerrada, sino que puede variar dependiendo del tema sobre el que se discute, la implicación del hablante u otros factores tales como su personalidad.

En lo que sigue, discutiremos los intercambios iniciados con un acto directivo de advertencia que pueden ser asociados inicialmente a una estrategia persuasiva y los movimientos iniciados con un acto directivo de amenaza que se relacionan con una estrategia coercitiva.

En lo que sigue, discutiremos los intercambios iniciados con un acto directivo de advertencia que pueden ser asociados inicialmente a una estrategia persuasiva y los movimientos iniciados con un acto directivo de amenaza que se relacionan con una estrategia coercitiva.

4.1. Intercambios iniciados con un acto directivo de advertencia

4.1. Intercambios iniciados con un acto directivo de advertencia

Según Tsui (1994), la fuerza ilocutiva de los actos directivos de advertencia sugiere un curso de acción beneficioso para el oyente donde se especifica la consecuencia negativa de su falta de sumisión y obediencia. En el caso del acto directivo de advertencia en el habla conflictiva, los hablantes proponen al adversario un curso alternativo y beneficioso de acción bajo la advertencia de que algo negativo puede sucederle si mantiene su punto de vista, actitud o comportamiento sobre el asunto a discutir. En el corpus hemos encontrado una única realización lingüística a través de la cual es posible establecer la motivación pragmática del hablante para producir dicho acto ilocutivo: Oración de imperativo + Oración declarativa.

Según Tsui (1994), la fuerza ilocutiva de los actos directivos de advertencia sugiere un curso de acción beneficioso para el oyente donde se especifica la consecuencia negativa de su falta de sumisión y obediencia. En el caso del acto directivo de advertencia en el habla conflictiva, los hablantes proponen al adversario un curso alternativo y beneficioso de acción bajo la advertencia de que algo negativo puede sucederle si mantiene su punto de vista, actitud o comportamiento sobre el asunto a discutir. En el corpus hemos encontrado una única realización lingüística a través de la cual es posible establecer la motivación pragmática del hablante para producir dicho acto ilocutivo: Oración de imperativo + Oración declarativa.

En lo que respecta a esta realización lingüística, el análisis revela que en el habla conflictiva, los invitados se sirven del uso del imperativo explícito acompañado de una oración declarativa para realizar un acto directivo de advertencia. Así pues, el hablante presenta al adversario dos realidades opuestas: “haz X o sucederá Y”. Este hecho determina que interpretemos el uso del acto directivo de advertencia como una estrategia persuasiva, en donde el adversario debe elegir entre llevar el curso de acción expresada en el imperativo o asumir las consecuencias negativas de su desacato que se presentan en la oración declarativa (Núñez Perucha, 2005). Curiosamente, es frecuente encontrar en este tipo de intercambios un contraste entre el

En lo que respecta a esta realización lingüística, el análisis revela que en el habla conflictiva, los invitados se sirven del uso del imperativo explícito acompañado de una oración declarativa para realizar un acto directivo de advertencia. Así pues, el hablante presenta al adversario dos realidades opuestas: “haz X o sucederá Y”. Este hecho determina que interpretemos el uso del acto directivo de advertencia como una estrategia persuasiva, en donde el adversario debe elegir entre llevar el curso de acción expresada en el imperativo o asumir las consecuencias negativas de su desacato que se presentan en la oración declarativa (Núñez Perucha, 2005). Curiosamente, es frecuente encontrar en este tipo de intercambios un contraste entre el


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movimiento de inicio y el movimiento de continuación. Por un lado, el hablante introduce en el movimiento de inicio el castigo o repercusión negativa si el adversario no acata el curso de acción. Por otro lado, el hablante introduce, esta vez ya en el movimiento de continuación, la recompensa o repercusión positiva que tendrá el adversario si acepta dicho curso de acción. Véase, al respecto, el siguiente extracto: Extracto 1: My children don’t like my partner

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movimiento de inicio y el movimiento de continuación. Por un lado, el hablante introduce en el movimiento de inicio el castigo o repercusión negativa si el adversario no acata el curso de acción. Por otro lado, el hablante introduce, esta vez ya en el movimiento de continuación, la recompensa o repercusión positiva que tendrá el adversario si acepta dicho curso de acción. Véase, al respecto, el siguiente extracto: Extracto 1: My children don’t like my partner

W6, viendo la poca inclinación de W2 a dejar que su marido y los hijos de éste hablen, intenta llevar a cabo un ejercicio de terapia grupal. Para ello, W6 quiere hacer ver a W2 que tiene todo lo que desea (turno 365); sin embargo, W2 expresa su desacuerdo negando que tenga el control de la situación (turno 366). La distancia social que separa a ambos hablantes nos hace interpretar la motivación pragmática de este acto directivo de advertencia como una estrategia persuasiva (turno 367). W6 se vale de la oración imperativa para indicar al adversario el curso de acción a seguir (dejar de inmiscuirse), y en la oración declarativa hace explícito la consecuencia negativa que su comportamiento le traerá (perder a su marido).

W6, viendo la poca inclinación de W2 a dejar que su marido y los hijos de éste hablen, intenta llevar a cabo un ejercicio de terapia grupal. Para ello, W6 quiere hacer ver a W2 que tiene todo lo que desea (turno 365); sin embargo, W2 expresa su desacuerdo negando que tenga el control de la situación (turno 366). La distancia social que separa a ambos hablantes nos hace interpretar la motivación pragmática de este acto directivo de advertencia como una estrategia persuasiva (turno 367). W6 se vale de la oración imperativa para indicar al adversario el curso de acción a seguir (dejar de inmiscuirse), y en la oración declarativa hace explícito la consecuencia negativa que su comportamiento le traerá (perder a su marido).

No obstante, la estrategia persuasiva no tiene efecto, como se observa en el movimiento de reto producido por W2, en el que no sólo manifiesta su intención de no obedecer, sino en el que, además, desafía la fuerza ilocutiva del enunciado anterior burlándose de W2 (turno 368). El intercambio se consolida con un movimiento de continuación donde el hablante adopta la táctica inversa; es decir, en vez de presentar el castigo, intenta persuadir a W2 ofreciéndole la recompensa: “haz X y tendrás Y”. Nótese el uso del léxico magnanimous cuya función es incrementar la fuerza del impacto que la estrategia persuasiva puede tener sobre el adversario.

No obstante, la estrategia persuasiva no tiene efecto, como se observa en el movimiento de reto producido por W2, en el que no sólo manifiesta su intención de no obedecer, sino en el que, además, desafía la fuerza ilocutiva del enunciado anterior burlándose de W2 (turno 368). El intercambio se consolida con un movimiento de continuación donde el hablante adopta la táctica inversa; es decir, en vez de presentar el castigo, intenta persuadir a W2 ofreciéndole la recompensa: “haz X y tendrás Y”. Nótese el uso del léxico magnanimous cuya función es incrementar la fuerza del impacto que la estrategia persuasiva puede tener sobre el adversario.

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movimiento de inicio y el movimiento de continuación. Por un lado, el hablante introduce en el movimiento de inicio el castigo o repercusión negativa si el adversario no acata el curso de acción. Por otro lado, el hablante introduce, esta vez ya en el movimiento de continuación, la recompensa o repercusión positiva que tendrá el adversario si acepta dicho curso de acción. Véase, al respecto, el siguiente extracto: Extracto 1: My children don’t like my partner

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movimiento de inicio y el movimiento de continuación. Por un lado, el hablante introduce en el movimiento de inicio el castigo o repercusión negativa si el adversario no acata el curso de acción. Por otro lado, el hablante introduce, esta vez ya en el movimiento de continuación, la recompensa o repercusión positiva que tendrá el adversario si acepta dicho curso de acción. Véase, al respecto, el siguiente extracto: Extracto 1: My children don’t like my partner

W6, viendo la poca inclinación de W2 a dejar que su marido y los hijos de éste hablen, intenta llevar a cabo un ejercicio de terapia grupal. Para ello, W6 quiere hacer ver a W2 que tiene todo lo que desea (turno 365); sin embargo, W2 expresa su desacuerdo negando que tenga el control de la situación (turno 366). La distancia social que separa a ambos hablantes nos hace interpretar la motivación pragmática de este acto directivo de advertencia como una estrategia persuasiva (turno 367). W6 se vale de la oración imperativa para indicar al adversario el curso de acción a seguir (dejar de inmiscuirse), y en la oración declarativa hace explícito la consecuencia negativa que su comportamiento le traerá (perder a su marido).

W6, viendo la poca inclinación de W2 a dejar que su marido y los hijos de éste hablen, intenta llevar a cabo un ejercicio de terapia grupal. Para ello, W6 quiere hacer ver a W2 que tiene todo lo que desea (turno 365); sin embargo, W2 expresa su desacuerdo negando que tenga el control de la situación (turno 366). La distancia social que separa a ambos hablantes nos hace interpretar la motivación pragmática de este acto directivo de advertencia como una estrategia persuasiva (turno 367). W6 se vale de la oración imperativa para indicar al adversario el curso de acción a seguir (dejar de inmiscuirse), y en la oración declarativa hace explícito la consecuencia negativa que su comportamiento le traerá (perder a su marido).

No obstante, la estrategia persuasiva no tiene efecto, como se observa en el movimiento de reto producido por W2, en el que no sólo manifiesta su intención de no obedecer, sino en el que, además, desafía la fuerza ilocutiva del enunciado anterior burlándose de W2 (turno 368). El intercambio se consolida con un movimiento de continuación donde el hablante adopta la táctica inversa; es decir, en vez de presentar el castigo, intenta persuadir a W2 ofreciéndole la recompensa: “haz X y tendrás Y”. Nótese el uso del léxico magnanimous cuya función es incrementar la fuerza del impacto que la estrategia persuasiva puede tener sobre el adversario.

No obstante, la estrategia persuasiva no tiene efecto, como se observa en el movimiento de reto producido por W2, en el que no sólo manifiesta su intención de no obedecer, sino en el que, además, desafía la fuerza ilocutiva del enunciado anterior burlándose de W2 (turno 368). El intercambio se consolida con un movimiento de continuación donde el hablante adopta la táctica inversa; es decir, en vez de presentar el castigo, intenta persuadir a W2 ofreciéndole la recompensa: “haz X y tendrás Y”. Nótese el uso del léxico magnanimous cuya función es incrementar la fuerza del impacto que la estrategia persuasiva puede tener sobre el adversario.


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Dado que el acto directivo de advertencia presenta dos acciones relacionadas de forma excluyente y debido al hecho de que la proposición introducida en el imperativo tiene el objetivo de modificar el comportamiento socialmente inaceptable del adversario, es fácil argumentar el valor coercitivo de estos actos discursivos. En el corpus, se ha identificado una realización lingüística de los actos directivos de advertencia, que aunque clasificamos como una variante de la realización “oración imperativa + oración declarativa”, presenta un valor más impositivo por lo que debe ser clasificada como una estrategia entre la persuasión y la coerción. La estructura a la que nos referimos presenta la siguiente forma: “either X or Y”. Véase, como ejemplo, el siguiente extracto:

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Dado que el acto directivo de advertencia presenta dos acciones relacionadas de forma excluyente y debido al hecho de que la proposición introducida en el imperativo tiene el objetivo de modificar el comportamiento socialmente inaceptable del adversario, es fácil argumentar el valor coercitivo de estos actos discursivos. En el corpus, se ha identificado una realización lingüística de los actos directivos de advertencia, que aunque clasificamos como una variante de la realización “oración imperativa + oración declarativa”, presenta un valor más impositivo por lo que debe ser clasificada como una estrategia entre la persuasión y la coerción. La estructura a la que nos referimos presenta la siguiente forma: “either X or Y”. Véase, como ejemplo, el siguiente extracto:

Extracto 2: My children don’t like my partner

Extracto 2: My children don’t like my partner

Los múltiples intentos fallidos de Kilroy de aconsejar a M1 el curso de acción más beneficioso para él, y la constante falta de acuerdo que M1 manifiesta a seguir la recomendación del terapeuta (turnos 440-444) llevan a W6 a autoseleccionarse para advertirle de lo que sucederá si sigue actuando así. La distancia social existente entre ambos hablantes parece impedir a W6 la adopción de una estrategia puramente coercitiva (turno 445). Por ello, se vale de una estructura lingüística para realizar el acto de advertencia que aunque está relacionada con una estrategia persuasiva presenta un alto grado de coerción. Este hecho se puede apreciar en cómo W6 manipula la información presentada, ya que introduce ambas acciones de forma disyuntiva, donde sólo una de ellas puede continuar, donde M1 sólo puede ser agente de una de ellas. El valor coercitivo de la estrategia se refuerza con marcadores enfáticos (your children (.) your own flesh and blood). A pesar de la cuidadosa estrategia empleada, M1 reta la fuerza ilocutiva argumentando la falta de comprensión de W6 (turno 446). El intercambio se cierra con un turno cuyo objetivo es recuperar la

Los múltiples intentos fallidos de Kilroy de aconsejar a M1 el curso de acción más beneficioso para él, y la constante falta de acuerdo que M1 manifiesta a seguir la recomendación del terapeuta (turnos 440-444) llevan a W6 a autoseleccionarse para advertirle de lo que sucederá si sigue actuando así. La distancia social existente entre ambos hablantes parece impedir a W6 la adopción de una estrategia puramente coercitiva (turno 445). Por ello, se vale de una estructura lingüística para realizar el acto de advertencia que aunque está relacionada con una estrategia persuasiva presenta un alto grado de coerción. Este hecho se puede apreciar en cómo W6 manipula la información presentada, ya que introduce ambas acciones de forma disyuntiva, donde sólo una de ellas puede continuar, donde M1 sólo puede ser agente de una de ellas. El valor coercitivo de la estrategia se refuerza con marcadores enfáticos (your children (.) your own flesh and blood). A pesar de la cuidadosa estrategia empleada, M1 reta la fuerza ilocutiva argumentando la falta de comprensión de W6 (turno 446). El intercambio se cierra con un turno cuyo objetivo es recuperar la

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Dado que el acto directivo de advertencia presenta dos acciones relacionadas de forma excluyente y debido al hecho de que la proposición introducida en el imperativo tiene el objetivo de modificar el comportamiento socialmente inaceptable del adversario, es fácil argumentar el valor coercitivo de estos actos discursivos. En el corpus, se ha identificado una realización lingüística de los actos directivos de advertencia, que aunque clasificamos como una variante de la realización “oración imperativa + oración declarativa”, presenta un valor más impositivo por lo que debe ser clasificada como una estrategia entre la persuasión y la coerción. La estructura a la que nos referimos presenta la siguiente forma: “either X or Y”. Véase, como ejemplo, el siguiente extracto: Extracto 2: My children don’t like my partner

Los múltiples intentos fallidos de Kilroy de aconsejar a M1 el curso de acción más beneficioso para él, y la constante falta de acuerdo que M1 manifiesta a seguir la recomendación del terapeuta (turnos 440-444) llevan a W6 a autoseleccionarse para advertirle de lo que sucederá si sigue actuando así. La distancia social existente entre ambos hablantes parece impedir a W6 la adopción de una estrategia puramente coercitiva (turno 445). Por ello, se vale de una estructura lingüística para realizar el acto de advertencia que aunque está relacionada con una estrategia persuasiva presenta un alto grado de coerción. Este hecho se puede apreciar en cómo W6 manipula la información presentada, ya que introduce ambas acciones de forma disyuntiva, donde sólo una de ellas puede continuar, donde M1 sólo puede ser agente de una de ellas. El valor coercitivo de la estrategia se refuerza con marcadores enfáticos (your children (.) your own flesh and blood). A pesar de la cuidadosa estrategia empleada, M1 reta la fuerza ilocutiva argumentando la falta de comprensión de W6 (turno 446). El intercambio se cierra con un turno cuyo objetivo es recuperar la

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Dado que el acto directivo de advertencia presenta dos acciones relacionadas de forma excluyente y debido al hecho de que la proposición introducida en el imperativo tiene el objetivo de modificar el comportamiento socialmente inaceptable del adversario, es fácil argumentar el valor coercitivo de estos actos discursivos. En el corpus, se ha identificado una realización lingüística de los actos directivos de advertencia, que aunque clasificamos como una variante de la realización “oración imperativa + oración declarativa”, presenta un valor más impositivo por lo que debe ser clasificada como una estrategia entre la persuasión y la coerción. La estructura a la que nos referimos presenta la siguiente forma: “either X or Y”. Véase, como ejemplo, el siguiente extracto: Extracto 2: My children don’t like my partner

Los múltiples intentos fallidos de Kilroy de aconsejar a M1 el curso de acción más beneficioso para él, y la constante falta de acuerdo que M1 manifiesta a seguir la recomendación del terapeuta (turnos 440-444) llevan a W6 a autoseleccionarse para advertirle de lo que sucederá si sigue actuando así. La distancia social existente entre ambos hablantes parece impedir a W6 la adopción de una estrategia puramente coercitiva (turno 445). Por ello, se vale de una estructura lingüística para realizar el acto de advertencia que aunque está relacionada con una estrategia persuasiva presenta un alto grado de coerción. Este hecho se puede apreciar en cómo W6 manipula la información presentada, ya que introduce ambas acciones de forma disyuntiva, donde sólo una de ellas puede continuar, donde M1 sólo puede ser agente de una de ellas. El valor coercitivo de la estrategia se refuerza con marcadores enfáticos (your children (.) your own flesh and blood). A pesar de la cuidadosa estrategia empleada, M1 reta la fuerza ilocutiva argumentando la falta de comprensión de W6 (turno 446). El intercambio se cierra con un turno cuyo objetivo es recuperar la


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fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio e imponerse al adversario (turno 447).

fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio e imponerse al adversario (turno 447).

4.2. Intercambios iniciados con un acto directivo de amenaza

4.2. Intercambios iniciados con un acto directivo de amenaza

En este apartado, se perfilarán el uso y la función de los actos directivos de amenaza. Esto permitirá definir su motivación pragmática y explicar adecuadamente su papel en el habla conflictiva. A través de un acto directivo de amenaza, el hablante que lo produce ofrece un curso de acción al oyente bajo la amenaza de actuar negativamente sobre él si no sigue el curso de acción deseado (Searle, 1979; Tsui, 1994: 131).

En este apartado, se perfilarán el uso y la función de los actos directivos de amenaza. Esto permitirá definir su motivación pragmática y explicar adecuadamente su papel en el habla conflictiva. A través de un acto directivo de amenaza, el hablante que lo produce ofrece un curso de acción al oyente bajo la amenaza de actuar negativamente sobre él si no sigue el curso de acción deseado (Searle, 1979; Tsui, 1994: 131).

Es evidente que el acto directivo de amenaza responde a una clara motivación pragmática: la coerción. Así, se podría afirmar que los actos directivos de amenaza no pueden ser interpretados como un simple intento de conseguir que su adversario haga algo (García Gómez, 2007). Es más, la intensidad de la fuerza de los actos de amenaza viene determinada por el hecho de que el hablante está en posición no sólo de lanzar la amenaza, sino que tiene la autoridad necesaria para cumplirla (Pérez Hernández, 2001), de tal forma que cuanto menor es la distancia social entre el hablante y el adversario, mayor es la coerción. El estudio del uso de los actos directivos de amenaza reveló que su uso está restringido a aquellos invitados que guardan un vínculo familiar, puesto que están en posición de coaccionar al adversario.

Es evidente que el acto directivo de amenaza responde a una clara motivación pragmática: la coerción. Así, se podría afirmar que los actos directivos de amenaza no pueden ser interpretados como un simple intento de conseguir que su adversario haga algo (García Gómez, 2007). Es más, la intensidad de la fuerza de los actos de amenaza viene determinada por el hecho de que el hablante está en posición no sólo de lanzar la amenaza, sino que tiene la autoridad necesaria para cumplirla (Pérez Hernández, 2001), de tal forma que cuanto menor es la distancia social entre el hablante y el adversario, mayor es la coerción. El estudio del uso de los actos directivos de amenaza reveló que su uso está restringido a aquellos invitados que guardan un vínculo familiar, puesto que están en posición de coaccionar al adversario.

El acto directivo de amenaza intenta conseguir que el adversario lleve a cabo un curso de acción, sea o no por su propio beneficio, bajo la amenaza del hablante que lo produce de actuar negativamente sobre él. En el corpus, hemos encontrado dos realizaciones lingüísticas diferenciadas: a) Oración de imperativo + Oración declarativa; y b) Oración declarativa (condición) + Oración declarativa (resultado).

El acto directivo de amenaza intenta conseguir que el adversario lleve a cabo un curso de acción, sea o no por su propio beneficio, bajo la amenaza del hablante que lo produce de actuar negativamente sobre él. En el corpus, hemos encontrado dos realizaciones lingüísticas diferenciadas: a) Oración de imperativo + Oración declarativa; y b) Oración declarativa (condición) + Oración declarativa (resultado).

En lo que respecta a la primera realización lingüística (oración de imperativo + oración declarativa) difiere de la propuesta para la realización del acto directivo de advertencia en lo siguiente: el hablante que produce el acto directivo de amenaza aparece como el agente de la acción negativa (oración de declarativa) que le sucederá

En lo que respecta a la primera realización lingüística (oración de imperativo + oración declarativa) difiere de la propuesta para la realización del acto directivo de advertencia en lo siguiente: el hablante que produce el acto directivo de amenaza aparece como el agente de la acción negativa (oración de declarativa) que le sucederá

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fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio e imponerse al adversario (turno 447).

fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio e imponerse al adversario (turno 447).

4.2. Intercambios iniciados con un acto directivo de amenaza

4.2. Intercambios iniciados con un acto directivo de amenaza

En este apartado, se perfilarán el uso y la función de los actos directivos de amenaza. Esto permitirá definir su motivación pragmática y explicar adecuadamente su papel en el habla conflictiva. A través de un acto directivo de amenaza, el hablante que lo produce ofrece un curso de acción al oyente bajo la amenaza de actuar negativamente sobre él si no sigue el curso de acción deseado (Searle, 1979; Tsui, 1994: 131).

En este apartado, se perfilarán el uso y la función de los actos directivos de amenaza. Esto permitirá definir su motivación pragmática y explicar adecuadamente su papel en el habla conflictiva. A través de un acto directivo de amenaza, el hablante que lo produce ofrece un curso de acción al oyente bajo la amenaza de actuar negativamente sobre él si no sigue el curso de acción deseado (Searle, 1979; Tsui, 1994: 131).

Es evidente que el acto directivo de amenaza responde a una clara motivación pragmática: la coerción. Así, se podría afirmar que los actos directivos de amenaza no pueden ser interpretados como un simple intento de conseguir que su adversario haga algo (García Gómez, 2007). Es más, la intensidad de la fuerza de los actos de amenaza viene determinada por el hecho de que el hablante está en posición no sólo de lanzar la amenaza, sino que tiene la autoridad necesaria para cumplirla (Pérez Hernández, 2001), de tal forma que cuanto menor es la distancia social entre el hablante y el adversario, mayor es la coerción. El estudio del uso de los actos directivos de amenaza reveló que su uso está restringido a aquellos invitados que guardan un vínculo familiar, puesto que están en posición de coaccionar al adversario.

Es evidente que el acto directivo de amenaza responde a una clara motivación pragmática: la coerción. Así, se podría afirmar que los actos directivos de amenaza no pueden ser interpretados como un simple intento de conseguir que su adversario haga algo (García Gómez, 2007). Es más, la intensidad de la fuerza de los actos de amenaza viene determinada por el hecho de que el hablante está en posición no sólo de lanzar la amenaza, sino que tiene la autoridad necesaria para cumplirla (Pérez Hernández, 2001), de tal forma que cuanto menor es la distancia social entre el hablante y el adversario, mayor es la coerción. El estudio del uso de los actos directivos de amenaza reveló que su uso está restringido a aquellos invitados que guardan un vínculo familiar, puesto que están en posición de coaccionar al adversario.

El acto directivo de amenaza intenta conseguir que el adversario lleve a cabo un curso de acción, sea o no por su propio beneficio, bajo la amenaza del hablante que lo produce de actuar negativamente sobre él. En el corpus, hemos encontrado dos realizaciones lingüísticas diferenciadas: a) Oración de imperativo + Oración declarativa; y b) Oración declarativa (condición) + Oración declarativa (resultado).

El acto directivo de amenaza intenta conseguir que el adversario lleve a cabo un curso de acción, sea o no por su propio beneficio, bajo la amenaza del hablante que lo produce de actuar negativamente sobre él. En el corpus, hemos encontrado dos realizaciones lingüísticas diferenciadas: a) Oración de imperativo + Oración declarativa; y b) Oración declarativa (condición) + Oración declarativa (resultado).

En lo que respecta a la primera realización lingüística (oración de imperativo + oración declarativa) difiere de la propuesta para la realización del acto directivo de advertencia en lo siguiente: el hablante que produce el acto directivo de amenaza aparece como el agente de la acción negativa (oración de declarativa) que le sucederá

En lo que respecta a la primera realización lingüística (oración de imperativo + oración declarativa) difiere de la propuesta para la realización del acto directivo de advertencia en lo siguiente: el hablante que produce el acto directivo de amenaza aparece como el agente de la acción negativa (oración de declarativa) que le sucederá


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al adversario si se niega a realizar el curso de acción expresado en la oración de imperativo. Esta situación aparece claramente reflejada en el siguiente extracto entre un hombre y su mujer. Aquí W1 ha confesado su adicción al alcohol (turnos 67-72).

al adversario si se niega a realizar el curso de acción expresado en la oración de imperativo. Esta situación aparece claramente reflejada en el siguiente extracto entre un hombre y su mujer. Aquí W1 ha confesado su adicción al alcohol (turnos 67-72).

En este contexto, M1, marido de W1, se autoselecciona (turno 73) para evaluar negativamente la actitud de su mujer. Inicialmente, a través del imperativo le exige que deje su postura victimista como un intento de justificar las repercusiones negativas producto de su alcoholismo. Ante esta situación, Kilroy le da paso para que sigan hablando (turno 74). La intensidad de la fuerza del acto directivo de amenaza viene determinada por la relación interpersonal que une a ambos hablantes. Así, M1 introduce dos cursos de acciones excluyentes (turno 75); es decir, M1 introduce en la oración de imperativo la acción que W1 debe seguir (dejar de beber) o, por el contrario, hace explícito en la oración declarativa su compromiso de actuar negativamente sobre ella (abandonar a W1 para siempre).

En este contexto, M1, marido de W1, se autoselecciona (turno 73) para evaluar negativamente la actitud de su mujer. Inicialmente, a través del imperativo le exige que deje su postura victimista como un intento de justificar las repercusiones negativas producto de su alcoholismo. Ante esta situación, Kilroy le da paso para que sigan hablando (turno 74). La intensidad de la fuerza del acto directivo de amenaza viene determinada por la relación interpersonal que une a ambos hablantes. Así, M1 introduce dos cursos de acciones excluyentes (turno 75); es decir, M1 introduce en la oración de imperativo la acción que W1 debe seguir (dejar de beber) o, por el contrario, hace explícito en la oración declarativa su compromiso de actuar negativamente sobre ella (abandonar a W1 para siempre).

Extracto 3: Standing by an alcoholic partner

Extracto 3: Standing by an alcoholic partner

Nótese en este extracto cómo la distancia social es un factor decisivo para el éxito de la estrategia coercitiva, ya que el hablante está en posición de poder marcharse con los hijos del matrimonio. A pesar de que M1 puede llevar a cabo su amenaza, W1 reta la fuerza ilocutiva y cuestiona la actuación de su marido (una amenaza no es la manera correcta de ayudarla). Sin embargo, la baja disposición de W1 a realizar la acción deseada por el hablante favorece la presencia de un movimiento de continuación que completa el intercambio. En este movimiento, M1 recupera la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio

Nótese en este extracto cómo la distancia social es un factor decisivo para el éxito de la estrategia coercitiva, ya que el hablante está en posición de poder marcharse con los hijos del matrimonio. A pesar de que M1 puede llevar a cabo su amenaza, W1 reta la fuerza ilocutiva y cuestiona la actuación de su marido (una amenaza no es la manera correcta de ayudarla). Sin embargo, la baja disposición de W1 a realizar la acción deseada por el hablante favorece la presencia de un movimiento de continuación que completa el intercambio. En este movimiento, M1 recupera la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio

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al adversario si se niega a realizar el curso de acción expresado en la oración de imperativo. Esta situación aparece claramente reflejada en el siguiente extracto entre un hombre y su mujer. Aquí W1 ha confesado su adicción al alcohol (turnos 67-72).

al adversario si se niega a realizar el curso de acción expresado en la oración de imperativo. Esta situación aparece claramente reflejada en el siguiente extracto entre un hombre y su mujer. Aquí W1 ha confesado su adicción al alcohol (turnos 67-72).

En este contexto, M1, marido de W1, se autoselecciona (turno 73) para evaluar negativamente la actitud de su mujer. Inicialmente, a través del imperativo le exige que deje su postura victimista como un intento de justificar las repercusiones negativas producto de su alcoholismo. Ante esta situación, Kilroy le da paso para que sigan hablando (turno 74). La intensidad de la fuerza del acto directivo de amenaza viene determinada por la relación interpersonal que une a ambos hablantes. Así, M1 introduce dos cursos de acciones excluyentes (turno 75); es decir, M1 introduce en la oración de imperativo la acción que W1 debe seguir (dejar de beber) o, por el contrario, hace explícito en la oración declarativa su compromiso de actuar negativamente sobre ella (abandonar a W1 para siempre).

En este contexto, M1, marido de W1, se autoselecciona (turno 73) para evaluar negativamente la actitud de su mujer. Inicialmente, a través del imperativo le exige que deje su postura victimista como un intento de justificar las repercusiones negativas producto de su alcoholismo. Ante esta situación, Kilroy le da paso para que sigan hablando (turno 74). La intensidad de la fuerza del acto directivo de amenaza viene determinada por la relación interpersonal que une a ambos hablantes. Así, M1 introduce dos cursos de acciones excluyentes (turno 75); es decir, M1 introduce en la oración de imperativo la acción que W1 debe seguir (dejar de beber) o, por el contrario, hace explícito en la oración declarativa su compromiso de actuar negativamente sobre ella (abandonar a W1 para siempre).

Extracto 3: Standing by an alcoholic partner

Nótese en este extracto cómo la distancia social es un factor decisivo para el éxito de la estrategia coercitiva, ya que el hablante está en posición de poder marcharse con los hijos del matrimonio. A pesar de que M1 puede llevar a cabo su amenaza, W1 reta la fuerza ilocutiva y cuestiona la actuación de su marido (una amenaza no es la manera correcta de ayudarla). Sin embargo, la baja disposición de W1 a realizar la acción deseada por el hablante favorece la presencia de un movimiento de continuación que completa el intercambio. En este movimiento, M1 recupera la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio

Extracto 3: Standing by an alcoholic partner

Nótese en este extracto cómo la distancia social es un factor decisivo para el éxito de la estrategia coercitiva, ya que el hablante está en posición de poder marcharse con los hijos del matrimonio. A pesar de que M1 puede llevar a cabo su amenaza, W1 reta la fuerza ilocutiva y cuestiona la actuación de su marido (una amenaza no es la manera correcta de ayudarla). Sin embargo, la baja disposición de W1 a realizar la acción deseada por el hablante favorece la presencia de un movimiento de continuación que completa el intercambio. En este movimiento, M1 recupera la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio


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al mantenerse firme en su postura: seguir adelante con su amenaza (turno 77).

al mantenerse firme en su postura: seguir adelante con su amenaza (turno 77).

De igual forma, se han podido localizar casos en el corpus en los que hablantes, que apenas mantienen algún tipo de relación entre ellos (generalmente por un enfrentamiento en la vida real), también tienen acceso al acto directivo de amenaza como estrategia coercitiva. Aunque la realización lingüística usada es la misma, el hablante enmascara su agentividad en la ejecución de la amenaza. Como se observa en el extracto siguiente, el hablante W2, quien apenas mantiene relación con su hijastro, le amenaza con hacerle callar si no dice la verdad.

De igual forma, se han podido localizar casos en el corpus en los que hablantes, que apenas mantienen algún tipo de relación entre ellos (generalmente por un enfrentamiento en la vida real), también tienen acceso al acto directivo de amenaza como estrategia coercitiva. Aunque la realización lingüística usada es la misma, el hablante enmascara su agentividad en la ejecución de la amenaza. Como se observa en el extracto siguiente, el hablante W2, quien apenas mantiene relación con su hijastro, le amenaza con hacerle callar si no dice la verdad.

Extracto 4: My children don’t like my partner

Extracto 4: My children don’t like my partner

M3 acaba de acusar a su padre de no permitir a su madre la entrada a la casa conyugal (turno 37); sin que haya finalizado su turno, W2 se autoselecciona y le interrumpe. El ejemplo evidencia cómo la distancia social entre la madrastra (W2) y el hijastro (M3) dificulta la presencia de una amenaza por parte de W2 hacia su adversario. Si analizamos el intercambio, W2 también introduce dos cursos de acción excluyentes. Por un lado, en la oración de imperativo se recoge la acción a seguir por M3 (get the facts right); en la oración declarativa, por otro, se hace explícita la amenaza (we are going to stop you there).

M3 acaba de acusar a su padre de no permitir a su madre la entrada a la casa conyugal (turno 37); sin que haya finalizado su turno, W2 se autoselecciona y le interrumpe. El ejemplo evidencia cómo la distancia social entre la madrastra (W2) y el hijastro (M3) dificulta la presencia de una amenaza por parte de W2 hacia su adversario. Si analizamos el intercambio, W2 también introduce dos cursos de acción excluyentes. Por un lado, en la oración de imperativo se recoge la acción a seguir por M3 (get the facts right); en la oración declarativa, por otro, se hace explícita la amenaza (we are going to stop you there).

Sin embargo, nótese cómo W2 introduce en el turno 39 como agentes explícitos el pronombre we en el que incluye al padre de M3. A pesar de buscar el apoyo en el poder patriarcal para el éxito de la estrategia coercitiva, M3 reta la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio reproduciendo las palabras del padre para avalar su versión de los hechos (turno 40). El valor coercitivo se puede apreciar en el doble movimiento de continuación producido por W2 y M1, padre de M3.

Sin embargo, nótese cómo W2 introduce en el turno 39 como agentes explícitos el pronombre we en el que incluye al padre de M3. A pesar de buscar el apoyo en el poder patriarcal para el éxito de la estrategia coercitiva, M3 reta la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio reproduciendo las palabras del padre para avalar su versión de los hechos (turno 40). El valor coercitivo se puede apreciar en el doble movimiento de continuación producido por W2 y M1, padre de M3.

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al mantenerse firme en su postura: seguir adelante con su amenaza (turno 77).

al mantenerse firme en su postura: seguir adelante con su amenaza (turno 77).

De igual forma, se han podido localizar casos en el corpus en los que hablantes, que apenas mantienen algún tipo de relación entre ellos (generalmente por un enfrentamiento en la vida real), también tienen acceso al acto directivo de amenaza como estrategia coercitiva. Aunque la realización lingüística usada es la misma, el hablante enmascara su agentividad en la ejecución de la amenaza. Como se observa en el extracto siguiente, el hablante W2, quien apenas mantiene relación con su hijastro, le amenaza con hacerle callar si no dice la verdad.

De igual forma, se han podido localizar casos en el corpus en los que hablantes, que apenas mantienen algún tipo de relación entre ellos (generalmente por un enfrentamiento en la vida real), también tienen acceso al acto directivo de amenaza como estrategia coercitiva. Aunque la realización lingüística usada es la misma, el hablante enmascara su agentividad en la ejecución de la amenaza. Como se observa en el extracto siguiente, el hablante W2, quien apenas mantiene relación con su hijastro, le amenaza con hacerle callar si no dice la verdad.

Extracto 4: My children don’t like my partner

Extracto 4: My children don’t like my partner

M3 acaba de acusar a su padre de no permitir a su madre la entrada a la casa conyugal (turno 37); sin que haya finalizado su turno, W2 se autoselecciona y le interrumpe. El ejemplo evidencia cómo la distancia social entre la madrastra (W2) y el hijastro (M3) dificulta la presencia de una amenaza por parte de W2 hacia su adversario. Si analizamos el intercambio, W2 también introduce dos cursos de acción excluyentes. Por un lado, en la oración de imperativo se recoge la acción a seguir por M3 (get the facts right); en la oración declarativa, por otro, se hace explícita la amenaza (we are going to stop you there).

M3 acaba de acusar a su padre de no permitir a su madre la entrada a la casa conyugal (turno 37); sin que haya finalizado su turno, W2 se autoselecciona y le interrumpe. El ejemplo evidencia cómo la distancia social entre la madrastra (W2) y el hijastro (M3) dificulta la presencia de una amenaza por parte de W2 hacia su adversario. Si analizamos el intercambio, W2 también introduce dos cursos de acción excluyentes. Por un lado, en la oración de imperativo se recoge la acción a seguir por M3 (get the facts right); en la oración declarativa, por otro, se hace explícita la amenaza (we are going to stop you there).

Sin embargo, nótese cómo W2 introduce en el turno 39 como agentes explícitos el pronombre we en el que incluye al padre de M3. A pesar de buscar el apoyo en el poder patriarcal para el éxito de la estrategia coercitiva, M3 reta la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio reproduciendo las palabras del padre para avalar su versión de los hechos (turno 40). El valor coercitivo se puede apreciar en el doble movimiento de continuación producido por W2 y M1, padre de M3.

Sin embargo, nótese cómo W2 introduce en el turno 39 como agentes explícitos el pronombre we en el que incluye al padre de M3. A pesar de buscar el apoyo en el poder patriarcal para el éxito de la estrategia coercitiva, M3 reta la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio reproduciendo las palabras del padre para avalar su versión de los hechos (turno 40). El valor coercitivo se puede apreciar en el doble movimiento de continuación producido por W2 y M1, padre de M3.


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Por su parte, W2 recupera la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio repitiendo lo que pasó y el principio de la amenaza get the facts right (turno 41). El padre confirma la versión de su pareja y recupera el curso de acción que quiere que su hijo siga (turno 42).

Por su parte, W2 recupera la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio repitiendo lo que pasó y el principio de la amenaza get the facts right (turno 41). El padre confirma la versión de su pareja y recupera el curso de acción que quiere que su hijo siga (turno 42).

A menudo los hablantes se sirven de la estructura “oración declarativa (condición) + oración declarativa (resultado)” para realizar los actos directivos de amenaza. En este caso, el hablante presenta típicamente en la primera oración declarativa (condición) la acción no deseable que debe cesar o la acusación de la falta de actuación del adversario; además, en la segunda oración declarativa (resultado) el hablante manifiesta su intención de actuar de forma negativa sobre el adversario. El siguiente extracto ilustra cómo M16, quien había solicitado en el pasado los servicios de W5, se autoselecciona para evaluarle negativamente, por presumir de ser capaz de curar trasmitiendo su energía curativa (turnos 173-179).

A menudo los hablantes se sirven de la estructura “oración declarativa (condición) + oración declarativa (resultado)” para realizar los actos directivos de amenaza. En este caso, el hablante presenta típicamente en la primera oración declarativa (condición) la acción no deseable que debe cesar o la acusación de la falta de actuación del adversario; además, en la segunda oración declarativa (resultado) el hablante manifiesta su intención de actuar de forma negativa sobre el adversario. El siguiente extracto ilustra cómo M16, quien había solicitado en el pasado los servicios de W5, se autoselecciona para evaluarle negativamente, por presumir de ser capaz de curar trasmitiendo su energía curativa (turnos 173-179).

Extracto 5: Should you put you faith in a healer?

Extracto 5: Should you put you faith in a healer?

En este episodio, un grupo de invitados mantiene una conversación cruzada defendiendo sus diferentes posturas. El acaloramiento resultante hace difícil que todos los invitados escuchen con claridad lo que el otro tiene que decir. Así, por ejemplo, M16 se autoselecciona para acusar a W5 de crear falsas esperanzas en las personas que padecen alguna enfermedad. Sin embargo, hasta que Kilroy no le da el turno W5 no escucha la acusación vertida sobre su persona (turno 272). Aún así, W5 produce un movimiento de reto (turno 273) en el que niega la legitimidad de la acusación (es necesario que el paciente tenga fe para que pueda curarse).

En este episodio, un grupo de invitados mantiene una conversación cruzada defendiendo sus diferentes posturas. El acaloramiento resultante hace difícil que todos los invitados escuchen con claridad lo que el otro tiene que decir. Así, por ejemplo, M16 se autoselecciona para acusar a W5 de crear falsas esperanzas en las personas que padecen alguna enfermedad. Sin embargo, hasta que Kilroy no le da el turno W5 no escucha la acusación vertida sobre su persona (turno 272). Aún así, W5 produce un movimiento de reto (turno 273) en el que niega la legitimidad de la acusación (es necesario que el paciente tenga fe para que pueda curarse).

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Por su parte, W2 recupera la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio repitiendo lo que pasó y el principio de la amenaza get the facts right (turno 41). El padre confirma la versión de su pareja y recupera el curso de acción que quiere que su hijo siga (turno 42).

Por su parte, W2 recupera la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio repitiendo lo que pasó y el principio de la amenaza get the facts right (turno 41). El padre confirma la versión de su pareja y recupera el curso de acción que quiere que su hijo siga (turno 42).

A menudo los hablantes se sirven de la estructura “oración declarativa (condición) + oración declarativa (resultado)” para realizar los actos directivos de amenaza. En este caso, el hablante presenta típicamente en la primera oración declarativa (condición) la acción no deseable que debe cesar o la acusación de la falta de actuación del adversario; además, en la segunda oración declarativa (resultado) el hablante manifiesta su intención de actuar de forma negativa sobre el adversario. El siguiente extracto ilustra cómo M16, quien había solicitado en el pasado los servicios de W5, se autoselecciona para evaluarle negativamente, por presumir de ser capaz de curar trasmitiendo su energía curativa (turnos 173-179).

A menudo los hablantes se sirven de la estructura “oración declarativa (condición) + oración declarativa (resultado)” para realizar los actos directivos de amenaza. En este caso, el hablante presenta típicamente en la primera oración declarativa (condición) la acción no deseable que debe cesar o la acusación de la falta de actuación del adversario; además, en la segunda oración declarativa (resultado) el hablante manifiesta su intención de actuar de forma negativa sobre el adversario. El siguiente extracto ilustra cómo M16, quien había solicitado en el pasado los servicios de W5, se autoselecciona para evaluarle negativamente, por presumir de ser capaz de curar trasmitiendo su energía curativa (turnos 173-179).

Extracto 5: Should you put you faith in a healer?

En este episodio, un grupo de invitados mantiene una conversación cruzada defendiendo sus diferentes posturas. El acaloramiento resultante hace difícil que todos los invitados escuchen con claridad lo que el otro tiene que decir. Así, por ejemplo, M16 se autoselecciona para acusar a W5 de crear falsas esperanzas en las personas que padecen alguna enfermedad. Sin embargo, hasta que Kilroy no le da el turno W5 no escucha la acusación vertida sobre su persona (turno 272). Aún así, W5 produce un movimiento de reto (turno 273) en el que niega la legitimidad de la acusación (es necesario que el paciente tenga fe para que pueda curarse).

Extracto 5: Should you put you faith in a healer?

En este episodio, un grupo de invitados mantiene una conversación cruzada defendiendo sus diferentes posturas. El acaloramiento resultante hace difícil que todos los invitados escuchen con claridad lo que el otro tiene que decir. Así, por ejemplo, M16 se autoselecciona para acusar a W5 de crear falsas esperanzas en las personas que padecen alguna enfermedad. Sin embargo, hasta que Kilroy no le da el turno W5 no escucha la acusación vertida sobre su persona (turno 272). Aún así, W5 produce un movimiento de reto (turno 273) en el que niega la legitimidad de la acusación (es necesario que el paciente tenga fe para que pueda curarse).


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En este contexto, M16 le interrumpe y produce un movimiento de inicio mediante un acto directivo de amenaza (turno 274). Por un lado, en la primera oración declarativa introduce el curso de acción que W5 debe acatar (dejar de decir mentiras) y, por otro, en la segunda oración declarativa, M16 hace explícita su intención de actuar negativamente sobre él (revelando cierta información que conoce y que W5 no quiere que se haga pública). Como es propio de estos intercambios, W5 reta la fuerza ilocutiva negando que mienta (turno 275), por lo que M16 produce un movimiento de continuación mediante el cual recupera la fuerza ilocutiva reprobando su actitud e intenta, nuevamente, enderezar la conducta del adversario (turno 276).

En este contexto, M16 le interrumpe y produce un movimiento de inicio mediante un acto directivo de amenaza (turno 274). Por un lado, en la primera oración declarativa introduce el curso de acción que W5 debe acatar (dejar de decir mentiras) y, por otro, en la segunda oración declarativa, M16 hace explícita su intención de actuar negativamente sobre él (revelando cierta información que conoce y que W5 no quiere que se haga pública). Como es propio de estos intercambios, W5 reta la fuerza ilocutiva negando que mienta (turno 275), por lo que M16 produce un movimiento de continuación mediante el cual recupera la fuerza ilocutiva reprobando su actitud e intenta, nuevamente, enderezar la conducta del adversario (turno 276).

La intensidad del acto directivo de amenaza puede crear situaciones muy tensas a lo largo del programa en las que Kilroy debe intervenir para evitar que los invitados se insulten o incluso puedan llegar a la violencia física. Como sucede en el extracto 40, M1 lleva parte del programa discutiendo con su hija (W2) quien acaba de dejar en entredicho su hombría delante de toda la audiencia (turno 154). La violencia verbal es clara en todo el episodio, como así lo subraya el tono de enfado de M1 y la expresión corporal (de pie, mirando fijamente a su hija y a su yerno mientras les increpa con el puño cerrado).

La intensidad del acto directivo de amenaza puede crear situaciones muy tensas a lo largo del programa en las que Kilroy debe intervenir para evitar que los invitados se insulten o incluso puedan llegar a la violencia física. Como sucede en el extracto 40, M1 lleva parte del programa discutiendo con su hija (W2) quien acaba de dejar en entredicho su hombría delante de toda la audiencia (turno 154). La violencia verbal es clara en todo el episodio, como así lo subraya el tono de enfado de M1 y la expresión corporal (de pie, mirando fijamente a su hija y a su yerno mientras les increpa con el puño cerrado).

Extracto 6: I don’t like my daughter’s partner

Extracto 6: I don’t like my daughter’s partner

La actitud violenta de M1 hacia su hija causa el enfado y la queja por parte del marido de ésta (M6). M1 se enoja aún más y se dirige directamente a su yerno (M6) (turno 156) a través de una

La actitud violenta de M1 hacia su hija causa el enfado y la queja por parte del marido de ésta (M6). M1 se enoja aún más y se dirige directamente a su yerno (M6) (turno 156) a través de una

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En este contexto, M16 le interrumpe y produce un movimiento de inicio mediante un acto directivo de amenaza (turno 274). Por un lado, en la primera oración declarativa introduce el curso de acción que W5 debe acatar (dejar de decir mentiras) y, por otro, en la segunda oración declarativa, M16 hace explícita su intención de actuar negativamente sobre él (revelando cierta información que conoce y que W5 no quiere que se haga pública). Como es propio de estos intercambios, W5 reta la fuerza ilocutiva negando que mienta (turno 275), por lo que M16 produce un movimiento de continuación mediante el cual recupera la fuerza ilocutiva reprobando su actitud e intenta, nuevamente, enderezar la conducta del adversario (turno 276).

En este contexto, M16 le interrumpe y produce un movimiento de inicio mediante un acto directivo de amenaza (turno 274). Por un lado, en la primera oración declarativa introduce el curso de acción que W5 debe acatar (dejar de decir mentiras) y, por otro, en la segunda oración declarativa, M16 hace explícita su intención de actuar negativamente sobre él (revelando cierta información que conoce y que W5 no quiere que se haga pública). Como es propio de estos intercambios, W5 reta la fuerza ilocutiva negando que mienta (turno 275), por lo que M16 produce un movimiento de continuación mediante el cual recupera la fuerza ilocutiva reprobando su actitud e intenta, nuevamente, enderezar la conducta del adversario (turno 276).

La intensidad del acto directivo de amenaza puede crear situaciones muy tensas a lo largo del programa en las que Kilroy debe intervenir para evitar que los invitados se insulten o incluso puedan llegar a la violencia física. Como sucede en el extracto 40, M1 lleva parte del programa discutiendo con su hija (W2) quien acaba de dejar en entredicho su hombría delante de toda la audiencia (turno 154). La violencia verbal es clara en todo el episodio, como así lo subraya el tono de enfado de M1 y la expresión corporal (de pie, mirando fijamente a su hija y a su yerno mientras les increpa con el puño cerrado).

La intensidad del acto directivo de amenaza puede crear situaciones muy tensas a lo largo del programa en las que Kilroy debe intervenir para evitar que los invitados se insulten o incluso puedan llegar a la violencia física. Como sucede en el extracto 40, M1 lleva parte del programa discutiendo con su hija (W2) quien acaba de dejar en entredicho su hombría delante de toda la audiencia (turno 154). La violencia verbal es clara en todo el episodio, como así lo subraya el tono de enfado de M1 y la expresión corporal (de pie, mirando fijamente a su hija y a su yerno mientras les increpa con el puño cerrado).

Extracto 6: I don’t like my daughter’s partner

La actitud violenta de M1 hacia su hija causa el enfado y la queja por parte del marido de ésta (M6). M1 se enoja aún más y se dirige directamente a su yerno (M6) (turno 156) a través de una

Extracto 6: I don’t like my daughter’s partner

La actitud violenta de M1 hacia su hija causa el enfado y la queja por parte del marido de ésta (M6). M1 se enoja aún más y se dirige directamente a su yerno (M6) (turno 156) a través de una


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oración declarativa con el auxiliar modal should que, debido al contexto lingüístico y la actitud del hablante, debe ser analizado como un acto directivo de amenaza. Nótese, de igual modo, el uso peyorativo del léxico shut your gob que da más fuerza al enunciado. A pesar de la amenaza producida, W6 reta la fuerza ilocutiva y da razones de por qué puede seguir hablando (turno 157). El intercambio se consolida con un movimiento de continuación en el que M1 intenta reforzar su posición de poder argumentando que como padre ha estado más tiempo con su hija (turno 158).

oración declarativa con el auxiliar modal should que, debido al contexto lingüístico y la actitud del hablante, debe ser analizado como un acto directivo de amenaza. Nótese, de igual modo, el uso peyorativo del léxico shut your gob que da más fuerza al enunciado. A pesar de la amenaza producida, W6 reta la fuerza ilocutiva y da razones de por qué puede seguir hablando (turno 157). El intercambio se consolida con un movimiento de continuación en el que M1 intenta reforzar su posición de poder argumentando que como padre ha estado más tiempo con su hija (turno 158).

La tensión entre ambos hablantes va creciendo, hasta el punto de que M6 inicia un nuevo intercambio con un acto directivo de amenaza. Así, establece en la oración condicional la imposición de un curso de acción (dejar a su mujer en paz) bajo la amenaza explícita en la segunda oración declarativa de contar en la televisión nacional todo lo que le ha hecho a su hija (turno 159). Lejos de amedrentar a su adversario, M1 desafía la fuerza ilocutiva de la amenaza (turno 160) que M6 intenta recuperar en el movimiento de continuación (turno 161). En dicho movimiento, M6 recupera el mismo contenido del enunciado, pero, esta vez, el curso de acción es expresado en una oración imperativa (para dar más fuerza a su amenaza) y una oración declarativa donde introduce un curso de acción que implica violencia física (I’ll shut your gob). Ante esta situación, Kilroy intenta calmar los ánimos.

La tensión entre ambos hablantes va creciendo, hasta el punto de que M6 inicia un nuevo intercambio con un acto directivo de amenaza. Así, establece en la oración condicional la imposición de un curso de acción (dejar a su mujer en paz) bajo la amenaza explícita en la segunda oración declarativa de contar en la televisión nacional todo lo que le ha hecho a su hija (turno 159). Lejos de amedrentar a su adversario, M1 desafía la fuerza ilocutiva de la amenaza (turno 160) que M6 intenta recuperar en el movimiento de continuación (turno 161). En dicho movimiento, M6 recupera el mismo contenido del enunciado, pero, esta vez, el curso de acción es expresado en una oración imperativa (para dar más fuerza a su amenaza) y una oración declarativa donde introduce un curso de acción que implica violencia física (I’ll shut your gob). Ante esta situación, Kilroy intenta calmar los ánimos.

5. CONCLUSIONES

5. CONCLUSIONES

Nuestro análisis ha demostrado que las motivaciones pragmáticas de los hablantes causan no sólo la presencia de actos directivo de advertencia y de amenaza en el movimiento de inicio, sino también la existencia de un tercer movimiento o movimiento de continuación que cerraba y consolidaba el intercambio. Más concretamente, el análisis de la función y motivación pragmática de dichos actos directivos han puesto de manifiesto que existe una relación, más o menos sistemática, entre el nivel discursivo (motivaciones pragmáticas) y el nivel pragmático (actos de habla) y entre ambos niveles y la configuración estructural del habla conflictiva.

Nuestro análisis ha demostrado que las motivaciones pragmáticas de los hablantes causan no sólo la presencia de actos directivo de advertencia y de amenaza en el movimiento de inicio, sino también la existencia de un tercer movimiento o movimiento de continuación que cerraba y consolidaba el intercambio. Más concretamente, el análisis de la función y motivación pragmática de dichos actos directivos han puesto de manifiesto que existe una relación, más o menos sistemática, entre el nivel discursivo (motivaciones pragmáticas) y el nivel pragmático (actos de habla) y entre ambos niveles y la configuración estructural del habla conflictiva.

Además, el análisis ha revelado que bajo la función princial de

Además, el análisis ha revelado que bajo la función princial de

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oración declarativa con el auxiliar modal should que, debido al contexto lingüístico y la actitud del hablante, debe ser analizado como un acto directivo de amenaza. Nótese, de igual modo, el uso peyorativo del léxico shut your gob que da más fuerza al enunciado. A pesar de la amenaza producida, W6 reta la fuerza ilocutiva y da razones de por qué puede seguir hablando (turno 157). El intercambio se consolida con un movimiento de continuación en el que M1 intenta reforzar su posición de poder argumentando que como padre ha estado más tiempo con su hija (turno 158).

oración declarativa con el auxiliar modal should que, debido al contexto lingüístico y la actitud del hablante, debe ser analizado como un acto directivo de amenaza. Nótese, de igual modo, el uso peyorativo del léxico shut your gob que da más fuerza al enunciado. A pesar de la amenaza producida, W6 reta la fuerza ilocutiva y da razones de por qué puede seguir hablando (turno 157). El intercambio se consolida con un movimiento de continuación en el que M1 intenta reforzar su posición de poder argumentando que como padre ha estado más tiempo con su hija (turno 158).

La tensión entre ambos hablantes va creciendo, hasta el punto de que M6 inicia un nuevo intercambio con un acto directivo de amenaza. Así, establece en la oración condicional la imposición de un curso de acción (dejar a su mujer en paz) bajo la amenaza explícita en la segunda oración declarativa de contar en la televisión nacional todo lo que le ha hecho a su hija (turno 159). Lejos de amedrentar a su adversario, M1 desafía la fuerza ilocutiva de la amenaza (turno 160) que M6 intenta recuperar en el movimiento de continuación (turno 161). En dicho movimiento, M6 recupera el mismo contenido del enunciado, pero, esta vez, el curso de acción es expresado en una oración imperativa (para dar más fuerza a su amenaza) y una oración declarativa donde introduce un curso de acción que implica violencia física (I’ll shut your gob). Ante esta situación, Kilroy intenta calmar los ánimos.

La tensión entre ambos hablantes va creciendo, hasta el punto de que M6 inicia un nuevo intercambio con un acto directivo de amenaza. Así, establece en la oración condicional la imposición de un curso de acción (dejar a su mujer en paz) bajo la amenaza explícita en la segunda oración declarativa de contar en la televisión nacional todo lo que le ha hecho a su hija (turno 159). Lejos de amedrentar a su adversario, M1 desafía la fuerza ilocutiva de la amenaza (turno 160) que M6 intenta recuperar en el movimiento de continuación (turno 161). En dicho movimiento, M6 recupera el mismo contenido del enunciado, pero, esta vez, el curso de acción es expresado en una oración imperativa (para dar más fuerza a su amenaza) y una oración declarativa donde introduce un curso de acción que implica violencia física (I’ll shut your gob). Ante esta situación, Kilroy intenta calmar los ánimos.

5. CONCLUSIONES

5. CONCLUSIONES

Nuestro análisis ha demostrado que las motivaciones pragmáticas de los hablantes causan no sólo la presencia de actos directivo de advertencia y de amenaza en el movimiento de inicio, sino también la existencia de un tercer movimiento o movimiento de continuación que cerraba y consolidaba el intercambio. Más concretamente, el análisis de la función y motivación pragmática de dichos actos directivos han puesto de manifiesto que existe una relación, más o menos sistemática, entre el nivel discursivo (motivaciones pragmáticas) y el nivel pragmático (actos de habla) y entre ambos niveles y la configuración estructural del habla conflictiva.

Nuestro análisis ha demostrado que las motivaciones pragmáticas de los hablantes causan no sólo la presencia de actos directivo de advertencia y de amenaza en el movimiento de inicio, sino también la existencia de un tercer movimiento o movimiento de continuación que cerraba y consolidaba el intercambio. Más concretamente, el análisis de la función y motivación pragmática de dichos actos directivos han puesto de manifiesto que existe una relación, más o menos sistemática, entre el nivel discursivo (motivaciones pragmáticas) y el nivel pragmático (actos de habla) y entre ambos niveles y la configuración estructural del habla conflictiva.

Además, el análisis ha revelado que bajo la función princial de

Además, el análisis ha revelado que bajo la función princial de


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Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio ...

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manipular al adversario subyacen dos motivaciones pragmáticas. La primera motivación responde a una estrategia persuasiva y busca la manipulación del adversario mediante la alteración de su sistema de creencias por consentimiento, mientras que la segunda motivación se basa en una estrategia coercitiva e impone al adversario un curso de acción a seguir. Debido al hecho de que en ocasiones es difícil calibrar la motivación pragmática de los actos directivos, hemos planteado la naturaleza híbrida de estos actos discursivos.

manipular al adversario subyacen dos motivaciones pragmáticas. La primera motivación responde a una estrategia persuasiva y busca la manipulación del adversario mediante la alteración de su sistema de creencias por consentimiento, mientras que la segunda motivación se basa en una estrategia coercitiva e impone al adversario un curso de acción a seguir. Debido al hecho de que en ocasiones es difícil calibrar la motivación pragmática de los actos directivos, hemos planteado la naturaleza híbrida de estos actos discursivos.

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Antaki, C. 1994. Explaining and Arguing: The Social Organisation of Accounts. London: SAGE Publications. Barker, C. y D. Galasinski. 2001. Cultural Studies and Discourse Analysis. A Dialogue on Language and Identity. London: SAGE Publications. Bolinger, D. 1968. Aspects of language. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. Briggs, C. L. 1996. “Introduction” en C.L. Briggs, ed. Disorderly Discourse. Narrative, Conflict and Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-40. Briggs, C. L. 1997. “Introduction: from the ideal, the ordinary, and the orderly to conflict and violence in pragmatic research”. Pragmatics. 7 (4): 451 – 459 Brown, P. 1998. “How and Why Are Women More Polite: Some Evidence From A Mayan Community” en J. Coates, ed. Language and Gender. A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 254-269. Coates, J. y D. Cameron, eds. 1990. Women in their speech communities: new perspectives on language and sex. London: Longman. Coupland, N, H. Giles. y J.M. Wiemann, eds. 1991. Miscommunication and Problematic Talk. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications. Crawford, M. 1996. Talking difference: on gender and language. London: Longman. Dersley, I, y A. J. Wootton. 2000. “Complaint sequences within antagonistic argument”. Research in Language and Social Interaction. 33: 375-406 Dersley, I, y A.J. Wootton. 2001. “In the heat of the sequence: Interactional features receding walkouts from argumentative

Antaki, C. 1994. Explaining and Arguing: The Social Organisation of Accounts. London: SAGE Publications. Barker, C. y D. Galasinski. 2001. Cultural Studies and Discourse Analysis. A Dialogue on Language and Identity. London: SAGE Publications. Bolinger, D. 1968. Aspects of language. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. Briggs, C. L. 1996. “Introduction” en C.L. Briggs, ed. Disorderly Discourse. Narrative, Conflict and Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-40. Briggs, C. L. 1997. “Introduction: from the ideal, the ordinary, and the orderly to conflict and violence in pragmatic research”. Pragmatics. 7 (4): 451 – 459 Brown, P. 1998. “How and Why Are Women More Polite: Some Evidence From A Mayan Community” en J. Coates, ed. Language and Gender. A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 254-269. Coates, J. y D. Cameron, eds. 1990. Women in their speech communities: new perspectives on language and sex. London: Longman. Coupland, N, H. Giles. y J.M. Wiemann, eds. 1991. Miscommunication and Problematic Talk. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications. Crawford, M. 1996. Talking difference: on gender and language. London: Longman. Dersley, I, y A. J. Wootton. 2000. “Complaint sequences within antagonistic argument”. Research in Language and Social Interaction. 33: 375-406 Dersley, I, y A.J. Wootton. 2001. “In the heat of the sequence: Interactional features receding walkouts from argumentative

Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio ...

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manipular al adversario subyacen dos motivaciones pragmáticas. La primera motivación responde a una estrategia persuasiva y busca la manipulación del adversario mediante la alteración de su sistema de creencias por consentimiento, mientras que la segunda motivación se basa en una estrategia coercitiva e impone al adversario un curso de acción a seguir. Debido al hecho de que en ocasiones es difícil calibrar la motivación pragmática de los actos directivos, hemos planteado la naturaleza híbrida de estos actos discursivos.

manipular al adversario subyacen dos motivaciones pragmáticas. La primera motivación responde a una estrategia persuasiva y busca la manipulación del adversario mediante la alteración de su sistema de creencias por consentimiento, mientras que la segunda motivación se basa en una estrategia coercitiva e impone al adversario un curso de acción a seguir. Debido al hecho de que en ocasiones es difícil calibrar la motivación pragmática de los actos directivos, hemos planteado la naturaleza híbrida de estos actos discursivos.

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Antaki, C. 1994. Explaining and Arguing: The Social Organisation of Accounts. London: SAGE Publications. Barker, C. y D. Galasinski. 2001. Cultural Studies and Discourse Analysis. A Dialogue on Language and Identity. London: SAGE Publications. Bolinger, D. 1968. Aspects of language. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. Briggs, C. L. 1996. “Introduction” en C.L. Briggs, ed. Disorderly Discourse. Narrative, Conflict and Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-40. Briggs, C. L. 1997. “Introduction: from the ideal, the ordinary, and the orderly to conflict and violence in pragmatic research”. Pragmatics. 7 (4): 451 – 459 Brown, P. 1998. “How and Why Are Women More Polite: Some Evidence From A Mayan Community” en J. Coates, ed. Language and Gender. A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 254-269. Coates, J. y D. Cameron, eds. 1990. Women in their speech communities: new perspectives on language and sex. London: Longman. Coupland, N, H. Giles. y J.M. Wiemann, eds. 1991. Miscommunication and Problematic Talk. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications. Crawford, M. 1996. Talking difference: on gender and language. London: Longman. Dersley, I, y A. J. Wootton. 2000. “Complaint sequences within antagonistic argument”. Research in Language and Social Interaction. 33: 375-406 Dersley, I, y A.J. Wootton. 2001. “In the heat of the sequence: Interactional features receding walkouts from argumentative

Antaki, C. 1994. Explaining and Arguing: The Social Organisation of Accounts. London: SAGE Publications. Barker, C. y D. Galasinski. 2001. Cultural Studies and Discourse Analysis. A Dialogue on Language and Identity. London: SAGE Publications. Bolinger, D. 1968. Aspects of language. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. Briggs, C. L. 1996. “Introduction” en C.L. Briggs, ed. Disorderly Discourse. Narrative, Conflict and Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-40. Briggs, C. L. 1997. “Introduction: from the ideal, the ordinary, and the orderly to conflict and violence in pragmatic research”. Pragmatics. 7 (4): 451 – 459 Brown, P. 1998. “How and Why Are Women More Polite: Some Evidence From A Mayan Community” en J. Coates, ed. Language and Gender. A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 254-269. Coates, J. y D. Cameron, eds. 1990. Women in their speech communities: new perspectives on language and sex. London: Longman. Coupland, N, H. Giles. y J.M. Wiemann, eds. 1991. Miscommunication and Problematic Talk. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications. Crawford, M. 1996. Talking difference: on gender and language. London: Longman. Dersley, I, y A. J. Wootton. 2000. “Complaint sequences within antagonistic argument”. Research in Language and Social Interaction. 33: 375-406 Dersley, I, y A.J. Wootton. 2001. “In the heat of the sequence: Interactional features receding walkouts from argumentative


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talk”. Language in Society. 30: 611-638 Dickerson, P. 2001. “Disputing with care: analyzing interviewees’ treatment of interviewers’ prior turns in televised political interviews”. Discourse Studies. 3: 203–222 Eder, D. 1990. “Serious and Playful disputes: Variation in conflict talk among female adolescents” en A. D. Grimshaw, ed. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments and conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 67-84. Fishman, J. A. 1980. “Conversational Insecurity” en Giles, H, W. Robinson, y P. Smith, eds. Language: Social Psychological Perspectives. Oxford: Pergamon. Forgatch, M. S. 1989. “Pattern and Outcome in Family Problem Solving: the Disrupting Effect of Negative Emotion”. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 51 (Feb): 115-124 García Gómez, A. 2000. “Discourse, politeness and gender roles: an exploratory investigation into British and Spanish Talk show verbal conflict”. Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense. 8: 97-125 García Gómez, A. 2001. “Men and Women: two worlds in conflict”, en A. Pacheco et al. eds, Estudios de la Mujer en Estudios en el ámbito de los países de habla inglesa. Vol. IV. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, pp. 293-304. García Gómez, A. 2002. “A Cognitive Approach to Topic Management in Verbal Duels on American Talkshows”. Studies in English Language and Linguistics. 4: 145-170 García Gómez, A. 2005. “Turnos de habla y relaciones de poder en las disputas familiares” en M. Villayandre Llamazares, ed. Actas del V Congreso de Lingüística General. León: Arcos/Libros, S.L, pp. 1175-1186. García Gómez, A. 2007. Habla conflictiva como acción social. Discurso y Cognición. Asturias: Septem Ediciones. Georgakopoulou, A. 2001. “Arguing about the future: On indirect disagreement in conversations”. Journal of Pragmatics. 33: 18811900 Ghazal, B. 1993. Niño ¡Come y Calla!. Madrid: Editorial Pirámide. Gregori-Signes, C. 2000. A Genre Based Approach to Daytime Talk on Television. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia. Gregori-Signes, C. 2002. “Heroes and villains: Metacognition in tabloid talkshow storytelling” en A. Sánchez Macarro, ed.

talk”. Language in Society. 30: 611-638 Dickerson, P. 2001. “Disputing with care: analyzing interviewees’ treatment of interviewers’ prior turns in televised political interviews”. Discourse Studies. 3: 203–222 Eder, D. 1990. “Serious and Playful disputes: Variation in conflict talk among female adolescents” en A. D. Grimshaw, ed. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments and conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 67-84. Fishman, J. A. 1980. “Conversational Insecurity” en Giles, H, W. Robinson, y P. Smith, eds. Language: Social Psychological Perspectives. Oxford: Pergamon. Forgatch, M. S. 1989. “Pattern and Outcome in Family Problem Solving: the Disrupting Effect of Negative Emotion”. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 51 (Feb): 115-124 García Gómez, A. 2000. “Discourse, politeness and gender roles: an exploratory investigation into British and Spanish Talk show verbal conflict”. Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense. 8: 97-125 García Gómez, A. 2001. “Men and Women: two worlds in conflict”, en A. Pacheco et al. eds, Estudios de la Mujer en Estudios en el ámbito de los países de habla inglesa. Vol. IV. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, pp. 293-304. García Gómez, A. 2002. “A Cognitive Approach to Topic Management in Verbal Duels on American Talkshows”. Studies in English Language and Linguistics. 4: 145-170 García Gómez, A. 2005. “Turnos de habla y relaciones de poder en las disputas familiares” en M. Villayandre Llamazares, ed. Actas del V Congreso de Lingüística General. León: Arcos/Libros, S.L, pp. 1175-1186. García Gómez, A. 2007. Habla conflictiva como acción social. Discurso y Cognición. Asturias: Septem Ediciones. Georgakopoulou, A. 2001. “Arguing about the future: On indirect disagreement in conversations”. Journal of Pragmatics. 33: 18811900 Ghazal, B. 1993. Niño ¡Come y Calla!. Madrid: Editorial Pirámide. Gregori-Signes, C. 2000. A Genre Based Approach to Daytime Talk on Television. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia. Gregori-Signes, C. 2002. “Heroes and villains: Metacognition in tabloid talkshow storytelling” en A. Sánchez Macarro, ed.

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talk”. Language in Society. 30: 611-638 Dickerson, P. 2001. “Disputing with care: analyzing interviewees’ treatment of interviewers’ prior turns in televised political interviews”. Discourse Studies. 3: 203–222 Eder, D. 1990. “Serious and Playful disputes: Variation in conflict talk among female adolescents” en A. D. Grimshaw, ed. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments and conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 67-84. Fishman, J. A. 1980. “Conversational Insecurity” en Giles, H, W. Robinson, y P. Smith, eds. Language: Social Psychological Perspectives. Oxford: Pergamon. Forgatch, M. S. 1989. “Pattern and Outcome in Family Problem Solving: the Disrupting Effect of Negative Emotion”. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 51 (Feb): 115-124 García Gómez, A. 2000. “Discourse, politeness and gender roles: an exploratory investigation into British and Spanish Talk show verbal conflict”. Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense. 8: 97-125 García Gómez, A. 2001. “Men and Women: two worlds in conflict”, en A. Pacheco et al. eds, Estudios de la Mujer en Estudios en el ámbito de los países de habla inglesa. Vol. IV. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, pp. 293-304. García Gómez, A. 2002. “A Cognitive Approach to Topic Management in Verbal Duels on American Talkshows”. Studies in English Language and Linguistics. 4: 145-170 García Gómez, A. 2005. “Turnos de habla y relaciones de poder en las disputas familiares” en M. Villayandre Llamazares, ed. Actas del V Congreso de Lingüística General. León: Arcos/Libros, S.L, pp. 1175-1186. García Gómez, A. 2007. Habla conflictiva como acción social. Discurso y Cognición. Asturias: Septem Ediciones. Georgakopoulou, A. 2001. “Arguing about the future: On indirect disagreement in conversations”. Journal of Pragmatics. 33: 18811900 Ghazal, B. 1993. Niño ¡Come y Calla!. Madrid: Editorial Pirámide. Gregori-Signes, C. 2000. A Genre Based Approach to Daytime Talk on Television. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia. Gregori-Signes, C. 2002. “Heroes and villains: Metacognition in tabloid talkshow storytelling” en A. Sánchez Macarro, ed.

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

talk”. Language in Society. 30: 611-638 Dickerson, P. 2001. “Disputing with care: analyzing interviewees’ treatment of interviewers’ prior turns in televised political interviews”. Discourse Studies. 3: 203–222 Eder, D. 1990. “Serious and Playful disputes: Variation in conflict talk among female adolescents” en A. D. Grimshaw, ed. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments and conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 67-84. Fishman, J. A. 1980. “Conversational Insecurity” en Giles, H, W. Robinson, y P. Smith, eds. Language: Social Psychological Perspectives. Oxford: Pergamon. Forgatch, M. S. 1989. “Pattern and Outcome in Family Problem Solving: the Disrupting Effect of Negative Emotion”. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 51 (Feb): 115-124 García Gómez, A. 2000. “Discourse, politeness and gender roles: an exploratory investigation into British and Spanish Talk show verbal conflict”. Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense. 8: 97-125 García Gómez, A. 2001. “Men and Women: two worlds in conflict”, en A. Pacheco et al. eds, Estudios de la Mujer en Estudios en el ámbito de los países de habla inglesa. Vol. IV. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, pp. 293-304. García Gómez, A. 2002. “A Cognitive Approach to Topic Management in Verbal Duels on American Talkshows”. Studies in English Language and Linguistics. 4: 145-170 García Gómez, A. 2005. “Turnos de habla y relaciones de poder en las disputas familiares” en M. Villayandre Llamazares, ed. Actas del V Congreso de Lingüística General. León: Arcos/Libros, S.L, pp. 1175-1186. García Gómez, A. 2007. Habla conflictiva como acción social. Discurso y Cognición. Asturias: Septem Ediciones. Georgakopoulou, A. 2001. “Arguing about the future: On indirect disagreement in conversations”. Journal of Pragmatics. 33: 18811900 Ghazal, B. 1993. Niño ¡Come y Calla!. Madrid: Editorial Pirámide. Gregori-Signes, C. 2000. A Genre Based Approach to Daytime Talk on Television. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia. Gregori-Signes, C. 2002. “Heroes and villains: Metacognition in tabloid talkshow storytelling” en A. Sánchez Macarro, ed.


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Windows on the World: Meta Discourse in English. Vol. 1. Colección, English in the World Series. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia, pp. 153-177. Grimshaw, A. D. 1990. “Introduction”, en A. D. Grimshaw, ed. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments in conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-20. Hutchby, I. 1996. Confrontation talk: Arguments, Asymmetries and Power on Talk Radio. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Hutchby, I. 2001. “Confrontation as a Spectacle: The Argumentative Frame of the Ricki Lake Show” en A. Tolson, ed. Television Talk Shows. Discourse, Performance, Spectacle. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 155-172. Katz, J. J. 1977. Propositional Structure and Illocutionary Force. New York: Thomas Crowell. Kollock, P, P. Blumstein, y P. Schwartz. 1985. “Sex and power in interaction: conversational privileges and duties”. American Sociological Review. 50: 34-46 Labov, W. 1972a. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Labov, W. 1972b. “Rules for ritual insults” en D. Sudnow, ed. Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Free Press, pp.120-169. Labov, W. y D. Fanshel. 1977. Therapeutic discourse: psychotherapy as conversation. New York: Academic Press. Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, fire and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Livingstone, S. y P. Lunt. 1994. Talk on Television Audience participation and public debates. London: Routledge. Lorenzo-Dus, N. 2003a. “Identity and metarepresenting in the media” en C. Inchaurralde et al., eds. Bridging the Gap Between Interaction and Cognition. London: John Benjamins, pp.159-174. Lorenzo-Dus, N. 2003b. “Emotional DIY and proper parenting in Kilroy” en J. Aitchison y D. Lewis, eds. New Media Discourse. London: Routledge. Maltz, D. N. y R.A.Borker. 1998. “A Cultural Approach to Male-Female Miscommunication” en J. Coates, ed. Language and Gender. A Reader. London: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 119-216. Myers, G. 1998. “Displaying opinions: Topics and disagreement in focus groups”. Language in Society, 27: 85-111

Windows on the World: Meta Discourse in English. Vol. 1. Colección, English in the World Series. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia, pp. 153-177. Grimshaw, A. D. 1990. “Introduction”, en A. D. Grimshaw, ed. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments in conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-20. Hutchby, I. 1996. Confrontation talk: Arguments, Asymmetries and Power on Talk Radio. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Hutchby, I. 2001. “Confrontation as a Spectacle: The Argumentative Frame of the Ricki Lake Show” en A. Tolson, ed. Television Talk Shows. Discourse, Performance, Spectacle. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 155-172. Katz, J. J. 1977. Propositional Structure and Illocutionary Force. New York: Thomas Crowell. Kollock, P, P. Blumstein, y P. Schwartz. 1985. “Sex and power in interaction: conversational privileges and duties”. American Sociological Review. 50: 34-46 Labov, W. 1972a. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Labov, W. 1972b. “Rules for ritual insults” en D. Sudnow, ed. Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Free Press, pp.120-169. Labov, W. y D. Fanshel. 1977. Therapeutic discourse: psychotherapy as conversation. New York: Academic Press. Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, fire and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Livingstone, S. y P. Lunt. 1994. Talk on Television Audience participation and public debates. London: Routledge. Lorenzo-Dus, N. 2003a. “Identity and metarepresenting in the media” en C. Inchaurralde et al., eds. Bridging the Gap Between Interaction and Cognition. London: John Benjamins, pp.159-174. Lorenzo-Dus, N. 2003b. “Emotional DIY and proper parenting in Kilroy” en J. Aitchison y D. Lewis, eds. New Media Discourse. London: Routledge. Maltz, D. N. y R.A.Borker. 1998. “A Cultural Approach to Male-Female Miscommunication” en J. Coates, ed. Language and Gender. A Reader. London: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 119-216. Myers, G. 1998. “Displaying opinions: Topics and disagreement in focus groups”. Language in Society, 27: 85-111

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Windows on the World: Meta Discourse in English. Vol. 1. Colección, English in the World Series. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia, pp. 153-177. Grimshaw, A. D. 1990. “Introduction”, en A. D. Grimshaw, ed. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments in conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-20. Hutchby, I. 1996. Confrontation talk: Arguments, Asymmetries and Power on Talk Radio. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Hutchby, I. 2001. “Confrontation as a Spectacle: The Argumentative Frame of the Ricki Lake Show” en A. Tolson, ed. Television Talk Shows. Discourse, Performance, Spectacle. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 155-172. Katz, J. J. 1977. Propositional Structure and Illocutionary Force. New York: Thomas Crowell. Kollock, P, P. Blumstein, y P. Schwartz. 1985. “Sex and power in interaction: conversational privileges and duties”. American Sociological Review. 50: 34-46 Labov, W. 1972a. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Labov, W. 1972b. “Rules for ritual insults” en D. Sudnow, ed. Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Free Press, pp.120-169. Labov, W. y D. Fanshel. 1977. Therapeutic discourse: psychotherapy as conversation. New York: Academic Press. Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, fire and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Livingstone, S. y P. Lunt. 1994. Talk on Television Audience participation and public debates. London: Routledge. Lorenzo-Dus, N. 2003a. “Identity and metarepresenting in the media” en C. Inchaurralde et al., eds. Bridging the Gap Between Interaction and Cognition. London: John Benjamins, pp.159-174. Lorenzo-Dus, N. 2003b. “Emotional DIY and proper parenting in Kilroy” en J. Aitchison y D. Lewis, eds. New Media Discourse. London: Routledge. Maltz, D. N. y R.A.Borker. 1998. “A Cultural Approach to Male-Female Miscommunication” en J. Coates, ed. Language and Gender. A Reader. London: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 119-216. Myers, G. 1998. “Displaying opinions: Topics and disagreement in focus groups”. Language in Society, 27: 85-111

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Windows on the World: Meta Discourse in English. Vol. 1. Colección, English in the World Series. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia, pp. 153-177. Grimshaw, A. D. 1990. “Introduction”, en A. D. Grimshaw, ed. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments in conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-20. Hutchby, I. 1996. Confrontation talk: Arguments, Asymmetries and Power on Talk Radio. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Hutchby, I. 2001. “Confrontation as a Spectacle: The Argumentative Frame of the Ricki Lake Show” en A. Tolson, ed. Television Talk Shows. Discourse, Performance, Spectacle. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 155-172. Katz, J. J. 1977. Propositional Structure and Illocutionary Force. New York: Thomas Crowell. Kollock, P, P. Blumstein, y P. Schwartz. 1985. “Sex and power in interaction: conversational privileges and duties”. American Sociological Review. 50: 34-46 Labov, W. 1972a. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Labov, W. 1972b. “Rules for ritual insults” en D. Sudnow, ed. Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Free Press, pp.120-169. Labov, W. y D. Fanshel. 1977. Therapeutic discourse: psychotherapy as conversation. New York: Academic Press. Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, fire and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Livingstone, S. y P. Lunt. 1994. Talk on Television Audience participation and public debates. London: Routledge. Lorenzo-Dus, N. 2003a. “Identity and metarepresenting in the media” en C. Inchaurralde et al., eds. Bridging the Gap Between Interaction and Cognition. London: John Benjamins, pp.159-174. Lorenzo-Dus, N. 2003b. “Emotional DIY and proper parenting in Kilroy” en J. Aitchison y D. Lewis, eds. New Media Discourse. London: Routledge. Maltz, D. N. y R.A.Borker. 1998. “A Cultural Approach to Male-Female Miscommunication” en J. Coates, ed. Language and Gender. A Reader. London: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 119-216. Myers, G. 1998. “Displaying opinions: Topics and disagreement in focus groups”. Language in Society, 27: 85-111


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Myers, G. 2001. “`I’m Out of It; You Guys Argue’: Making an Issue of It on The Jerry Springer Show” en A. Tolson, ed. Television Talk Shows. Discourse, Performance, Spectacle. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 173-192. Nelson, C. K. 2001. “If it sounds too good to be true, it is: A Wittengensteinian approach to the conflict literature”. Language & Communication. 21: 1-22 Núñez Perucha, B. 2005. Esquemas de imagen y modeles populares: Un estudio del lenguaje de la victimización en textos narrativos en lengua inglesa. Madrid: AESLA (Asociación Española de Lingüística Aplicada). O'Keeffe, A. 2006. Investigating Media Discourse. London: Routledge. Pérez Hernández, L. 2001. Illocution and Cognition: A Constructional Approach. Universidad de la Rioja: Servicio de Publicaciones. Rama Martínez, M. E. 2003. Talk on British Television: The Interactional Organisation of Three Broadcast Genres. Vigo: Servicio de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo. Rees-Miller, J. 2000. “Power, severity, and context in disagreement”. Journal of Pragmatics. 32: 1087-1111 Sadock, J. M. 1974. Toward a Linguistic Theory of Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press. Schreiber, P.A. 1972. “Style disjuncts and the performative analysis”. Linguistics Inquiry. 3: 321–347 Searle, J. R. 1979. Expression and Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Searle, J. R. y D. Vanderveken. 1985. Foundations of illocutionary logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shattuc, J. 1997. The Talking Cure: TV Talk Shows and Women. New York: Routledge. Schiffrin, D. 1984. “Jewish argument as sociability”. Language in Society. 13: 311-335 Stein, N. L., y E. R. Albro. 2001. “The origins and nature of arguments: Studies in conflict understanding, emotion, and negotiation”. Discourse Processes. 32: 113-133 Tannen, D. 1994. Gender and Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Touzard, H. 1981. La mediación y la solución de los conflictos: estudio psicológico. Barcelona: Herder. Tsui, A. B. M. 1994. English conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Myers, G. 2001. “`I’m Out of It; You Guys Argue’: Making an Issue of It on The Jerry Springer Show” en A. Tolson, ed. Television Talk Shows. Discourse, Performance, Spectacle. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 173-192. Nelson, C. K. 2001. “If it sounds too good to be true, it is: A Wittengensteinian approach to the conflict literature”. Language & Communication. 21: 1-22 Núñez Perucha, B. 2005. Esquemas de imagen y modeles populares: Un estudio del lenguaje de la victimización en textos narrativos en lengua inglesa. Madrid: AESLA (Asociación Española de Lingüística Aplicada). O'Keeffe, A. 2006. Investigating Media Discourse. London: Routledge. Pérez Hernández, L. 2001. Illocution and Cognition: A Constructional Approach. Universidad de la Rioja: Servicio de Publicaciones. Rama Martínez, M. E. 2003. Talk on British Television: The Interactional Organisation of Three Broadcast Genres. Vigo: Servicio de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo. Rees-Miller, J. 2000. “Power, severity, and context in disagreement”. Journal of Pragmatics. 32: 1087-1111 Sadock, J. M. 1974. Toward a Linguistic Theory of Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press. Schreiber, P.A. 1972. “Style disjuncts and the performative analysis”. Linguistics Inquiry. 3: 321–347 Searle, J. R. 1979. Expression and Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Searle, J. R. y D. Vanderveken. 1985. Foundations of illocutionary logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shattuc, J. 1997. The Talking Cure: TV Talk Shows and Women. New York: Routledge. Schiffrin, D. 1984. “Jewish argument as sociability”. Language in Society. 13: 311-335 Stein, N. L., y E. R. Albro. 2001. “The origins and nature of arguments: Studies in conflict understanding, emotion, and negotiation”. Discourse Processes. 32: 113-133 Tannen, D. 1994. Gender and Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Touzard, H. 1981. La mediación y la solución de los conflictos: estudio psicológico. Barcelona: Herder. Tsui, A. B. M. 1994. English conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Myers, G. 2001. “`I’m Out of It; You Guys Argue’: Making an Issue of It on The Jerry Springer Show” en A. Tolson, ed. Television Talk Shows. Discourse, Performance, Spectacle. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 173-192. Nelson, C. K. 2001. “If it sounds too good to be true, it is: A Wittengensteinian approach to the conflict literature”. Language & Communication. 21: 1-22 Núñez Perucha, B. 2005. Esquemas de imagen y modeles populares: Un estudio del lenguaje de la victimización en textos narrativos en lengua inglesa. Madrid: AESLA (Asociación Española de Lingüística Aplicada). O'Keeffe, A. 2006. Investigating Media Discourse. London: Routledge. Pérez Hernández, L. 2001. Illocution and Cognition: A Constructional Approach. Universidad de la Rioja: Servicio de Publicaciones. Rama Martínez, M. E. 2003. Talk on British Television: The Interactional Organisation of Three Broadcast Genres. Vigo: Servicio de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo. Rees-Miller, J. 2000. “Power, severity, and context in disagreement”. Journal of Pragmatics. 32: 1087-1111 Sadock, J. M. 1974. Toward a Linguistic Theory of Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press. Schreiber, P.A. 1972. “Style disjuncts and the performative analysis”. Linguistics Inquiry. 3: 321–347 Searle, J. R. 1979. Expression and Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Searle, J. R. y D. Vanderveken. 1985. Foundations of illocutionary logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shattuc, J. 1997. The Talking Cure: TV Talk Shows and Women. New York: Routledge. Schiffrin, D. 1984. “Jewish argument as sociability”. Language in Society. 13: 311-335 Stein, N. L., y E. R. Albro. 2001. “The origins and nature of arguments: Studies in conflict understanding, emotion, and negotiation”. Discourse Processes. 32: 113-133 Tannen, D. 1994. Gender and Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Touzard, H. 1981. La mediación y la solución de los conflictos: estudio psicológico. Barcelona: Herder. Tsui, A. B. M. 1994. English conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Myers, G. 2001. “`I’m Out of It; You Guys Argue’: Making an Issue of It on The Jerry Springer Show” en A. Tolson, ed. Television Talk Shows. Discourse, Performance, Spectacle. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 173-192. Nelson, C. K. 2001. “If it sounds too good to be true, it is: A Wittengensteinian approach to the conflict literature”. Language & Communication. 21: 1-22 Núñez Perucha, B. 2005. Esquemas de imagen y modeles populares: Un estudio del lenguaje de la victimización en textos narrativos en lengua inglesa. Madrid: AESLA (Asociación Española de Lingüística Aplicada). O'Keeffe, A. 2006. Investigating Media Discourse. London: Routledge. Pérez Hernández, L. 2001. Illocution and Cognition: A Constructional Approach. Universidad de la Rioja: Servicio de Publicaciones. Rama Martínez, M. E. 2003. Talk on British Television: The Interactional Organisation of Three Broadcast Genres. Vigo: Servicio de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo. Rees-Miller, J. 2000. “Power, severity, and context in disagreement”. Journal of Pragmatics. 32: 1087-1111 Sadock, J. M. 1974. Toward a Linguistic Theory of Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press. Schreiber, P.A. 1972. “Style disjuncts and the performative analysis”. Linguistics Inquiry. 3: 321–347 Searle, J. R. 1979. Expression and Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Searle, J. R. y D. Vanderveken. 1985. Foundations of illocutionary logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shattuc, J. 1997. The Talking Cure: TV Talk Shows and Women. New York: Routledge. Schiffrin, D. 1984. “Jewish argument as sociability”. Language in Society. 13: 311-335 Stein, N. L., y E. R. Albro. 2001. “The origins and nature of arguments: Studies in conflict understanding, emotion, and negotiation”. Discourse Processes. 32: 113-133 Tannen, D. 1994. Gender and Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Touzard, H. 1981. La mediación y la solución de los conflictos: estudio psicológico. Barcelona: Herder. Tsui, A. B. M. 1994. English conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


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Vuchinich, S. 1990. “The sequential organisation of closing in verbal family conflict” en A.D. Grimshaw, ed. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments in conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 118-138. Weidenmann, B. 1987. Entrénese a discutir: convencer en vez de arengar, razonar en vez de gritar. Bilbao: Mensajero, D.L. West, C. y D. H. Zimmerman. 1977. “Women-s place in everyday talk: reflection on parent-child interaction”. Social Problems. 24: 521529 West, C. y D. H. Zimmerman. 1983. “Small insults: a study of interruptions in cross-sex conversation with unacquainted persons”, en B. Thorne, C. Kramarae y N. Henley, eds. Language, Gender and Society. Rowley, MA:Newbury House, pp. 102-117.. Wilmot, W.W. y J. L. Hocker. 2000. Interpersonal Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill. Zimmerman, D. H. y C, West. 1975. “Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation” en B. Thorne y N. Henley, eds. Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Rowley, MA: Newsbury House, pp. 105-129.

Vuchinich, S. 1990. “The sequential organisation of closing in verbal family conflict” en A.D. Grimshaw, ed. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments in conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 118-138. Weidenmann, B. 1987. Entrénese a discutir: convencer en vez de arengar, razonar en vez de gritar. Bilbao: Mensajero, D.L. West, C. y D. H. Zimmerman. 1977. “Women-s place in everyday talk: reflection on parent-child interaction”. Social Problems. 24: 521529 West, C. y D. H. Zimmerman. 1983. “Small insults: a study of interruptions in cross-sex conversation with unacquainted persons”, en B. Thorne, C. Kramarae y N. Henley, eds. Language, Gender and Society. Rowley, MA:Newbury House, pp. 102-117.. Wilmot, W.W. y J. L. Hocker. 2000. Interpersonal Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill. Zimmerman, D. H. y C, West. 1975. “Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation” en B. Thorne y N. Henley, eds. Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Rowley, MA: Newsbury House, pp. 105-129.

APÉNDICE: CONVENCIONES DEL ANÁLISIS

APÉNDICE: CONVENCIONES DEL ANÁLISIS

MI. Movimiento de inicio. MR. Movimiento de respuesta. MC Movimiento de continuación. MI1, MR1, MC1; MI2… La numeración indica la relación entre los movimientos que conforman un intercambio.

MI. Movimiento de inicio. MR. Movimiento de respuesta. MC Movimiento de continuación. MI1, MR1, MC1; MI2… La numeración indica la relación entre los movimientos que conforman un intercambio.

Movimientos que inician un intercambio Movimiento de inicio: Elicitación. Ei Elicitación: solicitud de información. Ec Elicitación: compromiso de acción. Ecla Elicitación: clarificación. Ere Elicitación: petición de repetición. Ea Elicitación: búsqueda de acuerdo. Eco Elicitación: confirmación de información. Eca Elicitación: compromiso de acción y búsqueda de acuerdo.

Movimientos que inician un intercambio Movimiento de inicio: Elicitación. Ei Elicitación: solicitud de información. Ec Elicitación: compromiso de acción. Ecla Elicitación: clarificación. Ere Elicitación: petición de repetición. Ea Elicitación: búsqueda de acuerdo. Eco Elicitación: confirmación de información. Eca Elicitación: compromiso de acción y búsqueda de acuerdo.

Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio ...

151

Antonio García Gómez Violencia verbal en los medios de comunicación británicos: estudio ...

151

Vuchinich, S. 1990. “The sequential organisation of closing in verbal family conflict” en A.D. Grimshaw, ed. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments in conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 118-138. Weidenmann, B. 1987. Entrénese a discutir: convencer en vez de arengar, razonar en vez de gritar. Bilbao: Mensajero, D.L. West, C. y D. H. Zimmerman. 1977. “Women-s place in everyday talk: reflection on parent-child interaction”. Social Problems. 24: 521529 West, C. y D. H. Zimmerman. 1983. “Small insults: a study of interruptions in cross-sex conversation with unacquainted persons”, en B. Thorne, C. Kramarae y N. Henley, eds. Language, Gender and Society. Rowley, MA:Newbury House, pp. 102-117.. Wilmot, W.W. y J. L. Hocker. 2000. Interpersonal Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill. Zimmerman, D. H. y C, West. 1975. “Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation” en B. Thorne y N. Henley, eds. Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Rowley, MA: Newsbury House, pp. 105-129.

Vuchinich, S. 1990. “The sequential organisation of closing in verbal family conflict” en A.D. Grimshaw, ed. Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic investigations of arguments in conversations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 118-138. Weidenmann, B. 1987. Entrénese a discutir: convencer en vez de arengar, razonar en vez de gritar. Bilbao: Mensajero, D.L. West, C. y D. H. Zimmerman. 1977. “Women-s place in everyday talk: reflection on parent-child interaction”. Social Problems. 24: 521529 West, C. y D. H. Zimmerman. 1983. “Small insults: a study of interruptions in cross-sex conversation with unacquainted persons”, en B. Thorne, C. Kramarae y N. Henley, eds. Language, Gender and Society. Rowley, MA:Newbury House, pp. 102-117.. Wilmot, W.W. y J. L. Hocker. 2000. Interpersonal Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill. Zimmerman, D. H. y C, West. 1975. “Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation” en B. Thorne y N. Henley, eds. Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Rowley, MA: Newsbury House, pp. 105-129.

APÉNDICE: CONVENCIONES DEL ANÁLISIS

APÉNDICE: CONVENCIONES DEL ANÁLISIS

MI. Movimiento de inicio. MR. Movimiento de respuesta. MC Movimiento de continuación. MI1, MR1, MC1; MI2… La numeración indica la relación entre los movimientos que conforman un intercambio.

MI. Movimiento de inicio. MR. Movimiento de respuesta. MC Movimiento de continuación. MI1, MR1, MC1; MI2… La numeración indica la relación entre los movimientos que conforman un intercambio.

Movimientos que inician un intercambio Movimiento de inicio: Elicitación. Ei Elicitación: solicitud de información. Ec Elicitación: compromiso de acción. Ecla Elicitación: clarificación. Ere Elicitación: petición de repetición. Ea Elicitación: búsqueda de acuerdo. Eco Elicitación: confirmación de información. Eca Elicitación: compromiso de acción y búsqueda de acuerdo.

Movimientos que inician un intercambio Movimiento de inicio: Elicitación. Ei Elicitación: solicitud de información. Ec Elicitación: compromiso de acción. Ecla Elicitación: clarificación. Ere Elicitación: petición de repetición. Ea Elicitación: búsqueda de acuerdo. Eco Elicitación: confirmación de información. Eca Elicitación: compromiso de acción y búsqueda de acuerdo.


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Movimiento de inicio: Directivo. Do Directivo de orden. Dc Directivo de consejo. Dam Directivo de amenaza. Dad Directivo de advertencia. Movimiento de inicio: Informativo de evaluación. Ie+dh Informativo: evaluación positiva directa del hablante. Ie+ih Informativo: evaluación positiva indirecta del hablante. Ie-dh Informativo: evaluación negativa directa del hablante. Ie-ih Informativo: evaluación negativa indirecta del hablante.

Movimiento de inicio: Directivo. Do Directivo de orden. Dc Directivo de consejo. Dam Directivo de amenaza. Dad Directivo de advertencia. Movimiento de inicio: Informativo de evaluación. Ie+dh Informativo: evaluación positiva directa del hablante. Ie+ih Informativo: evaluación positiva indirecta del hablante. Ie-dh Informativo: evaluación negativa directa del hablante. Ie-ih Informativo: evaluación negativa indirecta del hablante.

Ie+da Informativo: evaluación positiva directa del oyente. Ie+ia Informativo: evaluación positiva indirecta del oyente. Ie-da Informativo: evaluación negativa directa del oyente. Ie-ia Informativo: evaluación negativa indirecta del oyente. Ir Informativo de relato: sucesos, asuntos y narración de experiencias personales. Movimiento de respuesta: MR: Cfi Respuesta que confirma la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio. Rns Movimiento de reto: negación simple. Red Movimiento de reto: expresión de desacuerdo. Rni Movimiento de reto: negación indirecta

Ie+da Informativo: evaluación positiva directa del oyente. Ie+ia Informativo: evaluación positiva indirecta del oyente. Ie-da Informativo: evaluación negativa directa del oyente. Ie-ia Informativo: evaluación negativa indirecta del oyente. Ir Informativo de relato: sucesos, asuntos y narración de experiencias personales. Movimiento de respuesta: MR: Cfi Respuesta que confirma la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio. Rns Movimiento de reto: negación simple. Red Movimiento de reto: expresión de desacuerdo. Rni Movimiento de reto: negación indirecta

Movimiento de continuación: MC: qr Movimiento de continuación: queja y/o reproche. afi Movimiento de continuación: apoyo de fuerza ilocutiva nfi Movimiento de continuación: negación de la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento anterior.

Movimiento de continuación: MC: qr Movimiento de continuación: queja y/o reproche. afi Movimiento de continuación: apoyo de fuerza ilocutiva nfi Movimiento de continuación: negación de la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento anterior.

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Movimiento de inicio: Directivo. Do Directivo de orden. Dc Directivo de consejo. Dam Directivo de amenaza. Dad Directivo de advertencia. Movimiento de inicio: Informativo de evaluación. Ie+dh Informativo: evaluación positiva directa del hablante. Ie+ih Informativo: evaluación positiva indirecta del hablante. Ie-dh Informativo: evaluación negativa directa del hablante. Ie-ih Informativo: evaluación negativa indirecta del hablante.

Movimiento de inicio: Directivo. Do Directivo de orden. Dc Directivo de consejo. Dam Directivo de amenaza. Dad Directivo de advertencia. Movimiento de inicio: Informativo de evaluación. Ie+dh Informativo: evaluación positiva directa del hablante. Ie+ih Informativo: evaluación positiva indirecta del hablante. Ie-dh Informativo: evaluación negativa directa del hablante. Ie-ih Informativo: evaluación negativa indirecta del hablante.

Ie+da Informativo: evaluación positiva directa del oyente. Ie+ia Informativo: evaluación positiva indirecta del oyente. Ie-da Informativo: evaluación negativa directa del oyente. Ie-ia Informativo: evaluación negativa indirecta del oyente. Ir Informativo de relato: sucesos, asuntos y narración de experiencias personales. Movimiento de respuesta: MR: Cfi Respuesta que confirma la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio. Rns Movimiento de reto: negación simple. Red Movimiento de reto: expresión de desacuerdo. Rni Movimiento de reto: negación indirecta

Ie+da Informativo: evaluación positiva directa del oyente. Ie+ia Informativo: evaluación positiva indirecta del oyente. Ie-da Informativo: evaluación negativa directa del oyente. Ie-ia Informativo: evaluación negativa indirecta del oyente. Ir Informativo de relato: sucesos, asuntos y narración de experiencias personales. Movimiento de respuesta: MR: Cfi Respuesta que confirma la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento de inicio. Rns Movimiento de reto: negación simple. Red Movimiento de reto: expresión de desacuerdo. Rni Movimiento de reto: negación indirecta

Movimiento de continuación: MC: qr Movimiento de continuación: queja y/o reproche. afi Movimiento de continuación: apoyo de fuerza ilocutiva nfi Movimiento de continuación: negación de la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento anterior.

Movimiento de continuación: MC: qr Movimiento de continuación: queja y/o reproche. afi Movimiento de continuación: apoyo de fuerza ilocutiva nfi Movimiento de continuación: negación de la fuerza ilocutiva del movimiento anterior.


María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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PRODUCCIÓN E INTERPRETACIÓN DE LOS TITULARES EN PRENSA: VISIÓN PRAGMÁTICA* María José González Rodríguez Universidad de La Laguna majgonza@ull.es

PRODUCCIÓN E INTERPRETACIÓN DE LOS TITULARES EN PRENSA: VISIÓN PRAGMÁTICA* María José González Rodríguez Universidad de La Laguna majgonza@ull.es

The main concern of this paper is to deal with one of the elements that make up the structure of news stories, the headline, noting that this element should itself be critically analysed for the role it plays in written journalism. Focussing upon the data provided by British national newspaper articles, the study offers a description and exemplification of the grammar, discourse structure and function of headlines in the story as a whole. In order to illustrate this, I consider how contextual factors play a vital role in connection with the linguistic structures used in headlines and how headlines themselves function in their varied range of social contexts.

The main concern of this paper is to deal with one of the elements that make up the structure of news stories, the headline, noting that this element should itself be critically analysed for the role it plays in written journalism. Focussing upon the data provided by British national newspaper articles, the study offers a description and exemplification of the grammar, discourse structure and function of headlines in the story as a whole. In order to illustrate this, I consider how contextual factors play a vital role in connection with the linguistic structures used in headlines and how headlines themselves function in their varied range of social contexts.

Key words: hard news story, newspaper headline, grammar of headlines, discourse structure, function

Key words: hard news story, newspaper headline, grammar of headlines, discourse structure, function

El objetivo principal de este artículo es dar cuenta de uno de los elementos que componen la estructura de una noticia, el título, señalando que este elemento debería ser analizado en sí mismo, dado el papel que desempeña en la prensa escrita. Considerando los datos proporcionados por noticias pertenecientes a la prensa nacional británica, el estudio ofrece una descripción y ejemplificación de la gramática, estructura discursiva y función del título en el relato periodístico. Para ilustrarlo, considero cómo los factores contextuales desempeñan un papel importante en relación con las estructura lingüísticas empleadas en los títulos y cómo los propios títulos funcionan en su amplio abanico de contextos sociales.

El objetivo principal de este artículo es dar cuenta de uno de los elementos que componen la estructura de una noticia, el título, señalando que este elemento debería ser analizado en sí mismo, dado el papel que desempeña en la prensa escrita. Considerando los datos proporcionados por noticias pertenecientes a la prensa nacional británica, el estudio ofrece una descripción y ejemplificación de la gramática, estructura discursiva y función del título en el relato periodístico. Para ilustrarlo, considero cómo los factores contextuales desempeñan un papel importante en relación con las estructura lingüísticas empleadas en los títulos y cómo los propios títulos funcionan en su amplio abanico de contextos sociales.

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

153

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

153

PRODUCCIÓN E INTERPRETACIÓN DE LOS TITULARES EN PRENSA: VISIÓN PRAGMÁTICA* María José González Rodríguez Universidad de La Laguna majgonza@ull.es

PRODUCCIÓN E INTERPRETACIÓN DE LOS TITULARES EN PRENSA: VISIÓN PRAGMÁTICA* María José González Rodríguez Universidad de La Laguna majgonza@ull.es

The main concern of this paper is to deal with one of the elements that make up the structure of news stories, the headline, noting that this element should itself be critically analysed for the role it plays in written journalism. Focussing upon the data provided by British national newspaper articles, the study offers a description and exemplification of the grammar, discourse structure and function of headlines in the story as a whole. In order to illustrate this, I consider how contextual factors play a vital role in connection with the linguistic structures used in headlines and how headlines themselves function in their varied range of social contexts.

The main concern of this paper is to deal with one of the elements that make up the structure of news stories, the headline, noting that this element should itself be critically analysed for the role it plays in written journalism. Focussing upon the data provided by British national newspaper articles, the study offers a description and exemplification of the grammar, discourse structure and function of headlines in the story as a whole. In order to illustrate this, I consider how contextual factors play a vital role in connection with the linguistic structures used in headlines and how headlines themselves function in their varied range of social contexts.

Key words: hard news story, newspaper headline, grammar of headlines, discourse structure, function

Key words: hard news story, newspaper headline, grammar of headlines, discourse structure, function

El objetivo principal de este artículo es dar cuenta de uno de los elementos que componen la estructura de una noticia, el título, señalando que este elemento debería ser analizado en sí mismo, dado el papel que desempeña en la prensa escrita. Considerando los datos proporcionados por noticias pertenecientes a la prensa nacional británica, el estudio ofrece una descripción y ejemplificación de la gramática, estructura discursiva y función del título en el relato periodístico. Para ilustrarlo, considero cómo los factores contextuales desempeñan un papel importante en relación con las estructura lingüísticas empleadas en los títulos y cómo los propios títulos funcionan en su amplio abanico de contextos sociales.

El objetivo principal de este artículo es dar cuenta de uno de los elementos que componen la estructura de una noticia, el título, señalando que este elemento debería ser analizado en sí mismo, dado el papel que desempeña en la prensa escrita. Considerando los datos proporcionados por noticias pertenecientes a la prensa nacional británica, el estudio ofrece una descripción y ejemplificación de la gramática, estructura discursiva y función del título en el relato periodístico. Para ilustrarlo, considero cómo los factores contextuales desempeñan un papel importante en relación con las estructura lingüísticas empleadas en los títulos y cómo los propios títulos funcionan en su amplio abanico de contextos sociales.

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007


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Palabras clave: noticia directa, título periodístico, gramática de los títulos, estructura discursiva, función

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Palabras clave: noticia directa, título periodístico, gramática de los títulos, estructura discursiva, función

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

El titular en prensa escrita es sin lugar a dudas el escaparate de la información, un rótulo luminoso cuyo cometido es despertar y atraer la curiosidad del lector a través de la elección de unos cuerpos y tipos de letras, de palabras, de una estructura y de un estilo peculiar. La titulación es, en este sentido, un elemento clave en la decisión que toma el lector de continuar leyendo la información periodística, de leer sólo determinados párrafos del relato o, por el contrario, de obviar su lectura.

El titular en prensa escrita es sin lugar a dudas el escaparate de la información, un rótulo luminoso cuyo cometido es despertar y atraer la curiosidad del lector a través de la elección de unos cuerpos y tipos de letras, de palabras, de una estructura y de un estilo peculiar. La titulación es, en este sentido, un elemento clave en la decisión que toma el lector de continuar leyendo la información periodística, de leer sólo determinados párrafos del relato o, por el contrario, de obviar su lectura.

Del mismo modo que todo el mundo entiende un telegrama del tipo “Curso aprobado. Regreso mañana” también es comprensible aquel titular que no contiene todos los elementos sintácticos de la lengua. Titulares de estas características aparecen diariamente en prensa escrita, presentando una serie de propiedades distintivas que vienen condicionadas en gran medida por la estructura y singularidad de cada lengua.

Del mismo modo que todo el mundo entiende un telegrama del tipo “Curso aprobado. Regreso mañana” también es comprensible aquel titular que no contiene todos los elementos sintácticos de la lengua. Titulares de estas características aparecen diariamente en prensa escrita, presentando una serie de propiedades distintivas que vienen condicionadas en gran medida por la estructura y singularidad de cada lengua.

Así, existen lenguas donde se permiten unas “contracciones” que, si bien en algunas ocasiones pueden considerarse sintáctica o gramaticalmente incorrectas, se toleran en tanto que son inteligibles. Éste es el caso del inglés periodístico. De hecho, la lengua anglosajona, comparándola con las latinas, puede formar por lo general una frase con menor número de elementos, lo cual en titulación es de agradecer, dado que una de las propiedades del título periodístico es precisamente reducirse a su mínima expresión sin poner en riesgo su comprensión.

Así, existen lenguas donde se permiten unas “contracciones” que, si bien en algunas ocasiones pueden considerarse sintáctica o gramaticalmente incorrectas, se toleran en tanto que son inteligibles. Éste es el caso del inglés periodístico. De hecho, la lengua anglosajona, comparándola con las latinas, puede formar por lo general una frase con menor número de elementos, lo cual en titulación es de agradecer, dado que una de las propiedades del título periodístico es precisamente reducirse a su mínima expresión sin poner en riesgo su comprensión.

Si bien el discurso de los titulares en prensa inglesa es claramente elíptico y comprimido es, sin embargo, muy diferente de otros códigos condensados como puede ser el denominado estilo telegráfico. Es precisamente su gramática fracturada y su vocabulario idiosincrásico lo que se convierte en muchas ocasiones en un desafío para un entendimiento óptimo del título. En este contexto, mi

Si bien el discurso de los titulares en prensa inglesa es claramente elíptico y comprimido es, sin embargo, muy diferente de otros códigos condensados como puede ser el denominado estilo telegráfico. Es precisamente su gramática fracturada y su vocabulario idiosincrásico lo que se convierte en muchas ocasiones en un desafío para un entendimiento óptimo del título. En este contexto, mi

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Palabras clave: noticia directa, título periodístico, gramática de los títulos, estructura discursiva, función

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Palabras clave: noticia directa, título periodístico, gramática de los títulos, estructura discursiva, función

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

El titular en prensa escrita es sin lugar a dudas el escaparate de la información, un rótulo luminoso cuyo cometido es despertar y atraer la curiosidad del lector a través de la elección de unos cuerpos y tipos de letras, de palabras, de una estructura y de un estilo peculiar. La titulación es, en este sentido, un elemento clave en la decisión que toma el lector de continuar leyendo la información periodística, de leer sólo determinados párrafos del relato o, por el contrario, de obviar su lectura.

El titular en prensa escrita es sin lugar a dudas el escaparate de la información, un rótulo luminoso cuyo cometido es despertar y atraer la curiosidad del lector a través de la elección de unos cuerpos y tipos de letras, de palabras, de una estructura y de un estilo peculiar. La titulación es, en este sentido, un elemento clave en la decisión que toma el lector de continuar leyendo la información periodística, de leer sólo determinados párrafos del relato o, por el contrario, de obviar su lectura.

Del mismo modo que todo el mundo entiende un telegrama del tipo “Curso aprobado. Regreso mañana” también es comprensible aquel titular que no contiene todos los elementos sintácticos de la lengua. Titulares de estas características aparecen diariamente en prensa escrita, presentando una serie de propiedades distintivas que vienen condicionadas en gran medida por la estructura y singularidad de cada lengua.

Del mismo modo que todo el mundo entiende un telegrama del tipo “Curso aprobado. Regreso mañana” también es comprensible aquel titular que no contiene todos los elementos sintácticos de la lengua. Titulares de estas características aparecen diariamente en prensa escrita, presentando una serie de propiedades distintivas que vienen condicionadas en gran medida por la estructura y singularidad de cada lengua.

Así, existen lenguas donde se permiten unas “contracciones” que, si bien en algunas ocasiones pueden considerarse sintáctica o gramaticalmente incorrectas, se toleran en tanto que son inteligibles. Éste es el caso del inglés periodístico. De hecho, la lengua anglosajona, comparándola con las latinas, puede formar por lo general una frase con menor número de elementos, lo cual en titulación es de agradecer, dado que una de las propiedades del título periodístico es precisamente reducirse a su mínima expresión sin poner en riesgo su comprensión.

Así, existen lenguas donde se permiten unas “contracciones” que, si bien en algunas ocasiones pueden considerarse sintáctica o gramaticalmente incorrectas, se toleran en tanto que son inteligibles. Éste es el caso del inglés periodístico. De hecho, la lengua anglosajona, comparándola con las latinas, puede formar por lo general una frase con menor número de elementos, lo cual en titulación es de agradecer, dado que una de las propiedades del título periodístico es precisamente reducirse a su mínima expresión sin poner en riesgo su comprensión.

Si bien el discurso de los titulares en prensa inglesa es claramente elíptico y comprimido es, sin embargo, muy diferente de otros códigos condensados como puede ser el denominado estilo telegráfico. Es precisamente su gramática fracturada y su vocabulario idiosincrásico lo que se convierte en muchas ocasiones en un desafío para un entendimiento óptimo del título. En este contexto, mi

Si bien el discurso de los titulares en prensa inglesa es claramente elíptico y comprimido es, sin embargo, muy diferente de otros códigos condensados como puede ser el denominado estilo telegráfico. Es precisamente su gramática fracturada y su vocabulario idiosincrásico lo que se convierte en muchas ocasiones en un desafío para un entendimiento óptimo del título. En este contexto, mi


María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

155

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

155

intención en este artículo es mostrar el uso de las estructuras gramaticales en los titulares de publicaciones nacionales británicas así como su estructura discursiva y función, ciñéndome así a las formulaciones propias de una lengua desarrollada periodísticamente y correspondiente a un país de gran tradición de prensa escrita. Remitiéndome a la consideración de Kniffka (1980: 333) sobre la adopción de un sistema de normas de gramática para los titulares, deseo dejar constancia igualmente de que los titulares de las noticias periodísticas no se formulan libremente sino que están determinados en cuanto a la forma y al contenido de la comunicación, basándose por lo tanto en reglas específicas (Kniffka 1980: 332).

intención en este artículo es mostrar el uso de las estructuras gramaticales en los titulares de publicaciones nacionales británicas así como su estructura discursiva y función, ciñéndome así a las formulaciones propias de una lengua desarrollada periodísticamente y correspondiente a un país de gran tradición de prensa escrita. Remitiéndome a la consideración de Kniffka (1980: 333) sobre la adopción de un sistema de normas de gramática para los titulares, deseo dejar constancia igualmente de que los titulares de las noticias periodísticas no se formulan libremente sino que están determinados en cuanto a la forma y al contenido de la comunicación, basándose por lo tanto en reglas específicas (Kniffka 1980: 332).

2. METODOLOGÍA

2. METODOLOGÍA

En relación con la metodología de análisis gramatical, he de puntualizar que el presente estudio toma como base investigaciones anteriores que dan cuenta de la composición sintáctica de los titulares. Entre ellos, destacan particularmente las investigaciones de Mardh (1980) y Simon-Vanderbergen (1981), obras clave para el estudio de los titulares de prensa.

En relación con la metodología de análisis gramatical, he de puntualizar que el presente estudio toma como base investigaciones anteriores que dan cuenta de la composición sintáctica de los titulares. Entre ellos, destacan particularmente las investigaciones de Mardh (1980) y Simon-Vanderbergen (1981), obras clave para el estudio de los titulares de prensa.

Mardh, en su libro Headlines on the Grammar of English Front Page Headlines (1980), lleva a cabo un análisis de la gramática de los titulares de las portadas de los periódicos nacionales británicos The Times y Daily Mirror. Esta autora clasifica los titulares de prensa de acuerdo con cuatro categorías fundamentales: titulares nominales formados por una frase nominal; titulares verbales; titulares adverbiales constituidos por frases preposicionales, adverbiales, etc.; y un cuarto tipo en el que incluye aquellos titulares compuestos por combinaciones de estructuras nominales, verbales y adverbiales que no están ligadas por conjunciones coordinantes, subordinantes o comas, y a los que Mardh denomina titulares consistentes en más de una estructura libre.

Mardh, en su libro Headlines on the Grammar of English Front Page Headlines (1980), lleva a cabo un análisis de la gramática de los titulares de las portadas de los periódicos nacionales británicos The Times y Daily Mirror. Esta autora clasifica los titulares de prensa de acuerdo con cuatro categorías fundamentales: titulares nominales formados por una frase nominal; titulares verbales; titulares adverbiales constituidos por frases preposicionales, adverbiales, etc.; y un cuarto tipo en el que incluye aquellos titulares compuestos por combinaciones de estructuras nominales, verbales y adverbiales que no están ligadas por conjunciones coordinantes, subordinantes o comas, y a los que Mardh denomina titulares consistentes en más de una estructura libre.

Otra obra clave en el estudio de los titulares en prensa escrita es el estudio realizado por Simon-Vanderbergen, quien en The Grammar of Headlines in The Times 1870-1970 (1981) muestra la evolución de la gramática de los titulares del periódico The Times en el período comprendido en el título de su obra. Simon-Vanderbergen nos ofrece

Otra obra clave en el estudio de los titulares en prensa escrita es el estudio realizado por Simon-Vanderbergen, quien en The Grammar of Headlines in The Times 1870-1970 (1981) muestra la evolución de la gramática de los titulares del periódico The Times en el período comprendido en el título de su obra. Simon-Vanderbergen nos ofrece

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

155

155

intención en este artículo es mostrar el uso de las estructuras gramaticales en los titulares de publicaciones nacionales británicas así como su estructura discursiva y función, ciñéndome así a las formulaciones propias de una lengua desarrollada periodísticamente y correspondiente a un país de gran tradición de prensa escrita. Remitiéndome a la consideración de Kniffka (1980: 333) sobre la adopción de un sistema de normas de gramática para los titulares, deseo dejar constancia igualmente de que los titulares de las noticias periodísticas no se formulan libremente sino que están determinados en cuanto a la forma y al contenido de la comunicación, basándose por lo tanto en reglas específicas (Kniffka 1980: 332).

intención en este artículo es mostrar el uso de las estructuras gramaticales en los titulares de publicaciones nacionales británicas así como su estructura discursiva y función, ciñéndome así a las formulaciones propias de una lengua desarrollada periodísticamente y correspondiente a un país de gran tradición de prensa escrita. Remitiéndome a la consideración de Kniffka (1980: 333) sobre la adopción de un sistema de normas de gramática para los titulares, deseo dejar constancia igualmente de que los titulares de las noticias periodísticas no se formulan libremente sino que están determinados en cuanto a la forma y al contenido de la comunicación, basándose por lo tanto en reglas específicas (Kniffka 1980: 332).

2. METODOLOGÍA

2. METODOLOGÍA

En relación con la metodología de análisis gramatical, he de puntualizar que el presente estudio toma como base investigaciones anteriores que dan cuenta de la composición sintáctica de los titulares. Entre ellos, destacan particularmente las investigaciones de Mardh (1980) y Simon-Vanderbergen (1981), obras clave para el estudio de los titulares de prensa.

En relación con la metodología de análisis gramatical, he de puntualizar que el presente estudio toma como base investigaciones anteriores que dan cuenta de la composición sintáctica de los titulares. Entre ellos, destacan particularmente las investigaciones de Mardh (1980) y Simon-Vanderbergen (1981), obras clave para el estudio de los titulares de prensa.

Mardh, en su libro Headlines on the Grammar of English Front Page Headlines (1980), lleva a cabo un análisis de la gramática de los titulares de las portadas de los periódicos nacionales británicos The Times y Daily Mirror. Esta autora clasifica los titulares de prensa de acuerdo con cuatro categorías fundamentales: titulares nominales formados por una frase nominal; titulares verbales; titulares adverbiales constituidos por frases preposicionales, adverbiales, etc.; y un cuarto tipo en el que incluye aquellos titulares compuestos por combinaciones de estructuras nominales, verbales y adverbiales que no están ligadas por conjunciones coordinantes, subordinantes o comas, y a los que Mardh denomina titulares consistentes en más de una estructura libre.

Mardh, en su libro Headlines on the Grammar of English Front Page Headlines (1980), lleva a cabo un análisis de la gramática de los titulares de las portadas de los periódicos nacionales británicos The Times y Daily Mirror. Esta autora clasifica los titulares de prensa de acuerdo con cuatro categorías fundamentales: titulares nominales formados por una frase nominal; titulares verbales; titulares adverbiales constituidos por frases preposicionales, adverbiales, etc.; y un cuarto tipo en el que incluye aquellos titulares compuestos por combinaciones de estructuras nominales, verbales y adverbiales que no están ligadas por conjunciones coordinantes, subordinantes o comas, y a los que Mardh denomina titulares consistentes en más de una estructura libre.

Otra obra clave en el estudio de los titulares en prensa escrita es el estudio realizado por Simon-Vanderbergen, quien en The Grammar of Headlines in The Times 1870-1970 (1981) muestra la evolución de la gramática de los titulares del periódico The Times en el período comprendido en el título de su obra. Simon-Vanderbergen nos ofrece

Otra obra clave en el estudio de los titulares en prensa escrita es el estudio realizado por Simon-Vanderbergen, quien en The Grammar of Headlines in The Times 1870-1970 (1981) muestra la evolución de la gramática de los titulares del periódico The Times en el período comprendido en el título de su obra. Simon-Vanderbergen nos ofrece


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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

en su estudio una clasificación algo menos detallada que la de Mardh, reduciendo la clasificación lingüística de los titulares a dos categorías básicas: titulares verbales y titulares no verbales o nominales.

en su estudio una clasificación algo menos detallada que la de Mardh, reduciendo la clasificación lingüística de los titulares a dos categorías básicas: titulares verbales y titulares no verbales o nominales.

Considerando las clasificaciones anteriores, este estudio se limita a cuatro categorías fundamentales: (Tipo I) titulares verbales, donde incluí los titulares constituidos por un verbo principal (bien en forma personal, bien en forma no personal) en la oración o en la cláusula principal; (Tipo II) titulares carentes de elemento verbal y constituidos por frases independientes (nominales, adjetivales y preposicionales), siendo el grupo mayoritario dentro de estos titulares el formado por frases nominales independientes; (Tipo III) los titulares que presentan una combinación de titular verbal más titular nominal; y Tipo IV, constituido por aquellos casos de titulares donde se presenta un alto grado de elipsis y resulta complicado decidirse por una u otra categoría.

Considerando las clasificaciones anteriores, este estudio se limita a cuatro categorías fundamentales: (Tipo I) titulares verbales, donde incluí los titulares constituidos por un verbo principal (bien en forma personal, bien en forma no personal) en la oración o en la cláusula principal; (Tipo II) titulares carentes de elemento verbal y constituidos por frases independientes (nominales, adjetivales y preposicionales), siendo el grupo mayoritario dentro de estos titulares el formado por frases nominales independientes; (Tipo III) los titulares que presentan una combinación de titular verbal más titular nominal; y Tipo IV, constituido por aquellos casos de titulares donde se presenta un alto grado de elipsis y resulta complicado decidirse por una u otra categoría.

Junto con el estudio de la composición sintáctica de los titulares, muestro desde una perspectiva textual aspectos relativos a la formulación de los titulares en prensa escrita, con especial atención a su estructura discursiva y función en el contexto de la información periodística (Kniffka 1980; van Dijk 1985c, 1988a; Bell 1991: 185-190). En un intento por ir más allá del plano puramente descriptivo y numérico, considero los usos lingüísticos en los titulares en prensa en relación con su contexto social, es decir, teniendo en cuenta el entorno en el que los significados se intercambian. Así, la perspectiva desde la cual he analizado el corpus se incluye en la línea de estudios defendidos por Haan 1987; Sperber and Wilson 1995; Bloor and Bloor 1995, 2004; Thompson 1996, 2004; López Maestre 1997a, 1997b, 1998, 1999; Ghadessy 1999; Gómez Guinovart y Pérez Guerra 2000; Chafe 2003; Dor 2003; González Rodríguez 2003, 2004; Martin and Rose 2003; Allan 2004 (inter alia). Esta perspectiva es multidisciplinaria y combina un análisis de aspectos lingüísticos, cognitivos, sociales y/o culturales de los textos en su contexto. En este acercamiento, adopto una perspectiva dinámica en la que el lenguaje es una herramienta para la interacción social y constato a través del análisis que las posibles diferencias lingüísticas entre los titulares pueden correlacionarse con diferencias en los contextos en los que aquellos fueron creados, manteniendo así la postura de Halliday (1978; 1985a; 1985b; 1989a;

Junto con el estudio de la composición sintáctica de los titulares, muestro desde una perspectiva textual aspectos relativos a la formulación de los titulares en prensa escrita, con especial atención a su estructura discursiva y función en el contexto de la información periodística (Kniffka 1980; van Dijk 1985c, 1988a; Bell 1991: 185-190). En un intento por ir más allá del plano puramente descriptivo y numérico, considero los usos lingüísticos en los titulares en prensa en relación con su contexto social, es decir, teniendo en cuenta el entorno en el que los significados se intercambian. Así, la perspectiva desde la cual he analizado el corpus se incluye en la línea de estudios defendidos por Haan 1987; Sperber and Wilson 1995; Bloor and Bloor 1995, 2004; Thompson 1996, 2004; López Maestre 1997a, 1997b, 1998, 1999; Ghadessy 1999; Gómez Guinovart y Pérez Guerra 2000; Chafe 2003; Dor 2003; González Rodríguez 2003, 2004; Martin and Rose 2003; Allan 2004 (inter alia). Esta perspectiva es multidisciplinaria y combina un análisis de aspectos lingüísticos, cognitivos, sociales y/o culturales de los textos en su contexto. En este acercamiento, adopto una perspectiva dinámica en la que el lenguaje es una herramienta para la interacción social y constato a través del análisis que las posibles diferencias lingüísticas entre los titulares pueden correlacionarse con diferencias en los contextos en los que aquellos fueron creados, manteniendo así la postura de Halliday (1978; 1985a; 1985b; 1989a;

156

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

en su estudio una clasificación algo menos detallada que la de Mardh, reduciendo la clasificación lingüística de los titulares a dos categorías básicas: titulares verbales y titulares no verbales o nominales.

en su estudio una clasificación algo menos detallada que la de Mardh, reduciendo la clasificación lingüística de los titulares a dos categorías básicas: titulares verbales y titulares no verbales o nominales.

Considerando las clasificaciones anteriores, este estudio se limita a cuatro categorías fundamentales: (Tipo I) titulares verbales, donde incluí los titulares constituidos por un verbo principal (bien en forma personal, bien en forma no personal) en la oración o en la cláusula principal; (Tipo II) titulares carentes de elemento verbal y constituidos por frases independientes (nominales, adjetivales y preposicionales), siendo el grupo mayoritario dentro de estos titulares el formado por frases nominales independientes; (Tipo III) los titulares que presentan una combinación de titular verbal más titular nominal; y Tipo IV, constituido por aquellos casos de titulares donde se presenta un alto grado de elipsis y resulta complicado decidirse por una u otra categoría.

Considerando las clasificaciones anteriores, este estudio se limita a cuatro categorías fundamentales: (Tipo I) titulares verbales, donde incluí los titulares constituidos por un verbo principal (bien en forma personal, bien en forma no personal) en la oración o en la cláusula principal; (Tipo II) titulares carentes de elemento verbal y constituidos por frases independientes (nominales, adjetivales y preposicionales), siendo el grupo mayoritario dentro de estos titulares el formado por frases nominales independientes; (Tipo III) los titulares que presentan una combinación de titular verbal más titular nominal; y Tipo IV, constituido por aquellos casos de titulares donde se presenta un alto grado de elipsis y resulta complicado decidirse por una u otra categoría.

Junto con el estudio de la composición sintáctica de los titulares, muestro desde una perspectiva textual aspectos relativos a la formulación de los titulares en prensa escrita, con especial atención a su estructura discursiva y función en el contexto de la información periodística (Kniffka 1980; van Dijk 1985c, 1988a; Bell 1991: 185-190). En un intento por ir más allá del plano puramente descriptivo y numérico, considero los usos lingüísticos en los titulares en prensa en relación con su contexto social, es decir, teniendo en cuenta el entorno en el que los significados se intercambian. Así, la perspectiva desde la cual he analizado el corpus se incluye en la línea de estudios defendidos por Haan 1987; Sperber and Wilson 1995; Bloor and Bloor 1995, 2004; Thompson 1996, 2004; López Maestre 1997a, 1997b, 1998, 1999; Ghadessy 1999; Gómez Guinovart y Pérez Guerra 2000; Chafe 2003; Dor 2003; González Rodríguez 2003, 2004; Martin and Rose 2003; Allan 2004 (inter alia). Esta perspectiva es multidisciplinaria y combina un análisis de aspectos lingüísticos, cognitivos, sociales y/o culturales de los textos en su contexto. En este acercamiento, adopto una perspectiva dinámica en la que el lenguaje es una herramienta para la interacción social y constato a través del análisis que las posibles diferencias lingüísticas entre los titulares pueden correlacionarse con diferencias en los contextos en los que aquellos fueron creados, manteniendo así la postura de Halliday (1978; 1985a; 1985b; 1989a;

Junto con el estudio de la composición sintáctica de los titulares, muestro desde una perspectiva textual aspectos relativos a la formulación de los titulares en prensa escrita, con especial atención a su estructura discursiva y función en el contexto de la información periodística (Kniffka 1980; van Dijk 1985c, 1988a; Bell 1991: 185-190). En un intento por ir más allá del plano puramente descriptivo y numérico, considero los usos lingüísticos en los titulares en prensa en relación con su contexto social, es decir, teniendo en cuenta el entorno en el que los significados se intercambian. Así, la perspectiva desde la cual he analizado el corpus se incluye en la línea de estudios defendidos por Haan 1987; Sperber and Wilson 1995; Bloor and Bloor 1995, 2004; Thompson 1996, 2004; López Maestre 1997a, 1997b, 1998, 1999; Ghadessy 1999; Gómez Guinovart y Pérez Guerra 2000; Chafe 2003; Dor 2003; González Rodríguez 2003, 2004; Martin and Rose 2003; Allan 2004 (inter alia). Esta perspectiva es multidisciplinaria y combina un análisis de aspectos lingüísticos, cognitivos, sociales y/o culturales de los textos en su contexto. En este acercamiento, adopto una perspectiva dinámica en la que el lenguaje es una herramienta para la interacción social y constato a través del análisis que las posibles diferencias lingüísticas entre los titulares pueden correlacionarse con diferencias en los contextos en los que aquellos fueron creados, manteniendo así la postura de Halliday (1978; 1985a; 1985b; 1989a;


María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

157

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

157

1989b; 1989c) sobre la naturaleza interactiva de esta relación de realización entre el contexto social y el lenguaje.

1989b; 1989c) sobre la naturaleza interactiva de esta relación de realización entre el contexto social y el lenguaje.

3. CONSIDERACIONES .METODOLÓGICAS REFERENTES AL CORPUS

3. CONSIDERACIONES .METODOLÓGICAS REFERENTES AL CORPUS

Antes de pasar al análisis propiamente dicho, me gustaría exponer de forma breve algunos aspectos relativos a la naturaleza del corpus estudiado. En primer término, la elección del título periodístico como objeto de análisis ha tenido que ver en gran medida con el papel que desempeña este elemento en la composición de una noticia. El titulari constituye en sí mismo el primer nivel informativo de un relato periodístico, situándose su cometido en ofrecer una visión sucinta y distintiva del asunto noticioso. Ello viene condicionado en buena parte por el hecho de que el título ocupa el último lugar en el proceso de elaboración de la noticia, lo cual condiciona que su información se derive principalmente de la del párrafo de entrada de la noticia o lead.ii En este sentido, el título suele resumir el contenido del asunto noticioso en su mínima expresión, definiéndose semánticamente en términos del nivel más alto de la macroestructura temática de la noticia y evocando la información más importante o relevante del relato periodístico (van Dijk 1985a; 1985b; 1985c; 1986; 1988a; 1988b; 2001). Aún así, algunas veces el titular va más allá de la simple información noticiosa. En estos casos, se elevan al título principal de la noticia elementos que funcionan a modo de “gancho” (news peg) del asunto noticioso, y que subrayan la importancia, el interés o la novedad de los acontecimientos a la vez que animan a su lectura.

Antes de pasar al análisis propiamente dicho, me gustaría exponer de forma breve algunos aspectos relativos a la naturaleza del corpus estudiado. En primer término, la elección del título periodístico como objeto de análisis ha tenido que ver en gran medida con el papel que desempeña este elemento en la composición de una noticia. El titulari constituye en sí mismo el primer nivel informativo de un relato periodístico, situándose su cometido en ofrecer una visión sucinta y distintiva del asunto noticioso. Ello viene condicionado en buena parte por el hecho de que el título ocupa el último lugar en el proceso de elaboración de la noticia, lo cual condiciona que su información se derive principalmente de la del párrafo de entrada de la noticia o lead.ii En este sentido, el título suele resumir el contenido del asunto noticioso en su mínima expresión, definiéndose semánticamente en términos del nivel más alto de la macroestructura temática de la noticia y evocando la información más importante o relevante del relato periodístico (van Dijk 1985a; 1985b; 1985c; 1986; 1988a; 1988b; 2001). Aún así, algunas veces el titular va más allá de la simple información noticiosa. En estos casos, se elevan al título principal de la noticia elementos que funcionan a modo de “gancho” (news peg) del asunto noticioso, y que subrayan la importancia, el interés o la novedad de los acontecimientos a la vez que animan a su lectura.

El presente trabajo se fundamenta en una investigación anterior (González Rodríguez 2002) donde realicé un estudio acerca de las características gramaticales de los titulares en un corpus de noticias publicadas en diferentes diarios pertenecientes a los tres mercados en los que se encuentra dividida la prensa nacional británica en la actualidad.iii Las conclusiones a las que llegué a partir de ese corpus han sido contrastadas con las del presente estudio, con el fin de garantizar la validez de los resultados obtenidos. Así, la descripción analítica de ambas muestras me ha proporcionado los datos con que sustentar las explicaciones acerca de las frecuencias de distribución y

El presente trabajo se fundamenta en una investigación anterior (González Rodríguez 2002) donde realicé un estudio acerca de las características gramaticales de los titulares en un corpus de noticias publicadas en diferentes diarios pertenecientes a los tres mercados en los que se encuentra dividida la prensa nacional británica en la actualidad.iii Las conclusiones a las que llegué a partir de ese corpus han sido contrastadas con las del presente estudio, con el fin de garantizar la validez de los resultados obtenidos. Así, la descripción analítica de ambas muestras me ha proporcionado los datos con que sustentar las explicaciones acerca de las frecuencias de distribución y

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

157

157

1989b; 1989c) sobre la naturaleza interactiva de esta relación de realización entre el contexto social y el lenguaje.

1989b; 1989c) sobre la naturaleza interactiva de esta relación de realización entre el contexto social y el lenguaje.

3. CONSIDERACIONES .METODOLÓGICAS REFERENTES AL CORPUS

3. CONSIDERACIONES .METODOLÓGICAS REFERENTES AL CORPUS

Antes de pasar al análisis propiamente dicho, me gustaría exponer de forma breve algunos aspectos relativos a la naturaleza del corpus estudiado. En primer término, la elección del título periodístico como objeto de análisis ha tenido que ver en gran medida con el papel que desempeña este elemento en la composición de una noticia. El titulari constituye en sí mismo el primer nivel informativo de un relato periodístico, situándose su cometido en ofrecer una visión sucinta y distintiva del asunto noticioso. Ello viene condicionado en buena parte por el hecho de que el título ocupa el último lugar en el proceso de elaboración de la noticia, lo cual condiciona que su información se derive principalmente de la del párrafo de entrada de la noticia o lead.ii En este sentido, el título suele resumir el contenido del asunto noticioso en su mínima expresión, definiéndose semánticamente en términos del nivel más alto de la macroestructura temática de la noticia y evocando la información más importante o relevante del relato periodístico (van Dijk 1985a; 1985b; 1985c; 1986; 1988a; 1988b; 2001). Aún así, algunas veces el titular va más allá de la simple información noticiosa. En estos casos, se elevan al título principal de la noticia elementos que funcionan a modo de “gancho” (news peg) del asunto noticioso, y que subrayan la importancia, el interés o la novedad de los acontecimientos a la vez que animan a su lectura.

Antes de pasar al análisis propiamente dicho, me gustaría exponer de forma breve algunos aspectos relativos a la naturaleza del corpus estudiado. En primer término, la elección del título periodístico como objeto de análisis ha tenido que ver en gran medida con el papel que desempeña este elemento en la composición de una noticia. El titulari constituye en sí mismo el primer nivel informativo de un relato periodístico, situándose su cometido en ofrecer una visión sucinta y distintiva del asunto noticioso. Ello viene condicionado en buena parte por el hecho de que el título ocupa el último lugar en el proceso de elaboración de la noticia, lo cual condiciona que su información se derive principalmente de la del párrafo de entrada de la noticia o lead.ii En este sentido, el título suele resumir el contenido del asunto noticioso en su mínima expresión, definiéndose semánticamente en términos del nivel más alto de la macroestructura temática de la noticia y evocando la información más importante o relevante del relato periodístico (van Dijk 1985a; 1985b; 1985c; 1986; 1988a; 1988b; 2001). Aún así, algunas veces el titular va más allá de la simple información noticiosa. En estos casos, se elevan al título principal de la noticia elementos que funcionan a modo de “gancho” (news peg) del asunto noticioso, y que subrayan la importancia, el interés o la novedad de los acontecimientos a la vez que animan a su lectura.

El presente trabajo se fundamenta en una investigación anterior (González Rodríguez 2002) donde realicé un estudio acerca de las características gramaticales de los titulares en un corpus de noticias publicadas en diferentes diarios pertenecientes a los tres mercados en los que se encuentra dividida la prensa nacional británica en la actualidad.iii Las conclusiones a las que llegué a partir de ese corpus han sido contrastadas con las del presente estudio, con el fin de garantizar la validez de los resultados obtenidos. Así, la descripción analítica de ambas muestras me ha proporcionado los datos con que sustentar las explicaciones acerca de las frecuencias de distribución y

El presente trabajo se fundamenta en una investigación anterior (González Rodríguez 2002) donde realicé un estudio acerca de las características gramaticales de los titulares en un corpus de noticias publicadas en diferentes diarios pertenecientes a los tres mercados en los que se encuentra dividida la prensa nacional británica en la actualidad.iii Las conclusiones a las que llegué a partir de ese corpus han sido contrastadas con las del presente estudio, con el fin de garantizar la validez de los resultados obtenidos. Así, la descripción analítica de ambas muestras me ha proporcionado los datos con que sustentar las explicaciones acerca de las frecuencias de distribución y


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uso de estructuras gramaticales en los titulares de publicaciones nacionales británicas actuales con aspectos propios de su contexto de situación, así como su estructura discursiva y función.

uso de estructuras gramaticales en los titulares de publicaciones nacionales británicas actuales con aspectos propios de su contexto de situación, así como su estructura discursiva y función.

Para la composición del presente corpus, la amplitud de la muestra no ha sido en sí misma el criterio más importante de selección sino el de representatividad, ante todo teniendo en cuenta que el corpus analizado refleja no sólo características típicas de los diarios nacionales británicos en su conjunto sino además factores sociales de su contexto de situación. Así pues, el corpus del presente estudio está constituido por 200 titulares procedentes de portadas memorables que celebran el crecimiento y desarrollo de los últimos 100 años de la prensa británica (1906-2006).iv Éstas muestran “la historia detrás de la historia”, los diferentes estilos de la prensa nacional británica, cambios en las técnicas de selección de información y, en líneas generales, la influencia de la prensa en la sociedad. A este respecto, este estudio presta especial atención a las formas redaccionales del título periodístico en diferentes publicaciones, observando en qué medida se han modificado las estructuras prototípicas asociadas a esta variedad discursiva a lo largo del período abarcado.

Para la composición del presente corpus, la amplitud de la muestra no ha sido en sí misma el criterio más importante de selección sino el de representatividad, ante todo teniendo en cuenta que el corpus analizado refleja no sólo características típicas de los diarios nacionales británicos en su conjunto sino además factores sociales de su contexto de situación. Así pues, el corpus del presente estudio está constituido por 200 titulares procedentes de portadas memorables que celebran el crecimiento y desarrollo de los últimos 100 años de la prensa británica (1906-2006).iv Éstas muestran “la historia detrás de la historia”, los diferentes estilos de la prensa nacional británica, cambios en las técnicas de selección de información y, en líneas generales, la influencia de la prensa en la sociedad. A este respecto, este estudio presta especial atención a las formas redaccionales del título periodístico en diferentes publicaciones, observando en qué medida se han modificado las estructuras prototípicas asociadas a esta variedad discursiva a lo largo del período abarcado.

4. ANÁLISIS

4. ANÁLISIS

4.1. Estructura discursiva y función de los titulares

4.1. Estructura discursiva y función de los titulares

Los titulares de la muestra pertenecen a relatos periodísticos informativos, las denominadas hard news en el ámbito periodístico anglosajón. Estas noticias se caracterizan por poseer una actualidad inmediata, por estar sometidas a los cierres diarios y, como consecuencia de ello, por el hecho de que deben ser publicadas sin falta. Considerando en la muestra la distribución de los relatos periodísticos informativos por bloques temáticos, se detectaron los siguientes grupos de textos desglosados en temas, tal y como aparecen recogidos en la exhibición original del corpus:

Los titulares de la muestra pertenecen a relatos periodísticos informativos, las denominadas hard news en el ámbito periodístico anglosajón. Estas noticias se caracterizan por poseer una actualidad inmediata, por estar sometidas a los cierres diarios y, como consecuencia de ello, por el hecho de que deben ser publicadas sin falta. Considerando en la muestra la distribución de los relatos periodísticos informativos por bloques temáticos, se detectaron los siguientes grupos de textos desglosados en temas, tal y como aparecen recogidos en la exhibición original del corpus:

158

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uso de estructuras gramaticales en los titulares de publicaciones nacionales británicas actuales con aspectos propios de su contexto de situación, así como su estructura discursiva y función.

uso de estructuras gramaticales en los titulares de publicaciones nacionales británicas actuales con aspectos propios de su contexto de situación, así como su estructura discursiva y función.

Para la composición del presente corpus, la amplitud de la muestra no ha sido en sí misma el criterio más importante de selección sino el de representatividad, ante todo teniendo en cuenta que el corpus analizado refleja no sólo características típicas de los diarios nacionales británicos en su conjunto sino además factores sociales de su contexto de situación. Así pues, el corpus del presente estudio está constituido por 200 titulares procedentes de portadas memorables que celebran el crecimiento y desarrollo de los últimos 100 años de la prensa británica (1906-2006).iv Éstas muestran “la historia detrás de la historia”, los diferentes estilos de la prensa nacional británica, cambios en las técnicas de selección de información y, en líneas generales, la influencia de la prensa en la sociedad. A este respecto, este estudio presta especial atención a las formas redaccionales del título periodístico en diferentes publicaciones, observando en qué medida se han modificado las estructuras prototípicas asociadas a esta variedad discursiva a lo largo del período abarcado.

Para la composición del presente corpus, la amplitud de la muestra no ha sido en sí misma el criterio más importante de selección sino el de representatividad, ante todo teniendo en cuenta que el corpus analizado refleja no sólo características típicas de los diarios nacionales británicos en su conjunto sino además factores sociales de su contexto de situación. Así pues, el corpus del presente estudio está constituido por 200 titulares procedentes de portadas memorables que celebran el crecimiento y desarrollo de los últimos 100 años de la prensa británica (1906-2006).iv Éstas muestran “la historia detrás de la historia”, los diferentes estilos de la prensa nacional británica, cambios en las técnicas de selección de información y, en líneas generales, la influencia de la prensa en la sociedad. A este respecto, este estudio presta especial atención a las formas redaccionales del título periodístico en diferentes publicaciones, observando en qué medida se han modificado las estructuras prototípicas asociadas a esta variedad discursiva a lo largo del período abarcado.

4. ANÁLISIS

4. ANÁLISIS

4.1. Estructura discursiva y función de los titulares Los titulares de la muestra pertenecen a relatos periodísticos informativos, las denominadas hard news en el ámbito periodístico anglosajón. Estas noticias se caracterizan por poseer una actualidad inmediata, por estar sometidas a los cierres diarios y, como consecuencia de ello, por el hecho de que deben ser publicadas sin falta. Considerando en la muestra la distribución de los relatos periodísticos informativos por bloques temáticos, se detectaron los siguientes grupos de textos desglosados en temas, tal y como aparecen recogidos en la exhibición original del corpus:

4.1. Estructura discursiva y función de los titulares Los titulares de la muestra pertenecen a relatos periodísticos informativos, las denominadas hard news en el ámbito periodístico anglosajón. Estas noticias se caracterizan por poseer una actualidad inmediata, por estar sometidas a los cierres diarios y, como consecuencia de ello, por el hecho de que deben ser publicadas sin falta. Considerando en la muestra la distribución de los relatos periodísticos informativos por bloques temáticos, se detectaron los siguientes grupos de textos desglosados en temas, tal y como aparecen recogidos en la exhibición original del corpus:


María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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Cuadro 4.1. Variación temática en la muestra

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

159

Cuadro 4.1. Variación temática en la muestra

Un encabezamiento simplemente con el título principal es una forma de titulación habitual en la prensa anglosajona, siempre que no sean periódicos sensacionalistas, en los que abunda el sumario de subtítulos con el consiguiente acopio de titulación, y cuya finalidad es resumir toda la información a modo de reclamo publicitario. Este tipo de titulación simple encaja perfectamente con el estilo del periodismo anglosajón (formalmente más informativo) a diferencia del latino donde se tiende a un periodismo más de opinión.

Un encabezamiento simplemente con el título principal es una forma de titulación habitual en la prensa anglosajona, siempre que no sean periódicos sensacionalistas, en los que abunda el sumario de subtítulos con el consiguiente acopio de titulación, y cuya finalidad es resumir toda la información a modo de reclamo publicitario. Este tipo de titulación simple encaja perfectamente con el estilo del periodismo anglosajón (formalmente más informativo) a diferencia del latino donde se tiende a un periodismo más de opinión.

En líneas generales, la misión básica del título es la de establecer la macroestructura semántica general del texto, caracterizándose por ser ésta una macroproposición del párrafo de entrada de la noticia o lead (van Dijk 1986; Bell 1999). Ello implica que el título por lo general actúa a modo de síntesis del asunto noticioso, siendo el contenido de su mensaje autosuficiente tal y como se muestra en los siguientes títulos de la muestra: ‘Titanic: No lives lost’v (Daily Mail 16/04/1912), ‘HITLER DEAD’ (News Chronicle 02/05/1945), ‘SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL DIES’ (The Times 25/01/1965).

En líneas generales, la misión básica del título es la de establecer la macroestructura semántica general del texto, caracterizándose por ser ésta una macroproposición del párrafo de entrada de la noticia o lead (van Dijk 1986; Bell 1999). Ello implica que el título por lo general actúa a modo de síntesis del asunto noticioso, siendo el contenido de su mensaje autosuficiente tal y como se muestra en los siguientes títulos de la muestra: ‘Titanic: No lives lost’v (Daily Mail 16/04/1912), ‘HITLER DEAD’ (News Chronicle 02/05/1945), ‘SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL DIES’ (The Times 25/01/1965).

A pesar de esta generalización, hay ocasiones en las que la titulación se encuentra desviada, es decir, se incorpora al título algún elemento novedoso desde el punto de vista informativo de acuerdo con

A pesar de esta generalización, hay ocasiones en las que la titulación se encuentra desviada, es decir, se incorpora al título algún elemento novedoso desde el punto de vista informativo de acuerdo con

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

159

Cuadro 4.1. Variación temática en la muestra

159

Cuadro 4.1. Variación temática en la muestra

Un encabezamiento simplemente con el título principal es una forma de titulación habitual en la prensa anglosajona, siempre que no sean periódicos sensacionalistas, en los que abunda el sumario de subtítulos con el consiguiente acopio de titulación, y cuya finalidad es resumir toda la información a modo de reclamo publicitario. Este tipo de titulación simple encaja perfectamente con el estilo del periodismo anglosajón (formalmente más informativo) a diferencia del latino donde se tiende a un periodismo más de opinión.

Un encabezamiento simplemente con el título principal es una forma de titulación habitual en la prensa anglosajona, siempre que no sean periódicos sensacionalistas, en los que abunda el sumario de subtítulos con el consiguiente acopio de titulación, y cuya finalidad es resumir toda la información a modo de reclamo publicitario. Este tipo de titulación simple encaja perfectamente con el estilo del periodismo anglosajón (formalmente más informativo) a diferencia del latino donde se tiende a un periodismo más de opinión.

En líneas generales, la misión básica del título es la de establecer la macroestructura semántica general del texto, caracterizándose por ser ésta una macroproposición del párrafo de entrada de la noticia o lead (van Dijk 1986; Bell 1999). Ello implica que el título por lo general actúa a modo de síntesis del asunto noticioso, siendo el contenido de su mensaje autosuficiente tal y como se muestra en los siguientes títulos de la muestra: ‘Titanic: No lives lost’v (Daily Mail 16/04/1912), ‘HITLER DEAD’ (News Chronicle 02/05/1945), ‘SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL DIES’ (The Times 25/01/1965).

En líneas generales, la misión básica del título es la de establecer la macroestructura semántica general del texto, caracterizándose por ser ésta una macroproposición del párrafo de entrada de la noticia o lead (van Dijk 1986; Bell 1999). Ello implica que el título por lo general actúa a modo de síntesis del asunto noticioso, siendo el contenido de su mensaje autosuficiente tal y como se muestra en los siguientes títulos de la muestra: ‘Titanic: No lives lost’v (Daily Mail 16/04/1912), ‘HITLER DEAD’ (News Chronicle 02/05/1945), ‘SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL DIES’ (The Times 25/01/1965).

A pesar de esta generalización, hay ocasiones en las que la titulación se encuentra desviada, es decir, se incorpora al título algún elemento novedoso desde el punto de vista informativo de acuerdo con

A pesar de esta generalización, hay ocasiones en las que la titulación se encuentra desviada, es decir, se incorpora al título algún elemento novedoso desde el punto de vista informativo de acuerdo con


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los intereses comunicativos de la publicación de que se trata. Tal posibilidad destaca particularmente en las publicaciones nacionales británicas actuales más “populares”, donde es habitual que se eleven al título principal de la noticia elementos que funcionan a modo de “gancho” (news peg) del asunto noticioso. Buena ilustración de lo dicho es ‘GOTCHA’ (The Sun 04/05/1982). Este titular pertenece a un asunto noticioso referido al crucero argentino, General Belgrano, hundido por un submarino británico en la guerra de las Malvinas. El primer periódico que recogió tal suceso fue precisamente The Sun. El editor Kelvin Mackenzie utilizó una exclamación improvisada del editor de crónicas especiales, Wendy Henry, convirtiéndola en el titular de celebración ‘GOTCHA’. A pesar de que el titular fue considerado por algunos como un jingoísmo de mal gusto, otros pensaron que The Sun había capturado, no creado, el sentimiento de la nación. Sin embargo, cuando en el propio periódico se filtraron informaciones que apuntaban a que toda la tripulación podría haber muerto como consecuencia de aquel ataque Mackenzie cambió el titular por ‘Did 1,200 Argies drown?’ para las ediciones posteriores del periódico. Sin embargo, el titular original ‘GOTCHA’ de las primeras ediciones permanecería como una leyenda en la historia de las portadas en prensa escrita.

los intereses comunicativos de la publicación de que se trata. Tal posibilidad destaca particularmente en las publicaciones nacionales británicas actuales más “populares”, donde es habitual que se eleven al título principal de la noticia elementos que funcionan a modo de “gancho” (news peg) del asunto noticioso. Buena ilustración de lo dicho es ‘GOTCHA’ (The Sun 04/05/1982). Este titular pertenece a un asunto noticioso referido al crucero argentino, General Belgrano, hundido por un submarino británico en la guerra de las Malvinas. El primer periódico que recogió tal suceso fue precisamente The Sun. El editor Kelvin Mackenzie utilizó una exclamación improvisada del editor de crónicas especiales, Wendy Henry, convirtiéndola en el titular de celebración ‘GOTCHA’. A pesar de que el titular fue considerado por algunos como un jingoísmo de mal gusto, otros pensaron que The Sun había capturado, no creado, el sentimiento de la nación. Sin embargo, cuando en el propio periódico se filtraron informaciones que apuntaban a que toda la tripulación podría haber muerto como consecuencia de aquel ataque Mackenzie cambió el titular por ‘Did 1,200 Argies drown?’ para las ediciones posteriores del periódico. Sin embargo, el titular original ‘GOTCHA’ de las primeras ediciones permanecería como una leyenda en la historia de las portadas en prensa escrita.

Las técnicas redaccionales modernas, en este caso las referentes a la titulación, han evolucionado acorde a los tiempos y de acuerdo también con la competencia que los medios audiovisuales suponen para la prensa escrita. De ahí la importancia que hoy en día tienen los titulares, en tanto que el título no solo evoca el hecho principal o la idea dominante de una noticia sino que además busca su terreno de competencia comunicativa a través de recrear imaginativamente su lenguaje. Así, un titular ad hoc, que diga la noticia, como ‘MR. WINSTON CHURCHILL MARRIED TO MISS CLEMENTINE HOXIER AT ST. MARGARET’S, WESTMINSTER’ (Daily Mirror 14/09/1908) no invita hoy en día a la lectura; por contraste, el titular ‘MR. & MRS. BECKS’ (The Sun 06/07/1999) es más vistoso que el anterior, dado que busca el entretenimiento del lector entrometiéndose en la vida íntima de las estrellas, en este caso, llamando la atención sobre la boda de David y Victoria Beckham.

Las técnicas redaccionales modernas, en este caso las referentes a la titulación, han evolucionado acorde a los tiempos y de acuerdo también con la competencia que los medios audiovisuales suponen para la prensa escrita. De ahí la importancia que hoy en día tienen los titulares, en tanto que el título no solo evoca el hecho principal o la idea dominante de una noticia sino que además busca su terreno de competencia comunicativa a través de recrear imaginativamente su lenguaje. Así, un titular ad hoc, que diga la noticia, como ‘MR. WINSTON CHURCHILL MARRIED TO MISS CLEMENTINE HOXIER AT ST. MARGARET’S, WESTMINSTER’ (Daily Mirror 14/09/1908) no invita hoy en día a la lectura; por contraste, el titular ‘MR. & MRS. BECKS’ (The Sun 06/07/1999) es más vistoso que el anterior, dado que busca el entretenimiento del lector entrometiéndose en la vida íntima de las estrellas, en este caso, llamando la atención sobre la boda de David y Victoria Beckham.

A este respecto, no se puede obviar el papel destacado que desempeñan en la actualidad las figuras retóricas como modo de apelar

A este respecto, no se puede obviar el papel destacado que desempeñan en la actualidad las figuras retóricas como modo de apelar

160

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

los intereses comunicativos de la publicación de que se trata. Tal posibilidad destaca particularmente en las publicaciones nacionales británicas actuales más “populares”, donde es habitual que se eleven al título principal de la noticia elementos que funcionan a modo de “gancho” (news peg) del asunto noticioso. Buena ilustración de lo dicho es ‘GOTCHA’ (The Sun 04/05/1982). Este titular pertenece a un asunto noticioso referido al crucero argentino, General Belgrano, hundido por un submarino británico en la guerra de las Malvinas. El primer periódico que recogió tal suceso fue precisamente The Sun. El editor Kelvin Mackenzie utilizó una exclamación improvisada del editor de crónicas especiales, Wendy Henry, convirtiéndola en el titular de celebración ‘GOTCHA’. A pesar de que el titular fue considerado por algunos como un jingoísmo de mal gusto, otros pensaron que The Sun había capturado, no creado, el sentimiento de la nación. Sin embargo, cuando en el propio periódico se filtraron informaciones que apuntaban a que toda la tripulación podría haber muerto como consecuencia de aquel ataque Mackenzie cambió el titular por ‘Did 1,200 Argies drown?’ para las ediciones posteriores del periódico. Sin embargo, el titular original ‘GOTCHA’ de las primeras ediciones permanecería como una leyenda en la historia de las portadas en prensa escrita.

los intereses comunicativos de la publicación de que se trata. Tal posibilidad destaca particularmente en las publicaciones nacionales británicas actuales más “populares”, donde es habitual que se eleven al título principal de la noticia elementos que funcionan a modo de “gancho” (news peg) del asunto noticioso. Buena ilustración de lo dicho es ‘GOTCHA’ (The Sun 04/05/1982). Este titular pertenece a un asunto noticioso referido al crucero argentino, General Belgrano, hundido por un submarino británico en la guerra de las Malvinas. El primer periódico que recogió tal suceso fue precisamente The Sun. El editor Kelvin Mackenzie utilizó una exclamación improvisada del editor de crónicas especiales, Wendy Henry, convirtiéndola en el titular de celebración ‘GOTCHA’. A pesar de que el titular fue considerado por algunos como un jingoísmo de mal gusto, otros pensaron que The Sun había capturado, no creado, el sentimiento de la nación. Sin embargo, cuando en el propio periódico se filtraron informaciones que apuntaban a que toda la tripulación podría haber muerto como consecuencia de aquel ataque Mackenzie cambió el titular por ‘Did 1,200 Argies drown?’ para las ediciones posteriores del periódico. Sin embargo, el titular original ‘GOTCHA’ de las primeras ediciones permanecería como una leyenda en la historia de las portadas en prensa escrita.

Las técnicas redaccionales modernas, en este caso las referentes a la titulación, han evolucionado acorde a los tiempos y de acuerdo también con la competencia que los medios audiovisuales suponen para la prensa escrita. De ahí la importancia que hoy en día tienen los titulares, en tanto que el título no solo evoca el hecho principal o la idea dominante de una noticia sino que además busca su terreno de competencia comunicativa a través de recrear imaginativamente su lenguaje. Así, un titular ad hoc, que diga la noticia, como ‘MR. WINSTON CHURCHILL MARRIED TO MISS CLEMENTINE HOXIER AT ST. MARGARET’S, WESTMINSTER’ (Daily Mirror 14/09/1908) no invita hoy en día a la lectura; por contraste, el titular ‘MR. & MRS. BECKS’ (The Sun 06/07/1999) es más vistoso que el anterior, dado que busca el entretenimiento del lector entrometiéndose en la vida íntima de las estrellas, en este caso, llamando la atención sobre la boda de David y Victoria Beckham.

Las técnicas redaccionales modernas, en este caso las referentes a la titulación, han evolucionado acorde a los tiempos y de acuerdo también con la competencia que los medios audiovisuales suponen para la prensa escrita. De ahí la importancia que hoy en día tienen los titulares, en tanto que el título no solo evoca el hecho principal o la idea dominante de una noticia sino que además busca su terreno de competencia comunicativa a través de recrear imaginativamente su lenguaje. Así, un titular ad hoc, que diga la noticia, como ‘MR. WINSTON CHURCHILL MARRIED TO MISS CLEMENTINE HOXIER AT ST. MARGARET’S, WESTMINSTER’ (Daily Mirror 14/09/1908) no invita hoy en día a la lectura; por contraste, el titular ‘MR. & MRS. BECKS’ (The Sun 06/07/1999) es más vistoso que el anterior, dado que busca el entretenimiento del lector entrometiéndose en la vida íntima de las estrellas, en este caso, llamando la atención sobre la boda de David y Victoria Beckham.

A este respecto, no se puede obviar el papel destacado que desempeñan en la actualidad las figuras retóricas como modo de apelar

A este respecto, no se puede obviar el papel destacado que desempeñan en la actualidad las figuras retóricas como modo de apelar


María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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a los intereses del lector, especialmente en la prensa popular (Burger 1984: 53; Short 1988). Y es que el uso de recursos retóricos constituye un aspecto de gran importancia en la redacción de un titular ya que permite la utilización de un lenguaje más o menos descriptivo, emocional o formal, en función del empleo de juegos de palabras, metáforas, metonimias, hipérboles, etc. En definitiva, tal uso se revela como un medio efectivo de incrementar el atractivo de los titulares, atrayendo así la atención del lector e incitando en última instancia a la lectura de la noticia. Tómese como una ilustración de lo dicho el siguiente título de la muestra: ‘If Kinnock wins today will the last person to leave Britain please turn out the lights’ (The Sun 09/04/1992). Aunque el empleo de figuras retóricas sobresale primordialmente en la prensa británica actual, en épocas más tempranas del periodismo también se encuentran muestras, como en ‘QUEEN’S DAY - TV’S DAY’ (Daily Express 03/06/1953), titular referido a la coronación de la reina de Inglaterra y a cómo tal suceso marcó un nuevo rumbo para la prensa británica. El juego de palabras que emplea Daily Express en la titulación resulta efectivo para admitir que en ese momento un nuevo medio como era la televisión era tan capaz como la prensa de cubrir un gran suceso nacional.

a los intereses del lector, especialmente en la prensa popular (Burger 1984: 53; Short 1988). Y es que el uso de recursos retóricos constituye un aspecto de gran importancia en la redacción de un titular ya que permite la utilización de un lenguaje más o menos descriptivo, emocional o formal, en función del empleo de juegos de palabras, metáforas, metonimias, hipérboles, etc. En definitiva, tal uso se revela como un medio efectivo de incrementar el atractivo de los titulares, atrayendo así la atención del lector e incitando en última instancia a la lectura de la noticia. Tómese como una ilustración de lo dicho el siguiente título de la muestra: ‘If Kinnock wins today will the last person to leave Britain please turn out the lights’ (The Sun 09/04/1992). Aunque el empleo de figuras retóricas sobresale primordialmente en la prensa británica actual, en épocas más tempranas del periodismo también se encuentran muestras, como en ‘QUEEN’S DAY - TV’S DAY’ (Daily Express 03/06/1953), titular referido a la coronación de la reina de Inglaterra y a cómo tal suceso marcó un nuevo rumbo para la prensa británica. El juego de palabras que emplea Daily Express en la titulación resulta efectivo para admitir que en ese momento un nuevo medio como era la televisión era tan capaz como la prensa de cubrir un gran suceso nacional.

De lo dicho hasta ahora se desprende que en el contexto de la prensa nacional británica cada grupo de periódicos se caracteriza por la búsqueda de aquello que es relevante de acuerdo con el perfil de su lector, siendo la caracterización del lector prototipo fundamental a la hora de decidir qué registro utilizar para lograr la aprobación y fidelidad de éste. De hecho, la relación existente entre el emisor y el receptor tiene una repercusión directa en el uso que se hace del lenguaje y en el efecto contextual que produce ese uso en su contexto, requisito este último imprescindible para alcanzar la relevancia de la información (Sperber y Wilson 1995: 145; Kress y van Leeuwen 1999).

De lo dicho hasta ahora se desprende que en el contexto de la prensa nacional británica cada grupo de periódicos se caracteriza por la búsqueda de aquello que es relevante de acuerdo con el perfil de su lector, siendo la caracterización del lector prototipo fundamental a la hora de decidir qué registro utilizar para lograr la aprobación y fidelidad de éste. De hecho, la relación existente entre el emisor y el receptor tiene una repercusión directa en el uso que se hace del lenguaje y en el efecto contextual que produce ese uso en su contexto, requisito este último imprescindible para alcanzar la relevancia de la información (Sperber y Wilson 1995: 145; Kress y van Leeuwen 1999).

La redacción del titular está a cargo del subeditor del periódico quien, como miembro representante de éste, posee una información que dirige a un destinatario específico, en el caso que nos ocupa, el lector del periódico. Si bien es norma habitual que el emisor no se dirija explícitamente a su receptor incluyendo en el título el pronombre personal de segunda persona del singular, sin embargo se observa que las selecciones lingüísticas y la manera en la que la prensa nacional británica actual de los diferentes mercados nombra y hace referencia

La redacción del titular está a cargo del subeditor del periódico quien, como miembro representante de éste, posee una información que dirige a un destinatario específico, en el caso que nos ocupa, el lector del periódico. Si bien es norma habitual que el emisor no se dirija explícitamente a su receptor incluyendo en el título el pronombre personal de segunda persona del singular, sin embargo se observa que las selecciones lingüísticas y la manera en la que la prensa nacional británica actual de los diferentes mercados nombra y hace referencia

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

161

161

a los intereses del lector, especialmente en la prensa popular (Burger 1984: 53; Short 1988). Y es que el uso de recursos retóricos constituye un aspecto de gran importancia en la redacción de un titular ya que permite la utilización de un lenguaje más o menos descriptivo, emocional o formal, en función del empleo de juegos de palabras, metáforas, metonimias, hipérboles, etc. En definitiva, tal uso se revela como un medio efectivo de incrementar el atractivo de los titulares, atrayendo así la atención del lector e incitando en última instancia a la lectura de la noticia. Tómese como una ilustración de lo dicho el siguiente título de la muestra: ‘If Kinnock wins today will the last person to leave Britain please turn out the lights’ (The Sun 09/04/1992). Aunque el empleo de figuras retóricas sobresale primordialmente en la prensa británica actual, en épocas más tempranas del periodismo también se encuentran muestras, como en ‘QUEEN’S DAY - TV’S DAY’ (Daily Express 03/06/1953), titular referido a la coronación de la reina de Inglaterra y a cómo tal suceso marcó un nuevo rumbo para la prensa británica. El juego de palabras que emplea Daily Express en la titulación resulta efectivo para admitir que en ese momento un nuevo medio como era la televisión era tan capaz como la prensa de cubrir un gran suceso nacional.

a los intereses del lector, especialmente en la prensa popular (Burger 1984: 53; Short 1988). Y es que el uso de recursos retóricos constituye un aspecto de gran importancia en la redacción de un titular ya que permite la utilización de un lenguaje más o menos descriptivo, emocional o formal, en función del empleo de juegos de palabras, metáforas, metonimias, hipérboles, etc. En definitiva, tal uso se revela como un medio efectivo de incrementar el atractivo de los titulares, atrayendo así la atención del lector e incitando en última instancia a la lectura de la noticia. Tómese como una ilustración de lo dicho el siguiente título de la muestra: ‘If Kinnock wins today will the last person to leave Britain please turn out the lights’ (The Sun 09/04/1992). Aunque el empleo de figuras retóricas sobresale primordialmente en la prensa británica actual, en épocas más tempranas del periodismo también se encuentran muestras, como en ‘QUEEN’S DAY - TV’S DAY’ (Daily Express 03/06/1953), titular referido a la coronación de la reina de Inglaterra y a cómo tal suceso marcó un nuevo rumbo para la prensa británica. El juego de palabras que emplea Daily Express en la titulación resulta efectivo para admitir que en ese momento un nuevo medio como era la televisión era tan capaz como la prensa de cubrir un gran suceso nacional.

De lo dicho hasta ahora se desprende que en el contexto de la prensa nacional británica cada grupo de periódicos se caracteriza por la búsqueda de aquello que es relevante de acuerdo con el perfil de su lector, siendo la caracterización del lector prototipo fundamental a la hora de decidir qué registro utilizar para lograr la aprobación y fidelidad de éste. De hecho, la relación existente entre el emisor y el receptor tiene una repercusión directa en el uso que se hace del lenguaje y en el efecto contextual que produce ese uso en su contexto, requisito este último imprescindible para alcanzar la relevancia de la información (Sperber y Wilson 1995: 145; Kress y van Leeuwen 1999).

De lo dicho hasta ahora se desprende que en el contexto de la prensa nacional británica cada grupo de periódicos se caracteriza por la búsqueda de aquello que es relevante de acuerdo con el perfil de su lector, siendo la caracterización del lector prototipo fundamental a la hora de decidir qué registro utilizar para lograr la aprobación y fidelidad de éste. De hecho, la relación existente entre el emisor y el receptor tiene una repercusión directa en el uso que se hace del lenguaje y en el efecto contextual que produce ese uso en su contexto, requisito este último imprescindible para alcanzar la relevancia de la información (Sperber y Wilson 1995: 145; Kress y van Leeuwen 1999).

La redacción del titular está a cargo del subeditor del periódico quien, como miembro representante de éste, posee una información que dirige a un destinatario específico, en el caso que nos ocupa, el lector del periódico. Si bien es norma habitual que el emisor no se dirija explícitamente a su receptor incluyendo en el título el pronombre personal de segunda persona del singular, sin embargo se observa que las selecciones lingüísticas y la manera en la que la prensa nacional británica actual de los diferentes mercados nombra y hace referencia

La redacción del titular está a cargo del subeditor del periódico quien, como miembro representante de éste, posee una información que dirige a un destinatario específico, en el caso que nos ocupa, el lector del periódico. Si bien es norma habitual que el emisor no se dirija explícitamente a su receptor incluyendo en el título el pronombre personal de segunda persona del singular, sin embargo se observa que las selecciones lingüísticas y la manera en la que la prensa nacional británica actual de los diferentes mercados nombra y hace referencia


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a los distintos participantes envueltos en la noticia es un reflejo de un grado de formalidad desigual en el establecimiento de relaciones con el receptor de la información periodística. De hecho, si uno tuviera que situar en dos polos diferentes del continuo las formas adoptadas, diríamos que las elecciones léxicas en la prensa de formato sábana o prensa “de calidad” son moderadas, acercándose éstas hacia el polo formal del continuo, mientras que las de la prensa tabloide o “popular” son más coloquiales y cargadas de emotividad, acercándose por lo tanto hacia el polo informal. Siguiendo el acercamiento propuesto por Eggins 2004, y Halliday y Matthiessen 2004, es la tendencia formal vs. informal, comprobable en las selecciones lingüísticas de los diferentes títulos de la muestra, un reflejo de la relación que el emisor mantiene con su receptor. En el primer caso la relación es estrictamente formal, con el empleo de un lenguaje descriptivo, técnico o neutro; en el segundo, más informal, emocional e incluso conversacional. De este modo, en función del mayor o menor grado de formalidad que el emisor establezca con su receptor, los significados interpersonales se realizarán de una u otra forma, obteniéndose como resultado lo que autores como White (1997: 107-9) han denominado semántica de intensificación.

a los distintos participantes envueltos en la noticia es un reflejo de un grado de formalidad desigual en el establecimiento de relaciones con el receptor de la información periodística. De hecho, si uno tuviera que situar en dos polos diferentes del continuo las formas adoptadas, diríamos que las elecciones léxicas en la prensa de formato sábana o prensa “de calidad” son moderadas, acercándose éstas hacia el polo formal del continuo, mientras que las de la prensa tabloide o “popular” son más coloquiales y cargadas de emotividad, acercándose por lo tanto hacia el polo informal. Siguiendo el acercamiento propuesto por Eggins 2004, y Halliday y Matthiessen 2004, es la tendencia formal vs. informal, comprobable en las selecciones lingüísticas de los diferentes títulos de la muestra, un reflejo de la relación que el emisor mantiene con su receptor. En el primer caso la relación es estrictamente formal, con el empleo de un lenguaje descriptivo, técnico o neutro; en el segundo, más informal, emocional e incluso conversacional. De este modo, en función del mayor o menor grado de formalidad que el emisor establezca con su receptor, los significados interpersonales se realizarán de una u otra forma, obteniéndose como resultado lo que autores como White (1997: 107-9) han denominado semántica de intensificación.

La actitud que mantiene el emisor del mensaje con su receptor prototipo tiene otras consecuencias relevantes para el propósito de este estudio, entre las que destaca un uso distinto de determinadas estructuras en la composición del título periodístico. La prensa nacional británica de formato sábana emplea para la redacción del título unas estructuras donde casi no se hace uso de contracciones, y donde la elipsis es escasa: ‘How the universe began’ (Independent 24/04/1992), ‘A challenge to the crown: now is the time for change’ (The Guardian 06/12/2000), ‘How global warming will cause extinction of a million species’ (Independent 08/01/2004). Por contraste, la prensa tabloide no siempre sigue las convenciones gramaticales estándar, haciendo uso de un mayor empleo de contracciones, abreviaciones y elipsis, más propias éstas del lenguaje hablado que del escrito: ‘IT’S PADDY PANTSDOWN’ (The Sun 06/02/1992), ‘WHY?’ (Mail on Sunday 08/03/1987), titular este último referido al desastre del ferry Townsend Thoresen.

La actitud que mantiene el emisor del mensaje con su receptor prototipo tiene otras consecuencias relevantes para el propósito de este estudio, entre las que destaca un uso distinto de determinadas estructuras en la composición del título periodístico. La prensa nacional británica de formato sábana emplea para la redacción del título unas estructuras donde casi no se hace uso de contracciones, y donde la elipsis es escasa: ‘How the universe began’ (Independent 24/04/1992), ‘A challenge to the crown: now is the time for change’ (The Guardian 06/12/2000), ‘How global warming will cause extinction of a million species’ (Independent 08/01/2004). Por contraste, la prensa tabloide no siempre sigue las convenciones gramaticales estándar, haciendo uso de un mayor empleo de contracciones, abreviaciones y elipsis, más propias éstas del lenguaje hablado que del escrito: ‘IT’S PADDY PANTSDOWN’ (The Sun 06/02/1992), ‘WHY?’ (Mail on Sunday 08/03/1987), titular este último referido al desastre del ferry Townsend Thoresen.

Con independencia de que la publicación sea más o menos reciente, el titular reduce su esencia a una acción central y a sus actores. El período estudiado ha revelado que el titular tiende a comenzar

Con independencia de que la publicación sea más o menos reciente, el titular reduce su esencia a una acción central y a sus actores. El período estudiado ha revelado que el titular tiende a comenzar

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

a los distintos participantes envueltos en la noticia es un reflejo de un grado de formalidad desigual en el establecimiento de relaciones con el receptor de la información periodística. De hecho, si uno tuviera que situar en dos polos diferentes del continuo las formas adoptadas, diríamos que las elecciones léxicas en la prensa de formato sábana o prensa “de calidad” son moderadas, acercándose éstas hacia el polo formal del continuo, mientras que las de la prensa tabloide o “popular” son más coloquiales y cargadas de emotividad, acercándose por lo tanto hacia el polo informal. Siguiendo el acercamiento propuesto por Eggins 2004, y Halliday y Matthiessen 2004, es la tendencia formal vs. informal, comprobable en las selecciones lingüísticas de los diferentes títulos de la muestra, un reflejo de la relación que el emisor mantiene con su receptor. En el primer caso la relación es estrictamente formal, con el empleo de un lenguaje descriptivo, técnico o neutro; en el segundo, más informal, emocional e incluso conversacional. De este modo, en función del mayor o menor grado de formalidad que el emisor establezca con su receptor, los significados interpersonales se realizarán de una u otra forma, obteniéndose como resultado lo que autores como White (1997: 107-9) han denominado semántica de intensificación.

a los distintos participantes envueltos en la noticia es un reflejo de un grado de formalidad desigual en el establecimiento de relaciones con el receptor de la información periodística. De hecho, si uno tuviera que situar en dos polos diferentes del continuo las formas adoptadas, diríamos que las elecciones léxicas en la prensa de formato sábana o prensa “de calidad” son moderadas, acercándose éstas hacia el polo formal del continuo, mientras que las de la prensa tabloide o “popular” son más coloquiales y cargadas de emotividad, acercándose por lo tanto hacia el polo informal. Siguiendo el acercamiento propuesto por Eggins 2004, y Halliday y Matthiessen 2004, es la tendencia formal vs. informal, comprobable en las selecciones lingüísticas de los diferentes títulos de la muestra, un reflejo de la relación que el emisor mantiene con su receptor. En el primer caso la relación es estrictamente formal, con el empleo de un lenguaje descriptivo, técnico o neutro; en el segundo, más informal, emocional e incluso conversacional. De este modo, en función del mayor o menor grado de formalidad que el emisor establezca con su receptor, los significados interpersonales se realizarán de una u otra forma, obteniéndose como resultado lo que autores como White (1997: 107-9) han denominado semántica de intensificación.

La actitud que mantiene el emisor del mensaje con su receptor prototipo tiene otras consecuencias relevantes para el propósito de este estudio, entre las que destaca un uso distinto de determinadas estructuras en la composición del título periodístico. La prensa nacional británica de formato sábana emplea para la redacción del título unas estructuras donde casi no se hace uso de contracciones, y donde la elipsis es escasa: ‘How the universe began’ (Independent 24/04/1992), ‘A challenge to the crown: now is the time for change’ (The Guardian 06/12/2000), ‘How global warming will cause extinction of a million species’ (Independent 08/01/2004). Por contraste, la prensa tabloide no siempre sigue las convenciones gramaticales estándar, haciendo uso de un mayor empleo de contracciones, abreviaciones y elipsis, más propias éstas del lenguaje hablado que del escrito: ‘IT’S PADDY PANTSDOWN’ (The Sun 06/02/1992), ‘WHY?’ (Mail on Sunday 08/03/1987), titular este último referido al desastre del ferry Townsend Thoresen.

La actitud que mantiene el emisor del mensaje con su receptor prototipo tiene otras consecuencias relevantes para el propósito de este estudio, entre las que destaca un uso distinto de determinadas estructuras en la composición del título periodístico. La prensa nacional británica de formato sábana emplea para la redacción del título unas estructuras donde casi no se hace uso de contracciones, y donde la elipsis es escasa: ‘How the universe began’ (Independent 24/04/1992), ‘A challenge to the crown: now is the time for change’ (The Guardian 06/12/2000), ‘How global warming will cause extinction of a million species’ (Independent 08/01/2004). Por contraste, la prensa tabloide no siempre sigue las convenciones gramaticales estándar, haciendo uso de un mayor empleo de contracciones, abreviaciones y elipsis, más propias éstas del lenguaje hablado que del escrito: ‘IT’S PADDY PANTSDOWN’ (The Sun 06/02/1992), ‘WHY?’ (Mail on Sunday 08/03/1987), titular este último referido al desastre del ferry Townsend Thoresen.

Con independencia de que la publicación sea más o menos reciente, el titular reduce su esencia a una acción central y a sus actores. El período estudiado ha revelado que el titular tiende a comenzar

Con independencia de que la publicación sea más o menos reciente, el titular reduce su esencia a una acción central y a sus actores. El período estudiado ha revelado que el titular tiende a comenzar


María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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mencionando los actores principales de la noticia, respondiendo así a quién de la información. A veces se especifica el lugar en el titular ante todo cuando este elemento tiene valor periodístico por sí mismo, como en ‘Terrorists blow up Palestine HQ’ (Daily Telegraph 23/07/1946), ‘ASSAULT ON AMERICA’ (Financial Times 12/09/2001) o ‘Massacre in Madrid’ (The Times 12/03/2004), si bien por lo general no es habitual la referencia temporal en el título. De hecho, algunos titulares no clarifican el lugar donde se desarrollan los hechos y éste sólo se puede deducir a través de la atribución o del lead. Por lo que respecta a información relativa a los antecedentes del asunto noticioso, consecuencias del mismo o información donde se evalúa el suceso en cuestión de forma explícita suele estar ausente en el titular, si bien los elementos evaluativos tienden a expresarse a través del léxico, que en muchas ocasiones aparece cargado de valores periodísticos, como en ‘MONSTERS’ (Daily Mail 21/07/1982) en relación con los ataques terroristas por parte del IRA en Londres; o ‘MURDERERS’ (Daily Mail 14/02/1997) referido a los inculpados en el juicio de Stephen Lawrence, un adolescente negro que fue asesinado en un ataque racista en Londres en 1993.

mencionando los actores principales de la noticia, respondiendo así a quién de la información. A veces se especifica el lugar en el titular ante todo cuando este elemento tiene valor periodístico por sí mismo, como en ‘Terrorists blow up Palestine HQ’ (Daily Telegraph 23/07/1946), ‘ASSAULT ON AMERICA’ (Financial Times 12/09/2001) o ‘Massacre in Madrid’ (The Times 12/03/2004), si bien por lo general no es habitual la referencia temporal en el título. De hecho, algunos titulares no clarifican el lugar donde se desarrollan los hechos y éste sólo se puede deducir a través de la atribución o del lead. Por lo que respecta a información relativa a los antecedentes del asunto noticioso, consecuencias del mismo o información donde se evalúa el suceso en cuestión de forma explícita suele estar ausente en el titular, si bien los elementos evaluativos tienden a expresarse a través del léxico, que en muchas ocasiones aparece cargado de valores periodísticos, como en ‘MONSTERS’ (Daily Mail 21/07/1982) en relación con los ataques terroristas por parte del IRA en Londres; o ‘MURDERERS’ (Daily Mail 14/02/1997) referido a los inculpados en el juicio de Stephen Lawrence, un adolescente negro que fue asesinado en un ataque racista en Londres en 1993.

El estudio ha evidenciado asimismo que la presencia de la voz activa o pasiva en el titular se encuentra supeditada a quién es el sujeto de la noticia. Por lo general, la primera posición en el título está dominada por personajes destacados que se corresponden con personajes de élite, siendo el uso de la voz activa lo más frecuente en estos casos; por el contrario, cuando sujetos comunes (habitualmente los menos favorecidos) se mencionan en primer lugar, se tiende al uso de la voz pasiva. Compárense a tal efecto los siguientes titulares: ‘The King and his people hail victory’ (Daily Sketch 12/11/1918) y ‘Crippen caught by the press’ (News of the World 31/07/1910).

El estudio ha evidenciado asimismo que la presencia de la voz activa o pasiva en el titular se encuentra supeditada a quién es el sujeto de la noticia. Por lo general, la primera posición en el título está dominada por personajes destacados que se corresponden con personajes de élite, siendo el uso de la voz activa lo más frecuente en estos casos; por el contrario, cuando sujetos comunes (habitualmente los menos favorecidos) se mencionan en primer lugar, se tiende al uso de la voz pasiva. Compárense a tal efecto los siguientes titulares: ‘The King and his people hail victory’ (Daily Sketch 12/11/1918) y ‘Crippen caught by the press’ (News of the World 31/07/1910).

La necesidad de contribuir a la economía lingüística, herramienta imprescindible en la redacción del título, propicia el empleo de una serie de recursos que tienen que ver con la necesidad de que el título se ajuste al espacio tan reducido del cual dispone, sin que ello afecte en ningún momento a su inteligibilidad. Los resultados derivados del estudio muestran en esencia que los titulares de las diferentes publicaciones nacionales británicas y de los diferentes períodos temporales abarcados comparten un patrón común en lo que al uso de procedimientos de reducción lingüística se refiere.

La necesidad de contribuir a la economía lingüística, herramienta imprescindible en la redacción del título, propicia el empleo de una serie de recursos que tienen que ver con la necesidad de que el título se ajuste al espacio tan reducido del cual dispone, sin que ello afecte en ningún momento a su inteligibilidad. Los resultados derivados del estudio muestran en esencia que los titulares de las diferentes publicaciones nacionales británicas y de los diferentes períodos temporales abarcados comparten un patrón común en lo que al uso de procedimientos de reducción lingüística se refiere.

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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163

mencionando los actores principales de la noticia, respondiendo así a quién de la información. A veces se especifica el lugar en el titular ante todo cuando este elemento tiene valor periodístico por sí mismo, como en ‘Terrorists blow up Palestine HQ’ (Daily Telegraph 23/07/1946), ‘ASSAULT ON AMERICA’ (Financial Times 12/09/2001) o ‘Massacre in Madrid’ (The Times 12/03/2004), si bien por lo general no es habitual la referencia temporal en el título. De hecho, algunos titulares no clarifican el lugar donde se desarrollan los hechos y éste sólo se puede deducir a través de la atribución o del lead. Por lo que respecta a información relativa a los antecedentes del asunto noticioso, consecuencias del mismo o información donde se evalúa el suceso en cuestión de forma explícita suele estar ausente en el titular, si bien los elementos evaluativos tienden a expresarse a través del léxico, que en muchas ocasiones aparece cargado de valores periodísticos, como en ‘MONSTERS’ (Daily Mail 21/07/1982) en relación con los ataques terroristas por parte del IRA en Londres; o ‘MURDERERS’ (Daily Mail 14/02/1997) referido a los inculpados en el juicio de Stephen Lawrence, un adolescente negro que fue asesinado en un ataque racista en Londres en 1993.

mencionando los actores principales de la noticia, respondiendo así a quién de la información. A veces se especifica el lugar en el titular ante todo cuando este elemento tiene valor periodístico por sí mismo, como en ‘Terrorists blow up Palestine HQ’ (Daily Telegraph 23/07/1946), ‘ASSAULT ON AMERICA’ (Financial Times 12/09/2001) o ‘Massacre in Madrid’ (The Times 12/03/2004), si bien por lo general no es habitual la referencia temporal en el título. De hecho, algunos titulares no clarifican el lugar donde se desarrollan los hechos y éste sólo se puede deducir a través de la atribución o del lead. Por lo que respecta a información relativa a los antecedentes del asunto noticioso, consecuencias del mismo o información donde se evalúa el suceso en cuestión de forma explícita suele estar ausente en el titular, si bien los elementos evaluativos tienden a expresarse a través del léxico, que en muchas ocasiones aparece cargado de valores periodísticos, como en ‘MONSTERS’ (Daily Mail 21/07/1982) en relación con los ataques terroristas por parte del IRA en Londres; o ‘MURDERERS’ (Daily Mail 14/02/1997) referido a los inculpados en el juicio de Stephen Lawrence, un adolescente negro que fue asesinado en un ataque racista en Londres en 1993.

El estudio ha evidenciado asimismo que la presencia de la voz activa o pasiva en el titular se encuentra supeditada a quién es el sujeto de la noticia. Por lo general, la primera posición en el título está dominada por personajes destacados que se corresponden con personajes de élite, siendo el uso de la voz activa lo más frecuente en estos casos; por el contrario, cuando sujetos comunes (habitualmente los menos favorecidos) se mencionan en primer lugar, se tiende al uso de la voz pasiva. Compárense a tal efecto los siguientes titulares: ‘The King and his people hail victory’ (Daily Sketch 12/11/1918) y ‘Crippen caught by the press’ (News of the World 31/07/1910).

El estudio ha evidenciado asimismo que la presencia de la voz activa o pasiva en el titular se encuentra supeditada a quién es el sujeto de la noticia. Por lo general, la primera posición en el título está dominada por personajes destacados que se corresponden con personajes de élite, siendo el uso de la voz activa lo más frecuente en estos casos; por el contrario, cuando sujetos comunes (habitualmente los menos favorecidos) se mencionan en primer lugar, se tiende al uso de la voz pasiva. Compárense a tal efecto los siguientes titulares: ‘The King and his people hail victory’ (Daily Sketch 12/11/1918) y ‘Crippen caught by the press’ (News of the World 31/07/1910).

La necesidad de contribuir a la economía lingüística, herramienta imprescindible en la redacción del título, propicia el empleo de una serie de recursos que tienen que ver con la necesidad de que el título se ajuste al espacio tan reducido del cual dispone, sin que ello afecte en ningún momento a su inteligibilidad. Los resultados derivados del estudio muestran en esencia que los titulares de las diferentes publicaciones nacionales británicas y de los diferentes períodos temporales abarcados comparten un patrón común en lo que al uso de procedimientos de reducción lingüística se refiere.

La necesidad de contribuir a la economía lingüística, herramienta imprescindible en la redacción del título, propicia el empleo de una serie de recursos que tienen que ver con la necesidad de que el título se ajuste al espacio tan reducido del cual dispone, sin que ello afecte en ningún momento a su inteligibilidad. Los resultados derivados del estudio muestran en esencia que los titulares de las diferentes publicaciones nacionales británicas y de los diferentes períodos temporales abarcados comparten un patrón común en lo que al uso de procedimientos de reducción lingüística se refiere.


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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Es norma habitual el empleo de una gramática simplificada, que da como resultado la omisión de determinadas partes de la oración. Una ilustración de ello es cuando se produce elipsis del auxiliar be o have, recurso que destaca particularmente en los titulares verbales cuyo verbo principal es una forma verbal no personal: ‘KING ELVIS DEAD’ (The Sun 17/08/1977), ‘Hitler’s secret diaries to be published’ (The Times 23/04/1983). Ocasionalmente se pueden encontrar titulares más extensos con independencia del carácter más o menos reciente de la publicación, donde la omisión es menos evidente. De cualquier modo, hay que subrayar que ello no es la tónica habitual y de hecho en la muestra sólo se presentan de forma muy ocasional titulares con estas características, como en: ‘ONE OF THE MOST HEROIC RESCUES IN HISTORY: SIR ERNEST SHACKLETON’S 750-MILE VOYAGE IN A SMALL BOAT’ (Daily Mirror 05/12/1916), ‘This party is no more, it has ceased to be, this is an ex-party’ (The Sun 06/10/1998).

Es norma habitual el empleo de una gramática simplificada, que da como resultado la omisión de determinadas partes de la oración. Una ilustración de ello es cuando se produce elipsis del auxiliar be o have, recurso que destaca particularmente en los titulares verbales cuyo verbo principal es una forma verbal no personal: ‘KING ELVIS DEAD’ (The Sun 17/08/1977), ‘Hitler’s secret diaries to be published’ (The Times 23/04/1983). Ocasionalmente se pueden encontrar titulares más extensos con independencia del carácter más o menos reciente de la publicación, donde la omisión es menos evidente. De cualquier modo, hay que subrayar que ello no es la tónica habitual y de hecho en la muestra sólo se presentan de forma muy ocasional titulares con estas características, como en: ‘ONE OF THE MOST HEROIC RESCUES IN HISTORY: SIR ERNEST SHACKLETON’S 750-MILE VOYAGE IN A SMALL BOAT’ (Daily Mirror 05/12/1916), ‘This party is no more, it has ceased to be, this is an ex-party’ (The Sun 06/10/1998).

En líneas generales, sólo se hace uso de determinadas formas verbales. Muchos de los verbos se encuentran en presente simple, tiempo verbal que se caracteriza por dar al lector la sensación de inmediatez. Una ilustración de ello es el título “PREMIER SAYS ‘PEACE FOR OUR TIME’”, relativo al famoso discurso de Neville Chamberlain en Heston sobre el acuerdo de Munich en 1938 (Daily Sketch 01/10/1938). Como consecuencia de lo anterior, el empleo del pasado simple no es la norma habitual; por contraste, es más frecuente el uso de un participio donde se ha producido la elipsis del verbo be: ‘SIR WINSTON LAID TO REST’ (Sunday Telegraph 31/01/1965), ‘259 killed in jet crash’ (The Guardian 22/12/1988).

En líneas generales, sólo se hace uso de determinadas formas verbales. Muchos de los verbos se encuentran en presente simple, tiempo verbal que se caracteriza por dar al lector la sensación de inmediatez. Una ilustración de ello es el título “PREMIER SAYS ‘PEACE FOR OUR TIME’”, relativo al famoso discurso de Neville Chamberlain en Heston sobre el acuerdo de Munich en 1938 (Daily Sketch 01/10/1938). Como consecuencia de lo anterior, el empleo del pasado simple no es la norma habitual; por contraste, es más frecuente el uso de un participio donde se ha producido la elipsis del verbo be: ‘SIR WINSTON LAID TO REST’ (Sunday Telegraph 31/01/1965), ‘259 killed in jet crash’ (The Guardian 22/12/1988).

Los ejemplos anteriores apuntan a otro procedimiento frecuente de economía lingüística en el titular como es la omisión de determinadas palabras que, si bien son necesarias para la correcta construcción gramatical del título, no lo son para que resulte claro el sentido del mismo. En particular, se evitan las que no añaden contenido al mensaje del título, tales como los determinantes, artículos, pronombres personales y adjetivos posesivos, siempre que no se incumplan las reglas de la gramática estándar y cuando tal omisión no lleve consigo una ambigüedad severa. Sin embargo, es obvio que en la reconstrucción mental que el lector hace del mensaje éste

Los ejemplos anteriores apuntan a otro procedimiento frecuente de economía lingüística en el titular como es la omisión de determinadas palabras que, si bien son necesarias para la correcta construcción gramatical del título, no lo son para que resulte claro el sentido del mismo. En particular, se evitan las que no añaden contenido al mensaje del título, tales como los determinantes, artículos, pronombres personales y adjetivos posesivos, siempre que no se incumplan las reglas de la gramática estándar y cuando tal omisión no lleve consigo una ambigüedad severa. Sin embargo, es obvio que en la reconstrucción mental que el lector hace del mensaje éste

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Es norma habitual el empleo de una gramática simplificada, que da como resultado la omisión de determinadas partes de la oración. Una ilustración de ello es cuando se produce elipsis del auxiliar be o have, recurso que destaca particularmente en los titulares verbales cuyo verbo principal es una forma verbal no personal: ‘KING ELVIS DEAD’ (The Sun 17/08/1977), ‘Hitler’s secret diaries to be published’ (The Times 23/04/1983). Ocasionalmente se pueden encontrar titulares más extensos con independencia del carácter más o menos reciente de la publicación, donde la omisión es menos evidente. De cualquier modo, hay que subrayar que ello no es la tónica habitual y de hecho en la muestra sólo se presentan de forma muy ocasional titulares con estas características, como en: ‘ONE OF THE MOST HEROIC RESCUES IN HISTORY: SIR ERNEST SHACKLETON’S 750-MILE VOYAGE IN A SMALL BOAT’ (Daily Mirror 05/12/1916), ‘This party is no more, it has ceased to be, this is an ex-party’ (The Sun 06/10/1998).

Es norma habitual el empleo de una gramática simplificada, que da como resultado la omisión de determinadas partes de la oración. Una ilustración de ello es cuando se produce elipsis del auxiliar be o have, recurso que destaca particularmente en los titulares verbales cuyo verbo principal es una forma verbal no personal: ‘KING ELVIS DEAD’ (The Sun 17/08/1977), ‘Hitler’s secret diaries to be published’ (The Times 23/04/1983). Ocasionalmente se pueden encontrar titulares más extensos con independencia del carácter más o menos reciente de la publicación, donde la omisión es menos evidente. De cualquier modo, hay que subrayar que ello no es la tónica habitual y de hecho en la muestra sólo se presentan de forma muy ocasional titulares con estas características, como en: ‘ONE OF THE MOST HEROIC RESCUES IN HISTORY: SIR ERNEST SHACKLETON’S 750-MILE VOYAGE IN A SMALL BOAT’ (Daily Mirror 05/12/1916), ‘This party is no more, it has ceased to be, this is an ex-party’ (The Sun 06/10/1998).

En líneas generales, sólo se hace uso de determinadas formas verbales. Muchos de los verbos se encuentran en presente simple, tiempo verbal que se caracteriza por dar al lector la sensación de inmediatez. Una ilustración de ello es el título “PREMIER SAYS ‘PEACE FOR OUR TIME’”, relativo al famoso discurso de Neville Chamberlain en Heston sobre el acuerdo de Munich en 1938 (Daily Sketch 01/10/1938). Como consecuencia de lo anterior, el empleo del pasado simple no es la norma habitual; por contraste, es más frecuente el uso de un participio donde se ha producido la elipsis del verbo be: ‘SIR WINSTON LAID TO REST’ (Sunday Telegraph 31/01/1965), ‘259 killed in jet crash’ (The Guardian 22/12/1988).

En líneas generales, sólo se hace uso de determinadas formas verbales. Muchos de los verbos se encuentran en presente simple, tiempo verbal que se caracteriza por dar al lector la sensación de inmediatez. Una ilustración de ello es el título “PREMIER SAYS ‘PEACE FOR OUR TIME’”, relativo al famoso discurso de Neville Chamberlain en Heston sobre el acuerdo de Munich en 1938 (Daily Sketch 01/10/1938). Como consecuencia de lo anterior, el empleo del pasado simple no es la norma habitual; por contraste, es más frecuente el uso de un participio donde se ha producido la elipsis del verbo be: ‘SIR WINSTON LAID TO REST’ (Sunday Telegraph 31/01/1965), ‘259 killed in jet crash’ (The Guardian 22/12/1988).

Los ejemplos anteriores apuntan a otro procedimiento frecuente de economía lingüística en el titular como es la omisión de determinadas palabras que, si bien son necesarias para la correcta construcción gramatical del título, no lo son para que resulte claro el sentido del mismo. En particular, se evitan las que no añaden contenido al mensaje del título, tales como los determinantes, artículos, pronombres personales y adjetivos posesivos, siempre que no se incumplan las reglas de la gramática estándar y cuando tal omisión no lleve consigo una ambigüedad severa. Sin embargo, es obvio que en la reconstrucción mental que el lector hace del mensaje éste

Los ejemplos anteriores apuntan a otro procedimiento frecuente de economía lingüística en el titular como es la omisión de determinadas palabras que, si bien son necesarias para la correcta construcción gramatical del título, no lo son para que resulte claro el sentido del mismo. En particular, se evitan las que no añaden contenido al mensaje del título, tales como los determinantes, artículos, pronombres personales y adjetivos posesivos, siempre que no se incumplan las reglas de la gramática estándar y cuando tal omisión no lleve consigo una ambigüedad severa. Sin embargo, es obvio que en la reconstrucción mental que el lector hace del mensaje éste


María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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puede necesitar incluirlas, como en ‘Pope attacked’ que se reinterpreta como ‘The Pope has been attacked’ (Daily Mail 14/05/1981).

puede necesitar incluirlas, como en ‘Pope attacked’ que se reinterpreta como ‘The Pope has been attacked’ (Daily Mail 14/05/1981).

Vinculado con el modo escrito y el lenguaje característico del título, nos encontramos como recurso útil en la obtención de economía lingüística el empleo de frases nominales con premodificaciones donde están implicados nombres. En consonancia con lo dicho, es frecuente el uso de nominalizaciones como medio efectivo para ahorrar espacio: ‘TELEVISION SERVICE OFFICIAL OPENING’ (Daily Sketch 03/11/1936), ‘Wall Street’s blackest hours’ (The Times 20/10/1987), ‘Welcome to Euroland’ (The Guardian 01/01/1999).

Vinculado con el modo escrito y el lenguaje característico del título, nos encontramos como recurso útil en la obtención de economía lingüística el empleo de frases nominales con premodificaciones donde están implicados nombres. En consonancia con lo dicho, es frecuente el uso de nominalizaciones como medio efectivo para ahorrar espacio: ‘TELEVISION SERVICE OFFICIAL OPENING’ (Daily Sketch 03/11/1936), ‘Wall Street’s blackest hours’ (The Times 20/10/1987), ‘Welcome to Euroland’ (The Guardian 01/01/1999).

La tendencia a evitar el empleo de preposiciones en la redacción del título es también un aspecto de gran importancia en la obtención de economía lingüística. Hay no obstante casos en los cuales es inevitable recurrir a frases preposicionales postmodificadas, con el fin de garantizar la comprensión del título, como en: ‘Declaration of war by Great Britain’ (Daily Mirror 05/08/1914) o ‘Attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan’ (The Guardian 31/03/1981).

La tendencia a evitar el empleo de preposiciones en la redacción del título es también un aspecto de gran importancia en la obtención de economía lingüística. Hay no obstante casos en los cuales es inevitable recurrir a frases preposicionales postmodificadas, con el fin de garantizar la comprensión del título, como en: ‘Declaration of war by Great Britain’ (Daily Mirror 05/08/1914) o ‘Attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan’ (The Guardian 31/03/1981).

Una mayor economía lingüística se logra además con el empleo de números cardinales, con el uso de siglas fácilmente reconocibles por el lector, junto con abreviaciones y contracciones verbales, verbos monosilábicos y sustantivos, así como contracciones verbales que se usan frecuentemente como sustitutos de expresiones más largas. Si bien es cierto que ello es un rasgo propio del titular en prensa escrita, en el ámbito de la prensa nacional británica actual es la prensa tabloide más “popular” la que, en la necesidad de captar más la atención del lector, hace gala de estos recursos empleando abreviaciones, palabras y expresiones informales que poseen una gran carga informativa. Una muestra ilustrativa de lo dicho la componen los siguientes títulos de la muestra: ‘COME ON MARGARET! WILL SHE WED?’ (Daily Mirror 19/08/1955), Apollo miracle - They’re safe (The Sun 19/04/1970), ‘IT’S ALL OVER! SOGAT calls off Wapping strike (The Sun 06/02/1987).

Una mayor economía lingüística se logra además con el empleo de números cardinales, con el uso de siglas fácilmente reconocibles por el lector, junto con abreviaciones y contracciones verbales, verbos monosilábicos y sustantivos, así como contracciones verbales que se usan frecuentemente como sustitutos de expresiones más largas. Si bien es cierto que ello es un rasgo propio del titular en prensa escrita, en el ámbito de la prensa nacional británica actual es la prensa tabloide más “popular” la que, en la necesidad de captar más la atención del lector, hace gala de estos recursos empleando abreviaciones, palabras y expresiones informales que poseen una gran carga informativa. Una muestra ilustrativa de lo dicho la componen los siguientes títulos de la muestra: ‘COME ON MARGARET! WILL SHE WED?’ (Daily Mirror 19/08/1955), Apollo miracle - They’re safe (The Sun 19/04/1970), ‘IT’S ALL OVER! SOGAT calls off Wapping strike (The Sun 06/02/1987).

4.2. Estructura gramatical de los titulares

4.2. Estructura gramatical de los titulares

He indicado con anterioridad que me ha parecido pertinente para el estudio hacer uso de dos categorías fundamentales en la

He indicado con anterioridad que me ha parecido pertinente para el estudio hacer uso de dos categorías fundamentales en la

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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puede necesitar incluirlas, como en ‘Pope attacked’ que se reinterpreta como ‘The Pope has been attacked’ (Daily Mail 14/05/1981).

puede necesitar incluirlas, como en ‘Pope attacked’ que se reinterpreta como ‘The Pope has been attacked’ (Daily Mail 14/05/1981).

Vinculado con el modo escrito y el lenguaje característico del título, nos encontramos como recurso útil en la obtención de economía lingüística el empleo de frases nominales con premodificaciones donde están implicados nombres. En consonancia con lo dicho, es frecuente el uso de nominalizaciones como medio efectivo para ahorrar espacio: ‘TELEVISION SERVICE OFFICIAL OPENING’ (Daily Sketch 03/11/1936), ‘Wall Street’s blackest hours’ (The Times 20/10/1987), ‘Welcome to Euroland’ (The Guardian 01/01/1999).

Vinculado con el modo escrito y el lenguaje característico del título, nos encontramos como recurso útil en la obtención de economía lingüística el empleo de frases nominales con premodificaciones donde están implicados nombres. En consonancia con lo dicho, es frecuente el uso de nominalizaciones como medio efectivo para ahorrar espacio: ‘TELEVISION SERVICE OFFICIAL OPENING’ (Daily Sketch 03/11/1936), ‘Wall Street’s blackest hours’ (The Times 20/10/1987), ‘Welcome to Euroland’ (The Guardian 01/01/1999).

La tendencia a evitar el empleo de preposiciones en la redacción del título es también un aspecto de gran importancia en la obtención de economía lingüística. Hay no obstante casos en los cuales es inevitable recurrir a frases preposicionales postmodificadas, con el fin de garantizar la comprensión del título, como en: ‘Declaration of war by Great Britain’ (Daily Mirror 05/08/1914) o ‘Attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan’ (The Guardian 31/03/1981).

La tendencia a evitar el empleo de preposiciones en la redacción del título es también un aspecto de gran importancia en la obtención de economía lingüística. Hay no obstante casos en los cuales es inevitable recurrir a frases preposicionales postmodificadas, con el fin de garantizar la comprensión del título, como en: ‘Declaration of war by Great Britain’ (Daily Mirror 05/08/1914) o ‘Attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan’ (The Guardian 31/03/1981).

Una mayor economía lingüística se logra además con el empleo de números cardinales, con el uso de siglas fácilmente reconocibles por el lector, junto con abreviaciones y contracciones verbales, verbos monosilábicos y sustantivos, así como contracciones verbales que se usan frecuentemente como sustitutos de expresiones más largas. Si bien es cierto que ello es un rasgo propio del titular en prensa escrita, en el ámbito de la prensa nacional británica actual es la prensa tabloide más “popular” la que, en la necesidad de captar más la atención del lector, hace gala de estos recursos empleando abreviaciones, palabras y expresiones informales que poseen una gran carga informativa. Una muestra ilustrativa de lo dicho la componen los siguientes títulos de la muestra: ‘COME ON MARGARET! WILL SHE WED?’ (Daily Mirror 19/08/1955), Apollo miracle - They’re safe (The Sun 19/04/1970), ‘IT’S ALL OVER! SOGAT calls off Wapping strike (The Sun 06/02/1987).

Una mayor economía lingüística se logra además con el empleo de números cardinales, con el uso de siglas fácilmente reconocibles por el lector, junto con abreviaciones y contracciones verbales, verbos monosilábicos y sustantivos, así como contracciones verbales que se usan frecuentemente como sustitutos de expresiones más largas. Si bien es cierto que ello es un rasgo propio del titular en prensa escrita, en el ámbito de la prensa nacional británica actual es la prensa tabloide más “popular” la que, en la necesidad de captar más la atención del lector, hace gala de estos recursos empleando abreviaciones, palabras y expresiones informales que poseen una gran carga informativa. Una muestra ilustrativa de lo dicho la componen los siguientes títulos de la muestra: ‘COME ON MARGARET! WILL SHE WED?’ (Daily Mirror 19/08/1955), Apollo miracle - They’re safe (The Sun 19/04/1970), ‘IT’S ALL OVER! SOGAT calls off Wapping strike (The Sun 06/02/1987).

4.2. Estructura gramatical de los titulares He indicado con anterioridad que me ha parecido pertinente para el estudio hacer uso de dos categorías fundamentales en la

4.2. Estructura gramatical de los titulares He indicado con anterioridad que me ha parecido pertinente para el estudio hacer uso de dos categorías fundamentales en la


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clasificación de los titulares; por una parte, me refiero a los titulares verbales (Tipo I), donde incluyo tanto los titulares con un verbo en forma personal como aquellos titulares con un verbo en forma no personal; por otra parte, el análisis se centra en los titulares no verbales o nominales (Tipo II). Asimismo, se presenta en el estudio una tercera categoría de análisis, la cual es minoritaria, y donde se encuentran aquellos titulares que presentan una combinación de titular verbal más titular nominal (Tipo III); y, por último, en el Tipo IV incluí a los titulares que se caracterizan por un alto grado de elipsis siendo en ocasiones difícil decantarse por una u otra categoría.vi

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clasificación de los titulares; por una parte, me refiero a los titulares verbales (Tipo I), donde incluyo tanto los titulares con un verbo en forma personal como aquellos titulares con un verbo en forma no personal; por otra parte, el análisis se centra en los titulares no verbales o nominales (Tipo II). Asimismo, se presenta en el estudio una tercera categoría de análisis, la cual es minoritaria, y donde se encuentran aquellos titulares que presentan una combinación de titular verbal más titular nominal (Tipo III); y, por último, en el Tipo IV incluí a los titulares que se caracterizan por un alto grado de elipsis siendo en ocasiones difícil decantarse por una u otra categoría.vi

Cuadro 4.2. Uso de estructuras gramaticales en la muestra

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clasificación de los titulares; por una parte, me refiero a los titulares verbales (Tipo I), donde incluyo tanto los titulares con un verbo en forma personal como aquellos titulares con un verbo en forma no personal; por otra parte, el análisis se centra en los titulares no verbales o nominales (Tipo II). Asimismo, se presenta en el estudio una tercera categoría de análisis, la cual es minoritaria, y donde se encuentran aquellos titulares que presentan una combinación de titular verbal más titular nominal (Tipo III); y, por último, en el Tipo IV incluí a los titulares que se caracterizan por un alto grado de elipsis siendo en ocasiones difícil decantarse por una u otra categoría.vi Cuadro 4.2. Uso de estructuras gramaticales en la muestra

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Cuadro 4.2. Uso de estructuras gramaticales en la muestra

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clasificación de los titulares; por una parte, me refiero a los titulares verbales (Tipo I), donde incluyo tanto los titulares con un verbo en forma personal como aquellos titulares con un verbo en forma no personal; por otra parte, el análisis se centra en los titulares no verbales o nominales (Tipo II). Asimismo, se presenta en el estudio una tercera categoría de análisis, la cual es minoritaria, y donde se encuentran aquellos titulares que presentan una combinación de titular verbal más titular nominal (Tipo III); y, por último, en el Tipo IV incluí a los titulares que se caracterizan por un alto grado de elipsis siendo en ocasiones difícil decantarse por una u otra categoría.vi Cuadro 4.2. Uso de estructuras gramaticales en la muestra


María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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Tal y como recoge el Cuadro 4.2., los titulares Tipo II no verbales constituyen el grupo mayoritario de la muestra, seguido de titulares verbales (Tipo I) con 86 casos. Los titulares Tipo I tienen como característica fundamental la presencia del verbo como elemento importante en la transmisión del evento informativo. Dado que el relato periodístico informativo tiene entre sus cometidos informar al lector de forma clara, precisa y rápida acerca del asunto noticioso en cuestión, no es de extrañar que un número elevado de los titulares de la muestra contengan un verbo en forma personal o no personal. De ello se deduce que, atendiendo a razones de comprensión, es conveniente que la estructura de un título esté compuesta por oraciones simples, siendo la estructura ideal la de S-V-C, con unos componentes ordenados con la mayor fuerza posible y donde se puede llegar a prescindir de alguno de estos elementos siempre que la comprensión esté garantizada.

Tal y como recoge el Cuadro 4.2., los titulares Tipo II no verbales constituyen el grupo mayoritario de la muestra, seguido de titulares verbales (Tipo I) con 86 casos. Los titulares Tipo I tienen como característica fundamental la presencia del verbo como elemento importante en la transmisión del evento informativo. Dado que el relato periodístico informativo tiene entre sus cometidos informar al lector de forma clara, precisa y rápida acerca del asunto noticioso en cuestión, no es de extrañar que un número elevado de los titulares de la muestra contengan un verbo en forma personal o no personal. De ello se deduce que, atendiendo a razones de comprensión, es conveniente que la estructura de un título esté compuesta por oraciones simples, siendo la estructura ideal la de S-V-C, con unos componentes ordenados con la mayor fuerza posible y donde se puede llegar a prescindir de alguno de estos elementos siempre que la comprensión esté garantizada.

Dentro de los titulares verbales, cabe distinguir dos grupos fundamentales: los titulares simples y los titulares que contienen subordinación, esto es, titulares complejos. La mayor parte de los titulares de la muestra constituyen ejemplos de oraciones simples, si bien se ha detectado un grupo muy restringido de titulares complejos (conteniendo subordinación) y compuestos (formados por cláusulas coordinadas). A este respecto, la presencia de un grupo mayoritario de titulares simples es particularmente relevante en tanto que corrobora que, si bien el espacio disponible es un factor condicionante en la composición de un título, predomina también la necesidad de transmitir una información que sea en todo momento clara y precisa para el lector.

Dentro de los titulares verbales, cabe distinguir dos grupos fundamentales: los titulares simples y los titulares que contienen subordinación, esto es, titulares complejos. La mayor parte de los titulares de la muestra constituyen ejemplos de oraciones simples, si bien se ha detectado un grupo muy restringido de titulares complejos (conteniendo subordinación) y compuestos (formados por cláusulas coordinadas). A este respecto, la presencia de un grupo mayoritario de titulares simples es particularmente relevante en tanto que corrobora que, si bien el espacio disponible es un factor condicionante en la composición de un título, predomina también la necesidad de transmitir una información que sea en todo momento clara y precisa para el lector.

Los titulares complejos contienen un verbo (en forma personal o no personal) en la cláusula principal. La complejidad de las cláusulas es de naturaleza simple conteniendo a lo sumo una cláusula subordinada que cumple la función de objeto directo o adverbial, como en ‘113 killed as Concorde crashes’ (Independent 26/07/2000); no obstante, puede haber casos en los cuales la cláusula subordinada es de relativo, como en ‘Man who loved too much’ (Daily Mail 16/12/2004). En cuanto a los tiempos empleados en los titulares verbales cuyo verbo principal se encuentra en forma personal, éstos son por lo habitual bien tiempos en presente simple, tiempo verbal que se caracteriza por dar al lector la sensación de inmediatez aun cuando la noticia sea pasada,

Los titulares complejos contienen un verbo (en forma personal o no personal) en la cláusula principal. La complejidad de las cláusulas es de naturaleza simple conteniendo a lo sumo una cláusula subordinada que cumple la función de objeto directo o adverbial, como en ‘113 killed as Concorde crashes’ (Independent 26/07/2000); no obstante, puede haber casos en los cuales la cláusula subordinada es de relativo, como en ‘Man who loved too much’ (Daily Mail 16/12/2004). En cuanto a los tiempos empleados en los titulares verbales cuyo verbo principal se encuentra en forma personal, éstos son por lo habitual bien tiempos en presente simple, tiempo verbal que se caracteriza por dar al lector la sensación de inmediatez aun cuando la noticia sea pasada,

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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Tal y como recoge el Cuadro 4.2., los titulares Tipo II no verbales constituyen el grupo mayoritario de la muestra, seguido de titulares verbales (Tipo I) con 86 casos. Los titulares Tipo I tienen como característica fundamental la presencia del verbo como elemento importante en la transmisión del evento informativo. Dado que el relato periodístico informativo tiene entre sus cometidos informar al lector de forma clara, precisa y rápida acerca del asunto noticioso en cuestión, no es de extrañar que un número elevado de los titulares de la muestra contengan un verbo en forma personal o no personal. De ello se deduce que, atendiendo a razones de comprensión, es conveniente que la estructura de un título esté compuesta por oraciones simples, siendo la estructura ideal la de S-V-C, con unos componentes ordenados con la mayor fuerza posible y donde se puede llegar a prescindir de alguno de estos elementos siempre que la comprensión esté garantizada.

Tal y como recoge el Cuadro 4.2., los titulares Tipo II no verbales constituyen el grupo mayoritario de la muestra, seguido de titulares verbales (Tipo I) con 86 casos. Los titulares Tipo I tienen como característica fundamental la presencia del verbo como elemento importante en la transmisión del evento informativo. Dado que el relato periodístico informativo tiene entre sus cometidos informar al lector de forma clara, precisa y rápida acerca del asunto noticioso en cuestión, no es de extrañar que un número elevado de los titulares de la muestra contengan un verbo en forma personal o no personal. De ello se deduce que, atendiendo a razones de comprensión, es conveniente que la estructura de un título esté compuesta por oraciones simples, siendo la estructura ideal la de S-V-C, con unos componentes ordenados con la mayor fuerza posible y donde se puede llegar a prescindir de alguno de estos elementos siempre que la comprensión esté garantizada.

Dentro de los titulares verbales, cabe distinguir dos grupos fundamentales: los titulares simples y los titulares que contienen subordinación, esto es, titulares complejos. La mayor parte de los titulares de la muestra constituyen ejemplos de oraciones simples, si bien se ha detectado un grupo muy restringido de titulares complejos (conteniendo subordinación) y compuestos (formados por cláusulas coordinadas). A este respecto, la presencia de un grupo mayoritario de titulares simples es particularmente relevante en tanto que corrobora que, si bien el espacio disponible es un factor condicionante en la composición de un título, predomina también la necesidad de transmitir una información que sea en todo momento clara y precisa para el lector.

Dentro de los titulares verbales, cabe distinguir dos grupos fundamentales: los titulares simples y los titulares que contienen subordinación, esto es, titulares complejos. La mayor parte de los titulares de la muestra constituyen ejemplos de oraciones simples, si bien se ha detectado un grupo muy restringido de titulares complejos (conteniendo subordinación) y compuestos (formados por cláusulas coordinadas). A este respecto, la presencia de un grupo mayoritario de titulares simples es particularmente relevante en tanto que corrobora que, si bien el espacio disponible es un factor condicionante en la composición de un título, predomina también la necesidad de transmitir una información que sea en todo momento clara y precisa para el lector.

Los titulares complejos contienen un verbo (en forma personal o no personal) en la cláusula principal. La complejidad de las cláusulas es de naturaleza simple conteniendo a lo sumo una cláusula subordinada que cumple la función de objeto directo o adverbial, como en ‘113 killed as Concorde crashes’ (Independent 26/07/2000); no obstante, puede haber casos en los cuales la cláusula subordinada es de relativo, como en ‘Man who loved too much’ (Daily Mail 16/12/2004). En cuanto a los tiempos empleados en los titulares verbales cuyo verbo principal se encuentra en forma personal, éstos son por lo habitual bien tiempos en presente simple, tiempo verbal que se caracteriza por dar al lector la sensación de inmediatez aun cuando la noticia sea pasada,

Los titulares complejos contienen un verbo (en forma personal o no personal) en la cláusula principal. La complejidad de las cláusulas es de naturaleza simple conteniendo a lo sumo una cláusula subordinada que cumple la función de objeto directo o adverbial, como en ‘113 killed as Concorde crashes’ (Independent 26/07/2000); no obstante, puede haber casos en los cuales la cláusula subordinada es de relativo, como en ‘Man who loved too much’ (Daily Mail 16/12/2004). En cuanto a los tiempos empleados en los titulares verbales cuyo verbo principal se encuentra en forma personal, éstos son por lo habitual bien tiempos en presente simple, tiempo verbal que se caracteriza por dar al lector la sensación de inmediatez aun cuando la noticia sea pasada,


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bien tiempos en pasado simple. Me gustaría destacar además la escasa incidencia de titulares compuestos, con apenas tres casos del total de la muestra. Estos titulares se caracterizan por el uso de coordinación asindética, con tan solo 2 titulares en toda la muestra: ‘Scores hurt, buildings blaze in poll tax riot’ (The Observer 01/04/1990) y ‘This party is no more, it has ceased to be, this is an ex-party’ (The Sun 06/10/1998); o coordinación sindética por medio de and, presentándose 1 titular de este tipo en el corpus: ‘He lied and lied and lied’ (The Guardian 21/06/1997).

bien tiempos en pasado simple. Me gustaría destacar además la escasa incidencia de titulares compuestos, con apenas tres casos del total de la muestra. Estos titulares se caracterizan por el uso de coordinación asindética, con tan solo 2 titulares en toda la muestra: ‘Scores hurt, buildings blaze in poll tax riot’ (The Observer 01/04/1990) y ‘This party is no more, it has ceased to be, this is an ex-party’ (The Sun 06/10/1998); o coordinación sindética por medio de and, presentándose 1 titular de este tipo en el corpus: ‘He lied and lied and lied’ (The Guardian 21/06/1997).

Los titulares nominales (Tipo II), cuya propiedad más distintiva es que carecen de elemento verbal, se caracterizan por el empleo de grupos nominales bien con premodificación, bien con postmodificación en la que están envueltos grupos preposicionales, o bien con ambos.

Los titulares nominales (Tipo II), cuya propiedad más distintiva es que carecen de elemento verbal, se caracterizan por el empleo de grupos nominales bien con premodificación, bien con postmodificación en la que están envueltos grupos preposicionales, o bien con ambos.

Cuadro 4.3. Función de premodificación y postmodificación en la muestra

Cuadro 4.3. Función de premodificación y postmodificación en la muestra

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bien tiempos en pasado simple. Me gustaría destacar además la escasa incidencia de titulares compuestos, con apenas tres casos del total de la muestra. Estos titulares se caracterizan por el uso de coordinación asindética, con tan solo 2 titulares en toda la muestra: ‘Scores hurt, buildings blaze in poll tax riot’ (The Observer 01/04/1990) y ‘This party is no more, it has ceased to be, this is an ex-party’ (The Sun 06/10/1998); o coordinación sindética por medio de and, presentándose 1 titular de este tipo en el corpus: ‘He lied and lied and lied’ (The Guardian 21/06/1997).

bien tiempos en pasado simple. Me gustaría destacar además la escasa incidencia de titulares compuestos, con apenas tres casos del total de la muestra. Estos titulares se caracterizan por el uso de coordinación asindética, con tan solo 2 titulares en toda la muestra: ‘Scores hurt, buildings blaze in poll tax riot’ (The Observer 01/04/1990) y ‘This party is no more, it has ceased to be, this is an ex-party’ (The Sun 06/10/1998); o coordinación sindética por medio de and, presentándose 1 titular de este tipo en el corpus: ‘He lied and lied and lied’ (The Guardian 21/06/1997).

Los titulares nominales (Tipo II), cuya propiedad más distintiva es que carecen de elemento verbal, se caracterizan por el empleo de grupos nominales bien con premodificación, bien con postmodificación en la que están envueltos grupos preposicionales, o bien con ambos.

Los titulares nominales (Tipo II), cuya propiedad más distintiva es que carecen de elemento verbal, se caracterizan por el empleo de grupos nominales bien con premodificación, bien con postmodificación en la que están envueltos grupos preposicionales, o bien con ambos.

Cuadro 4.3. Función de premodificación y postmodificación en la muestra

Cuadro 4.3. Función de premodificación y postmodificación en la muestra


María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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Tal y como refleja el Cuadro 4.3., el uso de la premodificación nominal no suele ser por lo general muy complejo, llevándose a cabo por medio de uno o dos elementos que son los que se encargan de premodificar al núcleo. Los dos tipos fundamentales de premodificadores son los adjetivos y los nombres: ‘Gandhi assassination’ (Evening News 30/01/1948), ‘Lunar odyssey’ (The Times 07/08/1969). La necesidad de escribir un titular que resulte de fácil lectura, que no sea confuso y que se adapte a lo limitado del espacio disponible no impide sin embargo que determinadas publicaciones hagan uso de una premodificación nominal más compleja por medio del acopio de información a través de cadenas de nombres y/o adjetivos premodificando al núcleo, aspecto éste característico de las publicaciones tabloides más “populares” (González Rodríguez 2002). Tal es el caso en los siguientes titulares: ‘Perry world tennis champion’ (Daily Mirror 07/07/1934), ‘Television service official opening’ (Daily Sketch 03/11/1936), ‘Tory chief ’s love child’ (Daily Mirror 06/10/1983), ‘WAR Operation Desert Storm’ (Daily Mirror 17/01/1991).

Tal y como refleja el Cuadro 4.3., el uso de la premodificación nominal no suele ser por lo general muy complejo, llevándose a cabo por medio de uno o dos elementos que son los que se encargan de premodificar al núcleo. Los dos tipos fundamentales de premodificadores son los adjetivos y los nombres: ‘Gandhi assassination’ (Evening News 30/01/1948), ‘Lunar odyssey’ (The Times 07/08/1969). La necesidad de escribir un titular que resulte de fácil lectura, que no sea confuso y que se adapte a lo limitado del espacio disponible no impide sin embargo que determinadas publicaciones hagan uso de una premodificación nominal más compleja por medio del acopio de información a través de cadenas de nombres y/o adjetivos premodificando al núcleo, aspecto éste característico de las publicaciones tabloides más “populares” (González Rodríguez 2002). Tal es el caso en los siguientes titulares: ‘Perry world tennis champion’ (Daily Mirror 07/07/1934), ‘Television service official opening’ (Daily Sketch 03/11/1936), ‘Tory chief ’s love child’ (Daily Mirror 06/10/1983), ‘WAR Operation Desert Storm’ (Daily Mirror 17/01/1991).

También la postmodificación desempeña un papel importante en el grupo de los titulares nominales, añadiendo información necesaria o relevante; sin embargo, el uso de largas cadenas de frases preposicionales no destaca en la muestra (tan solo se presentan dos casos), primordialmente por obvias razones de espacio: ‘Declaration of war by Great Britain’ (Daily Mirror 05/08/1914), ‘On the brink of civil war’ (News of the World 07/04/1968). Los resultados obtenidos señalan asimismo que en el titular algunas frases nominales contienen premodificación y postmodificación, si bien dicho uso no suele ser complejo: ‘Terror attacks on London’ (Evening News 07/07/2005), ‘Katrina’s tide of destruction’ (Daily Telegraph 31/08/2005),

También la postmodificación desempeña un papel importante en el grupo de los titulares nominales, añadiendo información necesaria o relevante; sin embargo, el uso de largas cadenas de frases preposicionales no destaca en la muestra (tan solo se presentan dos casos), primordialmente por obvias razones de espacio: ‘Declaration of war by Great Britain’ (Daily Mirror 05/08/1914), ‘On the brink of civil war’ (News of the World 07/04/1968). Los resultados obtenidos señalan asimismo que en el titular algunas frases nominales contienen premodificación y postmodificación, si bien dicho uso no suele ser complejo: ‘Terror attacks on London’ (Evening News 07/07/2005), ‘Katrina’s tide of destruction’ (Daily Telegraph 31/08/2005),

El tercer tipo de titulares que se ha detectado tras el análisis gramatical es el que he calificado como Tipo III compuesto por combinaciones de estructuras nominales y verbales que no están ligadas por conjunciones coordinantes, subordinantes o comas (8 casos). Algunos ejemplos que ilustran estos casos son: ‘The crowning glory: Everest is climbed’ (News Chronicle 02/06/1953), ‘Apollo miracle - they’re safe’ (The Sun 19/04/1970), ‘Thalidomide: the danger signs that were missed’ (Sunday Times 27/06/1976).

El tercer tipo de titulares que se ha detectado tras el análisis gramatical es el que he calificado como Tipo III compuesto por combinaciones de estructuras nominales y verbales que no están ligadas por conjunciones coordinantes, subordinantes o comas (8 casos). Algunos ejemplos que ilustran estos casos son: ‘The crowning glory: Everest is climbed’ (News Chronicle 02/06/1953), ‘Apollo miracle - they’re safe’ (The Sun 19/04/1970), ‘Thalidomide: the danger signs that were missed’ (Sunday Times 27/06/1976).

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

169

169

Tal y como refleja el Cuadro 4.3., el uso de la premodificación nominal no suele ser por lo general muy complejo, llevándose a cabo por medio de uno o dos elementos que son los que se encargan de premodificar al núcleo. Los dos tipos fundamentales de premodificadores son los adjetivos y los nombres: ‘Gandhi assassination’ (Evening News 30/01/1948), ‘Lunar odyssey’ (The Times 07/08/1969). La necesidad de escribir un titular que resulte de fácil lectura, que no sea confuso y que se adapte a lo limitado del espacio disponible no impide sin embargo que determinadas publicaciones hagan uso de una premodificación nominal más compleja por medio del acopio de información a través de cadenas de nombres y/o adjetivos premodificando al núcleo, aspecto éste característico de las publicaciones tabloides más “populares” (González Rodríguez 2002). Tal es el caso en los siguientes titulares: ‘Perry world tennis champion’ (Daily Mirror 07/07/1934), ‘Television service official opening’ (Daily Sketch 03/11/1936), ‘Tory chief ’s love child’ (Daily Mirror 06/10/1983), ‘WAR Operation Desert Storm’ (Daily Mirror 17/01/1991).

Tal y como refleja el Cuadro 4.3., el uso de la premodificación nominal no suele ser por lo general muy complejo, llevándose a cabo por medio de uno o dos elementos que son los que se encargan de premodificar al núcleo. Los dos tipos fundamentales de premodificadores son los adjetivos y los nombres: ‘Gandhi assassination’ (Evening News 30/01/1948), ‘Lunar odyssey’ (The Times 07/08/1969). La necesidad de escribir un titular que resulte de fácil lectura, que no sea confuso y que se adapte a lo limitado del espacio disponible no impide sin embargo que determinadas publicaciones hagan uso de una premodificación nominal más compleja por medio del acopio de información a través de cadenas de nombres y/o adjetivos premodificando al núcleo, aspecto éste característico de las publicaciones tabloides más “populares” (González Rodríguez 2002). Tal es el caso en los siguientes titulares: ‘Perry world tennis champion’ (Daily Mirror 07/07/1934), ‘Television service official opening’ (Daily Sketch 03/11/1936), ‘Tory chief ’s love child’ (Daily Mirror 06/10/1983), ‘WAR Operation Desert Storm’ (Daily Mirror 17/01/1991).

También la postmodificación desempeña un papel importante en el grupo de los titulares nominales, añadiendo información necesaria o relevante; sin embargo, el uso de largas cadenas de frases preposicionales no destaca en la muestra (tan solo se presentan dos casos), primordialmente por obvias razones de espacio: ‘Declaration of war by Great Britain’ (Daily Mirror 05/08/1914), ‘On the brink of civil war’ (News of the World 07/04/1968). Los resultados obtenidos señalan asimismo que en el titular algunas frases nominales contienen premodificación y postmodificación, si bien dicho uso no suele ser complejo: ‘Terror attacks on London’ (Evening News 07/07/2005), ‘Katrina’s tide of destruction’ (Daily Telegraph 31/08/2005),

También la postmodificación desempeña un papel importante en el grupo de los titulares nominales, añadiendo información necesaria o relevante; sin embargo, el uso de largas cadenas de frases preposicionales no destaca en la muestra (tan solo se presentan dos casos), primordialmente por obvias razones de espacio: ‘Declaration of war by Great Britain’ (Daily Mirror 05/08/1914), ‘On the brink of civil war’ (News of the World 07/04/1968). Los resultados obtenidos señalan asimismo que en el titular algunas frases nominales contienen premodificación y postmodificación, si bien dicho uso no suele ser complejo: ‘Terror attacks on London’ (Evening News 07/07/2005), ‘Katrina’s tide of destruction’ (Daily Telegraph 31/08/2005),

El tercer tipo de titulares que se ha detectado tras el análisis gramatical es el que he calificado como Tipo III compuesto por combinaciones de estructuras nominales y verbales que no están ligadas por conjunciones coordinantes, subordinantes o comas (8 casos). Algunos ejemplos que ilustran estos casos son: ‘The crowning glory: Everest is climbed’ (News Chronicle 02/06/1953), ‘Apollo miracle - they’re safe’ (The Sun 19/04/1970), ‘Thalidomide: the danger signs that were missed’ (Sunday Times 27/06/1976).

El tercer tipo de titulares que se ha detectado tras el análisis gramatical es el que he calificado como Tipo III compuesto por combinaciones de estructuras nominales y verbales que no están ligadas por conjunciones coordinantes, subordinantes o comas (8 casos). Algunos ejemplos que ilustran estos casos son: ‘The crowning glory: Everest is climbed’ (News Chronicle 02/06/1953), ‘Apollo miracle - they’re safe’ (The Sun 19/04/1970), ‘Thalidomide: the danger signs that were missed’ (Sunday Times 27/06/1976).


170

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

170

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Los casos especiales suponen tan solo 3 del total de la muestra (Tipo IV). Se trata de casos problemáticos donde debido a la alta incidencia de elipsis resulta difícil pronunciarse acerca de las estructuras gramaticales de esos titulares en cuestión. Dichos titulares corresponderían a los consistentes en una estructura libre según la tipología de Mardh (1980): ‘GOTCHA’ (The Sun 04/05/1982), ‘WHY?’ (Mail on Sunday 08/03/1987) y ‘FantASHtic!’ (The Sun 13/09/2005).

Los casos especiales suponen tan solo 3 del total de la muestra (Tipo IV). Se trata de casos problemáticos donde debido a la alta incidencia de elipsis resulta difícil pronunciarse acerca de las estructuras gramaticales de esos titulares en cuestión. Dichos titulares corresponderían a los consistentes en una estructura libre según la tipología de Mardh (1980): ‘GOTCHA’ (The Sun 04/05/1982), ‘WHY?’ (Mail on Sunday 08/03/1987) y ‘FantASHtic!’ (The Sun 13/09/2005).

5. CONCLUSIÓN

5. CONCLUSIÓN

Como conclusión simplemente me gustaría señalar que espero que esta aproximación a la estructura discursiva, función y gramática de los titulares haya contribuido, en alguna medida, a determinar la influencia de factores sociales en la producción e interpretación del título periodístico a través del estudio de un corpus de titulares pertenecientes a publicaciones nacionales británicas de diferentes períodos temporales. Mi atención se ha centrado particularmente en el empeño por ir más allá del plano exclusivamente descriptivo para intentar proporcionar una explicación y descripción satisfactoria de la relación existente entre el título y el contexto en el que éste surge. A este respecto, los resultados del análisis han evidenciado cómo el título en prensa escrita, además de surgir en un amplio contexto cultural con la finalidad de alcanzar su propósito, se produce asimismo en un contexto de situación específico, y es precisamente este contexto de situación el que afecta directamente a su producción.

Como conclusión simplemente me gustaría señalar que espero que esta aproximación a la estructura discursiva, función y gramática de los titulares haya contribuido, en alguna medida, a determinar la influencia de factores sociales en la producción e interpretación del título periodístico a través del estudio de un corpus de titulares pertenecientes a publicaciones nacionales británicas de diferentes períodos temporales. Mi atención se ha centrado particularmente en el empeño por ir más allá del plano exclusivamente descriptivo para intentar proporcionar una explicación y descripción satisfactoria de la relación existente entre el título y el contexto en el que éste surge. A este respecto, los resultados del análisis han evidenciado cómo el título en prensa escrita, además de surgir en un amplio contexto cultural con la finalidad de alcanzar su propósito, se produce asimismo en un contexto de situación específico, y es precisamente este contexto de situación el que afecta directamente a su producción.

Los resultados han revelado además que los titulares en prensa escrita son construcciones semióticas de significados construidos socialmente y que, como tales, sirven a intereses diferentes en la construcción discursiva de la vida social. En este sentido, mi pretensión a lo largo de estas páginas ha sido hacerme eco, como hace la lingüística sistémica, de subrayar la necesidad de estudiar la lengua dentro de su contexto discursivo y atender a cómo se usa el lenguaje en diferentes contextos y cómo el lenguaje se estructura para su uso como un sistema semiótico (Eggins 2004).

Los resultados han revelado además que los titulares en prensa escrita son construcciones semióticas de significados construidos socialmente y que, como tales, sirven a intereses diferentes en la construcción discursiva de la vida social. En este sentido, mi pretensión a lo largo de estas páginas ha sido hacerme eco, como hace la lingüística sistémica, de subrayar la necesidad de estudiar la lengua dentro de su contexto discursivo y atender a cómo se usa el lenguaje en diferentes contextos y cómo el lenguaje se estructura para su uso como un sistema semiótico (Eggins 2004).

170

170

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Los casos especiales suponen tan solo 3 del total de la muestra (Tipo IV). Se trata de casos problemáticos donde debido a la alta incidencia de elipsis resulta difícil pronunciarse acerca de las estructuras gramaticales de esos titulares en cuestión. Dichos titulares corresponderían a los consistentes en una estructura libre según la tipología de Mardh (1980): ‘GOTCHA’ (The Sun 04/05/1982), ‘WHY?’ (Mail on Sunday 08/03/1987) y ‘FantASHtic!’ (The Sun 13/09/2005).

Los casos especiales suponen tan solo 3 del total de la muestra (Tipo IV). Se trata de casos problemáticos donde debido a la alta incidencia de elipsis resulta difícil pronunciarse acerca de las estructuras gramaticales de esos titulares en cuestión. Dichos titulares corresponderían a los consistentes en una estructura libre según la tipología de Mardh (1980): ‘GOTCHA’ (The Sun 04/05/1982), ‘WHY?’ (Mail on Sunday 08/03/1987) y ‘FantASHtic!’ (The Sun 13/09/2005).

5. CONCLUSIÓN

5. CONCLUSIÓN

Como conclusión simplemente me gustaría señalar que espero que esta aproximación a la estructura discursiva, función y gramática de los titulares haya contribuido, en alguna medida, a determinar la influencia de factores sociales en la producción e interpretación del título periodístico a través del estudio de un corpus de titulares pertenecientes a publicaciones nacionales británicas de diferentes períodos temporales. Mi atención se ha centrado particularmente en el empeño por ir más allá del plano exclusivamente descriptivo para intentar proporcionar una explicación y descripción satisfactoria de la relación existente entre el título y el contexto en el que éste surge. A este respecto, los resultados del análisis han evidenciado cómo el título en prensa escrita, además de surgir en un amplio contexto cultural con la finalidad de alcanzar su propósito, se produce asimismo en un contexto de situación específico, y es precisamente este contexto de situación el que afecta directamente a su producción.

Como conclusión simplemente me gustaría señalar que espero que esta aproximación a la estructura discursiva, función y gramática de los titulares haya contribuido, en alguna medida, a determinar la influencia de factores sociales en la producción e interpretación del título periodístico a través del estudio de un corpus de titulares pertenecientes a publicaciones nacionales británicas de diferentes períodos temporales. Mi atención se ha centrado particularmente en el empeño por ir más allá del plano exclusivamente descriptivo para intentar proporcionar una explicación y descripción satisfactoria de la relación existente entre el título y el contexto en el que éste surge. A este respecto, los resultados del análisis han evidenciado cómo el título en prensa escrita, además de surgir en un amplio contexto cultural con la finalidad de alcanzar su propósito, se produce asimismo en un contexto de situación específico, y es precisamente este contexto de situación el que afecta directamente a su producción.

Los resultados han revelado además que los titulares en prensa escrita son construcciones semióticas de significados construidos socialmente y que, como tales, sirven a intereses diferentes en la construcción discursiva de la vida social. En este sentido, mi pretensión a lo largo de estas páginas ha sido hacerme eco, como hace la lingüística sistémica, de subrayar la necesidad de estudiar la lengua dentro de su contexto discursivo y atender a cómo se usa el lenguaje en diferentes contextos y cómo el lenguaje se estructura para su uso como un sistema semiótico (Eggins 2004).

Los resultados han revelado además que los titulares en prensa escrita son construcciones semióticas de significados construidos socialmente y que, como tales, sirven a intereses diferentes en la construcción discursiva de la vida social. En este sentido, mi pretensión a lo largo de estas páginas ha sido hacerme eco, como hace la lingüística sistémica, de subrayar la necesidad de estudiar la lengua dentro de su contexto discursivo y atender a cómo se usa el lenguaje en diferentes contextos y cómo el lenguaje se estructura para su uso como un sistema semiótico (Eggins 2004).


María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

171

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

NOTAS

NOTAS

1

Son varios los elementos que componen un encabezamiento en la prensa escrita: el antetítulo que se sitúa antes del título principal, el título, y el subtítulo o sumario que se coloca después del título. Todos los elementos que componen un encabezamiento no tienen que presentarse obligatoriamente en un relato periodístico; de hecho, no existe una norma fija que indique en qué tipo de noticias deben encontrarse unos u otros elementos sino que dependiendo del tipo de publicación, de la sección, de la noticia en cuestión, etc., se encontrarán unos u otros. El único elemento que de por sí es obligatorio en una titulación es el título propiamente dicho, mientras que los demás componentes son opcionales. Éste es precisamente otro de los aspectos que confiere interés al análisis del título en la prensa escrita. 2 El lead se concibe con referencia al estado último de los hechos en relación con el momento en el que la noticia se redacta, y por lo habitual expresa una o varias macroproposiciones temáticas del cuerpo informativo. A menudo se da una redundancia temática con respecto al titular ya que el lead tiende a repetir la macroproposición expresada en la titulación. A este elemento no sólo se le asigna habitualmente la función de resumir la acción central y establecer el punto principal de la historia sino que además sirve de introducción, esto es, se constituye como el primer párrafo de la noticia. 3 Un aspecto distintivo de la prensa nacional británica es su división en prensa “de calidad” y prensa “popular”. Estos dos tipos de prensa difieren en el tamaño físico, en el contenido pictórico, en los valores periodísticos de las noticias, en el lenguaje que utilizan, en los lectores y en el precio. El término “de calidad” se refiere por lo general a aquella prensa de un alto nivel cultural, analítica, detallada y extensa en las noticias, que cuida los textos, seria y que cuenta con credibilidad. En la prensa que se define como “popular” se tiende a una mayor personalización de la información, a una redacción segmentada y sencilla, y al empleo de un vocabulario cotidiano, sugerente, emotivo e incisivo. Este tipo de prensa está dirigida a aquellos lectores que quieren entretenerse a través de la lectura del periódico al

1

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

171

Son varios los elementos que componen un encabezamiento en la prensa escrita: el antetítulo que se sitúa antes del título principal, el título, y el subtítulo o sumario que se coloca después del título. Todos los elementos que componen un encabezamiento no tienen que presentarse obligatoriamente en un relato periodístico; de hecho, no existe una norma fija que indique en qué tipo de noticias deben encontrarse unos u otros elementos sino que dependiendo del tipo de publicación, de la sección, de la noticia en cuestión, etc., se encontrarán unos u otros. El único elemento que de por sí es obligatorio en una titulación es el título propiamente dicho, mientras que los demás componentes son opcionales. Éste es precisamente otro de los aspectos que confiere interés al análisis del título en la prensa escrita. 2 El lead se concibe con referencia al estado último de los hechos en relación con el momento en el que la noticia se redacta, y por lo habitual expresa una o varias macroproposiciones temáticas del cuerpo informativo. A menudo se da una redundancia temática con respecto al titular ya que el lead tiende a repetir la macroproposición expresada en la titulación. A este elemento no sólo se le asigna habitualmente la función de resumir la acción central y establecer el punto principal de la historia sino que además sirve de introducción, esto es, se constituye como el primer párrafo de la noticia. 3 Un aspecto distintivo de la prensa nacional británica es su división en prensa “de calidad” y prensa “popular”. Estos dos tipos de prensa difieren en el tamaño físico, en el contenido pictórico, en los valores periodísticos de las noticias, en el lenguaje que utilizan, en los lectores y en el precio. El término “de calidad” se refiere por lo general a aquella prensa de un alto nivel cultural, analítica, detallada y extensa en las noticias, que cuida los textos, seria y que cuenta con credibilidad. En la prensa que se define como “popular” se tiende a una mayor personalización de la información, a una redacción segmentada y sencilla, y al empleo de un vocabulario cotidiano, sugerente, emotivo e incisivo. Este tipo de prensa está dirigida a aquellos lectores que quieren entretenerse a través de la lectura del periódico al

NOTAS

NOTAS

1

1

Son varios los elementos que componen un encabezamiento en la prensa escrita: el antetítulo que se sitúa antes del título principal, el título, y el subtítulo o sumario que se coloca después del título. Todos los elementos que componen un encabezamiento no tienen que presentarse obligatoriamente en un relato periodístico; de hecho, no existe una norma fija que indique en qué tipo de noticias deben encontrarse unos u otros elementos sino que dependiendo del tipo de publicación, de la sección, de la noticia en cuestión, etc., se encontrarán unos u otros. El único elemento que de por sí es obligatorio en una titulación es el título propiamente dicho, mientras que los demás componentes son opcionales. Éste es precisamente otro de los aspectos que confiere interés al análisis del título en la prensa escrita. 2 El lead se concibe con referencia al estado último de los hechos en relación con el momento en el que la noticia se redacta, y por lo habitual expresa una o varias macroproposiciones temáticas del cuerpo informativo. A menudo se da una redundancia temática con respecto al titular ya que el lead tiende a repetir la macroproposición expresada en la titulación. A este elemento no sólo se le asigna habitualmente la función de resumir la acción central y establecer el punto principal de la historia sino que además sirve de introducción, esto es, se constituye como el primer párrafo de la noticia. 3 Un aspecto distintivo de la prensa nacional británica es su división en prensa “de calidad” y prensa “popular”. Estos dos tipos de prensa difieren en el tamaño físico, en el contenido pictórico, en los valores periodísticos de las noticias, en el lenguaje que utilizan, en los lectores y en el precio. El término “de calidad” se refiere por lo general a aquella prensa de un alto nivel cultural, analítica, detallada y extensa en las noticias, que cuida los textos, seria y que cuenta con credibilidad. En la prensa que se define como “popular” se tiende a una mayor personalización de la información, a una redacción segmentada y sencilla, y al empleo de un vocabulario cotidiano, sugerente, emotivo e incisivo. Este tipo de prensa está dirigida a aquellos lectores que quieren entretenerse a través de la lectura del periódico al

171

171

Son varios los elementos que componen un encabezamiento en la prensa escrita: el antetítulo que se sitúa antes del título principal, el título, y el subtítulo o sumario que se coloca después del título. Todos los elementos que componen un encabezamiento no tienen que presentarse obligatoriamente en un relato periodístico; de hecho, no existe una norma fija que indique en qué tipo de noticias deben encontrarse unos u otros elementos sino que dependiendo del tipo de publicación, de la sección, de la noticia en cuestión, etc., se encontrarán unos u otros. El único elemento que de por sí es obligatorio en una titulación es el título propiamente dicho, mientras que los demás componentes son opcionales. Éste es precisamente otro de los aspectos que confiere interés al análisis del título en la prensa escrita. 2 El lead se concibe con referencia al estado último de los hechos en relación con el momento en el que la noticia se redacta, y por lo habitual expresa una o varias macroproposiciones temáticas del cuerpo informativo. A menudo se da una redundancia temática con respecto al titular ya que el lead tiende a repetir la macroproposición expresada en la titulación. A este elemento no sólo se le asigna habitualmente la función de resumir la acción central y establecer el punto principal de la historia sino que además sirve de introducción, esto es, se constituye como el primer párrafo de la noticia. 3 Un aspecto distintivo de la prensa nacional británica es su división en prensa “de calidad” y prensa “popular”. Estos dos tipos de prensa difieren en el tamaño físico, en el contenido pictórico, en los valores periodísticos de las noticias, en el lenguaje que utilizan, en los lectores y en el precio. El término “de calidad” se refiere por lo general a aquella prensa de un alto nivel cultural, analítica, detallada y extensa en las noticias, que cuida los textos, seria y que cuenta con credibilidad. En la prensa que se define como “popular” se tiende a una mayor personalización de la información, a una redacción segmentada y sencilla, y al empleo de un vocabulario cotidiano, sugerente, emotivo e incisivo. Este tipo de prensa está dirigida a aquellos lectores que quieren entretenerse a través de la lectura del periódico al


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mismo tiempo que informarse. Aunque la división principal de la prensa nacional británica se establece entre prensa de formato sábana y prensa tabloide, hay diferencias notables en la forma de presentación y cobertura de las noticias en los periódicos tabloides como para no incluirlos bajo una única clasificación. Así, Henry (Jucker 1992: 48) clasifica la prensa nacional británica en tres mercados diferentes: up-market, midmarket y down-market. Esta clasificación, plenamente consolidada en la prensa nacional británica, se crea sobre la base de la clase socioeconómica de los lectores de un periódico concreto. Siguiendo la clasificación de Henry, los periódicos pertenecientes al up-market coinciden todos ellos en su formato de tipo sábana, mientras que los tabloides se dividen en las categorías de mid-market y down-market, ocupando la prensa del mid-market un área que se encuentra entre la prensa denominada “de calidad” y la “popular”, tanto por su contenido como por su gusto social. Sin embargo, esta clasificación de la prensa nacional británica como “de calidad” y “popular” puede tener matices peyorativos, sobre todo para esta última; de ahí que estos términos aparezcan en el estudio entrecomillados. Así, dicha denominación la empleamos aquí para hacer referencia a las diferencias objetivas que existen entre los distintos tipos de periódicos, y no a ninguna consideración relativa a la calidad del periódico en sí mismo o a la de sus lectores. La selección de títulos que conmemoran 100 años de la prensa británica (1906-2006) corresponde a una muestra perteneciente a una exhibición celebrada en The British Library entre mayo y octubre de 2006 coincidiendo con el centenario de NPA (Newspaper Publishers Association) órgano encargado de representar, proteger y promover la industria de la prensa nacional británica. Dicha muestra aparece recogida en http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/frontpage/homepage.ht ml (véase Apéndice). Obtener información exacta y rápida en 1912 no era fácil, incluso empleando avances tecnológicos tales como el telégrafo. La prensa compartía la idea generalizada de que el Titanic era incapaz de hundirse por lo que muchos titulares que siguieron a la tragedia mostraban su optimismo al respecto. ‘Everyone safe’, relataba Daily Mirror, ‘No lives lost’ decía Daily Mail. La

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mismo tiempo que informarse. Aunque la división principal de la prensa nacional británica se establece entre prensa de formato sábana y prensa tabloide, hay diferencias notables en la forma de presentación y cobertura de las noticias en los periódicos tabloides como para no incluirlos bajo una única clasificación. Así, Henry (Jucker 1992: 48) clasifica la prensa nacional británica en tres mercados diferentes: up-market, midmarket y down-market. Esta clasificación, plenamente consolidada en la prensa nacional británica, se crea sobre la base de la clase socioeconómica de los lectores de un periódico concreto. Siguiendo la clasificación de Henry, los periódicos pertenecientes al up-market coinciden todos ellos en su formato de tipo sábana, mientras que los tabloides se dividen en las categorías de mid-market y down-market, ocupando la prensa del mid-market un área que se encuentra entre la prensa denominada “de calidad” y la “popular”, tanto por su contenido como por su gusto social. Sin embargo, esta clasificación de la prensa nacional británica como “de calidad” y “popular” puede tener matices peyorativos, sobre todo para esta última; de ahí que estos términos aparezcan en el estudio entrecomillados. Así, dicha denominación la empleamos aquí para hacer referencia a las diferencias objetivas que existen entre los distintos tipos de periódicos, y no a ninguna consideración relativa a la calidad del periódico en sí mismo o a la de sus lectores. La selección de títulos que conmemoran 100 años de la prensa británica (1906-2006) corresponde a una muestra perteneciente a una exhibición celebrada en The British Library entre mayo y octubre de 2006 coincidiendo con el centenario de NPA (Newspaper Publishers Association) órgano encargado de representar, proteger y promover la industria de la prensa nacional británica. Dicha muestra aparece recogida en http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/frontpage/homepage.ht ml (véase Apéndice). Obtener información exacta y rápida en 1912 no era fácil, incluso empleando avances tecnológicos tales como el telégrafo. La prensa compartía la idea generalizada de que el Titanic era incapaz de hundirse por lo que muchos titulares que siguieron a la tragedia mostraban su optimismo al respecto. ‘Everyone safe’, relataba Daily Mirror, ‘No lives lost’ decía Daily Mail. La

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mismo tiempo que informarse. Aunque la división principal de la prensa nacional británica se establece entre prensa de formato sábana y prensa tabloide, hay diferencias notables en la forma de presentación y cobertura de las noticias en los periódicos tabloides como para no incluirlos bajo una única clasificación. Así, Henry (Jucker 1992: 48) clasifica la prensa nacional británica en tres mercados diferentes: up-market, midmarket y down-market. Esta clasificación, plenamente consolidada en la prensa nacional británica, se crea sobre la base de la clase socioeconómica de los lectores de un periódico concreto. Siguiendo la clasificación de Henry, los periódicos pertenecientes al up-market coinciden todos ellos en su formato de tipo sábana, mientras que los tabloides se dividen en las categorías de mid-market y down-market, ocupando la prensa del mid-market un área que se encuentra entre la prensa denominada “de calidad” y la “popular”, tanto por su contenido como por su gusto social. Sin embargo, esta clasificación de la prensa nacional británica como “de calidad” y “popular” puede tener matices peyorativos, sobre todo para esta última; de ahí que estos términos aparezcan en el estudio entrecomillados. Así, dicha denominación la empleamos aquí para hacer referencia a las diferencias objetivas que existen entre los distintos tipos de periódicos, y no a ninguna consideración relativa a la calidad del periódico en sí mismo o a la de sus lectores. La selección de títulos que conmemoran 100 años de la prensa británica (1906-2006) corresponde a una muestra perteneciente a una exhibición celebrada en The British Library entre mayo y octubre de 2006 coincidiendo con el centenario de NPA (Newspaper Publishers Association) órgano encargado de representar, proteger y promover la industria de la prensa nacional británica. Dicha muestra aparece recogida en http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/frontpage/homepage.ht ml (véase Apéndice). Obtener información exacta y rápida en 1912 no era fácil, incluso empleando avances tecnológicos tales como el telégrafo. La prensa compartía la idea generalizada de que el Titanic era incapaz de hundirse por lo que muchos titulares que siguieron a la tragedia mostraban su optimismo al respecto. ‘Everyone safe’, relataba Daily Mirror, ‘No lives lost’ decía Daily Mail. La

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mismo tiempo que informarse. Aunque la división principal de la prensa nacional británica se establece entre prensa de formato sábana y prensa tabloide, hay diferencias notables en la forma de presentación y cobertura de las noticias en los periódicos tabloides como para no incluirlos bajo una única clasificación. Así, Henry (Jucker 1992: 48) clasifica la prensa nacional británica en tres mercados diferentes: up-market, midmarket y down-market. Esta clasificación, plenamente consolidada en la prensa nacional británica, se crea sobre la base de la clase socioeconómica de los lectores de un periódico concreto. Siguiendo la clasificación de Henry, los periódicos pertenecientes al up-market coinciden todos ellos en su formato de tipo sábana, mientras que los tabloides se dividen en las categorías de mid-market y down-market, ocupando la prensa del mid-market un área que se encuentra entre la prensa denominada “de calidad” y la “popular”, tanto por su contenido como por su gusto social. Sin embargo, esta clasificación de la prensa nacional británica como “de calidad” y “popular” puede tener matices peyorativos, sobre todo para esta última; de ahí que estos términos aparezcan en el estudio entrecomillados. Así, dicha denominación la empleamos aquí para hacer referencia a las diferencias objetivas que existen entre los distintos tipos de periódicos, y no a ninguna consideración relativa a la calidad del periódico en sí mismo o a la de sus lectores. La selección de títulos que conmemoran 100 años de la prensa británica (1906-2006) corresponde a una muestra perteneciente a una exhibición celebrada en The British Library entre mayo y octubre de 2006 coincidiendo con el centenario de NPA (Newspaper Publishers Association) órgano encargado de representar, proteger y promover la industria de la prensa nacional británica. Dicha muestra aparece recogida en http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/frontpage/homepage.ht ml (véase Apéndice). Obtener información exacta y rápida en 1912 no era fácil, incluso empleando avances tecnológicos tales como el telégrafo. La prensa compartía la idea generalizada de que el Titanic era incapaz de hundirse por lo que muchos titulares que siguieron a la tragedia mostraban su optimismo al respecto. ‘Everyone safe’, relataba Daily Mirror, ‘No lives lost’ decía Daily Mail. La


María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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cruel realidad fue más evidente en otros periódicos como The Daily News, que tituló el suceso ‘Titanic goes down off Cape Race… Many lives lost’. 6 Una investigación anterior (González 2002) reveló que la prensa nacional británica “de calidad” hace un mayor uso de titulares verbales (Tipo I), mientras que la prensa nacional británica tabloide tiende a un mayor uso de titulares nominales donde dominan frases nominales independientes (Tipo II). Este aspecto parece estar directamente relacionado con el interés manifiesto que muestra la prensa tabloide por suministrar una mayor cantidad de información en el título para estimular así la curiosidad del lector. A este respecto, en el Cuadro 4.2. se detecta un gran número de titulares carentes de elemento verbal en publicaciones “populares” como Daily Mirror, News of the World o The Sun 7 Cada periódico aparece acompañado de su fecha de publicación y, si se da el caso, de su cese. Sin embargo, conviene matizar que dicho cese no implica necesariamente que el periódico desaparezca del mercado ya que hay algunos periódicos que se fusionan con otros ya existentes o simplemente cambian de nombre. Véase Griffiths (1992) para una descripción pormenorizada.

cruel realidad fue más evidente en otros periódicos como The Daily News, que tituló el suceso ‘Titanic goes down off Cape Race… Many lives lost’. 6 Una investigación anterior (González 2002) reveló que la prensa nacional británica “de calidad” hace un mayor uso de titulares verbales (Tipo I), mientras que la prensa nacional británica tabloide tiende a un mayor uso de titulares nominales donde dominan frases nominales independientes (Tipo II). Este aspecto parece estar directamente relacionado con el interés manifiesto que muestra la prensa tabloide por suministrar una mayor cantidad de información en el título para estimular así la curiosidad del lector. A este respecto, en el Cuadro 4.2. se detecta un gran número de titulares carentes de elemento verbal en publicaciones “populares” como Daily Mirror, News of the World o The Sun 7 Cada periódico aparece acompañado de su fecha de publicación y, si se da el caso, de su cese. Sin embargo, conviene matizar que dicho cese no implica necesariamente que el periódico desaparezca del mercado ya que hay algunos periódicos que se fusionan con otros ya existentes o simplemente cambian de nombre. Véase Griffiths (1992) para una descripción pormenorizada.

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Allan, S. 2004. News Culture. Maidenhead: Open UP. Bell, A. 1991. The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell. _____ 1999. “The discourse structure of news stories” en A. Bell y P. Garrett, eds. Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 64-104. Bloor, T. y M. Bloor. 1995. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. London: Arnold. _____ 2004. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach (Second Edition). London: Arnold. Burger, H. 1984. Sprache der Massenmedien . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Chafe, W. 2003. “The analysis of discourse flow” en D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen and H. E. Hamilton, eds. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell, 673-687.

Allan, S. 2004. News Culture. Maidenhead: Open UP. Bell, A. 1991. The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell. _____ 1999. “The discourse structure of news stories” en A. Bell y P. Garrett, eds. Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 64-104. Bloor, T. y M. Bloor. 1995. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. London: Arnold. _____ 2004. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach (Second Edition). London: Arnold. Burger, H. 1984. Sprache der Massenmedien . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Chafe, W. 2003. “The analysis of discourse flow” en D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen and H. E. Hamilton, eds. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell, 673-687.

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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173

cruel realidad fue más evidente en otros periódicos como The Daily News, que tituló el suceso ‘Titanic goes down off Cape Race… Many lives lost’. 6 Una investigación anterior (González 2002) reveló que la prensa nacional británica “de calidad” hace un mayor uso de titulares verbales (Tipo I), mientras que la prensa nacional británica tabloide tiende a un mayor uso de titulares nominales donde dominan frases nominales independientes (Tipo II). Este aspecto parece estar directamente relacionado con el interés manifiesto que muestra la prensa tabloide por suministrar una mayor cantidad de información en el título para estimular así la curiosidad del lector. A este respecto, en el Cuadro 4.2. se detecta un gran número de titulares carentes de elemento verbal en publicaciones “populares” como Daily Mirror, News of the World o The Sun 7 Cada periódico aparece acompañado de su fecha de publicación y, si se da el caso, de su cese. Sin embargo, conviene matizar que dicho cese no implica necesariamente que el periódico desaparezca del mercado ya que hay algunos periódicos que se fusionan con otros ya existentes o simplemente cambian de nombre. Véase Griffiths (1992) para una descripción pormenorizada.

cruel realidad fue más evidente en otros periódicos como The Daily News, que tituló el suceso ‘Titanic goes down off Cape Race… Many lives lost’. 6 Una investigación anterior (González 2002) reveló que la prensa nacional británica “de calidad” hace un mayor uso de titulares verbales (Tipo I), mientras que la prensa nacional británica tabloide tiende a un mayor uso de titulares nominales donde dominan frases nominales independientes (Tipo II). Este aspecto parece estar directamente relacionado con el interés manifiesto que muestra la prensa tabloide por suministrar una mayor cantidad de información en el título para estimular así la curiosidad del lector. A este respecto, en el Cuadro 4.2. se detecta un gran número de titulares carentes de elemento verbal en publicaciones “populares” como Daily Mirror, News of the World o The Sun 7 Cada periódico aparece acompañado de su fecha de publicación y, si se da el caso, de su cese. Sin embargo, conviene matizar que dicho cese no implica necesariamente que el periódico desaparezca del mercado ya que hay algunos periódicos que se fusionan con otros ya existentes o simplemente cambian de nombre. Véase Griffiths (1992) para una descripción pormenorizada.

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Allan, S. 2004. News Culture. Maidenhead: Open UP. Bell, A. 1991. The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell. _____ 1999. “The discourse structure of news stories” en A. Bell y P. Garrett, eds. Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 64-104. Bloor, T. y M. Bloor. 1995. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. London: Arnold. _____ 2004. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach (Second Edition). London: Arnold. Burger, H. 1984. Sprache der Massenmedien . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Chafe, W. 2003. “The analysis of discourse flow” en D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen and H. E. Hamilton, eds. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell, 673-687.

Allan, S. 2004. News Culture. Maidenhead: Open UP. Bell, A. 1991. The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell. _____ 1999. “The discourse structure of news stories” en A. Bell y P. Garrett, eds. Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 64-104. Bloor, T. y M. Bloor. 1995. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. London: Arnold. _____ 2004. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach (Second Edition). London: Arnold. Burger, H. 1984. Sprache der Massenmedien . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Chafe, W. 2003. “The analysis of discourse flow” en D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen and H. E. Hamilton, eds. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell, 673-687.


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Dijk, T. A. (van). 1985a. Discourse and Communication. New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. _____ 1985b. “Structures of news in the press” en T. A. van Dijk., ed. Discourse and Communication. New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 69-91. _____ 1985c. Handbook of Discourse Analysis (4 vols). Orlando: Academic Press. _____ 1986. “News schemata” en C. R. Cooper y S. Greenbaum, eds. Studying Writing: Linguistic Approaches. Beverly Hills, California: Sage, 155-185. _____ 1988a. News Analysis. Case Studies of International and National News in the Press. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. _____ 1988b. News as Discourse. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. _____ 2001. “Critical discourse analysis” en D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen y H. E. Hamilton, eds. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 352-371. Dor, D. 2003. “On newspaper headlines as revelance optimisers”. Journal of Pragmatics. 35: 695-721. Eggins, S. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics (Second Edition). London: Continuum. Ghadessy, M. ed. 1999. Text and Context in Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Gómez Guinovart, J. y J. Pérez Guerra. 2000. “A multidimensional corpus-based analysis of English spoken and written-to-be spoken discourse”. Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa. 9.1: 39-70. González Rodríguez, M. J. 2002. “La incidencia de la dimensión contextual en la producción del título periodístico”. Atlantis. 24.1: 129-147. _____ 2003. “Relaciones lógico-semánticas y su forma de expresión en el género noticia”. Atlantis. 25.2: 55-69. _____ 2004. “Proyección en el género noticia: Funciones y uso de los estilos directo e indirecto”. Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada. 42.2: 107-121. Griffiths, D. ed. 1992. The Encyclopedia of the British Press 1422-1992. London: Macmillan Press. Haan, P. 1987. Noun Phrase Complexity and Language Variation. Corpus Linguistics and Beyond. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Dijk, T. A. (van). 1985a. Discourse and Communication. New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. _____ 1985b. “Structures of news in the press” en T. A. van Dijk., ed. Discourse and Communication. New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 69-91. _____ 1985c. Handbook of Discourse Analysis (4 vols). Orlando: Academic Press. _____ 1986. “News schemata” en C. R. Cooper y S. Greenbaum, eds. Studying Writing: Linguistic Approaches. Beverly Hills, California: Sage, 155-185. _____ 1988a. News Analysis. Case Studies of International and National News in the Press. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. _____ 1988b. News as Discourse. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. _____ 2001. “Critical discourse analysis” en D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen y H. E. Hamilton, eds. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 352-371. Dor, D. 2003. “On newspaper headlines as revelance optimisers”. Journal of Pragmatics. 35: 695-721. Eggins, S. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics (Second Edition). London: Continuum. Ghadessy, M. ed. 1999. Text and Context in Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Gómez Guinovart, J. y J. Pérez Guerra. 2000. “A multidimensional corpus-based analysis of English spoken and written-to-be spoken discourse”. Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa. 9.1: 39-70. González Rodríguez, M. J. 2002. “La incidencia de la dimensión contextual en la producción del título periodístico”. Atlantis. 24.1: 129-147. _____ 2003. “Relaciones lógico-semánticas y su forma de expresión en el género noticia”. Atlantis. 25.2: 55-69. _____ 2004. “Proyección en el género noticia: Funciones y uso de los estilos directo e indirecto”. Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada. 42.2: 107-121. Griffiths, D. ed. 1992. The Encyclopedia of the British Press 1422-1992. London: Macmillan Press. Haan, P. 1987. Noun Phrase Complexity and Language Variation. Corpus Linguistics and Beyond. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

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Dijk, T. A. (van). 1985a. Discourse and Communication. New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. _____ 1985b. “Structures of news in the press” en T. A. van Dijk., ed. Discourse and Communication. New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 69-91. _____ 1985c. Handbook of Discourse Analysis (4 vols). Orlando: Academic Press. _____ 1986. “News schemata” en C. R. Cooper y S. Greenbaum, eds. Studying Writing: Linguistic Approaches. Beverly Hills, California: Sage, 155-185. _____ 1988a. News Analysis. Case Studies of International and National News in the Press. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. _____ 1988b. News as Discourse. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. _____ 2001. “Critical discourse analysis” en D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen y H. E. Hamilton, eds. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 352-371. Dor, D. 2003. “On newspaper headlines as revelance optimisers”. Journal of Pragmatics. 35: 695-721. Eggins, S. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics (Second Edition). London: Continuum. Ghadessy, M. ed. 1999. Text and Context in Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Gómez Guinovart, J. y J. Pérez Guerra. 2000. “A multidimensional corpus-based analysis of English spoken and written-to-be spoken discourse”. Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa. 9.1: 39-70. González Rodríguez, M. J. 2002. “La incidencia de la dimensión contextual en la producción del título periodístico”. Atlantis. 24.1: 129-147. _____ 2003. “Relaciones lógico-semánticas y su forma de expresión en el género noticia”. Atlantis. 25.2: 55-69. _____ 2004. “Proyección en el género noticia: Funciones y uso de los estilos directo e indirecto”. Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada. 42.2: 107-121. Griffiths, D. ed. 1992. The Encyclopedia of the British Press 1422-1992. London: Macmillan Press. Haan, P. 1987. Noun Phrase Complexity and Language Variation. Corpus Linguistics and Beyond. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

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Dijk, T. A. (van). 1985a. Discourse and Communication. New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. _____ 1985b. “Structures of news in the press” en T. A. van Dijk., ed. Discourse and Communication. New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 69-91. _____ 1985c. Handbook of Discourse Analysis (4 vols). Orlando: Academic Press. _____ 1986. “News schemata” en C. R. Cooper y S. Greenbaum, eds. Studying Writing: Linguistic Approaches. Beverly Hills, California: Sage, 155-185. _____ 1988a. News Analysis. Case Studies of International and National News in the Press. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. _____ 1988b. News as Discourse. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. _____ 2001. “Critical discourse analysis” en D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen y H. E. Hamilton, eds. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 352-371. Dor, D. 2003. “On newspaper headlines as revelance optimisers”. Journal of Pragmatics. 35: 695-721. Eggins, S. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics (Second Edition). London: Continuum. Ghadessy, M. ed. 1999. Text and Context in Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Gómez Guinovart, J. y J. Pérez Guerra. 2000. “A multidimensional corpus-based analysis of English spoken and written-to-be spoken discourse”. Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa. 9.1: 39-70. González Rodríguez, M. J. 2002. “La incidencia de la dimensión contextual en la producción del título periodístico”. Atlantis. 24.1: 129-147. _____ 2003. “Relaciones lógico-semánticas y su forma de expresión en el género noticia”. Atlantis. 25.2: 55-69. _____ 2004. “Proyección en el género noticia: Funciones y uso de los estilos directo e indirecto”. Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada. 42.2: 107-121. Griffiths, D. ed. 1992. The Encyclopedia of the British Press 1422-1992. London: Macmillan Press. Haan, P. 1987. Noun Phrase Complexity and Language Variation. Corpus Linguistics and Beyond. Amsterdam: Rodopi.


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Halliday, M. A. K. y C. M. I. M. Matthiessen 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (Third Edition). London: Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as a Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Arnold. _____ 1985a. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. _____ 1985b. “Systemic background” en J. D. Benson y W. S. Greaves, eds. Systemic Perspectives on Discourse. Selected Theoretical Papers from the 9th International Systemic Workshop. Volume I. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1-15. _____ 1989a. “Context of situation” en M. A. K. Halliday y R. Hasan, eds. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a SocialSemiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3-14. _____ 1989b. “Functions of language” en M. A. K. Halliday y R. Hasan, eds. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a SocialSemiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 15-28. _____ 1989c. “Register variation” en M. A. K. Halliday y R. Hasan, eds. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in SocialSemiotic Perspective Oxford: Oxford University Press, 29-43. Jucker, A. H. 1992. Social Stylistics. Syntactic Variation in British Newspapers. Berlin and NewYork: Mouton de Gruyter. Kniffka, H. 1980. Soziolinguistik und Empirische Textanalyse: Schalagzeilen -und Leadformulierung in Amerikanischen Tageszeitungen. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. Kress, G. y T. van Leeuwen. 1999. “Front pages: (The critical) analysis of newspaper layout” en A. Bell y P. Garrett, eds. Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 186-219. López Maestre, M. D. 1997a. “Complexity in the headlines of The Times (1970-1990)” en S. Fernández-Corugedo, ed. Some Sundry Wits Gathered Together. Coruña: Servicio de Publicación Universidade da Coruña, 107-115. _____ 1997b. “Is there any stylistic variation within the headlines of a single newspaper?: A study of the intranewspaper variation of the grammar of the headlines in six sections of The Times (19701990)”. Estudios de Lingüística Aplicada y Literatura: Homenaje póstumo al profesor Juan Conesa Sánchez. Murcia: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 155-166. _____ 1998. “Noun phrase complexity as a style marker: An exercise in stylistic analysis”. Atlantis. XX.2: 91-105. _____ 1999. “Interrelación de factores sociales y estructura gramatical

Halliday, M. A. K. y C. M. I. M. Matthiessen 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (Third Edition). London: Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as a Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Arnold. _____ 1985a. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. _____ 1985b. “Systemic background” en J. D. Benson y W. S. Greaves, eds. Systemic Perspectives on Discourse. Selected Theoretical Papers from the 9th International Systemic Workshop. Volume I. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1-15. _____ 1989a. “Context of situation” en M. A. K. Halliday y R. Hasan, eds. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a SocialSemiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3-14. _____ 1989b. “Functions of language” en M. A. K. Halliday y R. Hasan, eds. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a SocialSemiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 15-28. _____ 1989c. “Register variation” en M. A. K. Halliday y R. Hasan, eds. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in SocialSemiotic Perspective Oxford: Oxford University Press, 29-43. Jucker, A. H. 1992. Social Stylistics. Syntactic Variation in British Newspapers. Berlin and NewYork: Mouton de Gruyter. Kniffka, H. 1980. Soziolinguistik und Empirische Textanalyse: Schalagzeilen -und Leadformulierung in Amerikanischen Tageszeitungen. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. Kress, G. y T. van Leeuwen. 1999. “Front pages: (The critical) analysis of newspaper layout” en A. Bell y P. Garrett, eds. Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 186-219. López Maestre, M. D. 1997a. “Complexity in the headlines of The Times (1970-1990)” en S. Fernández-Corugedo, ed. Some Sundry Wits Gathered Together. Coruña: Servicio de Publicación Universidade da Coruña, 107-115. _____ 1997b. “Is there any stylistic variation within the headlines of a single newspaper?: A study of the intranewspaper variation of the grammar of the headlines in six sections of The Times (19701990)”. Estudios de Lingüística Aplicada y Literatura: Homenaje póstumo al profesor Juan Conesa Sánchez. Murcia: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 155-166. _____ 1998. “Noun phrase complexity as a style marker: An exercise in stylistic analysis”. Atlantis. XX.2: 91-105. _____ 1999. “Interrelación de factores sociales y estructura gramatical

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Halliday, M. A. K. y C. M. I. M. Matthiessen 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (Third Edition). London: Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as a Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Arnold. _____ 1985a. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. _____ 1985b. “Systemic background” en J. D. Benson y W. S. Greaves, eds. Systemic Perspectives on Discourse. Selected Theoretical Papers from the 9th International Systemic Workshop. Volume I. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1-15. _____ 1989a. “Context of situation” en M. A. K. Halliday y R. Hasan, eds. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a SocialSemiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3-14. _____ 1989b. “Functions of language” en M. A. K. Halliday y R. Hasan, eds. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a SocialSemiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 15-28. _____ 1989c. “Register variation” en M. A. K. Halliday y R. Hasan, eds. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in SocialSemiotic Perspective Oxford: Oxford University Press, 29-43. Jucker, A. H. 1992. Social Stylistics. Syntactic Variation in British Newspapers. Berlin and NewYork: Mouton de Gruyter. Kniffka, H. 1980. Soziolinguistik und Empirische Textanalyse: Schalagzeilen -und Leadformulierung in Amerikanischen Tageszeitungen. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. Kress, G. y T. van Leeuwen. 1999. “Front pages: (The critical) analysis of newspaper layout” en A. Bell y P. Garrett, eds. Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 186-219. López Maestre, M. D. 1997a. “Complexity in the headlines of The Times (1970-1990)” en S. Fernández-Corugedo, ed. Some Sundry Wits Gathered Together. Coruña: Servicio de Publicación Universidade da Coruña, 107-115. _____ 1997b. “Is there any stylistic variation within the headlines of a single newspaper?: A study of the intranewspaper variation of the grammar of the headlines in six sections of The Times (19701990)”. Estudios de Lingüística Aplicada y Literatura: Homenaje póstumo al profesor Juan Conesa Sánchez. Murcia: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 155-166. _____ 1998. “Noun phrase complexity as a style marker: An exercise in stylistic analysis”. Atlantis. XX.2: 91-105. _____ 1999. “Interrelación de factores sociales y estructura gramatical

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Halliday, M. A. K. y C. M. I. M. Matthiessen 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (Third Edition). London: Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as a Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Arnold. _____ 1985a. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. _____ 1985b. “Systemic background” en J. D. Benson y W. S. Greaves, eds. Systemic Perspectives on Discourse. Selected Theoretical Papers from the 9th International Systemic Workshop. Volume I. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1-15. _____ 1989a. “Context of situation” en M. A. K. Halliday y R. Hasan, eds. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a SocialSemiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3-14. _____ 1989b. “Functions of language” en M. A. K. Halliday y R. Hasan, eds. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a SocialSemiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 15-28. _____ 1989c. “Register variation” en M. A. K. Halliday y R. Hasan, eds. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in SocialSemiotic Perspective Oxford: Oxford University Press, 29-43. Jucker, A. H. 1992. Social Stylistics. Syntactic Variation in British Newspapers. Berlin and NewYork: Mouton de Gruyter. Kniffka, H. 1980. Soziolinguistik und Empirische Textanalyse: Schalagzeilen -und Leadformulierung in Amerikanischen Tageszeitungen. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. Kress, G. y T. van Leeuwen. 1999. “Front pages: (The critical) analysis of newspaper layout” en A. Bell y P. Garrett, eds. Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 186-219. López Maestre, M. D. 1997a. “Complexity in the headlines of The Times (1970-1990)” en S. Fernández-Corugedo, ed. Some Sundry Wits Gathered Together. Coruña: Servicio de Publicación Universidade da Coruña, 107-115. _____ 1997b. “Is there any stylistic variation within the headlines of a single newspaper?: A study of the intranewspaper variation of the grammar of the headlines in six sections of The Times (19701990)”. Estudios de Lingüística Aplicada y Literatura: Homenaje póstumo al profesor Juan Conesa Sánchez. Murcia: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 155-166. _____ 1998. “Noun phrase complexity as a style marker: An exercise in stylistic analysis”. Atlantis. XX.2: 91-105. _____ 1999. “Interrelación de factores sociales y estructura gramatical


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en una variedad de lenguaje: Un estudio de estilística”. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses. 39: 251-274. Mardh, I. 1980. Headlines on the Grammar of English Front Page Headlines. CWK Gleerup Lund Studies in English. Martin, J. R. y D. S. Rose. 2003. Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause. London: Continuum. Short, M. 1988. “Speech presentation, the novel and the press” en W. van Peer, ed. The Taming of the Text: Explorations in Language, Literature and Culture. London: Routledge, 61-81. Simon- Vanderbergen, A. M. 1981. The Grammar of Headlines in The Times 1870-1970. Brussels: Paleis der academiën-hertogsstraat I. Sperber, D. y D. Wilson. 1995. Relevance. Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell. Thompson, R. G. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. _____ 2004. Introducing Functional Grammar (Second Edition). London: Arnold. White, P. R. R. 1997. “Death, disruption and the moral order: The narrative impulse in mass media ‘hard news’ reporting” en C. F. y J. R. Martin, eds. Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School. London: Cassell, 100-133.

en una variedad de lenguaje: Un estudio de estilística”. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses. 39: 251-274. Mardh, I. 1980. Headlines on the Grammar of English Front Page Headlines. CWK Gleerup Lund Studies in English. Martin, J. R. y D. S. Rose. 2003. Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause. London: Continuum. Short, M. 1988. “Speech presentation, the novel and the press” en W. van Peer, ed. The Taming of the Text: Explorations in Language, Literature and Culture. London: Routledge, 61-81. Simon- Vanderbergen, A. M. 1981. The Grammar of Headlines in The Times 1870-1970. Brussels: Paleis der academiën-hertogsstraat I. Sperber, D. y D. Wilson. 1995. Relevance. Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell. Thompson, R. G. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. _____ 2004. Introducing Functional Grammar (Second Edition). London: Arnold. White, P. R. R. 1997. “Death, disruption and the moral order: The narrative impulse in mass media ‘hard news’ reporting” en C. F. y J. R. Martin, eds. Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School. London: Cassell, 100-133.

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en una variedad de lenguaje: Un estudio de estilística”. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses. 39: 251-274. Mardh, I. 1980. Headlines on the Grammar of English Front Page Headlines. CWK Gleerup Lund Studies in English. Martin, J. R. y D. S. Rose. 2003. Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause. London: Continuum. Short, M. 1988. “Speech presentation, the novel and the press” en W. van Peer, ed. The Taming of the Text: Explorations in Language, Literature and Culture. London: Routledge, 61-81. Simon- Vanderbergen, A. M. 1981. The Grammar of Headlines in The Times 1870-1970. Brussels: Paleis der academiën-hertogsstraat I. Sperber, D. y D. Wilson. 1995. Relevance. Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell. Thompson, R. G. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. _____ 2004. Introducing Functional Grammar (Second Edition). London: Arnold. White, P. R. R. 1997. “Death, disruption and the moral order: The narrative impulse in mass media ‘hard news’ reporting” en C. F. y J. R. Martin, eds. Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School. London: Cassell, 100-133.

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en una variedad de lenguaje: Un estudio de estilística”. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses. 39: 251-274. Mardh, I. 1980. Headlines on the Grammar of English Front Page Headlines. CWK Gleerup Lund Studies in English. Martin, J. R. y D. S. Rose. 2003. Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause. London: Continuum. Short, M. 1988. “Speech presentation, the novel and the press” en W. van Peer, ed. The Taming of the Text: Explorations in Language, Literature and Culture. London: Routledge, 61-81. Simon- Vanderbergen, A. M. 1981. The Grammar of Headlines in The Times 1870-1970. Brussels: Paleis der academiën-hertogsstraat I. Sperber, D. y D. Wilson. 1995. Relevance. Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell. Thompson, R. G. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. _____ 2004. Introducing Functional Grammar (Second Edition). London: Arnold. White, P. R. R. 1997. “Death, disruption and the moral order: The narrative impulse in mass media ‘hard news’ reporting” en C. F. y J. R. Martin, eds. Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School. London: Cassell, 100-133.


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APÉNDICE

APÉNDICE

Portada de la exposición celebrada en The British Library (mayooctubre 2006) conmemorando 100 años de la prensa británica

Portada de la exposición celebrada en The British Library (mayooctubre 2006) conmemorando 100 años de la prensa británica

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María José González Rodríguez Producción e interpretación de los titulares en prensa: ...

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APÉNDICE

Portada de la exposición celebrada en The British Library (mayooctubre 2006) conmemorando 100 años de la prensa británica

Portada de la exposición celebrada en The British Library (mayooctubre 2006) conmemorando 100 años de la prensa británica


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Irene López Rodríguez Are Women Really Sweet? An Analysis of the Woman as Dessert...

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Irene López Rodríguez Are Women Really Sweet? An Analysis of the Woman as Dessert...

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ARE WOMEN REALLY SWEET? AN ANALYSIS OF THE WOMAN AS DESSERT METAPHOR IN THE ENGLISH AND SPANISH WRITTEN PRESS* Irene López Rodríguez Universidad de Extremadura irelopezrodriguez@hotmail.com

ARE WOMEN REALLY SWEET? AN ANALYSIS OF THE WOMAN AS DESSERT METAPHOR IN THE ENGLISH AND SPANISH WRITTEN PRESS* Irene López Rodríguez Universidad de Extremadura irelopezrodriguez@hotmail.com

One of the most frequent metaphors used by the written media in both English and Spanish is the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor. Flicking through the pages of magazines and newspapers, one encounters a host of linguistic metaphors portraying women in the guise of honey, pie, cake, tart, bombón, pastel or bizcocho. Although at first sight these metaphors may be taken as compliments, an analysis of the assumptions that inform the use of such linguistic products reveals that, more often than not, these metaphors present women as objects of sexual desire.

One of the most frequent metaphors used by the written media in both English and Spanish is the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor. Flicking through the pages of magazines and newspapers, one encounters a host of linguistic metaphors portraying women in the guise of honey, pie, cake, tart, bombón, pastel or bizcocho. Although at first sight these metaphors may be taken as compliments, an analysis of the assumptions that inform the use of such linguistic products reveals that, more often than not, these metaphors present women as objects of sexual desire.

Key words: metaphor, desserts, women, sexual desire, written media, English and Spanish.

Key words: metaphor, desserts, women, sexual desire, written media, English and Spanish.

Una de las metáforas más comunes utilizadas por la prensa escrita tanto en inglés como en español es la metáfora LA MUJER COMO POSTRE. Ojeando las páginas de periódicos y revistas, es frecuente encontrar un buen número de metáforas que presentan a la mujer como honey, pie, cake, tart, bombón, pastel o bizcocho. Aunque a primera vista dichos términos pueden parecer halagos, el análisis de las motivaciones que subyacen bajo estas metáforas revela que muy a menudo presentan a la mujer como objeto de deseo sexual.

Una de las metáforas más comunes utilizadas por la prensa escrita tanto en inglés como en español es la metáfora LA MUJER COMO POSTRE. Ojeando las páginas de periódicos y revistas, es frecuente encontrar un buen número de metáforas que presentan a la mujer como honey, pie, cake, tart, bombón, pastel o bizcocho. Aunque a primera vista dichos términos pueden parecer halagos, el análisis de las motivaciones que subyacen bajo estas metáforas revela que muy a menudo presentan a la mujer como objeto de deseo sexual.

Palabras clave: metáfora, postres, mujeres, deseo sexual, prensa escrita, inglés y español.

Palabras clave: metáfora, postres, mujeres, deseo sexual, prensa escrita, inglés y español.

* Fecha de recepción: septiembre 2007

Irene López Rodríguez Are Women Really Sweet? An Analysis of the Woman as Dessert...

179

* Fecha de recepción: septiembre 2007

Irene López Rodríguez Are Women Really Sweet? An Analysis of the Woman as Dessert...

179

ARE WOMEN REALLY SWEET? AN ANALYSIS OF THE WOMAN AS DESSERT METAPHOR IN THE ENGLISH AND SPANISH WRITTEN PRESS* Irene López Rodríguez Universidad de Extremadura irelopezrodriguez@hotmail.com

ARE WOMEN REALLY SWEET? AN ANALYSIS OF THE WOMAN AS DESSERT METAPHOR IN THE ENGLISH AND SPANISH WRITTEN PRESS* Irene López Rodríguez Universidad de Extremadura irelopezrodriguez@hotmail.com

One of the most frequent metaphors used by the written media in both English and Spanish is the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor. Flicking through the pages of magazines and newspapers, one encounters a host of linguistic metaphors portraying women in the guise of honey, pie, cake, tart, bombón, pastel or bizcocho. Although at first sight these metaphors may be taken as compliments, an analysis of the assumptions that inform the use of such linguistic products reveals that, more often than not, these metaphors present women as objects of sexual desire.

One of the most frequent metaphors used by the written media in both English and Spanish is the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor. Flicking through the pages of magazines and newspapers, one encounters a host of linguistic metaphors portraying women in the guise of honey, pie, cake, tart, bombón, pastel or bizcocho. Although at first sight these metaphors may be taken as compliments, an analysis of the assumptions that inform the use of such linguistic products reveals that, more often than not, these metaphors present women as objects of sexual desire.

Key words: metaphor, desserts, women, sexual desire, written media, English and Spanish.

Key words: metaphor, desserts, women, sexual desire, written media, English and Spanish.

Una de las metáforas más comunes utilizadas por la prensa escrita tanto en inglés como en español es la metáfora LA MUJER COMO POSTRE. Ojeando las páginas de periódicos y revistas, es frecuente encontrar un buen número de metáforas que presentan a la mujer como honey, pie, cake, tart, bombón, pastel o bizcocho. Aunque a primera vista dichos términos pueden parecer halagos, el análisis de las motivaciones que subyacen bajo estas metáforas revela que muy a menudo presentan a la mujer como objeto de deseo sexual.

Una de las metáforas más comunes utilizadas por la prensa escrita tanto en inglés como en español es la metáfora LA MUJER COMO POSTRE. Ojeando las páginas de periódicos y revistas, es frecuente encontrar un buen número de metáforas que presentan a la mujer como honey, pie, cake, tart, bombón, pastel o bizcocho. Aunque a primera vista dichos términos pueden parecer halagos, el análisis de las motivaciones que subyacen bajo estas metáforas revela que muy a menudo presentan a la mujer como objeto de deseo sexual.

Palabras clave: metáfora, postres, mujeres, deseo sexual, prensa escrita, inglés y español.

Palabras clave: metáfora, postres, mujeres, deseo sexual, prensa escrita, inglés y español.

* Fecha de recepción: septiembre 2007

* Fecha de recepción: septiembre 2007


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1. INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION

The representation of women in the written media has received a great deal of attention and critics have analyzed several strategies used for the acculturation of women in the press. Cartoons portraying women as chatterboxes (Talbot, 2003), transitivity choices that endow women with the role of subservience (Vetterling-Braggin, 1981; Calvo, 1998), color associations that simply reinforce the stereotypical vision of the sexes (Calvo, 1998), discourse strategies that hinder women’s participation in the text (Talbot, 1995) and metaphorical identifications that convey sexist beliefs about the role of women (Baker, 1981; Mills, 1995) are part and parcel of both the English and Spanish press.

The representation of women in the written media has received a great deal of attention and critics have analyzed several strategies used for the acculturation of women in the press. Cartoons portraying women as chatterboxes (Talbot, 2003), transitivity choices that endow women with the role of subservience (Vetterling-Braggin, 1981; Calvo, 1998), color associations that simply reinforce the stereotypical vision of the sexes (Calvo, 1998), discourse strategies that hinder women’s participation in the text (Talbot, 1995) and metaphorical identifications that convey sexist beliefs about the role of women (Baker, 1981; Mills, 1995) are part and parcel of both the English and Spanish press.

One of the most frequent metaphors used by the written media in English and Spanish equates women with edible substances. The WOMAN AS FOOD metaphor presents women in the guise of meat products (rib, jamona), seafood (fish, gamba), fruits and vegetables (peach, melocotoncito) and sweets (candy, bombón). This paper looks at a particular metaphorical instantiation within the WOMAN AS FOOD metaphor, namely, the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor (Hines, 1999). Flicking through the pages of magazines and newspapers in English and Spanish, one finds a host of repeated linguistic metaphors portraying women as tarts, cookies, candy, bombones, pastelitos and bizcochitos. Despite the fact that at first sight these terms may be taken as compliments, as the following pages will try to show, these linguistic metaphors, more often than not, present women as objects of sexual desire.

One of the most frequent metaphors used by the written media in English and Spanish equates women with edible substances. The WOMAN AS FOOD metaphor presents women in the guise of meat products (rib, jamona), seafood (fish, gamba), fruits and vegetables (peach, melocotoncito) and sweets (candy, bombón). This paper looks at a particular metaphorical instantiation within the WOMAN AS FOOD metaphor, namely, the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor (Hines, 1999). Flicking through the pages of magazines and newspapers in English and Spanish, one finds a host of repeated linguistic metaphors portraying women as tarts, cookies, candy, bombones, pastelitos and bizcochitos. Despite the fact that at first sight these terms may be taken as compliments, as the following pages will try to show, these linguistic metaphors, more often than not, present women as objects of sexual desire.

This paper examines a corpus of linguistic metaphors extracted from popular publications in English and Spanish in which women are linguistically presented in the guise of sweets. The first section offers a general overview about the biological, historical, anthropological and religious grounds which might have motivated the associations between women with food. The second part carries out a crosslinguistic study by analyzing a repetoire of linguistic metaphors falling within the scope of the WOMEN ARE DESSERTS metaphor in English and Spanish. This is finally followed by a conclusion which recapitulates the main ideas reached in this study.

This paper examines a corpus of linguistic metaphors extracted from popular publications in English and Spanish in which women are linguistically presented in the guise of sweets. The first section offers a general overview about the biological, historical, anthropological and religious grounds which might have motivated the associations between women with food. The second part carries out a crosslinguistic study by analyzing a repetoire of linguistic metaphors falling within the scope of the WOMEN ARE DESSERTS metaphor in English and Spanish. This is finally followed by a conclusion which recapitulates the main ideas reached in this study.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION

The representation of women in the written media has received a great deal of attention and critics have analyzed several strategies used for the acculturation of women in the press. Cartoons portraying women as chatterboxes (Talbot, 2003), transitivity choices that endow women with the role of subservience (Vetterling-Braggin, 1981; Calvo, 1998), color associations that simply reinforce the stereotypical vision of the sexes (Calvo, 1998), discourse strategies that hinder women’s participation in the text (Talbot, 1995) and metaphorical identifications that convey sexist beliefs about the role of women (Baker, 1981; Mills, 1995) are part and parcel of both the English and Spanish press.

The representation of women in the written media has received a great deal of attention and critics have analyzed several strategies used for the acculturation of women in the press. Cartoons portraying women as chatterboxes (Talbot, 2003), transitivity choices that endow women with the role of subservience (Vetterling-Braggin, 1981; Calvo, 1998), color associations that simply reinforce the stereotypical vision of the sexes (Calvo, 1998), discourse strategies that hinder women’s participation in the text (Talbot, 1995) and metaphorical identifications that convey sexist beliefs about the role of women (Baker, 1981; Mills, 1995) are part and parcel of both the English and Spanish press.

One of the most frequent metaphors used by the written media in English and Spanish equates women with edible substances. The WOMAN AS FOOD metaphor presents women in the guise of meat products (rib, jamona), seafood (fish, gamba), fruits and vegetables (peach, melocotoncito) and sweets (candy, bombón). This paper looks at a particular metaphorical instantiation within the WOMAN AS FOOD metaphor, namely, the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor (Hines, 1999). Flicking through the pages of magazines and newspapers in English and Spanish, one finds a host of repeated linguistic metaphors portraying women as tarts, cookies, candy, bombones, pastelitos and bizcochitos. Despite the fact that at first sight these terms may be taken as compliments, as the following pages will try to show, these linguistic metaphors, more often than not, present women as objects of sexual desire.

One of the most frequent metaphors used by the written media in English and Spanish equates women with edible substances. The WOMAN AS FOOD metaphor presents women in the guise of meat products (rib, jamona), seafood (fish, gamba), fruits and vegetables (peach, melocotoncito) and sweets (candy, bombón). This paper looks at a particular metaphorical instantiation within the WOMAN AS FOOD metaphor, namely, the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor (Hines, 1999). Flicking through the pages of magazines and newspapers in English and Spanish, one finds a host of repeated linguistic metaphors portraying women as tarts, cookies, candy, bombones, pastelitos and bizcochitos. Despite the fact that at first sight these terms may be taken as compliments, as the following pages will try to show, these linguistic metaphors, more often than not, present women as objects of sexual desire.

This paper examines a corpus of linguistic metaphors extracted from popular publications in English and Spanish in which women are linguistically presented in the guise of sweets. The first section offers a general overview about the biological, historical, anthropological and religious grounds which might have motivated the associations between women with food. The second part carries out a crosslinguistic study by analyzing a repetoire of linguistic metaphors falling within the scope of the WOMEN ARE DESSERTS metaphor in English and Spanish. This is finally followed by a conclusion which recapitulates the main ideas reached in this study.

This paper examines a corpus of linguistic metaphors extracted from popular publications in English and Spanish in which women are linguistically presented in the guise of sweets. The first section offers a general overview about the biological, historical, anthropological and religious grounds which might have motivated the associations between women with food. The second part carries out a crosslinguistic study by analyzing a repetoire of linguistic metaphors falling within the scope of the WOMEN ARE DESSERTS metaphor in English and Spanish. This is finally followed by a conclusion which recapitulates the main ideas reached in this study.


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2. WOMEN AS FOOD

2. WOMEN AS FOOD

The associations of women and food can be traced back almost to the dawn of times (see Charles & Kerr, 1988; Curting & Heldke, 1992). Biological functions such as breastfeeding, traditional views confining women to the domestic sphere and folk beliefs of the type The way to a man’s heart is through his stomach, A woman’s place is barefoot, pregnant, and in the kitchen, Busca mujer que sepa guisar y coser or La mujer y la sartén en la cocina bien estén seem to support this view (Wilkinson, 2002). Hence, it is not surprising to find in both English and Spanish a great many linguistic expressions establishing such a connection: she is a prime rib, la chica está como un queso, that girl is a bit of a jam or es la típica chica gamba are just a few illustrations of metaphorical usages of food applied to women.

The associations of women and food can be traced back almost to the dawn of times (see Charles & Kerr, 1988; Curting & Heldke, 1992). Biological functions such as breastfeeding, traditional views confining women to the domestic sphere and folk beliefs of the type The way to a man’s heart is through his stomach, A woman’s place is barefoot, pregnant, and in the kitchen, Busca mujer que sepa guisar y coser or La mujer y la sartén en la cocina bien estén seem to support this view (Wilkinson, 2002). Hence, it is not surprising to find in both English and Spanish a great many linguistic expressions establishing such a connection: she is a prime rib, la chica está como un queso, that girl is a bit of a jam or es la típica chica gamba are just a few illustrations of metaphorical usages of food applied to women.

In addition to the nurturing role biologically and historically assigned to women, the representation of the desired person in general as food metaphor may also have anthropological and cultural roots (Harris, 1985; Adams, 1990). In fact, the practice of cannibalism has been (and still is) a common ritual among certain tribes. It is not uncommon for some cultures to eat close family members and sexual partners out of love and respect and enemies in the hope of obtaining their strength, wisdom and power. The folklore tradition is also rife with myths and legends of people eating their rivals and beloved ones, and even some religions have a symbolic practice of cannibalism as part of their liturgy, a clear example being the Catholic dogma, where bread and wine are transubstantiated into the real flesh and blood of Jesus, which are then distributed (i.e. drunk and eaten) by the faithful.

In addition to the nurturing role biologically and historically assigned to women, the representation of the desired person in general as food metaphor may also have anthropological and cultural roots (Harris, 1985; Adams, 1990). In fact, the practice of cannibalism has been (and still is) a common ritual among certain tribes. It is not uncommon for some cultures to eat close family members and sexual partners out of love and respect and enemies in the hope of obtaining their strength, wisdom and power. The folklore tradition is also rife with myths and legends of people eating their rivals and beloved ones, and even some religions have a symbolic practice of cannibalism as part of their liturgy, a clear example being the Catholic dogma, where bread and wine are transubstantiated into the real flesh and blood of Jesus, which are then distributed (i.e. drunk and eaten) by the faithful.

This correlation between eating and human desire (be it wisdom, power, love or sex) seems to vertebrate the generic metaphor DESIRE IS HUNGER (Lakoff, 1987; Kövecses, 2002; Gibbs et al., 2004) by means of which desire is understood as hunger for food and, consequently, the object of desire is represented as food. Speakers of both English and Spanish frequently structure their experiences of desire in terms of hunger. So, for instance, desire for revenge is understood as thirst for revenge/sed de venganza, for wealth as hunger for wealth/hambre de riqueza, for knowledge as thirst for knowledge/sed de conocimiento or for sex as drool over someone/babear por alguien.

This correlation between eating and human desire (be it wisdom, power, love or sex) seems to vertebrate the generic metaphor DESIRE IS HUNGER (Lakoff, 1987; Kövecses, 2002; Gibbs et al., 2004) by means of which desire is understood as hunger for food and, consequently, the object of desire is represented as food. Speakers of both English and Spanish frequently structure their experiences of desire in terms of hunger. So, for instance, desire for revenge is understood as thirst for revenge/sed de venganza, for wealth as hunger for wealth/hambre de riqueza, for knowledge as thirst for knowledge/sed de conocimiento or for sex as drool over someone/babear por alguien.

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2. WOMEN AS FOOD

2. WOMEN AS FOOD

The associations of women and food can be traced back almost to the dawn of times (see Charles & Kerr, 1988; Curting & Heldke, 1992). Biological functions such as breastfeeding, traditional views confining women to the domestic sphere and folk beliefs of the type The way to a man’s heart is through his stomach, A woman’s place is barefoot, pregnant, and in the kitchen, Busca mujer que sepa guisar y coser or La mujer y la sartén en la cocina bien estén seem to support this view (Wilkinson, 2002). Hence, it is not surprising to find in both English and Spanish a great many linguistic expressions establishing such a connection: she is a prime rib, la chica está como un queso, that girl is a bit of a jam or es la típica chica gamba are just a few illustrations of metaphorical usages of food applied to women.

The associations of women and food can be traced back almost to the dawn of times (see Charles & Kerr, 1988; Curting & Heldke, 1992). Biological functions such as breastfeeding, traditional views confining women to the domestic sphere and folk beliefs of the type The way to a man’s heart is through his stomach, A woman’s place is barefoot, pregnant, and in the kitchen, Busca mujer que sepa guisar y coser or La mujer y la sartén en la cocina bien estén seem to support this view (Wilkinson, 2002). Hence, it is not surprising to find in both English and Spanish a great many linguistic expressions establishing such a connection: she is a prime rib, la chica está como un queso, that girl is a bit of a jam or es la típica chica gamba are just a few illustrations of metaphorical usages of food applied to women.

In addition to the nurturing role biologically and historically assigned to women, the representation of the desired person in general as food metaphor may also have anthropological and cultural roots (Harris, 1985; Adams, 1990). In fact, the practice of cannibalism has been (and still is) a common ritual among certain tribes. It is not uncommon for some cultures to eat close family members and sexual partners out of love and respect and enemies in the hope of obtaining their strength, wisdom and power. The folklore tradition is also rife with myths and legends of people eating their rivals and beloved ones, and even some religions have a symbolic practice of cannibalism as part of their liturgy, a clear example being the Catholic dogma, where bread and wine are transubstantiated into the real flesh and blood of Jesus, which are then distributed (i.e. drunk and eaten) by the faithful.

In addition to the nurturing role biologically and historically assigned to women, the representation of the desired person in general as food metaphor may also have anthropological and cultural roots (Harris, 1985; Adams, 1990). In fact, the practice of cannibalism has been (and still is) a common ritual among certain tribes. It is not uncommon for some cultures to eat close family members and sexual partners out of love and respect and enemies in the hope of obtaining their strength, wisdom and power. The folklore tradition is also rife with myths and legends of people eating their rivals and beloved ones, and even some religions have a symbolic practice of cannibalism as part of their liturgy, a clear example being the Catholic dogma, where bread and wine are transubstantiated into the real flesh and blood of Jesus, which are then distributed (i.e. drunk and eaten) by the faithful.

This correlation between eating and human desire (be it wisdom, power, love or sex) seems to vertebrate the generic metaphor DESIRE IS HUNGER (Lakoff, 1987; Kövecses, 2002; Gibbs et al., 2004) by means of which desire is understood as hunger for food and, consequently, the object of desire is represented as food. Speakers of both English and Spanish frequently structure their experiences of desire in terms of hunger. So, for instance, desire for revenge is understood as thirst for revenge/sed de venganza, for wealth as hunger for wealth/hambre de riqueza, for knowledge as thirst for knowledge/sed de conocimiento or for sex as drool over someone/babear por alguien.

This correlation between eating and human desire (be it wisdom, power, love or sex) seems to vertebrate the generic metaphor DESIRE IS HUNGER (Lakoff, 1987; Kövecses, 2002; Gibbs et al., 2004) by means of which desire is understood as hunger for food and, consequently, the object of desire is represented as food. Speakers of both English and Spanish frequently structure their experiences of desire in terms of hunger. So, for instance, desire for revenge is understood as thirst for revenge/sed de venganza, for wealth as hunger for wealth/hambre de riqueza, for knowledge as thirst for knowledge/sed de conocimiento or for sex as drool over someone/babear por alguien.


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Indeed, it appears that feeling hungry and eating are commonly used to express sexual desire, sexual satisfaction and to evaluate the potential of a sexual partner in many languages (Emanatian, 1995; Gibbs et al., 2004; Baider & Gesuato, 2005). This is true for English and Spanish where speakers often resort to the food domain to talk about the sexual desirability of a woman. Virtually all foodstuffs become sources for the representation of women. For example, meat products give way to rib and jamona to refer to a man’s partner or wife and to a curvy woman, respectively, the former being based on the biblical story of the Genesis and the latter on the shape of a ham. Seafood has generated fish to denote an ugly woman, probably because of the associations between the bad smell of the animal and the female genitalia, and gamba to refer to a woman who has an attractive body but whose face is ugly on the grounds that the head of a prawn tends to be removed to eat the body. Fruits and vegetables produce peach and melocotoncito for beautiful young women probably because fruits, like vegetables, easily get ripe. Finally, from the domain of desserts pie and bombón are applied to attractive women, maybe due to the connotations of sweetness (Partridge, 1970b; Carbonell, 1997).

Indeed, it appears that feeling hungry and eating are commonly used to express sexual desire, sexual satisfaction and to evaluate the potential of a sexual partner in many languages (Emanatian, 1995; Gibbs et al., 2004; Baider & Gesuato, 2005). This is true for English and Spanish where speakers often resort to the food domain to talk about the sexual desirability of a woman. Virtually all foodstuffs become sources for the representation of women. For example, meat products give way to rib and jamona to refer to a man’s partner or wife and to a curvy woman, respectively, the former being based on the biblical story of the Genesis and the latter on the shape of a ham. Seafood has generated fish to denote an ugly woman, probably because of the associations between the bad smell of the animal and the female genitalia, and gamba to refer to a woman who has an attractive body but whose face is ugly on the grounds that the head of a prawn tends to be removed to eat the body. Fruits and vegetables produce peach and melocotoncito for beautiful young women probably because fruits, like vegetables, easily get ripe. Finally, from the domain of desserts pie and bombón are applied to attractive women, maybe due to the connotations of sweetness (Partridge, 1970b; Carbonell, 1997).

However, although practically all edible substances are used in the conceptualization of women, the sweet group is perhaps the most prolific one (Hughes, 1991; Hines, 1999; Chamizo & Sánchez, 2000). In fact, on very few occasions are women portrayed as heavier or more consistent foods, as are fish and meat. So a woman can be called sweetie pie, candy or cookie, but more substantive and heavier foods tend to be reserved for men (Adams, 1990). For example, in English, attractive women have long been known as cheesecake. Yet, when it is the man the attractive one the cake remains in the identification but a more nutritious and consistent ingredient is chosen: beefcake (Nilsen, 1994). Something similar applies to Spanish, where sweet products are more commonly used for women than for men (Moore, 1996). Thus, although in theory the figurative use of most sweets is ambisexual in application, it would sound strange to call a man bizcochito or pastelito (Noble & Lacasa, 1992).

However, although practically all edible substances are used in the conceptualization of women, the sweet group is perhaps the most prolific one (Hughes, 1991; Hines, 1999; Chamizo & Sánchez, 2000). In fact, on very few occasions are women portrayed as heavier or more consistent foods, as are fish and meat. So a woman can be called sweetie pie, candy or cookie, but more substantive and heavier foods tend to be reserved for men (Adams, 1990). For example, in English, attractive women have long been known as cheesecake. Yet, when it is the man the attractive one the cake remains in the identification but a more nutritious and consistent ingredient is chosen: beefcake (Nilsen, 1994). Something similar applies to Spanish, where sweet products are more commonly used for women than for men (Moore, 1996). Thus, although in theory the figurative use of most sweets is ambisexual in application, it would sound strange to call a man bizcochito or pastelito (Noble & Lacasa, 1992).

Hence, within the field of foodstuffs, the choice of food selected may also have important implications for the metaphorical identification of women with desserts. Certainly, the connotations of

Hence, within the field of foodstuffs, the choice of food selected may also have important implications for the metaphorical identification of women with desserts. Certainly, the connotations of

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Indeed, it appears that feeling hungry and eating are commonly used to express sexual desire, sexual satisfaction and to evaluate the potential of a sexual partner in many languages (Emanatian, 1995; Gibbs et al., 2004; Baider & Gesuato, 2005). This is true for English and Spanish where speakers often resort to the food domain to talk about the sexual desirability of a woman. Virtually all foodstuffs become sources for the representation of women. For example, meat products give way to rib and jamona to refer to a man’s partner or wife and to a curvy woman, respectively, the former being based on the biblical story of the Genesis and the latter on the shape of a ham. Seafood has generated fish to denote an ugly woman, probably because of the associations between the bad smell of the animal and the female genitalia, and gamba to refer to a woman who has an attractive body but whose face is ugly on the grounds that the head of a prawn tends to be removed to eat the body. Fruits and vegetables produce peach and melocotoncito for beautiful young women probably because fruits, like vegetables, easily get ripe. Finally, from the domain of desserts pie and bombón are applied to attractive women, maybe due to the connotations of sweetness (Partridge, 1970b; Carbonell, 1997).

Indeed, it appears that feeling hungry and eating are commonly used to express sexual desire, sexual satisfaction and to evaluate the potential of a sexual partner in many languages (Emanatian, 1995; Gibbs et al., 2004; Baider & Gesuato, 2005). This is true for English and Spanish where speakers often resort to the food domain to talk about the sexual desirability of a woman. Virtually all foodstuffs become sources for the representation of women. For example, meat products give way to rib and jamona to refer to a man’s partner or wife and to a curvy woman, respectively, the former being based on the biblical story of the Genesis and the latter on the shape of a ham. Seafood has generated fish to denote an ugly woman, probably because of the associations between the bad smell of the animal and the female genitalia, and gamba to refer to a woman who has an attractive body but whose face is ugly on the grounds that the head of a prawn tends to be removed to eat the body. Fruits and vegetables produce peach and melocotoncito for beautiful young women probably because fruits, like vegetables, easily get ripe. Finally, from the domain of desserts pie and bombón are applied to attractive women, maybe due to the connotations of sweetness (Partridge, 1970b; Carbonell, 1997).

However, although practically all edible substances are used in the conceptualization of women, the sweet group is perhaps the most prolific one (Hughes, 1991; Hines, 1999; Chamizo & Sánchez, 2000). In fact, on very few occasions are women portrayed as heavier or more consistent foods, as are fish and meat. So a woman can be called sweetie pie, candy or cookie, but more substantive and heavier foods tend to be reserved for men (Adams, 1990). For example, in English, attractive women have long been known as cheesecake. Yet, when it is the man the attractive one the cake remains in the identification but a more nutritious and consistent ingredient is chosen: beefcake (Nilsen, 1994). Something similar applies to Spanish, where sweet products are more commonly used for women than for men (Moore, 1996). Thus, although in theory the figurative use of most sweets is ambisexual in application, it would sound strange to call a man bizcochito or pastelito (Noble & Lacasa, 1992).

However, although practically all edible substances are used in the conceptualization of women, the sweet group is perhaps the most prolific one (Hughes, 1991; Hines, 1999; Chamizo & Sánchez, 2000). In fact, on very few occasions are women portrayed as heavier or more consistent foods, as are fish and meat. So a woman can be called sweetie pie, candy or cookie, but more substantive and heavier foods tend to be reserved for men (Adams, 1990). For example, in English, attractive women have long been known as cheesecake. Yet, when it is the man the attractive one the cake remains in the identification but a more nutritious and consistent ingredient is chosen: beefcake (Nilsen, 1994). Something similar applies to Spanish, where sweet products are more commonly used for women than for men (Moore, 1996). Thus, although in theory the figurative use of most sweets is ambisexual in application, it would sound strange to call a man bizcochito or pastelito (Noble & Lacasa, 1992).

Hence, within the field of foodstuffs, the choice of food selected may also have important implications for the metaphorical identification of women with desserts. Certainly, the connotations of

Hence, within the field of foodstuffs, the choice of food selected may also have important implications for the metaphorical identification of women with desserts. Certainly, the connotations of


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sweetness that stem from desserts might correspond with the cultural stereotype that associates women with loving and tender creatures (Hines, 1999). Moreover, the fact that most desserts tend to have a soft, spongy texture might also hint at the cultural stereotype that links men with strong and tough personalities as opposed to the mild and gentle ones of women (Adams, 1990).

sweetness that stem from desserts might correspond with the cultural stereotype that associates women with loving and tender creatures (Hines, 1999). Moreover, the fact that most desserts tend to have a soft, spongy texture might also hint at the cultural stereotype that links men with strong and tough personalities as opposed to the mild and gentle ones of women (Adams, 1990).

In addition to this, from a nutritional standpoint, desserts do not have the nourishing value of other types of foods such as fish, fruit, vegetables or meat. In fact, desserts are not essential in our diets, in other words, they can be done without. Therefore, one of the main assumptions underlying the metaphorical identification of women with sweet foodstuffs might be unimportance (Hines, 1999).

In addition to this, from a nutritional standpoint, desserts do not have the nourishing value of other types of foods such as fish, fruit, vegetables or meat. In fact, desserts are not essential in our diets, in other words, they can be done without. Therefore, one of the main assumptions underlying the metaphorical identification of women with sweet foodstuffs might be unimportance (Hines, 1999).

The following section will concentrate on examining several examples taken from the written press in both English and Spanish in which women are presented in the guise of sweets.i

The following section will concentrate on examining several examples taken from the written press in both English and Spanish in which women are presented in the guise of sweets.i

3. WOMEN AS DESSERTS

3. WOMEN AS DESSERTS

One of the most common metaphors used to refer to a woman in both English and Spanish is The WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor, manifested in common linguistic expressions such as tart, cheesecake or bombón. The origin of this metaphor seems to stem from the PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS metaphor, in which human beings are equated with different types of inanimate entities such as machines (e.g. I’m a little rusty today/Es una auténtica máquina en matemáticas), buildings (e.g. Eyes are windows to the soul/Me abrió la puerta de su corazón), tools (e.g. He is not the sharpest tool in the shed/Está hecho un hacha), clothes (e.g. He is a wet blanket/Es un manta), etc. This metaphor, in turn, coalesces with the cultural stereotype “women are sweet” and with the metaphor ACHIEVING A DESIRED OBJECT IS GETTING SOMETHING TO EAT (e.g. She tasted victory/ Está saboreando las mieles del éxito), giving birth to the metaphor under discussion: WOMEN ARE SWEET OBJECTS or simply WOMEN ARE DESSERTS (see Hines 1999: 47).

One of the most common metaphors used to refer to a woman in both English and Spanish is The WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor, manifested in common linguistic expressions such as tart, cheesecake or bombón. The origin of this metaphor seems to stem from the PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS metaphor, in which human beings are equated with different types of inanimate entities such as machines (e.g. I’m a little rusty today/Es una auténtica máquina en matemáticas), buildings (e.g. Eyes are windows to the soul/Me abrió la puerta de su corazón), tools (e.g. He is not the sharpest tool in the shed/Está hecho un hacha), clothes (e.g. He is a wet blanket/Es un manta), etc. This metaphor, in turn, coalesces with the cultural stereotype “women are sweet” and with the metaphor ACHIEVING A DESIRED OBJECT IS GETTING SOMETHING TO EAT (e.g. She tasted victory/ Está saboreando las mieles del éxito), giving birth to the metaphor under discussion: WOMEN ARE SWEET OBJECTS or simply WOMEN ARE DESSERTS (see Hines 1999: 47).

Perhaps, the most common sweet substance with which women are identified in the press is honey. The term of endearment par

Perhaps, the most common sweet substance with which women are identified in the press is honey. The term of endearment par

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sweetness that stem from desserts might correspond with the cultural stereotype that associates women with loving and tender creatures (Hines, 1999). Moreover, the fact that most desserts tend to have a soft, spongy texture might also hint at the cultural stereotype that links men with strong and tough personalities as opposed to the mild and gentle ones of women (Adams, 1990).

sweetness that stem from desserts might correspond with the cultural stereotype that associates women with loving and tender creatures (Hines, 1999). Moreover, the fact that most desserts tend to have a soft, spongy texture might also hint at the cultural stereotype that links men with strong and tough personalities as opposed to the mild and gentle ones of women (Adams, 1990).

In addition to this, from a nutritional standpoint, desserts do not have the nourishing value of other types of foods such as fish, fruit, vegetables or meat. In fact, desserts are not essential in our diets, in other words, they can be done without. Therefore, one of the main assumptions underlying the metaphorical identification of women with sweet foodstuffs might be unimportance (Hines, 1999).

In addition to this, from a nutritional standpoint, desserts do not have the nourishing value of other types of foods such as fish, fruit, vegetables or meat. In fact, desserts are not essential in our diets, in other words, they can be done without. Therefore, one of the main assumptions underlying the metaphorical identification of women with sweet foodstuffs might be unimportance (Hines, 1999).

The following section will concentrate on examining several examples taken from the written press in both English and Spanish in which women are presented in the guise of sweets.i

The following section will concentrate on examining several examples taken from the written press in both English and Spanish in which women are presented in the guise of sweets.i

3. WOMEN AS DESSERTS

3. WOMEN AS DESSERTS

One of the most common metaphors used to refer to a woman in both English and Spanish is The WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor, manifested in common linguistic expressions such as tart, cheesecake or bombón. The origin of this metaphor seems to stem from the PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS metaphor, in which human beings are equated with different types of inanimate entities such as machines (e.g. I’m a little rusty today/Es una auténtica máquina en matemáticas), buildings (e.g. Eyes are windows to the soul/Me abrió la puerta de su corazón), tools (e.g. He is not the sharpest tool in the shed/Está hecho un hacha), clothes (e.g. He is a wet blanket/Es un manta), etc. This metaphor, in turn, coalesces with the cultural stereotype “women are sweet” and with the metaphor ACHIEVING A DESIRED OBJECT IS GETTING SOMETHING TO EAT (e.g. She tasted victory/ Está saboreando las mieles del éxito), giving birth to the metaphor under discussion: WOMEN ARE SWEET OBJECTS or simply WOMEN ARE DESSERTS (see Hines 1999: 47).

One of the most common metaphors used to refer to a woman in both English and Spanish is The WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor, manifested in common linguistic expressions such as tart, cheesecake or bombón. The origin of this metaphor seems to stem from the PEOPLE ARE OBJECTS metaphor, in which human beings are equated with different types of inanimate entities such as machines (e.g. I’m a little rusty today/Es una auténtica máquina en matemáticas), buildings (e.g. Eyes are windows to the soul/Me abrió la puerta de su corazón), tools (e.g. He is not the sharpest tool in the shed/Está hecho un hacha), clothes (e.g. He is a wet blanket/Es un manta), etc. This metaphor, in turn, coalesces with the cultural stereotype “women are sweet” and with the metaphor ACHIEVING A DESIRED OBJECT IS GETTING SOMETHING TO EAT (e.g. She tasted victory/ Está saboreando las mieles del éxito), giving birth to the metaphor under discussion: WOMEN ARE SWEET OBJECTS or simply WOMEN ARE DESSERTS (see Hines 1999: 47).

Perhaps, the most common sweet substance with which women are identified in the press is honey. The term of endearment par

Perhaps, the most common sweet substance with which women are identified in the press is honey. The term of endearment par


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excellence, honey denotes a viscid sweet liquid, but at the same time conjures the image of bees flying around, stickiness and even attraction. This sense of magnetism seems to be exploited by the press to portray women as a kind of magnet, as a substance that is tempting and invites attraction.

excellence, honey denotes a viscid sweet liquid, but at the same time conjures the image of bees flying around, stickiness and even attraction. This sense of magnetism seems to be exploited by the press to portray women as a kind of magnet, as a substance that is tempting and invites attraction.

(1) Remember, sexy isn’t necessarily skimpy-it´s about making the best of what you’ve got in clothes you feel good wearing. Work it, honey! (CosmoGirl, Sep. 2003, p. 77).

(1) Remember, sexy isn’t necessarily skimpy-it´s about making the best of what you’ve got in clothes you feel good wearing. Work it, honey! (CosmoGirl, Sep. 2003, p. 77).

(2) Okay, so exactly how do you become one of those women who know that they’re sex goddesses? Honey, it’s simple: Just moving, talking and thinking in a slightly more erotically charged way is all it takes to feel spectacularly sexy. (http://magazines.ivillage.com/redbook/sex/turn/articles/ 0,,284443_566492,00.html 4/11/05).

(2) Okay, so exactly how do you become one of those women who know that they’re sex goddesses? Honey, it’s simple: Just moving, talking and thinking in a slightly more erotically charged way is all it takes to feel spectacularly sexy. (http://magazines.ivillage.com/redbook/sex/turn/articles/ 0,,284443_566492,00.html 4/11/05).

(3) Plenty under £20. Look the money, honey! (CosmoGirl, April 2004, p. 3).

(3) Plenty under £20. Look the money, honey! (CosmoGirl, April 2004, p. 3).

Other substances also falling into the category of desserts are pie, cake and tart. Along with the connotations of sweetness, all these foodstuffs tend to be decorated in some way (i.e. creams, jelly, icing, etc.) to make them visually more appetizing, just as women use makeup to improve their outward appearance, which reminds one that another word for make up is frosting and to tart up is to dress up (Eble, 1996). This visual component of desserts tends to be used to refer to attractive women.

Other substances also falling into the category of desserts are pie, cake and tart. Along with the connotations of sweetness, all these foodstuffs tend to be decorated in some way (i.e. creams, jelly, icing, etc.) to make them visually more appetizing, just as women use makeup to improve their outward appearance, which reminds one that another word for make up is frosting and to tart up is to dress up (Eble, 1996). This visual component of desserts tends to be used to refer to attractive women.

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(4) She is a cutie pie (CosmoGirl, Aug. 2003, p. 3).

(4) She is a cutie pie (CosmoGirl, Aug. 2003, p. 3).

(5) Be a cutie pie (CosmoGirl, Aug. 2003, p. 3).

(5) Be a cutie pie (CosmoGirl, Aug. 2003, p. 3).

(6) Cool and trendy girls...become a cheesecake (CosmoGirl, Aug. 2003, p. 2).

(6) Cool and trendy girls...become a cheesecake (CosmoGirl, Aug. 2003, p. 2).

(7) Wasn’t Jenny Guidroz the town tart in high school? (Vanity Fair, Jan. 2004, p. 78).

(7) Wasn’t Jenny Guidroz the town tart in high school? (Vanity Fair, Jan. 2004, p. 78).

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excellence, honey denotes a viscid sweet liquid, but at the same time conjures the image of bees flying around, stickiness and even attraction. This sense of magnetism seems to be exploited by the press to portray women as a kind of magnet, as a substance that is tempting and invites attraction.

excellence, honey denotes a viscid sweet liquid, but at the same time conjures the image of bees flying around, stickiness and even attraction. This sense of magnetism seems to be exploited by the press to portray women as a kind of magnet, as a substance that is tempting and invites attraction.

(1) Remember, sexy isn’t necessarily skimpy-it´s about making the best of what you’ve got in clothes you feel good wearing. Work it, honey! (CosmoGirl, Sep. 2003, p. 77).

(1) Remember, sexy isn’t necessarily skimpy-it´s about making the best of what you’ve got in clothes you feel good wearing. Work it, honey! (CosmoGirl, Sep. 2003, p. 77).

(2) Okay, so exactly how do you become one of those women who know that they’re sex goddesses? Honey, it’s simple: Just moving, talking and thinking in a slightly more erotically charged way is all it takes to feel spectacularly sexy. (http://magazines.ivillage.com/redbook/sex/turn/articles/ 0,,284443_566492,00.html 4/11/05).

(2) Okay, so exactly how do you become one of those women who know that they’re sex goddesses? Honey, it’s simple: Just moving, talking and thinking in a slightly more erotically charged way is all it takes to feel spectacularly sexy. (http://magazines.ivillage.com/redbook/sex/turn/articles/ 0,,284443_566492,00.html 4/11/05).

(3) Plenty under £20. Look the money, honey! (CosmoGirl, April 2004, p. 3).

(3) Plenty under £20. Look the money, honey! (CosmoGirl, April 2004, p. 3).

Other substances also falling into the category of desserts are pie, cake and tart. Along with the connotations of sweetness, all these foodstuffs tend to be decorated in some way (i.e. creams, jelly, icing, etc.) to make them visually more appetizing, just as women use makeup to improve their outward appearance, which reminds one that another word for make up is frosting and to tart up is to dress up (Eble, 1996). This visual component of desserts tends to be used to refer to attractive women.

Other substances also falling into the category of desserts are pie, cake and tart. Along with the connotations of sweetness, all these foodstuffs tend to be decorated in some way (i.e. creams, jelly, icing, etc.) to make them visually more appetizing, just as women use makeup to improve their outward appearance, which reminds one that another word for make up is frosting and to tart up is to dress up (Eble, 1996). This visual component of desserts tends to be used to refer to attractive women.

(4) She is a cutie pie (CosmoGirl, Aug. 2003, p. 3).

(4) She is a cutie pie (CosmoGirl, Aug. 2003, p. 3).

(5) Be a cutie pie (CosmoGirl, Aug. 2003, p. 3).

(5) Be a cutie pie (CosmoGirl, Aug. 2003, p. 3).

(6) Cool and trendy girls...become a cheesecake (CosmoGirl, Aug. 2003, p. 2).

(6) Cool and trendy girls...become a cheesecake (CosmoGirl, Aug. 2003, p. 2).

(7) Wasn’t Jenny Guidroz the town tart in high school? (Vanity Fair, Jan. 2004, p. 78).

(7) Wasn’t Jenny Guidroz the town tart in high school? (Vanity Fair, Jan. 2004, p. 78).


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Another important aspect of the ideological underpinning of the metaphorical identification of women with pies, cakes and tarts is the fact that these terms present women as juicy desserts made to be cut and shared. Hence, by presenting women as a separate or detached portion, as a fragment of anything, they are being deprived of their uniqueness because, after all, a piece of cake is exactly the same as another piece of cake (Hines, 1999). This distinction between mass and count nouns might well hint at the idea of availability and promiscuity. Indeed, a portion of something is always easier to grab and, at the same time, it is not filling enough, that is, one might be willing to have another serving. As a matter of fact, the very words pie, piece and cake carry the suggestions of promiscuity, availability and easiness. Common idiomatic expressions which spring to one’s mind are a piece of cake or easy as pie. Although apparently innocent in use, these expressions are connected to gender.ii

Another important aspect of the ideological underpinning of the metaphorical identification of women with pies, cakes and tarts is the fact that these terms present women as juicy desserts made to be cut and shared. Hence, by presenting women as a separate or detached portion, as a fragment of anything, they are being deprived of their uniqueness because, after all, a piece of cake is exactly the same as another piece of cake (Hines, 1999). This distinction between mass and count nouns might well hint at the idea of availability and promiscuity. Indeed, a portion of something is always easier to grab and, at the same time, it is not filling enough, that is, one might be willing to have another serving. As a matter of fact, the very words pie, piece and cake carry the suggestions of promiscuity, availability and easiness. Common idiomatic expressions which spring to one’s mind are a piece of cake or easy as pie. Although apparently innocent in use, these expressions are connected to gender.ii

The consideration of women as pieces of sweets, then, seems to convey sexual overtones; the act of cutting and slicing running parallel to phallic imagery, as the following expressions bear witness to: cut the cake (to deflower a virgin), shake a tart (have sex with a woman), cut a side/slice (have sexual intercourse), among many others (see Hines, 1999; Chamizo & Sánchez, 2000). In fact, sexual activities are often wrapped up in the guise of sweets and cakeshop and tartshop are euphemisms for a brothel in Australian English and British English respectively (Partridge, 1970b; Lighter, 1994; Hines, 1999).

The consideration of women as pieces of sweets, then, seems to convey sexual overtones; the act of cutting and slicing running parallel to phallic imagery, as the following expressions bear witness to: cut the cake (to deflower a virgin), shake a tart (have sex with a woman), cut a side/slice (have sexual intercourse), among many others (see Hines, 1999; Chamizo & Sánchez, 2000). In fact, sexual activities are often wrapped up in the guise of sweets and cakeshop and tartshop are euphemisms for a brothel in Australian English and British English respectively (Partridge, 1970b; Lighter, 1994; Hines, 1999).

Likewise, the idea of availability is glaringly obvious in the choice of sweet snacks such as cookies or candy to represent females. Indeed, the identification of women not only with sweets but also with snacks has important implications because a snack is a small meal usually eaten in a hurry between main meals to satiate one’s appetite. This notion of lack of importance (i.e. within the food domain snacks are not proper meals) goes hand in hand with scarcity of time, and, as seen in the following excerpts, the figurative use of cookie and candy applies to women with whom the relationship is neither serious nor intended to last for a long period of time.

Likewise, the idea of availability is glaringly obvious in the choice of sweet snacks such as cookies or candy to represent females. Indeed, the identification of women not only with sweets but also with snacks has important implications because a snack is a small meal usually eaten in a hurry between main meals to satiate one’s appetite. This notion of lack of importance (i.e. within the food domain snacks are not proper meals) goes hand in hand with scarcity of time, and, as seen in the following excerpts, the figurative use of cookie and candy applies to women with whom the relationship is neither serious nor intended to last for a long period of time.

(8) Check out Clooney’s new cookie! (Star, May 2004, p. 15).

(8) Check out Clooney’s new cookie! (Star, May 2004, p. 15).

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Another important aspect of the ideological underpinning of the metaphorical identification of women with pies, cakes and tarts is the fact that these terms present women as juicy desserts made to be cut and shared. Hence, by presenting women as a separate or detached portion, as a fragment of anything, they are being deprived of their uniqueness because, after all, a piece of cake is exactly the same as another piece of cake (Hines, 1999). This distinction between mass and count nouns might well hint at the idea of availability and promiscuity. Indeed, a portion of something is always easier to grab and, at the same time, it is not filling enough, that is, one might be willing to have another serving. As a matter of fact, the very words pie, piece and cake carry the suggestions of promiscuity, availability and easiness. Common idiomatic expressions which spring to one’s mind are a piece of cake or easy as pie. Although apparently innocent in use, these expressions are connected to gender.ii

Another important aspect of the ideological underpinning of the metaphorical identification of women with pies, cakes and tarts is the fact that these terms present women as juicy desserts made to be cut and shared. Hence, by presenting women as a separate or detached portion, as a fragment of anything, they are being deprived of their uniqueness because, after all, a piece of cake is exactly the same as another piece of cake (Hines, 1999). This distinction between mass and count nouns might well hint at the idea of availability and promiscuity. Indeed, a portion of something is always easier to grab and, at the same time, it is not filling enough, that is, one might be willing to have another serving. As a matter of fact, the very words pie, piece and cake carry the suggestions of promiscuity, availability and easiness. Common idiomatic expressions which spring to one’s mind are a piece of cake or easy as pie. Although apparently innocent in use, these expressions are connected to gender.ii

The consideration of women as pieces of sweets, then, seems to convey sexual overtones; the act of cutting and slicing running parallel to phallic imagery, as the following expressions bear witness to: cut the cake (to deflower a virgin), shake a tart (have sex with a woman), cut a side/slice (have sexual intercourse), among many others (see Hines, 1999; Chamizo & Sánchez, 2000). In fact, sexual activities are often wrapped up in the guise of sweets and cakeshop and tartshop are euphemisms for a brothel in Australian English and British English respectively (Partridge, 1970b; Lighter, 1994; Hines, 1999).

The consideration of women as pieces of sweets, then, seems to convey sexual overtones; the act of cutting and slicing running parallel to phallic imagery, as the following expressions bear witness to: cut the cake (to deflower a virgin), shake a tart (have sex with a woman), cut a side/slice (have sexual intercourse), among many others (see Hines, 1999; Chamizo & Sánchez, 2000). In fact, sexual activities are often wrapped up in the guise of sweets and cakeshop and tartshop are euphemisms for a brothel in Australian English and British English respectively (Partridge, 1970b; Lighter, 1994; Hines, 1999).

Likewise, the idea of availability is glaringly obvious in the choice of sweet snacks such as cookies or candy to represent females. Indeed, the identification of women not only with sweets but also with snacks has important implications because a snack is a small meal usually eaten in a hurry between main meals to satiate one’s appetite. This notion of lack of importance (i.e. within the food domain snacks are not proper meals) goes hand in hand with scarcity of time, and, as seen in the following excerpts, the figurative use of cookie and candy applies to women with whom the relationship is neither serious nor intended to last for a long period of time.

Likewise, the idea of availability is glaringly obvious in the choice of sweet snacks such as cookies or candy to represent females. Indeed, the identification of women not only with sweets but also with snacks has important implications because a snack is a small meal usually eaten in a hurry between main meals to satiate one’s appetite. This notion of lack of importance (i.e. within the food domain snacks are not proper meals) goes hand in hand with scarcity of time, and, as seen in the following excerpts, the figurative use of cookie and candy applies to women with whom the relationship is neither serious nor intended to last for a long period of time.

(8) Check out Clooney’s new cookie! (Star, May 2004, p. 15).

(8) Check out Clooney’s new cookie! (Star, May 2004, p. 15).


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(9) A new cookie for your ex-boyfriend! (Nineteen, Feb. 1999).

(9) A new cookie for your ex-boyfriend! (Nineteen, Feb. 1999).

(10) Matthew Perry may have dated the likes of Julia Roberts in the past but, these days, he’s opting for more anonymous arm candy. The 32-year-old actor has been dating make-up artist Andi O´Reilly (Cosmopolitan, June 2002, p. 75).

(10) Matthew Perry may have dated the likes of Julia Roberts in the past but, these days, he’s opting for more anonymous arm candy. The 32-year-old actor has been dating make-up artist Andi O´Reilly (Cosmopolitan, June 2002, p. 75).

(11) Did you know? Back when she was growing up in West Virginia, Alias star and current Ben Affleck arm candy Jennifer Garner had more sax appeal than sex appeal: She was a self-proclaimed geek who played saxophone in her high school’s marching band. (Cosmopolitan, May 2005, p. 288).

(11) Did you know? Back when she was growing up in West Virginia, Alias star and current Ben Affleck arm candy Jennifer Garner had more sax appeal than sex appeal: She was a self-proclaimed geek who played saxophone in her high school’s marching band. (Cosmopolitan, May 2005, p. 288).

(12) A lot of guys choose women who are "arm candy" — good-looking trophy girlfriends who bolster their status among other men or counteract their own insecurities. (http://www.cosmopolitan.com, 7/11/ 2006).

(12) A lot of guys choose women who are "arm candy" — good-looking trophy girlfriends who bolster their status among other men or counteract their own insecurities. (http://www.cosmopolitan.com, 7/11/ 2006).

Moreover, it is interesting to notice how women, apart from being reduced to sweet snacks, are disembodied through the metonymic use of arm to stand for the whole person. Certainly, the body part selected to represent women is significant for, as Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 36) point out, the main function of synecdoche is “not just to see a part stand for the whole person but rather to pick up a particular characteristic of the person.” Interestingly, women are not thought of as heads, brains or hands since these body parts suggest intelligence and skill. On the contrary, women are depicted as arms probably because of the image of couples holding hands and grabbing each other’s arms.

Moreover, it is interesting to notice how women, apart from being reduced to sweet snacks, are disembodied through the metonymic use of arm to stand for the whole person. Certainly, the body part selected to represent women is significant for, as Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 36) point out, the main function of synecdoche is “not just to see a part stand for the whole person but rather to pick up a particular characteristic of the person.” Interestingly, women are not thought of as heads, brains or hands since these body parts suggest intelligence and skill. On the contrary, women are depicted as arms probably because of the image of couples holding hands and grabbing each other’s arms.

A less consistent dessert is the pudding. Puddings, in fact, have a soft, spongy texture, which makes them more vulnerable to pressure. It is this soft consistency that motivates its metaphoric usage since the term is applied to fat women. Here, the visual element of a pudding, that is, its shaky appearance, certainly runs parallel to the flab of a woman. Thus, Arianna Huffington, who is plump, is referred

A less consistent dessert is the pudding. Puddings, in fact, have a soft, spongy texture, which makes them more vulnerable to pressure. It is this soft consistency that motivates its metaphoric usage since the term is applied to fat women. Here, the visual element of a pudding, that is, its shaky appearance, certainly runs parallel to the flab of a woman. Thus, Arianna Huffington, who is plump, is referred

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(9) A new cookie for your ex-boyfriend! (Nineteen, Feb. 1999).

(9) A new cookie for your ex-boyfriend! (Nineteen, Feb. 1999).

(10) Matthew Perry may have dated the likes of Julia Roberts in the past but, these days, he’s opting for more anonymous arm candy. The 32-year-old actor has been dating make-up artist Andi O´Reilly (Cosmopolitan, June 2002, p. 75).

(10) Matthew Perry may have dated the likes of Julia Roberts in the past but, these days, he’s opting for more anonymous arm candy. The 32-year-old actor has been dating make-up artist Andi O´Reilly (Cosmopolitan, June 2002, p. 75).

(11) Did you know? Back when she was growing up in West Virginia, Alias star and current Ben Affleck arm candy Jennifer Garner had more sax appeal than sex appeal: She was a self-proclaimed geek who played saxophone in her high school’s marching band. (Cosmopolitan, May 2005, p. 288).

(11) Did you know? Back when she was growing up in West Virginia, Alias star and current Ben Affleck arm candy Jennifer Garner had more sax appeal than sex appeal: She was a self-proclaimed geek who played saxophone in her high school’s marching band. (Cosmopolitan, May 2005, p. 288).

(12) A lot of guys choose women who are "arm candy" — good-looking trophy girlfriends who bolster their status among other men or counteract their own insecurities. (http://www.cosmopolitan.com, 7/11/ 2006).

(12) A lot of guys choose women who are "arm candy" — good-looking trophy girlfriends who bolster their status among other men or counteract their own insecurities. (http://www.cosmopolitan.com, 7/11/ 2006).

Moreover, it is interesting to notice how women, apart from being reduced to sweet snacks, are disembodied through the metonymic use of arm to stand for the whole person. Certainly, the body part selected to represent women is significant for, as Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 36) point out, the main function of synecdoche is “not just to see a part stand for the whole person but rather to pick up a particular characteristic of the person.” Interestingly, women are not thought of as heads, brains or hands since these body parts suggest intelligence and skill. On the contrary, women are depicted as arms probably because of the image of couples holding hands and grabbing each other’s arms.

Moreover, it is interesting to notice how women, apart from being reduced to sweet snacks, are disembodied through the metonymic use of arm to stand for the whole person. Certainly, the body part selected to represent women is significant for, as Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 36) point out, the main function of synecdoche is “not just to see a part stand for the whole person but rather to pick up a particular characteristic of the person.” Interestingly, women are not thought of as heads, brains or hands since these body parts suggest intelligence and skill. On the contrary, women are depicted as arms probably because of the image of couples holding hands and grabbing each other’s arms.

A less consistent dessert is the pudding. Puddings, in fact, have a soft, spongy texture, which makes them more vulnerable to pressure. It is this soft consistency that motivates its metaphoric usage since the term is applied to fat women. Here, the visual element of a pudding, that is, its shaky appearance, certainly runs parallel to the flab of a woman. Thus, Arianna Huffington, who is plump, is referred

A less consistent dessert is the pudding. Puddings, in fact, have a soft, spongy texture, which makes them more vulnerable to pressure. It is this soft consistency that motivates its metaphoric usage since the term is applied to fat women. Here, the visual element of a pudding, that is, its shaky appearance, certainly runs parallel to the flab of a woman. Thus, Arianna Huffington, who is plump, is referred


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to as a Greek Pudding (New Yorker, April 13, 1998, p. 40).iii

to as a Greek Pudding (New Yorker, April 13, 1998, p. 40).iii

In like manner, ingredients commonly used in the elaboration of sweets are prone to become metaphors to identify women in these magazines. Consider, for example, the description of women as sugar babes (Daily Mail, 7th May, 2006) or actress Goldie Hawn as puff pastry (Vanity Fair, Jan. 1997, p. 118). In fact, it appears that the sexual maturation of a woman is seen from a culinary point of view, that is, when the woman is young (i.e. not sexually mature), she is presented as ingredients. Then, the state of pregnancy is conceived of as having a bun in the oven (13), whereas the process of sexual maturation is seen in terms of cooking (14).iv

In like manner, ingredients commonly used in the elaboration of sweets are prone to become metaphors to identify women in these magazines. Consider, for example, the description of women as sugar babes (Daily Mail, 7th May, 2006) or actress Goldie Hawn as puff pastry (Vanity Fair, Jan. 1997, p. 118). In fact, it appears that the sexual maturation of a woman is seen from a culinary point of view, that is, when the woman is young (i.e. not sexually mature), she is presented as ingredients. Then, the state of pregnancy is conceived of as having a bun in the oven (13), whereas the process of sexual maturation is seen in terms of cooking (14).iv

Does Nicole Kidman have a “bun in the oven”? That is the question being raised everywhere. It wouldn’t be all that surprising, since she recently wed country singing start Keith Urban (www.starmagazine.com 1/22/2007).

Does Nicole Kidman have a “bun in the oven”? That is the question being raised everywhere. It wouldn’t be all that surprising, since she recently wed country singing start Keith Urban (www.starmagazine.com 1/22/2007).

From MTV tartlet to art-house pastry du jour. No wonder the adoring critics who droolingly dub her “luminous” are so eager to gobble Liv Tyler up. You can almost sniff a just-from-the-oven freshness about her as she strides into the room (USA Today, quoted in The New Yorker, July 15, 1996, p. 84).

From MTV tartlet to art-house pastry du jour. No wonder the adoring critics who droolingly dub her “luminous” are so eager to gobble Liv Tyler up. You can almost sniff a just-from-the-oven freshness about her as she strides into the room (USA Today, quoted in The New Yorker, July 15, 1996, p. 84).

As has been seen, the metaphorical identification of women with sweets has caught on in the English press to such an extent that it has generated a whole network of spin-offs. So young women are presented as ingredients (pastry, sugar, honey) that will produce cheesecakes, tarts or cakes when the woman is beautiful and sexually mature, puddings if the woman is plump, sweet snacks (candy, cookie) when the relationship with the woman is neither long nor serious and whose beauty can be sniffed and taken from the oven. Figure 1 below illustrates the metaphorical network of the WOMEN AS DESSERT metaphor in the English press.

As has been seen, the metaphorical identification of women with sweets has caught on in the English press to such an extent that it has generated a whole network of spin-offs. So young women are presented as ingredients (pastry, sugar, honey) that will produce cheesecakes, tarts or cakes when the woman is beautiful and sexually mature, puddings if the woman is plump, sweet snacks (candy, cookie) when the relationship with the woman is neither long nor serious and whose beauty can be sniffed and taken from the oven. Figure 1 below illustrates the metaphorical network of the WOMEN AS DESSERT metaphor in the English press.

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to as a Greek Pudding (New Yorker, April 13, 1998, p. 40).iii

to as a Greek Pudding (New Yorker, April 13, 1998, p. 40).iii

In like manner, ingredients commonly used in the elaboration of sweets are prone to become metaphors to identify women in these magazines. Consider, for example, the description of women as sugar babes (Daily Mail, 7th May, 2006) or actress Goldie Hawn as puff pastry (Vanity Fair, Jan. 1997, p. 118). In fact, it appears that the sexual maturation of a woman is seen from a culinary point of view, that is, when the woman is young (i.e. not sexually mature), she is presented as ingredients. Then, the state of pregnancy is conceived of as having a bun in the oven (13), whereas the process of sexual maturation is seen in terms of cooking (14).iv

In like manner, ingredients commonly used in the elaboration of sweets are prone to become metaphors to identify women in these magazines. Consider, for example, the description of women as sugar babes (Daily Mail, 7th May, 2006) or actress Goldie Hawn as puff pastry (Vanity Fair, Jan. 1997, p. 118). In fact, it appears that the sexual maturation of a woman is seen from a culinary point of view, that is, when the woman is young (i.e. not sexually mature), she is presented as ingredients. Then, the state of pregnancy is conceived of as having a bun in the oven (13), whereas the process of sexual maturation is seen in terms of cooking (14).iv

Does Nicole Kidman have a “bun in the oven”? That is the question being raised everywhere. It wouldn’t be all that surprising, since she recently wed country singing start Keith Urban (www.starmagazine.com 1/22/2007).

Does Nicole Kidman have a “bun in the oven”? That is the question being raised everywhere. It wouldn’t be all that surprising, since she recently wed country singing start Keith Urban (www.starmagazine.com 1/22/2007).

From MTV tartlet to art-house pastry du jour. No wonder the adoring critics who droolingly dub her “luminous” are so eager to gobble Liv Tyler up. You can almost sniff a just-from-the-oven freshness about her as she strides into the room (USA Today, quoted in The New Yorker, July 15, 1996, p. 84).

From MTV tartlet to art-house pastry du jour. No wonder the adoring critics who droolingly dub her “luminous” are so eager to gobble Liv Tyler up. You can almost sniff a just-from-the-oven freshness about her as she strides into the room (USA Today, quoted in The New Yorker, July 15, 1996, p. 84).

As has been seen, the metaphorical identification of women with sweets has caught on in the English press to such an extent that it has generated a whole network of spin-offs. So young women are presented as ingredients (pastry, sugar, honey) that will produce cheesecakes, tarts or cakes when the woman is beautiful and sexually mature, puddings if the woman is plump, sweet snacks (candy, cookie) when the relationship with the woman is neither long nor serious and whose beauty can be sniffed and taken from the oven. Figure 1 below illustrates the metaphorical network of the WOMEN AS DESSERT metaphor in the English press.

As has been seen, the metaphorical identification of women with sweets has caught on in the English press to such an extent that it has generated a whole network of spin-offs. So young women are presented as ingredients (pastry, sugar, honey) that will produce cheesecakes, tarts or cakes when the woman is beautiful and sexually mature, puddings if the woman is plump, sweet snacks (candy, cookie) when the relationship with the woman is neither long nor serious and whose beauty can be sniffed and taken from the oven. Figure 1 below illustrates the metaphorical network of the WOMEN AS DESSERT metaphor in the English press.


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Metaphorical network: DESSERTS

Metaphorical network: DESSERTS

Ingredients (pastry, honey) Teenagers

Ingredients (pastry, honey) Teenagers

Sweet snacks (candy, cookies) Process of baking Attractive young women Sexual maturation but relationship neither serious desserts nor long

Puddings Fat women

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Sweet snacks (candy, cookies) Process of baking Attractive young women Sexual maturation but relationship neither serious desserts nor long

Tarts, pies Attractive young women

Puddings Fat women

Tarts, pies Attractive young women

Figure 1. The metaphorical network WOMEN ARE DESSERTS in English

Figure 1. The metaphorical network WOMEN ARE DESSERTS in English

Similarly, in the Spanish-speaking world, the written press is also rife with images of women in the guise of desserts. Common desserts include bombón, bizcocho and pastel (Carbonell, 1997).

Similarly, in the Spanish-speaking world, the written press is also rife with images of women in the guise of desserts. Common desserts include bombón, bizcocho and pastel (Carbonell, 1997).

One of the most recurring metaphors used for the representation of women in the press is bombón. Generally applied to attractive women, as seen in extracts (15), (16), (17) and (18), bombones are small pieces of chocolate usually sold in boxes containing a wide selection of them. Thus, in addition to the connotations of sweetness, size as well as the way they are presented when sold might prompt its figurative usage. In fact, as has been seen, it is not uncommon to find portrayals of women as pieces, fragments or small portions, with the resulting negative import attached to them. Obviously, if sexual desire is understood in terms of hunger, one’s appetite is not likely to be satiated with just one piece of chocolate, but rather with a few of them. This idea of availability which seems to underlie most figurative usages of sweets can be seen in extract (19) in which a journalist describes the state of uncertainty of a tycoon, who is in two minds about dating one woman or another and in extract (20) in which the touristic attractions of Brazil include a large number of beautiful women on the beach which are conceptualized as bombones.

One of the most recurring metaphors used for the representation of women in the press is bombón. Generally applied to attractive women, as seen in extracts (15), (16), (17) and (18), bombones are small pieces of chocolate usually sold in boxes containing a wide selection of them. Thus, in addition to the connotations of sweetness, size as well as the way they are presented when sold might prompt its figurative usage. In fact, as has been seen, it is not uncommon to find portrayals of women as pieces, fragments or small portions, with the resulting negative import attached to them. Obviously, if sexual desire is understood in terms of hunger, one’s appetite is not likely to be satiated with just one piece of chocolate, but rather with a few of them. This idea of availability which seems to underlie most figurative usages of sweets can be seen in extract (19) in which a journalist describes the state of uncertainty of a tycoon, who is in two minds about dating one woman or another and in extract (20) in which the touristic attractions of Brazil include a large number of beautiful women on the beach which are conceptualized as bombones.

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Metaphorical network: DESSERTS Ingredients (pastry, honey) Teenagers

Sweet snacks (candy, cookies) Attractive young women Process of baking Sexual maturation but relationship neither serious desserts nor long

Puddings Fat women

Tarts, pies Attractive young women

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Metaphorical network: DESSERTS Ingredients (pastry, honey) Teenagers

Sweet snacks (candy, cookies) Process of baking Attractive young women Sexual maturation but relationship neither serious desserts nor long

Puddings Fat women

Tarts, pies Attractive young women

Figure 1. The metaphorical network WOMEN ARE DESSERTS in English

Figure 1. The metaphorical network WOMEN ARE DESSERTS in English

Similarly, in the Spanish-speaking world, the written press is also rife with images of women in the guise of desserts. Common desserts include bombón, bizcocho and pastel (Carbonell, 1997).

Similarly, in the Spanish-speaking world, the written press is also rife with images of women in the guise of desserts. Common desserts include bombón, bizcocho and pastel (Carbonell, 1997).

One of the most recurring metaphors used for the representation of women in the press is bombón. Generally applied to attractive women, as seen in extracts (15), (16), (17) and (18), bombones are small pieces of chocolate usually sold in boxes containing a wide selection of them. Thus, in addition to the connotations of sweetness, size as well as the way they are presented when sold might prompt its figurative usage. In fact, as has been seen, it is not uncommon to find portrayals of women as pieces, fragments or small portions, with the resulting negative import attached to them. Obviously, if sexual desire is understood in terms of hunger, one’s appetite is not likely to be satiated with just one piece of chocolate, but rather with a few of them. This idea of availability which seems to underlie most figurative usages of sweets can be seen in extract (19) in which a journalist describes the state of uncertainty of a tycoon, who is in two minds about dating one woman or another and in extract (20) in which the touristic attractions of Brazil include a large number of beautiful women on the beach which are conceptualized as bombones.

One of the most recurring metaphors used for the representation of women in the press is bombón. Generally applied to attractive women, as seen in extracts (15), (16), (17) and (18), bombones are small pieces of chocolate usually sold in boxes containing a wide selection of them. Thus, in addition to the connotations of sweetness, size as well as the way they are presented when sold might prompt its figurative usage. In fact, as has been seen, it is not uncommon to find portrayals of women as pieces, fragments or small portions, with the resulting negative import attached to them. Obviously, if sexual desire is understood in terms of hunger, one’s appetite is not likely to be satiated with just one piece of chocolate, but rather with a few of them. This idea of availability which seems to underlie most figurative usages of sweets can be seen in extract (19) in which a journalist describes the state of uncertainty of a tycoon, who is in two minds about dating one woman or another and in extract (20) in which the touristic attractions of Brazil include a large number of beautiful women on the beach which are conceptualized as bombones.


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(15) Con esa minifalda Esther Cañadas está hecha todo un bombón. (Ragazza, Jan. 1999, p. 56).

(15) Con esa minifalda Esther Cañadas está hecha todo un bombón. (Ragazza, Jan. 1999, p. 56).

(16) Si quieres ser un bombón, sigue los siguientes trucos… (Vanidades, March 2000, p. 14).

(16) Si quieres ser un bombón, sigue los siguientes trucos… (Vanidades, March 2000, p. 14).

(17) Haz que a tu chico se le haga la boca agua. Ponte tu vestido más sexy, escote y maquillaje…¡no podrá resistir semejante bombón! (Ragazza, June 1996, p. 38).

(17) Haz que a tu chico se le haga la boca agua. Ponte tu vestido más sexy, escote y maquillaje…¡no podrá resistir semejante bombón! (Ragazza, June 1996, p. 38).

(18) Hoy también comenzará el interrogatorio de las otras cuatro procesadas. El letrado de una de ellas, el ex diputado Jaume Nualart, ha pedido que su patrocinada ingrese en un centro para desintoxicación de drogadictos. Ayer estaba hecha una ruina. Quienes la han visto en las cintas, grabadas hace cinco años, aseguran que "era un bombón de mujer" (La Vanguardia, 10th March, 1994).

(18) Hoy también comenzará el interrogatorio de las otras cuatro procesadas. El letrado de una de ellas, el ex diputado Jaume Nualart, ha pedido que su patrocinada ingrese en un centro para desintoxicación de drogadictos. Ayer estaba hecha una ruina. Quienes la han visto en las cintas, grabadas hace cinco años, aseguran que "era un bombón de mujer" (La Vanguardia, 10th March, 1994).

Heidi o Naomi...¿con qué bombón se quedará el maduro seductor? (Vanidades, July 2000).

Heidi o Naomi...¿con qué bombón se quedará el maduro seductor? (Vanidades, July 2000).

(20) Uno no tiene más que tumbarse en una hamaca en una de las playas de Brasil y ver a un sinfín de bombones desfilar (People, May 2004).

(20) Uno no tiene más que tumbarse en una hamaca en una de las playas de Brasil y ver a un sinfín de bombones desfilar (People, May 2004).

Another type of chocolate used by the press in Spanish is huevo de chocolate (chocolate egg), which is a type of chocolate usually filled with cream or with a small toy inside. Like in the previous case of bombón, the metaphoric usage of the chocolate egg echoes the idea of sweetness, attraction and availability. However, unlike the case of bombón, the chocolate egg is not only bigger, but it usually contains something inside. It is likely that the filling or little present contained in the chocolate egg has motivated its figurative usage, for, as seen in excerpts (21) and (22), huevo de chocolate denotes an attractive woman who is pregnant. Obviouly, the figurative use is based on visual grounds, that is, the state of pregnancy of a woman runs parallel to the shape of the type of chocolate and the baby in the womb is likened to the filling or toy inside the egg.

Another type of chocolate used by the press in Spanish is huevo de chocolate (chocolate egg), which is a type of chocolate usually filled with cream or with a small toy inside. Like in the previous case of bombón, the metaphoric usage of the chocolate egg echoes the idea of sweetness, attraction and availability. However, unlike the case of bombón, the chocolate egg is not only bigger, but it usually contains something inside. It is likely that the filling or little present contained in the chocolate egg has motivated its figurative usage, for, as seen in excerpts (21) and (22), huevo de chocolate denotes an attractive woman who is pregnant. Obviouly, the figurative use is based on visual grounds, that is, the state of pregnancy of a woman runs parallel to the shape of the type of chocolate and the baby in the womb is likened to the filling or toy inside the egg.

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(15) Con esa minifalda Esther Cañadas está hecha todo un bombón. (Ragazza, Jan. 1999, p. 56).

(15) Con esa minifalda Esther Cañadas está hecha todo un bombón. (Ragazza, Jan. 1999, p. 56).

(16) Si quieres ser un bombón, sigue los siguientes trucos… (Vanidades, March 2000, p. 14).

(16) Si quieres ser un bombón, sigue los siguientes trucos… (Vanidades, March 2000, p. 14).

(17) Haz que a tu chico se le haga la boca agua. Ponte tu vestido más sexy, escote y maquillaje…¡no podrá resistir semejante bombón! (Ragazza, June 1996, p. 38).

(17) Haz que a tu chico se le haga la boca agua. Ponte tu vestido más sexy, escote y maquillaje…¡no podrá resistir semejante bombón! (Ragazza, June 1996, p. 38).

(18) Hoy también comenzará el interrogatorio de las otras cuatro procesadas. El letrado de una de ellas, el ex diputado Jaume Nualart, ha pedido que su patrocinada ingrese en un centro para desintoxicación de drogadictos. Ayer estaba hecha una ruina. Quienes la han visto en las cintas, grabadas hace cinco años, aseguran que "era un bombón de mujer" (La Vanguardia, 10th March, 1994).

(18) Hoy también comenzará el interrogatorio de las otras cuatro procesadas. El letrado de una de ellas, el ex diputado Jaume Nualart, ha pedido que su patrocinada ingrese en un centro para desintoxicación de drogadictos. Ayer estaba hecha una ruina. Quienes la han visto en las cintas, grabadas hace cinco años, aseguran que "era un bombón de mujer" (La Vanguardia, 10th March, 1994).

Heidi o Naomi...¿con qué bombón se quedará el maduro seductor? (Vanidades, July 2000).

Heidi o Naomi...¿con qué bombón se quedará el maduro seductor? (Vanidades, July 2000).

(20) Uno no tiene más que tumbarse en una hamaca en una de las playas de Brasil y ver a un sinfín de bombones desfilar (People, May 2004).

(20) Uno no tiene más que tumbarse en una hamaca en una de las playas de Brasil y ver a un sinfín de bombones desfilar (People, May 2004).

Another type of chocolate used by the press in Spanish is huevo de chocolate (chocolate egg), which is a type of chocolate usually filled with cream or with a small toy inside. Like in the previous case of bombón, the metaphoric usage of the chocolate egg echoes the idea of sweetness, attraction and availability. However, unlike the case of bombón, the chocolate egg is not only bigger, but it usually contains something inside. It is likely that the filling or little present contained in the chocolate egg has motivated its figurative usage, for, as seen in excerpts (21) and (22), huevo de chocolate denotes an attractive woman who is pregnant. Obviouly, the figurative use is based on visual grounds, that is, the state of pregnancy of a woman runs parallel to the shape of the type of chocolate and the baby in the womb is likened to the filling or toy inside the egg.

Another type of chocolate used by the press in Spanish is huevo de chocolate (chocolate egg), which is a type of chocolate usually filled with cream or with a small toy inside. Like in the previous case of bombón, the metaphoric usage of the chocolate egg echoes the idea of sweetness, attraction and availability. However, unlike the case of bombón, the chocolate egg is not only bigger, but it usually contains something inside. It is likely that the filling or little present contained in the chocolate egg has motivated its figurative usage, for, as seen in excerpts (21) and (22), huevo de chocolate denotes an attractive woman who is pregnant. Obviouly, the figurative use is based on visual grounds, that is, the state of pregnancy of a woman runs parallel to the shape of the type of chocolate and the baby in the womb is likened to the filling or toy inside the egg.


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(21) A pesar de su avanzado estado, la bella presentadora está hecha todo un huevo de chocolate (Vanidades, May 2004).

(21) A pesar de su avanzado estado, la bella presentadora está hecha todo un huevo de chocolate (Vanidades, May 2004).

(22) Sigue siendo sexy con su incipiente tripita...todo un huevito de chocolate (People, June 2004).

(22) Sigue siendo sexy con su incipiente tripita...todo un huevito de chocolate (People, June 2004).

As far as pastel and bizcocho are concerned, the figurative uses of these types of cakes are generally applied to attractive women. This idea of physical attraction seems to be motivated by the visual presentation of most cakes, which tend to be decorated to enhance their outward appearance in order to make them more appetizing. Moreover, like their English counterparts pie and cake, the idea of physical attraction might go hand in hand with (sexual) availability. In fact, as already mentioned, the portrayal of women as desserts made to be cut and shared may suggest, on the one hand, the idea of deprivation of uniqueness, because if a slice of cake is exactly the same as another slice of cake, then, the idea that a woman is very much like any other woman is being conveyed, and, on the other hand, availability, because from the point of view of satiating one’s appetite a slice may not be enough. Interestingly, these ideas of availability and deprivation of uniquesness are brought to the fore in Spanish with the use of the diminutive form –ito (i.e. huevito, pastelito, bizcochito), which, apart from conveying affection, indicates small size.

As far as pastel and bizcocho are concerned, the figurative uses of these types of cakes are generally applied to attractive women. This idea of physical attraction seems to be motivated by the visual presentation of most cakes, which tend to be decorated to enhance their outward appearance in order to make them more appetizing. Moreover, like their English counterparts pie and cake, the idea of physical attraction might go hand in hand with (sexual) availability. In fact, as already mentioned, the portrayal of women as desserts made to be cut and shared may suggest, on the one hand, the idea of deprivation of uniqueness, because if a slice of cake is exactly the same as another slice of cake, then, the idea that a woman is very much like any other woman is being conveyed, and, on the other hand, availability, because from the point of view of satiating one’s appetite a slice may not be enough. Interestingly, these ideas of availability and deprivation of uniquesness are brought to the fore in Spanish with the use of the diminutive form –ito (i.e. huevito, pastelito, bizcochito), which, apart from conveying affection, indicates small size.

Excerpts (23) and (24) present young marriageable girls in the guise of pastelito. The youth and beauty of the woman run parallel to the presentation of a cake whereas the state of being single is metaphorically signalled with a dessert in a bakery exposed to be sold and eaten. Likewise, extract (25) conceptualizes an attractive female who has just broken up with her boyfriend (i.e. she is again “available”) as bizcochito.

Excerpts (23) and (24) present young marriageable girls in the guise of pastelito. The youth and beauty of the woman run parallel to the presentation of a cake whereas the state of being single is metaphorically signalled with a dessert in a bakery exposed to be sold and eaten. Likewise, extract (25) conceptualizes an attractive female who has just broken up with her boyfriend (i.e. she is again “available”) as bizcochito.

(23) Pero, el viejo cela más a su hija Rosela, de 18 abriles, que a su vieja mujer. Y es que, como muchos papacitos, tiene sus esperanzas de volverse rico, depositadas en el pastelito. (C.R.E.A).

(23) Pero, el viejo cela más a su hija Rosela, de 18 abriles, que a su vieja mujer. Y es que, como muchos papacitos, tiene sus esperanzas de volverse rico, depositadas en el pastelito. (C.R.E.A).

(24) Polidoro jura que nunca más se juntará con mujer

(24) Polidoro jura que nunca más se juntará con mujer

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(21) A pesar de su avanzado estado, la bella presentadora está hecha todo un huevo de chocolate (Vanidades, May 2004).

(21) A pesar de su avanzado estado, la bella presentadora está hecha todo un huevo de chocolate (Vanidades, May 2004).

(22) Sigue siendo sexy con su incipiente tripita...todo un huevito de chocolate (People, June 2004).

(22) Sigue siendo sexy con su incipiente tripita...todo un huevito de chocolate (People, June 2004).

As far as pastel and bizcocho are concerned, the figurative uses of these types of cakes are generally applied to attractive women. This idea of physical attraction seems to be motivated by the visual presentation of most cakes, which tend to be decorated to enhance their outward appearance in order to make them more appetizing. Moreover, like their English counterparts pie and cake, the idea of physical attraction might go hand in hand with (sexual) availability. In fact, as already mentioned, the portrayal of women as desserts made to be cut and shared may suggest, on the one hand, the idea of deprivation of uniqueness, because if a slice of cake is exactly the same as another slice of cake, then, the idea that a woman is very much like any other woman is being conveyed, and, on the other hand, availability, because from the point of view of satiating one’s appetite a slice may not be enough. Interestingly, these ideas of availability and deprivation of uniquesness are brought to the fore in Spanish with the use of the diminutive form –ito (i.e. huevito, pastelito, bizcochito), which, apart from conveying affection, indicates small size.

As far as pastel and bizcocho are concerned, the figurative uses of these types of cakes are generally applied to attractive women. This idea of physical attraction seems to be motivated by the visual presentation of most cakes, which tend to be decorated to enhance their outward appearance in order to make them more appetizing. Moreover, like their English counterparts pie and cake, the idea of physical attraction might go hand in hand with (sexual) availability. In fact, as already mentioned, the portrayal of women as desserts made to be cut and shared may suggest, on the one hand, the idea of deprivation of uniqueness, because if a slice of cake is exactly the same as another slice of cake, then, the idea that a woman is very much like any other woman is being conveyed, and, on the other hand, availability, because from the point of view of satiating one’s appetite a slice may not be enough. Interestingly, these ideas of availability and deprivation of uniquesness are brought to the fore in Spanish with the use of the diminutive form –ito (i.e. huevito, pastelito, bizcochito), which, apart from conveying affection, indicates small size.

Excerpts (23) and (24) present young marriageable girls in the guise of pastelito. The youth and beauty of the woman run parallel to the presentation of a cake whereas the state of being single is metaphorically signalled with a dessert in a bakery exposed to be sold and eaten. Likewise, extract (25) conceptualizes an attractive female who has just broken up with her boyfriend (i.e. she is again “available”) as bizcochito.

Excerpts (23) and (24) present young marriageable girls in the guise of pastelito. The youth and beauty of the woman run parallel to the presentation of a cake whereas the state of being single is metaphorically signalled with a dessert in a bakery exposed to be sold and eaten. Likewise, extract (25) conceptualizes an attractive female who has just broken up with her boyfriend (i.e. she is again “available”) as bizcochito.

(23) Pero, el viejo cela más a su hija Rosela, de 18 abriles, que a su vieja mujer. Y es que, como muchos papacitos, tiene sus esperanzas de volverse rico, depositadas en el pastelito. (C.R.E.A).

(23) Pero, el viejo cela más a su hija Rosela, de 18 abriles, que a su vieja mujer. Y es que, como muchos papacitos, tiene sus esperanzas de volverse rico, depositadas en el pastelito. (C.R.E.A).

(24) Polidoro jura que nunca más se juntará con mujer

(24) Polidoro jura que nunca más se juntará con mujer


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con hijos de otro, porque casi siempre son malagradecidas. Buscará una que sea señorita, para comenzar a tener familia con ella, y los que lo escuchan se ríen, porque saben lo difícil que será para un feúcho como Polidoro conseguir un pastelito (C.R.E.A.).

con hijos de otro, porque casi siempre son malagradecidas. Buscará una que sea señorita, para comenzar a tener familia con ella, y los que lo escuchan se ríen, porque saben lo difícil que será para un feúcho como Polidoro conseguir un pastelito (C.R.E.A.).

(25) Parece que se acabó lo que se daba entre Rebeca y su el millonario venezolano. El bizcochito aparecía sin su chico en la inauguración de la tienda. (Vanidades, June 2004).

(25) Parece que se acabó lo que se daba entre Rebeca y su el millonario venezolano. El bizcochito aparecía sin su chico en la inauguración de la tienda. (Vanidades, June 2004).

Like in English, the metaphor WOMEN AS DESSERTS has become so successful in the Spanish language that it has generated a metaphorical network. So young women are presented as different types of sweets (bombón, pastel, bizcocho) who take on the role of bakers (pastelera) to generate children and whose physical appearance when pregnant resembles a chocolate egg (huevo de chocolate). Figure 2 schematizes the metaphorical network generated by the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor in the Spanish press.

Like in English, the metaphor WOMEN AS DESSERTS has become so successful in the Spanish language that it has generated a metaphorical network. So young women are presented as different types of sweets (bombón, pastel, bizcocho) who take on the role of bakers (pastelera) to generate children and whose physical appearance when pregnant resembles a chocolate egg (huevo de chocolate). Figure 2 schematizes the metaphorical network generated by the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor in the Spanish press.

(26) La mamacita tuvo que ser pastelera para hacer semejante bomboncito (Vanidades, May 2001)

(26) La mamacita tuvo que ser pastelera para hacer semejante bomboncito (Vanidades, May 2001)

Metaphorical network: DESSERTS

Metaphorical network: DESSERTS

Sweets (pastel, bizcocho) Attractive young women Sweet snacks (bombón) Attractive young women

Sweets (pastel, bizcocho) Attractive young women Sweet snacks (bombón) Attractive young women

Process of baking Sexual maturation desserts

Process of baking Sexual maturation desserts

Pregnant woman Mothers (huevo de chocolate) (pasteleras)

Pregnant woman Mothers (huevo de chocolate) (pasteleras)

Figure 2. The metaphorical network WOMEN ARE DESSERTS in Spanish

Figure 2. The metaphorical network WOMEN ARE DESSERTS in Spanish

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con hijos de otro, porque casi siempre son malagradecidas. Buscará una que sea señorita, para comenzar a tener familia con ella, y los que lo escuchan se ríen, porque saben lo difícil que será para un feúcho como Polidoro conseguir un pastelito (C.R.E.A.).

con hijos de otro, porque casi siempre son malagradecidas. Buscará una que sea señorita, para comenzar a tener familia con ella, y los que lo escuchan se ríen, porque saben lo difícil que será para un feúcho como Polidoro conseguir un pastelito (C.R.E.A.).

(25) Parece que se acabó lo que se daba entre Rebeca y su el millonario venezolano. El bizcochito aparecía sin su chico en la inauguración de la tienda. (Vanidades, June 2004).

(25) Parece que se acabó lo que se daba entre Rebeca y su el millonario venezolano. El bizcochito aparecía sin su chico en la inauguración de la tienda. (Vanidades, June 2004).

Like in English, the metaphor WOMEN AS DESSERTS has become so successful in the Spanish language that it has generated a metaphorical network. So young women are presented as different types of sweets (bombón, pastel, bizcocho) who take on the role of bakers (pastelera) to generate children and whose physical appearance when pregnant resembles a chocolate egg (huevo de chocolate). Figure 2 schematizes the metaphorical network generated by the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor in the Spanish press.

Like in English, the metaphor WOMEN AS DESSERTS has become so successful in the Spanish language that it has generated a metaphorical network. So young women are presented as different types of sweets (bombón, pastel, bizcocho) who take on the role of bakers (pastelera) to generate children and whose physical appearance when pregnant resembles a chocolate egg (huevo de chocolate). Figure 2 schematizes the metaphorical network generated by the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor in the Spanish press.

(26) La mamacita tuvo que ser pastelera para hacer semejante bomboncito (Vanidades, May 2001)

(26) La mamacita tuvo que ser pastelera para hacer semejante bomboncito (Vanidades, May 2001)

Metaphorical network: DESSERTS Sweets (pastel, bizcocho) Attractive young women Sweet snacks (bombón) Attractive young women

Process of baking Sexual maturation desserts

Metaphorical network: DESSERTS Sweets (pastel, bizcocho) Attractive young women Sweet snacks (bombón) Attractive young women

Process of baking Sexual maturation desserts

Pregnant woman Mothers (huevo de chocolate) (pasteleras)

Pregnant woman Mothers (huevo de chocolate) (pasteleras)

Figure 2. The metaphorical network WOMEN ARE DESSERTS in Spanish

Figure 2. The metaphorical network WOMEN ARE DESSERTS in Spanish


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4. CONCLUSION

4. CONCLUSION

This paper has looked at a common metaphor used by the written press in both English and Spanish in the representation of women, namely, the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor. The pages of magazines and newspapers in English and Spanish are rife with images of women in the guise of different types of sweet foodstuffs such as honey, pie, cookie, candy, bombón, pastel or bizcocho. This association of women with foods may stem from cultural, historical and anthropological roots. In fact, as has been seen, the nurturing role biologically and historically attributed to women, community practices of cannibalism and symbolic rituals in which the desired person is eaten may have motivated the metaphorical identification of females with edible substances.

This paper has looked at a common metaphor used by the written press in both English and Spanish in the representation of women, namely, the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor. The pages of magazines and newspapers in English and Spanish are rife with images of women in the guise of different types of sweet foodstuffs such as honey, pie, cookie, candy, bombón, pastel or bizcocho. This association of women with foods may stem from cultural, historical and anthropological roots. In fact, as has been seen, the nurturing role biologically and historically attributed to women, community practices of cannibalism and symbolic rituals in which the desired person is eaten may have motivated the metaphorical identification of females with edible substances.

Both the English and Spanish press often resort to sweet foodstuffs in order to talk about the sexual desirability of a woman. Certainly, the choice of food seems to have important implications because from a nutritional standpoint desserts lack the nutritional value of other foodstuffs such as meat, fish, fruits or vegetables. In addition to this, as has been seen, together with the connotations of sweetness and tenderness that stem from desserts, the idea of deprivation of uniqueness and availability might underline such figurative usages. Finally, the fact that the metaphorical identification of women as desserts has become so ingrained in the English and Spanish press is well attested not only in their widespread usage and acceptance but also in the metaphorical networks created by such metaphors.

Both the English and Spanish press often resort to sweet foodstuffs in order to talk about the sexual desirability of a woman. Certainly, the choice of food seems to have important implications because from a nutritional standpoint desserts lack the nutritional value of other foodstuffs such as meat, fish, fruits or vegetables. In addition to this, as has been seen, together with the connotations of sweetness and tenderness that stem from desserts, the idea of deprivation of uniqueness and availability might underline such figurative usages. Finally, the fact that the metaphorical identification of women as desserts has become so ingrained in the English and Spanish press is well attested not only in their widespread usage and acceptance but also in the metaphorical networks created by such metaphors.

NOTES

NOTES

1

The magazines and newspapers used for this study are Cosmo Girl, Cosmopolitan, Vanity Fair, Star, Nineteen, New Yorker, Daily Mail, USA Today, Ragazza, Vanidades, La Vanguardia, People and magazines taken from the CREA (Corpus de la Real Academia del Español Actual). 2 Some of the senses registered for cake are “a prostitute” (Partridge, 1949), “a young woman” (Lighter, 1994) and “a woman’s breasts” (Lighter, 1994). Piece is also defined as “a woman or a girl” (Partridge, 1970b) and “a woman thought of as an object

1

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The magazines and newspapers used for this study are Cosmo Girl, Cosmopolitan, Vanity Fair, Star, Nineteen, New Yorker, Daily Mail, USA Today, Ragazza, Vanidades, La Vanguardia, People and magazines taken from the CREA (Corpus de la Real Academia del Español Actual). 2 Some of the senses registered for cake are “a prostitute” (Partridge, 1949), “a young woman” (Lighter, 1994) and “a woman’s breasts” (Lighter, 1994). Piece is also defined as “a woman or a girl” (Partridge, 1970b) and “a woman thought of as an object

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

4. CONCLUSION

4. CONCLUSION

This paper has looked at a common metaphor used by the written press in both English and Spanish in the representation of women, namely, the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor. The pages of magazines and newspapers in English and Spanish are rife with images of women in the guise of different types of sweet foodstuffs such as honey, pie, cookie, candy, bombón, pastel or bizcocho. This association of women with foods may stem from cultural, historical and anthropological roots. In fact, as has been seen, the nurturing role biologically and historically attributed to women, community practices of cannibalism and symbolic rituals in which the desired person is eaten may have motivated the metaphorical identification of females with edible substances.

This paper has looked at a common metaphor used by the written press in both English and Spanish in the representation of women, namely, the WOMAN AS DESSERT metaphor. The pages of magazines and newspapers in English and Spanish are rife with images of women in the guise of different types of sweet foodstuffs such as honey, pie, cookie, candy, bombón, pastel or bizcocho. This association of women with foods may stem from cultural, historical and anthropological roots. In fact, as has been seen, the nurturing role biologically and historically attributed to women, community practices of cannibalism and symbolic rituals in which the desired person is eaten may have motivated the metaphorical identification of females with edible substances.

Both the English and Spanish press often resort to sweet foodstuffs in order to talk about the sexual desirability of a woman. Certainly, the choice of food seems to have important implications because from a nutritional standpoint desserts lack the nutritional value of other foodstuffs such as meat, fish, fruits or vegetables. In addition to this, as has been seen, together with the connotations of sweetness and tenderness that stem from desserts, the idea of deprivation of uniqueness and availability might underline such figurative usages. Finally, the fact that the metaphorical identification of women as desserts has become so ingrained in the English and Spanish press is well attested not only in their widespread usage and acceptance but also in the metaphorical networks created by such metaphors.

Both the English and Spanish press often resort to sweet foodstuffs in order to talk about the sexual desirability of a woman. Certainly, the choice of food seems to have important implications because from a nutritional standpoint desserts lack the nutritional value of other foodstuffs such as meat, fish, fruits or vegetables. In addition to this, as has been seen, together with the connotations of sweetness and tenderness that stem from desserts, the idea of deprivation of uniqueness and availability might underline such figurative usages. Finally, the fact that the metaphorical identification of women as desserts has become so ingrained in the English and Spanish press is well attested not only in their widespread usage and acceptance but also in the metaphorical networks created by such metaphors.

NOTES

NOTES

1

1

The magazines and newspapers used for this study are Cosmo Girl, Cosmopolitan, Vanity Fair, Star, Nineteen, New Yorker, Daily Mail, USA Today, Ragazza, Vanidades, La Vanguardia, People and magazines taken from the CREA (Corpus de la Real Academia del Español Actual). 2 Some of the senses registered for cake are “a prostitute” (Partridge, 1949), “a young woman” (Lighter, 1994) and “a woman’s breasts” (Lighter, 1994). Piece is also defined as “a woman or a girl” (Partridge, 1970b) and “a woman thought of as an object

The magazines and newspapers used for this study are Cosmo Girl, Cosmopolitan, Vanity Fair, Star, Nineteen, New Yorker, Daily Mail, USA Today, Ragazza, Vanidades, La Vanguardia, People and magazines taken from the CREA (Corpus de la Real Academia del Español Actual). 2 Some of the senses registered for cake are “a prostitute” (Partridge, 1949), “a young woman” (Lighter, 1994) and “a woman’s breasts” (Lighter, 1994). Piece is also defined as “a woman or a girl” (Partridge, 1970b) and “a woman thought of as an object


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of sexual intercourse; intercourse itself ” (Oxford English Dictionary). Piece is also defined as “a term of vulgar and luscious endearment for a woman” (Partridge, 1993), “easy, simple, desirable, welcome” (Partridge, 1970a) and “something easily achieved” (Oxford English Dictionary). 3 I am indebted to Hines (1999) for this example. 4 I am indebted to Hines (1999) for this example.

of sexual intercourse; intercourse itself ” (Oxford English Dictionary). Piece is also defined as “a term of vulgar and luscious endearment for a woman” (Partridge, 1993), “easy, simple, desirable, welcome” (Partridge, 1970a) and “something easily achieved” (Oxford English Dictionary). 3 I am indebted to Hines (1999) for this example. 4 I am indebted to Hines (1999) for this example.

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Adams, C. 1990. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. New York: Continuum. Baider, F. And S. Gesuato. 2005. Masculinist Metaphors, Feminist Research. 10 Jan. <http://www.metaphorik.de/05/baidergesuato.htm>. Baker, R. 1981. “‘Pricks’ and ‘Chicks’: A Plea for ‘persons’” in R. Baker and F. Elliston, eds. Philosophy and Sex. New York: Prometheus Books, 45-64. Calvo, C. 1998. “Ideology and women’s clothes: fashion jargon in the daily press” in A. Downing, A.J. Moya and J.I. Albentosa, eds. Patterns in Discourse and Text. Ensayos de análisis del discurso en lengua inglesa. Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 63-79. Carbonell, D. 1997. Diccionario castellano e inglés de argot y lenguaje informal. Barcelona: Editorial del Serbal. Chamizo, P. and F. Sánchez. 2000. Lo que nunca se aprendió en clase. Eufemismos y disfemismos en el lenguaje erótico inglés. Granada: Comares. Charles, N. and M. Kerr. 1988. Women, Food and Families. Manchester: Manchester University Press. C.R.E.A. Corpus de la Real Academia del español actual. <http://www.rae.es>. Curtin, D. and L. Heldke. 1992. “Introduction” in D. Curtin and L. Heldke, eds. Cooking, Eating, Thinking: Transformative Philosophies of Food. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 3-22. Diccionario de la lengua española. 1995. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe. Eble, C. 1996. Slang and Sociability: In-Group Language among College Students. Berkeley: Berkeley University Press. Emanatian, M. 1995. “Metaphor and the expression of emotion: the

Adams, C. 1990. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. New York: Continuum. Baider, F. And S. Gesuato. 2005. Masculinist Metaphors, Feminist Research. 10 Jan. <http://www.metaphorik.de/05/baidergesuato.htm>. Baker, R. 1981. “‘Pricks’ and ‘Chicks’: A Plea for ‘persons’” in R. Baker and F. Elliston, eds. Philosophy and Sex. New York: Prometheus Books, 45-64. Calvo, C. 1998. “Ideology and women’s clothes: fashion jargon in the daily press” in A. Downing, A.J. Moya and J.I. Albentosa, eds. Patterns in Discourse and Text. Ensayos de análisis del discurso en lengua inglesa. Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 63-79. Carbonell, D. 1997. Diccionario castellano e inglés de argot y lenguaje informal. Barcelona: Editorial del Serbal. Chamizo, P. and F. Sánchez. 2000. Lo que nunca se aprendió en clase. Eufemismos y disfemismos en el lenguaje erótico inglés. Granada: Comares. Charles, N. and M. Kerr. 1988. Women, Food and Families. Manchester: Manchester University Press. C.R.E.A. Corpus de la Real Academia del español actual. <http://www.rae.es>. Curtin, D. and L. Heldke. 1992. “Introduction” in D. Curtin and L. Heldke, eds. Cooking, Eating, Thinking: Transformative Philosophies of Food. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 3-22. Diccionario de la lengua española. 1995. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe. Eble, C. 1996. Slang and Sociability: In-Group Language among College Students. Berkeley: Berkeley University Press. Emanatian, M. 1995. “Metaphor and the expression of emotion: the

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of sexual intercourse; intercourse itself ” (Oxford English Dictionary). Piece is also defined as “a term of vulgar and luscious endearment for a woman” (Partridge, 1993), “easy, simple, desirable, welcome” (Partridge, 1970a) and “something easily achieved” (Oxford English Dictionary). 3 I am indebted to Hines (1999) for this example. 4 I am indebted to Hines (1999) for this example.

of sexual intercourse; intercourse itself ” (Oxford English Dictionary). Piece is also defined as “a term of vulgar and luscious endearment for a woman” (Partridge, 1993), “easy, simple, desirable, welcome” (Partridge, 1970a) and “something easily achieved” (Oxford English Dictionary). 3 I am indebted to Hines (1999) for this example. 4 I am indebted to Hines (1999) for this example.

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Adams, C. 1990. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. New York: Continuum. Baider, F. And S. Gesuato. 2005. Masculinist Metaphors, Feminist Research. 10 Jan. <http://www.metaphorik.de/05/baidergesuato.htm>. Baker, R. 1981. “‘Pricks’ and ‘Chicks’: A Plea for ‘persons’” in R. Baker and F. Elliston, eds. Philosophy and Sex. New York: Prometheus Books, 45-64. Calvo, C. 1998. “Ideology and women’s clothes: fashion jargon in the daily press” in A. Downing, A.J. Moya and J.I. Albentosa, eds. Patterns in Discourse and Text. Ensayos de análisis del discurso en lengua inglesa. Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 63-79. Carbonell, D. 1997. Diccionario castellano e inglés de argot y lenguaje informal. Barcelona: Editorial del Serbal. Chamizo, P. and F. Sánchez. 2000. Lo que nunca se aprendió en clase. Eufemismos y disfemismos en el lenguaje erótico inglés. Granada: Comares. Charles, N. and M. Kerr. 1988. Women, Food and Families. Manchester: Manchester University Press. C.R.E.A. Corpus de la Real Academia del español actual. <http://www.rae.es>. Curtin, D. and L. Heldke. 1992. “Introduction” in D. Curtin and L. Heldke, eds. Cooking, Eating, Thinking: Transformative Philosophies of Food. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 3-22. Diccionario de la lengua española. 1995. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe. Eble, C. 1996. Slang and Sociability: In-Group Language among College Students. Berkeley: Berkeley University Press. Emanatian, M. 1995. “Metaphor and the expression of emotion: the

Adams, C. 1990. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. New York: Continuum. Baider, F. And S. Gesuato. 2005. Masculinist Metaphors, Feminist Research. 10 Jan. <http://www.metaphorik.de/05/baidergesuato.htm>. Baker, R. 1981. “‘Pricks’ and ‘Chicks’: A Plea for ‘persons’” in R. Baker and F. Elliston, eds. Philosophy and Sex. New York: Prometheus Books, 45-64. Calvo, C. 1998. “Ideology and women’s clothes: fashion jargon in the daily press” in A. Downing, A.J. Moya and J.I. Albentosa, eds. Patterns in Discourse and Text. Ensayos de análisis del discurso en lengua inglesa. Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 63-79. Carbonell, D. 1997. Diccionario castellano e inglés de argot y lenguaje informal. Barcelona: Editorial del Serbal. Chamizo, P. and F. Sánchez. 2000. Lo que nunca se aprendió en clase. Eufemismos y disfemismos en el lenguaje erótico inglés. Granada: Comares. Charles, N. and M. Kerr. 1988. Women, Food and Families. Manchester: Manchester University Press. C.R.E.A. Corpus de la Real Academia del español actual. <http://www.rae.es>. Curtin, D. and L. Heldke. 1992. “Introduction” in D. Curtin and L. Heldke, eds. Cooking, Eating, Thinking: Transformative Philosophies of Food. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 3-22. Diccionario de la lengua española. 1995. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe. Eble, C. 1996. Slang and Sociability: In-Group Language among College Students. Berkeley: Berkeley University Press. Emanatian, M. 1995. “Metaphor and the expression of emotion: the


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value of cross-cultural perspectives”. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10:163-82. Gibbs, R. et al. 2004. “Metaphor is grounded in embodied experience”. Journal of Pragmatics. 36:1189-1210. Harris, M. 1985. Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture. New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster. Hines, C. 1999. “Rebaking the Pie: the WOMAN AS DESSERT Metaphor” in M. Bucholtz, A.C. Liang and L.A. Sutton, eds. Reinventing Identities. The Gendered Self in Discourse. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 145-62. Hughes, G. 1991. Swearing. A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. Oxford (UK)/Cambridge (USA): Blackwell. Kövecses, Z. 2000. Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture and Body in Human Feeling. New York: Cambridge University Press. Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press. Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago/London: Chicago University Press. Lighter, J.E. 1994. Historical Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Random House. Mills, S. 1995. Feminist Stylistics. London: Routledge. Moore, Z. 1996. “Teaching culture: A study of piropos”. Hispania. 79: 113-20. Nilsen, A.P. 1994. “Sexism in English: A 1990s Update” in Alfred Rosa, Virginia Clark and Paul Eschulz, eds. Essays on Sexism. New York: St. Martin´s Press, 355-75. Noble, J. and J. Lacasa. 1992. The Hispanic Way. Lincolnwood, IL: Passbooks. Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press. CD-ROM edition. Partridge, E. 1949. A Dictionary of the Underworld. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Partridge, E. 1970a. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. New York: Macmillan. Partridge, E. 1970b. Slang Today and Yesterday. 4th edition. London: Routledge & Kegan. Partridge, E. 1993. Shakespeare´s Bawdy. 2nd edition. London: Routledge.

value of cross-cultural perspectives”. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10:163-82. Gibbs, R. et al. 2004. “Metaphor is grounded in embodied experience”. Journal of Pragmatics. 36:1189-1210. Harris, M. 1985. Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture. New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster. Hines, C. 1999. “Rebaking the Pie: the WOMAN AS DESSERT Metaphor” in M. Bucholtz, A.C. Liang and L.A. Sutton, eds. Reinventing Identities. The Gendered Self in Discourse. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 145-62. Hughes, G. 1991. Swearing. A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. Oxford (UK)/Cambridge (USA): Blackwell. Kövecses, Z. 2000. Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture and Body in Human Feeling. New York: Cambridge University Press. Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press. Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago/London: Chicago University Press. Lighter, J.E. 1994. Historical Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Random House. Mills, S. 1995. Feminist Stylistics. London: Routledge. Moore, Z. 1996. “Teaching culture: A study of piropos”. Hispania. 79: 113-20. Nilsen, A.P. 1994. “Sexism in English: A 1990s Update” in Alfred Rosa, Virginia Clark and Paul Eschulz, eds. Essays on Sexism. New York: St. Martin´s Press, 355-75. Noble, J. and J. Lacasa. 1992. The Hispanic Way. Lincolnwood, IL: Passbooks. Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press. CD-ROM edition. Partridge, E. 1949. A Dictionary of the Underworld. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Partridge, E. 1970a. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. New York: Macmillan. Partridge, E. 1970b. Slang Today and Yesterday. 4th edition. London: Routledge & Kegan. Partridge, E. 1993. Shakespeare´s Bawdy. 2nd edition. London: Routledge.

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value of cross-cultural perspectives”. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10:163-82. Gibbs, R. et al. 2004. “Metaphor is grounded in embodied experience”. Journal of Pragmatics. 36:1189-1210. Harris, M. 1985. Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture. New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster. Hines, C. 1999. “Rebaking the Pie: the WOMAN AS DESSERT Metaphor” in M. Bucholtz, A.C. Liang and L.A. Sutton, eds. Reinventing Identities. The Gendered Self in Discourse. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 145-62. Hughes, G. 1991. Swearing. A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. Oxford (UK)/Cambridge (USA): Blackwell. Kövecses, Z. 2000. Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture and Body in Human Feeling. New York: Cambridge University Press. Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press. Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago/London: Chicago University Press. Lighter, J.E. 1994. Historical Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Random House. Mills, S. 1995. Feminist Stylistics. London: Routledge. Moore, Z. 1996. “Teaching culture: A study of piropos”. Hispania. 79: 113-20. Nilsen, A.P. 1994. “Sexism in English: A 1990s Update” in Alfred Rosa, Virginia Clark and Paul Eschulz, eds. Essays on Sexism. New York: St. Martin´s Press, 355-75. Noble, J. and J. Lacasa. 1992. The Hispanic Way. Lincolnwood, IL: Passbooks. Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press. CD-ROM edition. Partridge, E. 1949. A Dictionary of the Underworld. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Partridge, E. 1970a. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. New York: Macmillan. Partridge, E. 1970b. Slang Today and Yesterday. 4th edition. London: Routledge & Kegan. Partridge, E. 1993. Shakespeare´s Bawdy. 2nd edition. London: Routledge.

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value of cross-cultural perspectives”. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10:163-82. Gibbs, R. et al. 2004. “Metaphor is grounded in embodied experience”. Journal of Pragmatics. 36:1189-1210. Harris, M. 1985. Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture. New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster. Hines, C. 1999. “Rebaking the Pie: the WOMAN AS DESSERT Metaphor” in M. Bucholtz, A.C. Liang and L.A. Sutton, eds. Reinventing Identities. The Gendered Self in Discourse. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 145-62. Hughes, G. 1991. Swearing. A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. Oxford (UK)/Cambridge (USA): Blackwell. Kövecses, Z. 2000. Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture and Body in Human Feeling. New York: Cambridge University Press. Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press. Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago/London: Chicago University Press. Lighter, J.E. 1994. Historical Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Random House. Mills, S. 1995. Feminist Stylistics. London: Routledge. Moore, Z. 1996. “Teaching culture: A study of piropos”. Hispania. 79: 113-20. Nilsen, A.P. 1994. “Sexism in English: A 1990s Update” in Alfred Rosa, Virginia Clark and Paul Eschulz, eds. Essays on Sexism. New York: St. Martin´s Press, 355-75. Noble, J. and J. Lacasa. 1992. The Hispanic Way. Lincolnwood, IL: Passbooks. Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press. CD-ROM edition. Partridge, E. 1949. A Dictionary of the Underworld. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Partridge, E. 1970a. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. New York: Macmillan. Partridge, E. 1970b. Slang Today and Yesterday. 4th edition. London: Routledge & Kegan. Partridge, E. 1993. Shakespeare´s Bawdy. 2nd edition. London: Routledge.


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Talbot, M. 1995. “Gender stereotypes: Reproduction and challenge” in Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz, eds. Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. New York: Routledge, 143-65. Talbot, M. 2003. “A synthetic sisterhood: False friends in a teenage magazine” in Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff, eds. The Handbook of Language and Gender. Oxford: Blackwell, 468-86. Vetterling-Braggin, M. 1981. Sexist Language. A Modern Philosophical Analysis. Lehigh: Adams & Co. Wilkinson, P.R. 2002. Thesaurus of Traditional English Metaphors. 2nd edition. London/New York: Routledge.

Talbot, M. 1995. “Gender stereotypes: Reproduction and challenge” in Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz, eds. Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. New York: Routledge, 143-65. Talbot, M. 2003. “A synthetic sisterhood: False friends in a teenage magazine” in Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff, eds. The Handbook of Language and Gender. Oxford: Blackwell, 468-86. Vetterling-Braggin, M. 1981. Sexist Language. A Modern Philosophical Analysis. Lehigh: Adams & Co. Wilkinson, P.R. 2002. Thesaurus of Traditional English Metaphors. 2nd edition. London/New York: Routledge.

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Talbot, M. 1995. “Gender stereotypes: Reproduction and challenge” in Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz, eds. Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. New York: Routledge, 143-65. Talbot, M. 2003. “A synthetic sisterhood: False friends in a teenage magazine” in Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff, eds. The Handbook of Language and Gender. Oxford: Blackwell, 468-86. Vetterling-Braggin, M. 1981. Sexist Language. A Modern Philosophical Analysis. Lehigh: Adams & Co. Wilkinson, P.R. 2002. Thesaurus of Traditional English Metaphors. 2nd edition. London/New York: Routledge.

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Talbot, M. 1995. “Gender stereotypes: Reproduction and challenge” in Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz, eds. Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. New York: Routledge, 143-65. Talbot, M. 2003. “A synthetic sisterhood: False friends in a teenage magazine” in Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff, eds. The Handbook of Language and Gender. Oxford: Blackwell, 468-86. Vetterling-Braggin, M. 1981. Sexist Language. A Modern Philosophical Analysis. Lehigh: Adams & Co. Wilkinson, P.R. 2002. Thesaurus of Traditional English Metaphors. 2nd edition. London/New York: Routledge.



Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS ANUNCIOS DE EMPLEO A TRAVÉS DE UN ANÁLISIS SEMI-AUTOMÁTICO* Victoria López Sanjuán UNED, Madrid vlopez@madrid.uned.es

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS ANUNCIOS DE EMPLEO A TRAVÉS DE UN ANÁLISIS SEMI-AUTOMÁTICO* Victoria López Sanjuán UNED, Madrid vlopez@madrid.uned.es

This paper shows a description of the sublanguage of job ads, paying especial attention to its structure and grammatical and lexical features.

This paper shows a description of the sublanguage of job ads, paying especial attention to its structure and grammatical and lexical features.

Sublanguages, defined as the language of a textual subgenre identified from a given domain and genre are characterized by several linguistic features. These features can be common or diverging from standard language. They can be lexical, semantic, morfosintactic and discursive.

Sublanguages, defined as the language of a textual subgenre identified from a given domain and genre are characterized by several linguistic features. These features can be common or diverging from standard language. They can be lexical, semantic, morfosintactic and discursive.

From a representative corpus of a linguistic entity, which is clearly enclosed and defined, a quantitative analysis is made to determine scientifically its identity and nature as a linguistic variant by processing the corpus with a set of computational tools.

From a representative corpus of a linguistic entity, which is clearly enclosed and defined, a quantitative analysis is made to determine scientifically its identity and nature as a linguistic variant by processing the corpus with a set of computational tools.

Key words: sublanguage, corpus, analysis tools, job ads, quantitative analysis.

Key words: sublanguage, corpus, analysis tools, job ads, quantitative analysis.

En este artículo se muestra una amplia descripción del sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo, prestando especial atención a su estructura y a las características morfológicas y léxicas.

En este artículo se muestra una amplia descripción del sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo, prestando especial atención a su estructura y a las características morfológicas y léxicas.

Hay que señalar que los sublenguajes, definidos como la lengua de un subgénero textual, identificado a su vez a partir de un dominio y género dados, se caracterizan por una serie de rasgos lingüísticos, tanto comunes como divergentes con respecto a la lengua estándar. Estas características pueden ser léxicas, semánticas, morfosintácticas, pragmáticas y discursivas.

Hay que señalar que los sublenguajes, definidos como la lengua de un subgénero textual, identificado a su vez a partir de un dominio y género dados, se caracterizan por una serie de rasgos lingüísticos, tanto comunes como divergentes con respecto a la lengua estándar. Estas características pueden ser léxicas, semánticas, morfosintácticas, pragmáticas y discursivas.

A partir de un corpus representativo de una entidad lingüística claramente acotada y definida se ha

A partir de un corpus representativo de una entidad lingüística claramente acotada y definida se ha

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2008

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* Fecha de recepción: abril 2008

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197

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS ANUNCIOS DE EMPLEO A TRAVÉS DE UN ANÁLISIS SEMI-AUTOMÁTICO* Victoria López Sanjuán UNED, Madrid vlopez@madrid.uned.es

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS ANUNCIOS DE EMPLEO A TRAVÉS DE UN ANÁLISIS SEMI-AUTOMÁTICO* Victoria López Sanjuán UNED, Madrid vlopez@madrid.uned.es

This paper shows a description of the sublanguage of job ads, paying especial attention to its structure and grammatical and lexical features.

This paper shows a description of the sublanguage of job ads, paying especial attention to its structure and grammatical and lexical features.

Sublanguages, defined as the language of a textual subgenre identified from a given domain and genre are characterized by several linguistic features. These features can be common or diverging from standard language. They can be lexical, semantic, morfosintactic and discursive.

Sublanguages, defined as the language of a textual subgenre identified from a given domain and genre are characterized by several linguistic features. These features can be common or diverging from standard language. They can be lexical, semantic, morfosintactic and discursive.

From a representative corpus of a linguistic entity, which is clearly enclosed and defined, a quantitative analysis is made to determine scientifically its identity and nature as a linguistic variant by processing the corpus with a set of computational tools.

From a representative corpus of a linguistic entity, which is clearly enclosed and defined, a quantitative analysis is made to determine scientifically its identity and nature as a linguistic variant by processing the corpus with a set of computational tools.

Key words: sublanguage, corpus, analysis tools, job ads, quantitative analysis.

Key words: sublanguage, corpus, analysis tools, job ads, quantitative analysis.

En este artículo se muestra una amplia descripción del sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo, prestando especial atención a su estructura y a las características morfológicas y léxicas.

En este artículo se muestra una amplia descripción del sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo, prestando especial atención a su estructura y a las características morfológicas y léxicas.

Hay que señalar que los sublenguajes, definidos como la lengua de un subgénero textual, identificado a su vez a partir de un dominio y género dados, se caracterizan por una serie de rasgos lingüísticos, tanto comunes como divergentes con respecto a la lengua estándar. Estas características pueden ser léxicas, semánticas, morfosintácticas, pragmáticas y discursivas.

Hay que señalar que los sublenguajes, definidos como la lengua de un subgénero textual, identificado a su vez a partir de un dominio y género dados, se caracterizan por una serie de rasgos lingüísticos, tanto comunes como divergentes con respecto a la lengua estándar. Estas características pueden ser léxicas, semánticas, morfosintácticas, pragmáticas y discursivas.

A partir de un corpus representativo de una entidad lingüística claramente acotada y definida se ha

A partir de un corpus representativo de una entidad lingüística claramente acotada y definida se ha

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2008

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2008


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realizado un análisis cuantitativo para determinar científicamente su identidad y naturaleza como variante lingüística a través del procesamiento del corpus con un conjunto de herramientas computacionales estándar.

realizado un análisis cuantitativo para determinar científicamente su identidad y naturaleza como variante lingüística a través del procesamiento del corpus con un conjunto de herramientas computacionales estándar.

Palabras clave: sublenguaje, corpus, herramientas de análisis, anuncios de empleo, análisis cuantitativo.

Palabras clave: sublenguaje, corpus, herramientas de análisis, anuncios de empleo, análisis cuantitativo.

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

En el tratamiento computacional de los corpus hoy en día destaca el de los sublenguajes. Es un tipo de variante lingüística que ha cobrado gran importancia en las últimas décadas debido, en primer lugar, a las múltiples dificultades en el tratamiento informatizado de las lenguas generales y, en segundo lugar, a su propio interés objetivo en el mundo científico y profesional de hoy. Todo ello ha conducido a la identificación de variantes lingüísticas temáticas y a la adopción de líneas de investigación ex profeso.

En el tratamiento computacional de los corpus hoy en día destaca el de los sublenguajes. Es un tipo de variante lingüística que ha cobrado gran importancia en las últimas décadas debido, en primer lugar, a las múltiples dificultades en el tratamiento informatizado de las lenguas generales y, en segundo lugar, a su propio interés objetivo en el mundo científico y profesional de hoy. Todo ello ha conducido a la identificación de variantes lingüísticas temáticas y a la adopción de líneas de investigación ex profeso.

En el tratamiento computacional de los corpus es habitual el uso de una serie de herramientas computacionales. Estas herramientas se utilizan para obtener datos de un modo rápido, exhaustivo, flexible y fiable. La ventaja que tienen sobre las anotaciones manuales es que no dependen ni varían según la idiosincrasia de la persona que las hace. También se utilizan para llevar a cabo las anotaciones de los corpus.

En el tratamiento computacional de los corpus es habitual el uso de una serie de herramientas computacionales. Estas herramientas se utilizan para obtener datos de un modo rápido, exhaustivo, flexible y fiable. La ventaja que tienen sobre las anotaciones manuales es que no dependen ni varían según la idiosincrasia de la persona que las hace. También se utilizan para llevar a cabo las anotaciones de los corpus.

Entre estas herramientas destacan las herramientas de análisis textual y las herramientas para la anotación de corpus. Las primeras facilitan sobre todo datos estadísticos, que sirven para realizar generalizaciones y establecer el comportamiento de estructuras o palabras en el texto. Estas herramientas se suelen aplicar a textos sin anotar (por ejemplo, TACT, Hyperbase o WordSmith Tools). Dentro de las herramientas de anotación de corpus destacan los etiquetadores (como CLAWS) y los analizadores sintácticos (como Link Grammar Parser). Los etiquetadores proporcionan el análisis de categorías léxicas y gramaticales y los analizadores el de las estructuras sintácticas.

Entre estas herramientas destacan las herramientas de análisis textual y las herramientas para la anotación de corpus. Las primeras facilitan sobre todo datos estadísticos, que sirven para realizar generalizaciones y establecer el comportamiento de estructuras o palabras en el texto. Estas herramientas se suelen aplicar a textos sin anotar (por ejemplo, TACT, Hyperbase o WordSmith Tools). Dentro de las herramientas de anotación de corpus destacan los etiquetadores (como CLAWS) y los analizadores sintácticos (como Link Grammar Parser). Los etiquetadores proporcionan el análisis de categorías léxicas y gramaticales y los analizadores el de las estructuras sintácticas.

En un estudio anterior (López Sanjuán 2003), se ha demostrado que en el estudio de sublenguajes no es suficiente la utilización de una herramienta aislada, por ejemplo de un analizador textual, para

En un estudio anterior (López Sanjuán 2003), se ha demostrado que en el estudio de sublenguajes no es suficiente la utilización de una herramienta aislada, por ejemplo de un analizador textual, para

198

198

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

realizado un análisis cuantitativo para determinar científicamente su identidad y naturaleza como variante lingüística a través del procesamiento del corpus con un conjunto de herramientas computacionales estándar.

realizado un análisis cuantitativo para determinar científicamente su identidad y naturaleza como variante lingüística a través del procesamiento del corpus con un conjunto de herramientas computacionales estándar.

Palabras clave: sublenguaje, corpus, herramientas de análisis, anuncios de empleo, análisis cuantitativo.

Palabras clave: sublenguaje, corpus, herramientas de análisis, anuncios de empleo, análisis cuantitativo.

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

En el tratamiento computacional de los corpus hoy en día destaca el de los sublenguajes. Es un tipo de variante lingüística que ha cobrado gran importancia en las últimas décadas debido, en primer lugar, a las múltiples dificultades en el tratamiento informatizado de las lenguas generales y, en segundo lugar, a su propio interés objetivo en el mundo científico y profesional de hoy. Todo ello ha conducido a la identificación de variantes lingüísticas temáticas y a la adopción de líneas de investigación ex profeso.

En el tratamiento computacional de los corpus hoy en día destaca el de los sublenguajes. Es un tipo de variante lingüística que ha cobrado gran importancia en las últimas décadas debido, en primer lugar, a las múltiples dificultades en el tratamiento informatizado de las lenguas generales y, en segundo lugar, a su propio interés objetivo en el mundo científico y profesional de hoy. Todo ello ha conducido a la identificación de variantes lingüísticas temáticas y a la adopción de líneas de investigación ex profeso.

En el tratamiento computacional de los corpus es habitual el uso de una serie de herramientas computacionales. Estas herramientas se utilizan para obtener datos de un modo rápido, exhaustivo, flexible y fiable. La ventaja que tienen sobre las anotaciones manuales es que no dependen ni varían según la idiosincrasia de la persona que las hace. También se utilizan para llevar a cabo las anotaciones de los corpus.

En el tratamiento computacional de los corpus es habitual el uso de una serie de herramientas computacionales. Estas herramientas se utilizan para obtener datos de un modo rápido, exhaustivo, flexible y fiable. La ventaja que tienen sobre las anotaciones manuales es que no dependen ni varían según la idiosincrasia de la persona que las hace. También se utilizan para llevar a cabo las anotaciones de los corpus.

Entre estas herramientas destacan las herramientas de análisis textual y las herramientas para la anotación de corpus. Las primeras facilitan sobre todo datos estadísticos, que sirven para realizar generalizaciones y establecer el comportamiento de estructuras o palabras en el texto. Estas herramientas se suelen aplicar a textos sin anotar (por ejemplo, TACT, Hyperbase o WordSmith Tools). Dentro de las herramientas de anotación de corpus destacan los etiquetadores (como CLAWS) y los analizadores sintácticos (como Link Grammar Parser). Los etiquetadores proporcionan el análisis de categorías léxicas y gramaticales y los analizadores el de las estructuras sintácticas.

Entre estas herramientas destacan las herramientas de análisis textual y las herramientas para la anotación de corpus. Las primeras facilitan sobre todo datos estadísticos, que sirven para realizar generalizaciones y establecer el comportamiento de estructuras o palabras en el texto. Estas herramientas se suelen aplicar a textos sin anotar (por ejemplo, TACT, Hyperbase o WordSmith Tools). Dentro de las herramientas de anotación de corpus destacan los etiquetadores (como CLAWS) y los analizadores sintácticos (como Link Grammar Parser). Los etiquetadores proporcionan el análisis de categorías léxicas y gramaticales y los analizadores el de las estructuras sintácticas.

En un estudio anterior (López Sanjuán 2003), se ha demostrado que en el estudio de sublenguajes no es suficiente la utilización de una herramienta aislada, por ejemplo de un analizador textual, para

En un estudio anterior (López Sanjuán 2003), se ha demostrado que en el estudio de sublenguajes no es suficiente la utilización de una herramienta aislada, por ejemplo de un analizador textual, para


Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

199

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

199

identificar o tratar un sublenguaje determinado, ya que sólo proporciona resultados de tipo estadístico y léxico y no es suficiente. Para identificar un sublenguaje no llega con estudiar el vocabulario, hay que fijarse en otros planos lingüísticos y estos programas no proporcionan otro tipo de información. Lo mismo sucede con un etiquetador, que no suele ir más allá de la información morfológica o morfosintáctica. Sin embargo, la utilización de herramientas computacionales estándar en una aplicación conjunta puede aportar indicios de la presencia de una posible variante lingüística, que está acotada por tema y género.

identificar o tratar un sublenguaje determinado, ya que sólo proporciona resultados de tipo estadístico y léxico y no es suficiente. Para identificar un sublenguaje no llega con estudiar el vocabulario, hay que fijarse en otros planos lingüísticos y estos programas no proporcionan otro tipo de información. Lo mismo sucede con un etiquetador, que no suele ir más allá de la información morfológica o morfosintáctica. Sin embargo, la utilización de herramientas computacionales estándar en una aplicación conjunta puede aportar indicios de la presencia de una posible variante lingüística, que está acotada por tema y género.

Con la aplicación de un etiquetador y un analizador textual a un corpus de anuncios de empleo, se va a describir y caracterizar este tipo textual. Hay que señalar que la elección de un corpus de ofertas de empleo no ha sido fortuita: se han tenido en cuenta la disponibilidad de los textos de este tipo para su recopilación, la no excesiva especialización conceptual de este campo y que el género impone necesariamente rígidas normas por cuestiones como el espacio, el formato, etc. y el carácter abierto de su comunidad de hablantes.

Con la aplicación de un etiquetador y un analizador textual a un corpus de anuncios de empleo, se va a describir y caracterizar este tipo textual. Hay que señalar que la elección de un corpus de ofertas de empleo no ha sido fortuita: se han tenido en cuenta la disponibilidad de los textos de este tipo para su recopilación, la no excesiva especialización conceptual de este campo y que el género impone necesariamente rígidas normas por cuestiones como el espacio, el formato, etc. y el carácter abierto de su comunidad de hablantes.

Aunque puede argüirse que ha habido un gran número de estudios lingüísticos llevados a cabo con fines computacionales sobre este subgénero (Somers y otros 1997, Bárcena 1994), la aplicación conjunta de diferentes tipos de herramientas computacionales para obtener una caracterización global donde los resultados, positivos o negativos, muestren un conjunto suficientemente amplio y variado de evidencia para poder caracterizar este tipo textual e interpretarlo ofrece una perspectiva diferente y exhaustiva con el objetivo de describir este tipo textual, pero sin un fin computacional, sino meramente lingüístico. Un análisis de este tipo podría tomarse como base para la enseñanza de un curso de ESP en dónde se enseñase inglés de negocios, por ejemplo, o podría servir como ejemplo de lo que ofrecen las herramientas de análisis para investigar un sublenguaje y extraer, por ejemplo, información para la elaboración de materiales didácticos. Esto sin olvidar, claro está, su enfoque computacional.

Aunque puede argüirse que ha habido un gran número de estudios lingüísticos llevados a cabo con fines computacionales sobre este subgénero (Somers y otros 1997, Bárcena 1994), la aplicación conjunta de diferentes tipos de herramientas computacionales para obtener una caracterización global donde los resultados, positivos o negativos, muestren un conjunto suficientemente amplio y variado de evidencia para poder caracterizar este tipo textual e interpretarlo ofrece una perspectiva diferente y exhaustiva con el objetivo de describir este tipo textual, pero sin un fin computacional, sino meramente lingüístico. Un análisis de este tipo podría tomarse como base para la enseñanza de un curso de ESP en dónde se enseñase inglés de negocios, por ejemplo, o podría servir como ejemplo de lo que ofrecen las herramientas de análisis para investigar un sublenguaje y extraer, por ejemplo, información para la elaboración de materiales didácticos. Esto sin olvidar, claro está, su enfoque computacional.

Después de una breve introducción sobre los sublenguajes, y partiendo de la premisa de que en principio se ha recopilado un corpus representativo de una entidad lingüística claramente acotada y definida, se pretende determinar científicamente su identidad y

Después de una breve introducción sobre los sublenguajes, y partiendo de la premisa de que en principio se ha recopilado un corpus representativo de una entidad lingüística claramente acotada y definida, se pretende determinar científicamente su identidad y

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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identificar o tratar un sublenguaje determinado, ya que sólo proporciona resultados de tipo estadístico y léxico y no es suficiente. Para identificar un sublenguaje no llega con estudiar el vocabulario, hay que fijarse en otros planos lingüísticos y estos programas no proporcionan otro tipo de información. Lo mismo sucede con un etiquetador, que no suele ir más allá de la información morfológica o morfosintáctica. Sin embargo, la utilización de herramientas computacionales estándar en una aplicación conjunta puede aportar indicios de la presencia de una posible variante lingüística, que está acotada por tema y género.

identificar o tratar un sublenguaje determinado, ya que sólo proporciona resultados de tipo estadístico y léxico y no es suficiente. Para identificar un sublenguaje no llega con estudiar el vocabulario, hay que fijarse en otros planos lingüísticos y estos programas no proporcionan otro tipo de información. Lo mismo sucede con un etiquetador, que no suele ir más allá de la información morfológica o morfosintáctica. Sin embargo, la utilización de herramientas computacionales estándar en una aplicación conjunta puede aportar indicios de la presencia de una posible variante lingüística, que está acotada por tema y género.

Con la aplicación de un etiquetador y un analizador textual a un corpus de anuncios de empleo, se va a describir y caracterizar este tipo textual. Hay que señalar que la elección de un corpus de ofertas de empleo no ha sido fortuita: se han tenido en cuenta la disponibilidad de los textos de este tipo para su recopilación, la no excesiva especialización conceptual de este campo y que el género impone necesariamente rígidas normas por cuestiones como el espacio, el formato, etc. y el carácter abierto de su comunidad de hablantes.

Con la aplicación de un etiquetador y un analizador textual a un corpus de anuncios de empleo, se va a describir y caracterizar este tipo textual. Hay que señalar que la elección de un corpus de ofertas de empleo no ha sido fortuita: se han tenido en cuenta la disponibilidad de los textos de este tipo para su recopilación, la no excesiva especialización conceptual de este campo y que el género impone necesariamente rígidas normas por cuestiones como el espacio, el formato, etc. y el carácter abierto de su comunidad de hablantes.

Aunque puede argüirse que ha habido un gran número de estudios lingüísticos llevados a cabo con fines computacionales sobre este subgénero (Somers y otros 1997, Bárcena 1994), la aplicación conjunta de diferentes tipos de herramientas computacionales para obtener una caracterización global donde los resultados, positivos o negativos, muestren un conjunto suficientemente amplio y variado de evidencia para poder caracterizar este tipo textual e interpretarlo ofrece una perspectiva diferente y exhaustiva con el objetivo de describir este tipo textual, pero sin un fin computacional, sino meramente lingüístico. Un análisis de este tipo podría tomarse como base para la enseñanza de un curso de ESP en dónde se enseñase inglés de negocios, por ejemplo, o podría servir como ejemplo de lo que ofrecen las herramientas de análisis para investigar un sublenguaje y extraer, por ejemplo, información para la elaboración de materiales didácticos. Esto sin olvidar, claro está, su enfoque computacional.

Aunque puede argüirse que ha habido un gran número de estudios lingüísticos llevados a cabo con fines computacionales sobre este subgénero (Somers y otros 1997, Bárcena 1994), la aplicación conjunta de diferentes tipos de herramientas computacionales para obtener una caracterización global donde los resultados, positivos o negativos, muestren un conjunto suficientemente amplio y variado de evidencia para poder caracterizar este tipo textual e interpretarlo ofrece una perspectiva diferente y exhaustiva con el objetivo de describir este tipo textual, pero sin un fin computacional, sino meramente lingüístico. Un análisis de este tipo podría tomarse como base para la enseñanza de un curso de ESP en dónde se enseñase inglés de negocios, por ejemplo, o podría servir como ejemplo de lo que ofrecen las herramientas de análisis para investigar un sublenguaje y extraer, por ejemplo, información para la elaboración de materiales didácticos. Esto sin olvidar, claro está, su enfoque computacional.

Después de una breve introducción sobre los sublenguajes, y partiendo de la premisa de que en principio se ha recopilado un corpus representativo de una entidad lingüística claramente acotada y definida, se pretende determinar científicamente su identidad y

Después de una breve introducción sobre los sublenguajes, y partiendo de la premisa de que en principio se ha recopilado un corpus representativo de una entidad lingüística claramente acotada y definida, se pretende determinar científicamente su identidad y


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naturaleza como variante lingüística a través del procesamiento del corpus con un conjunto de herramientas computacionales estándar. Una vez procesado, estamos en posición de alcanzar una serie de conclusiones sobre su variante lingüística, basadas en los resultados obtenidos de ese procesamiento y que nos van a permitir describir los anuncios de empleo.

naturaleza como variante lingüística a través del procesamiento del corpus con un conjunto de herramientas computacionales estándar. Una vez procesado, estamos en posición de alcanzar una serie de conclusiones sobre su variante lingüística, basadas en los resultados obtenidos de ese procesamiento y que nos van a permitir describir los anuncios de empleo.

2. SUBLENGUAJES

2. SUBLENGUAJES

Los sublenguajes, definidos como la lengua de un subgénero textual, identificado a su vez a partir de un dominio y género dados, se caracterizan por una serie de rasgos lingüísticos, tanto comunes como divergentes con respecto a la lengua estándar respectiva. Estas características pueden ser léxicas, semánticas, morfosintácticas, pragmáticas y discursivas.

Los sublenguajes, definidos como la lengua de un subgénero textual, identificado a su vez a partir de un dominio y género dados, se caracterizan por una serie de rasgos lingüísticos, tanto comunes como divergentes con respecto a la lengua estándar respectiva. Estas características pueden ser léxicas, semánticas, morfosintácticas, pragmáticas y discursivas.

En primer lugar, un sublenguaje tiene todas las propiedades "esenciales" de un sistema lingüístico, como la tendencia a la economía de expresión y el hecho de que sirve como vehículo de expresión de todos los mensajes que se pueden formular y emitir sobre el mundo de referencia correspondiente. Moskovich (1982:192) observa que incluso el más pequeño de los sublenguajes es capaz de producir un número prácticamente infinito de realizaciones, como sucede con las lenguas naturales. También Kittredge (2003:445) comenta que “in theory a sublanguage is an infinite set of sentences.” Naturalmente, mientras que una lengua natural puede describir por completo cualquier situación imaginable, cualquier sublenguaje sólo puede describir por completo una parte limitada de la realidad: aquélla a la que sirve como vehículo de expresión.

En primer lugar, un sublenguaje tiene todas las propiedades "esenciales" de un sistema lingüístico, como la tendencia a la economía de expresión y el hecho de que sirve como vehículo de expresión de todos los mensajes que se pueden formular y emitir sobre el mundo de referencia correspondiente. Moskovich (1982:192) observa que incluso el más pequeño de los sublenguajes es capaz de producir un número prácticamente infinito de realizaciones, como sucede con las lenguas naturales. También Kittredge (2003:445) comenta que “in theory a sublanguage is an infinite set of sentences.” Naturalmente, mientras que una lengua natural puede describir por completo cualquier situación imaginable, cualquier sublenguaje sólo puede describir por completo una parte limitada de la realidad: aquélla a la que sirve como vehículo de expresión.

En segundo lugar, el sublenguaje se ha de referir a un dominio particular del discurso o a una familia de dominios relacionados. Pueden ser campos científicos que contienen otros subcampos más específicos. Por ejemplo, dentro de la biología se pueden identificar subcampos que se refieren a los animales y otros a las plantas, y así sucesivamente, pero el dominio ha de estar bien delimitado para que pueda ser homogéneo y sistemático desde un punto de vista lingüístico.

En segundo lugar, el sublenguaje se ha de referir a un dominio particular del discurso o a una familia de dominios relacionados. Pueden ser campos científicos que contienen otros subcampos más específicos. Por ejemplo, dentro de la biología se pueden identificar subcampos que se refieren a los animales y otros a las plantas, y así sucesivamente, pero el dominio ha de estar bien delimitado para que pueda ser homogéneo y sistemático desde un punto de vista lingüístico.

En tercer lugar, los subsistemas lingüísticos son máximos con respecto al dominio, en el sentido matemático de que sistemas mayores

En tercer lugar, los subsistemas lingüísticos son máximos con respecto al dominio, en el sentido matemático de que sistemas mayores

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naturaleza como variante lingüística a través del procesamiento del corpus con un conjunto de herramientas computacionales estándar. Una vez procesado, estamos en posición de alcanzar una serie de conclusiones sobre su variante lingüística, basadas en los resultados obtenidos de ese procesamiento y que nos van a permitir describir los anuncios de empleo.

naturaleza como variante lingüística a través del procesamiento del corpus con un conjunto de herramientas computacionales estándar. Una vez procesado, estamos en posición de alcanzar una serie de conclusiones sobre su variante lingüística, basadas en los resultados obtenidos de ese procesamiento y que nos van a permitir describir los anuncios de empleo.

2. SUBLENGUAJES

2. SUBLENGUAJES

Los sublenguajes, definidos como la lengua de un subgénero textual, identificado a su vez a partir de un dominio y género dados, se caracterizan por una serie de rasgos lingüísticos, tanto comunes como divergentes con respecto a la lengua estándar respectiva. Estas características pueden ser léxicas, semánticas, morfosintácticas, pragmáticas y discursivas.

Los sublenguajes, definidos como la lengua de un subgénero textual, identificado a su vez a partir de un dominio y género dados, se caracterizan por una serie de rasgos lingüísticos, tanto comunes como divergentes con respecto a la lengua estándar respectiva. Estas características pueden ser léxicas, semánticas, morfosintácticas, pragmáticas y discursivas.

En primer lugar, un sublenguaje tiene todas las propiedades "esenciales" de un sistema lingüístico, como la tendencia a la economía de expresión y el hecho de que sirve como vehículo de expresión de todos los mensajes que se pueden formular y emitir sobre el mundo de referencia correspondiente. Moskovich (1982:192) observa que incluso el más pequeño de los sublenguajes es capaz de producir un número prácticamente infinito de realizaciones, como sucede con las lenguas naturales. También Kittredge (2003:445) comenta que “in theory a sublanguage is an infinite set of sentences.” Naturalmente, mientras que una lengua natural puede describir por completo cualquier situación imaginable, cualquier sublenguaje sólo puede describir por completo una parte limitada de la realidad: aquélla a la que sirve como vehículo de expresión.

En primer lugar, un sublenguaje tiene todas las propiedades "esenciales" de un sistema lingüístico, como la tendencia a la economía de expresión y el hecho de que sirve como vehículo de expresión de todos los mensajes que se pueden formular y emitir sobre el mundo de referencia correspondiente. Moskovich (1982:192) observa que incluso el más pequeño de los sublenguajes es capaz de producir un número prácticamente infinito de realizaciones, como sucede con las lenguas naturales. También Kittredge (2003:445) comenta que “in theory a sublanguage is an infinite set of sentences.” Naturalmente, mientras que una lengua natural puede describir por completo cualquier situación imaginable, cualquier sublenguaje sólo puede describir por completo una parte limitada de la realidad: aquélla a la que sirve como vehículo de expresión.

En segundo lugar, el sublenguaje se ha de referir a un dominio particular del discurso o a una familia de dominios relacionados. Pueden ser campos científicos que contienen otros subcampos más específicos. Por ejemplo, dentro de la biología se pueden identificar subcampos que se refieren a los animales y otros a las plantas, y así sucesivamente, pero el dominio ha de estar bien delimitado para que pueda ser homogéneo y sistemático desde un punto de vista lingüístico.

En segundo lugar, el sublenguaje se ha de referir a un dominio particular del discurso o a una familia de dominios relacionados. Pueden ser campos científicos que contienen otros subcampos más específicos. Por ejemplo, dentro de la biología se pueden identificar subcampos que se refieren a los animales y otros a las plantas, y así sucesivamente, pero el dominio ha de estar bien delimitado para que pueda ser homogéneo y sistemático desde un punto de vista lingüístico.

En tercer lugar, los subsistemas lingüísticos son máximos con respecto al dominio, en el sentido matemático de que sistemas mayores

En tercer lugar, los subsistemas lingüísticos son máximos con respecto al dominio, en el sentido matemático de que sistemas mayores


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tienen las mismas propiedades. Es decir, si se caracteriza un subsistema lingüístico, como los informes de avería de los servidores informáticos, esos mismos rasgos deben ser incluidos en los subsistemas más amplios que pertenezcan a ese ámbito como los informes de avería de equipamiento informático. Esta característica apunta hacia la relación que un sublenguaje mantiene con la lengua general. Los sublenguajes, según Kittredge (1987:61), comparten las propiedades básicas de las lenguas; no hay que olvidar que, de hecho, son subconjuntos de aquéllas. Es fácil identificar, por ejemplo, que una receta médica está expresada en tal o cual idioma. Lehrberger (1986:20) es contrario a la opinión de que un sublenguaje dado es meramente un subconjunto de la lengua estándar correspondiente ya que esto conllevaría que la gramática o el vocabulario de un sublenguaje deriva de la lengua estándar simplemente si se desecha un número de reglas o palabras que no son relevantes para el sublenguaje.

tienen las mismas propiedades. Es decir, si se caracteriza un subsistema lingüístico, como los informes de avería de los servidores informáticos, esos mismos rasgos deben ser incluidos en los subsistemas más amplios que pertenezcan a ese ámbito como los informes de avería de equipamiento informático. Esta característica apunta hacia la relación que un sublenguaje mantiene con la lengua general. Los sublenguajes, según Kittredge (1987:61), comparten las propiedades básicas de las lenguas; no hay que olvidar que, de hecho, son subconjuntos de aquéllas. Es fácil identificar, por ejemplo, que una receta médica está expresada en tal o cual idioma. Lehrberger (1986:20) es contrario a la opinión de que un sublenguaje dado es meramente un subconjunto de la lengua estándar correspondiente ya que esto conllevaría que la gramática o el vocabulario de un sublenguaje deriva de la lengua estándar simplemente si se desecha un número de reglas o palabras que no son relevantes para el sublenguaje.

Mientras que el vocabulario de una lengua natural es casi ilimitado o al menos imposible de recopilar en su totalidad, el vocabulario de un sublenguaje es, salvo contadas excepciones, como el sublenguaje de los compuestos químicos, mucho más reducido. El carácter más o menos cerrado es una de las propiedades más importantes de los sublenguajes. Si el sublenguaje es completamente cerrado, se podrán inventariar mejor su vocabulario y sus construcciones gramaticales. No es suficiente si sólo se tienen en cuenta las restricciones cuantitativas que se observan en los vocabularios, ya que no definen por sí solas a los sublenguajes.

Mientras que el vocabulario de una lengua natural es casi ilimitado o al menos imposible de recopilar en su totalidad, el vocabulario de un sublenguaje es, salvo contadas excepciones, como el sublenguaje de los compuestos químicos, mucho más reducido. El carácter más o menos cerrado es una de las propiedades más importantes de los sublenguajes. Si el sublenguaje es completamente cerrado, se podrán inventariar mejor su vocabulario y sus construcciones gramaticales. No es suficiente si sólo se tienen en cuenta las restricciones cuantitativas que se observan en los vocabularios, ya que no definen por sí solas a los sublenguajes.

En el plano léxico, como se acaba de indicar, el vocabulario es un factor crucial a la hora de estudiar un sublenguaje. Cuanto más reducido y más ceñido a un determinado número de clases semánticas, evita las ambigüedades y permite crear patrones lingüísticos más fiables. Es importante saber si el sublenguaje presenta un carácter cerrado y si es sistemático, como por ejemplo, el sublenguaje de la química orgánica cuya combinabilidad de prefijos, raíces y sufijos es enorme, pero muy regular y predecible. También se puede analizar la relación que existe entre los tipos de palabras (types) y las apariciones (tokens). Cuanto menor sea la cifra de formas obtenida a mayor número de apariciones, mayor será la riqueza léxica, lo que en términos de sublenguajes probablemente indica que se trata de un sublenguaje parcialmente cerrado, si se usan sinónimos o paráfrasis.

En el plano léxico, como se acaba de indicar, el vocabulario es un factor crucial a la hora de estudiar un sublenguaje. Cuanto más reducido y más ceñido a un determinado número de clases semánticas, evita las ambigüedades y permite crear patrones lingüísticos más fiables. Es importante saber si el sublenguaje presenta un carácter cerrado y si es sistemático, como por ejemplo, el sublenguaje de la química orgánica cuya combinabilidad de prefijos, raíces y sufijos es enorme, pero muy regular y predecible. También se puede analizar la relación que existe entre los tipos de palabras (types) y las apariciones (tokens). Cuanto menor sea la cifra de formas obtenida a mayor número de apariciones, mayor será la riqueza léxica, lo que en términos de sublenguajes probablemente indica que se trata de un sublenguaje parcialmente cerrado, si se usan sinónimos o paráfrasis.

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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tienen las mismas propiedades. Es decir, si se caracteriza un subsistema lingüístico, como los informes de avería de los servidores informáticos, esos mismos rasgos deben ser incluidos en los subsistemas más amplios que pertenezcan a ese ámbito como los informes de avería de equipamiento informático. Esta característica apunta hacia la relación que un sublenguaje mantiene con la lengua general. Los sublenguajes, según Kittredge (1987:61), comparten las propiedades básicas de las lenguas; no hay que olvidar que, de hecho, son subconjuntos de aquéllas. Es fácil identificar, por ejemplo, que una receta médica está expresada en tal o cual idioma. Lehrberger (1986:20) es contrario a la opinión de que un sublenguaje dado es meramente un subconjunto de la lengua estándar correspondiente ya que esto conllevaría que la gramática o el vocabulario de un sublenguaje deriva de la lengua estándar simplemente si se desecha un número de reglas o palabras que no son relevantes para el sublenguaje.

tienen las mismas propiedades. Es decir, si se caracteriza un subsistema lingüístico, como los informes de avería de los servidores informáticos, esos mismos rasgos deben ser incluidos en los subsistemas más amplios que pertenezcan a ese ámbito como los informes de avería de equipamiento informático. Esta característica apunta hacia la relación que un sublenguaje mantiene con la lengua general. Los sublenguajes, según Kittredge (1987:61), comparten las propiedades básicas de las lenguas; no hay que olvidar que, de hecho, son subconjuntos de aquéllas. Es fácil identificar, por ejemplo, que una receta médica está expresada en tal o cual idioma. Lehrberger (1986:20) es contrario a la opinión de que un sublenguaje dado es meramente un subconjunto de la lengua estándar correspondiente ya que esto conllevaría que la gramática o el vocabulario de un sublenguaje deriva de la lengua estándar simplemente si se desecha un número de reglas o palabras que no son relevantes para el sublenguaje.

Mientras que el vocabulario de una lengua natural es casi ilimitado o al menos imposible de recopilar en su totalidad, el vocabulario de un sublenguaje es, salvo contadas excepciones, como el sublenguaje de los compuestos químicos, mucho más reducido. El carácter más o menos cerrado es una de las propiedades más importantes de los sublenguajes. Si el sublenguaje es completamente cerrado, se podrán inventariar mejor su vocabulario y sus construcciones gramaticales. No es suficiente si sólo se tienen en cuenta las restricciones cuantitativas que se observan en los vocabularios, ya que no definen por sí solas a los sublenguajes.

Mientras que el vocabulario de una lengua natural es casi ilimitado o al menos imposible de recopilar en su totalidad, el vocabulario de un sublenguaje es, salvo contadas excepciones, como el sublenguaje de los compuestos químicos, mucho más reducido. El carácter más o menos cerrado es una de las propiedades más importantes de los sublenguajes. Si el sublenguaje es completamente cerrado, se podrán inventariar mejor su vocabulario y sus construcciones gramaticales. No es suficiente si sólo se tienen en cuenta las restricciones cuantitativas que se observan en los vocabularios, ya que no definen por sí solas a los sublenguajes.

En el plano léxico, como se acaba de indicar, el vocabulario es un factor crucial a la hora de estudiar un sublenguaje. Cuanto más reducido y más ceñido a un determinado número de clases semánticas, evita las ambigüedades y permite crear patrones lingüísticos más fiables. Es importante saber si el sublenguaje presenta un carácter cerrado y si es sistemático, como por ejemplo, el sublenguaje de la química orgánica cuya combinabilidad de prefijos, raíces y sufijos es enorme, pero muy regular y predecible. También se puede analizar la relación que existe entre los tipos de palabras (types) y las apariciones (tokens). Cuanto menor sea la cifra de formas obtenida a mayor número de apariciones, mayor será la riqueza léxica, lo que en términos de sublenguajes probablemente indica que se trata de un sublenguaje parcialmente cerrado, si se usan sinónimos o paráfrasis.

En el plano léxico, como se acaba de indicar, el vocabulario es un factor crucial a la hora de estudiar un sublenguaje. Cuanto más reducido y más ceñido a un determinado número de clases semánticas, evita las ambigüedades y permite crear patrones lingüísticos más fiables. Es importante saber si el sublenguaje presenta un carácter cerrado y si es sistemático, como por ejemplo, el sublenguaje de la química orgánica cuya combinabilidad de prefijos, raíces y sufijos es enorme, pero muy regular y predecible. También se puede analizar la relación que existe entre los tipos de palabras (types) y las apariciones (tokens). Cuanto menor sea la cifra de formas obtenida a mayor número de apariciones, mayor será la riqueza léxica, lo que en términos de sublenguajes probablemente indica que se trata de un sublenguaje parcialmente cerrado, si se usan sinónimos o paráfrasis.


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En el plano morfológico, la simplificación de un sistema basado en un sublenguaje dado (que sin duda cabe esperar) facilita cuantitativamente el procesamiento general del sublenguaje y cualitativamente contribuye a un menor nivel de ambigüedad léxica. Además, sus correspondencias con otros niveles lingüísticos pueden servir como punto de referencia en el análisis.

En el plano morfológico, la simplificación de un sistema basado en un sublenguaje dado (que sin duda cabe esperar) facilita cuantitativamente el procesamiento general del sublenguaje y cualitativamente contribuye a un menor nivel de ambigüedad léxica. Además, sus correspondencias con otros niveles lingüísticos pueden servir como punto de referencia en el análisis.

En el plano sintáctico es importante analizar si la sintaxis es regular, reducida o sistemática, para ver si facilita la determinación de patrones lingüísticos asociados a otros niveles lingüísticos y permite la desambiguación semántica.

En el plano sintáctico es importante analizar si la sintaxis es regular, reducida o sistemática, para ver si facilita la determinación de patrones lingüísticos asociados a otros niveles lingüísticos y permite la desambiguación semántica.

Los corpus son una fuente de referencia e información adecuada para llevar a cabo estudios lingüísticos específicos de los sublenguajes, fundamentalmente con el fin de elaborar programas computacionales adaptados que permitan maximizar las ventajas intrínsecas de dichas variantes, tales como las restricciones cuantitativas y cualitativas en los distintos niveles lingüísticos.

Los corpus son una fuente de referencia e información adecuada para llevar a cabo estudios lingüísticos específicos de los sublenguajes, fundamentalmente con el fin de elaborar programas computacionales adaptados que permitan maximizar las ventajas intrínsecas de dichas variantes, tales como las restricciones cuantitativas y cualitativas en los distintos niveles lingüísticos.

En la sección 4, se va a llevar cabo un estudio para inventariar algunas de las características propias del sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo, en el que se mostrarán alguna de estas propiedades establecidas a priori sobre los sublenguajes en general.

En la sección 4, se va a llevar cabo un estudio para inventariar algunas de las características propias del sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo, en el que se mostrarán alguna de estas propiedades establecidas a priori sobre los sublenguajes en general.

3. CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL CORPUS JADCOR

3. CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL CORPUS JADCOR

Para recopilar el corpus JadCor (Job Ad Corpus) de anuncios de empleo se realizó una búsqueda en Internet de textos de este tipo, siempre en portales especializados que ofreciesen esta información específica para que no quepa la posibilidad de segundas intencionalidades (por ejemplo, publicidad de la propia empresa contratadora). Internet es idóneo por la gran cantidad de textos disponibles y porque, actualmente, es una de las fuentes de información más utilizada por las personas que buscan empleo. Asimismo, los textos ya se encontraban en formato electrónico, lo que conlleva una postedición menor que la laboriosa utilización de un escáner y programa de ROC, cuyo resultado implica una gran revisión manual por parte del lingüista.

Para recopilar el corpus JadCor (Job Ad Corpus) de anuncios de empleo se realizó una búsqueda en Internet de textos de este tipo, siempre en portales especializados que ofreciesen esta información específica para que no quepa la posibilidad de segundas intencionalidades (por ejemplo, publicidad de la propia empresa contratadora). Internet es idóneo por la gran cantidad de textos disponibles y porque, actualmente, es una de las fuentes de información más utilizada por las personas que buscan empleo. Asimismo, los textos ya se encontraban en formato electrónico, lo que conlleva una postedición menor que la laboriosa utilización de un escáner y programa de ROC, cuyo resultado implica una gran revisión manual por parte del lingüista.

Dentro de los anuncios de empleo, se identificaron dos variedades: las ofertas de trabajo, publicadas por las empresas que

Dentro de los anuncios de empleo, se identificaron dos variedades: las ofertas de trabajo, publicadas por las empresas que

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

En el plano morfológico, la simplificación de un sistema basado en un sublenguaje dado (que sin duda cabe esperar) facilita cuantitativamente el procesamiento general del sublenguaje y cualitativamente contribuye a un menor nivel de ambigüedad léxica. Además, sus correspondencias con otros niveles lingüísticos pueden servir como punto de referencia en el análisis.

En el plano morfológico, la simplificación de un sistema basado en un sublenguaje dado (que sin duda cabe esperar) facilita cuantitativamente el procesamiento general del sublenguaje y cualitativamente contribuye a un menor nivel de ambigüedad léxica. Además, sus correspondencias con otros niveles lingüísticos pueden servir como punto de referencia en el análisis.

En el plano sintáctico es importante analizar si la sintaxis es regular, reducida o sistemática, para ver si facilita la determinación de patrones lingüísticos asociados a otros niveles lingüísticos y permite la desambiguación semántica.

En el plano sintáctico es importante analizar si la sintaxis es regular, reducida o sistemática, para ver si facilita la determinación de patrones lingüísticos asociados a otros niveles lingüísticos y permite la desambiguación semántica.

Los corpus son una fuente de referencia e información adecuada para llevar a cabo estudios lingüísticos específicos de los sublenguajes, fundamentalmente con el fin de elaborar programas computacionales adaptados que permitan maximizar las ventajas intrínsecas de dichas variantes, tales como las restricciones cuantitativas y cualitativas en los distintos niveles lingüísticos.

Los corpus son una fuente de referencia e información adecuada para llevar a cabo estudios lingüísticos específicos de los sublenguajes, fundamentalmente con el fin de elaborar programas computacionales adaptados que permitan maximizar las ventajas intrínsecas de dichas variantes, tales como las restricciones cuantitativas y cualitativas en los distintos niveles lingüísticos.

En la sección 4, se va a llevar cabo un estudio para inventariar algunas de las características propias del sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo, en el que se mostrarán alguna de estas propiedades establecidas a priori sobre los sublenguajes en general.

En la sección 4, se va a llevar cabo un estudio para inventariar algunas de las características propias del sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo, en el que se mostrarán alguna de estas propiedades establecidas a priori sobre los sublenguajes en general.

3. CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL CORPUS JADCOR

3. CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL CORPUS JADCOR

Para recopilar el corpus JadCor (Job Ad Corpus) de anuncios de empleo se realizó una búsqueda en Internet de textos de este tipo, siempre en portales especializados que ofreciesen esta información específica para que no quepa la posibilidad de segundas intencionalidades (por ejemplo, publicidad de la propia empresa contratadora). Internet es idóneo por la gran cantidad de textos disponibles y porque, actualmente, es una de las fuentes de información más utilizada por las personas que buscan empleo. Asimismo, los textos ya se encontraban en formato electrónico, lo que conlleva una postedición menor que la laboriosa utilización de un escáner y programa de ROC, cuyo resultado implica una gran revisión manual por parte del lingüista.

Para recopilar el corpus JadCor (Job Ad Corpus) de anuncios de empleo se realizó una búsqueda en Internet de textos de este tipo, siempre en portales especializados que ofreciesen esta información específica para que no quepa la posibilidad de segundas intencionalidades (por ejemplo, publicidad de la propia empresa contratadora). Internet es idóneo por la gran cantidad de textos disponibles y porque, actualmente, es una de las fuentes de información más utilizada por las personas que buscan empleo. Asimismo, los textos ya se encontraban en formato electrónico, lo que conlleva una postedición menor que la laboriosa utilización de un escáner y programa de ROC, cuyo resultado implica una gran revisión manual por parte del lingüista.

Dentro de los anuncios de empleo, se identificaron dos variedades: las ofertas de trabajo, publicadas por las empresas que

Dentro de los anuncios de empleo, se identificaron dos variedades: las ofertas de trabajo, publicadas por las empresas que


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buscan personal y las demandas de trabajo, publicadas por personas que buscan empleo y ofrecen sus servicios. Para esta investigación se seleccionó el primer tipo, intentando recopilar anuncios procedentes de diferentes ámbitos laborales, tanto desde el punto de vista de la especialidad como de las cualificaciones requeridas. Podría argüirse que cuanto mayor es la cualificación solicitada a los candidatos, más cuidada es la elaboración de los anuncios, lo cual podría distorsionar los resultados de la investigación o al menos limitar su aplicabilidad.

buscan personal y las demandas de trabajo, publicadas por personas que buscan empleo y ofrecen sus servicios. Para esta investigación se seleccionó el primer tipo, intentando recopilar anuncios procedentes de diferentes ámbitos laborales, tanto desde el punto de vista de la especialidad como de las cualificaciones requeridas. Podría argüirse que cuanto mayor es la cualificación solicitada a los candidatos, más cuidada es la elaboración de los anuncios, lo cual podría distorsionar los resultados de la investigación o al menos limitar su aplicabilidad.

Una mayor variedad y, por lo tanto, representatividad de textos procedentes del mismo subgénero permitirá valorar mejor sus rasgos lingüísticos. Es interesante mencionar que la fuente del JadCor es habitualmente privada y heterogénea y la autoría es ilimitada (los servicios de personal o departamentos de recursos humanos de empresas e instituciones). Además se han tomado de varias direcciones de Internet, no de una sola. Así, dentro de las ofertas publicadas en Internet por estos portales especializados, se buscó las que tenían un formato textual, por las mismas razones que las aludidas anteriormente. Se recopiló una selección de ofertas de empleo de tres portales distintos, que contienen anuncios escritos por compañías con presencia en un país de habla inglesa y que fueron publicados en mayojunio del 2006. Son los siguientes:

Una mayor variedad y, por lo tanto, representatividad de textos procedentes del mismo subgénero permitirá valorar mejor sus rasgos lingüísticos. Es interesante mencionar que la fuente del JadCor es habitualmente privada y heterogénea y la autoría es ilimitada (los servicios de personal o departamentos de recursos humanos de empresas e instituciones). Además se han tomado de varias direcciones de Internet, no de una sola. Así, dentro de las ofertas publicadas en Internet por estos portales especializados, se buscó las que tenían un formato textual, por las mismas razones que las aludidas anteriormente. Se recopiló una selección de ofertas de empleo de tres portales distintos, que contienen anuncios escritos por compañías con presencia en un país de habla inglesa y que fueron publicados en mayojunio del 2006. Son los siguientes:

• Jobs.ac.uk (www.jobs.ac.uk). Es un portal británico que publica ofertas de empleo académicas, principalmente en el Reino Unido. • The Guardian Jobs (http://jobs.guardian.co.uk/). Es el portal dedicado a las ofertas de empleo de la edición digital del periódico británico The Guardian. • Monster (www.monster.com). Es un portal de empleo de Estados Unidos con delegaciones en diversos países y que publica ofertas internacionales en diferentes lenguas.

• Jobs.ac.uk (www.jobs.ac.uk). Es un portal británico que publica ofertas de empleo académicas, principalmente en el Reino Unido. • The Guardian Jobs (http://jobs.guardian.co.uk/). Es el portal dedicado a las ofertas de empleo de la edición digital del periódico británico The Guardian. • Monster (www.monster.com). Es un portal de empleo de Estados Unidos con delegaciones en diversos países y que publica ofertas internacionales en diferentes lenguas.

Sin embargo, los textos que se encontraron no estaban disponibles en formato texto, al tratarse de textos en formato HTML y contener gráficos y tablas. Para evitar la opción de tener que posteditar los textos y que éstos mantuviesen su formato textual original, se realizó una exportación a un documento de texto evitando así cualquier tipo de referencia externa a los textos. La presencia de las etiquetas de los gráficos y las tablas numéricas debería ser eliminada ya que, aunque no aparecen en el texto con los códigos en HTML,

Sin embargo, los textos que se encontraron no estaban disponibles en formato texto, al tratarse de textos en formato HTML y contener gráficos y tablas. Para evitar la opción de tener que posteditar los textos y que éstos mantuviesen su formato textual original, se realizó una exportación a un documento de texto evitando así cualquier tipo de referencia externa a los textos. La presencia de las etiquetas de los gráficos y las tablas numéricas debería ser eliminada ya que, aunque no aparecen en el texto con los códigos en HTML,

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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buscan personal y las demandas de trabajo, publicadas por personas que buscan empleo y ofrecen sus servicios. Para esta investigación se seleccionó el primer tipo, intentando recopilar anuncios procedentes de diferentes ámbitos laborales, tanto desde el punto de vista de la especialidad como de las cualificaciones requeridas. Podría argüirse que cuanto mayor es la cualificación solicitada a los candidatos, más cuidada es la elaboración de los anuncios, lo cual podría distorsionar los resultados de la investigación o al menos limitar su aplicabilidad.

buscan personal y las demandas de trabajo, publicadas por personas que buscan empleo y ofrecen sus servicios. Para esta investigación se seleccionó el primer tipo, intentando recopilar anuncios procedentes de diferentes ámbitos laborales, tanto desde el punto de vista de la especialidad como de las cualificaciones requeridas. Podría argüirse que cuanto mayor es la cualificación solicitada a los candidatos, más cuidada es la elaboración de los anuncios, lo cual podría distorsionar los resultados de la investigación o al menos limitar su aplicabilidad.

Una mayor variedad y, por lo tanto, representatividad de textos procedentes del mismo subgénero permitirá valorar mejor sus rasgos lingüísticos. Es interesante mencionar que la fuente del JadCor es habitualmente privada y heterogénea y la autoría es ilimitada (los servicios de personal o departamentos de recursos humanos de empresas e instituciones). Además se han tomado de varias direcciones de Internet, no de una sola. Así, dentro de las ofertas publicadas en Internet por estos portales especializados, se buscó las que tenían un formato textual, por las mismas razones que las aludidas anteriormente. Se recopiló una selección de ofertas de empleo de tres portales distintos, que contienen anuncios escritos por compañías con presencia en un país de habla inglesa y que fueron publicados en mayojunio del 2006. Son los siguientes:

Una mayor variedad y, por lo tanto, representatividad de textos procedentes del mismo subgénero permitirá valorar mejor sus rasgos lingüísticos. Es interesante mencionar que la fuente del JadCor es habitualmente privada y heterogénea y la autoría es ilimitada (los servicios de personal o departamentos de recursos humanos de empresas e instituciones). Además se han tomado de varias direcciones de Internet, no de una sola. Así, dentro de las ofertas publicadas en Internet por estos portales especializados, se buscó las que tenían un formato textual, por las mismas razones que las aludidas anteriormente. Se recopiló una selección de ofertas de empleo de tres portales distintos, que contienen anuncios escritos por compañías con presencia en un país de habla inglesa y que fueron publicados en mayojunio del 2006. Son los siguientes:

• Jobs.ac.uk (www.jobs.ac.uk). Es un portal británico que publica ofertas de empleo académicas, principalmente en el Reino Unido. • The Guardian Jobs (http://jobs.guardian.co.uk/). Es el portal dedicado a las ofertas de empleo de la edición digital del periódico británico The Guardian. • Monster (www.monster.com). Es un portal de empleo de Estados Unidos con delegaciones en diversos países y que publica ofertas internacionales en diferentes lenguas.

• Jobs.ac.uk (www.jobs.ac.uk). Es un portal británico que publica ofertas de empleo académicas, principalmente en el Reino Unido. • The Guardian Jobs (http://jobs.guardian.co.uk/). Es el portal dedicado a las ofertas de empleo de la edición digital del periódico británico The Guardian. • Monster (www.monster.com). Es un portal de empleo de Estados Unidos con delegaciones en diversos países y que publica ofertas internacionales en diferentes lenguas.

Sin embargo, los textos que se encontraron no estaban disponibles en formato texto, al tratarse de textos en formato HTML y contener gráficos y tablas. Para evitar la opción de tener que posteditar los textos y que éstos mantuviesen su formato textual original, se realizó una exportación a un documento de texto evitando así cualquier tipo de referencia externa a los textos. La presencia de las etiquetas de los gráficos y las tablas numéricas debería ser eliminada ya que, aunque no aparecen en el texto con los códigos en HTML,

Sin embargo, los textos que se encontraron no estaban disponibles en formato texto, al tratarse de textos en formato HTML y contener gráficos y tablas. Para evitar la opción de tener que posteditar los textos y que éstos mantuviesen su formato textual original, se realizó una exportación a un documento de texto evitando así cualquier tipo de referencia externa a los textos. La presencia de las etiquetas de los gráficos y las tablas numéricas debería ser eliminada ya que, aunque no aparecen en el texto con los códigos en HTML,


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cuando se guardan en formato texto, sí quedan recogidas las etiquetas que precisan su ubicación y contenido, pudiéndose de esta manera alterar también el resultado del estudio.

cuando se guardan en formato texto, sí quedan recogidas las etiquetas que precisan su ubicación y contenido, pudiéndose de esta manera alterar también el resultado del estudio.

Asumido que el formato de los textos que formaban el corpus no era el idóneo a las necesidades de la investigación y que una edición sería necesaria para su almacenamiento en el formato deseado, se procedió a examinar su contenido, para verificar era adecuado para el estudio a realizar.

Asumido que el formato de los textos que formaban el corpus no era el idóneo a las necesidades de la investigación y que una edición sería necesaria para su almacenamiento en el formato deseado, se procedió a examinar su contenido, para verificar era adecuado para el estudio a realizar.

Research Associate (2 years fixed-term)

Research Associate (2 years fixed-term)

Centre for Clinical Management Development School for Health £ 23, 643 per annum (RA1A Scale)

Centre for Clinical Management Development School for Health £ 23, 643 per annum (RA1A Scale)

Duties will be to provide research and editorial support for a range of research projects, focusing on the capital investment and commissioning implications of clinical pathway based approaches to service delivery in primary and acute care settings. The successful candidate will have; a degree in the Social Sciences and/or Humanities, editorial experience and some appreciation of issues relating to quality improvement, the organization and management of clinical work and of the culture change issues that this entails.

Duties will be to provide research and editorial support for a range of research projects, focusing on the capital investment and commissioning implications of clinical pathway based approaches to service delivery in primary and acute care settings. The successful candidate will have; a degree in the Social Sciences and/or Humanities, editorial experience and some appreciation of issues relating to quality improvement, the organization and management of clinical work and of the culture change issues that this entails.

Closing Date: 4 November 2004 Reference: 0528

Closing Date: 4 November 2004 Reference: 0528

Further details of the post and an application form are available on our website ( https://jobs.dur.ac.uk telephone 0191 334 6499; fax 091 334 6495. Click here for Employer Profile If you apply for this position, please say you saw it on jobs.ac.uk

Further details of the post and an application form are available on our website ( https://jobs.dur.ac.uk telephone 0191 334 6499; fax 091 334 6495. Click here for Employer Profile If you apply for this position, please say you saw it on jobs.ac.uk

Figura 1. Extracto del JadCor con una oferta de empleo.

Figura 1. Extracto del JadCor con una oferta de empleo.

En la figura 1 se muestra un extracto del corpus JadCor de un anuncio de empleo procedente del portal Jobs.ac.uk. En él se puede observar la información que aparece, empezando por la descripción del

En la figura 1 se muestra un extracto del corpus JadCor de un anuncio de empleo procedente del portal Jobs.ac.uk. En él se puede observar la información que aparece, empezando por la descripción del

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cuando se guardan en formato texto, sí quedan recogidas las etiquetas que precisan su ubicación y contenido, pudiéndose de esta manera alterar también el resultado del estudio.

cuando se guardan en formato texto, sí quedan recogidas las etiquetas que precisan su ubicación y contenido, pudiéndose de esta manera alterar también el resultado del estudio.

Asumido que el formato de los textos que formaban el corpus no era el idóneo a las necesidades de la investigación y que una edición sería necesaria para su almacenamiento en el formato deseado, se procedió a examinar su contenido, para verificar era adecuado para el estudio a realizar.

Asumido que el formato de los textos que formaban el corpus no era el idóneo a las necesidades de la investigación y que una edición sería necesaria para su almacenamiento en el formato deseado, se procedió a examinar su contenido, para verificar era adecuado para el estudio a realizar.

Research Associate (2 years fixed-term)

Research Associate (2 years fixed-term)

Centre for Clinical Management Development School for Health £ 23, 643 per annum (RA1A Scale)

Centre for Clinical Management Development School for Health £ 23, 643 per annum (RA1A Scale)

Duties will be to provide research and editorial support for a range of research projects, focusing on the capital investment and commissioning implications of clinical pathway based approaches to service delivery in primary and acute care settings. The successful candidate will have; a degree in the Social Sciences and/or Humanities, editorial experience and some appreciation of issues relating to quality improvement, the organization and management of clinical work and of the culture change issues that this entails.

Duties will be to provide research and editorial support for a range of research projects, focusing on the capital investment and commissioning implications of clinical pathway based approaches to service delivery in primary and acute care settings. The successful candidate will have; a degree in the Social Sciences and/or Humanities, editorial experience and some appreciation of issues relating to quality improvement, the organization and management of clinical work and of the culture change issues that this entails.

Closing Date: 4 November 2004 Reference: 0528

Closing Date: 4 November 2004 Reference: 0528

Further details of the post and an application form are available on our website ( https://jobs.dur.ac.uk telephone 0191 334 6499; fax 091 334 6495. Click here for Employer Profile If you apply for this position, please say you saw it on jobs.ac.uk

Further details of the post and an application form are available on our website ( https://jobs.dur.ac.uk telephone 0191 334 6499; fax 091 334 6495. Click here for Employer Profile If you apply for this position, please say you saw it on jobs.ac.uk

Figura 1. Extracto del JadCor con una oferta de empleo. En la figura 1 se muestra un extracto del corpus JadCor de un anuncio de empleo procedente del portal Jobs.ac.uk. En él se puede observar la información que aparece, empezando por la descripción del

Figura 1. Extracto del JadCor con una oferta de empleo. En la figura 1 se muestra un extracto del corpus JadCor de un anuncio de empleo procedente del portal Jobs.ac.uk. En él se puede observar la información que aparece, empezando por la descripción del


Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

205

puesto vacante, requisitos de los candidatos, el horario, la localización, etc. Asimismo, al final de anuncio aparece información adicional de un modo breve y esquemático, por ejemplo, el salario y el tipo de contrato.

puesto vacante, requisitos de los candidatos, el horario, la localización, etc. Asimismo, al final de anuncio aparece información adicional de un modo breve y esquemático, por ejemplo, el salario y el tipo de contrato.

Una vez recopilado el corpus JadCor se puede definir como un corpus textual, con fines específicos, monolingüe (inglés), completo y sin anotar. Todos los textos son escritos, están en formato electrónico, han sido elaborados para ser publicados en Internet, corresponden a múltiples autores anónimos, y no están dirigidos a un público especializado.

Una vez recopilado el corpus JadCor se puede definir como un corpus textual, con fines específicos, monolingüe (inglés), completo y sin anotar. Todos los textos son escritos, están en formato electrónico, han sido elaborados para ser publicados en Internet, corresponden a múltiples autores anónimos, y no están dirigidos a un público especializado.

El tamaño de un corpus es un factor importante a tener en cuenta a la hora de su diseño, tanto por su directa relación con el valor representativo del corpus como por cuestiones relativas a su tratamiento ya que, por ejemplo, no todas las herramientas funcionan con corpus de un número ilimitado de caracteres. Como Lehrberger y Bourbeau (1988:141) apuntan, un corpus para ser válido debe contener al menos 10.000 palabras y, dependiendo de la amplitud del subgénero, podría necesitar ser incluso mayor. Sin discrepar de esta afirmación, cabe añadir que el tamaño de un corpus varía también en función de las necesidades de la investigación. Cabe señalar, además, que el tamaño del corpus JadCor es reducido (20.679 palabras), si se compara con los grandes corpus que se están recopilando en la actualidad, como el Bank of English o el British National Corpus, que están formados por millones de palabras. Sin embargo, se ajusta sobradamente a los mínimos establecidos por Lehrberger y Bourbeau, por lo que en principio se considera lo suficientemente extenso para ajustarse a las necesidades de esta investigación.

El tamaño de un corpus es un factor importante a tener en cuenta a la hora de su diseño, tanto por su directa relación con el valor representativo del corpus como por cuestiones relativas a su tratamiento ya que, por ejemplo, no todas las herramientas funcionan con corpus de un número ilimitado de caracteres. Como Lehrberger y Bourbeau (1988:141) apuntan, un corpus para ser válido debe contener al menos 10.000 palabras y, dependiendo de la amplitud del subgénero, podría necesitar ser incluso mayor. Sin discrepar de esta afirmación, cabe añadir que el tamaño de un corpus varía también en función de las necesidades de la investigación. Cabe señalar, además, que el tamaño del corpus JadCor es reducido (20.679 palabras), si se compara con los grandes corpus que se están recopilando en la actualidad, como el Bank of English o el British National Corpus, que están formados por millones de palabras. Sin embargo, se ajusta sobradamente a los mínimos establecidos por Lehrberger y Bourbeau, por lo que en principio se considera lo suficientemente extenso para ajustarse a las necesidades de esta investigación.

Con el fin de diversificar los instrumentos de esta investigación, los anuncios de empleo de JadCor son de temática variada. Esto convierte a JadCor en un sublenguaje relativamente abierto. Kittredge (2003:436) señala que basar la descripción de un corpus en una sola fuente puede ser suficiente para “prototyping, or even building, a simple processing application to serve only that source, but does not normally give a good perspective of the whole sublanguage, as used by a wider community”. Por este motivo, los textos seleccionados en proceden de diferentes fuentes.

Con el fin de diversificar los instrumentos de esta investigación, los anuncios de empleo de JadCor son de temática variada. Esto convierte a JadCor en un sublenguaje relativamente abierto. Kittredge (2003:436) señala que basar la descripción de un corpus en una sola fuente puede ser suficiente para “prototyping, or even building, a simple processing application to serve only that source, but does not normally give a good perspective of the whole sublanguage, as used by a wider community”. Por este motivo, los textos seleccionados en proceden de diferentes fuentes.

La elaboración del JadCor se realizó de un modo riguroso y objetivo. El criterio de selección estuvo claro desde un principio: se pretendía recopilar una muestra de ofertas de empleo lo

La elaboración del JadCor se realizó de un modo riguroso y objetivo. El criterio de selección estuvo claro desde un principio: se pretendía recopilar una muestra de ofertas de empleo lo

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

205

205

puesto vacante, requisitos de los candidatos, el horario, la localización, etc. Asimismo, al final de anuncio aparece información adicional de un modo breve y esquemático, por ejemplo, el salario y el tipo de contrato.

puesto vacante, requisitos de los candidatos, el horario, la localización, etc. Asimismo, al final de anuncio aparece información adicional de un modo breve y esquemático, por ejemplo, el salario y el tipo de contrato.

Una vez recopilado el corpus JadCor se puede definir como un corpus textual, con fines específicos, monolingüe (inglés), completo y sin anotar. Todos los textos son escritos, están en formato electrónico, han sido elaborados para ser publicados en Internet, corresponden a múltiples autores anónimos, y no están dirigidos a un público especializado.

Una vez recopilado el corpus JadCor se puede definir como un corpus textual, con fines específicos, monolingüe (inglés), completo y sin anotar. Todos los textos son escritos, están en formato electrónico, han sido elaborados para ser publicados en Internet, corresponden a múltiples autores anónimos, y no están dirigidos a un público especializado.

El tamaño de un corpus es un factor importante a tener en cuenta a la hora de su diseño, tanto por su directa relación con el valor representativo del corpus como por cuestiones relativas a su tratamiento ya que, por ejemplo, no todas las herramientas funcionan con corpus de un número ilimitado de caracteres. Como Lehrberger y Bourbeau (1988:141) apuntan, un corpus para ser válido debe contener al menos 10.000 palabras y, dependiendo de la amplitud del subgénero, podría necesitar ser incluso mayor. Sin discrepar de esta afirmación, cabe añadir que el tamaño de un corpus varía también en función de las necesidades de la investigación. Cabe señalar, además, que el tamaño del corpus JadCor es reducido (20.679 palabras), si se compara con los grandes corpus que se están recopilando en la actualidad, como el Bank of English o el British National Corpus, que están formados por millones de palabras. Sin embargo, se ajusta sobradamente a los mínimos establecidos por Lehrberger y Bourbeau, por lo que en principio se considera lo suficientemente extenso para ajustarse a las necesidades de esta investigación.

El tamaño de un corpus es un factor importante a tener en cuenta a la hora de su diseño, tanto por su directa relación con el valor representativo del corpus como por cuestiones relativas a su tratamiento ya que, por ejemplo, no todas las herramientas funcionan con corpus de un número ilimitado de caracteres. Como Lehrberger y Bourbeau (1988:141) apuntan, un corpus para ser válido debe contener al menos 10.000 palabras y, dependiendo de la amplitud del subgénero, podría necesitar ser incluso mayor. Sin discrepar de esta afirmación, cabe añadir que el tamaño de un corpus varía también en función de las necesidades de la investigación. Cabe señalar, además, que el tamaño del corpus JadCor es reducido (20.679 palabras), si se compara con los grandes corpus que se están recopilando en la actualidad, como el Bank of English o el British National Corpus, que están formados por millones de palabras. Sin embargo, se ajusta sobradamente a los mínimos establecidos por Lehrberger y Bourbeau, por lo que en principio se considera lo suficientemente extenso para ajustarse a las necesidades de esta investigación.

Con el fin de diversificar los instrumentos de esta investigación, los anuncios de empleo de JadCor son de temática variada. Esto convierte a JadCor en un sublenguaje relativamente abierto. Kittredge (2003:436) señala que basar la descripción de un corpus en una sola fuente puede ser suficiente para “prototyping, or even building, a simple processing application to serve only that source, but does not normally give a good perspective of the whole sublanguage, as used by a wider community”. Por este motivo, los textos seleccionados en proceden de diferentes fuentes.

Con el fin de diversificar los instrumentos de esta investigación, los anuncios de empleo de JadCor son de temática variada. Esto convierte a JadCor en un sublenguaje relativamente abierto. Kittredge (2003:436) señala que basar la descripción de un corpus en una sola fuente puede ser suficiente para “prototyping, or even building, a simple processing application to serve only that source, but does not normally give a good perspective of the whole sublanguage, as used by a wider community”. Por este motivo, los textos seleccionados en proceden de diferentes fuentes.

La elaboración del JadCor se realizó de un modo riguroso y objetivo. El criterio de selección estuvo claro desde un principio: se pretendía recopilar una muestra de ofertas de empleo lo

La elaboración del JadCor se realizó de un modo riguroso y objetivo. El criterio de selección estuvo claro desde un principio: se pretendía recopilar una muestra de ofertas de empleo lo


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suficientemente amplia y representativa para realizar una descripción de los rasgos propios de estos sublenguajes en inglés.

suficientemente amplia y representativa para realizar una descripción de los rasgos propios de estos sublenguajes en inglés.

Una vez determinado el objeto de la investigación y seleccionados los textos, no se ha realizado ninguna manipulación en los datos recogidos. Como se mencionaba a propósito del formato, se juzgó preferible suprimir las imágenes de JadCor para facilitar su tratamiento. Ha de hacerse hincapié en que los textos no se apoyan en modo alguno en dichas imágenes, ya que éstas consistían en anagramas o slogans publicitarios sobre la empresa, imágenes del equipo de profesionales, etc. Por lo tanto, queda garantizado que tras la eliminación de las imágenes el rigor y la fiabilidad del corpus han quedado intactos, ya que una manipulación de cualquier tipo sobre un corpus haría que éste dejara de ser una fuente de información lingüística fiable. En este sentido cabe afirmar los 35 textos del JadCor han sido tratados con la mayor imparcialidad, es decir, que no han sido acortados, extendidos, fusionados, manipulados, etc. en modo alguno. Además, estos textos han sido elaborados por autores diferentes, las propias empresas contratadoras, que quedan claramente fuera de la influencia de los distintos portales de empleo a los que los anuncios son enviados para su posterior publicación. De esta forma, se garantiza la representatividad del corpusi. También, sí hay un esquema aproximado de información natural común a todos los anuncios de empleo, como puede ser, por ejemplo, la descripción del puesto ofertado, los requisitos solicitados o la información de contacto (esto se explicará en más detalle cuando se hable de la estructura de los anuncios de empleo).

Una vez determinado el objeto de la investigación y seleccionados los textos, no se ha realizado ninguna manipulación en los datos recogidos. Como se mencionaba a propósito del formato, se juzgó preferible suprimir las imágenes de JadCor para facilitar su tratamiento. Ha de hacerse hincapié en que los textos no se apoyan en modo alguno en dichas imágenes, ya que éstas consistían en anagramas o slogans publicitarios sobre la empresa, imágenes del equipo de profesionales, etc. Por lo tanto, queda garantizado que tras la eliminación de las imágenes el rigor y la fiabilidad del corpus han quedado intactos, ya que una manipulación de cualquier tipo sobre un corpus haría que éste dejara de ser una fuente de información lingüística fiable. En este sentido cabe afirmar los 35 textos del JadCor han sido tratados con la mayor imparcialidad, es decir, que no han sido acortados, extendidos, fusionados, manipulados, etc. en modo alguno. Además, estos textos han sido elaborados por autores diferentes, las propias empresas contratadoras, que quedan claramente fuera de la influencia de los distintos portales de empleo a los que los anuncios son enviados para su posterior publicación. De esta forma, se garantiza la representatividad del corpusi. También, sí hay un esquema aproximado de información natural común a todos los anuncios de empleo, como puede ser, por ejemplo, la descripción del puesto ofertado, los requisitos solicitados o la información de contacto (esto se explicará en más detalle cuando se hable de la estructura de los anuncios de empleo).

4. ANÁLISIS LINGÜÍSTICO DEL JADCOR

4. ANÁLISIS LINGÜÍSTICO DEL JADCOR

En esta sección se muestran los resultados del análisis realizado en el corpus JadCor de anuncios de empleo con el objetivo de describir este subgénero. Se trata básicamente de un análisis cuantitativo de las palabras del corpus. Este procesamiento se ha llevado a cabo de un modo semi-automático, pues se ha procesarlo con algunas herramientas computacionales, como el etiquetador CLAWS y la herramienta de análisis textual WordSmith Tools, pero ha sido necesario realizar una revisión manual complementaria para crear una base de datos a partir de los resultados globales.

En esta sección se muestran los resultados del análisis realizado en el corpus JadCor de anuncios de empleo con el objetivo de describir este subgénero. Se trata básicamente de un análisis cuantitativo de las palabras del corpus. Este procesamiento se ha llevado a cabo de un modo semi-automático, pues se ha procesarlo con algunas herramientas computacionales, como el etiquetador CLAWS y la herramienta de análisis textual WordSmith Tools, pero ha sido necesario realizar una revisión manual complementaria para crear una base de datos a partir de los resultados globales.

206

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

suficientemente amplia y representativa para realizar una descripción de los rasgos propios de estos sublenguajes en inglés.

suficientemente amplia y representativa para realizar una descripción de los rasgos propios de estos sublenguajes en inglés.

Una vez determinado el objeto de la investigación y seleccionados los textos, no se ha realizado ninguna manipulación en los datos recogidos. Como se mencionaba a propósito del formato, se juzgó preferible suprimir las imágenes de JadCor para facilitar su tratamiento. Ha de hacerse hincapié en que los textos no se apoyan en modo alguno en dichas imágenes, ya que éstas consistían en anagramas o slogans publicitarios sobre la empresa, imágenes del equipo de profesionales, etc. Por lo tanto, queda garantizado que tras la eliminación de las imágenes el rigor y la fiabilidad del corpus han quedado intactos, ya que una manipulación de cualquier tipo sobre un corpus haría que éste dejara de ser una fuente de información lingüística fiable. En este sentido cabe afirmar los 35 textos del JadCor han sido tratados con la mayor imparcialidad, es decir, que no han sido acortados, extendidos, fusionados, manipulados, etc. en modo alguno. Además, estos textos han sido elaborados por autores diferentes, las propias empresas contratadoras, que quedan claramente fuera de la influencia de los distintos portales de empleo a los que los anuncios son enviados para su posterior publicación. De esta forma, se garantiza la representatividad del corpusi. También, sí hay un esquema aproximado de información natural común a todos los anuncios de empleo, como puede ser, por ejemplo, la descripción del puesto ofertado, los requisitos solicitados o la información de contacto (esto se explicará en más detalle cuando se hable de la estructura de los anuncios de empleo).

Una vez determinado el objeto de la investigación y seleccionados los textos, no se ha realizado ninguna manipulación en los datos recogidos. Como se mencionaba a propósito del formato, se juzgó preferible suprimir las imágenes de JadCor para facilitar su tratamiento. Ha de hacerse hincapié en que los textos no se apoyan en modo alguno en dichas imágenes, ya que éstas consistían en anagramas o slogans publicitarios sobre la empresa, imágenes del equipo de profesionales, etc. Por lo tanto, queda garantizado que tras la eliminación de las imágenes el rigor y la fiabilidad del corpus han quedado intactos, ya que una manipulación de cualquier tipo sobre un corpus haría que éste dejara de ser una fuente de información lingüística fiable. En este sentido cabe afirmar los 35 textos del JadCor han sido tratados con la mayor imparcialidad, es decir, que no han sido acortados, extendidos, fusionados, manipulados, etc. en modo alguno. Además, estos textos han sido elaborados por autores diferentes, las propias empresas contratadoras, que quedan claramente fuera de la influencia de los distintos portales de empleo a los que los anuncios son enviados para su posterior publicación. De esta forma, se garantiza la representatividad del corpusi. También, sí hay un esquema aproximado de información natural común a todos los anuncios de empleo, como puede ser, por ejemplo, la descripción del puesto ofertado, los requisitos solicitados o la información de contacto (esto se explicará en más detalle cuando se hable de la estructura de los anuncios de empleo).

4. ANÁLISIS LINGÜÍSTICO DEL JADCOR

4. ANÁLISIS LINGÜÍSTICO DEL JADCOR

En esta sección se muestran los resultados del análisis realizado en el corpus JadCor de anuncios de empleo con el objetivo de describir este subgénero. Se trata básicamente de un análisis cuantitativo de las palabras del corpus. Este procesamiento se ha llevado a cabo de un modo semi-automático, pues se ha procesarlo con algunas herramientas computacionales, como el etiquetador CLAWS y la herramienta de análisis textual WordSmith Tools, pero ha sido necesario realizar una revisión manual complementaria para crear una base de datos a partir de los resultados globales.

En esta sección se muestran los resultados del análisis realizado en el corpus JadCor de anuncios de empleo con el objetivo de describir este subgénero. Se trata básicamente de un análisis cuantitativo de las palabras del corpus. Este procesamiento se ha llevado a cabo de un modo semi-automático, pues se ha procesarlo con algunas herramientas computacionales, como el etiquetador CLAWS y la herramienta de análisis textual WordSmith Tools, pero ha sido necesario realizar una revisión manual complementaria para crear una base de datos a partir de los resultados globales.


Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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En el proceso de asignar las etiquetas de CLAWS, se prestó atención, por ejemplo, a los homógrafos y se determinó de un modo manual a qué categoría pertenece cada una de las apariciones en el corpus, evitando así las ambigüedades o el recuento erróneo. La aplicación del etiquetador determinó qué categorías gramaticales están presentes en el corpus y en qué medida. Aunque fue necesaria una revisión de aquellas palabras que pudiesen resultar ambiguas, tal es el caso de may que puede ser el verbo modal o referirse al mes, y, por ejemplo, IT, que muestra dos apariciones diferentes en el corpus, por una parte el pronombre y, por otra, es el acrónimo de Information Technology. En este último caso, si el etiquetador pudiese distinguir el acrónimo por estar en mayúsculas dado que el pronombre se escribe todo en mayúscula en ocasiones aisladas, no haría falta esta desambiguación manual. Bien es cierto que CLAWS aporta la información de ambas categorías, pero se ha comprobado que en algunos casos, la desambiguación que hace en referencia al contexto, no es acertada y se debe hacer una postedición para asignar la etiqueta correcta (López Sanjuán, 2006). Asimismo, se solventaron también los errores de adjudicación errónea de la etiqueta de nombre común a los nombres propios que no empiezan por mayúscula en el corpus.

En el proceso de asignar las etiquetas de CLAWS, se prestó atención, por ejemplo, a los homógrafos y se determinó de un modo manual a qué categoría pertenece cada una de las apariciones en el corpus, evitando así las ambigüedades o el recuento erróneo. La aplicación del etiquetador determinó qué categorías gramaticales están presentes en el corpus y en qué medida. Aunque fue necesaria una revisión de aquellas palabras que pudiesen resultar ambiguas, tal es el caso de may que puede ser el verbo modal o referirse al mes, y, por ejemplo, IT, que muestra dos apariciones diferentes en el corpus, por una parte el pronombre y, por otra, es el acrónimo de Information Technology. En este último caso, si el etiquetador pudiese distinguir el acrónimo por estar en mayúsculas dado que el pronombre se escribe todo en mayúscula en ocasiones aisladas, no haría falta esta desambiguación manual. Bien es cierto que CLAWS aporta la información de ambas categorías, pero se ha comprobado que en algunos casos, la desambiguación que hace en referencia al contexto, no es acertada y se debe hacer una postedición para asignar la etiqueta correcta (López Sanjuán, 2006). Asimismo, se solventaron también los errores de adjudicación errónea de la etiqueta de nombre común a los nombres propios que no empiezan por mayúscula en el corpus.

WordSmith Tools se utilizó para obtener un listado de los tipos de palabras que ocurren en el corpus ordenadas por su frecuencia. Sin embargo, en los resultados obtenidos de WordSmith Tools tampoco en ningún caso se indica que, por ejemplo, may se refiera a un sustantivo o a un verbo. Así, el programa solo contabiliza las apariciones totales de estas dos palabras conjuntamente, sin especificar cuando se trata del mes o del verbo modal, y se debe de hacer de un modo manual. Hay que señalar que, sin embargo, esta tarea de postedición manual no es difícil de realizar en un corpus de anuncios de empleo porque no es un corpus de gran tamaño, y apenas hay ambigüedades de este tipo. Además, se cuenta con la asistencia del programa de concordancias que muestra todas las concordancias y apariciones en una búsqueda refinada.

WordSmith Tools se utilizó para obtener un listado de los tipos de palabras que ocurren en el corpus ordenadas por su frecuencia. Sin embargo, en los resultados obtenidos de WordSmith Tools tampoco en ningún caso se indica que, por ejemplo, may se refiera a un sustantivo o a un verbo. Así, el programa solo contabiliza las apariciones totales de estas dos palabras conjuntamente, sin especificar cuando se trata del mes o del verbo modal, y se debe de hacer de un modo manual. Hay que señalar que, sin embargo, esta tarea de postedición manual no es difícil de realizar en un corpus de anuncios de empleo porque no es un corpus de gran tamaño, y apenas hay ambigüedades de este tipo. Además, se cuenta con la asistencia del programa de concordancias que muestra todas las concordancias y apariciones en una búsqueda refinada.

Una vez procesado el corpus, se procedió la descripción de los anuncios de empleo.

Una vez procesado el corpus, se procedió la descripción de los anuncios de empleo.

La descripción se inicia prestando atención al tipo textual de los anuncios de empleo para determinar su estructura y definir sus funciones retóricas, comprobando que son comunes a todos los textos

La descripción se inicia prestando atención al tipo textual de los anuncios de empleo para determinar su estructura y definir sus funciones retóricas, comprobando que son comunes a todos los textos

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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En el proceso de asignar las etiquetas de CLAWS, se prestó atención, por ejemplo, a los homógrafos y se determinó de un modo manual a qué categoría pertenece cada una de las apariciones en el corpus, evitando así las ambigüedades o el recuento erróneo. La aplicación del etiquetador determinó qué categorías gramaticales están presentes en el corpus y en qué medida. Aunque fue necesaria una revisión de aquellas palabras que pudiesen resultar ambiguas, tal es el caso de may que puede ser el verbo modal o referirse al mes, y, por ejemplo, IT, que muestra dos apariciones diferentes en el corpus, por una parte el pronombre y, por otra, es el acrónimo de Information Technology. En este último caso, si el etiquetador pudiese distinguir el acrónimo por estar en mayúsculas dado que el pronombre se escribe todo en mayúscula en ocasiones aisladas, no haría falta esta desambiguación manual. Bien es cierto que CLAWS aporta la información de ambas categorías, pero se ha comprobado que en algunos casos, la desambiguación que hace en referencia al contexto, no es acertada y se debe hacer una postedición para asignar la etiqueta correcta (López Sanjuán, 2006). Asimismo, se solventaron también los errores de adjudicación errónea de la etiqueta de nombre común a los nombres propios que no empiezan por mayúscula en el corpus.

En el proceso de asignar las etiquetas de CLAWS, se prestó atención, por ejemplo, a los homógrafos y se determinó de un modo manual a qué categoría pertenece cada una de las apariciones en el corpus, evitando así las ambigüedades o el recuento erróneo. La aplicación del etiquetador determinó qué categorías gramaticales están presentes en el corpus y en qué medida. Aunque fue necesaria una revisión de aquellas palabras que pudiesen resultar ambiguas, tal es el caso de may que puede ser el verbo modal o referirse al mes, y, por ejemplo, IT, que muestra dos apariciones diferentes en el corpus, por una parte el pronombre y, por otra, es el acrónimo de Information Technology. En este último caso, si el etiquetador pudiese distinguir el acrónimo por estar en mayúsculas dado que el pronombre se escribe todo en mayúscula en ocasiones aisladas, no haría falta esta desambiguación manual. Bien es cierto que CLAWS aporta la información de ambas categorías, pero se ha comprobado que en algunos casos, la desambiguación que hace en referencia al contexto, no es acertada y se debe hacer una postedición para asignar la etiqueta correcta (López Sanjuán, 2006). Asimismo, se solventaron también los errores de adjudicación errónea de la etiqueta de nombre común a los nombres propios que no empiezan por mayúscula en el corpus.

WordSmith Tools se utilizó para obtener un listado de los tipos de palabras que ocurren en el corpus ordenadas por su frecuencia. Sin embargo, en los resultados obtenidos de WordSmith Tools tampoco en ningún caso se indica que, por ejemplo, may se refiera a un sustantivo o a un verbo. Así, el programa solo contabiliza las apariciones totales de estas dos palabras conjuntamente, sin especificar cuando se trata del mes o del verbo modal, y se debe de hacer de un modo manual. Hay que señalar que, sin embargo, esta tarea de postedición manual no es difícil de realizar en un corpus de anuncios de empleo porque no es un corpus de gran tamaño, y apenas hay ambigüedades de este tipo. Además, se cuenta con la asistencia del programa de concordancias que muestra todas las concordancias y apariciones en una búsqueda refinada.

WordSmith Tools se utilizó para obtener un listado de los tipos de palabras que ocurren en el corpus ordenadas por su frecuencia. Sin embargo, en los resultados obtenidos de WordSmith Tools tampoco en ningún caso se indica que, por ejemplo, may se refiera a un sustantivo o a un verbo. Así, el programa solo contabiliza las apariciones totales de estas dos palabras conjuntamente, sin especificar cuando se trata del mes o del verbo modal, y se debe de hacer de un modo manual. Hay que señalar que, sin embargo, esta tarea de postedición manual no es difícil de realizar en un corpus de anuncios de empleo porque no es un corpus de gran tamaño, y apenas hay ambigüedades de este tipo. Además, se cuenta con la asistencia del programa de concordancias que muestra todas las concordancias y apariciones en una búsqueda refinada.

Una vez procesado el corpus, se procedió la descripción de los anuncios de empleo.

Una vez procesado el corpus, se procedió la descripción de los anuncios de empleo.

La descripción se inicia prestando atención al tipo textual de los anuncios de empleo para determinar su estructura y definir sus funciones retóricas, comprobando que son comunes a todos los textos

La descripción se inicia prestando atención al tipo textual de los anuncios de empleo para determinar su estructura y definir sus funciones retóricas, comprobando que son comunes a todos los textos


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del corpus. A continuación, se muestran los resultados del análisis de las categorías gramaticales del corpus de anuncios de empleo. Aunque se ha denominado análisis categorial, y el punto de partida es un análisis morfológico, se ha añadido, además, información léxica y semántica, y en ocasiones, información sintáctica para hacer una descripción más exhausta de este sublenguaje.

208

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

del corpus. A continuación, se muestran los resultados del análisis de las categorías gramaticales del corpus de anuncios de empleo. Aunque se ha denominado análisis categorial, y el punto de partida es un análisis morfológico, se ha añadido, además, información léxica y semántica, y en ocasiones, información sintáctica para hacer una descripción más exhausta de este sublenguaje.

4.1 Análisis estructural

4.1 Análisis estructural

Los anuncios de empleo constan de funciones retóricas fijas básicas como son:

Los anuncios de empleo constan de funciones retóricas fijas básicas como son:

•Encabezado en el que aparece el puesto a cubrir (puede aparecer la ubicación o no). •Empresa contratante (que puede ser mencionada por su nombre o también por una breve descripción). •Puesto ofertado (al que de nuevo se puede hacer referencia en mayor o menor detalle). •Tareas del puesto (en qué consiste el empleo ofertado). •Requisitos del candidato. •Forma de contacto.

•Encabezado en el que aparece el puesto a cubrir (puede aparecer la ubicación o no). •Empresa contratante (que puede ser mencionada por su nombre o también por una breve descripción). •Puesto ofertado (al que de nuevo se puede hacer referencia en mayor o menor detalle). •Tareas del puesto (en qué consiste el empleo ofertado). •Requisitos del candidato. •Forma de contacto.

Sin embargo, también pueden aparecer otras funciones retóricas opcionales:

Sin embargo, también pueden aparecer otras funciones retóricas opcionales:

•Condiciones (sueldo, beneficios, perspectivas de promoción, etc.). •Fecha de publicación. •Plazo de recibo de cv. •Información extra sobre la empresa ofertante (por ejemplo, la página web).

•Condiciones (sueldo, beneficios, perspectivas de promoción, etc.). •Fecha de publicación. •Plazo de recibo de cv. •Información extra sobre la empresa ofertante (por ejemplo, la página web).

Puesto que toda la información relativa a una función retórica suele aparecer junta en el texto, es posible que un sistema anote automáticamente cada fragmento retórico en base simplemente a palabras claves para su procesamiento computacional.

Puesto que toda la información relativa a una función retórica suele aparecer junta en el texto, es posible que un sistema anote automáticamente cada fragmento retórico en base simplemente a palabras claves para su procesamiento computacional.

208

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

del corpus. A continuación, se muestran los resultados del análisis de las categorías gramaticales del corpus de anuncios de empleo. Aunque se ha denominado análisis categorial, y el punto de partida es un análisis morfológico, se ha añadido, además, información léxica y semántica, y en ocasiones, información sintáctica para hacer una descripción más exhausta de este sublenguaje. 4.1 Análisis estructural

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

del corpus. A continuación, se muestran los resultados del análisis de las categorías gramaticales del corpus de anuncios de empleo. Aunque se ha denominado análisis categorial, y el punto de partida es un análisis morfológico, se ha añadido, además, información léxica y semántica, y en ocasiones, información sintáctica para hacer una descripción más exhausta de este sublenguaje. 4.1 Análisis estructural

Los anuncios de empleo constan de funciones retóricas fijas básicas como son:

Los anuncios de empleo constan de funciones retóricas fijas básicas como son:

•Encabezado en el que aparece el puesto a cubrir (puede aparecer la ubicación o no). •Empresa contratante (que puede ser mencionada por su nombre o también por una breve descripción). •Puesto ofertado (al que de nuevo se puede hacer referencia en mayor o menor detalle). •Tareas del puesto (en qué consiste el empleo ofertado). •Requisitos del candidato. •Forma de contacto.

•Encabezado en el que aparece el puesto a cubrir (puede aparecer la ubicación o no). •Empresa contratante (que puede ser mencionada por su nombre o también por una breve descripción). •Puesto ofertado (al que de nuevo se puede hacer referencia en mayor o menor detalle). •Tareas del puesto (en qué consiste el empleo ofertado). •Requisitos del candidato. •Forma de contacto.

Sin embargo, también pueden aparecer otras funciones retóricas opcionales:

Sin embargo, también pueden aparecer otras funciones retóricas opcionales:

•Condiciones (sueldo, beneficios, perspectivas de promoción, etc.). •Fecha de publicación. •Plazo de recibo de cv. •Información extra sobre la empresa ofertante (por ejemplo, la página web).

•Condiciones (sueldo, beneficios, perspectivas de promoción, etc.). •Fecha de publicación. •Plazo de recibo de cv. •Información extra sobre la empresa ofertante (por ejemplo, la página web).

Puesto que toda la información relativa a una función retórica suele aparecer junta en el texto, es posible que un sistema anote automáticamente cada fragmento retórico en base simplemente a palabras claves para su procesamiento computacional.

Puesto que toda la información relativa a una función retórica suele aparecer junta en el texto, es posible que un sistema anote automáticamente cada fragmento retórico en base simplemente a palabras claves para su procesamiento computacional.


Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Research Associate (2 years fixed-term) [Encabezado]

Research Associate (2 years fixed-term) [Encabezado]

Centre for Clinical Management Development [Empresa contratante] School for Health £ 23, 643 per annum (RA1A Scale) [Condiciones salariales]

Centre for Clinical Management Development [Empresa contratante] School for Health £ 23, 643 per annum (RA1A Scale) [Condiciones salariales]

Duties will be to provide research and editorial support for a range of research projects, focusing on the capital investment and commissioning implications of clinical pathway based approaches to service delivery in primary and acute care settings. [Tareas del puesto] The successful candidate will have; a degree in the Social Sciences and/or Humanities, editorial experience and some appreciation of issues relating to quality improvement, the organization and management of clinical work and of the culture change issues that this entails. [Requisitos del candidato]

Duties will be to provide research and editorial support for a range of research projects, focusing on the capital investment and commissioning implications of clinical pathway based approaches to service delivery in primary and acute care settings. [Tareas del puesto] The successful candidate will have; a degree in the Social Sciences and/or Humanities, editorial experience and some appreciation of issues relating to quality improvement, the organization and management of clinical work and of the culture change issues that this entails. [Requisitos del candidato]

Closing Date: 4 November 2004 [plazo para enviar cv] Reference: 0528

Closing Date: 4 November 2004 [plazo para enviar cv] Reference: 0528

Further details of the post and an application form are available on our website (https://jobs.dur.ac.uk ; telephone 0191 334 6499; fax 091 334 6495 ) [Forma de contacto]

Further details of the post and an application form are available on our website (https://jobs.dur.ac.uk ; telephone 0191 334 6499; fax 091 334 6495 ) [Forma de contacto]

Click here for Employer Profile If you apply for this position, please say you saw it on jobs.ac.uk

Click here for Employer Profile If you apply for this position, please say you saw it on jobs.ac.uk

Figura 2. Estructura de un anuncio de empleo del JadCor.

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Figura 2. Estructura de un anuncio de empleo del JadCor.

En la figura 2 se puede observar que el anuncio de empleo de la figura 1 muestra todas las funciones retóricas indicadas para este tipo de anuncios e incluso alguna de las señaladas como opcionales como la fecha de entrega de cv, o un enlace a la página web de la empresa ofertante 4.2. Análisis léxico y categorial

En la figura 2 se puede observar que el anuncio de empleo de la figura 1 muestra todas las funciones retóricas indicadas para este tipo de anuncios e incluso alguna de las señaladas como opcionales como la fecha de entrega de cv, o un enlace a la página web de la empresa ofertante 4.2. Análisis léxico y categorial

En esta sección se muestran los resultados del estudio de las categorías gramaticales determinando su presencia o ausencia en el corpus de anuncios de empleo. Cabe señalar de nuevo que, a pesar de

En esta sección se muestran los resultados del estudio de las categorías gramaticales determinando su presencia o ausencia en el corpus de anuncios de empleo. Cabe señalar de nuevo que, a pesar de

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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Research Associate (2 years fixed-term) [Encabezado]

Research Associate (2 years fixed-term) [Encabezado]

Centre for Clinical Management Development [Empresa contratante] School for Health £ 23, 643 per annum (RA1A Scale) [Condiciones salariales]

Centre for Clinical Management Development [Empresa contratante] School for Health £ 23, 643 per annum (RA1A Scale) [Condiciones salariales]

Duties will be to provide research and editorial support for a range of research projects, focusing on the capital investment and commissioning implications of clinical pathway based approaches to service delivery in primary and acute care settings. [Tareas del puesto] The successful candidate will have; a degree in the Social Sciences and/or Humanities, editorial experience and some appreciation of issues relating to quality improvement, the organization and management of clinical work and of the culture change issues that this entails. [Requisitos del candidato]

Duties will be to provide research and editorial support for a range of research projects, focusing on the capital investment and commissioning implications of clinical pathway based approaches to service delivery in primary and acute care settings. [Tareas del puesto] The successful candidate will have; a degree in the Social Sciences and/or Humanities, editorial experience and some appreciation of issues relating to quality improvement, the organization and management of clinical work and of the culture change issues that this entails. [Requisitos del candidato]

Closing Date: 4 November 2004 [plazo para enviar cv] Reference: 0528

Closing Date: 4 November 2004 [plazo para enviar cv] Reference: 0528

Further details of the post and an application form are available on our website (https://jobs.dur.ac.uk ; telephone 0191 334 6499; fax 091 334 6495 ) [Forma de contacto]

Further details of the post and an application form are available on our website (https://jobs.dur.ac.uk ; telephone 0191 334 6499; fax 091 334 6495 ) [Forma de contacto]

Click here for Employer Profile If you apply for this position, please say you saw it on jobs.ac.uk

Click here for Employer Profile If you apply for this position, please say you saw it on jobs.ac.uk

Figura 2. Estructura de un anuncio de empleo del JadCor. En la figura 2 se puede observar que el anuncio de empleo de la figura 1 muestra todas las funciones retóricas indicadas para este tipo de anuncios e incluso alguna de las señaladas como opcionales como la fecha de entrega de cv, o un enlace a la página web de la empresa ofertante 4.2. Análisis léxico y categorial En esta sección se muestran los resultados del estudio de las categorías gramaticales determinando su presencia o ausencia en el corpus de anuncios de empleo. Cabe señalar de nuevo que, a pesar de

209

Figura 2. Estructura de un anuncio de empleo del JadCor. En la figura 2 se puede observar que el anuncio de empleo de la figura 1 muestra todas las funciones retóricas indicadas para este tipo de anuncios e incluso alguna de las señaladas como opcionales como la fecha de entrega de cv, o un enlace a la página web de la empresa ofertante 4.2. Análisis léxico y categorial En esta sección se muestran los resultados del estudio de las categorías gramaticales determinando su presencia o ausencia en el corpus de anuncios de empleo. Cabe señalar de nuevo que, a pesar de


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que esta sección se ha denominado análisis categorial, contiene el análisis morfológico que se ha complementado con información léxica y semántica.

que esta sección se ha denominado análisis categorial, contiene el análisis morfológico que se ha complementado con información léxica y semántica.

Antes de entrar a en este análisis morfológico en profundidad, conviene también ver algunos aspectos léxicos, como son la longitud de las palabras y la proporción entre tipos de palabras/apariciones (type/token ratio), que también nos puede proporcionar información interesante con respecto a los anuncios de empleo.

Antes de entrar a en este análisis morfológico en profundidad, conviene también ver algunos aspectos léxicos, como son la longitud de las palabras y la proporción entre tipos de palabras/apariciones (type/token ratio), que también nos puede proporcionar información interesante con respecto a los anuncios de empleo.

La longitud de las palabras se mide teniendo en cuenta los caracteres ortográficos de las palabras de un texto. A mayor longitud de las palabras, se interpreta que existe una mayor complejidad presente en el texto (Biber 1988:118). En este caso, se trata tanto de complejidad tanto léxica (palabras simples, compuestas, etc.) como sintáctica (oraciones simples o subordinadas, por ejemplo), y teniendo en cuenta, por ejemplo, la cohesión textual.

La longitud de las palabras se mide teniendo en cuenta los caracteres ortográficos de las palabras de un texto. A mayor longitud de las palabras, se interpreta que existe una mayor complejidad presente en el texto (Biber 1988:118). En este caso, se trata tanto de complejidad tanto léxica (palabras simples, compuestas, etc.) como sintáctica (oraciones simples o subordinadas, por ejemplo), y teniendo en cuenta, por ejemplo, la cohesión textual.

En el caso del JadCor, la longitud media de las apariciones del corpus es 5.29..

En el caso del JadCor, la longitud media de las apariciones del corpus es 5.29..

You will work closely with colleagues and partner organisations to develop a leading-edge provision across this broad range of professional programmes. Strong people management skills are essential, plus the ability to influence at senior level as you join the Executive Team in guiding and directing the development of the School as a whole.

You will work closely with colleagues and partner organisations to develop a leading-edge provision across this broad range of professional programmes. Strong people management skills are essential, plus the ability to influence at senior level as you join the Executive Team in guiding and directing the development of the School as a whole.

En el ejemplo se puede observar que aunque existen palabras breves de dos y tres caracteres, como por ejemplo, at, to, and o you (todas ellas palabras gramaticales) abundan las más largas, lo que no es lo más habitual en inglés estándar. Esto puede deberse a que los términos de los negocios sean de origen romance, por ejemplo, candidate, application o employer, y estas palabras suelen ser más largas que las de origen germánico.

En el ejemplo se puede observar que aunque existen palabras breves de dos y tres caracteres, como por ejemplo, at, to, and o you (todas ellas palabras gramaticales) abundan las más largas, lo que no es lo más habitual en inglés estándar. Esto puede deberse a que los términos de los negocios sean de origen romance, por ejemplo, candidate, application o employer, y estas palabras suelen ser más largas que las de origen germánico.

En lo que se refiere a la proporción de tipos de palabras/apariciones, este rasgo muestra la correspondencia que existe entre las diferentes palabras que conforman el texto y el número de sus apariciones. Esta proporción es muy importante para determinado tipo de textos, pues en un sublenguaje es un índice para interpretar si es

En lo que se refiere a la proporción de tipos de palabras/apariciones, este rasgo muestra la correspondencia que existe entre las diferentes palabras que conforman el texto y el número de sus apariciones. Esta proporción es muy importante para determinado tipo de textos, pues en un sublenguaje es un índice para interpretar si es

210

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que esta sección se ha denominado análisis categorial, contiene el análisis morfológico que se ha complementado con información léxica y semántica.

que esta sección se ha denominado análisis categorial, contiene el análisis morfológico que se ha complementado con información léxica y semántica.

Antes de entrar a en este análisis morfológico en profundidad, conviene también ver algunos aspectos léxicos, como son la longitud de las palabras y la proporción entre tipos de palabras/apariciones (type/token ratio), que también nos puede proporcionar información interesante con respecto a los anuncios de empleo.

Antes de entrar a en este análisis morfológico en profundidad, conviene también ver algunos aspectos léxicos, como son la longitud de las palabras y la proporción entre tipos de palabras/apariciones (type/token ratio), que también nos puede proporcionar información interesante con respecto a los anuncios de empleo.

La longitud de las palabras se mide teniendo en cuenta los caracteres ortográficos de las palabras de un texto. A mayor longitud de las palabras, se interpreta que existe una mayor complejidad presente en el texto (Biber 1988:118). En este caso, se trata tanto de complejidad tanto léxica (palabras simples, compuestas, etc.) como sintáctica (oraciones simples o subordinadas, por ejemplo), y teniendo en cuenta, por ejemplo, la cohesión textual.

La longitud de las palabras se mide teniendo en cuenta los caracteres ortográficos de las palabras de un texto. A mayor longitud de las palabras, se interpreta que existe una mayor complejidad presente en el texto (Biber 1988:118). En este caso, se trata tanto de complejidad tanto léxica (palabras simples, compuestas, etc.) como sintáctica (oraciones simples o subordinadas, por ejemplo), y teniendo en cuenta, por ejemplo, la cohesión textual.

En el caso del JadCor, la longitud media de las apariciones del corpus es 5.29..

En el caso del JadCor, la longitud media de las apariciones del corpus es 5.29..

You will work closely with colleagues and partner organisations to develop a leading-edge provision across this broad range of professional programmes. Strong people management skills are essential, plus the ability to influence at senior level as you join the Executive Team in guiding and directing the development of the School as a whole.

You will work closely with colleagues and partner organisations to develop a leading-edge provision across this broad range of professional programmes. Strong people management skills are essential, plus the ability to influence at senior level as you join the Executive Team in guiding and directing the development of the School as a whole.

En el ejemplo se puede observar que aunque existen palabras breves de dos y tres caracteres, como por ejemplo, at, to, and o you (todas ellas palabras gramaticales) abundan las más largas, lo que no es lo más habitual en inglés estándar. Esto puede deberse a que los términos de los negocios sean de origen romance, por ejemplo, candidate, application o employer, y estas palabras suelen ser más largas que las de origen germánico.

En el ejemplo se puede observar que aunque existen palabras breves de dos y tres caracteres, como por ejemplo, at, to, and o you (todas ellas palabras gramaticales) abundan las más largas, lo que no es lo más habitual en inglés estándar. Esto puede deberse a que los términos de los negocios sean de origen romance, por ejemplo, candidate, application o employer, y estas palabras suelen ser más largas que las de origen germánico.

En lo que se refiere a la proporción de tipos de palabras/apariciones, este rasgo muestra la correspondencia que existe entre las diferentes palabras que conforman el texto y el número de sus apariciones. Esta proporción es muy importante para determinado tipo de textos, pues en un sublenguaje es un índice para interpretar si es

En lo que se refiere a la proporción de tipos de palabras/apariciones, este rasgo muestra la correspondencia que existe entre las diferentes palabras que conforman el texto y el número de sus apariciones. Esta proporción es muy importante para determinado tipo de textos, pues en un sublenguaje es un índice para interpretar si es


Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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cerrado, por ejemplo. A mayor proporción de palabras diferentes, más abierto será el sublenguaje desde el punto de vista léxico. El valor medio de todos los textos del JadCor es de 0.62. En este caso, no se puede interpretar que estemos ante un léxico cerrado. Puede deberse, entre otros factores, a que la naturaleza de los anuncios de empleo utiliza un vocabulario común para determinados conceptos (requisitos, forma de contacto, etc.) pero otro más específico para describir las tareas del puesto (no son las mismas para un médico que para un fontanero, por ejemplo) y es que los campos profesionales del JadCor son abiertos. La simplificación morfológica de un sistema basado en un sublenguaje dado (que sin duda cabe esperar) facilita cuantitativamente el procesamiento general del sublenguaje y cualitativamente contribuye a un menor nivel de ambigüedad léxica. Además, sus correspondencias con otros niveles lingüísticos pueden servir como punto de referencia en el análisis. Principalmente hay que analizar:

cerrado, por ejemplo. A mayor proporción de palabras diferentes, más abierto será el sublenguaje desde el punto de vista léxico. El valor medio de todos los textos del JadCor es de 0.62. En este caso, no se puede interpretar que estemos ante un léxico cerrado. Puede deberse, entre otros factores, a que la naturaleza de los anuncios de empleo utiliza un vocabulario común para determinados conceptos (requisitos, forma de contacto, etc.) pero otro más específico para describir las tareas del puesto (no son las mismas para un médico que para un fontanero, por ejemplo) y es que los campos profesionales del JadCor son abiertos. La simplificación morfológica de un sistema basado en un sublenguaje dado (que sin duda cabe esperar) facilita cuantitativamente el procesamiento general del sublenguaje y cualitativamente contribuye a un menor nivel de ambigüedad léxica. Además, sus correspondencias con otros niveles lingüísticos pueden servir como punto de referencia en el análisis. Principalmente hay que analizar:

• Los morfemas de las categorías gramaticales presentes en el corpus. • Los morfemas de las categorías gramaticales que no aparecen en el corpus. • Los morfemas que aparecen más y los morfemas que aparecen menos. • Las recurrencias que pueden aparecer si, por ejemplo, la presencia de determinado morfema. depende de algún factor contextual. • Las divergencias que pueden aparecer con respecto a la lengua estándar.

• Los morfemas de las categorías gramaticales presentes en el corpus. • Los morfemas de las categorías gramaticales que no aparecen en el corpus. • Los morfemas que aparecen más y los morfemas que aparecen menos. • Las recurrencias que pueden aparecer si, por ejemplo, la presencia de determinado morfema. depende de algún factor contextual. • Las divergencias que pueden aparecer con respecto a la lengua estándar.

Figura 3. Análisis de las categorías del JadCor.

Figura 3. Análisis de las categorías del JadCor.

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cerrado, por ejemplo. A mayor proporción de palabras diferentes, más abierto será el sublenguaje desde el punto de vista léxico. El valor medio de todos los textos del JadCor es de 0.62. En este caso, no se puede interpretar que estemos ante un léxico cerrado. Puede deberse, entre otros factores, a que la naturaleza de los anuncios de empleo utiliza un vocabulario común para determinados conceptos (requisitos, forma de contacto, etc.) pero otro más específico para describir las tareas del puesto (no son las mismas para un médico que para un fontanero, por ejemplo) y es que los campos profesionales del JadCor son abiertos. La simplificación morfológica de un sistema basado en un sublenguaje dado (que sin duda cabe esperar) facilita cuantitativamente el procesamiento general del sublenguaje y cualitativamente contribuye a un menor nivel de ambigüedad léxica. Además, sus correspondencias con otros niveles lingüísticos pueden servir como punto de referencia en el análisis. Principalmente hay que analizar:

cerrado, por ejemplo. A mayor proporción de palabras diferentes, más abierto será el sublenguaje desde el punto de vista léxico. El valor medio de todos los textos del JadCor es de 0.62. En este caso, no se puede interpretar que estemos ante un léxico cerrado. Puede deberse, entre otros factores, a que la naturaleza de los anuncios de empleo utiliza un vocabulario común para determinados conceptos (requisitos, forma de contacto, etc.) pero otro más específico para describir las tareas del puesto (no son las mismas para un médico que para un fontanero, por ejemplo) y es que los campos profesionales del JadCor son abiertos. La simplificación morfológica de un sistema basado en un sublenguaje dado (que sin duda cabe esperar) facilita cuantitativamente el procesamiento general del sublenguaje y cualitativamente contribuye a un menor nivel de ambigüedad léxica. Además, sus correspondencias con otros niveles lingüísticos pueden servir como punto de referencia en el análisis. Principalmente hay que analizar:

• Los morfemas de las categorías gramaticales presentes en el corpus. • Los morfemas de las categorías gramaticales que no aparecen en el corpus. • Los morfemas que aparecen más y los morfemas que aparecen menos. • Las recurrencias que pueden aparecer si, por ejemplo, la presencia de determinado morfema. depende de algún factor contextual. • Las divergencias que pueden aparecer con respecto a la lengua estándar.

• Los morfemas de las categorías gramaticales presentes en el corpus. • Los morfemas de las categorías gramaticales que no aparecen en el corpus. • Los morfemas que aparecen más y los morfemas que aparecen menos. • Las recurrencias que pueden aparecer si, por ejemplo, la presencia de determinado morfema. depende de algún factor contextual. • Las divergencias que pueden aparecer con respecto a la lengua estándar.

Figura 3. Análisis de las categorías del JadCor.

Figura 3. Análisis de las categorías del JadCor.


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En la figura 3 se muestra el gráfico de la distribución de las categorías gramaticales del JadCor. En ella se puede observar que no todas las categorías están presentes, sino que no hay interjecciones en el corpus. El motivo puede ser que son textos escritos y las interjecciones son más propias de la lengua hablada.

En la figura 3 se muestra el gráfico de la distribución de las categorías gramaticales del JadCor. En ella se puede observar que no todas las categorías están presentes, sino que no hay interjecciones en el corpus. El motivo puede ser que son textos escritos y las interjecciones son más propias de la lengua hablada.

Todas las demás categorías están presentes, siendo la más frecuente la categoría nominal seguida por la verbal. Los nombres duplican y triplican las apariciones de las otras categorías.

Todas las demás categorías están presentes, siendo la más frecuente la categoría nominal seguida por la verbal. Los nombres duplican y triplican las apariciones de las otras categorías.

A partir de los datos obtenidos del procesamiento de cada categoría gramatical en el corpus, se ha realizado un estudio de cada categoría en cada uno de los textos que componen el JadCor. Una vez procesados todos los textos del corpus y obtenidos todos los resultados, éstos se normalizan a 1.000 palabras. Esta normalización se hace para que la diferencia de tamaño de los textos no desvirtúe la validez de los resultados del análisis.

A partir de los datos obtenidos del procesamiento de cada categoría gramatical en el corpus, se ha realizado un estudio de cada categoría en cada uno de los textos que componen el JadCor. Una vez procesados todos los textos del corpus y obtenidos todos los resultados, éstos se normalizan a 1.000 palabras. Esta normalización se hace para que la diferencia de tamaño de los textos no desvirtúe la validez de los resultados del análisis.

Ilustremos este proceso: por ejemplo, el texto 1 contiene 1.785 palabras, y el rasgo que se quiere normalizar es el de verbos. Si en este texto aparecen, por ejemplo, 52 verbos, se aplica la siguiente fórmula para normalizar o equiparar los resultados: número de rasgos totales dividido entre las palabras del texto multiplicado por 1.000. El resultado sería:

Ilustremos este proceso: por ejemplo, el texto 1 contiene 1.785 palabras, y el rasgo que se quiere normalizar es el de verbos. Si en este texto aparecen, por ejemplo, 52 verbos, se aplica la siguiente fórmula para normalizar o equiparar los resultados: número de rasgos totales dividido entre las palabras del texto multiplicado por 1.000. El resultado sería:

52 : 1.785 X 1.000 = 2.91

52 : 1.785 X 1.000 = 2.91

2.91 sería el número de apariciones de verbos en presente por cada 1.000 palabras. Este procedimiento permite homogeneizar los resultados de todos los textos, para que debido a su diferente extensión no se desvirtúen o invaliden los resultados para posteriores análisis contrastivos.

2.91 sería el número de apariciones de verbos en presente por cada 1.000 palabras. Este procedimiento permite homogeneizar los resultados de todos los textos, para que debido a su diferente extensión no se desvirtúen o invaliden los resultados para posteriores análisis contrastivos.

En la tabla 1 se pueden ver los resultados de las frecuencias normalizadas de las diferentes categorías gramaticales en el JadCor. En la primera columna se muestra el menor número de apariciones de cada categoría en el corpus, mientras que en la segunda está explícito el número mayor de apariciones. En la tercera columna, se señala la oscilación entre los textos con mayor y menor número de apariciones. Por último, en la cuarta columna se muestra el promedio de las apariciones de cada rasgo en el corpus.

En la tabla 1 se pueden ver los resultados de las frecuencias normalizadas de las diferentes categorías gramaticales en el JadCor. En la primera columna se muestra el menor número de apariciones de cada categoría en el corpus, mientras que en la segunda está explícito el número mayor de apariciones. En la tercera columna, se señala la oscilación entre los textos con mayor y menor número de apariciones. Por último, en la cuarta columna se muestra el promedio de las apariciones de cada rasgo en el corpus.

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En la figura 3 se muestra el gráfico de la distribución de las categorías gramaticales del JadCor. En ella se puede observar que no todas las categorías están presentes, sino que no hay interjecciones en el corpus. El motivo puede ser que son textos escritos y las interjecciones son más propias de la lengua hablada.

En la figura 3 se muestra el gráfico de la distribución de las categorías gramaticales del JadCor. En ella se puede observar que no todas las categorías están presentes, sino que no hay interjecciones en el corpus. El motivo puede ser que son textos escritos y las interjecciones son más propias de la lengua hablada.

Todas las demás categorías están presentes, siendo la más frecuente la categoría nominal seguida por la verbal. Los nombres duplican y triplican las apariciones de las otras categorías.

Todas las demás categorías están presentes, siendo la más frecuente la categoría nominal seguida por la verbal. Los nombres duplican y triplican las apariciones de las otras categorías.

A partir de los datos obtenidos del procesamiento de cada categoría gramatical en el corpus, se ha realizado un estudio de cada categoría en cada uno de los textos que componen el JadCor. Una vez procesados todos los textos del corpus y obtenidos todos los resultados, éstos se normalizan a 1.000 palabras. Esta normalización se hace para que la diferencia de tamaño de los textos no desvirtúe la validez de los resultados del análisis.

A partir de los datos obtenidos del procesamiento de cada categoría gramatical en el corpus, se ha realizado un estudio de cada categoría en cada uno de los textos que componen el JadCor. Una vez procesados todos los textos del corpus y obtenidos todos los resultados, éstos se normalizan a 1.000 palabras. Esta normalización se hace para que la diferencia de tamaño de los textos no desvirtúe la validez de los resultados del análisis.

Ilustremos este proceso: por ejemplo, el texto 1 contiene 1.785 palabras, y el rasgo que se quiere normalizar es el de verbos. Si en este texto aparecen, por ejemplo, 52 verbos, se aplica la siguiente fórmula para normalizar o equiparar los resultados: número de rasgos totales dividido entre las palabras del texto multiplicado por 1.000. El resultado sería:

Ilustremos este proceso: por ejemplo, el texto 1 contiene 1.785 palabras, y el rasgo que se quiere normalizar es el de verbos. Si en este texto aparecen, por ejemplo, 52 verbos, se aplica la siguiente fórmula para normalizar o equiparar los resultados: número de rasgos totales dividido entre las palabras del texto multiplicado por 1.000. El resultado sería:

52 : 1.785 X 1.000 = 2.91

52 : 1.785 X 1.000 = 2.91

2.91 sería el número de apariciones de verbos en presente por cada 1.000 palabras. Este procedimiento permite homogeneizar los resultados de todos los textos, para que debido a su diferente extensión no se desvirtúen o invaliden los resultados para posteriores análisis contrastivos.

2.91 sería el número de apariciones de verbos en presente por cada 1.000 palabras. Este procedimiento permite homogeneizar los resultados de todos los textos, para que debido a su diferente extensión no se desvirtúen o invaliden los resultados para posteriores análisis contrastivos.

En la tabla 1 se pueden ver los resultados de las frecuencias normalizadas de las diferentes categorías gramaticales en el JadCor. En la primera columna se muestra el menor número de apariciones de cada categoría en el corpus, mientras que en la segunda está explícito el número mayor de apariciones. En la tercera columna, se señala la oscilación entre los textos con mayor y menor número de apariciones. Por último, en la cuarta columna se muestra el promedio de las apariciones de cada rasgo en el corpus.

En la tabla 1 se pueden ver los resultados de las frecuencias normalizadas de las diferentes categorías gramaticales en el JadCor. En la primera columna se muestra el menor número de apariciones de cada categoría en el corpus, mientras que en la segunda está explícito el número mayor de apariciones. En la tercera columna, se señala la oscilación entre los textos con mayor y menor número de apariciones. Por último, en la cuarta columna se muestra el promedio de las apariciones de cada rasgo en el corpus.


Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Adjetivos Adverbios Conjunciones Determinantes Nombres Preposiciones Pronombres Verbos

213

Valor mínimo Valor máximo

Oscilación

Promedio

21.89 9.7 12.34 12.34 173.17 28.06 0 31.63

163.92 49.89 171,5 185,46 382.38 190.69 69.26 155.18

93.84 30.19 69.37 92.28 393.83 113.65 29.98 93.80

185.81 59.59 183.84 197.8 555.55 218.75 69.26 186.81

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Adjetivos Adverbios Conjunciones Determinantes Nombres Preposiciones Pronombres Verbos

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Valor mínimo Valor máximo

Oscilación

Promedio

21.89 9.7 12.34 12.34 173.17 28.06 0 31.63

163.92 49.89 171,5 185,46 382.38 190.69 69.26 155.18

93.84 30.19 69.37 92.28 393.83 113.65 29.98 93.80

185.81 59.59 183.84 197.8 555.55 218.75 69.26 186.81

Tabla 1. Frecuencias normalizadas de las categorías gramaticales del JadCor.

Tabla 1. Frecuencias normalizadas de las categorías gramaticales del JadCor.

Estos resultados muestran, por ejemplo que el número de conjunciones o determinantes que aparecen en cada texto varia ostensiblemente, puesto que en algunos tan sólo hay 12.34 y en otros no sólo los duplican o triplican. Esto sucede con todas las categorías, pero se percibe con menor intensidad en el caso de los adverbios y de los pronombres, dado que el número de apariciones es también menor. Como se puede observar, en algunos textos ni siquiera hay alguna aparición de un pronombre. En cuanto al promedio de las diferentes categorías, se vuelve a determinar que el número de nombres es el que mayor promedio presenta en el JadCor, seguido por las preposiciones.

Estos resultados muestran, por ejemplo que el número de conjunciones o determinantes que aparecen en cada texto varia ostensiblemente, puesto que en algunos tan sólo hay 12.34 y en otros no sólo los duplican o triplican. Esto sucede con todas las categorías, pero se percibe con menor intensidad en el caso de los adverbios y de los pronombres, dado que el número de apariciones es también menor. Como se puede observar, en algunos textos ni siquiera hay alguna aparición de un pronombre. En cuanto al promedio de las diferentes categorías, se vuelve a determinar que el número de nombres es el que mayor promedio presenta en el JadCor, seguido por las preposiciones.

Una vez analizadas la presencia de las categorías en el JadCor se van a estudiar los principales rasgos de cada una de estas categorías gramaticales en los anuncios de empleo y la razón de su presencia en mayor o menor medida en este sublenguaje.

Una vez analizadas la presencia de las categorías en el JadCor se van a estudiar los principales rasgos de cada una de estas categorías gramaticales en los anuncios de empleo y la razón de su presencia en mayor o menor medida en este sublenguaje.

4.2.1. Nombres

4.2.1. Nombres

Los nombres del JadCor representan casi el 50% de todas las palabras que ocurren en el corpus.

Los nombres del JadCor representan casi el 50% de todas las palabras que ocurren en el corpus.

Los nombres propios que aparecen en este corpus se refieren a nombres de las empresas ofertantes y topónimos que indican la localización de la empresa o el lugar en donde se va a realizar el trabajo.

Los nombres propios que aparecen en este corpus se refieren a nombres de las empresas ofertantes y topónimos que indican la localización de la empresa o el lugar en donde se va a realizar el trabajo.

A partir de los resultados obtenidos automáticamente, se llevó a cabo el procesamiento semántico manual de los sustantivos que

A partir de los resultados obtenidos automáticamente, se llevó a cabo el procesamiento semántico manual de los sustantivos que

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Adjetivos Adverbios Conjunciones Determinantes Nombres Preposiciones Pronombres Verbos

213

Valor mínimo Valor máximo

Oscilación

Promedio

21.89 9.7 12.34 12.34 173.17 28.06 0 31.63

163.92 49.89 171,5 185,46 382.38 190.69 69.26 155.18

93.84 30.19 69.37 92.28 393.83 113.65 29.98 93.80

185.81 59.59 183.84 197.8 555.55 218.75 69.26 186.81

Adjetivos Adverbios Conjunciones Determinantes Nombres Preposiciones Pronombres Verbos

213

Valor mínimo Valor máximo

Oscilación

Promedio

21.89 9.7 12.34 12.34 173.17 28.06 0 31.63

163.92 49.89 171,5 185,46 382.38 190.69 69.26 155.18

93.84 30.19 69.37 92.28 393.83 113.65 29.98 93.80

185.81 59.59 183.84 197.8 555.55 218.75 69.26 186.81

Tabla 1. Frecuencias normalizadas de las categorías gramaticales del JadCor.

Tabla 1. Frecuencias normalizadas de las categorías gramaticales del JadCor.

Estos resultados muestran, por ejemplo que el número de conjunciones o determinantes que aparecen en cada texto varia ostensiblemente, puesto que en algunos tan sólo hay 12.34 y en otros no sólo los duplican o triplican. Esto sucede con todas las categorías, pero se percibe con menor intensidad en el caso de los adverbios y de los pronombres, dado que el número de apariciones es también menor. Como se puede observar, en algunos textos ni siquiera hay alguna aparición de un pronombre. En cuanto al promedio de las diferentes categorías, se vuelve a determinar que el número de nombres es el que mayor promedio presenta en el JadCor, seguido por las preposiciones.

Estos resultados muestran, por ejemplo que el número de conjunciones o determinantes que aparecen en cada texto varia ostensiblemente, puesto que en algunos tan sólo hay 12.34 y en otros no sólo los duplican o triplican. Esto sucede con todas las categorías, pero se percibe con menor intensidad en el caso de los adverbios y de los pronombres, dado que el número de apariciones es también menor. Como se puede observar, en algunos textos ni siquiera hay alguna aparición de un pronombre. En cuanto al promedio de las diferentes categorías, se vuelve a determinar que el número de nombres es el que mayor promedio presenta en el JadCor, seguido por las preposiciones.

Una vez analizadas la presencia de las categorías en el JadCor se van a estudiar los principales rasgos de cada una de estas categorías gramaticales en los anuncios de empleo y la razón de su presencia en mayor o menor medida en este sublenguaje.

Una vez analizadas la presencia de las categorías en el JadCor se van a estudiar los principales rasgos de cada una de estas categorías gramaticales en los anuncios de empleo y la razón de su presencia en mayor o menor medida en este sublenguaje.

4.2.1. Nombres

4.2.1. Nombres

Los nombres del JadCor representan casi el 50% de todas las palabras que ocurren en el corpus.

Los nombres del JadCor representan casi el 50% de todas las palabras que ocurren en el corpus.

Los nombres propios que aparecen en este corpus se refieren a nombres de las empresas ofertantes y topónimos que indican la localización de la empresa o el lugar en donde se va a realizar el trabajo.

Los nombres propios que aparecen en este corpus se refieren a nombres de las empresas ofertantes y topónimos que indican la localización de la empresa o el lugar en donde se va a realizar el trabajo.

A partir de los resultados obtenidos automáticamente, se llevó a cabo el procesamiento semántico manual de los sustantivos que

A partir de los resultados obtenidos automáticamente, se llevó a cabo el procesamiento semántico manual de los sustantivos que


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aparecen en el JadCor. Se han determinado los siguientes:

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aparecen en el JadCor. Se han determinado los siguientes:

• Habilidades (H): en este grupo se engloban los sustantivos relacionados con las habilidades que se pueden pedir para el trabajo, sin ser la cualificación específica. Por ejemplo, confidence, credibility, ambition, etc. • Empresariales (Em): a este grupo pertenecen los sustantivos relacionados con la empresa y sus funciones. Por ejemplo, accountability, finance, loan, partnerships, etc. • Fechas/Tiempo (F/T): por ejemplo, Monday, September, January, week, year, etc. • Dispósitivos (D): computer, fax, internet, phone, consumables, etc. • Educación (Ed): certificate, course, graduate, grants, etc. así como las diferentes disciplinas específicas requeridas en cada oferta: Chemicals, Cryptograph,y Sociology, etc. • General (G): en el corpus se encuentra un alto número de palabras que no se pueden catalogar dentro de una categoría específica dentro de los anuncios de empleo, por ejemplo, attack, convergence, identification, number, problem o regeneration, entre otras, que vienen determinadas por el contenido de cada anuncio. • Empleos (E): los nombres de los diferentes puestos ofertados: analyst, consultant, assistant, researcher, etc. • Lugares/Direcciones (L/D): en este grupo se incluyen los nombres propios de lugar, por ejemplo, London, Birmingham, Wales, etc. así como otros nombres comunes específicos de un lugar donde se va a realizar el trabajo, por ejemplo, hospital, campus, centre, etc. • Contacto (C): por ejemplo, e-mail, remit, mailto, etc. así como las direcciones de correo electrónico. • Personas y entidades (P): en este grupo se incluyen los sustantivos que tienen como referente a una persona o una entidad formada por personas, por ejemplo, citizen, community, organisation, residents, etc. • Puesto (Pu): en este grupo se engloban las palabras relacionadas con información específica sobre la condiciones del trabajo, por ejemplo, expectations,

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aparecen en el JadCor. Se han determinado los siguientes: • Habilidades (H): en este grupo se engloban los sustantivos relacionados con las habilidades que se pueden pedir para el trabajo, sin ser la cualificación específica. Por ejemplo, confidence, credibility, ambition, etc. • Empresariales (Em): a este grupo pertenecen los sustantivos relacionados con la empresa y sus funciones. Por ejemplo, accountability, finance, loan, partnerships, etc. • Fechas/Tiempo (F/T): por ejemplo, Monday, September, January, week, year, etc. • Dispósitivos (D): computer, fax, internet, phone, consumables, etc. • Educación (Ed): certificate, course, graduate, grants, etc. así como las diferentes disciplinas específicas requeridas en cada oferta: Chemicals, Cryptograph,y Sociology, etc. • General (G): en el corpus se encuentra un alto número de palabras que no se pueden catalogar dentro de una categoría específica dentro de los anuncios de empleo, por ejemplo, attack, convergence, identification, number, problem o regeneration, entre otras, que vienen determinadas por el contenido de cada anuncio. • Empleos (E): los nombres de los diferentes puestos ofertados: analyst, consultant, assistant, researcher, etc. • Lugares/Direcciones (L/D): en este grupo se incluyen los nombres propios de lugar, por ejemplo, London, Birmingham, Wales, etc. así como otros nombres comunes específicos de un lugar donde se va a realizar el trabajo, por ejemplo, hospital, campus, centre, etc. • Contacto (C): por ejemplo, e-mail, remit, mailto, etc. así como las direcciones de correo electrónico. • Personas y entidades (P): en este grupo se incluyen los sustantivos que tienen como referente a una persona o una entidad formada por personas, por ejemplo, citizen, community, organisation, residents, etc. • Puesto (Pu): en este grupo se engloban las palabras relacionadas con información específica sobre la condiciones del trabajo, por ejemplo, expectations,

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

• Habilidades (H): en este grupo se engloban los sustantivos relacionados con las habilidades que se pueden pedir para el trabajo, sin ser la cualificación específica. Por ejemplo, confidence, credibility, ambition, etc. • Empresariales (Em): a este grupo pertenecen los sustantivos relacionados con la empresa y sus funciones. Por ejemplo, accountability, finance, loan, partnerships, etc. • Fechas/Tiempo (F/T): por ejemplo, Monday, September, January, week, year, etc. • Dispósitivos (D): computer, fax, internet, phone, consumables, etc. • Educación (Ed): certificate, course, graduate, grants, etc. así como las diferentes disciplinas específicas requeridas en cada oferta: Chemicals, Cryptograph,y Sociology, etc. • General (G): en el corpus se encuentra un alto número de palabras que no se pueden catalogar dentro de una categoría específica dentro de los anuncios de empleo, por ejemplo, attack, convergence, identification, number, problem o regeneration, entre otras, que vienen determinadas por el contenido de cada anuncio. • Empleos (E): los nombres de los diferentes puestos ofertados: analyst, consultant, assistant, researcher, etc. • Lugares/Direcciones (L/D): en este grupo se incluyen los nombres propios de lugar, por ejemplo, London, Birmingham, Wales, etc. así como otros nombres comunes específicos de un lugar donde se va a realizar el trabajo, por ejemplo, hospital, campus, centre, etc. • Contacto (C): por ejemplo, e-mail, remit, mailto, etc. así como las direcciones de correo electrónico. • Personas y entidades (P): en este grupo se incluyen los sustantivos que tienen como referente a una persona o una entidad formada por personas, por ejemplo, citizen, community, organisation, residents, etc. • Puesto (Pu): en este grupo se engloban las palabras relacionadas con información específica sobre la condiciones del trabajo, por ejemplo, expectations,

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aparecen en el JadCor. Se han determinado los siguientes: • Habilidades (H): en este grupo se engloban los sustantivos relacionados con las habilidades que se pueden pedir para el trabajo, sin ser la cualificación específica. Por ejemplo, confidence, credibility, ambition, etc. • Empresariales (Em): a este grupo pertenecen los sustantivos relacionados con la empresa y sus funciones. Por ejemplo, accountability, finance, loan, partnerships, etc. • Fechas/Tiempo (F/T): por ejemplo, Monday, September, January, week, year, etc. • Dispósitivos (D): computer, fax, internet, phone, consumables, etc. • Educación (Ed): certificate, course, graduate, grants, etc. así como las diferentes disciplinas específicas requeridas en cada oferta: Chemicals, Cryptograph,y Sociology, etc. • General (G): en el corpus se encuentra un alto número de palabras que no se pueden catalogar dentro de una categoría específica dentro de los anuncios de empleo, por ejemplo, attack, convergence, identification, number, problem o regeneration, entre otras, que vienen determinadas por el contenido de cada anuncio. • Empleos (E): los nombres de los diferentes puestos ofertados: analyst, consultant, assistant, researcher, etc. • Lugares/Direcciones (L/D): en este grupo se incluyen los nombres propios de lugar, por ejemplo, London, Birmingham, Wales, etc. así como otros nombres comunes específicos de un lugar donde se va a realizar el trabajo, por ejemplo, hospital, campus, centre, etc. • Contacto (C): por ejemplo, e-mail, remit, mailto, etc. así como las direcciones de correo electrónico. • Personas y entidades (P): en este grupo se incluyen los sustantivos que tienen como referente a una persona o una entidad formada por personas, por ejemplo, citizen, community, organisation, residents, etc. • Puesto (Pu): en este grupo se engloban las palabras relacionadas con información específica sobre la condiciones del trabajo, por ejemplo, expectations,


Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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holidays, leisure, minority, etc. • Transporte (Tr): por ejemplo, transport, truck, vehicle, train, etc. • Trabajo (T): en este grupo se recogen los sustantivos relacionados con el mercado laboral y con el trabajo en general, por ejemplo, payments, term, vacancy, workload, labour, etc.

holidays, leisure, minority, etc. • Transporte (Tr): por ejemplo, transport, truck, vehicle, train, etc. • Trabajo (T): en este grupo se recogen los sustantivos relacionados con el mercado laboral y con el trabajo en general, por ejemplo, payments, term, vacancy, workload, labour, etc.

En la figura 4 se muestra la distribución de los sustantivos del JadCor agrupados en campos semánticos. Como se puede observar, los que más apariciones tienen en el corpus son los relacionados con el trabajo y el mercado laboral y los generales, que no se engloban en ninguna categoría. Esto, a diferencia de otros sublenguajes, como el de los informes meteorológicos, indica que el vocabulario no es tancerrado como se podría desear en un sublenguaje.

En la figura 4 se muestra la distribución de los sustantivos del JadCor agrupados en campos semánticos. Como se puede observar, los que más apariciones tienen en el corpus son los relacionados con el trabajo y el mercado laboral y los generales, que no se engloban en ninguna categoría. Esto, a diferencia de otros sublenguajes, como el de los informes meteorológicos, indica que el vocabulario no es tancerrado como se podría desear en un sublenguaje.

Figura 4. Distribución de los sustantivos del JadCor por campos semánticos.

Figura 4. Distribución de los sustantivos del JadCor por campos semánticos.

En este ejemplo, The postholder will be a member of the scientific staff working on aspects of antimicrobial resistance, in particular infections in children caused by MRSA, se puede observar que de las veinticuatro las palabras que componen la oración, ocho son nombres, siendo casi el 35 por ciento de la oración. En este caso, cinco de los nombres forman parte de sintagmas preposicionales y tres de ellos están modificados por un adjetivo atributivo. Esto indica una alta carga informativa y que el texto es muy descriptivo, pues tan sólo aparece un verbo principal y el resto son sintagmas nominales y preposicionales.

En este ejemplo, The postholder will be a member of the scientific staff working on aspects of antimicrobial resistance, in particular infections in children caused by MRSA, se puede observar que de las veinticuatro las palabras que componen la oración, ocho son nombres, siendo casi el 35 por ciento de la oración. En este caso, cinco de los nombres forman parte de sintagmas preposicionales y tres de ellos están modificados por un adjetivo atributivo. Esto indica una alta carga informativa y que el texto es muy descriptivo, pues tan sólo aparece un verbo principal y el resto son sintagmas nominales y preposicionales.

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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holidays, leisure, minority, etc. • Transporte (Tr): por ejemplo, transport, truck, vehicle, train, etc. • Trabajo (T): en este grupo se recogen los sustantivos relacionados con el mercado laboral y con el trabajo en general, por ejemplo, payments, term, vacancy, workload, labour, etc.

holidays, leisure, minority, etc. • Transporte (Tr): por ejemplo, transport, truck, vehicle, train, etc. • Trabajo (T): en este grupo se recogen los sustantivos relacionados con el mercado laboral y con el trabajo en general, por ejemplo, payments, term, vacancy, workload, labour, etc.

En la figura 4 se muestra la distribución de los sustantivos del JadCor agrupados en campos semánticos. Como se puede observar, los que más apariciones tienen en el corpus son los relacionados con el trabajo y el mercado laboral y los generales, que no se engloban en ninguna categoría. Esto, a diferencia de otros sublenguajes, como el de los informes meteorológicos, indica que el vocabulario no es tancerrado como se podría desear en un sublenguaje.

En la figura 4 se muestra la distribución de los sustantivos del JadCor agrupados en campos semánticos. Como se puede observar, los que más apariciones tienen en el corpus son los relacionados con el trabajo y el mercado laboral y los generales, que no se engloban en ninguna categoría. Esto, a diferencia de otros sublenguajes, como el de los informes meteorológicos, indica que el vocabulario no es tancerrado como se podría desear en un sublenguaje.

Figura 4. Distribución de los sustantivos del JadCor por campos semánticos.

Figura 4. Distribución de los sustantivos del JadCor por campos semánticos.

En este ejemplo, The postholder will be a member of the scientific staff working on aspects of antimicrobial resistance, in particular infections in children caused by MRSA, se puede observar que de las veinticuatro las palabras que componen la oración, ocho son nombres, siendo casi el 35 por ciento de la oración. En este caso, cinco de los nombres forman parte de sintagmas preposicionales y tres de ellos están modificados por un adjetivo atributivo. Esto indica una alta carga informativa y que el texto es muy descriptivo, pues tan sólo aparece un verbo principal y el resto son sintagmas nominales y preposicionales.

En este ejemplo, The postholder will be a member of the scientific staff working on aspects of antimicrobial resistance, in particular infections in children caused by MRSA, se puede observar que de las veinticuatro las palabras que componen la oración, ocho son nombres, siendo casi el 35 por ciento de la oración. En este caso, cinco de los nombres forman parte de sintagmas preposicionales y tres de ellos están modificados por un adjetivo atributivo. Esto indica una alta carga informativa y que el texto es muy descriptivo, pues tan sólo aparece un verbo principal y el resto son sintagmas nominales y preposicionales.


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Cabe señalar también que al revisar todas las palabras que componen el campo semántico etiquetado como Habilidades, destaca el hecho de que la mayor parte de ellas son nominalizaciones, es decir, sustantivos formados por derivación a partir de verbos o adjetivos. El número de este rasgo es alto en el JadCor. Biber (1988:227) señala como nominalizaciones las palabras que terminan en sufijos como -tion, -ment, -ness o –ity, así como sus plurales. Las nominalizaciones denotan un alto grado de abstracción en la información de un texto y, por lo tanto, puede llevar a concluir que los anuncios de empleo son textos.con una alta carga de abstracción. Además, las nominalizaciones se utilizan como una forma de economía de la lengua para integrar información en un menor número de palabras, por ejemplo, para convertir oraciones en sintagmas nominales más compactos y eficaces.

Cabe señalar también que al revisar todas las palabras que componen el campo semántico etiquetado como Habilidades, destaca el hecho de que la mayor parte de ellas son nominalizaciones, es decir, sustantivos formados por derivación a partir de verbos o adjetivos. El número de este rasgo es alto en el JadCor. Biber (1988:227) señala como nominalizaciones las palabras que terminan en sufijos como -tion, -ment, -ness o –ity, así como sus plurales. Las nominalizaciones denotan un alto grado de abstracción en la información de un texto y, por lo tanto, puede llevar a concluir que los anuncios de empleo son textos.con una alta carga de abstracción. Además, las nominalizaciones se utilizan como una forma de economía de la lengua para integrar información en un menor número de palabras, por ejemplo, para convertir oraciones en sintagmas nominales más compactos y eficaces.

En el corpus, por ejemplo, se presenta el siguiente ejemplo de nominalización: *Awareness of security issues in a networked environment. En este ejemplo se puede observar que se trata de un elemento de una lista de requisitos que se les pide a los candidatos a la plaza vacante. Utilizando la nominalización de awareness se evita tener que exponer una oración completa como, por ejemplo, candidates should be aware of security issues…

En el corpus, por ejemplo, se presenta el siguiente ejemplo de nominalización: *Awareness of security issues in a networked environment. En este ejemplo se puede observar que se trata de un elemento de una lista de requisitos que se les pide a los candidatos a la plaza vacante. Utilizando la nominalización de awareness se evita tener que exponer una oración completa como, por ejemplo, candidates should be aware of security issues…

En el JadCor hay apariciones de nominalizaciones en todos los textos. Este hecho puede deberse a la intención de condensar la máxima información en el menor espacio, pues los anuncios de empleo deben de ser concisos y exponer de un modo claro la información para que el receptor la reciba correctamente. Con un mayor número de palabras en el texto, se puede perder el propósito comunicativo de estos anuncios. También responde a una falta de contenido dinámico, al ser eminentemente conceptual.

En el JadCor hay apariciones de nominalizaciones en todos los textos. Este hecho puede deberse a la intención de condensar la máxima información en el menor espacio, pues los anuncios de empleo deben de ser concisos y exponer de un modo claro la información para que el receptor la reciba correctamente. Con un mayor número de palabras en el texto, se puede perder el propósito comunicativo de estos anuncios. También responde a una falta de contenido dinámico, al ser eminentemente conceptual.

Hay que señalar que en este corpus se da una curiosa ambigüedad léxica con algunos nombres. Se trata de sustantivos que generalmente denominan partes del cuerpo, pero que en este corpus se utilizan en sentido figurativo. Aparecen, por ejemplo, body, hands, head y heart.

Hay que señalar que en este corpus se da una curiosa ambigüedad léxica con algunos nombres. Se trata de sustantivos que generalmente denominan partes del cuerpo, pero que en este corpus se utilizan en sentido figurativo. Aparecen, por ejemplo, body, hands, head y heart.

En el siguiente fragmento se muestran ejemplos de las apariciones de estos sustantivos en el JadCor y, como se puede observar, en ningún caso se refieren a la parte del cuerpo propiamente dicho:

En el siguiente fragmento se muestran ejemplos de las apariciones de estos sustantivos en el JadCor y, como se puede observar, en ningún caso se refieren a la parte del cuerpo propiamente dicho:

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Cabe señalar también que al revisar todas las palabras que componen el campo semántico etiquetado como Habilidades, destaca el hecho de que la mayor parte de ellas son nominalizaciones, es decir, sustantivos formados por derivación a partir de verbos o adjetivos. El número de este rasgo es alto en el JadCor. Biber (1988:227) señala como nominalizaciones las palabras que terminan en sufijos como -tion, -ment, -ness o –ity, así como sus plurales. Las nominalizaciones denotan un alto grado de abstracción en la información de un texto y, por lo tanto, puede llevar a concluir que los anuncios de empleo son textos.con una alta carga de abstracción. Además, las nominalizaciones se utilizan como una forma de economía de la lengua para integrar información en un menor número de palabras, por ejemplo, para convertir oraciones en sintagmas nominales más compactos y eficaces.

Cabe señalar también que al revisar todas las palabras que componen el campo semántico etiquetado como Habilidades, destaca el hecho de que la mayor parte de ellas son nominalizaciones, es decir, sustantivos formados por derivación a partir de verbos o adjetivos. El número de este rasgo es alto en el JadCor. Biber (1988:227) señala como nominalizaciones las palabras que terminan en sufijos como -tion, -ment, -ness o –ity, así como sus plurales. Las nominalizaciones denotan un alto grado de abstracción en la información de un texto y, por lo tanto, puede llevar a concluir que los anuncios de empleo son textos.con una alta carga de abstracción. Además, las nominalizaciones se utilizan como una forma de economía de la lengua para integrar información en un menor número de palabras, por ejemplo, para convertir oraciones en sintagmas nominales más compactos y eficaces.

En el corpus, por ejemplo, se presenta el siguiente ejemplo de nominalización: *Awareness of security issues in a networked environment. En este ejemplo se puede observar que se trata de un elemento de una lista de requisitos que se les pide a los candidatos a la plaza vacante. Utilizando la nominalización de awareness se evita tener que exponer una oración completa como, por ejemplo, candidates should be aware of security issues…

En el corpus, por ejemplo, se presenta el siguiente ejemplo de nominalización: *Awareness of security issues in a networked environment. En este ejemplo se puede observar que se trata de un elemento de una lista de requisitos que se les pide a los candidatos a la plaza vacante. Utilizando la nominalización de awareness se evita tener que exponer una oración completa como, por ejemplo, candidates should be aware of security issues…

En el JadCor hay apariciones de nominalizaciones en todos los textos. Este hecho puede deberse a la intención de condensar la máxima información en el menor espacio, pues los anuncios de empleo deben de ser concisos y exponer de un modo claro la información para que el receptor la reciba correctamente. Con un mayor número de palabras en el texto, se puede perder el propósito comunicativo de estos anuncios. También responde a una falta de contenido dinámico, al ser eminentemente conceptual.

En el JadCor hay apariciones de nominalizaciones en todos los textos. Este hecho puede deberse a la intención de condensar la máxima información en el menor espacio, pues los anuncios de empleo deben de ser concisos y exponer de un modo claro la información para que el receptor la reciba correctamente. Con un mayor número de palabras en el texto, se puede perder el propósito comunicativo de estos anuncios. También responde a una falta de contenido dinámico, al ser eminentemente conceptual.

Hay que señalar que en este corpus se da una curiosa ambigüedad léxica con algunos nombres. Se trata de sustantivos que generalmente denominan partes del cuerpo, pero que en este corpus se utilizan en sentido figurativo. Aparecen, por ejemplo, body, hands, head y heart.

Hay que señalar que en este corpus se da una curiosa ambigüedad léxica con algunos nombres. Se trata de sustantivos que generalmente denominan partes del cuerpo, pero que en este corpus se utilizan en sentido figurativo. Aparecen, por ejemplo, body, hands, head y heart.

En el siguiente fragmento se muestran ejemplos de las apariciones de estos sustantivos en el JadCor y, como se puede observar, en ningún caso se refieren a la parte del cuerpo propiamente dicho:

En el siguiente fragmento se muestran ejemplos de las apariciones de estos sustantivos en el JadCor y, como se puede observar, en ningún caso se refieren a la parte del cuerpo propiamente dicho:


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• We need a focussed, driven and ambitious individual who is comfortable getting involved in detail and be very hands on • Conveniently located at the heart of the West Midlands, we have some superb rural scenery right on our doorstep, • a public body dedicated to safeguarding children in the family courts. • The Health Protection Agency (HPA) is an independent body that protects the health and well-being of everyone in England and Wales • Reporting to the Head of Technical and Financial Advice and leading a small team

• We need a focussed, driven and ambitious individual who is comfortable getting involved in detail and be very hands on • Conveniently located at the heart of the West Midlands, we have some superb rural scenery right on our doorstep, • a public body dedicated to safeguarding children in the family courts. • The Health Protection Agency (HPA) is an independent body that protects the health and well-being of everyone in England and Wales • Reporting to the Head of Technical and Financial Advice and leading a small team

En el fragmento se observar que en hands tiene un sentido figurado con on, heart, indica un lugar (en el “corazón”, centro de West Middlans), body se refiere a un organismo público. Por último head se utiliza en su acepción de director, la persona responsable de un departamento.

En el fragmento se observar que en hands tiene un sentido figurado con on, heart, indica un lugar (en el “corazón”, centro de West Middlans), body se refiere a un organismo público. Por último head se utiliza en su acepción de director, la persona responsable de un departamento.

4.2.2 Adjetivos

4.2.2 Adjetivos

Los adjetivos están por detrás de sustantivos y verbos en frecuencia en el JadCor, aunque se podría esperar un número más alto en textos tan descriptivos como son los anuncios de empleo. Cabe señalar que los adjetivos en grado comparativo y superlativo apenas aparecen en el corpus, siendo los más frecuentes los adjetivos en grado positivo.

Los adjetivos están por detrás de sustantivos y verbos en frecuencia en el JadCor, aunque se podría esperar un número más alto en textos tan descriptivos como son los anuncios de empleo. Cabe señalar que los adjetivos en grado comparativo y superlativo apenas aparecen en el corpus, siendo los más frecuentes los adjetivos en grado positivo.

Los únicos adjetivos en grado comparativo que hay en el corpus son: higher (4 apariciones), larger (1), longer (1), lower (1), broader (1) y better (1); y en grado superlativo: largest (4 apariciones), broadest (1), y highest (1).

Los únicos adjetivos en grado comparativo que hay en el corpus son: higher (4 apariciones), larger (1), longer (1), lower (1), broader (1) y better (1); y en grado superlativo: largest (4 apariciones), broadest (1), y highest (1).

En cuanto a su distribución, en su mayor parte los adjetivos acompañan a las descripciones de los puestos y a la cualificación requerida a los candidatos, aunque también hay un elevado número de adjetivos generales: • Descripción (D): en este grupo se engloban los adjetivos relacionados con la descripción de la oferta, por ejemplo, divisional, commercial, medical y corporate, etc. • Nacionalidad (N): a este grupo pertenecen los adjetivos relacionados con el lugar de origen del candidato que pueden determinar su exclusión del puesto de trabajo, por ejemplo, si la oferta es sólo para

En cuanto a su distribución, en su mayor parte los adjetivos acompañan a las descripciones de los puestos y a la cualificación requerida a los candidatos, aunque también hay un elevado número de adjetivos generales: • Descripción (D): en este grupo se engloban los adjetivos relacionados con la descripción de la oferta, por ejemplo, divisional, commercial, medical y corporate, etc. • Nacionalidad (N): a este grupo pertenecen los adjetivos relacionados con el lugar de origen del candidato que pueden determinar su exclusión del puesto de trabajo, por ejemplo, si la oferta es sólo para

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• We need a focussed, driven and ambitious individual who is comfortable getting involved in detail and be very hands on • Conveniently located at the heart of the West Midlands, we have some superb rural scenery right on our doorstep, • a public body dedicated to safeguarding children in the family courts. • The Health Protection Agency (HPA) is an independent body that protects the health and well-being of everyone in England and Wales • Reporting to the Head of Technical and Financial Advice and leading a small team

• We need a focussed, driven and ambitious individual who is comfortable getting involved in detail and be very hands on • Conveniently located at the heart of the West Midlands, we have some superb rural scenery right on our doorstep, • a public body dedicated to safeguarding children in the family courts. • The Health Protection Agency (HPA) is an independent body that protects the health and well-being of everyone in England and Wales • Reporting to the Head of Technical and Financial Advice and leading a small team

En el fragmento se observar que en hands tiene un sentido figurado con on, heart, indica un lugar (en el “corazón”, centro de West Middlans), body se refiere a un organismo público. Por último head se utiliza en su acepción de director, la persona responsable de un departamento.

En el fragmento se observar que en hands tiene un sentido figurado con on, heart, indica un lugar (en el “corazón”, centro de West Middlans), body se refiere a un organismo público. Por último head se utiliza en su acepción de director, la persona responsable de un departamento.

4.2.2 Adjetivos

4.2.2 Adjetivos

Los adjetivos están por detrás de sustantivos y verbos en frecuencia en el JadCor, aunque se podría esperar un número más alto en textos tan descriptivos como son los anuncios de empleo. Cabe señalar que los adjetivos en grado comparativo y superlativo apenas aparecen en el corpus, siendo los más frecuentes los adjetivos en grado positivo.

Los adjetivos están por detrás de sustantivos y verbos en frecuencia en el JadCor, aunque se podría esperar un número más alto en textos tan descriptivos como son los anuncios de empleo. Cabe señalar que los adjetivos en grado comparativo y superlativo apenas aparecen en el corpus, siendo los más frecuentes los adjetivos en grado positivo.

Los únicos adjetivos en grado comparativo que hay en el corpus son: higher (4 apariciones), larger (1), longer (1), lower (1), broader (1) y better (1); y en grado superlativo: largest (4 apariciones), broadest (1), y highest (1).

Los únicos adjetivos en grado comparativo que hay en el corpus son: higher (4 apariciones), larger (1), longer (1), lower (1), broader (1) y better (1); y en grado superlativo: largest (4 apariciones), broadest (1), y highest (1).

En cuanto a su distribución, en su mayor parte los adjetivos acompañan a las descripciones de los puestos y a la cualificación requerida a los candidatos, aunque también hay un elevado número de adjetivos generales: • Descripción (D): en este grupo se engloban los adjetivos relacionados con la descripción de la oferta, por ejemplo, divisional, commercial, medical y corporate, etc. • Nacionalidad (N): a este grupo pertenecen los adjetivos relacionados con el lugar de origen del candidato que pueden determinar su exclusión del puesto de trabajo, por ejemplo, si la oferta es sólo para

En cuanto a su distribución, en su mayor parte los adjetivos acompañan a las descripciones de los puestos y a la cualificación requerida a los candidatos, aunque también hay un elevado número de adjetivos generales: • Descripción (D): en este grupo se engloban los adjetivos relacionados con la descripción de la oferta, por ejemplo, divisional, commercial, medical y corporate, etc. • Nacionalidad (N): a este grupo pertenecen los adjetivos relacionados con el lugar de origen del candidato que pueden determinar su exclusión del puesto de trabajo, por ejemplo, si la oferta es sólo para


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ciudadanos de la Unión Europea, por motivos de permiso de residencia. Son, por ejemplo, aboriginal, Canadian o European, etc. • Cualificación (C): calificaciones de los candidatos, por ejemplo, capable, competitive, confident y hard-working, etc. • Puesto (P): referentes a las características del puesto de trabajo, por ejemplo, full-time, negociable, temporary, non-stipendiary y desirable, etc. • Lugar (L): en este grupo se incluyen los adjetivos que indican un lugar, por ejemplo, nationwide, overseas, southern y local, etc. • General (G): ): al igual que sucedía con los nombres, en el corpus se encuentra un alto número de adjetivos que no se pueden catalogar dentro de una categoría específica dentro de los anuncios de empleo, por ejemplo, radical, private, unrivalled, etc.

ciudadanos de la Unión Europea, por motivos de permiso de residencia. Son, por ejemplo, aboriginal, Canadian o European, etc. • Cualificación (C): calificaciones de los candidatos, por ejemplo, capable, competitive, confident y hard-working, etc. • Puesto (P): referentes a las características del puesto de trabajo, por ejemplo, full-time, negociable, temporary, non-stipendiary y desirable, etc. • Lugar (L): en este grupo se incluyen los adjetivos que indican un lugar, por ejemplo, nationwide, overseas, southern y local, etc. • General (G): ): al igual que sucedía con los nombres, en el corpus se encuentra un alto número de adjetivos que no se pueden catalogar dentro de una categoría específica dentro de los anuncios de empleo, por ejemplo, radical, private, unrivalled, etc.

Figura 5. Distribución de los adjetivos del JadCor por campos semánticos.

Figura 5. Distribución de los adjetivos del JadCor por campos semánticos.

En la figura 5 se muestra la distribución de los adjetivos del JadCor agrupados en campos semánticos. Como se puede observar, los adjetivos con mayor número de apariciones en el corpus son los relacionados con la cualificación de los candidatos y los generales, que no se engloban en una categoría determinada. Como ya se indicó cuando se trataron los campos semánticos de los nombres, este elevado número de adjetivos sin catalogar específicamente, puede indicar que un sublenguaje no es cerrado o no tanto como se desearía.

En la figura 5 se muestra la distribución de los adjetivos del JadCor agrupados en campos semánticos. Como se puede observar, los adjetivos con mayor número de apariciones en el corpus son los relacionados con la cualificación de los candidatos y los generales, que no se engloban en una categoría determinada. Como ya se indicó cuando se trataron los campos semánticos de los nombres, este elevado número de adjetivos sin catalogar específicamente, puede indicar que un sublenguaje no es cerrado o no tanto como se desearía.

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ciudadanos de la Unión Europea, por motivos de permiso de residencia. Son, por ejemplo, aboriginal, Canadian o European, etc. • Cualificación (C): calificaciones de los candidatos, por ejemplo, capable, competitive, confident y hard-working, etc. • Puesto (P): referentes a las características del puesto de trabajo, por ejemplo, full-time, negociable, temporary, non-stipendiary y desirable, etc. • Lugar (L): en este grupo se incluyen los adjetivos que indican un lugar, por ejemplo, nationwide, overseas, southern y local, etc. • General (G): ): al igual que sucedía con los nombres, en el corpus se encuentra un alto número de adjetivos que no se pueden catalogar dentro de una categoría específica dentro de los anuncios de empleo, por ejemplo, radical, private, unrivalled, etc.

ciudadanos de la Unión Europea, por motivos de permiso de residencia. Son, por ejemplo, aboriginal, Canadian o European, etc. • Cualificación (C): calificaciones de los candidatos, por ejemplo, capable, competitive, confident y hard-working, etc. • Puesto (P): referentes a las características del puesto de trabajo, por ejemplo, full-time, negociable, temporary, non-stipendiary y desirable, etc. • Lugar (L): en este grupo se incluyen los adjetivos que indican un lugar, por ejemplo, nationwide, overseas, southern y local, etc. • General (G): ): al igual que sucedía con los nombres, en el corpus se encuentra un alto número de adjetivos que no se pueden catalogar dentro de una categoría específica dentro de los anuncios de empleo, por ejemplo, radical, private, unrivalled, etc.

Figura 5. Distribución de los adjetivos del JadCor por campos semánticos.

Figura 5. Distribución de los adjetivos del JadCor por campos semánticos.

En la figura 5 se muestra la distribución de los adjetivos del JadCor agrupados en campos semánticos. Como se puede observar, los adjetivos con mayor número de apariciones en el corpus son los relacionados con la cualificación de los candidatos y los generales, que no se engloban en una categoría determinada. Como ya se indicó cuando se trataron los campos semánticos de los nombres, este elevado número de adjetivos sin catalogar específicamente, puede indicar que un sublenguaje no es cerrado o no tanto como se desearía.

En la figura 5 se muestra la distribución de los adjetivos del JadCor agrupados en campos semánticos. Como se puede observar, los adjetivos con mayor número de apariciones en el corpus son los relacionados con la cualificación de los candidatos y los generales, que no se engloban en una categoría determinada. Como ya se indicó cuando se trataron los campos semánticos de los nombres, este elevado número de adjetivos sin catalogar específicamente, puede indicar que un sublenguaje no es cerrado o no tanto como se desearía.


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El siguiente ejemplo es una muestra de la adjetivación en el corpus: Camden is a vibrant and diverse London borough. The Council is proud of its public service ethos and strong focus on performance.

El siguiente ejemplo es una muestra de la adjetivación en el corpus: Camden is a vibrant and diverse London borough. The Council is proud of its public service ethos and strong focus on performance.

Hay que señalar también que los nombres de los anuncios de empleo, en muchas ocasiones, no permiten adjetivos calificativos, por ejemplo, email o address, telephone o fax. Esto no quiere decir que en otros contextos no puedan ir acompañando a estos sustantivos, pero no en el contexto de los anuncios de empleo, en donde sólo se proporciona información de un modo breve y conciso (por ejemplo, telephone 0191 334 6499; o fax 091 334 6495).

Hay que señalar también que los nombres de los anuncios de empleo, en muchas ocasiones, no permiten adjetivos calificativos, por ejemplo, email o address, telephone o fax. Esto no quiere decir que en otros contextos no puedan ir acompañando a estos sustantivos, pero no en el contexto de los anuncios de empleo, en donde sólo se proporciona información de un modo breve y conciso (por ejemplo, telephone 0191 334 6499; o fax 091 334 6495).

Otro rasgo destacable de los adjetivos en el JadCor, es que la mayor parte de ellos ocurren en posición atributiva. Esto puede deberse, como ya se ha comentado, al carácter descriptivo de estos textos.

Otro rasgo destacable de los adjetivos en el JadCor, es que la mayor parte de ellos ocurren en posición atributiva. Esto puede deberse, como ya se ha comentado, al carácter descriptivo de estos textos.

4.2.3. Verbos

4.2.3. Verbos

Los verbos son la segunda categoría en frecuencia en el JadCor. Sin embargo, es necesario ver que tiempo verbal es el predominante. En este caso, en todos los textos que componen el corpus hay verbos en presente, pero con una escasa incidencia. A pesar de esto, es el tiempo predominante en el corpus, ya que los verbos en pasado (en donde se incluyen los verbos de aspecto perfectivo) no aparecen en todos los textos y no resultan muy significativos dado que más de la mitad de los textos carecen de él.

Los verbos son la segunda categoría en frecuencia en el JadCor. Sin embargo, es necesario ver que tiempo verbal es el predominante. En este caso, en todos los textos que componen el corpus hay verbos en presente, pero con una escasa incidencia. A pesar de esto, es el tiempo predominante en el corpus, ya que los verbos en pasado (en donde se incluyen los verbos de aspecto perfectivo) no aparecen en todos los textos y no resultan muy significativos dado que más de la mitad de los textos carecen de él.

En la figura 6 se muestra la distribución de los verbos del JadCor agrupados según su tiempo verbal. Como se puede observar, los que más apariciones tienen en el corpus son los verbos en presente, duplicando o incluso triplicando los verbos en pasado. En este caso no se ha llevado a cabo un análisis más profundo, para determinar cuando el presente simple o el presente continúo tienen valor de futuro, o cuando el modal will también conlleva este aspecto.

En la figura 6 se muestra la distribución de los verbos del JadCor agrupados según su tiempo verbal. Como se puede observar, los que más apariciones tienen en el corpus son los verbos en presente, duplicando o incluso triplicando los verbos en pasado. En este caso no se ha llevado a cabo un análisis más profundo, para determinar cuando el presente simple o el presente continúo tienen valor de futuro, o cuando el modal will también conlleva este aspecto.

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El siguiente ejemplo es una muestra de la adjetivación en el corpus: Camden is a vibrant and diverse London borough. The Council is proud of its public service ethos and strong focus on performance.

El siguiente ejemplo es una muestra de la adjetivación en el corpus: Camden is a vibrant and diverse London borough. The Council is proud of its public service ethos and strong focus on performance.

Hay que señalar también que los nombres de los anuncios de empleo, en muchas ocasiones, no permiten adjetivos calificativos, por ejemplo, email o address, telephone o fax. Esto no quiere decir que en otros contextos no puedan ir acompañando a estos sustantivos, pero no en el contexto de los anuncios de empleo, en donde sólo se proporciona información de un modo breve y conciso (por ejemplo, telephone 0191 334 6499; o fax 091 334 6495).

Hay que señalar también que los nombres de los anuncios de empleo, en muchas ocasiones, no permiten adjetivos calificativos, por ejemplo, email o address, telephone o fax. Esto no quiere decir que en otros contextos no puedan ir acompañando a estos sustantivos, pero no en el contexto de los anuncios de empleo, en donde sólo se proporciona información de un modo breve y conciso (por ejemplo, telephone 0191 334 6499; o fax 091 334 6495).

Otro rasgo destacable de los adjetivos en el JadCor, es que la mayor parte de ellos ocurren en posición atributiva. Esto puede deberse, como ya se ha comentado, al carácter descriptivo de estos textos.

Otro rasgo destacable de los adjetivos en el JadCor, es que la mayor parte de ellos ocurren en posición atributiva. Esto puede deberse, como ya se ha comentado, al carácter descriptivo de estos textos.

4.2.3. Verbos

4.2.3. Verbos

Los verbos son la segunda categoría en frecuencia en el JadCor. Sin embargo, es necesario ver que tiempo verbal es el predominante. En este caso, en todos los textos que componen el corpus hay verbos en presente, pero con una escasa incidencia. A pesar de esto, es el tiempo predominante en el corpus, ya que los verbos en pasado (en donde se incluyen los verbos de aspecto perfectivo) no aparecen en todos los textos y no resultan muy significativos dado que más de la mitad de los textos carecen de él.

Los verbos son la segunda categoría en frecuencia en el JadCor. Sin embargo, es necesario ver que tiempo verbal es el predominante. En este caso, en todos los textos que componen el corpus hay verbos en presente, pero con una escasa incidencia. A pesar de esto, es el tiempo predominante en el corpus, ya que los verbos en pasado (en donde se incluyen los verbos de aspecto perfectivo) no aparecen en todos los textos y no resultan muy significativos dado que más de la mitad de los textos carecen de él.

En la figura 6 se muestra la distribución de los verbos del JadCor agrupados según su tiempo verbal. Como se puede observar, los que más apariciones tienen en el corpus son los verbos en presente, duplicando o incluso triplicando los verbos en pasado. En este caso no se ha llevado a cabo un análisis más profundo, para determinar cuando el presente simple o el presente continúo tienen valor de futuro, o cuando el modal will también conlleva este aspecto.

En la figura 6 se muestra la distribución de los verbos del JadCor agrupados según su tiempo verbal. Como se puede observar, los que más apariciones tienen en el corpus son los verbos en presente, duplicando o incluso triplicando los verbos en pasado. En este caso no se ha llevado a cabo un análisis más profundo, para determinar cuando el presente simple o el presente continúo tienen valor de futuro, o cuando el modal will también conlleva este aspecto.


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Figura 6. Distribución de los tiempos verbales.

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Figura 6. Distribución de los tiempos verbales.

Ha de puntualizarse también que en esta categoría se encuadran las seis personas del presente simple: la coincidente con la forma base del verbo y su correspondiente alternativa para la tercera persona, con –s o —es al final, así como los tiempos compuestos con be, como puede ser el presente continuo. Por ejemplo, This service takes care of Development Control, Building Standards and Development Planning - and takes on the enormous responsibility of devising and implementing very large-scale regeneration projects. El verbo en presente, takes, se utiliza para describir las funciones del departamento para el que está ofertado el anuncio.

Ha de puntualizarse también que en esta categoría se encuadran las seis personas del presente simple: la coincidente con la forma base del verbo y su correspondiente alternativa para la tercera persona, con –s o —es al final, así como los tiempos compuestos con be, como puede ser el presente continuo. Por ejemplo, This service takes care of Development Control, Building Standards and Development Planning - and takes on the enormous responsibility of devising and implementing very large-scale regeneration projects. El verbo en presente, takes, se utiliza para describir las funciones del departamento para el que está ofertado el anuncio.

Sin embargo, un mayor número de verbos en presente sería de esperar, pues por el contenido habitual de los anuncios de empleo se esperan acciones y situaciones tanto permanentes como puntuales, todas las cuales se expresan habitualmente con verbos en el tiempo presente. En general, en el corpus hay un número relativamente bajo de verbos. Esto puede ser un rasgo distintivo de este sublenguaje.

Sin embargo, un mayor número de verbos en presente sería de esperar, pues por el contenido habitual de los anuncios de empleo se esperan acciones y situaciones tanto permanentes como puntuales, todas las cuales se expresan habitualmente con verbos en el tiempo presente. En general, en el corpus hay un número relativamente bajo de verbos. Esto puede ser un rasgo distintivo de este sublenguaje.

Por su parte, los verbos en pasado están asociados con los textos narrativos y descriptivos. Hay apariciones en 16 de los textos que componen el corpus. Por lo tanto, tampoco resulta un rasgo frecuente dado que aproximadamente la mitad de los textos del corpus carecen de él. Por ejemplo, This Travelling Fellowship has been endowed with the object of assisting women graduates who have considerable experience of research. En este caso, se utiliza el pretérito perfecto en pasiva para indicar que es una situación que empezó en el pasado, pero que tiene repercusiones que llegan prácticamente hasta el presente.

Por su parte, los verbos en pasado están asociados con los textos narrativos y descriptivos. Hay apariciones en 16 de los textos que componen el corpus. Por lo tanto, tampoco resulta un rasgo frecuente dado que aproximadamente la mitad de los textos del corpus carecen de él. Por ejemplo, This Travelling Fellowship has been endowed with the object of assisting women graduates who have considerable experience of research. En este caso, se utiliza el pretérito perfecto en pasiva para indicar que es una situación que empezó en el pasado, pero que tiene repercusiones que llegan prácticamente hasta el presente.

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Figura 6. Distribución de los tiempos verbales.

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Figura 6. Distribución de los tiempos verbales.

Ha de puntualizarse también que en esta categoría se encuadran las seis personas del presente simple: la coincidente con la forma base del verbo y su correspondiente alternativa para la tercera persona, con –s o —es al final, así como los tiempos compuestos con be, como puede ser el presente continuo. Por ejemplo, This service takes care of Development Control, Building Standards and Development Planning - and takes on the enormous responsibility of devising and implementing very large-scale regeneration projects. El verbo en presente, takes, se utiliza para describir las funciones del departamento para el que está ofertado el anuncio.

Ha de puntualizarse también que en esta categoría se encuadran las seis personas del presente simple: la coincidente con la forma base del verbo y su correspondiente alternativa para la tercera persona, con –s o —es al final, así como los tiempos compuestos con be, como puede ser el presente continuo. Por ejemplo, This service takes care of Development Control, Building Standards and Development Planning - and takes on the enormous responsibility of devising and implementing very large-scale regeneration projects. El verbo en presente, takes, se utiliza para describir las funciones del departamento para el que está ofertado el anuncio.

Sin embargo, un mayor número de verbos en presente sería de esperar, pues por el contenido habitual de los anuncios de empleo se esperan acciones y situaciones tanto permanentes como puntuales, todas las cuales se expresan habitualmente con verbos en el tiempo presente. En general, en el corpus hay un número relativamente bajo de verbos. Esto puede ser un rasgo distintivo de este sublenguaje.

Sin embargo, un mayor número de verbos en presente sería de esperar, pues por el contenido habitual de los anuncios de empleo se esperan acciones y situaciones tanto permanentes como puntuales, todas las cuales se expresan habitualmente con verbos en el tiempo presente. En general, en el corpus hay un número relativamente bajo de verbos. Esto puede ser un rasgo distintivo de este sublenguaje.

Por su parte, los verbos en pasado están asociados con los textos narrativos y descriptivos. Hay apariciones en 16 de los textos que componen el corpus. Por lo tanto, tampoco resulta un rasgo frecuente dado que aproximadamente la mitad de los textos del corpus carecen de él. Por ejemplo, This Travelling Fellowship has been endowed with the object of assisting women graduates who have considerable experience of research. En este caso, se utiliza el pretérito perfecto en pasiva para indicar que es una situación que empezó en el pasado, pero que tiene repercusiones que llegan prácticamente hasta el presente.

Por su parte, los verbos en pasado están asociados con los textos narrativos y descriptivos. Hay apariciones en 16 de los textos que componen el corpus. Por lo tanto, tampoco resulta un rasgo frecuente dado que aproximadamente la mitad de los textos del corpus carecen de él. Por ejemplo, This Travelling Fellowship has been endowed with the object of assisting women graduates who have considerable experience of research. En este caso, se utiliza el pretérito perfecto en pasiva para indicar que es una situación que empezó en el pasado, pero que tiene repercusiones que llegan prácticamente hasta el presente.


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También es importante considerar los verbos modales en los anuncios de empleo. Hay que señalar que, aunque están presentes en la mitad de los textos del JadCor, no presentan tampoco ninguna excepcionalidad. Sin embargo, no alcanzan el 4% del total de los verbos en el corpus, lo viene a demostrar la escasa relevancia que se acaba de mencionar.

También es importante considerar los verbos modales en los anuncios de empleo. Hay que señalar que, aunque están presentes en la mitad de los textos del JadCor, no presentan tampoco ninguna excepcionalidad. Sin embargo, no alcanzan el 4% del total de los verbos en el corpus, lo viene a demostrar la escasa relevancia que se acaba de mencionar.

En el JadCor hay apariciones de modales de posibilidad, de predicción y de necesidad. En primer lugar, los modales de posibilidad se utilizan en algún caso para abre la posibilidad de negociar algún aspecto de la oferta de empleo y, en otras ocasiones, lo deja abierto, sin concretar (por ejemplo, these conditions may be modified according to the nature of the Project). Además, la escasa presencia de los modales de predicción se justifica con el hecho de que en estos textos no se expone ningún tipo de predicción sino hechos reales, por ejemplo, Only in a borough this diverse will you gain so much satisfaction and experience. En este caso, will se utiliza para expresar lo que el candidato obtendrá de compensación derivada del puesto: satisfaction y experience. Por último, los modales de necesidad se utilizan en el corpus (aunque de un modo muy aislado, como se ha mencionado), por ejemplo, para indicar uno de los requisitos que necesita tener un candidato para poder ser tenido en cuenta y presentarse a la oferta vacante (The candidate's areas of expertise should combine Health Sociology and any other substantive area in the discipline).

En el JadCor hay apariciones de modales de posibilidad, de predicción y de necesidad. En primer lugar, los modales de posibilidad se utilizan en algún caso para abre la posibilidad de negociar algún aspecto de la oferta de empleo y, en otras ocasiones, lo deja abierto, sin concretar (por ejemplo, these conditions may be modified according to the nature of the Project). Además, la escasa presencia de los modales de predicción se justifica con el hecho de que en estos textos no se expone ningún tipo de predicción sino hechos reales, por ejemplo, Only in a borough this diverse will you gain so much satisfaction and experience. En este caso, will se utiliza para expresar lo que el candidato obtendrá de compensación derivada del puesto: satisfaction y experience. Por último, los modales de necesidad se utilizan en el corpus (aunque de un modo muy aislado, como se ha mencionado), por ejemplo, para indicar uno de los requisitos que necesita tener un candidato para poder ser tenido en cuenta y presentarse a la oferta vacante (The candidate's areas of expertise should combine Health Sociology and any other substantive area in the discipline).

Como se ha indicado anteriormente con respecto a los sublenguajes, es importante determinar qué rasgos o características estén presentes, pero es igualmente importante determinar cuáles no lo están y si hay alguna justificación para ello.

Como se ha indicado anteriormente con respecto a los sublenguajes, es importante determinar qué rasgos o características estén presentes, pero es igualmente importante determinar cuáles no lo están y si hay alguna justificación para ello.

En el corpus JadCor de anuncios de empleo, por ejemplo, hay escasas apariciones de verbos de privacidadii y de persuasión (Quirk 1985:1180). Los primeros, los verbos de privacidad, indican la formación de una opinión, estado o sentimiento y por lo tanto expresa subjetividad, implicando, de algún modo, la participación del lector (por ejemplo, If you believe that you have what our client is looking for then we would like to hear from you). En el ejemplo se puede observar que se utiliza el verbo believe para dirigirse directamente al receptor y provocar una respuesta. Es un modo de involucrar al propio receptor, porque es él quien considera si está o no en posición de cubrir las expectativas del puesto. Es decir, lo anima a que si cumple las condiciones determinadas en el anuncio, se ponga en contacto con la empresa. Los

En el corpus JadCor de anuncios de empleo, por ejemplo, hay escasas apariciones de verbos de privacidadii y de persuasión (Quirk 1985:1180). Los primeros, los verbos de privacidad, indican la formación de una opinión, estado o sentimiento y por lo tanto expresa subjetividad, implicando, de algún modo, la participación del lector (por ejemplo, If you believe that you have what our client is looking for then we would like to hear from you). En el ejemplo se puede observar que se utiliza el verbo believe para dirigirse directamente al receptor y provocar una respuesta. Es un modo de involucrar al propio receptor, porque es él quien considera si está o no en posición de cubrir las expectativas del puesto. Es decir, lo anima a que si cumple las condiciones determinadas en el anuncio, se ponga en contacto con la empresa. Los

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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También es importante considerar los verbos modales en los anuncios de empleo. Hay que señalar que, aunque están presentes en la mitad de los textos del JadCor, no presentan tampoco ninguna excepcionalidad. Sin embargo, no alcanzan el 4% del total de los verbos en el corpus, lo viene a demostrar la escasa relevancia que se acaba de mencionar.

También es importante considerar los verbos modales en los anuncios de empleo. Hay que señalar que, aunque están presentes en la mitad de los textos del JadCor, no presentan tampoco ninguna excepcionalidad. Sin embargo, no alcanzan el 4% del total de los verbos en el corpus, lo viene a demostrar la escasa relevancia que se acaba de mencionar.

En el JadCor hay apariciones de modales de posibilidad, de predicción y de necesidad. En primer lugar, los modales de posibilidad se utilizan en algún caso para abre la posibilidad de negociar algún aspecto de la oferta de empleo y, en otras ocasiones, lo deja abierto, sin concretar (por ejemplo, these conditions may be modified according to the nature of the Project). Además, la escasa presencia de los modales de predicción se justifica con el hecho de que en estos textos no se expone ningún tipo de predicción sino hechos reales, por ejemplo, Only in a borough this diverse will you gain so much satisfaction and experience. En este caso, will se utiliza para expresar lo que el candidato obtendrá de compensación derivada del puesto: satisfaction y experience. Por último, los modales de necesidad se utilizan en el corpus (aunque de un modo muy aislado, como se ha mencionado), por ejemplo, para indicar uno de los requisitos que necesita tener un candidato para poder ser tenido en cuenta y presentarse a la oferta vacante (The candidate's areas of expertise should combine Health Sociology and any other substantive area in the discipline).

En el JadCor hay apariciones de modales de posibilidad, de predicción y de necesidad. En primer lugar, los modales de posibilidad se utilizan en algún caso para abre la posibilidad de negociar algún aspecto de la oferta de empleo y, en otras ocasiones, lo deja abierto, sin concretar (por ejemplo, these conditions may be modified according to the nature of the Project). Además, la escasa presencia de los modales de predicción se justifica con el hecho de que en estos textos no se expone ningún tipo de predicción sino hechos reales, por ejemplo, Only in a borough this diverse will you gain so much satisfaction and experience. En este caso, will se utiliza para expresar lo que el candidato obtendrá de compensación derivada del puesto: satisfaction y experience. Por último, los modales de necesidad se utilizan en el corpus (aunque de un modo muy aislado, como se ha mencionado), por ejemplo, para indicar uno de los requisitos que necesita tener un candidato para poder ser tenido en cuenta y presentarse a la oferta vacante (The candidate's areas of expertise should combine Health Sociology and any other substantive area in the discipline).

Como se ha indicado anteriormente con respecto a los sublenguajes, es importante determinar qué rasgos o características estén presentes, pero es igualmente importante determinar cuáles no lo están y si hay alguna justificación para ello.

Como se ha indicado anteriormente con respecto a los sublenguajes, es importante determinar qué rasgos o características estén presentes, pero es igualmente importante determinar cuáles no lo están y si hay alguna justificación para ello.

En el corpus JadCor de anuncios de empleo, por ejemplo, hay escasas apariciones de verbos de privacidadii y de persuasión (Quirk 1985:1180). Los primeros, los verbos de privacidad, indican la formación de una opinión, estado o sentimiento y por lo tanto expresa subjetividad, implicando, de algún modo, la participación del lector (por ejemplo, If you believe that you have what our client is looking for then we would like to hear from you). En el ejemplo se puede observar que se utiliza el verbo believe para dirigirse directamente al receptor y provocar una respuesta. Es un modo de involucrar al propio receptor, porque es él quien considera si está o no en posición de cubrir las expectativas del puesto. Es decir, lo anima a que si cumple las condiciones determinadas en el anuncio, se ponga en contacto con la empresa. Los

En el corpus JadCor de anuncios de empleo, por ejemplo, hay escasas apariciones de verbos de privacidadii y de persuasión (Quirk 1985:1180). Los primeros, los verbos de privacidad, indican la formación de una opinión, estado o sentimiento y por lo tanto expresa subjetividad, implicando, de algún modo, la participación del lector (por ejemplo, If you believe that you have what our client is looking for then we would like to hear from you). En el ejemplo se puede observar que se utiliza el verbo believe para dirigirse directamente al receptor y provocar una respuesta. Es un modo de involucrar al propio receptor, porque es él quien considera si está o no en posición de cubrir las expectativas del puesto. Es decir, lo anima a que si cumple las condiciones determinadas en el anuncio, se ponga en contacto con la empresa. Los


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anuncios de empleo tienen un carácter altamente informativo (López Sanjuán 2006), y exponen una serie de datos que no están sujetos a ningún tipo de subjetividad, de ahí la explicación de su escasa presencia en el corpus.

anuncios de empleo tienen un carácter altamente informativo (López Sanjuán 2006), y exponen una serie de datos que no están sujetos a ningún tipo de subjetividad, de ahí la explicación de su escasa presencia en el corpus.

Algo similar sucede con los verbos de persuasión. Todos estos verbos están formados al menos por dos argumentos e indican la implicación subjetiva del hablante. Tan sólo hay dos apariciones de estos verbos en el JadCor y se trata en ambas ocasiones del verbo request (por ejemplo, Request an application pack here). En este caso, request señala el lugar en donde obtener la información y documentación para solicitar el puesto.

Algo similar sucede con los verbos de persuasión. Todos estos verbos están formados al menos por dos argumentos e indican la implicación subjetiva del hablante. Tan sólo hay dos apariciones de estos verbos en el JadCor y se trata en ambas ocasiones del verbo request (por ejemplo, Request an application pack here). En este caso, request señala el lugar en donde obtener la información y documentación para solicitar el puesto.

Otros verbos a tener en cuenta son los verbos públicos, entre los que encontramos, por ejemplo, acknowledge, admit, agree, assert, claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, insist, mention, promise, remark, reply, report, say, suggest o write. Como se puede predecir de esta lista de verbos, la mayor parte de ellos están compuestos por tres argumentos. Este rasgo aparece en 16 de los 35 textos del corpus y, al igual que los anteriores, sus valores son poco frecuentes, dado que el promedio de todos los textos del corpus es de 1.86. En el ejemplo, If you believe that you have what our client is looking for then we would like to hear from you, se puede observar que se utiliza el verbo believe para dirigirse directamente al receptor y provocar una respuesta. Es un modo de involucrar al propio receptor, porque es él quien considera si está o no en posición de cubrir las expectativas del puesto.

Otros verbos a tener en cuenta son los verbos públicos, entre los que encontramos, por ejemplo, acknowledge, admit, agree, assert, claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, insist, mention, promise, remark, reply, report, say, suggest o write. Como se puede predecir de esta lista de verbos, la mayor parte de ellos están compuestos por tres argumentos. Este rasgo aparece en 16 de los 35 textos del corpus y, al igual que los anteriores, sus valores son poco frecuentes, dado que el promedio de todos los textos del corpus es de 1.86. En el ejemplo, If you believe that you have what our client is looking for then we would like to hear from you, se puede observar que se utiliza el verbo believe para dirigirse directamente al receptor y provocar una respuesta. Es un modo de involucrar al propio receptor, porque es él quien considera si está o no en posición de cubrir las expectativas del puesto.

4.2.4. Adverbios

4.2.4. Adverbios

En el corpus JadCor no hay una gran cantidad de adverbios, aunque destacan especialmente los adverbios de tiempo. Los adverbios que aparecen en el corpus se pueden distribuir de la siguiente forma: • Adverbios de cantidad (C): por ejemplo, more, rather, etc. • Adverbios de lugar (L): por ejemplo, abroad, here, geographically, etc. • Adverbios de modo (M): operationally, informally commercially, etc. • Adverbios de negativos (N): por ejemplo, not. • Adverbios de tiempo (T): por ejemplo, never, monthly, now, etc.

En el corpus JadCor no hay una gran cantidad de adverbios, aunque destacan especialmente los adverbios de tiempo. Los adverbios que aparecen en el corpus se pueden distribuir de la siguiente forma: • Adverbios de cantidad (C): por ejemplo, more, rather, etc. • Adverbios de lugar (L): por ejemplo, abroad, here, geographically, etc. • Adverbios de modo (M): operationally, informally commercially, etc. • Adverbios de negativos (N): por ejemplo, not. • Adverbios de tiempo (T): por ejemplo, never, monthly, now, etc.

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anuncios de empleo tienen un carácter altamente informativo (López Sanjuán 2006), y exponen una serie de datos que no están sujetos a ningún tipo de subjetividad, de ahí la explicación de su escasa presencia en el corpus.

anuncios de empleo tienen un carácter altamente informativo (López Sanjuán 2006), y exponen una serie de datos que no están sujetos a ningún tipo de subjetividad, de ahí la explicación de su escasa presencia en el corpus.

Algo similar sucede con los verbos de persuasión. Todos estos verbos están formados al menos por dos argumentos e indican la implicación subjetiva del hablante. Tan sólo hay dos apariciones de estos verbos en el JadCor y se trata en ambas ocasiones del verbo request (por ejemplo, Request an application pack here). En este caso, request señala el lugar en donde obtener la información y documentación para solicitar el puesto.

Algo similar sucede con los verbos de persuasión. Todos estos verbos están formados al menos por dos argumentos e indican la implicación subjetiva del hablante. Tan sólo hay dos apariciones de estos verbos en el JadCor y se trata en ambas ocasiones del verbo request (por ejemplo, Request an application pack here). En este caso, request señala el lugar en donde obtener la información y documentación para solicitar el puesto.

Otros verbos a tener en cuenta son los verbos públicos, entre los que encontramos, por ejemplo, acknowledge, admit, agree, assert, claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, insist, mention, promise, remark, reply, report, say, suggest o write. Como se puede predecir de esta lista de verbos, la mayor parte de ellos están compuestos por tres argumentos. Este rasgo aparece en 16 de los 35 textos del corpus y, al igual que los anteriores, sus valores son poco frecuentes, dado que el promedio de todos los textos del corpus es de 1.86. En el ejemplo, If you believe that you have what our client is looking for then we would like to hear from you, se puede observar que se utiliza el verbo believe para dirigirse directamente al receptor y provocar una respuesta. Es un modo de involucrar al propio receptor, porque es él quien considera si está o no en posición de cubrir las expectativas del puesto.

Otros verbos a tener en cuenta son los verbos públicos, entre los que encontramos, por ejemplo, acknowledge, admit, agree, assert, claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, insist, mention, promise, remark, reply, report, say, suggest o write. Como se puede predecir de esta lista de verbos, la mayor parte de ellos están compuestos por tres argumentos. Este rasgo aparece en 16 de los 35 textos del corpus y, al igual que los anteriores, sus valores son poco frecuentes, dado que el promedio de todos los textos del corpus es de 1.86. En el ejemplo, If you believe that you have what our client is looking for then we would like to hear from you, se puede observar que se utiliza el verbo believe para dirigirse directamente al receptor y provocar una respuesta. Es un modo de involucrar al propio receptor, porque es él quien considera si está o no en posición de cubrir las expectativas del puesto.

4.2.4. Adverbios En el corpus JadCor no hay una gran cantidad de adverbios, aunque destacan especialmente los adverbios de tiempo. Los adverbios que aparecen en el corpus se pueden distribuir de la siguiente forma: • Adverbios de cantidad (C): por ejemplo, more, rather, etc. • Adverbios de lugar (L): por ejemplo, abroad, here, geographically, etc. • Adverbios de modo (M): operationally, informally commercially, etc. • Adverbios de negativos (N): por ejemplo, not. • Adverbios de tiempo (T): por ejemplo, never, monthly, now, etc.

4.2.4. Adverbios En el corpus JadCor no hay una gran cantidad de adverbios, aunque destacan especialmente los adverbios de tiempo. Los adverbios que aparecen en el corpus se pueden distribuir de la siguiente forma: • Adverbios de cantidad (C): por ejemplo, more, rather, etc. • Adverbios de lugar (L): por ejemplo, abroad, here, geographically, etc. • Adverbios de modo (M): operationally, informally commercially, etc. • Adverbios de negativos (N): por ejemplo, not. • Adverbios de tiempo (T): por ejemplo, never, monthly, now, etc.


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Figura 7. Distribución de los tipos de adverbios en el JadCor.

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Figura 7. Distribución de los tipos de adverbios en el JadCor.

En la figura 7 se puede observar que los adverbios predominantes en el corpus son los adverbios de tiempo, seguido por los de modo y, en menor medida, por los de cantidad, lugar y negación.

En la figura 7 se puede observar que los adverbios predominantes en el corpus son los adverbios de tiempo, seguido por los de modo y, en menor medida, por los de cantidad, lugar y negación.

Los adverbios de tiempo hacen referencia explícita al contexto situacional de un texto. Este rasgo sólo aparece en doce de los textos del JadCor y su relevancia, por lo tanto, parece limitada, a pesar de que son el tipo de adverbios más frecuentes. Este ejemplo extraído del corpus The posts are tenable from 1 January 2005 (or as soon afterwards as possible) muestra que soon afterwards parte de la fecha que aparece en el sintagma 1 January 2005.

Los adverbios de tiempo hacen referencia explícita al contexto situacional de un texto. Este rasgo sólo aparece en doce de los textos del JadCor y su relevancia, por lo tanto, parece limitada, a pesar de que son el tipo de adverbios más frecuentes. Este ejemplo extraído del corpus The posts are tenable from 1 January 2005 (or as soon afterwards as possible) muestra que soon afterwards parte de la fecha que aparece en el sintagma 1 January 2005.

Al igual que los adverbios de tiempo, los adverbios de lugar expresan una referencia explícita al contexto. En el JadCor aparecen en catorce de los textos, pero con una frecuencia también baja. Por ejemplo, As an alternative you can use the downloadable version of the application form below. El adverbio below plantea una referencia interna en el texto, al modo de realizar la solicitud e indicando dónde se puede obtener la documentación pertinente para hacer la solicitud.

Al igual que los adverbios de tiempo, los adverbios de lugar expresan una referencia explícita al contexto. En el JadCor aparecen en catorce de los textos, pero con una frecuencia también baja. Por ejemplo, As an alternative you can use the downloadable version of the application form below. El adverbio below plantea una referencia interna en el texto, al modo de realizar la solicitud e indicando dónde se puede obtener la documentación pertinente para hacer la solicitud.

Las escasas apariciones de los adverbios negativos pueden llevar a considerar que las oraciones de este corpus no son en su mayoría afirmativas, quedando por determinar aún las oraciones interrogativas. La escasa aparición de cualquier tipo de negación en estos textos probablemente se deba a que el contenido de los anuncios de empleo no pretende ni prevenir ni prohibir, etc. sino que contienen listas de requisitos, condiciones, etc. expresadas de forma positiva y económica.

Las escasas apariciones de los adverbios negativos pueden llevar a considerar que las oraciones de este corpus no son en su mayoría afirmativas, quedando por determinar aún las oraciones interrogativas. La escasa aparición de cualquier tipo de negación en estos textos probablemente se deba a que el contenido de los anuncios de empleo no pretende ni prevenir ni prohibir, etc. sino que contienen listas de requisitos, condiciones, etc. expresadas de forma positiva y económica.

4.2.5. Pronombres

4.2.5. Pronombres

En el JadCor hay pronombres personales, relativos e indefinidos.

En el JadCor hay pronombres personales, relativos e indefinidos.

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Figura 7. Distribución de los tipos de adverbios en el JadCor.

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Figura 7. Distribución de los tipos de adverbios en el JadCor.

En la figura 7 se puede observar que los adverbios predominantes en el corpus son los adverbios de tiempo, seguido por los de modo y, en menor medida, por los de cantidad, lugar y negación.

En la figura 7 se puede observar que los adverbios predominantes en el corpus son los adverbios de tiempo, seguido por los de modo y, en menor medida, por los de cantidad, lugar y negación.

Los adverbios de tiempo hacen referencia explícita al contexto situacional de un texto. Este rasgo sólo aparece en doce de los textos del JadCor y su relevancia, por lo tanto, parece limitada, a pesar de que son el tipo de adverbios más frecuentes. Este ejemplo extraído del corpus The posts are tenable from 1 January 2005 (or as soon afterwards as possible) muestra que soon afterwards parte de la fecha que aparece en el sintagma 1 January 2005.

Los adverbios de tiempo hacen referencia explícita al contexto situacional de un texto. Este rasgo sólo aparece en doce de los textos del JadCor y su relevancia, por lo tanto, parece limitada, a pesar de que son el tipo de adverbios más frecuentes. Este ejemplo extraído del corpus The posts are tenable from 1 January 2005 (or as soon afterwards as possible) muestra que soon afterwards parte de la fecha que aparece en el sintagma 1 January 2005.

Al igual que los adverbios de tiempo, los adverbios de lugar expresan una referencia explícita al contexto. En el JadCor aparecen en catorce de los textos, pero con una frecuencia también baja. Por ejemplo, As an alternative you can use the downloadable version of the application form below. El adverbio below plantea una referencia interna en el texto, al modo de realizar la solicitud e indicando dónde se puede obtener la documentación pertinente para hacer la solicitud.

Al igual que los adverbios de tiempo, los adverbios de lugar expresan una referencia explícita al contexto. En el JadCor aparecen en catorce de los textos, pero con una frecuencia también baja. Por ejemplo, As an alternative you can use the downloadable version of the application form below. El adverbio below plantea una referencia interna en el texto, al modo de realizar la solicitud e indicando dónde se puede obtener la documentación pertinente para hacer la solicitud.

Las escasas apariciones de los adverbios negativos pueden llevar a considerar que las oraciones de este corpus no son en su mayoría afirmativas, quedando por determinar aún las oraciones interrogativas. La escasa aparición de cualquier tipo de negación en estos textos probablemente se deba a que el contenido de los anuncios de empleo no pretende ni prevenir ni prohibir, etc. sino que contienen listas de requisitos, condiciones, etc. expresadas de forma positiva y económica.

Las escasas apariciones de los adverbios negativos pueden llevar a considerar que las oraciones de este corpus no son en su mayoría afirmativas, quedando por determinar aún las oraciones interrogativas. La escasa aparición de cualquier tipo de negación en estos textos probablemente se deba a que el contenido de los anuncios de empleo no pretende ni prevenir ni prohibir, etc. sino que contienen listas de requisitos, condiciones, etc. expresadas de forma positiva y económica.

4.2.5. Pronombres

4.2.5. Pronombres

En el JadCor hay pronombres personales, relativos e indefinidos.

En el JadCor hay pronombres personales, relativos e indefinidos.


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En la figura 8 se muestra la distribución de los tipos de pronombres en el JadCor. Los que más apariciones tienen son los pronombres personales, seguidos por los indefinidos y los relativos. Hay que señalar que los pronombres personales, cuadriplican al resto de los otros pronombres. Esto puede ser debido a que la escasa referencia pronominal que existe en el corpus es más bien de tipo específica y personal y que en este tipo de anuncios no cabe esperar muchas referencias indefinidas.

En la figura 8 se muestra la distribución de los tipos de pronombres en el JadCor. Los que más apariciones tienen son los pronombres personales, seguidos por los indefinidos y los relativos. Hay que señalar que los pronombres personales, cuadriplican al resto de los otros pronombres. Esto puede ser debido a que la escasa referencia pronominal que existe en el corpus es más bien de tipo específica y personal y que en este tipo de anuncios no cabe esperar muchas referencias indefinidas.

Figura 8. Distribución de los tipos de pronombres en el JadCor.

Figura 8. Distribución de los tipos de pronombres en el JadCor.

Sin embargo, en las ofertas de empleo sí que existen algunos pronombres de primera y segunda persona. En la figura 5 se muestran la distribución de este tipo de pronombres en el JadCor. Como se puede ver, los más abundantes son los pronombres de segunda persona y los de tercera persona, pues los de primera persona son poco significativos.

Sin embargo, en las ofertas de empleo sí que existen algunos pronombres de primera y segunda persona. En la figura 5 se muestran la distribución de este tipo de pronombres en el JadCor. Como se puede ver, los más abundantes son los pronombres de segunda persona y los de tercera persona, pues los de primera persona son poco significativos.

Figura 9. Distribución de los pronombres personales en el JadCor.

Figura 9. Distribución de los pronombres personales en el JadCor.

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En la figura 8 se muestra la distribución de los tipos de pronombres en el JadCor. Los que más apariciones tienen son los pronombres personales, seguidos por los indefinidos y los relativos. Hay que señalar que los pronombres personales, cuadriplican al resto de los otros pronombres. Esto puede ser debido a que la escasa referencia pronominal que existe en el corpus es más bien de tipo específica y personal y que en este tipo de anuncios no cabe esperar muchas referencias indefinidas.

En la figura 8 se muestra la distribución de los tipos de pronombres en el JadCor. Los que más apariciones tienen son los pronombres personales, seguidos por los indefinidos y los relativos. Hay que señalar que los pronombres personales, cuadriplican al resto de los otros pronombres. Esto puede ser debido a que la escasa referencia pronominal que existe en el corpus es más bien de tipo específica y personal y que en este tipo de anuncios no cabe esperar muchas referencias indefinidas.

Figura 8. Distribución de los tipos de pronombres en el JadCor.

Figura 8. Distribución de los tipos de pronombres en el JadCor.

Sin embargo, en las ofertas de empleo sí que existen algunos pronombres de primera y segunda persona. En la figura 5 se muestran la distribución de este tipo de pronombres en el JadCor. Como se puede ver, los más abundantes son los pronombres de segunda persona y los de tercera persona, pues los de primera persona son poco significativos.

Sin embargo, en las ofertas de empleo sí que existen algunos pronombres de primera y segunda persona. En la figura 5 se muestran la distribución de este tipo de pronombres en el JadCor. Como se puede ver, los más abundantes son los pronombres de segunda persona y los de tercera persona, pues los de primera persona son poco significativos.

Figura 9. Distribución de los pronombres personales en el JadCor.

Figura 9. Distribución de los pronombres personales en el JadCor.


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Los pronombres de primera persona en su forma singular no aparecen en ninguno de los textos que conforman el corpus JadCor, sólo la forma plural. En muchos casos, el pronombre we se refiere a la empresa que ofrece el puesto de trabajo para dar una imagen de equipo, cercana y accesible, que invita al posible candidato a integrarse, como en el ejemplo siguiente: To deliver this vision we have created a key Divisional Manager post that will hold strategic and operational responsibility for specific services.

Los pronombres de primera persona en su forma singular no aparecen en ninguno de los textos que conforman el corpus JadCor, sólo la forma plural. En muchos casos, el pronombre we se refiere a la empresa que ofrece el puesto de trabajo para dar una imagen de equipo, cercana y accesible, que invita al posible candidato a integrarse, como en el ejemplo siguiente: To deliver this vision we have created a key Divisional Manager post that will hold strategic and operational responsibility for specific services.

Si se comparan en los textos individualmente los pronombres de primera persona y los pronombres de segunda persona, se puede comprobar que los primeros son inferiores en número a los segundos. En este caso se debe a que el agente principal del anuncio de empleo es el candidato más que la empresa ofertante. También se puede deducir que las ofertas de empleo al utilizar los pronombres de segunda persona, van dirigidas a alguien con unas características concretas (que son las que se redactan en cada oferta, donde se quiere despertar el interés del lector de una forma personalizada).

Si se comparan en los textos individualmente los pronombres de primera persona y los pronombres de segunda persona, se puede comprobar que los primeros son inferiores en número a los segundos. En este caso se debe a que el agente principal del anuncio de empleo es el candidato más que la empresa ofertante. También se puede deducir que las ofertas de empleo al utilizar los pronombres de segunda persona, van dirigidas a alguien con unas características concretas (que son las que se redactan en cada oferta, donde se quiere despertar el interés del lector de una forma personalizada).

Los pronombres de segunda persona están presentes en la mayor parte de los textos que conforman el JadCor, pero su frecuencia en cada uno no es extremadamente alta. La existencia de un alto número de nombres en oraciones yuxtapuestas, pero independientes justifica la ausencia de pronombres personales o el bajo número de apariciones. En este ejemplo se muestra la utilización del pronombre you: By joining CAFCASS you will become part of the largest children's and family service in the UK. But more than this, you will be working for an organisation unlike any other in the world - a public body dedicated to safeguarding children in the family courts. Aquí, el pronombre de segunda persona se utiliza de un modo persuasivo, para instar al lector a reaccionar y optar al puesto que se oferta. En este sentido cabe señalar la utilización del pronombre de segunda persona para dirigirse de un modo sencillo, corto y directo al lector en vez de utilizar, por ejemplo, the successful candidate o incluso el más genérico people who (por ejemplo, people who join CAFCASS will become…). Cabe recordar que la economía del lenguaje es uno de los rasgos que define un sublenguaje.

Los pronombres de segunda persona están presentes en la mayor parte de los textos que conforman el JadCor, pero su frecuencia en cada uno no es extremadamente alta. La existencia de un alto número de nombres en oraciones yuxtapuestas, pero independientes justifica la ausencia de pronombres personales o el bajo número de apariciones. En este ejemplo se muestra la utilización del pronombre you: By joining CAFCASS you will become part of the largest children's and family service in the UK. But more than this, you will be working for an organisation unlike any other in the world - a public body dedicated to safeguarding children in the family courts. Aquí, el pronombre de segunda persona se utiliza de un modo persuasivo, para instar al lector a reaccionar y optar al puesto que se oferta. En este sentido cabe señalar la utilización del pronombre de segunda persona para dirigirse de un modo sencillo, corto y directo al lector en vez de utilizar, por ejemplo, the successful candidate o incluso el más genérico people who (por ejemplo, people who join CAFCASS will become…). Cabe recordar que la economía del lenguaje es uno de los rasgos que define un sublenguaje.

Los pronombres de tercera persona suelen coocurrir con frecuencia con los verbos en pasado y con aspecto perfectivo, siendo característicos del estilo narrativo. Esta puede ser una de las causas por la que sólo aparecen en 4 de los textos del JadCor y no parecen ser muy

Los pronombres de tercera persona suelen coocurrir con frecuencia con los verbos en pasado y con aspecto perfectivo, siendo característicos del estilo narrativo. Esta puede ser una de las causas por la que sólo aparecen en 4 de los textos del JadCor y no parecen ser muy

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Los pronombres de primera persona en su forma singular no aparecen en ninguno de los textos que conforman el corpus JadCor, sólo la forma plural. En muchos casos, el pronombre we se refiere a la empresa que ofrece el puesto de trabajo para dar una imagen de equipo, cercana y accesible, que invita al posible candidato a integrarse, como en el ejemplo siguiente: To deliver this vision we have created a key Divisional Manager post that will hold strategic and operational responsibility for specific services.

Los pronombres de primera persona en su forma singular no aparecen en ninguno de los textos que conforman el corpus JadCor, sólo la forma plural. En muchos casos, el pronombre we se refiere a la empresa que ofrece el puesto de trabajo para dar una imagen de equipo, cercana y accesible, que invita al posible candidato a integrarse, como en el ejemplo siguiente: To deliver this vision we have created a key Divisional Manager post that will hold strategic and operational responsibility for specific services.

Si se comparan en los textos individualmente los pronombres de primera persona y los pronombres de segunda persona, se puede comprobar que los primeros son inferiores en número a los segundos. En este caso se debe a que el agente principal del anuncio de empleo es el candidato más que la empresa ofertante. También se puede deducir que las ofertas de empleo al utilizar los pronombres de segunda persona, van dirigidas a alguien con unas características concretas (que son las que se redactan en cada oferta, donde se quiere despertar el interés del lector de una forma personalizada).

Si se comparan en los textos individualmente los pronombres de primera persona y los pronombres de segunda persona, se puede comprobar que los primeros son inferiores en número a los segundos. En este caso se debe a que el agente principal del anuncio de empleo es el candidato más que la empresa ofertante. También se puede deducir que las ofertas de empleo al utilizar los pronombres de segunda persona, van dirigidas a alguien con unas características concretas (que son las que se redactan en cada oferta, donde se quiere despertar el interés del lector de una forma personalizada).

Los pronombres de segunda persona están presentes en la mayor parte de los textos que conforman el JadCor, pero su frecuencia en cada uno no es extremadamente alta. La existencia de un alto número de nombres en oraciones yuxtapuestas, pero independientes justifica la ausencia de pronombres personales o el bajo número de apariciones. En este ejemplo se muestra la utilización del pronombre you: By joining CAFCASS you will become part of the largest children's and family service in the UK. But more than this, you will be working for an organisation unlike any other in the world - a public body dedicated to safeguarding children in the family courts. Aquí, el pronombre de segunda persona se utiliza de un modo persuasivo, para instar al lector a reaccionar y optar al puesto que se oferta. En este sentido cabe señalar la utilización del pronombre de segunda persona para dirigirse de un modo sencillo, corto y directo al lector en vez de utilizar, por ejemplo, the successful candidate o incluso el más genérico people who (por ejemplo, people who join CAFCASS will become…). Cabe recordar que la economía del lenguaje es uno de los rasgos que define un sublenguaje.

Los pronombres de segunda persona están presentes en la mayor parte de los textos que conforman el JadCor, pero su frecuencia en cada uno no es extremadamente alta. La existencia de un alto número de nombres en oraciones yuxtapuestas, pero independientes justifica la ausencia de pronombres personales o el bajo número de apariciones. En este ejemplo se muestra la utilización del pronombre you: By joining CAFCASS you will become part of the largest children's and family service in the UK. But more than this, you will be working for an organisation unlike any other in the world - a public body dedicated to safeguarding children in the family courts. Aquí, el pronombre de segunda persona se utiliza de un modo persuasivo, para instar al lector a reaccionar y optar al puesto que se oferta. En este sentido cabe señalar la utilización del pronombre de segunda persona para dirigirse de un modo sencillo, corto y directo al lector en vez de utilizar, por ejemplo, the successful candidate o incluso el más genérico people who (por ejemplo, people who join CAFCASS will become…). Cabe recordar que la economía del lenguaje es uno de los rasgos que define un sublenguaje.

Los pronombres de tercera persona suelen coocurrir con frecuencia con los verbos en pasado y con aspecto perfectivo, siendo característicos del estilo narrativo. Esta puede ser una de las causas por la que sólo aparecen en 4 de los textos del JadCor y no parecen ser muy

Los pronombres de tercera persona suelen coocurrir con frecuencia con los verbos en pasado y con aspecto perfectivo, siendo característicos del estilo narrativo. Esta puede ser una de las causas por la que sólo aparecen en 4 de los textos del JadCor y no parecen ser muy


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frecuentes. Sin embargo, el pronombre it muestra alguna divergencia con la lengua estándar, ya que en la lengua general la frecuencia de aparición de este pronombre suele ser más alta. Al ser textos con conceptos claramente definidos (a quien se dirige, quien se dirige, que quiere decir, etc.) no se utilizan demasiados pronombres de tercera persona como referencia indirecta a otras entidades o personas. Además, cada mensaje está contenido habitualmente en una sola oración y tampoco llega a haber un campo referencial suficientemente conocido entre el autor y el lector. Por ejemplo, It also operates an independent service, providing specific solutions, for a large number of third party customers. Este es uno de los pocos casos en el corpus en que la descripción de la empresa se extiende lo suficiente para permitir el uso del pronombre it.

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frecuentes. Sin embargo, el pronombre it muestra alguna divergencia con la lengua estándar, ya que en la lengua general la frecuencia de aparición de este pronombre suele ser más alta. Al ser textos con conceptos claramente definidos (a quien se dirige, quien se dirige, que quiere decir, etc.) no se utilizan demasiados pronombres de tercera persona como referencia indirecta a otras entidades o personas. Además, cada mensaje está contenido habitualmente en una sola oración y tampoco llega a haber un campo referencial suficientemente conocido entre el autor y el lector. Por ejemplo, It also operates an independent service, providing specific solutions, for a large number of third party customers. Este es uno de los pocos casos en el corpus en que la descripción de la empresa se extiende lo suficiente para permitir el uso del pronombre it.

4.2.6. Determinantes

4.2.6. Determinantes

Los determinantes tienen menos apariciones que nombres, verbos y adjetivos, pero más que el resto de categorías en el JadCor. Todos los artículos determinados e indeterminados están presentes, así como los demostrativos. Además, también se encuentran en el corpus otros determinantes como pueden ser los indefinidos, por ejemplo, several, some o each o algunos posesivos, por ejemplo, his o its.

Los determinantes tienen menos apariciones que nombres, verbos y adjetivos, pero más que el resto de categorías en el JadCor. Todos los artículos determinados e indeterminados están presentes, así como los demostrativos. Además, también se encuentran en el corpus otros determinantes como pueden ser los indefinidos, por ejemplo, several, some o each o algunos posesivos, por ejemplo, his o its.

Figura 10. Distribución de los determinantes en el corpus.

Figura 10. Distribución de los determinantes en el corpus.

La aparición de tantos determinantes, especialmente artículos, en el corpus los justifica la alta presencia de nombres que hay. Al igual que se señaló con respecto a los pronombres indefinidos, en este sublenguaje las referencias son concretas y bien definidas, debido al tipo de información que quieren hacer llegar al receptor.

La aparición de tantos determinantes, especialmente artículos, en el corpus los justifica la alta presencia de nombres que hay. Al igual que se señaló con respecto a los pronombres indefinidos, en este sublenguaje las referencias son concretas y bien definidas, debido al tipo de información que quieren hacer llegar al receptor.

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frecuentes. Sin embargo, el pronombre it muestra alguna divergencia con la lengua estándar, ya que en la lengua general la frecuencia de aparición de este pronombre suele ser más alta. Al ser textos con conceptos claramente definidos (a quien se dirige, quien se dirige, que quiere decir, etc.) no se utilizan demasiados pronombres de tercera persona como referencia indirecta a otras entidades o personas. Además, cada mensaje está contenido habitualmente en una sola oración y tampoco llega a haber un campo referencial suficientemente conocido entre el autor y el lector. Por ejemplo, It also operates an independent service, providing specific solutions, for a large number of third party customers. Este es uno de los pocos casos en el corpus en que la descripción de la empresa se extiende lo suficiente para permitir el uso del pronombre it. 4.2.6. Determinantes

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frecuentes. Sin embargo, el pronombre it muestra alguna divergencia con la lengua estándar, ya que en la lengua general la frecuencia de aparición de este pronombre suele ser más alta. Al ser textos con conceptos claramente definidos (a quien se dirige, quien se dirige, que quiere decir, etc.) no se utilizan demasiados pronombres de tercera persona como referencia indirecta a otras entidades o personas. Además, cada mensaje está contenido habitualmente en una sola oración y tampoco llega a haber un campo referencial suficientemente conocido entre el autor y el lector. Por ejemplo, It also operates an independent service, providing specific solutions, for a large number of third party customers. Este es uno de los pocos casos en el corpus en que la descripción de la empresa se extiende lo suficiente para permitir el uso del pronombre it. 4.2.6. Determinantes

Los determinantes tienen menos apariciones que nombres, verbos y adjetivos, pero más que el resto de categorías en el JadCor. Todos los artículos determinados e indeterminados están presentes, así como los demostrativos. Además, también se encuentran en el corpus otros determinantes como pueden ser los indefinidos, por ejemplo, several, some o each o algunos posesivos, por ejemplo, his o its.

Los determinantes tienen menos apariciones que nombres, verbos y adjetivos, pero más que el resto de categorías en el JadCor. Todos los artículos determinados e indeterminados están presentes, así como los demostrativos. Además, también se encuentran en el corpus otros determinantes como pueden ser los indefinidos, por ejemplo, several, some o each o algunos posesivos, por ejemplo, his o its.

Figura 10. Distribución de los determinantes en el corpus.

Figura 10. Distribución de los determinantes en el corpus.

La aparición de tantos determinantes, especialmente artículos, en el corpus los justifica la alta presencia de nombres que hay. Al igual que se señaló con respecto a los pronombres indefinidos, en este sublenguaje las referencias son concretas y bien definidas, debido al tipo de información que quieren hacer llegar al receptor.

La aparición de tantos determinantes, especialmente artículos, en el corpus los justifica la alta presencia de nombres que hay. Al igual que se señaló con respecto a los pronombres indefinidos, en este sublenguaje las referencias son concretas y bien definidas, debido al tipo de información que quieren hacer llegar al receptor.


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4.2.7. Preposiciones

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4.2.7. Preposiciones

En todos los textos que conforman el JadCor están presentes las preposiciones, en la mayor parte de los casos, formando sintagmas preposicionales.

En todos los textos que conforman el JadCor están presentes las preposiciones, en la mayor parte de los casos, formando sintagmas preposicionales.

Figura 11. Distribución de las preposiciones en el JadCor. Hay que apuntar que más de la mitad de las preposiciones del corpus indican una dirección (por ejemplo, around, inside, towards, beyond, etc.). Esto se puede justificar dada la gran cantidad de modificación que existe en este tipo de textos, para ser más descriptivos y ofrecer al receptor la mayor información posible sobre el puesto vacante y la empresa que lo ofrece.

Figura 11. Distribución de las preposiciones en el JadCor. Hay que apuntar que más de la mitad de las preposiciones del corpus indican una dirección (por ejemplo, around, inside, towards, beyond, etc.). Esto se puede justificar dada la gran cantidad de modificación que existe en este tipo de textos, para ser más descriptivos y ofrecer al receptor la mayor información posible sobre el puesto vacante y la empresa que lo ofrece.

En este ejemplo, The postholder will be a member of the scientific staff working on aspects of antimicrobial resistance, in particular infections in children caused by MRSA, se puede observar que el número de sintagmas preposicionales es alto, consecuencia en muchos casos de la gran cantidad de nombres relacionados en este tipo de textos. Además, los sintagmas preposicionales, ya de por sí modificadores nominales pesados (en el sentido de que constan al menos de dos palabras) son en este caso particularmente complejos y pesados, conllevando cadenas de sintagmas preposicionales insertadas en otras.

En este ejemplo, The postholder will be a member of the scientific staff working on aspects of antimicrobial resistance, in particular infections in children caused by MRSA, se puede observar que el número de sintagmas preposicionales es alto, consecuencia en muchos casos de la gran cantidad de nombres relacionados en este tipo de textos. Además, los sintagmas preposicionales, ya de por sí modificadores nominales pesados (en el sentido de que constan al menos de dos palabras) son en este caso particularmente complejos y pesados, conllevando cadenas de sintagmas preposicionales insertadas en otras.

En escasas apariciones (sólo una en cada en nueve de los textos del corpus), las preposiciones ocupan en el corpus una posición final, pues se suele señalar que este tipo de estructura es más propio de la lengua oral y de estilos informales, lo que podría explicar su escasa presencia en este tipo de textos.

En escasas apariciones (sólo una en cada en nueve de los textos del corpus), las preposiciones ocupan en el corpus una posición final, pues se suele señalar que este tipo de estructura es más propio de la lengua oral y de estilos informales, lo que podría explicar su escasa presencia en este tipo de textos.

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4.2.7. Preposiciones

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4.2.7. Preposiciones

En todos los textos que conforman el JadCor están presentes las preposiciones, en la mayor parte de los casos, formando sintagmas preposicionales.

En todos los textos que conforman el JadCor están presentes las preposiciones, en la mayor parte de los casos, formando sintagmas preposicionales.

Figura 11. Distribución de las preposiciones en el JadCor. Hay que apuntar que más de la mitad de las preposiciones del corpus indican una dirección (por ejemplo, around, inside, towards, beyond, etc.). Esto se puede justificar dada la gran cantidad de modificación que existe en este tipo de textos, para ser más descriptivos y ofrecer al receptor la mayor información posible sobre el puesto vacante y la empresa que lo ofrece.

Figura 11. Distribución de las preposiciones en el JadCor. Hay que apuntar que más de la mitad de las preposiciones del corpus indican una dirección (por ejemplo, around, inside, towards, beyond, etc.). Esto se puede justificar dada la gran cantidad de modificación que existe en este tipo de textos, para ser más descriptivos y ofrecer al receptor la mayor información posible sobre el puesto vacante y la empresa que lo ofrece.

En este ejemplo, The postholder will be a member of the scientific staff working on aspects of antimicrobial resistance, in particular infections in children caused by MRSA, se puede observar que el número de sintagmas preposicionales es alto, consecuencia en muchos casos de la gran cantidad de nombres relacionados en este tipo de textos. Además, los sintagmas preposicionales, ya de por sí modificadores nominales pesados (en el sentido de que constan al menos de dos palabras) son en este caso particularmente complejos y pesados, conllevando cadenas de sintagmas preposicionales insertadas en otras.

En este ejemplo, The postholder will be a member of the scientific staff working on aspects of antimicrobial resistance, in particular infections in children caused by MRSA, se puede observar que el número de sintagmas preposicionales es alto, consecuencia en muchos casos de la gran cantidad de nombres relacionados en este tipo de textos. Además, los sintagmas preposicionales, ya de por sí modificadores nominales pesados (en el sentido de que constan al menos de dos palabras) son en este caso particularmente complejos y pesados, conllevando cadenas de sintagmas preposicionales insertadas en otras.

En escasas apariciones (sólo una en cada en nueve de los textos del corpus), las preposiciones ocupan en el corpus una posición final, pues se suele señalar que este tipo de estructura es más propio de la lengua oral y de estilos informales, lo que podría explicar su escasa presencia en este tipo de textos.

En escasas apariciones (sólo una en cada en nueve de los textos del corpus), las preposiciones ocupan en el corpus una posición final, pues se suele señalar que este tipo de estructura es más propio de la lengua oral y de estilos informales, lo que podría explicar su escasa presencia en este tipo de textos.


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4.2.8. Conjunciones

En el JadCor hay apariciones de conjunciones coordinadas y también subordinantes, que indican esos tipos de estructuras respectivamente.

En el JadCor hay apariciones de conjunciones coordinadas y también subordinantes, que indican esos tipos de estructuras respectivamente.

En la figura 12 se muestra un gráfico comparativo de las conjunciones del JadCor. Como se puede observar, es mayor el número de conjunciones coordinadas que de las subordinantes. Sin embargo, esto no quiere decir que haya mayor número de oraciones coordinadas que subordinantes en el corpus, ya que estas conjunciones no tienen porque coordinar sólo al nivel oracional, sino que también pueden hacerlo al nivel sintagmático.

En la figura 12 se muestra un gráfico comparativo de las conjunciones del JadCor. Como se puede observar, es mayor el número de conjunciones coordinadas que de las subordinantes. Sin embargo, esto no quiere decir que haya mayor número de oraciones coordinadas que subordinantes en el corpus, ya que estas conjunciones no tienen porque coordinar sólo al nivel oracional, sino que también pueden hacerlo al nivel sintagmático.

Figura 12. Distribución de las conjunciones en el JadCor.

Figura 12. Distribución de las conjunciones en el JadCor.

En el JadCor se encuentran las conjunciones or, but y and, y coordinación sintagmática y oracional.

En el JadCor se encuentran las conjunciones or, but y and, y coordinación sintagmática y oracional.

La coordinación oracional está presente en 16 de los 35 textos que componen el JadCor. Esto muestra que las oraciones del JadCor no son mayoritariamente oraciones compuestas y este dato ha de ir acompañado de un estudio de la presencia de oraciones subordinadas. En el ejemplo The Travelling Fellowship will be available for all or part of the year 2005-2006 and the fund will pay research, travel and subsistence expenses normally up to £12,500 for the yea se puede ver un caso de coordinación oracional.

La coordinación oracional está presente en 16 de los 35 textos que componen el JadCor. Esto muestra que las oraciones del JadCor no son mayoritariamente oraciones compuestas y este dato ha de ir acompañado de un estudio de la presencia de oraciones subordinadas. En el ejemplo The Travelling Fellowship will be available for all or part of the year 2005-2006 and the fund will pay research, travel and subsistence expenses normally up to £12,500 for the yea se puede ver un caso de coordinación oracional.

Por otro lado, la coordinación sintagmática engloba a todas las cadenas de verbo y verbo, sustantivo y sustantivo, adjetivo y adjetivo

Por otro lado, la coordinación sintagmática engloba a todas las cadenas de verbo y verbo, sustantivo y sustantivo, adjetivo y adjetivo

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4.2.8. Conjunciones

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4.2.8. Conjunciones

En el JadCor hay apariciones de conjunciones coordinadas y también subordinantes, que indican esos tipos de estructuras respectivamente.

En el JadCor hay apariciones de conjunciones coordinadas y también subordinantes, que indican esos tipos de estructuras respectivamente.

En la figura 12 se muestra un gráfico comparativo de las conjunciones del JadCor. Como se puede observar, es mayor el número de conjunciones coordinadas que de las subordinantes. Sin embargo, esto no quiere decir que haya mayor número de oraciones coordinadas que subordinantes en el corpus, ya que estas conjunciones no tienen porque coordinar sólo al nivel oracional, sino que también pueden hacerlo al nivel sintagmático.

En la figura 12 se muestra un gráfico comparativo de las conjunciones del JadCor. Como se puede observar, es mayor el número de conjunciones coordinadas que de las subordinantes. Sin embargo, esto no quiere decir que haya mayor número de oraciones coordinadas que subordinantes en el corpus, ya que estas conjunciones no tienen porque coordinar sólo al nivel oracional, sino que también pueden hacerlo al nivel sintagmático.

Figura 12. Distribución de las conjunciones en el JadCor.

Figura 12. Distribución de las conjunciones en el JadCor.

En el JadCor se encuentran las conjunciones or, but y and, y coordinación sintagmática y oracional.

En el JadCor se encuentran las conjunciones or, but y and, y coordinación sintagmática y oracional.

La coordinación oracional está presente en 16 de los 35 textos que componen el JadCor. Esto muestra que las oraciones del JadCor no son mayoritariamente oraciones compuestas y este dato ha de ir acompañado de un estudio de la presencia de oraciones subordinadas. En el ejemplo The Travelling Fellowship will be available for all or part of the year 2005-2006 and the fund will pay research, travel and subsistence expenses normally up to £12,500 for the yea se puede ver un caso de coordinación oracional.

La coordinación oracional está presente en 16 de los 35 textos que componen el JadCor. Esto muestra que las oraciones del JadCor no son mayoritariamente oraciones compuestas y este dato ha de ir acompañado de un estudio de la presencia de oraciones subordinadas. En el ejemplo The Travelling Fellowship will be available for all or part of the year 2005-2006 and the fund will pay research, travel and subsistence expenses normally up to £12,500 for the yea se puede ver un caso de coordinación oracional.

Por otro lado, la coordinación sintagmática engloba a todas las cadenas de verbo y verbo, sustantivo y sustantivo, adjetivo y adjetivo

Por otro lado, la coordinación sintagmática engloba a todas las cadenas de verbo y verbo, sustantivo y sustantivo, adjetivo y adjetivo


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o adverbio y adverbio que van unidas por and y or. And como conector sintagmático tiene una función integrativa, como se puede observar en el ejemplo The successful candidate will have a degree in the Social Sciences and/or Humanities, editorial experience and some appreciation of issues relating to quality improvement, the organization and management of clinical work and of the culture change issues that this entails. Aquí se puede observar que se trata de la coordinación de varios sintagmas nominales y en uno de los casos de los sintagmas preposicionales que postmodifican a uno de los sustantivos.

o adverbio y adverbio que van unidas por and y or. And como conector sintagmático tiene una función integrativa, como se puede observar en el ejemplo The successful candidate will have a degree in the Social Sciences and/or Humanities, editorial experience and some appreciation of issues relating to quality improvement, the organization and management of clinical work and of the culture change issues that this entails. Aquí se puede observar que se trata de la coordinación de varios sintagmas nominales y en uno de los casos de los sintagmas preposicionales que postmodifican a uno de los sustantivos.

En cuanto a la subordinación, en el JadCor se encuentra subordinación temporal (por ejemplo, until, when), concesiva (although, however y though) y condicional (if), siendo la subordinación condicional la que está más presente, con mucha diferencia sobre los otros dos tipos que aparecen, aunque la incidencia no es alta. Este tipo de subordinación se utiliza en algunos casos para enmarcar el discurso y tiene funciones diferentes según sea su posición en la oración. Por ejemplo: If you require further information before applying, contact Dr Laurence Kenney.La oración condicional usada en el ejemplo expresa una condición real y ofrece al candidato, en caso de necesitar información extra, una dirección y una persona de contacto.

En cuanto a la subordinación, en el JadCor se encuentra subordinación temporal (por ejemplo, until, when), concesiva (although, however y though) y condicional (if), siendo la subordinación condicional la que está más presente, con mucha diferencia sobre los otros dos tipos que aparecen, aunque la incidencia no es alta. Este tipo de subordinación se utiliza en algunos casos para enmarcar el discurso y tiene funciones diferentes según sea su posición en la oración. Por ejemplo: If you require further information before applying, contact Dr Laurence Kenney.La oración condicional usada en el ejemplo expresa una condición real y ofrece al candidato, en caso de necesitar información extra, una dirección y una persona de contacto.

5. CONCLUSIÓN

5. CONCLUSIÓN

Los resultados finales del análisis del corpus han servido para hacer una amplia descripción del sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo.

Los resultados finales del análisis del corpus han servido para hacer una amplia descripción del sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo.

En muchos casos, se trata de un análisis que se puede quedar en superficial, pues no se indican, por ejemplo, en el caso de los nombres, los tipos (por ejemplo, si son abstractos/concretos), ni el género ni el número de los nombres del corpus y tampoco se ha profundizado en al análisis sintáctico. Pero ese no era el objetivo de este artículo, en el que sólo se ha pretendido describir y poner de manifiesto algunas de las peculiaridades de este sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo sin tener en cuenta sus posibles aplicaciones computacionales posteriores.

En muchos casos, se trata de un análisis que se puede quedar en superficial, pues no se indican, por ejemplo, en el caso de los nombres, los tipos (por ejemplo, si son abstractos/concretos), ni el género ni el número de los nombres del corpus y tampoco se ha profundizado en al análisis sintáctico. Pero ese no era el objetivo de este artículo, en el que sólo se ha pretendido describir y poner de manifiesto algunas de las peculiaridades de este sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo sin tener en cuenta sus posibles aplicaciones computacionales posteriores.

De este modo, en primer lugar se ha mostrado que la estructura retórica de los anuncios de empleo está bien definida, ya que muestra un esquema con elementos obligatorios y opcionales.

De este modo, en primer lugar se ha mostrado que la estructura retórica de los anuncios de empleo está bien definida, ya que muestra un esquema con elementos obligatorios y opcionales.

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Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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o adverbio y adverbio que van unidas por and y or. And como conector sintagmático tiene una función integrativa, como se puede observar en el ejemplo The successful candidate will have a degree in the Social Sciences and/or Humanities, editorial experience and some appreciation of issues relating to quality improvement, the organization and management of clinical work and of the culture change issues that this entails. Aquí se puede observar que se trata de la coordinación de varios sintagmas nominales y en uno de los casos de los sintagmas preposicionales que postmodifican a uno de los sustantivos.

o adverbio y adverbio que van unidas por and y or. And como conector sintagmático tiene una función integrativa, como se puede observar en el ejemplo The successful candidate will have a degree in the Social Sciences and/or Humanities, editorial experience and some appreciation of issues relating to quality improvement, the organization and management of clinical work and of the culture change issues that this entails. Aquí se puede observar que se trata de la coordinación de varios sintagmas nominales y en uno de los casos de los sintagmas preposicionales que postmodifican a uno de los sustantivos.

En cuanto a la subordinación, en el JadCor se encuentra subordinación temporal (por ejemplo, until, when), concesiva (although, however y though) y condicional (if), siendo la subordinación condicional la que está más presente, con mucha diferencia sobre los otros dos tipos que aparecen, aunque la incidencia no es alta. Este tipo de subordinación se utiliza en algunos casos para enmarcar el discurso y tiene funciones diferentes según sea su posición en la oración. Por ejemplo: If you require further information before applying, contact Dr Laurence Kenney.La oración condicional usada en el ejemplo expresa una condición real y ofrece al candidato, en caso de necesitar información extra, una dirección y una persona de contacto.

En cuanto a la subordinación, en el JadCor se encuentra subordinación temporal (por ejemplo, until, when), concesiva (although, however y though) y condicional (if), siendo la subordinación condicional la que está más presente, con mucha diferencia sobre los otros dos tipos que aparecen, aunque la incidencia no es alta. Este tipo de subordinación se utiliza en algunos casos para enmarcar el discurso y tiene funciones diferentes según sea su posición en la oración. Por ejemplo: If you require further information before applying, contact Dr Laurence Kenney.La oración condicional usada en el ejemplo expresa una condición real y ofrece al candidato, en caso de necesitar información extra, una dirección y una persona de contacto.

5. CONCLUSIÓN

5. CONCLUSIÓN

Los resultados finales del análisis del corpus han servido para hacer una amplia descripción del sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo.

Los resultados finales del análisis del corpus han servido para hacer una amplia descripción del sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo.

En muchos casos, se trata de un análisis que se puede quedar en superficial, pues no se indican, por ejemplo, en el caso de los nombres, los tipos (por ejemplo, si son abstractos/concretos), ni el género ni el número de los nombres del corpus y tampoco se ha profundizado en al análisis sintáctico. Pero ese no era el objetivo de este artículo, en el que sólo se ha pretendido describir y poner de manifiesto algunas de las peculiaridades de este sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo sin tener en cuenta sus posibles aplicaciones computacionales posteriores.

En muchos casos, se trata de un análisis que se puede quedar en superficial, pues no se indican, por ejemplo, en el caso de los nombres, los tipos (por ejemplo, si son abstractos/concretos), ni el género ni el número de los nombres del corpus y tampoco se ha profundizado en al análisis sintáctico. Pero ese no era el objetivo de este artículo, en el que sólo se ha pretendido describir y poner de manifiesto algunas de las peculiaridades de este sublenguaje de los anuncios de empleo sin tener en cuenta sus posibles aplicaciones computacionales posteriores.

De este modo, en primer lugar se ha mostrado que la estructura retórica de los anuncios de empleo está bien definida, ya que muestra un esquema con elementos obligatorios y opcionales.

De este modo, en primer lugar se ha mostrado que la estructura retórica de los anuncios de empleo está bien definida, ya que muestra un esquema con elementos obligatorios y opcionales.


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Además, tomando como punto de partida las categorías gramaticales presentes en el corpus se ha realizado la descripción de cada una de ellas, proporcionando no sólo información morfológica, sino también léxica y semántica y, en algunos casos, sintáctica y pragmática. En el plano morfológico se ha observado que no están todas las categorías presentes, pues no hay interjecciones, y en qué medida es cada una relevante en este tipo textual (abundando nombres y adjetivos, lo que demuestra el carácter descriptivo de este sublenguaje). Por otra parte, en lo que se refiere al léxico, el análisis mostraba que los anuncios de empleo tampoco tiene un carácter muy cerrado. En el corpus JadCor, no se han acotado las profesiones de las ofertas, lo que conlleva que el vocabulario permanezca relativamente abierto. Además, los sustantivos no se pueden agrupar fácilmente en clases semánticas porque aparece una enorme y diversa cantidad de nombres de la lengua general. Esto se debe a que en este sublenguaje (y, por lo tanto, en el corpus) el dominio del subgénero se ha acotado de una forma muy amplia.

Además, tomando como punto de partida las categorías gramaticales presentes en el corpus se ha realizado la descripción de cada una de ellas, proporcionando no sólo información morfológica, sino también léxica y semántica y, en algunos casos, sintáctica y pragmática. En el plano morfológico se ha observado que no están todas las categorías presentes, pues no hay interjecciones, y en qué medida es cada una relevante en este tipo textual (abundando nombres y adjetivos, lo que demuestra el carácter descriptivo de este sublenguaje). Por otra parte, en lo que se refiere al léxico, el análisis mostraba que los anuncios de empleo tampoco tiene un carácter muy cerrado. En el corpus JadCor, no se han acotado las profesiones de las ofertas, lo que conlleva que el vocabulario permanezca relativamente abierto. Además, los sustantivos no se pueden agrupar fácilmente en clases semánticas porque aparece una enorme y diversa cantidad de nombres de la lengua general. Esto se debe a que en este sublenguaje (y, por lo tanto, en el corpus) el dominio del subgénero se ha acotado de una forma muy amplia.

También se ha visto que los anuncios de empleo puede contener incursiones personales ocasionales en los anuncios más breves (generalmente para dar énfasis e integrar al receptor) y tiene una clara tendencia a la economía expresiva, aunque no es exactamente telegráfico. De ahí que no haya un gran número de pronombres personales ni de conjunciones subordinantes (que denotaría una mayor densidad oracional), ya que la mayor parte de las oraciones son simples y la subordinación, en su mayoría temporal, concesiva y condicional.

También se ha visto que los anuncios de empleo puede contener incursiones personales ocasionales en los anuncios más breves (generalmente para dar énfasis e integrar al receptor) y tiene una clara tendencia a la economía expresiva, aunque no es exactamente telegráfico. De ahí que no haya un gran número de pronombres personales ni de conjunciones subordinantes (que denotaría una mayor densidad oracional), ya que la mayor parte de las oraciones son simples y la subordinación, en su mayoría temporal, concesiva y condicional.

En conjunto, por los resultados obtenidos en el análisis, se puede concluir que los anuncios de empleo presentan características propias de los sublenguajes: sistematicidad, economía de expresión, léxico (relativamente) cerrado, etc., lo que se pone de relevancia a través del un análisis lingüístico a partir de las categorías gramaticales del corpus JadCor de anuncios de empleo.

En conjunto, por los resultados obtenidos en el análisis, se puede concluir que los anuncios de empleo presentan características propias de los sublenguajes: sistematicidad, economía de expresión, léxico (relativamente) cerrado, etc., lo que se pone de relevancia a través del un análisis lingüístico a partir de las categorías gramaticales del corpus JadCor de anuncios de empleo.

NOTAS

NOTAS

1

1

Según Leech (1991:27), un corpus es representativo cuando los resultados obtenidos de su contenido se pueden generalizar a una entidad lingüística mayor.

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Según Leech (1991:27), un corpus es representativo cuando los resultados obtenidos de su contenido se pueden generalizar a una entidad lingüística mayor.

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Además, tomando como punto de partida las categorías gramaticales presentes en el corpus se ha realizado la descripción de cada una de ellas, proporcionando no sólo información morfológica, sino también léxica y semántica y, en algunos casos, sintáctica y pragmática. En el plano morfológico se ha observado que no están todas las categorías presentes, pues no hay interjecciones, y en qué medida es cada una relevante en este tipo textual (abundando nombres y adjetivos, lo que demuestra el carácter descriptivo de este sublenguaje). Por otra parte, en lo que se refiere al léxico, el análisis mostraba que los anuncios de empleo tampoco tiene un carácter muy cerrado. En el corpus JadCor, no se han acotado las profesiones de las ofertas, lo que conlleva que el vocabulario permanezca relativamente abierto. Además, los sustantivos no se pueden agrupar fácilmente en clases semánticas porque aparece una enorme y diversa cantidad de nombres de la lengua general. Esto se debe a que en este sublenguaje (y, por lo tanto, en el corpus) el dominio del subgénero se ha acotado de una forma muy amplia.

Además, tomando como punto de partida las categorías gramaticales presentes en el corpus se ha realizado la descripción de cada una de ellas, proporcionando no sólo información morfológica, sino también léxica y semántica y, en algunos casos, sintáctica y pragmática. En el plano morfológico se ha observado que no están todas las categorías presentes, pues no hay interjecciones, y en qué medida es cada una relevante en este tipo textual (abundando nombres y adjetivos, lo que demuestra el carácter descriptivo de este sublenguaje). Por otra parte, en lo que se refiere al léxico, el análisis mostraba que los anuncios de empleo tampoco tiene un carácter muy cerrado. En el corpus JadCor, no se han acotado las profesiones de las ofertas, lo que conlleva que el vocabulario permanezca relativamente abierto. Además, los sustantivos no se pueden agrupar fácilmente en clases semánticas porque aparece una enorme y diversa cantidad de nombres de la lengua general. Esto se debe a que en este sublenguaje (y, por lo tanto, en el corpus) el dominio del subgénero se ha acotado de una forma muy amplia.

También se ha visto que los anuncios de empleo puede contener incursiones personales ocasionales en los anuncios más breves (generalmente para dar énfasis e integrar al receptor) y tiene una clara tendencia a la economía expresiva, aunque no es exactamente telegráfico. De ahí que no haya un gran número de pronombres personales ni de conjunciones subordinantes (que denotaría una mayor densidad oracional), ya que la mayor parte de las oraciones son simples y la subordinación, en su mayoría temporal, concesiva y condicional.

También se ha visto que los anuncios de empleo puede contener incursiones personales ocasionales en los anuncios más breves (generalmente para dar énfasis e integrar al receptor) y tiene una clara tendencia a la economía expresiva, aunque no es exactamente telegráfico. De ahí que no haya un gran número de pronombres personales ni de conjunciones subordinantes (que denotaría una mayor densidad oracional), ya que la mayor parte de las oraciones son simples y la subordinación, en su mayoría temporal, concesiva y condicional.

En conjunto, por los resultados obtenidos en el análisis, se puede concluir que los anuncios de empleo presentan características propias de los sublenguajes: sistematicidad, economía de expresión, léxico (relativamente) cerrado, etc., lo que se pone de relevancia a través del un análisis lingüístico a partir de las categorías gramaticales del corpus JadCor de anuncios de empleo.

En conjunto, por los resultados obtenidos en el análisis, se puede concluir que los anuncios de empleo presentan características propias de los sublenguajes: sistematicidad, economía de expresión, léxico (relativamente) cerrado, etc., lo que se pone de relevancia a través del un análisis lingüístico a partir de las categorías gramaticales del corpus JadCor de anuncios de empleo.

NOTAS

NOTAS

1

1

Según Leech (1991:27), un corpus es representativo cuando los resultados obtenidos de su contenido se pueden generalizar a una entidad lingüística mayor.

Según Leech (1991:27), un corpus es representativo cuando los resultados obtenidos de su contenido se pueden generalizar a una entidad lingüística mayor.


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Traducimos literalmente el término privative verbs de Biber (1998), tal y como hacen González Álvarez y Pérez Guerra (2003). Evidentemente estos verbos coinciden con las categorías tradicionales de “verbos sensoriales” y “verbos cognitivos”.

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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231

Traducimos literalmente el término privative verbs de Biber (1998), tal y como hacen González Álvarez y Pérez Guerra (2003). Evidentemente estos verbos coinciden con las categorías tradicionales de “verbos sensoriales” y “verbos cognitivos”.

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Bárcena, E. 1994. Grammatical Representation of Examples on Interlingual Example-based MT. Tesis doctoral. Manchester: UMIST Biber, D. 1988. Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press González Álvarez, D. y J. Pérez Guerra. 2003. “La estadística de paseo con la Estilística o el estado de la cuestión en el análisis textual multidimensional”. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 46:131159. Kittredge, R. 2003. “Sublanguages and Controlled Languages” en R. Mitkov, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 430-448. Kittredge, R. 1987. "The Significance of Sublanguage for Automatic Translation" en S. Niremburg, ed. Machine Translation: Theoretical and Methodological Issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 59-67. Leech, G. 1991. “The state of the Art in Corpus Linguistics” en K. Aijmer y B. Altenberg, eds. English Corpus Linguistics. Studies in Honour of Jan Svartvik. London: Longman. 8-29. Lehrberger, J. 1986. “Sublanguage Analysis”. En Grishman, R. y R. Kittredge, eds. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains. Sublanguage Description and Processing. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. 19-38. Lehrberger, J. y L. Bourbeau 1988. Machine Translation. Linguistic Characteristics of MT Systems and General Methodology of Evaluation. Linguisticae Investigationes:Supplementa 15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. López Sanjuán, V. 2003. Tratamiento e identificación de sublenguajes a través de corpus electrónicos en lengua inglesa y de herramientas estándar de análisis con fines computacionales. Sin publicar. López Sanjuán, V. 2006. La identificación de sublenguajes con fines computacionales basada en corpus electrónicos en lengua inglesa y en la aplicación de herramientas de análisis y su comparación a partir del Modelo Multidimensional de Biber. Tesis doctoral. Sin publicar.

Bárcena, E. 1994. Grammatical Representation of Examples on Interlingual Example-based MT. Tesis doctoral. Manchester: UMIST Biber, D. 1988. Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press González Álvarez, D. y J. Pérez Guerra. 2003. “La estadística de paseo con la Estilística o el estado de la cuestión en el análisis textual multidimensional”. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 46:131159. Kittredge, R. 2003. “Sublanguages and Controlled Languages” en R. Mitkov, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 430-448. Kittredge, R. 1987. "The Significance of Sublanguage for Automatic Translation" en S. Niremburg, ed. Machine Translation: Theoretical and Methodological Issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 59-67. Leech, G. 1991. “The state of the Art in Corpus Linguistics” en K. Aijmer y B. Altenberg, eds. English Corpus Linguistics. Studies in Honour of Jan Svartvik. London: Longman. 8-29. Lehrberger, J. 1986. “Sublanguage Analysis”. En Grishman, R. y R. Kittredge, eds. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains. Sublanguage Description and Processing. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. 19-38. Lehrberger, J. y L. Bourbeau 1988. Machine Translation. Linguistic Characteristics of MT Systems and General Methodology of Evaluation. Linguisticae Investigationes:Supplementa 15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. López Sanjuán, V. 2003. Tratamiento e identificación de sublenguajes a través de corpus electrónicos en lengua inglesa y de herramientas estándar de análisis con fines computacionales. Sin publicar. López Sanjuán, V. 2006. La identificación de sublenguajes con fines computacionales basada en corpus electrónicos en lengua inglesa y en la aplicación de herramientas de análisis y su comparación a partir del Modelo Multidimensional de Biber. Tesis doctoral. Sin publicar.

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

Victoria López Sanjuán Caracterización de los anuncios de empleo a través de un análisis ...

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Traducimos literalmente el término privative verbs de Biber (1998), tal y como hacen González Álvarez y Pérez Guerra (2003). Evidentemente estos verbos coinciden con las categorías tradicionales de “verbos sensoriales” y “verbos cognitivos”.

2

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Traducimos literalmente el término privative verbs de Biber (1998), tal y como hacen González Álvarez y Pérez Guerra (2003). Evidentemente estos verbos coinciden con las categorías tradicionales de “verbos sensoriales” y “verbos cognitivos”.

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Bárcena, E. 1994. Grammatical Representation of Examples on Interlingual Example-based MT. Tesis doctoral. Manchester: UMIST Biber, D. 1988. Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press González Álvarez, D. y J. Pérez Guerra. 2003. “La estadística de paseo con la Estilística o el estado de la cuestión en el análisis textual multidimensional”. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 46:131159. Kittredge, R. 2003. “Sublanguages and Controlled Languages” en R. Mitkov, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 430-448. Kittredge, R. 1987. "The Significance of Sublanguage for Automatic Translation" en S. Niremburg, ed. Machine Translation: Theoretical and Methodological Issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 59-67. Leech, G. 1991. “The state of the Art in Corpus Linguistics” en K. Aijmer y B. Altenberg, eds. English Corpus Linguistics. Studies in Honour of Jan Svartvik. London: Longman. 8-29. Lehrberger, J. 1986. “Sublanguage Analysis”. En Grishman, R. y R. Kittredge, eds. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains. Sublanguage Description and Processing. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. 19-38. Lehrberger, J. y L. Bourbeau 1988. Machine Translation. Linguistic Characteristics of MT Systems and General Methodology of Evaluation. Linguisticae Investigationes:Supplementa 15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. López Sanjuán, V. 2003. Tratamiento e identificación de sublenguajes a través de corpus electrónicos en lengua inglesa y de herramientas estándar de análisis con fines computacionales. Sin publicar. López Sanjuán, V. 2006. La identificación de sublenguajes con fines computacionales basada en corpus electrónicos en lengua inglesa y en la aplicación de herramientas de análisis y su comparación a partir del Modelo Multidimensional de Biber. Tesis doctoral. Sin publicar.

Bárcena, E. 1994. Grammatical Representation of Examples on Interlingual Example-based MT. Tesis doctoral. Manchester: UMIST Biber, D. 1988. Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press González Álvarez, D. y J. Pérez Guerra. 2003. “La estadística de paseo con la Estilística o el estado de la cuestión en el análisis textual multidimensional”. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 46:131159. Kittredge, R. 2003. “Sublanguages and Controlled Languages” en R. Mitkov, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 430-448. Kittredge, R. 1987. "The Significance of Sublanguage for Automatic Translation" en S. Niremburg, ed. Machine Translation: Theoretical and Methodological Issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 59-67. Leech, G. 1991. “The state of the Art in Corpus Linguistics” en K. Aijmer y B. Altenberg, eds. English Corpus Linguistics. Studies in Honour of Jan Svartvik. London: Longman. 8-29. Lehrberger, J. 1986. “Sublanguage Analysis”. En Grishman, R. y R. Kittredge, eds. Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains. Sublanguage Description and Processing. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. 19-38. Lehrberger, J. y L. Bourbeau 1988. Machine Translation. Linguistic Characteristics of MT Systems and General Methodology of Evaluation. Linguisticae Investigationes:Supplementa 15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. López Sanjuán, V. 2003. Tratamiento e identificación de sublenguajes a través de corpus electrónicos en lengua inglesa y de herramientas estándar de análisis con fines computacionales. Sin publicar. López Sanjuán, V. 2006. La identificación de sublenguajes con fines computacionales basada en corpus electrónicos en lengua inglesa y en la aplicación de herramientas de análisis y su comparación a partir del Modelo Multidimensional de Biber. Tesis doctoral. Sin publicar.


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Moskovich, W. 1982. "What is a sublanguage? The notion of sublanguage in modern Soviet Linguistics" en R. Kittredge y J. Lehrberger, eds. Sublanguages. Studies of Language in Restricted Semantic Domains. Berlín: Walter de Gruyter. 191-205. Somers, H, B. Black, J. Nivre, T. Lager, A. Multari, L. Gilardoni, J. Ellman y Alex Rogers 1997. “Multilingual generation and summarization of job adverts: the TREE project”. Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing. Washington. 269-276. Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech y J. Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman.

Moskovich, W. 1982. "What is a sublanguage? The notion of sublanguage in modern Soviet Linguistics" en R. Kittredge y J. Lehrberger, eds. Sublanguages. Studies of Language in Restricted Semantic Domains. Berlín: Walter de Gruyter. 191-205. Somers, H, B. Black, J. Nivre, T. Lager, A. Multari, L. Gilardoni, J. Ellman y Alex Rogers 1997. “Multilingual generation and summarization of job adverts: the TREE project”. Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing. Washington. 269-276. Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech y J. Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman.

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Moskovich, W. 1982. "What is a sublanguage? The notion of sublanguage in modern Soviet Linguistics" en R. Kittredge y J. Lehrberger, eds. Sublanguages. Studies of Language in Restricted Semantic Domains. Berlín: Walter de Gruyter. 191-205. Somers, H, B. Black, J. Nivre, T. Lager, A. Multari, L. Gilardoni, J. Ellman y Alex Rogers 1997. “Multilingual generation and summarization of job adverts: the TREE project”. Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing. Washington. 269-276. Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech y J. Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman.

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Moskovich, W. 1982. "What is a sublanguage? The notion of sublanguage in modern Soviet Linguistics" en R. Kittredge y J. Lehrberger, eds. Sublanguages. Studies of Language in Restricted Semantic Domains. Berlín: Walter de Gruyter. 191-205. Somers, H, B. Black, J. Nivre, T. Lager, A. Multari, L. Gilardoni, J. Ellman y Alex Rogers 1997. “Multilingual generation and summarization of job adverts: the TREE project”. Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing. Washington. 269-276. Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech y J. Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman.


Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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HISTORIA Y TRADICIÓN EN LA ENSEÑANZA Y APRENDIZAJE DE LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS EN EUROPA (V): EDAD MEDIA LAS OTRAS LENGUAS, VERNÁCULAS, SAPIENCIALES Y RELIGIOSAS* Mª José Corvo Sánchez Universidad de Vigo mcorvo@uvigo.es

HISTORIA Y TRADICIÓN EN LA ENSEÑANZA Y APRENDIZAJE DE LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS EN EUROPA (V): EDAD MEDIA LAS OTRAS LENGUAS, VERNÁCULAS, SAPIENCIALES Y RELIGIOSAS* Mª José Corvo Sánchez Universidad de Vigo mcorvo@uvigo.es

In the field of foreign language teaching in Europe there are three aspects that must be taken into account when we refer in specific terms to the Middle Ages: the teaching of Latin, the vernacular languages and the other written, sacred and sapiential languages.

In the field of foreign language teaching in Europe there are three aspects that must be taken into account when we refer in specific terms to the Middle Ages: the teaching of Latin, the vernacular languages and the other written, sacred and sapiential languages.

The first of these aspects was treated in the previous issue of Babel and the current article is concerned with the latter ones as a way to complete and conclude the great historical moment of Middle Ages within the History of foreign language teaching in Europe, characterized, as is already known, by the languages of religion and science, and the first accounts in the history of the teaching of modern languages as foreign ones.

The first of these aspects was treated in the previous issue of Babel and the current article is concerned with the latter ones as a way to complete and conclude the great historical moment of Middle Ages within the History of foreign language teaching in Europe, characterized, as is already known, by the languages of religion and science, and the first accounts in the history of the teaching of modern languages as foreign ones.

Key words: teaching and learning, foreign languages, history and tradition, Middle Ages.

Key words: teaching and learning, foreign languages, history and tradition, Middle Ages.

En la Edad Media tres son los aspectos que deben ser considerados en el ámbito de la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras: la enseñanza del latín, las lenguas vernáculas y las otras lenguas escritas, sagradas y sapienciales.

En la Edad Media tres son los aspectos que deben ser considerados en el ámbito de la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras: la enseñanza del latín, las lenguas vernáculas y las otras lenguas escritas, sagradas y sapienciales.

Del primero de ellos se trató en las páginas correspondientes del número anterior de esta revista; los otros dos son el tema central de este artículo, el cual, como continuación de aquel, se ocupa de completar y de concluir el gran momento histórico que la Edad Media constituye dentro de la Historia de la Didáctica de Lenguas Extranjeras en Europa, protagonizado, como

Del primero de ellos se trató en las páginas correspondientes del número anterior de esta revista; los otros dos son el tema central de este artículo, el cual, como continuación de aquel, se ocupa de completar y de concluir el gran momento histórico que la Edad Media constituye dentro de la Historia de la Didáctica de Lenguas Extranjeras en Europa, protagonizado, como

* Fecha de recepción: enero 2008

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

233

* Fecha de recepción: enero 2008

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

233

HISTORIA Y TRADICIÓN EN LA ENSEÑANZA Y APRENDIZAJE DE LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS EN EUROPA (V): EDAD MEDIA LAS OTRAS LENGUAS, VERNÁCULAS, SAPIENCIALES Y RELIGIOSAS* Mª José Corvo Sánchez Universidad de Vigo mcorvo@uvigo.es

HISTORIA Y TRADICIÓN EN LA ENSEÑANZA Y APRENDIZAJE DE LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS EN EUROPA (V): EDAD MEDIA LAS OTRAS LENGUAS, VERNÁCULAS, SAPIENCIALES Y RELIGIOSAS* Mª José Corvo Sánchez Universidad de Vigo mcorvo@uvigo.es

In the field of foreign language teaching in Europe there are three aspects that must be taken into account when we refer in specific terms to the Middle Ages: the teaching of Latin, the vernacular languages and the other written, sacred and sapiential languages.

In the field of foreign language teaching in Europe there are three aspects that must be taken into account when we refer in specific terms to the Middle Ages: the teaching of Latin, the vernacular languages and the other written, sacred and sapiential languages.

The first of these aspects was treated in the previous issue of Babel and the current article is concerned with the latter ones as a way to complete and conclude the great historical moment of Middle Ages within the History of foreign language teaching in Europe, characterized, as is already known, by the languages of religion and science, and the first accounts in the history of the teaching of modern languages as foreign ones.

The first of these aspects was treated in the previous issue of Babel and the current article is concerned with the latter ones as a way to complete and conclude the great historical moment of Middle Ages within the History of foreign language teaching in Europe, characterized, as is already known, by the languages of religion and science, and the first accounts in the history of the teaching of modern languages as foreign ones.

Key words: teaching and learning, foreign languages, history and tradition, Middle Ages.

Key words: teaching and learning, foreign languages, history and tradition, Middle Ages.

En la Edad Media tres son los aspectos que deben ser considerados en el ámbito de la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras: la enseñanza del latín, las lenguas vernáculas y las otras lenguas escritas, sagradas y sapienciales.

En la Edad Media tres son los aspectos que deben ser considerados en el ámbito de la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras: la enseñanza del latín, las lenguas vernáculas y las otras lenguas escritas, sagradas y sapienciales.

Del primero de ellos se trató en las páginas correspondientes del número anterior de esta revista; los otros dos son el tema central de este artículo, el cual, como continuación de aquel, se ocupa de completar y de concluir el gran momento histórico que la Edad Media constituye dentro de la Historia de la Didáctica de Lenguas Extranjeras en Europa, protagonizado, como

Del primero de ellos se trató en las páginas correspondientes del número anterior de esta revista; los otros dos son el tema central de este artículo, el cual, como continuación de aquel, se ocupa de completar y de concluir el gran momento histórico que la Edad Media constituye dentro de la Historia de la Didáctica de Lenguas Extranjeras en Europa, protagonizado, como

* Fecha de recepción: enero 2008

* Fecha de recepción: enero 2008


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decimos, por las lenguas de la religión y de la ciencia y por los primeros testimonios en la Historia de la didáctica de las lenguas modernas como extranjeras.

decimos, por las lenguas de la religión y de la ciencia y por los primeros testimonios en la Historia de la didáctica de las lenguas modernas como extranjeras.

Palabras clave: enseñanza y aprendizaje, lenguas extranjeras, historia y tradición, Edad Media.

Palabras clave: enseñanza y aprendizaje, lenguas extranjeras, historia y tradición, Edad Media.

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

En el número anterior de esta revista empezamos a ocuparnos del gran momento histórico que es la Edad Media en la Historia de la Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras en Europa; por eso este trabajo debe considerarse la continuación de aquel y, con ello, como un nuevo paso en nuestro relato sobre la historia de esta disciplina, iniciado en el número trece y continuado ininterrumpidamente desde entonces en los números subsiguientes de esta revista.i

En el número anterior de esta revista empezamos a ocuparnos del gran momento histórico que es la Edad Media en la Historia de la Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras en Europa; por eso este trabajo debe considerarse la continuación de aquel y, con ello, como un nuevo paso en nuestro relato sobre la historia de esta disciplina, iniciado en el número trece y continuado ininterrumpidamente desde entonces en los números subsiguientes de esta revista.i

Como tuvimos ocasión de ver entonces, sabemos que el latín es la única lengua que se aprende y que se enseña en toda Europa a lo largo de la Edad Media como lengua extranjera y que junto a él también se da la necesidad o empieza a ser útil aprender otras lenguas: las maternas europeas y las otras lenguas de la religión y de la ciencia, es decir, el hebreo, el griego y el árabe.

Como tuvimos ocasión de ver entonces, sabemos que el latín es la única lengua que se aprende y que se enseña en toda Europa a lo largo de la Edad Media como lengua extranjera y que junto a él también se da la necesidad o empieza a ser útil aprender otras lenguas: las maternas europeas y las otras lenguas de la religión y de la ciencia, es decir, el hebreo, el griego y el árabe.

Las maternas son las lenguas vernáculas y constituyen el medio de expresión empleado para el desarrollo de la vida cotidiana. Su uso en el proceso de adquisición del latín, fundamentalmente en el nivel básico, en el que se recurre a la traducción como apoyo de estudio, despierta el interés sobre su alfabetización y normalización, un interés que termina materializándose en la aparición de los primeros tratados y manuales gramaticales y lexicográficos de las nuevas lenguas nacionales del Occidente europeo, concebidos según sus modelos latinos y destinados en primera instancia a facilitar la instrucción de la lengua latina y al aprendizaje de las nuevas lenguas europeas como extranjeras.

Las maternas son las lenguas vernáculas y constituyen el medio de expresión empleado para el desarrollo de la vida cotidiana. Su uso en el proceso de adquisición del latín, fundamentalmente en el nivel básico, en el que se recurre a la traducción como apoyo de estudio, despierta el interés sobre su alfabetización y normalización, un interés que termina materializándose en la aparición de los primeros tratados y manuales gramaticales y lexicográficos de las nuevas lenguas nacionales del Occidente europeo, concebidos según sus modelos latinos y destinados en primera instancia a facilitar la instrucción de la lengua latina y al aprendizaje de las nuevas lenguas europeas como extranjeras.

Las demás son las lenguas sapienciales, de la liturgia y de la cultura: junto al latín, también a través del griego y del hebreo se llega al saber de los textos religiosos, a la sabiduría de los profetas y a la

Las demás son las lenguas sapienciales, de la liturgia y de la cultura: junto al latín, también a través del griego y del hebreo se llega al saber de los textos religiosos, a la sabiduría de los profetas y a la

234

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

decimos, por las lenguas de la religión y de la ciencia y por los primeros testimonios en la Historia de la didáctica de las lenguas modernas como extranjeras.

decimos, por las lenguas de la religión y de la ciencia y por los primeros testimonios en la Historia de la didáctica de las lenguas modernas como extranjeras.

Palabras clave: enseñanza y aprendizaje, lenguas extranjeras, historia y tradición, Edad Media.

Palabras clave: enseñanza y aprendizaje, lenguas extranjeras, historia y tradición, Edad Media.

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

1. INTRODUCCIÓN

En el número anterior de esta revista empezamos a ocuparnos del gran momento histórico que es la Edad Media en la Historia de la Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras en Europa; por eso este trabajo debe considerarse la continuación de aquel y, con ello, como un nuevo paso en nuestro relato sobre la historia de esta disciplina, iniciado en el número trece y continuado ininterrumpidamente desde entonces en los números subsiguientes de esta revista.i

En el número anterior de esta revista empezamos a ocuparnos del gran momento histórico que es la Edad Media en la Historia de la Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras en Europa; por eso este trabajo debe considerarse la continuación de aquel y, con ello, como un nuevo paso en nuestro relato sobre la historia de esta disciplina, iniciado en el número trece y continuado ininterrumpidamente desde entonces en los números subsiguientes de esta revista.i

Como tuvimos ocasión de ver entonces, sabemos que el latín es la única lengua que se aprende y que se enseña en toda Europa a lo largo de la Edad Media como lengua extranjera y que junto a él también se da la necesidad o empieza a ser útil aprender otras lenguas: las maternas europeas y las otras lenguas de la religión y de la ciencia, es decir, el hebreo, el griego y el árabe.

Como tuvimos ocasión de ver entonces, sabemos que el latín es la única lengua que se aprende y que se enseña en toda Europa a lo largo de la Edad Media como lengua extranjera y que junto a él también se da la necesidad o empieza a ser útil aprender otras lenguas: las maternas europeas y las otras lenguas de la religión y de la ciencia, es decir, el hebreo, el griego y el árabe.

Las maternas son las lenguas vernáculas y constituyen el medio de expresión empleado para el desarrollo de la vida cotidiana. Su uso en el proceso de adquisición del latín, fundamentalmente en el nivel básico, en el que se recurre a la traducción como apoyo de estudio, despierta el interés sobre su alfabetización y normalización, un interés que termina materializándose en la aparición de los primeros tratados y manuales gramaticales y lexicográficos de las nuevas lenguas nacionales del Occidente europeo, concebidos según sus modelos latinos y destinados en primera instancia a facilitar la instrucción de la lengua latina y al aprendizaje de las nuevas lenguas europeas como extranjeras.

Las maternas son las lenguas vernáculas y constituyen el medio de expresión empleado para el desarrollo de la vida cotidiana. Su uso en el proceso de adquisición del latín, fundamentalmente en el nivel básico, en el que se recurre a la traducción como apoyo de estudio, despierta el interés sobre su alfabetización y normalización, un interés que termina materializándose en la aparición de los primeros tratados y manuales gramaticales y lexicográficos de las nuevas lenguas nacionales del Occidente europeo, concebidos según sus modelos latinos y destinados en primera instancia a facilitar la instrucción de la lengua latina y al aprendizaje de las nuevas lenguas europeas como extranjeras.

Las demás son las lenguas sapienciales, de la liturgia y de la cultura: junto al latín, también a través del griego y del hebreo se llega al saber de los textos religiosos, a la sabiduría de los profetas y a la

Las demás son las lenguas sapienciales, de la liturgia y de la cultura: junto al latín, también a través del griego y del hebreo se llega al saber de los textos religiosos, a la sabiduría de los profetas y a la


Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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tradición de la Iglesia y junto a todas ellas, como lenguas escritas, también a través del árabe se llega en Europa al conocimiento religioso, filosófico y científico antiguo, siendo por ello dignas de ser enseñadas y aprendidas como lenguas extrañas o extranjeras.

tradición de la Iglesia y junto a todas ellas, como lenguas escritas, también a través del árabe se llega en Europa al conocimiento religioso, filosófico y científico antiguo, siendo por ello dignas de ser enseñadas y aprendidas como lenguas extrañas o extranjeras.

De la enseñanza y del aprendizaje de todas ellas es de lo que nos ocuparemos en las siguientes páginas, en las que de forma concreta centraremos nuestra atención en los manuales para aprender las lenguas vernáculas extranjeras, en primer lugar, y en el aprendizaje de las otras lenguas escritas, sagradas y sapienciales, en segundo lugar.

De la enseñanza y del aprendizaje de todas ellas es de lo que nos ocuparemos en las siguientes páginas, en las que de forma concreta centraremos nuestra atención en los manuales para aprender las lenguas vernáculas extranjeras, en primer lugar, y en el aprendizaje de las otras lenguas escritas, sagradas y sapienciales, en segundo lugar.

2. MANUALES PARA APRENDER LAS LENGUAS VERNÁCULAS EXTRANJERAS

2. MANUALES PARA APRENDER LAS LENGUAS VERNÁCULAS EXTRANJERAS

En los siglos VII y VIII, Europa occidental era una región políticamente fragmentada y con una economía principalmente local y rural. Esta región, sostenida sobre un paisaje configurado por pequeñas casas en el campo sin contacto con el mundo exterior, era capaz de abarcar dos grandes áreas culturales, la germánica y la romance, en las que existía una lengua estandarizada escrita usada por una pequeña élite culta y un gran número de formas de lenguas habladas locales, afines entre sí las más cercanas, que no dificultaban la comunicación entre los diferentes pueblos.

En los siglos VII y VIII, Europa occidental era una región políticamente fragmentada y con una economía principalmente local y rural. Esta región, sostenida sobre un paisaje configurado por pequeñas casas en el campo sin contacto con el mundo exterior, era capaz de abarcar dos grandes áreas culturales, la germánica y la romance, en las que existía una lengua estandarizada escrita usada por una pequeña élite culta y un gran número de formas de lenguas habladas locales, afines entre sí las más cercanas, que no dificultaban la comunicación entre los diferentes pueblos.

A esto último se refiere Richter con las siguientes palabras: “The Romance languages, derived from Latin, were still so closely related to one another that, in the late 8th century, it was easy for an Italian speaker to understand a Spaniard. The situation must have been similar within the Western Germanic languages. It would appear that the Anglo-Saxon mission among the Germanic peoples on the continent was greatly facilitated by the close affinity between the Anglo-Saxon and the Old Saxon languages. Missionaries from England could make themselves understood in Germany fairly easy. Likewise, Constantine and Methodius, the Byzantine missionaries in 9 thcentury Moravia and Pannonia, brought up in Salonika speaking Greek and a Southern Slav dialect, had no difficulties in making themselves understood in Central Europe where Western Slav dialects were spoken.” (1980: 211-2)

A esto último se refiere Richter con las siguientes palabras: “The Romance languages, derived from Latin, were still so closely related to one another that, in the late 8th century, it was easy for an Italian speaker to understand a Spaniard. The situation must have been similar within the Western Germanic languages. It would appear that the Anglo-Saxon mission among the Germanic peoples on the continent was greatly facilitated by the close affinity between the Anglo-Saxon and the Old Saxon languages. Missionaries from England could make themselves understood in Germany fairly easy. Likewise, Constantine and Methodius, the Byzantine missionaries in 9 thcentury Moravia and Pannonia, brought up in Salonika speaking Greek and a Southern Slav dialect, had no difficulties in making themselves understood in Central Europe where Western Slav dialects were spoken.” (1980: 211-2)

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tradición de la Iglesia y junto a todas ellas, como lenguas escritas, también a través del árabe se llega en Europa al conocimiento religioso, filosófico y científico antiguo, siendo por ello dignas de ser enseñadas y aprendidas como lenguas extrañas o extranjeras.

tradición de la Iglesia y junto a todas ellas, como lenguas escritas, también a través del árabe se llega en Europa al conocimiento religioso, filosófico y científico antiguo, siendo por ello dignas de ser enseñadas y aprendidas como lenguas extrañas o extranjeras.

De la enseñanza y del aprendizaje de todas ellas es de lo que nos ocuparemos en las siguientes páginas, en las que de forma concreta centraremos nuestra atención en los manuales para aprender las lenguas vernáculas extranjeras, en primer lugar, y en el aprendizaje de las otras lenguas escritas, sagradas y sapienciales, en segundo lugar.

De la enseñanza y del aprendizaje de todas ellas es de lo que nos ocuparemos en las siguientes páginas, en las que de forma concreta centraremos nuestra atención en los manuales para aprender las lenguas vernáculas extranjeras, en primer lugar, y en el aprendizaje de las otras lenguas escritas, sagradas y sapienciales, en segundo lugar.

2. MANUALES PARA APRENDER LAS LENGUAS VERNÁCULAS EXTRANJERAS

2. MANUALES PARA APRENDER LAS LENGUAS VERNÁCULAS EXTRANJERAS

En los siglos VII y VIII, Europa occidental era una región políticamente fragmentada y con una economía principalmente local y rural. Esta región, sostenida sobre un paisaje configurado por pequeñas casas en el campo sin contacto con el mundo exterior, era capaz de abarcar dos grandes áreas culturales, la germánica y la romance, en las que existía una lengua estandarizada escrita usada por una pequeña élite culta y un gran número de formas de lenguas habladas locales, afines entre sí las más cercanas, que no dificultaban la comunicación entre los diferentes pueblos.

En los siglos VII y VIII, Europa occidental era una región políticamente fragmentada y con una economía principalmente local y rural. Esta región, sostenida sobre un paisaje configurado por pequeñas casas en el campo sin contacto con el mundo exterior, era capaz de abarcar dos grandes áreas culturales, la germánica y la romance, en las que existía una lengua estandarizada escrita usada por una pequeña élite culta y un gran número de formas de lenguas habladas locales, afines entre sí las más cercanas, que no dificultaban la comunicación entre los diferentes pueblos.

A esto último se refiere Richter con las siguientes palabras: “The Romance languages, derived from Latin, were still so closely related to one another that, in the late 8th century, it was easy for an Italian speaker to understand a Spaniard. The situation must have been similar within the Western Germanic languages. It would appear that the Anglo-Saxon mission among the Germanic peoples on the continent was greatly facilitated by the close affinity between the Anglo-Saxon and the Old Saxon languages. Missionaries from England could make themselves understood in Germany fairly easy. Likewise, Constantine and Methodius, the Byzantine missionaries in 9 thcentury Moravia and Pannonia, brought up in Salonika speaking Greek and a Southern Slav dialect, had no difficulties in making themselves understood in Central Europe where Western Slav dialects were spoken.” (1980: 211-2)

A esto último se refiere Richter con las siguientes palabras: “The Romance languages, derived from Latin, were still so closely related to one another that, in the late 8th century, it was easy for an Italian speaker to understand a Spaniard. The situation must have been similar within the Western Germanic languages. It would appear that the Anglo-Saxon mission among the Germanic peoples on the continent was greatly facilitated by the close affinity between the Anglo-Saxon and the Old Saxon languages. Missionaries from England could make themselves understood in Germany fairly easy. Likewise, Constantine and Methodius, the Byzantine missionaries in 9 thcentury Moravia and Pannonia, brought up in Salonika speaking Greek and a Southern Slav dialect, had no difficulties in making themselves understood in Central Europe where Western Slav dialects were spoken.” (1980: 211-2)


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Y así, bien fuera debido a la situación habitual de desarrollo, que tenía lugar en permanente estado de contacto en zonas de comunidades lingüísticas mezcladas, bien a la supuesta familiaridad o al presumible conocimiento de éstas por parte de los miembros de los diferentes grupos lingüísticos que convivían en dichas comunidades – como podemos suponer en casos tales como la situación del árabe en España o del griego en el sur de Italia, debido a la existencia en ambas zonas de comunidades bilingües–, o bien al hecho de que estas lenguas laicas, a diferencia de lo que sucedía con el latín, no figuraban en el programa de estudios escolar en la Edad Media, lo cierto es que no contamos con testimonios precisos sobre el estudio de muchas de estas primeras lenguas del Occidente europeo y que este vacío documental nos permite saber lamentablemente muy poco de cómo se aprendían, aún tratándose, en casos particulares, de las lenguas más importantes probablemente de determinadas zonas, como pudieron serlo el italiano y el catalán —junto con el griego— en el espacio comercial mediterráneo o el alemán como la lengua dirigente en las relaciones comerciales entre las ciudades del sur de Alemania e Italia, lo que da fe de la prosperidad económica alemana en los últimos años de la Edad Media.ii

Y así, bien fuera debido a la situación habitual de desarrollo, que tenía lugar en permanente estado de contacto en zonas de comunidades lingüísticas mezcladas, bien a la supuesta familiaridad o al presumible conocimiento de éstas por parte de los miembros de los diferentes grupos lingüísticos que convivían en dichas comunidades – como podemos suponer en casos tales como la situación del árabe en España o del griego en el sur de Italia, debido a la existencia en ambas zonas de comunidades bilingües–, o bien al hecho de que estas lenguas laicas, a diferencia de lo que sucedía con el latín, no figuraban en el programa de estudios escolar en la Edad Media, lo cierto es que no contamos con testimonios precisos sobre el estudio de muchas de estas primeras lenguas del Occidente europeo y que este vacío documental nos permite saber lamentablemente muy poco de cómo se aprendían, aún tratándose, en casos particulares, de las lenguas más importantes probablemente de determinadas zonas, como pudieron serlo el italiano y el catalán —junto con el griego— en el espacio comercial mediterráneo o el alemán como la lengua dirigente en las relaciones comerciales entre las ciudades del sur de Alemania e Italia, lo que da fe de la prosperidad económica alemana en los últimos años de la Edad Media.ii

Con el paso del tiempo, sin embargo, la situación difiere enormemente de lo acontecido en los primeros siglos de la Edad Media en la gran comunidad occidental, donde las fronteras lingüísticas no imposibilitaban la comunicación entre miembros de procedencia distinta y más avanzado este periodo se hace necesario aprender otras lenguas al viajar a un país con una lengua vernácula diferente a la propia.

Con el paso del tiempo, sin embargo, la situación difiere enormemente de lo acontecido en los primeros siglos de la Edad Media en la gran comunidad occidental, donde las fronteras lingüísticas no imposibilitaban la comunicación entre miembros de procedencia distinta y más avanzado este periodo se hace necesario aprender otras lenguas al viajar a un país con una lengua vernácula diferente a la propia.

2.1. Primeros ‘auxilios lingüísticos’: Vocabularios y modelos de conversación

2.1. Primeros ‘auxilios lingüísticos’: Vocabularios y modelos de conversación

Dos son las causas más frecuentes que impulsan los desplazamientos en el medievo occidental: los negocios y las peregrinaciones. Y en este contexto es donde encontramos los primeros ‘auxilios lingüísticos’ prácticos diseñados a modo de vocabularios y modelos de conversación para subvenir a las necesidades más urgentes del viajero.

Dos son las causas más frecuentes que impulsan los desplazamientos en el medievo occidental: los negocios y las peregrinaciones. Y en este contexto es donde encontramos los primeros ‘auxilios lingüísticos’ prácticos diseñados a modo de vocabularios y modelos de conversación para subvenir a las necesidades más urgentes del viajero.

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Y así, bien fuera debido a la situación habitual de desarrollo, que tenía lugar en permanente estado de contacto en zonas de comunidades lingüísticas mezcladas, bien a la supuesta familiaridad o al presumible conocimiento de éstas por parte de los miembros de los diferentes grupos lingüísticos que convivían en dichas comunidades – como podemos suponer en casos tales como la situación del árabe en España o del griego en el sur de Italia, debido a la existencia en ambas zonas de comunidades bilingües–, o bien al hecho de que estas lenguas laicas, a diferencia de lo que sucedía con el latín, no figuraban en el programa de estudios escolar en la Edad Media, lo cierto es que no contamos con testimonios precisos sobre el estudio de muchas de estas primeras lenguas del Occidente europeo y que este vacío documental nos permite saber lamentablemente muy poco de cómo se aprendían, aún tratándose, en casos particulares, de las lenguas más importantes probablemente de determinadas zonas, como pudieron serlo el italiano y el catalán —junto con el griego— en el espacio comercial mediterráneo o el alemán como la lengua dirigente en las relaciones comerciales entre las ciudades del sur de Alemania e Italia, lo que da fe de la prosperidad económica alemana en los últimos años de la Edad Media.ii

Y así, bien fuera debido a la situación habitual de desarrollo, que tenía lugar en permanente estado de contacto en zonas de comunidades lingüísticas mezcladas, bien a la supuesta familiaridad o al presumible conocimiento de éstas por parte de los miembros de los diferentes grupos lingüísticos que convivían en dichas comunidades – como podemos suponer en casos tales como la situación del árabe en España o del griego en el sur de Italia, debido a la existencia en ambas zonas de comunidades bilingües–, o bien al hecho de que estas lenguas laicas, a diferencia de lo que sucedía con el latín, no figuraban en el programa de estudios escolar en la Edad Media, lo cierto es que no contamos con testimonios precisos sobre el estudio de muchas de estas primeras lenguas del Occidente europeo y que este vacío documental nos permite saber lamentablemente muy poco de cómo se aprendían, aún tratándose, en casos particulares, de las lenguas más importantes probablemente de determinadas zonas, como pudieron serlo el italiano y el catalán —junto con el griego— en el espacio comercial mediterráneo o el alemán como la lengua dirigente en las relaciones comerciales entre las ciudades del sur de Alemania e Italia, lo que da fe de la prosperidad económica alemana en los últimos años de la Edad Media.ii

Con el paso del tiempo, sin embargo, la situación difiere enormemente de lo acontecido en los primeros siglos de la Edad Media en la gran comunidad occidental, donde las fronteras lingüísticas no imposibilitaban la comunicación entre miembros de procedencia distinta y más avanzado este periodo se hace necesario aprender otras lenguas al viajar a un país con una lengua vernácula diferente a la propia.

Con el paso del tiempo, sin embargo, la situación difiere enormemente de lo acontecido en los primeros siglos de la Edad Media en la gran comunidad occidental, donde las fronteras lingüísticas no imposibilitaban la comunicación entre miembros de procedencia distinta y más avanzado este periodo se hace necesario aprender otras lenguas al viajar a un país con una lengua vernácula diferente a la propia.

2.1. Primeros ‘auxilios lingüísticos’: Vocabularios y modelos de conversación Dos son las causas más frecuentes que impulsan los desplazamientos en el medievo occidental: los negocios y las peregrinaciones. Y en este contexto es donde encontramos los primeros ‘auxilios lingüísticos’ prácticos diseñados a modo de vocabularios y modelos de conversación para subvenir a las necesidades más urgentes del viajero.

2.1. Primeros ‘auxilios lingüísticos’: Vocabularios y modelos de conversación Dos son las causas más frecuentes que impulsan los desplazamientos en el medievo occidental: los negocios y las peregrinaciones. Y en este contexto es donde encontramos los primeros ‘auxilios lingüísticos’ prácticos diseñados a modo de vocabularios y modelos de conversación para subvenir a las necesidades más urgentes del viajero.


Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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Tal es el caso de las denominadas Altdeutsche Gespräche del siglo IX, compuestas para los francos occidentales hablantes de una lengua románica que viajaban a Alemania. De una manera muy simple incluyen cuestiones referidas al país y al hogar, al trato con los sirvientes y a los negocios, tales como: “Guane cumet ger, brotho, idest: unde venis, frater.”, “Erro, e guille trenchen, idest: ego volo bibere.”, “Buzze mine sco, idest: emenda meam cabattam.” (Bischoff 1961: 217)iii

Tal es el caso de las denominadas Altdeutsche Gespräche del siglo IX, compuestas para los francos occidentales hablantes de una lengua románica que viajaban a Alemania. De una manera muy simple incluyen cuestiones referidas al país y al hogar, al trato con los sirvientes y a los negocios, tales como: “Guane cumet ger, brotho, idest: unde venis, frater.”, “Erro, e guille trenchen, idest: ego volo bibere.”, “Buzze mine sco, idest: emenda meam cabattam.” (Bischoff 1961: 217)iii

Otro interesante documento ilustrativo lo constituye un vocabulario confeccionado en el siglo X que atestigua el viaje de un italiano a territorios de habla griega. Se trata de un registro de palabras en italiano y griego vulgariv agrupadas en torno a diferentes temas cotidianos, tales como las partes del cuerpo humano, las telas, los animales, las herramientas o los días de la semana.

Otro interesante documento ilustrativo lo constituye un vocabulario confeccionado en el siglo X que atestigua el viaje de un italiano a territorios de habla griega. Se trata de un registro de palabras en italiano y griego vulgariv agrupadas en torno a diferentes temas cotidianos, tales como las partes del cuerpo humano, las telas, los animales, las herramientas o los días de la semana.

Dentro del entorno de los viajes de peregrinación, merece la pena mencionar los vocabularios intercalados en obras de carácter más religioso que lingüístico, como, por ejemplo, el compendio de quince palabras en vasco y en latín insertado en la guía del peregrino a Santiago de Compostela que forma parte del Liber Calixtinusv, el código oficial del culto al Santo de 1139 aproximadamente, o el largo vocabulario alfabético árabe-alemán hallado en un manuscrito de la biblioteca palatina de Heidelberg.vi

Dentro del entorno de los viajes de peregrinación, merece la pena mencionar los vocabularios intercalados en obras de carácter más religioso que lingüístico, como, por ejemplo, el compendio de quince palabras en vasco y en latín insertado en la guía del peregrino a Santiago de Compostela que forma parte del Liber Calixtinusv, el código oficial del culto al Santo de 1139 aproximadamente, o el largo vocabulario alfabético árabe-alemán hallado en un manuscrito de la biblioteca palatina de Heidelberg.vi

2.2. La lengua de Oc: Primeras gramáticas

2.2. La lengua de Oc: Primeras gramáticas

En lo referente a la enseñanza formal de estas lenguas, el primer testimonio con el que contamos, ya en el siglo XIII, es el de la lengua de los trovadoresvii, quienes, reconociendo la validez de los diferentes dialectos en consonancia con la diversidad de los géneros, como lo hicieran los antiguos dramaturgos griegos, a finales de este siglo consiguieron extender su lengua por las cortes reales y principados, convirtiéndola en la primera lengua de cultura europea y sentando con ello las bases para el predominio sustentado con posterioridad por el francés como lengua diplomática. (Cf. Kelly 1976: 366)

En lo referente a la enseñanza formal de estas lenguas, el primer testimonio con el que contamos, ya en el siglo XIII, es el de la lengua de los trovadoresvii, quienes, reconociendo la validez de los diferentes dialectos en consonancia con la diversidad de los géneros, como lo hicieran los antiguos dramaturgos griegos, a finales de este siglo consiguieron extender su lengua por las cortes reales y principados, convirtiéndola en la primera lengua de cultura europea y sentando con ello las bases para el predominio sustentado con posterioridad por el francés como lengua diplomática. (Cf. Kelly 1976: 366)

Y así, las primeras gramáticas en lengua romance se realizan en provenzal a partir del siglo XII a modo de tratados gramático-literarios

Y así, las primeras gramáticas en lengua romance se realizan en provenzal a partir del siglo XII a modo de tratados gramático-literarios

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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Tal es el caso de las denominadas Altdeutsche Gespräche del siglo IX, compuestas para los francos occidentales hablantes de una lengua románica que viajaban a Alemania. De una manera muy simple incluyen cuestiones referidas al país y al hogar, al trato con los sirvientes y a los negocios, tales como: “Guane cumet ger, brotho, idest: unde venis, frater.”, “Erro, e guille trenchen, idest: ego volo bibere.”, “Buzze mine sco, idest: emenda meam cabattam.” (Bischoff 1961: 217)iii

Tal es el caso de las denominadas Altdeutsche Gespräche del siglo IX, compuestas para los francos occidentales hablantes de una lengua románica que viajaban a Alemania. De una manera muy simple incluyen cuestiones referidas al país y al hogar, al trato con los sirvientes y a los negocios, tales como: “Guane cumet ger, brotho, idest: unde venis, frater.”, “Erro, e guille trenchen, idest: ego volo bibere.”, “Buzze mine sco, idest: emenda meam cabattam.” (Bischoff 1961: 217)iii

Otro interesante documento ilustrativo lo constituye un vocabulario confeccionado en el siglo X que atestigua el viaje de un italiano a territorios de habla griega. Se trata de un registro de palabras en italiano y griego vulgariv agrupadas en torno a diferentes temas cotidianos, tales como las partes del cuerpo humano, las telas, los animales, las herramientas o los días de la semana.

Otro interesante documento ilustrativo lo constituye un vocabulario confeccionado en el siglo X que atestigua el viaje de un italiano a territorios de habla griega. Se trata de un registro de palabras en italiano y griego vulgariv agrupadas en torno a diferentes temas cotidianos, tales como las partes del cuerpo humano, las telas, los animales, las herramientas o los días de la semana.

Dentro del entorno de los viajes de peregrinación, merece la pena mencionar los vocabularios intercalados en obras de carácter más religioso que lingüístico, como, por ejemplo, el compendio de quince palabras en vasco y en latín insertado en la guía del peregrino a Santiago de Compostela que forma parte del Liber Calixtinusv, el código oficial del culto al Santo de 1139 aproximadamente, o el largo vocabulario alfabético árabe-alemán hallado en un manuscrito de la biblioteca palatina de Heidelberg.vi

Dentro del entorno de los viajes de peregrinación, merece la pena mencionar los vocabularios intercalados en obras de carácter más religioso que lingüístico, como, por ejemplo, el compendio de quince palabras en vasco y en latín insertado en la guía del peregrino a Santiago de Compostela que forma parte del Liber Calixtinusv, el código oficial del culto al Santo de 1139 aproximadamente, o el largo vocabulario alfabético árabe-alemán hallado en un manuscrito de la biblioteca palatina de Heidelberg.vi

2.2. La lengua de Oc: Primeras gramáticas

2.2. La lengua de Oc: Primeras gramáticas

En lo referente a la enseñanza formal de estas lenguas, el primer testimonio con el que contamos, ya en el siglo XIII, es el de la lengua de los trovadoresvii, quienes, reconociendo la validez de los diferentes dialectos en consonancia con la diversidad de los géneros, como lo hicieran los antiguos dramaturgos griegos, a finales de este siglo consiguieron extender su lengua por las cortes reales y principados, convirtiéndola en la primera lengua de cultura europea y sentando con ello las bases para el predominio sustentado con posterioridad por el francés como lengua diplomática. (Cf. Kelly 1976: 366)

En lo referente a la enseñanza formal de estas lenguas, el primer testimonio con el que contamos, ya en el siglo XIII, es el de la lengua de los trovadoresvii, quienes, reconociendo la validez de los diferentes dialectos en consonancia con la diversidad de los géneros, como lo hicieran los antiguos dramaturgos griegos, a finales de este siglo consiguieron extender su lengua por las cortes reales y principados, convirtiéndola en la primera lengua de cultura europea y sentando con ello las bases para el predominio sustentado con posterioridad por el francés como lengua diplomática. (Cf. Kelly 1976: 366)

Y así, las primeras gramáticas en lengua romance se realizan en provenzal a partir del siglo XII a modo de tratados gramático-literarios

Y así, las primeras gramáticas en lengua romance se realizan en provenzal a partir del siglo XII a modo de tratados gramático-literarios


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concebidos para el estudio del primer idioma romance de alcance europeo, la lengua de oc, a través de la cual los trovadores occitanos cultivan el lenguaje literario de la poesía en lengua vulgar. (Cf. Niederehe 1993: 274)

concebidos para el estudio del primer idioma romance de alcance europeo, la lengua de oc, a través de la cual los trovadores occitanos cultivan el lenguaje literario de la poesía en lengua vulgar. (Cf. Niederehe 1993: 274)

La primera de ellas es la obra del gramático catalán Raimon Vidal de Besalú Razos de Trobar escrita entre los años 1190 y 1213 y destinada tanto para quienes conocen la lengua y entienden de poesía, como para quienes están interesados en su estudioviii. Inspiradas en ella, a finales del siglo XIII se publican en Italia la Doctrina d’Acort, redactada en verso por Terramagnino de Pisa, y Les regles de Trobar del catalán Jofre de Foixà, quien las escribió de manera sencilla y sin tecnicismos para los amantes de la poesía de la corte catalana en Sicilia, un público receptor que no necesariamente debía estar familiarizado con la gramática latina.

La primera de ellas es la obra del gramático catalán Raimon Vidal de Besalú Razos de Trobar escrita entre los años 1190 y 1213 y destinada tanto para quienes conocen la lengua y entienden de poesía, como para quienes están interesados en su estudioviii. Inspiradas en ella, a finales del siglo XIII se publican en Italia la Doctrina d’Acort, redactada en verso por Terramagnino de Pisa, y Les regles de Trobar del catalán Jofre de Foixà, quien las escribió de manera sencilla y sin tecnicismos para los amantes de la poesía de la corte catalana en Sicilia, un público receptor que no necesariamente debía estar familiarizado con la gramática latina.

Con posterioridad, en torno a los años 1240 y 1245, aparece también en Sicilia el Donatz proensals de Uc Faidit. Esta gramática, realizada principalmente sobre el modelo del Ars Minor, consta además de un diccionario bilingüe provenzal-latín de rimas, pensado como apoyo de la primera, a fin de completar el conocimiento sobre la lengua provenzal de los nobles italianos que a su vez pudieran estar interesados en la composición de la poesía trovadoresca. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 296)

Con posterioridad, en torno a los años 1240 y 1245, aparece también en Sicilia el Donatz proensals de Uc Faidit. Esta gramática, realizada principalmente sobre el modelo del Ars Minor, consta además de un diccionario bilingüe provenzal-latín de rimas, pensado como apoyo de la primera, a fin de completar el conocimiento sobre la lengua provenzal de los nobles italianos que a su vez pudieran estar interesados en la composición de la poesía trovadoresca. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 296)

En algunos manuscritos el texto provenzal recoge junto a la gramática su traducción en latín —que también podría ser atribuida a su autor (Cf. Lepschy 1994: 189)—. No pasa de ser una breve exposición gramatical carente de interés teórico; sin embargo, fue muy bien recibida en Italia, donde siguió siendo conocida hasta finales del siglo XVIII, tras contar con el beneplácito de los humanistas italianos del siglo XVI (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 297; Lepschy 1994: 189)

En algunos manuscritos el texto provenzal recoge junto a la gramática su traducción en latín —que también podría ser atribuida a su autor (Cf. Lepschy 1994: 189)—. No pasa de ser una breve exposición gramatical carente de interés teórico; sin embargo, fue muy bien recibida en Italia, donde siguió siendo conocida hasta finales del siglo XVIII, tras contar con el beneplácito de los humanistas italianos del siglo XVI (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 297; Lepschy 1994: 189)

2.3. El caso particular de la lengua francesa

2.3. El caso particular de la lengua francesa

El caso de la lengua francesa resulta particular dentro del conjunto de los primeros tratados gramaticales y registros lexicográficos en los que aparecen contenidas las lenguas vulgares más antiguas de

El caso de la lengua francesa resulta particular dentro del conjunto de los primeros tratados gramaticales y registros lexicográficos en los que aparecen contenidas las lenguas vulgares más antiguas de

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concebidos para el estudio del primer idioma romance de alcance europeo, la lengua de oc, a través de la cual los trovadores occitanos cultivan el lenguaje literario de la poesía en lengua vulgar. (Cf. Niederehe 1993: 274)

concebidos para el estudio del primer idioma romance de alcance europeo, la lengua de oc, a través de la cual los trovadores occitanos cultivan el lenguaje literario de la poesía en lengua vulgar. (Cf. Niederehe 1993: 274)

La primera de ellas es la obra del gramático catalán Raimon Vidal de Besalú Razos de Trobar escrita entre los años 1190 y 1213 y destinada tanto para quienes conocen la lengua y entienden de poesía, como para quienes están interesados en su estudioviii. Inspiradas en ella, a finales del siglo XIII se publican en Italia la Doctrina d’Acort, redactada en verso por Terramagnino de Pisa, y Les regles de Trobar del catalán Jofre de Foixà, quien las escribió de manera sencilla y sin tecnicismos para los amantes de la poesía de la corte catalana en Sicilia, un público receptor que no necesariamente debía estar familiarizado con la gramática latina.

La primera de ellas es la obra del gramático catalán Raimon Vidal de Besalú Razos de Trobar escrita entre los años 1190 y 1213 y destinada tanto para quienes conocen la lengua y entienden de poesía, como para quienes están interesados en su estudioviii. Inspiradas en ella, a finales del siglo XIII se publican en Italia la Doctrina d’Acort, redactada en verso por Terramagnino de Pisa, y Les regles de Trobar del catalán Jofre de Foixà, quien las escribió de manera sencilla y sin tecnicismos para los amantes de la poesía de la corte catalana en Sicilia, un público receptor que no necesariamente debía estar familiarizado con la gramática latina.

Con posterioridad, en torno a los años 1240 y 1245, aparece también en Sicilia el Donatz proensals de Uc Faidit. Esta gramática, realizada principalmente sobre el modelo del Ars Minor, consta además de un diccionario bilingüe provenzal-latín de rimas, pensado como apoyo de la primera, a fin de completar el conocimiento sobre la lengua provenzal de los nobles italianos que a su vez pudieran estar interesados en la composición de la poesía trovadoresca. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 296)

Con posterioridad, en torno a los años 1240 y 1245, aparece también en Sicilia el Donatz proensals de Uc Faidit. Esta gramática, realizada principalmente sobre el modelo del Ars Minor, consta además de un diccionario bilingüe provenzal-latín de rimas, pensado como apoyo de la primera, a fin de completar el conocimiento sobre la lengua provenzal de los nobles italianos que a su vez pudieran estar interesados en la composición de la poesía trovadoresca. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 296)

En algunos manuscritos el texto provenzal recoge junto a la gramática su traducción en latín —que también podría ser atribuida a su autor (Cf. Lepschy 1994: 189)—. No pasa de ser una breve exposición gramatical carente de interés teórico; sin embargo, fue muy bien recibida en Italia, donde siguió siendo conocida hasta finales del siglo XVIII, tras contar con el beneplácito de los humanistas italianos del siglo XVI (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 297; Lepschy 1994: 189)

En algunos manuscritos el texto provenzal recoge junto a la gramática su traducción en latín —que también podría ser atribuida a su autor (Cf. Lepschy 1994: 189)—. No pasa de ser una breve exposición gramatical carente de interés teórico; sin embargo, fue muy bien recibida en Italia, donde siguió siendo conocida hasta finales del siglo XVIII, tras contar con el beneplácito de los humanistas italianos del siglo XVI (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 297; Lepschy 1994: 189)

2.3. El caso particular de la lengua francesa El caso de la lengua francesa resulta particular dentro del conjunto de los primeros tratados gramaticales y registros lexicográficos en los que aparecen contenidas las lenguas vulgares más antiguas de

2.3. El caso particular de la lengua francesa El caso de la lengua francesa resulta particular dentro del conjunto de los primeros tratados gramaticales y registros lexicográficos en los que aparecen contenidas las lenguas vulgares más antiguas de


Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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Europa, pues de todas ellas el idioma francés figura como manifestación de la primera lengua vulgar europea que alcanza una proyección internacional comparable a la sustentada por la lengua latina, teniendo que ser aprendida como segunda lengua extranjera fuera de las fronteras francesas.

Europa, pues de todas ellas el idioma francés figura como manifestación de la primera lengua vulgar europea que alcanza una proyección internacional comparable a la sustentada por la lengua latina, teniendo que ser aprendida como segunda lengua extranjera fuera de las fronteras francesas.

Bischoff nos instruye sobre los diferentes motivos que generaron esta situación, justificándola con las siguientes palabras: “Various factors converged towards this: the Crusades, the superiority of French chivalrous culture, the attraction exerted on tradesmen by the fairs of Champagne. In thirteenth-century Italy it was chosen as the literary language by Brunetto Latini and Marco Polo. Already in the twelth century Danish nobles sent their sons to Paris so that they should become familiar with the French language and literature; and German courtly epics and lyrical poetry show the strongest influence of French models. When in the Old Norse Speculum regum essential conditions of foreign trade are discussed the advice is given: “If you wish to become perfect in your knowledge, study all languages, and more than any others Latin and French, for they are the widest known, but do not neglect your native tongue.” (Bischoff 1961: 210)

Bischoff nos instruye sobre los diferentes motivos que generaron esta situación, justificándola con las siguientes palabras: “Various factors converged towards this: the Crusades, the superiority of French chivalrous culture, the attraction exerted on tradesmen by the fairs of Champagne. In thirteenth-century Italy it was chosen as the literary language by Brunetto Latini and Marco Polo. Already in the twelth century Danish nobles sent their sons to Paris so that they should become familiar with the French language and literature; and German courtly epics and lyrical poetry show the strongest influence of French models. When in the Old Norse Speculum regum essential conditions of foreign trade are discussed the advice is given: “If you wish to become perfect in your knowledge, study all languages, and more than any others Latin and French, for they are the widest known, but do not neglect your native tongue.” (Bischoff 1961: 210)

La situación más resaltable se dio en Inglaterra, donde, al ser impuesto el francés como lengua oficial por Gillermo el Conquistador tras la conquista normanda del territorio en el año 1066, la cuestión de su enseñanza se encuentra intrínsecamente asociada a su difusión como lengua de las clases dominantes, la aristocracia, la literatura, la administración e incluso la Iglesia. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 299)

La situación más resaltable se dio en Inglaterra, donde, al ser impuesto el francés como lengua oficial por Gillermo el Conquistador tras la conquista normanda del territorio en el año 1066, la cuestión de su enseñanza se encuentra intrínsecamente asociada a su difusión como lengua de las clases dominantes, la aristocracia, la literatura, la administración e incluso la Iglesia. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 299)

Con el paso del tiempo, no obstante, comienza a emerger con fuerza el sentimiento nacional favorecedor de los diferentes dialectos insulares hablados por las clases bajas, lo que ya a finales del siglo XIII origina una situación de rivalidad por el dominio lingüístico entre la lengua francesa y el inglés, una lucha que en el siglo XIVix concluye con el desplazamiento del idioma francés hasta el punto de que éste pasa a ser sentido y tratado como una lengua extraña o extranjera.x

Con el paso del tiempo, no obstante, comienza a emerger con fuerza el sentimiento nacional favorecedor de los diferentes dialectos insulares hablados por las clases bajas, lo que ya a finales del siglo XIII origina una situación de rivalidad por el dominio lingüístico entre la lengua francesa y el inglés, una lucha que en el siglo XIVix concluye con el desplazamiento del idioma francés hasta el punto de que éste pasa a ser sentido y tratado como una lengua extraña o extranjera.x

Restringido su uso a las clases altas, como decimos, la necesidad de su aprendizaje se traduce en la elaboración de un material didáctico eminentemente práctico, apoyado fundamentalmente en el ejercicio

Restringido su uso a las clases altas, como decimos, la necesidad de su aprendizaje se traduce en la elaboración de un material didáctico eminentemente práctico, apoyado fundamentalmente en el ejercicio

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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Europa, pues de todas ellas el idioma francés figura como manifestación de la primera lengua vulgar europea que alcanza una proyección internacional comparable a la sustentada por la lengua latina, teniendo que ser aprendida como segunda lengua extranjera fuera de las fronteras francesas.

Europa, pues de todas ellas el idioma francés figura como manifestación de la primera lengua vulgar europea que alcanza una proyección internacional comparable a la sustentada por la lengua latina, teniendo que ser aprendida como segunda lengua extranjera fuera de las fronteras francesas.

Bischoff nos instruye sobre los diferentes motivos que generaron esta situación, justificándola con las siguientes palabras: “Various factors converged towards this: the Crusades, the superiority of French chivalrous culture, the attraction exerted on tradesmen by the fairs of Champagne. In thirteenth-century Italy it was chosen as the literary language by Brunetto Latini and Marco Polo. Already in the twelth century Danish nobles sent their sons to Paris so that they should become familiar with the French language and literature; and German courtly epics and lyrical poetry show the strongest influence of French models. When in the Old Norse Speculum regum essential conditions of foreign trade are discussed the advice is given: “If you wish to become perfect in your knowledge, study all languages, and more than any others Latin and French, for they are the widest known, but do not neglect your native tongue.” (Bischoff 1961: 210)

Bischoff nos instruye sobre los diferentes motivos que generaron esta situación, justificándola con las siguientes palabras: “Various factors converged towards this: the Crusades, the superiority of French chivalrous culture, the attraction exerted on tradesmen by the fairs of Champagne. In thirteenth-century Italy it was chosen as the literary language by Brunetto Latini and Marco Polo. Already in the twelth century Danish nobles sent their sons to Paris so that they should become familiar with the French language and literature; and German courtly epics and lyrical poetry show the strongest influence of French models. When in the Old Norse Speculum regum essential conditions of foreign trade are discussed the advice is given: “If you wish to become perfect in your knowledge, study all languages, and more than any others Latin and French, for they are the widest known, but do not neglect your native tongue.” (Bischoff 1961: 210)

La situación más resaltable se dio en Inglaterra, donde, al ser impuesto el francés como lengua oficial por Gillermo el Conquistador tras la conquista normanda del territorio en el año 1066, la cuestión de su enseñanza se encuentra intrínsecamente asociada a su difusión como lengua de las clases dominantes, la aristocracia, la literatura, la administración e incluso la Iglesia. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 299)

La situación más resaltable se dio en Inglaterra, donde, al ser impuesto el francés como lengua oficial por Gillermo el Conquistador tras la conquista normanda del territorio en el año 1066, la cuestión de su enseñanza se encuentra intrínsecamente asociada a su difusión como lengua de las clases dominantes, la aristocracia, la literatura, la administración e incluso la Iglesia. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 299)

Con el paso del tiempo, no obstante, comienza a emerger con fuerza el sentimiento nacional favorecedor de los diferentes dialectos insulares hablados por las clases bajas, lo que ya a finales del siglo XIII origina una situación de rivalidad por el dominio lingüístico entre la lengua francesa y el inglés, una lucha que en el siglo XIVix concluye con el desplazamiento del idioma francés hasta el punto de que éste pasa a ser sentido y tratado como una lengua extraña o extranjera.x

Con el paso del tiempo, no obstante, comienza a emerger con fuerza el sentimiento nacional favorecedor de los diferentes dialectos insulares hablados por las clases bajas, lo que ya a finales del siglo XIII origina una situación de rivalidad por el dominio lingüístico entre la lengua francesa y el inglés, una lucha que en el siglo XIVix concluye con el desplazamiento del idioma francés hasta el punto de que éste pasa a ser sentido y tratado como una lengua extraña o extranjera.x

Restringido su uso a las clases altas, como decimos, la necesidad de su aprendizaje se traduce en la elaboración de un material didáctico eminentemente práctico, apoyado fundamentalmente en el ejercicio

Restringido su uso a las clases altas, como decimos, la necesidad de su aprendizaje se traduce en la elaboración de un material didáctico eminentemente práctico, apoyado fundamentalmente en el ejercicio


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oral y en la conversación: los compendios léxicos de vocabulario y de diálogos resultan ahora un recurso muy útil para aprender a hablar una lengua como el francés, de la que, por otra parte, aún no se dispone de ninguna gramática y para lo cual la latina no es apropiada. A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIV, además, se incluye el ejercicio escrito a través de la práctica del arte epistolar mediante colecciones de modelos de cartas o Cartaria.

oral y en la conversación: los compendios léxicos de vocabulario y de diálogos resultan ahora un recurso muy útil para aprender a hablar una lengua como el francés, de la que, por otra parte, aún no se dispone de ninguna gramática y para lo cual la latina no es apropiada. A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIV, además, se incluye el ejercicio escrito a través de la práctica del arte epistolar mediante colecciones de modelos de cartas o Cartaria.

Entre los vocabularios más destacables mencionamos el Treatise de Utensilibus del siglo XII de Alejandro Neckam y el Dictionarius del siglo XIII de Juan Garlande, en los que se aprecia el valor de la glosa interlinear como explicación del término: en francés anglo-normando y en francés e inglés, respectivamente.

Entre los vocabularios más destacables mencionamos el Treatise de Utensilibus del siglo XII de Alejandro Neckam y el Dictionarius del siglo XIII de Juan Garlande, en los que se aprecia el valor de la glosa interlinear como explicación del término: en francés anglo-normando y en francés e inglés, respectivamente.

Sírvanos de ejemplo la siguiente síntesis que del contenido del primero hace Watson: “Neckam, who was an ecclesiastic, describes familiarly the ordinary avocations and occupations around him. He begins with the kitchen, describing the furniture, cooking vessels, and treats of the cooking of different kinds of food. He then describes the owner of the house, gives his dress, and occupations at home and riding abroad, his room and his furniture. Next comes the chambermaid, and an account of her duties. Then the poultry-yard, and description of cooking of poultry and fish, and remarks on wine. Next appears an account of the building of a castle, its fortification and equipment. Then war, arms, armour and soldiers. In order follow the barn, poultryyard, stable, weaving; construction of carts and wagons; a house and its building, its various parts; farming, the plough; ships. The scribe and his work and instruments are described; then the goldsmith. Finally ecclesiastical matters.” (Watson 1968: 380-1)

Sírvanos de ejemplo la siguiente síntesis que del contenido del primero hace Watson: “Neckam, who was an ecclesiastic, describes familiarly the ordinary avocations and occupations around him. He begins with the kitchen, describing the furniture, cooking vessels, and treats of the cooking of different kinds of food. He then describes the owner of the house, gives his dress, and occupations at home and riding abroad, his room and his furniture. Next comes the chambermaid, and an account of her duties. Then the poultry-yard, and description of cooking of poultry and fish, and remarks on wine. Next appears an account of the building of a castle, its fortification and equipment. Then war, arms, armour and soldiers. In order follow the barn, poultryyard, stable, weaving; construction of carts and wagons; a house and its building, its various parts; farming, the plough; ships. The scribe and his work and instruments are described; then the goldsmith. Finally ecclesiastical matters.” (Watson 1968: 380-1)

El más popular y conocido de todos en su época, sin embargo, considerando el alto número de manuscritos conservados y de imitadores con los que contó, es el que lleva por título Le trayatyx que mounsire Gautier de Bibelesworth fist a ma dame Dyonisie de Mounchensy pur aprise de langage, escrito por Walter de Bibbesworth a mediados o a finales del siglo XIII. Se trata de un vocabulario versificado escrito en francés con glosas inglesas que recoge términos referidos a distintas actividades de la vida cotidiana, como la cocina o la caza. Constituyen un total de 600 glosas (Cf. Kibbee 1987: 180). A modo de ejemplo,

El más popular y conocido de todos en su época, sin embargo, considerando el alto número de manuscritos conservados y de imitadores con los que contó, es el que lleva por título Le trayatyx que mounsire Gautier de Bibelesworth fist a ma dame Dyonisie de Mounchensy pur aprise de langage, escrito por Walter de Bibbesworth a mediados o a finales del siglo XIII. Se trata de un vocabulario versificado escrito en francés con glosas inglesas que recoge términos referidos a distintas actividades de la vida cotidiana, como la cocina o la caza. Constituyen un total de 600 glosas (Cf. Kibbee 1987: 180). A modo de ejemplo,

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oral y en la conversación: los compendios léxicos de vocabulario y de diálogos resultan ahora un recurso muy útil para aprender a hablar una lengua como el francés, de la que, por otra parte, aún no se dispone de ninguna gramática y para lo cual la latina no es apropiada. A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIV, además, se incluye el ejercicio escrito a través de la práctica del arte epistolar mediante colecciones de modelos de cartas o Cartaria.

oral y en la conversación: los compendios léxicos de vocabulario y de diálogos resultan ahora un recurso muy útil para aprender a hablar una lengua como el francés, de la que, por otra parte, aún no se dispone de ninguna gramática y para lo cual la latina no es apropiada. A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIV, además, se incluye el ejercicio escrito a través de la práctica del arte epistolar mediante colecciones de modelos de cartas o Cartaria.

Entre los vocabularios más destacables mencionamos el Treatise de Utensilibus del siglo XII de Alejandro Neckam y el Dictionarius del siglo XIII de Juan Garlande, en los que se aprecia el valor de la glosa interlinear como explicación del término: en francés anglo-normando y en francés e inglés, respectivamente.

Entre los vocabularios más destacables mencionamos el Treatise de Utensilibus del siglo XII de Alejandro Neckam y el Dictionarius del siglo XIII de Juan Garlande, en los que se aprecia el valor de la glosa interlinear como explicación del término: en francés anglo-normando y en francés e inglés, respectivamente.

Sírvanos de ejemplo la siguiente síntesis que del contenido del primero hace Watson: “Neckam, who was an ecclesiastic, describes familiarly the ordinary avocations and occupations around him. He begins with the kitchen, describing the furniture, cooking vessels, and treats of the cooking of different kinds of food. He then describes the owner of the house, gives his dress, and occupations at home and riding abroad, his room and his furniture. Next comes the chambermaid, and an account of her duties. Then the poultry-yard, and description of cooking of poultry and fish, and remarks on wine. Next appears an account of the building of a castle, its fortification and equipment. Then war, arms, armour and soldiers. In order follow the barn, poultryyard, stable, weaving; construction of carts and wagons; a house and its building, its various parts; farming, the plough; ships. The scribe and his work and instruments are described; then the goldsmith. Finally ecclesiastical matters.” (Watson 1968: 380-1)

Sírvanos de ejemplo la siguiente síntesis que del contenido del primero hace Watson: “Neckam, who was an ecclesiastic, describes familiarly the ordinary avocations and occupations around him. He begins with the kitchen, describing the furniture, cooking vessels, and treats of the cooking of different kinds of food. He then describes the owner of the house, gives his dress, and occupations at home and riding abroad, his room and his furniture. Next comes the chambermaid, and an account of her duties. Then the poultry-yard, and description of cooking of poultry and fish, and remarks on wine. Next appears an account of the building of a castle, its fortification and equipment. Then war, arms, armour and soldiers. In order follow the barn, poultryyard, stable, weaving; construction of carts and wagons; a house and its building, its various parts; farming, the plough; ships. The scribe and his work and instruments are described; then the goldsmith. Finally ecclesiastical matters.” (Watson 1968: 380-1)

El más popular y conocido de todos en su época, sin embargo, considerando el alto número de manuscritos conservados y de imitadores con los que contó, es el que lleva por título Le trayatyx que mounsire Gautier de Bibelesworth fist a ma dame Dyonisie de Mounchensy pur aprise de langage, escrito por Walter de Bibbesworth a mediados o a finales del siglo XIII. Se trata de un vocabulario versificado escrito en francés con glosas inglesas que recoge términos referidos a distintas actividades de la vida cotidiana, como la cocina o la caza. Constituyen un total de 600 glosas (Cf. Kibbee 1987: 180). A modo de ejemplo,

El más popular y conocido de todos en su época, sin embargo, considerando el alto número de manuscritos conservados y de imitadores con los que contó, es el que lleva por título Le trayatyx que mounsire Gautier de Bibelesworth fist a ma dame Dyonisie de Mounchensy pur aprise de langage, escrito por Walter de Bibbesworth a mediados o a finales del siglo XIII. Se trata de un vocabulario versificado escrito en francés con glosas inglesas que recoge términos referidos a distintas actividades de la vida cotidiana, como la cocina o la caza. Constituyen un total de 600 glosas (Cf. Kibbee 1987: 180). A modo de ejemplo,


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Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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observemos el siguiente extracto: “Femme, ke approche soun tens/ (belitter) / Enfaunter, moustre sens,/ a midewif/ Ke le se purveyt de une ventrere.” (Caravolas 1994: 29)

observemos el siguiente extracto: “Femme, ke approche soun tens/ (belitter) / Enfaunter, moustre sens,/ a midewif/ Ke le se purveyt de une ventrere.” (Caravolas 1994: 29)

No sólo surgieron imitadores anónimos de la obra de Bibbesworth, sino que pronto aparecieron adaptaciones o reelaboraciones para niños, como lo atestigua Un petit livre pour enseigner les enfantz de leur entreparler comun francois, escrito hacia 1399. La organización de este manuscrito también es “funcional”, como señala Sánchez: “para enseñar a los niños a contar; para preguntar por el camino; para hablar a las señoras y señoritas; para pedir habitación; para saludar a la gente”, etc. (Sánchez 1992: 15). Y en 1415 es nuevamente editado dentro de otro nominalia conocido como Femina o Femina nova, conteniendo además una traducción inglesa y un diccionario con la ortografía y la pronunciación francesa, seguida de la traducción inglesa de trescientas palabras del texto. (Cf. Dahal et al. 1995: 299)

No sólo surgieron imitadores anónimos de la obra de Bibbesworth, sino que pronto aparecieron adaptaciones o reelaboraciones para niños, como lo atestigua Un petit livre pour enseigner les enfantz de leur entreparler comun francois, escrito hacia 1399. La organización de este manuscrito también es “funcional”, como señala Sánchez: “para enseñar a los niños a contar; para preguntar por el camino; para hablar a las señoras y señoritas; para pedir habitación; para saludar a la gente”, etc. (Sánchez 1992: 15). Y en 1415 es nuevamente editado dentro de otro nominalia conocido como Femina o Femina nova, conteniendo además una traducción inglesa y un diccionario con la ortografía y la pronunciación francesa, seguida de la traducción inglesa de trescientas palabras del texto. (Cf. Dahal et al. 1995: 299)

En la ola de popularidad de la obra de Bibbesworth se generalizan los manuales de conversación —también conocidos como Manières de langage—, constituyéndose como un segundo tipo de manual para el aprendizaje del vocabulario.

En la ola de popularidad de la obra de Bibbesworth se generalizan los manuales de conversación —también conocidos como Manières de langage—, constituyéndose como un segundo tipo de manual para el aprendizaje del vocabulario.

Aparecidos principalmente a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIV, se presentan por lo general como colecciones de modelos de conversación en la lengua natural de la sociedad de entonces –como, por ejemplo, la mantenida entre un maestro y su sirviente, entre viajeros, entre éstos y las personas con quienes se encuentran en sus viajes, etc.–, mediante el uso de frases y de palabras relacionadas con el quehacer cotidiano y el desempeño de ciertas ocupaciones o profesiones e incluyendo el vocabulario referido a los alimentos y las comidas, los modos de saludar, las partes del cuerpo, el campo, el mercado, las necesidades relativas a la hora de viajar —como preguntar por el camino o buscar una posada—, etc.

Aparecidos principalmente a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIV, se presentan por lo general como colecciones de modelos de conversación en la lengua natural de la sociedad de entonces –como, por ejemplo, la mantenida entre un maestro y su sirviente, entre viajeros, entre éstos y las personas con quienes se encuentran en sus viajes, etc.–, mediante el uso de frases y de palabras relacionadas con el quehacer cotidiano y el desempeño de ciertas ocupaciones o profesiones e incluyendo el vocabulario referido a los alimentos y las comidas, los modos de saludar, las partes del cuerpo, el campo, el mercado, las necesidades relativas a la hora de viajar —como preguntar por el camino o buscar una posada—, etc.

Uno de ellos, particularmente interesante en opinión de Caravolas, es el que recoge la siguiente conversación entre un mercader en una posada y los hijos de la patrona, a través del cual su autor —cuyo nombre desconocemos— nos permite conocer cómo los

Uno de ellos, particularmente interesante en opinión de Caravolas, es el que recoge la siguiente conversación entre un mercader en una posada y los hijos de la patrona, a través del cual su autor —cuyo nombre desconocemos— nos permite conocer cómo los

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Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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observemos el siguiente extracto: “Femme, ke approche soun tens/ (belitter) / Enfaunter, moustre sens,/ a midewif/ Ke le se purveyt de une ventrere.” (Caravolas 1994: 29)

observemos el siguiente extracto: “Femme, ke approche soun tens/ (belitter) / Enfaunter, moustre sens,/ a midewif/ Ke le se purveyt de une ventrere.” (Caravolas 1994: 29)

No sólo surgieron imitadores anónimos de la obra de Bibbesworth, sino que pronto aparecieron adaptaciones o reelaboraciones para niños, como lo atestigua Un petit livre pour enseigner les enfantz de leur entreparler comun francois, escrito hacia 1399. La organización de este manuscrito también es “funcional”, como señala Sánchez: “para enseñar a los niños a contar; para preguntar por el camino; para hablar a las señoras y señoritas; para pedir habitación; para saludar a la gente”, etc. (Sánchez 1992: 15). Y en 1415 es nuevamente editado dentro de otro nominalia conocido como Femina o Femina nova, conteniendo además una traducción inglesa y un diccionario con la ortografía y la pronunciación francesa, seguida de la traducción inglesa de trescientas palabras del texto. (Cf. Dahal et al. 1995: 299)

No sólo surgieron imitadores anónimos de la obra de Bibbesworth, sino que pronto aparecieron adaptaciones o reelaboraciones para niños, como lo atestigua Un petit livre pour enseigner les enfantz de leur entreparler comun francois, escrito hacia 1399. La organización de este manuscrito también es “funcional”, como señala Sánchez: “para enseñar a los niños a contar; para preguntar por el camino; para hablar a las señoras y señoritas; para pedir habitación; para saludar a la gente”, etc. (Sánchez 1992: 15). Y en 1415 es nuevamente editado dentro de otro nominalia conocido como Femina o Femina nova, conteniendo además una traducción inglesa y un diccionario con la ortografía y la pronunciación francesa, seguida de la traducción inglesa de trescientas palabras del texto. (Cf. Dahal et al. 1995: 299)

En la ola de popularidad de la obra de Bibbesworth se generalizan los manuales de conversación —también conocidos como Manières de langage—, constituyéndose como un segundo tipo de manual para el aprendizaje del vocabulario.

En la ola de popularidad de la obra de Bibbesworth se generalizan los manuales de conversación —también conocidos como Manières de langage—, constituyéndose como un segundo tipo de manual para el aprendizaje del vocabulario.

Aparecidos principalmente a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIV, se presentan por lo general como colecciones de modelos de conversación en la lengua natural de la sociedad de entonces –como, por ejemplo, la mantenida entre un maestro y su sirviente, entre viajeros, entre éstos y las personas con quienes se encuentran en sus viajes, etc.–, mediante el uso de frases y de palabras relacionadas con el quehacer cotidiano y el desempeño de ciertas ocupaciones o profesiones e incluyendo el vocabulario referido a los alimentos y las comidas, los modos de saludar, las partes del cuerpo, el campo, el mercado, las necesidades relativas a la hora de viajar —como preguntar por el camino o buscar una posada—, etc.

Aparecidos principalmente a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIV, se presentan por lo general como colecciones de modelos de conversación en la lengua natural de la sociedad de entonces –como, por ejemplo, la mantenida entre un maestro y su sirviente, entre viajeros, entre éstos y las personas con quienes se encuentran en sus viajes, etc.–, mediante el uso de frases y de palabras relacionadas con el quehacer cotidiano y el desempeño de ciertas ocupaciones o profesiones e incluyendo el vocabulario referido a los alimentos y las comidas, los modos de saludar, las partes del cuerpo, el campo, el mercado, las necesidades relativas a la hora de viajar —como preguntar por el camino o buscar una posada—, etc.

Uno de ellos, particularmente interesante en opinión de Caravolas, es el que recoge la siguiente conversación entre un mercader en una posada y los hijos de la patrona, a través del cual su autor —cuyo nombre desconocemos— nos permite conocer cómo los

Uno de ellos, particularmente interesante en opinión de Caravolas, es el que recoge la siguiente conversación entre un mercader en una posada y los hijos de la patrona, a través del cual su autor —cuyo nombre desconocemos— nos permite conocer cómo los


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niños ingleses aprendían el francés: “– ¿Y qué sabéis decir en francés?/ – Señor, sé mi nombre y describir bien mi cuerpo./ – Dígame cuál es su nombre./ – Mi nombre es Johan, buen niño, guapo y obediente y que habla bien inglés, francés y buen normando, bendita sea la vara que castiga al niño y el buen maestro que tanto me enseñó. Le ruego a Dios Todopoderoso que os conceda la alegría para siempre.”xi

niños ingleses aprendían el francés: “– ¿Y qué sabéis decir en francés?/ – Señor, sé mi nombre y describir bien mi cuerpo./ – Dígame cuál es su nombre./ – Mi nombre es Johan, buen niño, guapo y obediente y que habla bien inglés, francés y buen normando, bendita sea la vara que castiga al niño y el buen maestro que tanto me enseñó. Le ruego a Dios Todopoderoso que os conceda la alegría para siempre.”xi

Fuera de Inglaterra también circularon manuales para estudiar francés. El caso más representativo es el de los Países Bajos, una zona de gran actividad comercial en el último tramo de la Edad Media y de donde nos han llegado numerosísimos vocabularios y libros de conversación. De ellos destaca principalmente: Le livre de métiers. Dialogues français-flamands composés au XIVème par un maitre d’école de la ville de Brugges y Hora Belgicae, publicado por Hoffmann von Fallensleben alrededor de 1370.

Fuera de Inglaterra también circularon manuales para estudiar francés. El caso más representativo es el de los Países Bajos, una zona de gran actividad comercial en el último tramo de la Edad Media y de donde nos han llegado numerosísimos vocabularios y libros de conversación. De ellos destaca principalmente: Le livre de métiers. Dialogues français-flamands composés au XIVème par un maitre d’école de la ville de Brugges y Hora Belgicae, publicado por Hoffmann von Fallensleben alrededor de 1370.

Los vocabularios, a modo de listas de nombres organizadas temáticamente, son también conocidos como nominalia. Estas listas de palabras pueden ir acompañadas en ocasiones de capítulos de ortografía y pronunciación y de textos explicativos de diversa índole, tales como referencias gramaticales o literarias, comentarios históricos, etc., que ayudan a la comprensión del vocabulario: “La ayuda que ofrecen es, por tanto, estimable y no restringida a aspectos exclusivamente léxicos, sino también culturales y lingüísticos en general. Tales textos complementarios son también susceptibles de utilizarse como materiales de lectura, completando de esta manera la memorización de listas de vocabulario.” (Sánchez 1992: 14)

Los vocabularios, a modo de listas de nombres organizadas temáticamente, son también conocidos como nominalia. Estas listas de palabras pueden ir acompañadas en ocasiones de capítulos de ortografía y pronunciación y de textos explicativos de diversa índole, tales como referencias gramaticales o literarias, comentarios históricos, etc., que ayudan a la comprensión del vocabulario: “La ayuda que ofrecen es, por tanto, estimable y no restringida a aspectos exclusivamente léxicos, sino también culturales y lingüísticos en general. Tales textos complementarios son también susceptibles de utilizarse como materiales de lectura, completando de esta manera la memorización de listas de vocabulario.” (Sánchez 1992: 14)

Aunque el elemento gramatical despertó un interés menor, no es por ello menos relevante. Así, por ejemplo, merece la pena citar de forma ilustrativa un pequeño tratado de treinta y cuatro líneas del siglo XIII sobre las equivalencias temporales entre los verbos latinos y franceses y que puede ser considerado como el estudio gramatical más antiguo conservado en lengua francesa. (Cf. Södergard 1955, Dahal et al. 1995: 319)

Aunque el elemento gramatical despertó un interés menor, no es por ello menos relevante. Así, por ejemplo, merece la pena citar de forma ilustrativa un pequeño tratado de treinta y cuatro líneas del siglo XIII sobre las equivalencias temporales entre los verbos latinos y franceses y que puede ser considerado como el estudio gramatical más antiguo conservado en lengua francesa. (Cf. Södergard 1955, Dahal et al. 1995: 319)

Posteriores a él fueron las primeras gramáticas del francés editadas en latín a modo de tratados de ortografía y de pronunciación: el Tractatus orthographie, compuesto por un estudiante de París a finales

Posteriores a él fueron las primeras gramáticas del francés editadas en latín a modo de tratados de ortografía y de pronunciación: el Tractatus orthographie, compuesto por un estudiante de París a finales

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niños ingleses aprendían el francés: “– ¿Y qué sabéis decir en francés?/ – Señor, sé mi nombre y describir bien mi cuerpo./ – Dígame cuál es su nombre./ – Mi nombre es Johan, buen niño, guapo y obediente y que habla bien inglés, francés y buen normando, bendita sea la vara que castiga al niño y el buen maestro que tanto me enseñó. Le ruego a Dios Todopoderoso que os conceda la alegría para siempre.”xi

niños ingleses aprendían el francés: “– ¿Y qué sabéis decir en francés?/ – Señor, sé mi nombre y describir bien mi cuerpo./ – Dígame cuál es su nombre./ – Mi nombre es Johan, buen niño, guapo y obediente y que habla bien inglés, francés y buen normando, bendita sea la vara que castiga al niño y el buen maestro que tanto me enseñó. Le ruego a Dios Todopoderoso que os conceda la alegría para siempre.”xi

Fuera de Inglaterra también circularon manuales para estudiar francés. El caso más representativo es el de los Países Bajos, una zona de gran actividad comercial en el último tramo de la Edad Media y de donde nos han llegado numerosísimos vocabularios y libros de conversación. De ellos destaca principalmente: Le livre de métiers. Dialogues français-flamands composés au XIVème par un maitre d’école de la ville de Brugges y Hora Belgicae, publicado por Hoffmann von Fallensleben alrededor de 1370.

Fuera de Inglaterra también circularon manuales para estudiar francés. El caso más representativo es el de los Países Bajos, una zona de gran actividad comercial en el último tramo de la Edad Media y de donde nos han llegado numerosísimos vocabularios y libros de conversación. De ellos destaca principalmente: Le livre de métiers. Dialogues français-flamands composés au XIVème par un maitre d’école de la ville de Brugges y Hora Belgicae, publicado por Hoffmann von Fallensleben alrededor de 1370.

Los vocabularios, a modo de listas de nombres organizadas temáticamente, son también conocidos como nominalia. Estas listas de palabras pueden ir acompañadas en ocasiones de capítulos de ortografía y pronunciación y de textos explicativos de diversa índole, tales como referencias gramaticales o literarias, comentarios históricos, etc., que ayudan a la comprensión del vocabulario: “La ayuda que ofrecen es, por tanto, estimable y no restringida a aspectos exclusivamente léxicos, sino también culturales y lingüísticos en general. Tales textos complementarios son también susceptibles de utilizarse como materiales de lectura, completando de esta manera la memorización de listas de vocabulario.” (Sánchez 1992: 14)

Los vocabularios, a modo de listas de nombres organizadas temáticamente, son también conocidos como nominalia. Estas listas de palabras pueden ir acompañadas en ocasiones de capítulos de ortografía y pronunciación y de textos explicativos de diversa índole, tales como referencias gramaticales o literarias, comentarios históricos, etc., que ayudan a la comprensión del vocabulario: “La ayuda que ofrecen es, por tanto, estimable y no restringida a aspectos exclusivamente léxicos, sino también culturales y lingüísticos en general. Tales textos complementarios son también susceptibles de utilizarse como materiales de lectura, completando de esta manera la memorización de listas de vocabulario.” (Sánchez 1992: 14)

Aunque el elemento gramatical despertó un interés menor, no es por ello menos relevante. Así, por ejemplo, merece la pena citar de forma ilustrativa un pequeño tratado de treinta y cuatro líneas del siglo XIII sobre las equivalencias temporales entre los verbos latinos y franceses y que puede ser considerado como el estudio gramatical más antiguo conservado en lengua francesa. (Cf. Södergard 1955, Dahal et al. 1995: 319)

Aunque el elemento gramatical despertó un interés menor, no es por ello menos relevante. Así, por ejemplo, merece la pena citar de forma ilustrativa un pequeño tratado de treinta y cuatro líneas del siglo XIII sobre las equivalencias temporales entre los verbos latinos y franceses y que puede ser considerado como el estudio gramatical más antiguo conservado en lengua francesa. (Cf. Södergard 1955, Dahal et al. 1995: 319)

Posteriores a él fueron las primeras gramáticas del francés editadas en latín a modo de tratados de ortografía y de pronunciación: el Tractatus orthographie, compuesto por un estudiante de París a finales

Posteriores a él fueron las primeras gramáticas del francés editadas en latín a modo de tratados de ortografía y de pronunciación: el Tractatus orthographie, compuesto por un estudiante de París a finales


Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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del siglo XIII y la Orthographia gallica, aparecida en torno a 1383. Esta última, atribuida a Thomas Sampson (Cf. Dahal et al. 1995: 300), es mucho más amplia que la primera: ocasionalmente incluye observaciones en francés y además de las reglas de la ortografía latinas, comprende cuestiones morfológicas, sintácticas y léxicas.xii

del siglo XIII y la Orthographia gallica, aparecida en torno a 1383. Esta última, atribuida a Thomas Sampson (Cf. Dahal et al. 1995: 300), es mucho más amplia que la primera: ocasionalmente incluye observaciones en francés y además de las reglas de la ortografía latinas, comprende cuestiones morfológicas, sintácticas y léxicas.xii

3. LAS OTRAS LENGUAS ESCRITAS, SAGRADAS Y SAPIENCIALES

3. LAS OTRAS LENGUAS ESCRITAS, SAGRADAS Y SAPIENCIALES

El interés por las lenguas griega, hebrea y árabe, a las que nos referimos siguiendo la terminología empleada por Roger Bacon con los calificativos de sagradas y sapiencialesxiii, adquiere una significación desigual según las distintas zonas de Europa y su estudio, como lenguas escritas, litúrgicas y de cultura, dentro de la consciencia lingüística medieval, responde a unos planteamientos similares a los de la lengua latina y que poco tienen que ver, por tanto, con los de las lenguas vernáculas, de uso diario y cotidiano.

El interés por las lenguas griega, hebrea y árabe, a las que nos referimos siguiendo la terminología empleada por Roger Bacon con los calificativos de sagradas y sapiencialesxiii, adquiere una significación desigual según las distintas zonas de Europa y su estudio, como lenguas escritas, litúrgicas y de cultura, dentro de la consciencia lingüística medieval, responde a unos planteamientos similares a los de la lengua latina y que poco tienen que ver, por tanto, con los de las lenguas vernáculas, de uso diario y cotidiano.

De forma particular, el estudio de cada una de estas otras lenguas en un territorio tan amplio responde a muchas y diferentes razones; observemos, por ejemplo, las siguientes aducidas por Bischoff en el caso del hebreo: “To take one example, what evidence we have of Hebrew studies among Christians of our Middle Ages can be connected with quite different purposes: Biblical studies, religious polemic, interest in Hebrew science or philosophy, or even the requirements of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. These may be regarded as typical. But we also find the curious confession of a Westphalian priest, Johannes of Scheven, the author of a Margarita exorcistarum, the only manuscript of which was destroyed in the World War II. He took some Hebrew lessons from a Jew in order to pronounce correctly in his exorcisms the names of the demons which mainly sounded Hebrew.” (1961: 209)

De forma particular, el estudio de cada una de estas otras lenguas en un territorio tan amplio responde a muchas y diferentes razones; observemos, por ejemplo, las siguientes aducidas por Bischoff en el caso del hebreo: “To take one example, what evidence we have of Hebrew studies among Christians of our Middle Ages can be connected with quite different purposes: Biblical studies, religious polemic, interest in Hebrew science or philosophy, or even the requirements of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. These may be regarded as typical. But we also find the curious confession of a Westphalian priest, Johannes of Scheven, the author of a Margarita exorcistarum, the only manuscript of which was destroyed in the World War II. He took some Hebrew lessons from a Jew in order to pronounce correctly in his exorcisms the names of the demons which mainly sounded Hebrew.” (1961: 209)

De manera general, no obstante, asumimos que la dedicación especial a las filologías clásica y bíblica desemboca en el interés por las otras lenguas del texto bíblico de manera general: por un lado, por el griego y el hebreo, lenguas a las que el cristiano latino le otorga un valor ideal, por ser las originales de sus textos sagrados y de su tradición

De manera general, no obstante, asumimos que la dedicación especial a las filologías clásica y bíblica desemboca en el interés por las otras lenguas del texto bíblico de manera general: por un lado, por el griego y el hebreo, lenguas a las que el cristiano latino le otorga un valor ideal, por ser las originales de sus textos sagrados y de su tradición

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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del siglo XIII y la Orthographia gallica, aparecida en torno a 1383. Esta última, atribuida a Thomas Sampson (Cf. Dahal et al. 1995: 300), es mucho más amplia que la primera: ocasionalmente incluye observaciones en francés y además de las reglas de la ortografía latinas, comprende cuestiones morfológicas, sintácticas y léxicas.xii

del siglo XIII y la Orthographia gallica, aparecida en torno a 1383. Esta última, atribuida a Thomas Sampson (Cf. Dahal et al. 1995: 300), es mucho más amplia que la primera: ocasionalmente incluye observaciones en francés y además de las reglas de la ortografía latinas, comprende cuestiones morfológicas, sintácticas y léxicas.xii

3. LAS OTRAS LENGUAS ESCRITAS, SAGRADAS Y SAPIENCIALES

3. LAS OTRAS LENGUAS ESCRITAS, SAGRADAS Y SAPIENCIALES

El interés por las lenguas griega, hebrea y árabe, a las que nos referimos siguiendo la terminología empleada por Roger Bacon con los calificativos de sagradas y sapiencialesxiii, adquiere una significación desigual según las distintas zonas de Europa y su estudio, como lenguas escritas, litúrgicas y de cultura, dentro de la consciencia lingüística medieval, responde a unos planteamientos similares a los de la lengua latina y que poco tienen que ver, por tanto, con los de las lenguas vernáculas, de uso diario y cotidiano.

El interés por las lenguas griega, hebrea y árabe, a las que nos referimos siguiendo la terminología empleada por Roger Bacon con los calificativos de sagradas y sapiencialesxiii, adquiere una significación desigual según las distintas zonas de Europa y su estudio, como lenguas escritas, litúrgicas y de cultura, dentro de la consciencia lingüística medieval, responde a unos planteamientos similares a los de la lengua latina y que poco tienen que ver, por tanto, con los de las lenguas vernáculas, de uso diario y cotidiano.

De forma particular, el estudio de cada una de estas otras lenguas en un territorio tan amplio responde a muchas y diferentes razones; observemos, por ejemplo, las siguientes aducidas por Bischoff en el caso del hebreo: “To take one example, what evidence we have of Hebrew studies among Christians of our Middle Ages can be connected with quite different purposes: Biblical studies, religious polemic, interest in Hebrew science or philosophy, or even the requirements of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. These may be regarded as typical. But we also find the curious confession of a Westphalian priest, Johannes of Scheven, the author of a Margarita exorcistarum, the only manuscript of which was destroyed in the World War II. He took some Hebrew lessons from a Jew in order to pronounce correctly in his exorcisms the names of the demons which mainly sounded Hebrew.” (1961: 209)

De forma particular, el estudio de cada una de estas otras lenguas en un territorio tan amplio responde a muchas y diferentes razones; observemos, por ejemplo, las siguientes aducidas por Bischoff en el caso del hebreo: “To take one example, what evidence we have of Hebrew studies among Christians of our Middle Ages can be connected with quite different purposes: Biblical studies, religious polemic, interest in Hebrew science or philosophy, or even the requirements of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. These may be regarded as typical. But we also find the curious confession of a Westphalian priest, Johannes of Scheven, the author of a Margarita exorcistarum, the only manuscript of which was destroyed in the World War II. He took some Hebrew lessons from a Jew in order to pronounce correctly in his exorcisms the names of the demons which mainly sounded Hebrew.” (1961: 209)

De manera general, no obstante, asumimos que la dedicación especial a las filologías clásica y bíblica desemboca en el interés por las otras lenguas del texto bíblico de manera general: por un lado, por el griego y el hebreo, lenguas a las que el cristiano latino le otorga un valor ideal, por ser las originales de sus textos sagrados y de su tradición

De manera general, no obstante, asumimos que la dedicación especial a las filologías clásica y bíblica desemboca en el interés por las otras lenguas del texto bíblico de manera general: por un lado, por el griego y el hebreo, lenguas a las que el cristiano latino le otorga un valor ideal, por ser las originales de sus textos sagrados y de su tradición


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cultural, por lo que su conocimiento se hace necesario para poder interpretar correctamente los textos sagrados y, llegado el caso, corregir los posibles errores debidos tanto a la traducción, como a la tradición manuscrita (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 267). Y por otro, por el estudio del árabe, lengua de gran poder político especialmente tras la expansión islámica en el próximo Oriente, en el norte de Africa y España y que experimenta un mayor reconocimiento europeo en la etapa más tardía de la Edad Media, especialmente dentro del marco religioso de las misiones con la creación de los Studia linguarum o escuelas de lenguas creadas por los dominicos españoles.xiv

cultural, por lo que su conocimiento se hace necesario para poder interpretar correctamente los textos sagrados y, llegado el caso, corregir los posibles errores debidos tanto a la traducción, como a la tradición manuscrita (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 267). Y por otro, por el estudio del árabe, lengua de gran poder político especialmente tras la expansión islámica en el próximo Oriente, en el norte de Africa y España y que experimenta un mayor reconocimiento europeo en la etapa más tardía de la Edad Media, especialmente dentro del marco religioso de las misiones con la creación de los Studia linguarum o escuelas de lenguas creadas por los dominicos españoles.xiv

De acuerdo con los testimonios conservados, podemos saber que los instrumentos comunes empleados en el proceso de adquisición de estas lenguas fueron similares a los utilizados en la primera fase del aprendizaje del latín y que, a partir de ahí, todo parece indicar que no se puede hablar de un estudio más avanzado sistemático, ni riguroso, pues, salvo casos aislados, no se contaba con una gramática para ello.

De acuerdo con los testimonios conservados, podemos saber que los instrumentos comunes empleados en el proceso de adquisición de estas lenguas fueron similares a los utilizados en la primera fase del aprendizaje del latín y que, a partir de ahí, todo parece indicar que no se puede hablar de un estudio más avanzado sistemático, ni riguroso, pues, salvo casos aislados, no se contaba con una gramática para ello.

Así para aprender a leer en estas lenguas se sirvieron igualmente de la memorización de alfabetos, léxicos, salmos y otros fragmentos bíblicos, tal como prueban numerosos textos bilingües y trilingües, procedentes principalmente de la Alta Edad Media, en diferentes combinaciones de estas lenguas con el latín fundamentalmente y una versión encontrada en Inglaterra de un salterio trilingüe griego, hebreo y árabe del siglo XII. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 273)

Así para aprender a leer en estas lenguas se sirvieron igualmente de la memorización de alfabetos, léxicos, salmos y otros fragmentos bíblicos, tal como prueban numerosos textos bilingües y trilingües, procedentes principalmente de la Alta Edad Media, en diferentes combinaciones de estas lenguas con el latín fundamentalmente y una versión encontrada en Inglaterra de un salterio trilingüe griego, hebreo y árabe del siglo XII. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 273)

Para el estudio de la lengua griega, favorecido en un principio por la actitud generalizada entre las órdenes religiosas, y en especial por la de los benedictinos, de conceder gran importancia a la lectura de la literatura clásica, como medio de conocer el griego y el latín para acceder mejor a la literatura eclesiástica, se contaba con un material sólo en parte original, pues en su conjunto son textos y tratados antiguos que han sobrevivido al paso del tiempo (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 273)xv. Entre los más conocidos podemos citar los siguientes: la gramática de Dositheus en versión greco-latina, un tratado sobre el verbo de Macrobe, fragmentos de otros textos de naturaleza diversa, — como un manual bilingüe del siglo IX proveniente de la abadía carolingia de San Denís o recopilaciones de otros varios del círculo irlandés de Laon— y otros tantos hermeneumata del siglo III conservados

Para el estudio de la lengua griega, favorecido en un principio por la actitud generalizada entre las órdenes religiosas, y en especial por la de los benedictinos, de conceder gran importancia a la lectura de la literatura clásica, como medio de conocer el griego y el latín para acceder mejor a la literatura eclesiástica, se contaba con un material sólo en parte original, pues en su conjunto son textos y tratados antiguos que han sobrevivido al paso del tiempo (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 273)xv. Entre los más conocidos podemos citar los siguientes: la gramática de Dositheus en versión greco-latina, un tratado sobre el verbo de Macrobe, fragmentos de otros textos de naturaleza diversa, — como un manual bilingüe del siglo IX proveniente de la abadía carolingia de San Denís o recopilaciones de otros varios del círculo irlandés de Laon— y otros tantos hermeneumata del siglo III conservados

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cultural, por lo que su conocimiento se hace necesario para poder interpretar correctamente los textos sagrados y, llegado el caso, corregir los posibles errores debidos tanto a la traducción, como a la tradición manuscrita (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 267). Y por otro, por el estudio del árabe, lengua de gran poder político especialmente tras la expansión islámica en el próximo Oriente, en el norte de Africa y España y que experimenta un mayor reconocimiento europeo en la etapa más tardía de la Edad Media, especialmente dentro del marco religioso de las misiones con la creación de los Studia linguarum o escuelas de lenguas creadas por los dominicos españoles.xiv

cultural, por lo que su conocimiento se hace necesario para poder interpretar correctamente los textos sagrados y, llegado el caso, corregir los posibles errores debidos tanto a la traducción, como a la tradición manuscrita (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 267). Y por otro, por el estudio del árabe, lengua de gran poder político especialmente tras la expansión islámica en el próximo Oriente, en el norte de Africa y España y que experimenta un mayor reconocimiento europeo en la etapa más tardía de la Edad Media, especialmente dentro del marco religioso de las misiones con la creación de los Studia linguarum o escuelas de lenguas creadas por los dominicos españoles.xiv

De acuerdo con los testimonios conservados, podemos saber que los instrumentos comunes empleados en el proceso de adquisición de estas lenguas fueron similares a los utilizados en la primera fase del aprendizaje del latín y que, a partir de ahí, todo parece indicar que no se puede hablar de un estudio más avanzado sistemático, ni riguroso, pues, salvo casos aislados, no se contaba con una gramática para ello.

De acuerdo con los testimonios conservados, podemos saber que los instrumentos comunes empleados en el proceso de adquisición de estas lenguas fueron similares a los utilizados en la primera fase del aprendizaje del latín y que, a partir de ahí, todo parece indicar que no se puede hablar de un estudio más avanzado sistemático, ni riguroso, pues, salvo casos aislados, no se contaba con una gramática para ello.

Así para aprender a leer en estas lenguas se sirvieron igualmente de la memorización de alfabetos, léxicos, salmos y otros fragmentos bíblicos, tal como prueban numerosos textos bilingües y trilingües, procedentes principalmente de la Alta Edad Media, en diferentes combinaciones de estas lenguas con el latín fundamentalmente y una versión encontrada en Inglaterra de un salterio trilingüe griego, hebreo y árabe del siglo XII. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 273)

Así para aprender a leer en estas lenguas se sirvieron igualmente de la memorización de alfabetos, léxicos, salmos y otros fragmentos bíblicos, tal como prueban numerosos textos bilingües y trilingües, procedentes principalmente de la Alta Edad Media, en diferentes combinaciones de estas lenguas con el latín fundamentalmente y una versión encontrada en Inglaterra de un salterio trilingüe griego, hebreo y árabe del siglo XII. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 273)

Para el estudio de la lengua griega, favorecido en un principio por la actitud generalizada entre las órdenes religiosas, y en especial por la de los benedictinos, de conceder gran importancia a la lectura de la literatura clásica, como medio de conocer el griego y el latín para acceder mejor a la literatura eclesiástica, se contaba con un material sólo en parte original, pues en su conjunto son textos y tratados antiguos que han sobrevivido al paso del tiempo (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 273)xv. Entre los más conocidos podemos citar los siguientes: la gramática de Dositheus en versión greco-latina, un tratado sobre el verbo de Macrobe, fragmentos de otros textos de naturaleza diversa, — como un manual bilingüe del siglo IX proveniente de la abadía carolingia de San Denís o recopilaciones de otros varios del círculo irlandés de Laon— y otros tantos hermeneumata del siglo III conservados

Para el estudio de la lengua griega, favorecido en un principio por la actitud generalizada entre las órdenes religiosas, y en especial por la de los benedictinos, de conceder gran importancia a la lectura de la literatura clásica, como medio de conocer el griego y el latín para acceder mejor a la literatura eclesiástica, se contaba con un material sólo en parte original, pues en su conjunto son textos y tratados antiguos que han sobrevivido al paso del tiempo (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 273)xv. Entre los más conocidos podemos citar los siguientes: la gramática de Dositheus en versión greco-latina, un tratado sobre el verbo de Macrobe, fragmentos de otros textos de naturaleza diversa, — como un manual bilingüe del siglo IX proveniente de la abadía carolingia de San Denís o recopilaciones de otros varios del círculo irlandés de Laon— y otros tantos hermeneumata del siglo III conservados


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que, empleados ahora fuera de su contexto didáctico —ya que por lo general no se disponía de texto gramatical completo que permitiera una visión y un conocimiento completos de la gramática griega—, sólo resultan útiles como material recopilatorio del léxico.

que, empleados ahora fuera de su contexto didáctico —ya que por lo general no se disponía de texto gramatical completo que permitiera una visión y un conocimiento completos de la gramática griega—, sólo resultan útiles como material recopilatorio del léxico.

Más noticias sobre todo ello tenemos a partir del siglo XII, cuando una serie de circunstancias históricas, como las Cruzadas y la toma de Constantinopla, propician un contacto más directo entre Oriente y Occidente, reavivando el interés por el estudio de estas lenguas, como resultado fundamentalmente del trabajo de traducción promovido en el mundo occidental tras la conquista islámica del norte de África, de la Península Ibérica y de algunas zonas de Italia, dentro del que cabe resaltar el realizado en la famosa Escuela de Traductores de Toledo impulsada en gran medida por el rey Alfonso X. El nombre de esta escuela se popularizó haciendo referencia más que a una institución, a todo un movimiento intelectual ligado por un vínculo geográfico y de mecenazgo que contó con el patrocinio de los arzobispos y dedicado a la recuperación del saber antiguo y de la ciencia árabe y a su traspaso al resto de Europa. Igual papel desempeñaron Sicilia, Nápoles y Palermo, si bien a menor escala.

Más noticias sobre todo ello tenemos a partir del siglo XII, cuando una serie de circunstancias históricas, como las Cruzadas y la toma de Constantinopla, propician un contacto más directo entre Oriente y Occidente, reavivando el interés por el estudio de estas lenguas, como resultado fundamentalmente del trabajo de traducción promovido en el mundo occidental tras la conquista islámica del norte de África, de la Península Ibérica y de algunas zonas de Italia, dentro del que cabe resaltar el realizado en la famosa Escuela de Traductores de Toledo impulsada en gran medida por el rey Alfonso X. El nombre de esta escuela se popularizó haciendo referencia más que a una institución, a todo un movimiento intelectual ligado por un vínculo geográfico y de mecenazgo que contó con el patrocinio de los arzobispos y dedicado a la recuperación del saber antiguo y de la ciencia árabe y a su traspaso al resto de Europa. Igual papel desempeñaron Sicilia, Nápoles y Palermo, si bien a menor escala.

El testimonio árabe más antiguo con el que contamos es un glosario incompleto bilingüe, árabe y latino del siglo XII, editado en España y de autor anónimoxvi. Del siglo XIII y del entorno misionero es el Vocabulista in arabico, atribuido a Raymond Martin: se trata de un vocabulario latino-árabe y árabe-latino, que incluye indicaciones morfológicas diversas: formas de plural, formas activas de los verbos, etc. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 275)

El testimonio árabe más antiguo con el que contamos es un glosario incompleto bilingüe, árabe y latino del siglo XII, editado en España y de autor anónimoxvi. Del siglo XIII y del entorno misionero es el Vocabulista in arabico, atribuido a Raymond Martin: se trata de un vocabulario latino-árabe y árabe-latino, que incluye indicaciones morfológicas diversas: formas de plural, formas activas de los verbos, etc. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 275)

La investigación lingüística arábiga, basada en el Corán, ejerce a su vez una influencia importante sobre los estudios lingüísticos hebreos, a través de los cuales, centrados fundamentalmente en las escrituras del Antiguo Testamento, “el mundo occidental se puso en contacto intelectual con una lengua no indoeuropea y con una tradición de análisis gramatical no derivado, al menos, directamente, de la tradición greco-romana”, como nos dice Robins, continuando del siguiente modo: “A finales del siglo XII, los judíos de España y de otras partes de Europa habían escrito unas cuantas gramáticas del hebreo para sus correligionarios. Entre estos gramáticos destacan los miembros

La investigación lingüística arábiga, basada en el Corán, ejerce a su vez una influencia importante sobre los estudios lingüísticos hebreos, a través de los cuales, centrados fundamentalmente en las escrituras del Antiguo Testamento, “el mundo occidental se puso en contacto intelectual con una lengua no indoeuropea y con una tradición de análisis gramatical no derivado, al menos, directamente, de la tradición greco-romana”, como nos dice Robins, continuando del siguiente modo: “A finales del siglo XII, los judíos de España y de otras partes de Europa habían escrito unas cuantas gramáticas del hebreo para sus correligionarios. Entre estos gramáticos destacan los miembros

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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245

que, empleados ahora fuera de su contexto didáctico —ya que por lo general no se disponía de texto gramatical completo que permitiera una visión y un conocimiento completos de la gramática griega—, sólo resultan útiles como material recopilatorio del léxico.

que, empleados ahora fuera de su contexto didáctico —ya que por lo general no se disponía de texto gramatical completo que permitiera una visión y un conocimiento completos de la gramática griega—, sólo resultan útiles como material recopilatorio del léxico.

Más noticias sobre todo ello tenemos a partir del siglo XII, cuando una serie de circunstancias históricas, como las Cruzadas y la toma de Constantinopla, propician un contacto más directo entre Oriente y Occidente, reavivando el interés por el estudio de estas lenguas, como resultado fundamentalmente del trabajo de traducción promovido en el mundo occidental tras la conquista islámica del norte de África, de la Península Ibérica y de algunas zonas de Italia, dentro del que cabe resaltar el realizado en la famosa Escuela de Traductores de Toledo impulsada en gran medida por el rey Alfonso X. El nombre de esta escuela se popularizó haciendo referencia más que a una institución, a todo un movimiento intelectual ligado por un vínculo geográfico y de mecenazgo que contó con el patrocinio de los arzobispos y dedicado a la recuperación del saber antiguo y de la ciencia árabe y a su traspaso al resto de Europa. Igual papel desempeñaron Sicilia, Nápoles y Palermo, si bien a menor escala.

Más noticias sobre todo ello tenemos a partir del siglo XII, cuando una serie de circunstancias históricas, como las Cruzadas y la toma de Constantinopla, propician un contacto más directo entre Oriente y Occidente, reavivando el interés por el estudio de estas lenguas, como resultado fundamentalmente del trabajo de traducción promovido en el mundo occidental tras la conquista islámica del norte de África, de la Península Ibérica y de algunas zonas de Italia, dentro del que cabe resaltar el realizado en la famosa Escuela de Traductores de Toledo impulsada en gran medida por el rey Alfonso X. El nombre de esta escuela se popularizó haciendo referencia más que a una institución, a todo un movimiento intelectual ligado por un vínculo geográfico y de mecenazgo que contó con el patrocinio de los arzobispos y dedicado a la recuperación del saber antiguo y de la ciencia árabe y a su traspaso al resto de Europa. Igual papel desempeñaron Sicilia, Nápoles y Palermo, si bien a menor escala.

El testimonio árabe más antiguo con el que contamos es un glosario incompleto bilingüe, árabe y latino del siglo XII, editado en España y de autor anónimoxvi. Del siglo XIII y del entorno misionero es el Vocabulista in arabico, atribuido a Raymond Martin: se trata de un vocabulario latino-árabe y árabe-latino, que incluye indicaciones morfológicas diversas: formas de plural, formas activas de los verbos, etc. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 275)

El testimonio árabe más antiguo con el que contamos es un glosario incompleto bilingüe, árabe y latino del siglo XII, editado en España y de autor anónimoxvi. Del siglo XIII y del entorno misionero es el Vocabulista in arabico, atribuido a Raymond Martin: se trata de un vocabulario latino-árabe y árabe-latino, que incluye indicaciones morfológicas diversas: formas de plural, formas activas de los verbos, etc. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 275)

La investigación lingüística arábiga, basada en el Corán, ejerce a su vez una influencia importante sobre los estudios lingüísticos hebreos, a través de los cuales, centrados fundamentalmente en las escrituras del Antiguo Testamento, “el mundo occidental se puso en contacto intelectual con una lengua no indoeuropea y con una tradición de análisis gramatical no derivado, al menos, directamente, de la tradición greco-romana”, como nos dice Robins, continuando del siguiente modo: “A finales del siglo XII, los judíos de España y de otras partes de Europa habían escrito unas cuantas gramáticas del hebreo para sus correligionarios. Entre estos gramáticos destacan los miembros

La investigación lingüística arábiga, basada en el Corán, ejerce a su vez una influencia importante sobre los estudios lingüísticos hebreos, a través de los cuales, centrados fundamentalmente en las escrituras del Antiguo Testamento, “el mundo occidental se puso en contacto intelectual con una lengua no indoeuropea y con una tradición de análisis gramatical no derivado, al menos, directamente, de la tradición greco-romana”, como nos dice Robins, continuando del siguiente modo: “A finales del siglo XII, los judíos de España y de otras partes de Europa habían escrito unas cuantas gramáticas del hebreo para sus correligionarios. Entre estos gramáticos destacan los miembros


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de la familia Qimhi, que se hicieron famosos por los tratados lingüísticos que publicaron. Mucho antes, otro judío español, Ibn Barun, ya había escrito un estudio comparativo del árabe y de las lenguas hebreas.” (1987: 102)

de la familia Qimhi, que se hicieron famosos por los tratados lingüísticos que publicaron. Mucho antes, otro judío español, Ibn Barun, ya había escrito un estudio comparativo del árabe y de las lenguas hebreas.” (1987: 102)

Y el interés por esta lengua se evidencia de forma más clara ya en el siglo XIII, cuando comienzan a aparecer muchas notas gramaticales en el interior de los textos bíblicos, en los correctoria de la Biblia o bien acompañando generalmente a los léxicos hebreo-latinos contenidos en ellos, a modo de tratados de pronunciación destinados al aprendizaje de la lectura en lengua hebrea: “Dans un codex parisien on trouve par exemple, après une liste d’interpretationes biblicae inspirée du recueil similaire de Jerôme, un Tractatus de pronuntiatione hebraicae lingua daté de 1234. Celui-ci contient aussi quelques éléments de grammaire et est expressément dédié à ceux qui veulent apprendre à lire l’hébreu sans maître. Ce petit traité montre une connaissance réelle de l’hébreu, à la différence de la Summa Britonis de Guillaume Breton, datée entre 1250 et 1272, compilation d’éléments de seconde main mal élaborés par un auteur on hébraïsant.” (Dahan et al. 1995: 274-5)

Y el interés por esta lengua se evidencia de forma más clara ya en el siglo XIII, cuando comienzan a aparecer muchas notas gramaticales en el interior de los textos bíblicos, en los correctoria de la Biblia o bien acompañando generalmente a los léxicos hebreo-latinos contenidos en ellos, a modo de tratados de pronunciación destinados al aprendizaje de la lectura en lengua hebrea: “Dans un codex parisien on trouve par exemple, après une liste d’interpretationes biblicae inspirée du recueil similaire de Jerôme, un Tractatus de pronuntiatione hebraicae lingua daté de 1234. Celui-ci contient aussi quelques éléments de grammaire et est expressément dédié à ceux qui veulent apprendre à lire l’hébreu sans maître. Ce petit traité montre une connaissance réelle de l’hébreu, à la différence de la Summa Britonis de Guillaume Breton, datée entre 1250 et 1272, compilation d’éléments de seconde main mal élaborés par un auteur on hébraïsant.” (Dahan et al. 1995: 274-5)

Del año 1388 data la redacción del tratado más detallado y completo que se ha conservado sobre gramática hebrea en todo el período medieval. Se trata del De idiomate hebraico de Henri de Hassi, de orientación teórica y en el que también se presta atención a la práctica de la lectura.

Del año 1388 data la redacción del tratado más detallado y completo que se ha conservado sobre gramática hebrea en todo el período medieval. Se trata del De idiomate hebraico de Henri de Hassi, de orientación teórica y en el que también se presta atención a la práctica de la lectura.

En Inglaterra, Roger Bacon (1214-1294), monje franciscano consagrado al estudio de la filosofía y de la cienciaxvii, incluye dentro de su producción lingüística el estudio de la lengua hebrea, que plasma en su gramática hebrea, de la que sólo se conserva un fragmento de naturaleza fonética.

En Inglaterra, Roger Bacon (1214-1294), monje franciscano consagrado al estudio de la filosofía y de la cienciaxvii, incluye dentro de su producción lingüística el estudio de la lengua hebrea, que plasma en su gramática hebrea, de la que sólo se conserva un fragmento de naturaleza fonética.

Bacon también fue autor de una gramática comparada de las lenguas griega y latina sin precedentes en el mundo latino y de la que se conservan varios manuscritos, lo cual testimonia el gran interés despertado por su obra y por el estudio de la lengua griega en la Inglaterra del siglo XIII, fomentado, ya antes que por él, por los estudiosos Robert Grosseteste (¿?-1253), traductor de numerosas obras teológicas, filosóficas y científicas, y por Jean de Basingstocke (¿?-1252).

Bacon también fue autor de una gramática comparada de las lenguas griega y latina sin precedentes en el mundo latino y de la que se conservan varios manuscritos, lo cual testimonia el gran interés despertado por su obra y por el estudio de la lengua griega en la Inglaterra del siglo XIII, fomentado, ya antes que por él, por los estudiosos Robert Grosseteste (¿?-1253), traductor de numerosas obras teológicas, filosóficas y científicas, y por Jean de Basingstocke (¿?-1252).

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de la familia Qimhi, que se hicieron famosos por los tratados lingüísticos que publicaron. Mucho antes, otro judío español, Ibn Barun, ya había escrito un estudio comparativo del árabe y de las lenguas hebreas.” (1987: 102)

de la familia Qimhi, que se hicieron famosos por los tratados lingüísticos que publicaron. Mucho antes, otro judío español, Ibn Barun, ya había escrito un estudio comparativo del árabe y de las lenguas hebreas.” (1987: 102)

Y el interés por esta lengua se evidencia de forma más clara ya en el siglo XIII, cuando comienzan a aparecer muchas notas gramaticales en el interior de los textos bíblicos, en los correctoria de la Biblia o bien acompañando generalmente a los léxicos hebreo-latinos contenidos en ellos, a modo de tratados de pronunciación destinados al aprendizaje de la lectura en lengua hebrea: “Dans un codex parisien on trouve par exemple, après une liste d’interpretationes biblicae inspirée du recueil similaire de Jerôme, un Tractatus de pronuntiatione hebraicae lingua daté de 1234. Celui-ci contient aussi quelques éléments de grammaire et est expressément dédié à ceux qui veulent apprendre à lire l’hébreu sans maître. Ce petit traité montre une connaissance réelle de l’hébreu, à la différence de la Summa Britonis de Guillaume Breton, datée entre 1250 et 1272, compilation d’éléments de seconde main mal élaborés par un auteur on hébraïsant.” (Dahan et al. 1995: 274-5)

Y el interés por esta lengua se evidencia de forma más clara ya en el siglo XIII, cuando comienzan a aparecer muchas notas gramaticales en el interior de los textos bíblicos, en los correctoria de la Biblia o bien acompañando generalmente a los léxicos hebreo-latinos contenidos en ellos, a modo de tratados de pronunciación destinados al aprendizaje de la lectura en lengua hebrea: “Dans un codex parisien on trouve par exemple, après une liste d’interpretationes biblicae inspirée du recueil similaire de Jerôme, un Tractatus de pronuntiatione hebraicae lingua daté de 1234. Celui-ci contient aussi quelques éléments de grammaire et est expressément dédié à ceux qui veulent apprendre à lire l’hébreu sans maître. Ce petit traité montre une connaissance réelle de l’hébreu, à la différence de la Summa Britonis de Guillaume Breton, datée entre 1250 et 1272, compilation d’éléments de seconde main mal élaborés par un auteur on hébraïsant.” (Dahan et al. 1995: 274-5)

Del año 1388 data la redacción del tratado más detallado y completo que se ha conservado sobre gramática hebrea en todo el período medieval. Se trata del De idiomate hebraico de Henri de Hassi, de orientación teórica y en el que también se presta atención a la práctica de la lectura.

Del año 1388 data la redacción del tratado más detallado y completo que se ha conservado sobre gramática hebrea en todo el período medieval. Se trata del De idiomate hebraico de Henri de Hassi, de orientación teórica y en el que también se presta atención a la práctica de la lectura.

En Inglaterra, Roger Bacon (1214-1294), monje franciscano consagrado al estudio de la filosofía y de la cienciaxvii, incluye dentro de su producción lingüística el estudio de la lengua hebrea, que plasma en su gramática hebrea, de la que sólo se conserva un fragmento de naturaleza fonética.

En Inglaterra, Roger Bacon (1214-1294), monje franciscano consagrado al estudio de la filosofía y de la cienciaxvii, incluye dentro de su producción lingüística el estudio de la lengua hebrea, que plasma en su gramática hebrea, de la que sólo se conserva un fragmento de naturaleza fonética.

Bacon también fue autor de una gramática comparada de las lenguas griega y latina sin precedentes en el mundo latino y de la que se conservan varios manuscritos, lo cual testimonia el gran interés despertado por su obra y por el estudio de la lengua griega en la Inglaterra del siglo XIII, fomentado, ya antes que por él, por los estudiosos Robert Grosseteste (¿?-1253), traductor de numerosas obras teológicas, filosóficas y científicas, y por Jean de Basingstocke (¿?-1252).

Bacon también fue autor de una gramática comparada de las lenguas griega y latina sin precedentes en el mundo latino y de la que se conservan varios manuscritos, lo cual testimonia el gran interés despertado por su obra y por el estudio de la lengua griega en la Inglaterra del siglo XIII, fomentado, ya antes que por él, por los estudiosos Robert Grosseteste (¿?-1253), traductor de numerosas obras teológicas, filosóficas y científicas, y por Jean de Basingstocke (¿?-1252).


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Con respecto a la lengua griega, igualmente se multiplican las inclusiones de notas gramaticales griegas en los correctoria, así como la producción de léxicos, etimologías y derivationes destinadas al aprendizaje de esta lengua, por la que comienza a observarse un mayor interés también en otras zonas. Testimonios importantes de ello lo constituyen la obra Liber triglossos de Gérard de Huy, una gramática en verso de las lenguas hebrea, griega y latina, y un pequeño tratado gramatical greco-hebreo redactado por Guillaume de la Mare —muerto en 1285— a partir de la anterior.xviii

Con respecto a la lengua griega, igualmente se multiplican las inclusiones de notas gramaticales griegas en los correctoria, así como la producción de léxicos, etimologías y derivationes destinadas al aprendizaje de esta lengua, por la que comienza a observarse un mayor interés también en otras zonas. Testimonios importantes de ello lo constituyen la obra Liber triglossos de Gérard de Huy, una gramática en verso de las lenguas hebrea, griega y latina, y un pequeño tratado gramatical greco-hebreo redactado por Guillaume de la Mare —muerto en 1285— a partir de la anterior.xviii

4. CONCLUSIONES

4. CONCLUSIONES

Con estas páginas, como continuación del trabajo iniciado en el número anterior de esta revista, concluimos el tema de nuestro largo relato sobre la historia y tradición de la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras en Europa dedicado a la Edad Media en el Occidente cristiano y que, como hemos tenido ocasión de conocer, estuvo protagonizado por las lenguas de la religión y de la ciencia y por los primeros testimonios en la historia de la didáctica de las lenguas modernas como extranjeras.

Con estas páginas, como continuación del trabajo iniciado en el número anterior de esta revista, concluimos el tema de nuestro largo relato sobre la historia y tradición de la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras en Europa dedicado a la Edad Media en el Occidente cristiano y que, como hemos tenido ocasión de conocer, estuvo protagonizado por las lenguas de la religión y de la ciencia y por los primeros testimonios en la historia de la didáctica de las lenguas modernas como extranjeras.

En el trabajo anterior, en primer lugar nos preocupamos de conocer las circunstancias más destacadas que condicionaron la situación de la lengua latina y de su enseñanza en este periodo y, en segundo lugar, nos centramos en el proceso concreto de su aprendizaje en el sistema de instrucción cristiano, tratando los tres casos o momentos fundamentales siguientes: el clero irlandés, el Renacimiento Carolingio y la Escolástica.

En el trabajo anterior, en primer lugar nos preocupamos de conocer las circunstancias más destacadas que condicionaron la situación de la lengua latina y de su enseñanza en este periodo y, en segundo lugar, nos centramos en el proceso concreto de su aprendizaje en el sistema de instrucción cristiano, tratando los tres casos o momentos fundamentales siguientes: el clero irlandés, el Renacimiento Carolingio y la Escolástica.

En este trabajo nos hemos ocupado del desarrollo de la situación particular del aprendizaje como extranjeras de las otras lenguas que también formaron parte del panorama lingüístico-formativo medieval: las lenguas vernáculas y las otras lenguas escritas, religiosas y sapienciales.

En este trabajo nos hemos ocupado del desarrollo de la situación particular del aprendizaje como extranjeras de las otras lenguas que también formaron parte del panorama lingüístico-formativo medieval: las lenguas vernáculas y las otras lenguas escritas, religiosas y sapienciales.

Hemos visto que el estudio de unas y otras poco tenían en común, pues las lenguas vernáculas eran las lenguas de uso diario y cotidiano, mientras que el estudio de las otras, como lenguas escritas,

Hemos visto que el estudio de unas y otras poco tenían en común, pues las lenguas vernáculas eran las lenguas de uso diario y cotidiano, mientras que el estudio de las otras, como lenguas escritas,

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Con respecto a la lengua griega, igualmente se multiplican las inclusiones de notas gramaticales griegas en los correctoria, así como la producción de léxicos, etimologías y derivationes destinadas al aprendizaje de esta lengua, por la que comienza a observarse un mayor interés también en otras zonas. Testimonios importantes de ello lo constituyen la obra Liber triglossos de Gérard de Huy, una gramática en verso de las lenguas hebrea, griega y latina, y un pequeño tratado gramatical greco-hebreo redactado por Guillaume de la Mare —muerto en 1285— a partir de la anterior.xviii

Con respecto a la lengua griega, igualmente se multiplican las inclusiones de notas gramaticales griegas en los correctoria, así como la producción de léxicos, etimologías y derivationes destinadas al aprendizaje de esta lengua, por la que comienza a observarse un mayor interés también en otras zonas. Testimonios importantes de ello lo constituyen la obra Liber triglossos de Gérard de Huy, una gramática en verso de las lenguas hebrea, griega y latina, y un pequeño tratado gramatical greco-hebreo redactado por Guillaume de la Mare —muerto en 1285— a partir de la anterior.xviii

4. CONCLUSIONES

4. CONCLUSIONES

Con estas páginas, como continuación del trabajo iniciado en el número anterior de esta revista, concluimos el tema de nuestro largo relato sobre la historia y tradición de la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras en Europa dedicado a la Edad Media en el Occidente cristiano y que, como hemos tenido ocasión de conocer, estuvo protagonizado por las lenguas de la religión y de la ciencia y por los primeros testimonios en la historia de la didáctica de las lenguas modernas como extranjeras.

Con estas páginas, como continuación del trabajo iniciado en el número anterior de esta revista, concluimos el tema de nuestro largo relato sobre la historia y tradición de la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras en Europa dedicado a la Edad Media en el Occidente cristiano y que, como hemos tenido ocasión de conocer, estuvo protagonizado por las lenguas de la religión y de la ciencia y por los primeros testimonios en la historia de la didáctica de las lenguas modernas como extranjeras.

En el trabajo anterior, en primer lugar nos preocupamos de conocer las circunstancias más destacadas que condicionaron la situación de la lengua latina y de su enseñanza en este periodo y, en segundo lugar, nos centramos en el proceso concreto de su aprendizaje en el sistema de instrucción cristiano, tratando los tres casos o momentos fundamentales siguientes: el clero irlandés, el Renacimiento Carolingio y la Escolástica.

En el trabajo anterior, en primer lugar nos preocupamos de conocer las circunstancias más destacadas que condicionaron la situación de la lengua latina y de su enseñanza en este periodo y, en segundo lugar, nos centramos en el proceso concreto de su aprendizaje en el sistema de instrucción cristiano, tratando los tres casos o momentos fundamentales siguientes: el clero irlandés, el Renacimiento Carolingio y la Escolástica.

En este trabajo nos hemos ocupado del desarrollo de la situación particular del aprendizaje como extranjeras de las otras lenguas que también formaron parte del panorama lingüístico-formativo medieval: las lenguas vernáculas y las otras lenguas escritas, religiosas y sapienciales.

En este trabajo nos hemos ocupado del desarrollo de la situación particular del aprendizaje como extranjeras de las otras lenguas que también formaron parte del panorama lingüístico-formativo medieval: las lenguas vernáculas y las otras lenguas escritas, religiosas y sapienciales.

Hemos visto que el estudio de unas y otras poco tenían en común, pues las lenguas vernáculas eran las lenguas de uso diario y cotidiano, mientras que el estudio de las otras, como lenguas escritas,

Hemos visto que el estudio de unas y otras poco tenían en común, pues las lenguas vernáculas eran las lenguas de uso diario y cotidiano, mientras que el estudio de las otras, como lenguas escritas,


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litúrgicas y de cultura, respondía a unos planteamientos similares a los de la lengua latina.

litúrgicas y de cultura, respondía a unos planteamientos similares a los de la lengua latina.

Lo más significatico, desde el punto de vista lingüístico, ha sido la constatación de que el uso cada vez mayor de las lenguas vernáculas en el proceso de aprendizaje testimonia la realidad de la situación dominante en el territorio europeo a lo largo de toda la Edad Media y que no es otra, que el hecho de que estas lenguas en pocos años terminarían reemplazando a la lengua latina en la comunicación, tanto dentro como fuera de sus respectivas fronteras.

Lo más significatico, desde el punto de vista lingüístico, ha sido la constatación de que el uso cada vez mayor de las lenguas vernáculas en el proceso de aprendizaje testimonia la realidad de la situación dominante en el territorio europeo a lo largo de toda la Edad Media y que no es otra, que el hecho de que estas lenguas en pocos años terminarían reemplazando a la lengua latina en la comunicación, tanto dentro como fuera de sus respectivas fronteras.

Es esta última circunstancia la que nos ha interesado abordar para conocer los primeros testimonios conservados del aprendizaje de las modernas lenguas europeas como lenguas extranjeras; en estos testimonios conservados en las distintas lenguas y zonas hemos encontrado, a un mismo tiempo, similitudes y desemejanzas comunes a las referidas hasta ahora en el ámbito de la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas en el occidente continental europeo o, si preferimos, semejantes situaciones de desarrollo, cargadas de particularidades individuales en los diferentes lugares dignos de mención recogidos.

Es esta última circunstancia la que nos ha interesado abordar para conocer los primeros testimonios conservados del aprendizaje de las modernas lenguas europeas como lenguas extranjeras; en estos testimonios conservados en las distintas lenguas y zonas hemos encontrado, a un mismo tiempo, similitudes y desemejanzas comunes a las referidas hasta ahora en el ámbito de la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas en el occidente continental europeo o, si preferimos, semejantes situaciones de desarrollo, cargadas de particularidades individuales en los diferentes lugares dignos de mención recogidos.

Y en definitiva, como conclusión al capítulo medieval y antes de continuar avanzando a través del tiempo con el siguiente gran periodo de la Historia de la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras, podemos decir que el empleo de la lengua vernácula para el estudio del latín constituye la más importante y decisiva innovación metodológica de estos siglos en este ámbito, pues sirvió además de modelo para el estudio y aprendizaje de las otras lenguas, condicionando la producción relativamente fértil del material diseñado como ‘utensilio’ didáctico utilizado para este fin, presidido por las gramáticas y complementado por una rica aportación de material lexicográfico, en forma de vocabularios bilingües y manuales de conversación principalmente.

Y en definitiva, como conclusión al capítulo medieval y antes de continuar avanzando a través del tiempo con el siguiente gran periodo de la Historia de la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras, podemos decir que el empleo de la lengua vernácula para el estudio del latín constituye la más importante y decisiva innovación metodológica de estos siglos en este ámbito, pues sirvió además de modelo para el estudio y aprendizaje de las otras lenguas, condicionando la producción relativamente fértil del material diseñado como ‘utensilio’ didáctico utilizado para este fin, presidido por las gramáticas y complementado por una rica aportación de material lexicográfico, en forma de vocabularios bilingües y manuales de conversación principalmente.

NOTAS

NOTAS

i

i

Conviene tener presentes la metodología y la terminología seguidas en esta serie de trabajos; para ello remitimos a Corvo 2004: 93-97.

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Conviene tener presentes la metodología y la terminología seguidas en esta serie de trabajos; para ello remitimos a Corvo 2004: 93-97.

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litúrgicas y de cultura, respondía a unos planteamientos similares a los de la lengua latina.

litúrgicas y de cultura, respondía a unos planteamientos similares a los de la lengua latina.

Lo más significatico, desde el punto de vista lingüístico, ha sido la constatación de que el uso cada vez mayor de las lenguas vernáculas en el proceso de aprendizaje testimonia la realidad de la situación dominante en el territorio europeo a lo largo de toda la Edad Media y que no es otra, que el hecho de que estas lenguas en pocos años terminarían reemplazando a la lengua latina en la comunicación, tanto dentro como fuera de sus respectivas fronteras.

Lo más significatico, desde el punto de vista lingüístico, ha sido la constatación de que el uso cada vez mayor de las lenguas vernáculas en el proceso de aprendizaje testimonia la realidad de la situación dominante en el territorio europeo a lo largo de toda la Edad Media y que no es otra, que el hecho de que estas lenguas en pocos años terminarían reemplazando a la lengua latina en la comunicación, tanto dentro como fuera de sus respectivas fronteras.

Es esta última circunstancia la que nos ha interesado abordar para conocer los primeros testimonios conservados del aprendizaje de las modernas lenguas europeas como lenguas extranjeras; en estos testimonios conservados en las distintas lenguas y zonas hemos encontrado, a un mismo tiempo, similitudes y desemejanzas comunes a las referidas hasta ahora en el ámbito de la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas en el occidente continental europeo o, si preferimos, semejantes situaciones de desarrollo, cargadas de particularidades individuales en los diferentes lugares dignos de mención recogidos.

Es esta última circunstancia la que nos ha interesado abordar para conocer los primeros testimonios conservados del aprendizaje de las modernas lenguas europeas como lenguas extranjeras; en estos testimonios conservados en las distintas lenguas y zonas hemos encontrado, a un mismo tiempo, similitudes y desemejanzas comunes a las referidas hasta ahora en el ámbito de la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas en el occidente continental europeo o, si preferimos, semejantes situaciones de desarrollo, cargadas de particularidades individuales en los diferentes lugares dignos de mención recogidos.

Y en definitiva, como conclusión al capítulo medieval y antes de continuar avanzando a través del tiempo con el siguiente gran periodo de la Historia de la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras, podemos decir que el empleo de la lengua vernácula para el estudio del latín constituye la más importante y decisiva innovación metodológica de estos siglos en este ámbito, pues sirvió además de modelo para el estudio y aprendizaje de las otras lenguas, condicionando la producción relativamente fértil del material diseñado como ‘utensilio’ didáctico utilizado para este fin, presidido por las gramáticas y complementado por una rica aportación de material lexicográfico, en forma de vocabularios bilingües y manuales de conversación principalmente.

Y en definitiva, como conclusión al capítulo medieval y antes de continuar avanzando a través del tiempo con el siguiente gran periodo de la Historia de la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras, podemos decir que el empleo de la lengua vernácula para el estudio del latín constituye la más importante y decisiva innovación metodológica de estos siglos en este ámbito, pues sirvió además de modelo para el estudio y aprendizaje de las otras lenguas, condicionando la producción relativamente fértil del material diseñado como ‘utensilio’ didáctico utilizado para este fin, presidido por las gramáticas y complementado por una rica aportación de material lexicográfico, en forma de vocabularios bilingües y manuales de conversación principalmente.

NOTAS

NOTAS

i

i

Conviene tener presentes la metodología y la terminología seguidas en esta serie de trabajos; para ello remitimos a Corvo 2004: 93-97.

Conviene tener presentes la metodología y la terminología seguidas en esta serie de trabajos; para ello remitimos a Corvo 2004: 93-97.


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Durante los últimos años de la Edad Media los comerciantes alemanes crearon la asociación Fondaco dei Tedeschi en Venecia y los italianos se vieron obligados a aprender alemán para negociar con ellos. Además de suponer que circularan muchos vocabularios copiados a mano, como era la tendencia en este momento, contamos con un testimonio escrito que verifica esta realidad, un libro que se imprimió con el siguiente nombre: Questo sei uno libro utilisimo a chi se dileta de intendere Todescho dechiarando in lingua Taliana. (Cf. Bischoff 1961: 211) iii Son, como Bischoff advierte, sentencias desfiguradas por la pronunciación románica. iv Y en ocasiones también latinas, pues incluye frases como “de bevere”, “de mandegare” y “veni deo”, para pedir el alimento y la bebida, las dos primeras, y como fórmula de saludo la última. (Bischoff 1961: 218) v Y que constituye el más antiguo monumento de la lengua vasca. (Cf. Bischoff 1961: 218) vi Todos estos manuscritos forman parte de una larga tradición: la de las guías para viajeros —los romanos, por ejemplo, disponían de su Tabula Peutingeriana y de sus Itineraria—, que con los años gozaron aún de mayor auge, incluyendo un número mayor de lenguas. (Cf. Bischoff 1961: 217, 219) vii Respecto al origen de su poesía, Escolar expresa: “(…) con el desarrollo de las escuelas urbanas y de las universidades se amplió notablemente el público lector y, además de los clérigos, eran capaces de leer laicos miembros de la nobleza y de la naciente burguesía. Esta es la razón por la que los primeros textos literarios aparecen a finales del siglo XI en las cortes señoriales del sur de Francia. Es la llamada poesía provenzal, escrita en la lengua oc, erótica y refinada, cuyo origen parece estar en la España musulmana, donde hay una poesía popular en romance mozárabe, pero escrita con caracteres árabes.” (Escolar 1988: 277) viii Como nos advierten Dahan et al.: “Le traité semble s’adresser à ceux qui aiment à entendre de la poèsie, mais aussi au public plus restreint de ceux qui souhaitent en composer, dans le milieu de l’aristocratie des cours catalanes. Il est destiné à des lecteurs qui connaissent le provençal, mais égalemente à ceux qui ne le connaîtraient pas: en fait ceux-ci ne peuvent être,

ii

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Durante los últimos años de la Edad Media los comerciantes alemanes crearon la asociación Fondaco dei Tedeschi en Venecia y los italianos se vieron obligados a aprender alemán para negociar con ellos. Además de suponer que circularan muchos vocabularios copiados a mano, como era la tendencia en este momento, contamos con un testimonio escrito que verifica esta realidad, un libro que se imprimió con el siguiente nombre: Questo sei uno libro utilisimo a chi se dileta de intendere Todescho dechiarando in lingua Taliana. (Cf. Bischoff 1961: 211) iii Son, como Bischoff advierte, sentencias desfiguradas por la pronunciación románica. iv Y en ocasiones también latinas, pues incluye frases como “de bevere”, “de mandegare” y “veni deo”, para pedir el alimento y la bebida, las dos primeras, y como fórmula de saludo la última. (Bischoff 1961: 218) v Y que constituye el más antiguo monumento de la lengua vasca. (Cf. Bischoff 1961: 218) vi Todos estos manuscritos forman parte de una larga tradición: la de las guías para viajeros —los romanos, por ejemplo, disponían de su Tabula Peutingeriana y de sus Itineraria—, que con los años gozaron aún de mayor auge, incluyendo un número mayor de lenguas. (Cf. Bischoff 1961: 217, 219) vii Respecto al origen de su poesía, Escolar expresa: “(…) con el desarrollo de las escuelas urbanas y de las universidades se amplió notablemente el público lector y, además de los clérigos, eran capaces de leer laicos miembros de la nobleza y de la naciente burguesía. Esta es la razón por la que los primeros textos literarios aparecen a finales del siglo XI en las cortes señoriales del sur de Francia. Es la llamada poesía provenzal, escrita en la lengua oc, erótica y refinada, cuyo origen parece estar en la España musulmana, donde hay una poesía popular en romance mozárabe, pero escrita con caracteres árabes.” (Escolar 1988: 277) viii Como nos advierten Dahan et al.: “Le traité semble s’adresser à ceux qui aiment à entendre de la poèsie, mais aussi au public plus restreint de ceux qui souhaitent en composer, dans le milieu de l’aristocratie des cours catalanes. Il est destiné à des lecteurs qui connaissent le provençal, mais égalemente à ceux qui ne le connaîtraient pas: en fait ceux-ci ne peuvent être,

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Durante los últimos años de la Edad Media los comerciantes alemanes crearon la asociación Fondaco dei Tedeschi en Venecia y los italianos se vieron obligados a aprender alemán para negociar con ellos. Además de suponer que circularan muchos vocabularios copiados a mano, como era la tendencia en este momento, contamos con un testimonio escrito que verifica esta realidad, un libro que se imprimió con el siguiente nombre: Questo sei uno libro utilisimo a chi se dileta de intendere Todescho dechiarando in lingua Taliana. (Cf. Bischoff 1961: 211) iii Son, como Bischoff advierte, sentencias desfiguradas por la pronunciación románica. iv Y en ocasiones también latinas, pues incluye frases como “de bevere”, “de mandegare” y “veni deo”, para pedir el alimento y la bebida, las dos primeras, y como fórmula de saludo la última. (Bischoff 1961: 218) v Y que constituye el más antiguo monumento de la lengua vasca. (Cf. Bischoff 1961: 218) vi Todos estos manuscritos forman parte de una larga tradición: la de las guías para viajeros —los romanos, por ejemplo, disponían de su Tabula Peutingeriana y de sus Itineraria—, que con los años gozaron aún de mayor auge, incluyendo un número mayor de lenguas. (Cf. Bischoff 1961: 217, 219) vii Respecto al origen de su poesía, Escolar expresa: “(…) con el desarrollo de las escuelas urbanas y de las universidades se amplió notablemente el público lector y, además de los clérigos, eran capaces de leer laicos miembros de la nobleza y de la naciente burguesía. Esta es la razón por la que los primeros textos literarios aparecen a finales del siglo XI en las cortes señoriales del sur de Francia. Es la llamada poesía provenzal, escrita en la lengua oc, erótica y refinada, cuyo origen parece estar en la España musulmana, donde hay una poesía popular en romance mozárabe, pero escrita con caracteres árabes.” (Escolar 1988: 277) viii Como nos advierten Dahan et al.: “Le traité semble s’adresser à ceux qui aiment à entendre de la poèsie, mais aussi au public plus restreint de ceux qui souhaitent en composer, dans le milieu de l’aristocratie des cours catalanes. Il est destiné à des lecteurs qui connaissent le provençal, mais égalemente à ceux qui ne le connaîtraient pas: en fait ceux-ci ne peuvent être,

ii

249

Durante los últimos años de la Edad Media los comerciantes alemanes crearon la asociación Fondaco dei Tedeschi en Venecia y los italianos se vieron obligados a aprender alemán para negociar con ellos. Además de suponer que circularan muchos vocabularios copiados a mano, como era la tendencia en este momento, contamos con un testimonio escrito que verifica esta realidad, un libro que se imprimió con el siguiente nombre: Questo sei uno libro utilisimo a chi se dileta de intendere Todescho dechiarando in lingua Taliana. (Cf. Bischoff 1961: 211) iii Son, como Bischoff advierte, sentencias desfiguradas por la pronunciación románica. iv Y en ocasiones también latinas, pues incluye frases como “de bevere”, “de mandegare” y “veni deo”, para pedir el alimento y la bebida, las dos primeras, y como fórmula de saludo la última. (Bischoff 1961: 218) v Y que constituye el más antiguo monumento de la lengua vasca. (Cf. Bischoff 1961: 218) vi Todos estos manuscritos forman parte de una larga tradición: la de las guías para viajeros —los romanos, por ejemplo, disponían de su Tabula Peutingeriana y de sus Itineraria—, que con los años gozaron aún de mayor auge, incluyendo un número mayor de lenguas. (Cf. Bischoff 1961: 217, 219) vii Respecto al origen de su poesía, Escolar expresa: “(…) con el desarrollo de las escuelas urbanas y de las universidades se amplió notablemente el público lector y, además de los clérigos, eran capaces de leer laicos miembros de la nobleza y de la naciente burguesía. Esta es la razón por la que los primeros textos literarios aparecen a finales del siglo XI en las cortes señoriales del sur de Francia. Es la llamada poesía provenzal, escrita en la lengua oc, erótica y refinada, cuyo origen parece estar en la España musulmana, donde hay una poesía popular en romance mozárabe, pero escrita con caracteres árabes.” (Escolar 1988: 277) viii Como nos advierten Dahan et al.: “Le traité semble s’adresser à ceux qui aiment à entendre de la poèsie, mais aussi au public plus restreint de ceux qui souhaitent en composer, dans le milieu de l’aristocratie des cours catalanes. Il est destiné à des lecteurs qui connaissent le provençal, mais égalemente à ceux qui ne le connaîtraient pas: en fait ceux-ci ne peuvent être,


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étant donné le peu de systématicité de l’oeuvre, que des Catalans.” (Dahan et al. 1995: 295) ix El inglés se impone como lengua oficial del reino tras la usurpación del trono de Ricardo II por la casa de Lancaster en 1399. x Cf. Sánchez 1992: 14, Germain 1993: 57 y Dahan et al. 1995: 299. Estos hechos conducen unos años más tarde, con el advenimiento de los Tudores en 1485, a que Inglaterra pierda su condición bilingüe y se convierta inexorable y definitivamente en una nación monolingüe, donde el uso del francés, a pesar de todo, aún competiría con el latín en los ámbitos de la administración y del derecho en el período inmediatamente posterior. xi Caravolas 1994: 29-30: la traducción es nuestra. xii Otras dos gramáticas francesas vieron la luz ya en el siglo XV: el Liber Donati, atribuido a William Kingsmill —consta de una sección gramatical que, junto con los pronombres y los paradigmas verbales, incluye glosarios bilingües y modelos de conversación— y el Donat françois de John Barton. (Cf. Dahal et al. 1995: 300) xiii Son clasificadas como tales junto al latín del siguiente modo: “En effet il donne deux listes différentes de langues sapientiales selon qu’elles concernent la sapientia révélée par les prophètes et les philosophes ou la tradition de l’Eglise. Dans le premier cas on comprend l’hébreu, le grec et e’arabe et on exclut le latin, étant donné —selon lui—qu’aucun ouvrage philosophique n’a été originairement écrit en latin. Dans le deuxième cas, le latin est compris en tant que troisième langue sacrée et langue de l’Eglise, et à l’inverse l’arabe est évidemment exclu.” (Dahal et al. 1995: 267) xiv Raymond de Peñafort, muerto en 1275, fue el fundador de dichas escuelas de lenguas y su labor fue determinante dentro de la empresa evangelizadora y de conversión. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 275-6) xv Importantísima es la actividad desempeñada en este sentido por los monjes irlandeses, grandes conocedores del griego, en misiones al continente fundando nuevos monasterios; se sabe de la existencia de más de 300 monasterios entre Irlanda y Escocia en el siglo VI. xvi Si bien en opinión de Dahan et al., dicho léxico debe contemplarse más bien como instrumento destinado al aprendizaje del latín:

étant donné le peu de systématicité de l’oeuvre, que des Catalans.” (Dahan et al. 1995: 295) ix El inglés se impone como lengua oficial del reino tras la usurpación del trono de Ricardo II por la casa de Lancaster en 1399. x Cf. Sánchez 1992: 14, Germain 1993: 57 y Dahan et al. 1995: 299. Estos hechos conducen unos años más tarde, con el advenimiento de los Tudores en 1485, a que Inglaterra pierda su condición bilingüe y se convierta inexorable y definitivamente en una nación monolingüe, donde el uso del francés, a pesar de todo, aún competiría con el latín en los ámbitos de la administración y del derecho en el período inmediatamente posterior. xi Caravolas 1994: 29-30: la traducción es nuestra. xii Otras dos gramáticas francesas vieron la luz ya en el siglo XV: el Liber Donati, atribuido a William Kingsmill —consta de una sección gramatical que, junto con los pronombres y los paradigmas verbales, incluye glosarios bilingües y modelos de conversación— y el Donat françois de John Barton. (Cf. Dahal et al. 1995: 300) xiii Son clasificadas como tales junto al latín del siguiente modo: “En effet il donne deux listes différentes de langues sapientiales selon qu’elles concernent la sapientia révélée par les prophètes et les philosophes ou la tradition de l’Eglise. Dans le premier cas on comprend l’hébreu, le grec et e’arabe et on exclut le latin, étant donné —selon lui—qu’aucun ouvrage philosophique n’a été originairement écrit en latin. Dans le deuxième cas, le latin est compris en tant que troisième langue sacrée et langue de l’Eglise, et à l’inverse l’arabe est évidemment exclu.” (Dahal et al. 1995: 267) xiv Raymond de Peñafort, muerto en 1275, fue el fundador de dichas escuelas de lenguas y su labor fue determinante dentro de la empresa evangelizadora y de conversión. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 275-6) xv Importantísima es la actividad desempeñada en este sentido por los monjes irlandeses, grandes conocedores del griego, en misiones al continente fundando nuevos monasterios; se sabe de la existencia de más de 300 monasterios entre Irlanda y Escocia en el siglo VI. xvi Si bien en opinión de Dahan et al., dicho léxico debe contemplarse más bien como instrumento destinado al aprendizaje del latín:

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étant donné le peu de systématicité de l’oeuvre, que des Catalans.” (Dahan et al. 1995: 295) ix El inglés se impone como lengua oficial del reino tras la usurpación del trono de Ricardo II por la casa de Lancaster en 1399. x Cf. Sánchez 1992: 14, Germain 1993: 57 y Dahan et al. 1995: 299. Estos hechos conducen unos años más tarde, con el advenimiento de los Tudores en 1485, a que Inglaterra pierda su condición bilingüe y se convierta inexorable y definitivamente en una nación monolingüe, donde el uso del francés, a pesar de todo, aún competiría con el latín en los ámbitos de la administración y del derecho en el período inmediatamente posterior. xi Caravolas 1994: 29-30: la traducción es nuestra. xii Otras dos gramáticas francesas vieron la luz ya en el siglo XV: el Liber Donati, atribuido a William Kingsmill —consta de una sección gramatical que, junto con los pronombres y los paradigmas verbales, incluye glosarios bilingües y modelos de conversación— y el Donat françois de John Barton. (Cf. Dahal et al. 1995: 300) xiii Son clasificadas como tales junto al latín del siguiente modo: “En effet il donne deux listes différentes de langues sapientiales selon qu’elles concernent la sapientia révélée par les prophètes et les philosophes ou la tradition de l’Eglise. Dans le premier cas on comprend l’hébreu, le grec et e’arabe et on exclut le latin, étant donné —selon lui—qu’aucun ouvrage philosophique n’a été originairement écrit en latin. Dans le deuxième cas, le latin est compris en tant que troisième langue sacrée et langue de l’Eglise, et à l’inverse l’arabe est évidemment exclu.” (Dahal et al. 1995: 267) xiv Raymond de Peñafort, muerto en 1275, fue el fundador de dichas escuelas de lenguas y su labor fue determinante dentro de la empresa evangelizadora y de conversión. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 275-6) xv Importantísima es la actividad desempeñada en este sentido por los monjes irlandeses, grandes conocedores del griego, en misiones al continente fundando nuevos monasterios; se sabe de la existencia de más de 300 monasterios entre Irlanda y Escocia en el siglo VI. xvi Si bien en opinión de Dahan et al., dicho léxico debe contemplarse más bien como instrumento destinado al aprendizaje del latín:

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

étant donné le peu de systématicité de l’oeuvre, que des Catalans.” (Dahan et al. 1995: 295) ix El inglés se impone como lengua oficial del reino tras la usurpación del trono de Ricardo II por la casa de Lancaster en 1399. x Cf. Sánchez 1992: 14, Germain 1993: 57 y Dahan et al. 1995: 299. Estos hechos conducen unos años más tarde, con el advenimiento de los Tudores en 1485, a que Inglaterra pierda su condición bilingüe y se convierta inexorable y definitivamente en una nación monolingüe, donde el uso del francés, a pesar de todo, aún competiría con el latín en los ámbitos de la administración y del derecho en el período inmediatamente posterior. xi Caravolas 1994: 29-30: la traducción es nuestra. xii Otras dos gramáticas francesas vieron la luz ya en el siglo XV: el Liber Donati, atribuido a William Kingsmill —consta de una sección gramatical que, junto con los pronombres y los paradigmas verbales, incluye glosarios bilingües y modelos de conversación— y el Donat françois de John Barton. (Cf. Dahal et al. 1995: 300) xiii Son clasificadas como tales junto al latín del siguiente modo: “En effet il donne deux listes différentes de langues sapientiales selon qu’elles concernent la sapientia révélée par les prophètes et les philosophes ou la tradition de l’Eglise. Dans le premier cas on comprend l’hébreu, le grec et e’arabe et on exclut le latin, étant donné —selon lui—qu’aucun ouvrage philosophique n’a été originairement écrit en latin. Dans le deuxième cas, le latin est compris en tant que troisième langue sacrée et langue de l’Eglise, et à l’inverse l’arabe est évidemment exclu.” (Dahal et al. 1995: 267) xiv Raymond de Peñafort, muerto en 1275, fue el fundador de dichas escuelas de lenguas y su labor fue determinante dentro de la empresa evangelizadora y de conversión. (Cf. Dahan et al. 1995: 275-6) xv Importantísima es la actividad desempeñada en este sentido por los monjes irlandeses, grandes conocedores del griego, en misiones al continente fundando nuevos monasterios; se sabe de la existencia de más de 300 monasterios entre Irlanda y Escocia en el siglo VI. xvi Si bien en opinión de Dahan et al., dicho léxico debe contemplarse más bien como instrumento destinado al aprendizaje del latín:


Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

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“(…) conservé dans un manuscrit de Leyde, est incomplet, fondé sur un recueil de gloses, peut-ètre rédigé par un mozarabe, et donne suvent des interprétations en guise de traductions. L’on a cru d’abord à un instrument destiné à des latinophones apprenant l’arabe, mais il s’agit au contraire d’un ouvrage destiné à des chrétiens arabophones andalous voulant apprendre le latin.” (1995: 275) xvii El papa Clemente IV le encargaría una obra recopilatoria del conocimiento contemporáneo, a la que Bacon le dio el nombre de Opus majus. xviii La primera gramática moderna de esta lengua, escrita por Manuel Crisorolas, data de finales del siglo XIV y surgió como resultado de la visita de su autor como profesor de griego a Occidente. (Cf. Robins 1987: 100)

“(…) conservé dans un manuscrit de Leyde, est incomplet, fondé sur un recueil de gloses, peut-ètre rédigé par un mozarabe, et donne suvent des interprétations en guise de traductions. L’on a cru d’abord à un instrument destiné à des latinophones apprenant l’arabe, mais il s’agit au contraire d’un ouvrage destiné à des chrétiens arabophones andalous voulant apprendre le latin.” (1995: 275) xvii El papa Clemente IV le encargaría una obra recopilatoria del conocimiento contemporáneo, a la que Bacon le dio el nombre de Opus majus. xviii La primera gramática moderna de esta lengua, escrita por Manuel Crisorolas, data de finales del siglo XIV y surgió como resultado de la visita de su autor como profesor de griego a Occidente. (Cf. Robins 1987: 100)

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Bischoff, B. 1961. “The Study of Foreign Languages in the Middle Ages”. Speculum. A Journal of Mediaeval Studies XXXVI, 2: 209-224. Corvo, M. J. 2004. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (I): Antigüedad”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 13: 93-110. —— 2005. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (II): Antigüedad clásica - Grecia”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 14: 175-188. —— 2006. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (III): Antigüedad clásica - Roma”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 15: 43-64. —— 2007. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (IV): Edad Media – La enseñanza del latín”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 16: 151-178. Dahan, G. et al. 1995. “L’arabe, le grec, l’hébreu et les vernaculaires” en Sten Ebbesen ed. Sprachtheorien in Spätantike und Mittelalter. Tübingen: Narr. 265-321. Escolar, H. 1988. Historia del libro. (2ª edición). Madrid: Pirámide. Germain, C. 1993. Évolution de l’enseignement des langues: 5000 ans d’histoire. Paris: CLE international.

Bischoff, B. 1961. “The Study of Foreign Languages in the Middle Ages”. Speculum. A Journal of Mediaeval Studies XXXVI, 2: 209-224. Corvo, M. J. 2004. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (I): Antigüedad”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 13: 93-110. —— 2005. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (II): Antigüedad clásica - Grecia”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 14: 175-188. —— 2006. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (III): Antigüedad clásica - Roma”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 15: 43-64. —— 2007. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (IV): Edad Media – La enseñanza del latín”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 16: 151-178. Dahan, G. et al. 1995. “L’arabe, le grec, l’hébreu et les vernaculaires” en Sten Ebbesen ed. Sprachtheorien in Spätantike und Mittelalter. Tübingen: Narr. 265-321. Escolar, H. 1988. Historia del libro. (2ª edición). Madrid: Pirámide. Germain, C. 1993. Évolution de l’enseignement des langues: 5000 ans d’histoire. Paris: CLE international.

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

Mª José Corvo Sánchez Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas ...

251

251

“(…) conservé dans un manuscrit de Leyde, est incomplet, fondé sur un recueil de gloses, peut-ètre rédigé par un mozarabe, et donne suvent des interprétations en guise de traductions. L’on a cru d’abord à un instrument destiné à des latinophones apprenant l’arabe, mais il s’agit au contraire d’un ouvrage destiné à des chrétiens arabophones andalous voulant apprendre le latin.” (1995: 275) xvii El papa Clemente IV le encargaría una obra recopilatoria del conocimiento contemporáneo, a la que Bacon le dio el nombre de Opus majus. xviii La primera gramática moderna de esta lengua, escrita por Manuel Crisorolas, data de finales del siglo XIV y surgió como resultado de la visita de su autor como profesor de griego a Occidente. (Cf. Robins 1987: 100)

“(…) conservé dans un manuscrit de Leyde, est incomplet, fondé sur un recueil de gloses, peut-ètre rédigé par un mozarabe, et donne suvent des interprétations en guise de traductions. L’on a cru d’abord à un instrument destiné à des latinophones apprenant l’arabe, mais il s’agit au contraire d’un ouvrage destiné à des chrétiens arabophones andalous voulant apprendre le latin.” (1995: 275) xvii El papa Clemente IV le encargaría una obra recopilatoria del conocimiento contemporáneo, a la que Bacon le dio el nombre de Opus majus. xviii La primera gramática moderna de esta lengua, escrita por Manuel Crisorolas, data de finales del siglo XIV y surgió como resultado de la visita de su autor como profesor de griego a Occidente. (Cf. Robins 1987: 100)

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Bischoff, B. 1961. “The Study of Foreign Languages in the Middle Ages”. Speculum. A Journal of Mediaeval Studies XXXVI, 2: 209-224. Corvo, M. J. 2004. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (I): Antigüedad”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 13: 93-110. —— 2005. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (II): Antigüedad clásica - Grecia”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 14: 175-188. —— 2006. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (III): Antigüedad clásica - Roma”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 15: 43-64. —— 2007. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (IV): Edad Media – La enseñanza del latín”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 16: 151-178. Dahan, G. et al. 1995. “L’arabe, le grec, l’hébreu et les vernaculaires” en Sten Ebbesen ed. Sprachtheorien in Spätantike und Mittelalter. Tübingen: Narr. 265-321. Escolar, H. 1988. Historia del libro. (2ª edición). Madrid: Pirámide. Germain, C. 1993. Évolution de l’enseignement des langues: 5000 ans d’histoire. Paris: CLE international.

Bischoff, B. 1961. “The Study of Foreign Languages in the Middle Ages”. Speculum. A Journal of Mediaeval Studies XXXVI, 2: 209-224. Corvo, M. J. 2004. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (I): Antigüedad”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 13: 93-110. —— 2005. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (II): Antigüedad clásica - Grecia”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 14: 175-188. —— 2006. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (III): Antigüedad clásica - Roma”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 15: 43-64. —— 2007. “Historia y tradición en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras en Europa (IV): Edad Media – La enseñanza del latín”. Babel A.F.I.A.L. Aspectos da Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana. 16: 151-178. Dahan, G. et al. 1995. “L’arabe, le grec, l’hébreu et les vernaculaires” en Sten Ebbesen ed. Sprachtheorien in Spätantike und Mittelalter. Tübingen: Narr. 265-321. Escolar, H. 1988. Historia del libro. (2ª edición). Madrid: Pirámide. Germain, C. 1993. Évolution de l’enseignement des langues: 5000 ans d’histoire. Paris: CLE international.


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Kelly, L. G. 1976. 25 Centuries of Language Teaching. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers. Lepschy, G. 1994. Classical and medieval Linguistics. London, New York: Longman. Niederehe, H-J. 1993. “Corrientes primerias y secundarias en la prehistoria de la gramática de la lengua castellana de Nebrija”. Anuario de letras (México). XXXI: 265-293. Robins, R. H. 1987. Breve Historia de la Lingüística (Traducción de Enrique Alcaraz Varo). Madrid: Paraninfo, S.A. Sánchez, A. 1992. Historia de la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera. Madrid: SGEL (Sociedad General Española de Librería, S.A.). Södergard, O. 1955. “Le plus ancien traité grammatical francáis”. En: Studi Neuphilologica. 27: 192-194. Watson, F. 1968. The English Grammar Schools to 1660. Their Curriculum and Practice. (Reimpresión de: 1908, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press). London: Frank Cass & Company Limited.

Kelly, L. G. 1976. 25 Centuries of Language Teaching. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers. Lepschy, G. 1994. Classical and medieval Linguistics. London, New York: Longman. Niederehe, H-J. 1993. “Corrientes primerias y secundarias en la prehistoria de la gramática de la lengua castellana de Nebrija”. Anuario de letras (México). XXXI: 265-293. Robins, R. H. 1987. Breve Historia de la Lingüística (Traducción de Enrique Alcaraz Varo). Madrid: Paraninfo, S.A. Sánchez, A. 1992. Historia de la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera. Madrid: SGEL (Sociedad General Española de Librería, S.A.). Södergard, O. 1955. “Le plus ancien traité grammatical francáis”. En: Studi Neuphilologica. 27: 192-194. Watson, F. 1968. The English Grammar Schools to 1660. Their Curriculum and Practice. (Reimpresión de: 1908, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press). London: Frank Cass & Company Limited.

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Kelly, L. G. 1976. 25 Centuries of Language Teaching. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers. Lepschy, G. 1994. Classical and medieval Linguistics. London, New York: Longman. Niederehe, H-J. 1993. “Corrientes primerias y secundarias en la prehistoria de la gramática de la lengua castellana de Nebrija”. Anuario de letras (México). XXXI: 265-293. Robins, R. H. 1987. Breve Historia de la Lingüística (Traducción de Enrique Alcaraz Varo). Madrid: Paraninfo, S.A. Sánchez, A. 1992. Historia de la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera. Madrid: SGEL (Sociedad General Española de Librería, S.A.). Södergard, O. 1955. “Le plus ancien traité grammatical francáis”. En: Studi Neuphilologica. 27: 192-194. Watson, F. 1968. The English Grammar Schools to 1660. Their Curriculum and Practice. (Reimpresión de: 1908, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press). London: Frank Cass & Company Limited.

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Kelly, L. G. 1976. 25 Centuries of Language Teaching. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers. Lepschy, G. 1994. Classical and medieval Linguistics. London, New York: Longman. Niederehe, H-J. 1993. “Corrientes primerias y secundarias en la prehistoria de la gramática de la lengua castellana de Nebrija”. Anuario de letras (México). XXXI: 265-293. Robins, R. H. 1987. Breve Historia de la Lingüística (Traducción de Enrique Alcaraz Varo). Madrid: Paraninfo, S.A. Sánchez, A. 1992. Historia de la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera. Madrid: SGEL (Sociedad General Española de Librería, S.A.). Södergard, O. 1955. “Le plus ancien traité grammatical francáis”. En: Studi Neuphilologica. 27: 192-194. Watson, F. 1968. The English Grammar Schools to 1660. Their Curriculum and Practice. (Reimpresión de: 1908, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press). London: Frank Cass & Company Limited.


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LEARNING HOW TO MITIGATE REQUESTS THROUGHT AN EXPLICIT PRAGMATICS-BASED METHOD* Esther Usó-Juan y Alicia Martínez-Flor Universitat Jaume I euso@ang.uji.es y aflor@ang.uji.es

LEARNING HOW TO MITIGATE REQUESTS THROUGHT AN EXPLICIT PRAGMATICS-BASED METHOD* Esther Usó-Juan y Alicia Martínez-Flor Universitat Jaume I euso@ang.uji.es y aflor@ang.uji.es

It is widely agreed that the goal of language teaching is to develop learners’ communicative competence (Usó-Juan and Martínez-Flor, 2006). Consequently, instructional practices should focus not just on the knowledge of the grammatical and lexical system of that target language, but also on the “secret rules” underlying it (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001). These “secret rules” are related to one of the essential components of the construct of communicative competence, that is the pragmatic competence. Scholars in the research field of interlanguage pragmatics have reported the benefits of adopting an explicit teaching approach on developing pragmatics (Kasper and Roever, 2005) and, therefore, have highlighted the necessity to design new instructional approaches to explicitly teach learners a variety of pragmatic features (Rose, 2005). Thus, the objective of this paper is to contribute to this line of research by presenting a pragmatics-based explicit method designed to develop learners’ pragmatic ability in the appropriate use of request mitigating devices.

It is widely agreed that the goal of language teaching is to develop learners’ communicative competence (Usó-Juan and Martínez-Flor, 2006). Consequently, instructional practices should focus not just on the knowledge of the grammatical and lexical system of that target language, but also on the “secret rules” underlying it (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001). These “secret rules” are related to one of the essential components of the construct of communicative competence, that is the pragmatic competence. Scholars in the research field of interlanguage pragmatics have reported the benefits of adopting an explicit teaching approach on developing pragmatics (Kasper and Roever, 2005) and, therefore, have highlighted the necessity to design new instructional approaches to explicitly teach learners a variety of pragmatic features (Rose, 2005). Thus, the objective of this paper is to contribute to this line of research by presenting a pragmatics-based explicit method designed to develop learners’ pragmatic ability in the appropriate use of request mitigating devices.

Key words: pragmatic competence, explicit teaching, speech acts, requests, mitigating devices

Key words: pragmatic competence, explicit teaching, speech acts, requests, mitigating devices

Es comúnmente aceptado que el objetivo de enseñanza de lenguas es el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa (Usó-Juan and Martínez-Flor, 2006). Por lo tanto, la práctica docente debe centrarse no sólo en la enseñanza del sistema lingüístico y gramatical de la

Es comúnmente aceptado que el objetivo de enseñanza de lenguas es el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa (Usó-Juan and Martínez-Flor, 2006). Por lo tanto, la práctica docente debe centrarse no sólo en la enseñanza del sistema lingüístico y gramatical de la

* Fecha de recepción: enero 2007

* Fecha de recepción: enero 2007

This study is part of a research project funded by (a) the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (HUM2004-04435/FILO), co-funded by FEDER, and (b) Fundació Universitat Jaume I and Caixa Castelló-Bancaixa (P1.1B2004-34).

This study is part of a research project funded by (a) the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (HUM2004-04435/FILO), co-funded by FEDER, and (b) Fundació Universitat Jaume I and Caixa Castelló-Bancaixa (P1.1B2004-34).

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Esther Usó-Juan y Alicia Martínez-Flor Learning How to Mitigate Requests through an Explicit ...

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LEARNING HOW TO MITIGATE REQUESTS THROUGHT AN EXPLICIT PRAGMATICS-BASED METHOD* Esther Usó-Juan y Alicia Martínez-Flor Universitat Jaume I euso@ang.uji.es y aflor@ang.uji.es

LEARNING HOW TO MITIGATE REQUESTS THROUGHT AN EXPLICIT PRAGMATICS-BASED METHOD* Esther Usó-Juan y Alicia Martínez-Flor Universitat Jaume I euso@ang.uji.es y aflor@ang.uji.es

It is widely agreed that the goal of language teaching is to develop learners’ communicative competence (Usó-Juan and Martínez-Flor, 2006). Consequently, instructional practices should focus not just on the knowledge of the grammatical and lexical system of that target language, but also on the “secret rules” underlying it (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001). These “secret rules” are related to one of the essential components of the construct of communicative competence, that is the pragmatic competence. Scholars in the research field of interlanguage pragmatics have reported the benefits of adopting an explicit teaching approach on developing pragmatics (Kasper and Roever, 2005) and, therefore, have highlighted the necessity to design new instructional approaches to explicitly teach learners a variety of pragmatic features (Rose, 2005). Thus, the objective of this paper is to contribute to this line of research by presenting a pragmatics-based explicit method designed to develop learners’ pragmatic ability in the appropriate use of request mitigating devices.

It is widely agreed that the goal of language teaching is to develop learners’ communicative competence (Usó-Juan and Martínez-Flor, 2006). Consequently, instructional practices should focus not just on the knowledge of the grammatical and lexical system of that target language, but also on the “secret rules” underlying it (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001). These “secret rules” are related to one of the essential components of the construct of communicative competence, that is the pragmatic competence. Scholars in the research field of interlanguage pragmatics have reported the benefits of adopting an explicit teaching approach on developing pragmatics (Kasper and Roever, 2005) and, therefore, have highlighted the necessity to design new instructional approaches to explicitly teach learners a variety of pragmatic features (Rose, 2005). Thus, the objective of this paper is to contribute to this line of research by presenting a pragmatics-based explicit method designed to develop learners’ pragmatic ability in the appropriate use of request mitigating devices.

Key words: pragmatic competence, explicit teaching, speech acts, requests, mitigating devices

Key words: pragmatic competence, explicit teaching, speech acts, requests, mitigating devices

Es comúnmente aceptado que el objetivo de enseñanza de lenguas es el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa (Usó-Juan and Martínez-Flor, 2006). Por lo tanto, la práctica docente debe centrarse no sólo en la enseñanza del sistema lingüístico y gramatical de la

Es comúnmente aceptado que el objetivo de enseñanza de lenguas es el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa (Usó-Juan and Martínez-Flor, 2006). Por lo tanto, la práctica docente debe centrarse no sólo en la enseñanza del sistema lingüístico y gramatical de la

* Fecha de recepción: enero 2007

* Fecha de recepción: enero 2007

This study is part of a research project funded by (a) the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (HUM2004-04435/FILO), co-funded by FEDER, and (b) Fundació Universitat Jaume I and Caixa Castelló-Bancaixa (P1.1B2004-34).

This study is part of a research project funded by (a) the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (HUM2004-04435/FILO), co-funded by FEDER, and (b) Fundació Universitat Jaume I and Caixa Castelló-Bancaixa (P1.1B2004-34).


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lengua objeto de estudio, sino también en sus “reglas secretas” (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001). Estas reglas están relacionas con uno de los componentes esenciales del constructo de competencia comunicativa, es decir, el componente pragmático. Investigadores en el campo de la pragmática del interlenguaje han mostrado los beneficios de adoptar métodos de enseñanza explícitos en el desarrollo de la pragmática (Kasper and Roever, 2005) y por lo tanto, han enfatizado la necesidad de diseñar nuevas formas de instrucción explícitas en la enseñanza de diferentes aspectos de la pragmática (Rose, 2005). Así pues, el objetivo del presente trabajo es contribuir a esta línea de investigación mediante la elaboración de un método de enseñanza explícito que permita desarrollar la habilidad pragmática de los aprendices en el uso apropiado de elementos de mitigación en peticiones.

lengua objeto de estudio, sino también en sus “reglas secretas” (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001). Estas reglas están relacionas con uno de los componentes esenciales del constructo de competencia comunicativa, es decir, el componente pragmático. Investigadores en el campo de la pragmática del interlenguaje han mostrado los beneficios de adoptar métodos de enseñanza explícitos en el desarrollo de la pragmática (Kasper and Roever, 2005) y por lo tanto, han enfatizado la necesidad de diseñar nuevas formas de instrucción explícitas en la enseñanza de diferentes aspectos de la pragmática (Rose, 2005). Así pues, el objetivo del presente trabajo es contribuir a esta línea de investigación mediante la elaboración de un método de enseñanza explícito que permita desarrollar la habilidad pragmática de los aprendices en el uso apropiado de elementos de mitigación en peticiones.

Palabras claves: competencia pragmática, instrucción explícita, actos de habla, peticiones, mecanismos de mitigación

Palabras claves: competencia pragmática, instrucción explícita, actos de habla, peticiones, mecanismos de mitigación

1. INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION

It is commonly assumed that the goal of language teaching is to enable learners to develop communicative competence, i.e. the ability to communicate appropriately in a given target language. Consequently, instructional practices should focus not just on the knowledge of the grammatical and lexical system of the target language but also on the “secret rules” underlying that target language (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001). These “secret rules” refer to those norms of interaction that are shared by members of a given speech community in order to establish and maintain successful communicative situations and, therefore, are related to one of the essential components of the construct of communicative competence, that is pragmatic competence (Bachman, 1990; Celce-Murcia, Dörnyei and Thurrell, 1995; Usó-Juan and Martínez-Flor, 2006). Pragmatic competence refers to the learners’ ability to employ different linguistic formulae in an appropriate way when interacting in a particular social and cultural

It is commonly assumed that the goal of language teaching is to enable learners to develop communicative competence, i.e. the ability to communicate appropriately in a given target language. Consequently, instructional practices should focus not just on the knowledge of the grammatical and lexical system of the target language but also on the “secret rules” underlying that target language (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001). These “secret rules” refer to those norms of interaction that are shared by members of a given speech community in order to establish and maintain successful communicative situations and, therefore, are related to one of the essential components of the construct of communicative competence, that is pragmatic competence (Bachman, 1990; Celce-Murcia, Dörnyei and Thurrell, 1995; Usó-Juan and Martínez-Flor, 2006). Pragmatic competence refers to the learners’ ability to employ different linguistic formulae in an appropriate way when interacting in a particular social and cultural

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lengua objeto de estudio, sino también en sus “reglas secretas” (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001). Estas reglas están relacionas con uno de los componentes esenciales del constructo de competencia comunicativa, es decir, el componente pragmático. Investigadores en el campo de la pragmática del interlenguaje han mostrado los beneficios de adoptar métodos de enseñanza explícitos en el desarrollo de la pragmática (Kasper and Roever, 2005) y por lo tanto, han enfatizado la necesidad de diseñar nuevas formas de instrucción explícitas en la enseñanza de diferentes aspectos de la pragmática (Rose, 2005). Así pues, el objetivo del presente trabajo es contribuir a esta línea de investigación mediante la elaboración de un método de enseñanza explícito que permita desarrollar la habilidad pragmática de los aprendices en el uso apropiado de elementos de mitigación en peticiones.

lengua objeto de estudio, sino también en sus “reglas secretas” (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001). Estas reglas están relacionas con uno de los componentes esenciales del constructo de competencia comunicativa, es decir, el componente pragmático. Investigadores en el campo de la pragmática del interlenguaje han mostrado los beneficios de adoptar métodos de enseñanza explícitos en el desarrollo de la pragmática (Kasper and Roever, 2005) y por lo tanto, han enfatizado la necesidad de diseñar nuevas formas de instrucción explícitas en la enseñanza de diferentes aspectos de la pragmática (Rose, 2005). Así pues, el objetivo del presente trabajo es contribuir a esta línea de investigación mediante la elaboración de un método de enseñanza explícito que permita desarrollar la habilidad pragmática de los aprendices en el uso apropiado de elementos de mitigación en peticiones.

Palabras claves: competencia pragmática, instrucción explícita, actos de habla, peticiones, mecanismos de mitigación

Palabras claves: competencia pragmática, instrucción explícita, actos de habla, peticiones, mecanismos de mitigación

1. INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION

It is commonly assumed that the goal of language teaching is to enable learners to develop communicative competence, i.e. the ability to communicate appropriately in a given target language. Consequently, instructional practices should focus not just on the knowledge of the grammatical and lexical system of the target language but also on the “secret rules” underlying that target language (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001). These “secret rules” refer to those norms of interaction that are shared by members of a given speech community in order to establish and maintain successful communicative situations and, therefore, are related to one of the essential components of the construct of communicative competence, that is pragmatic competence (Bachman, 1990; Celce-Murcia, Dörnyei and Thurrell, 1995; Usó-Juan and Martínez-Flor, 2006). Pragmatic competence refers to the learners’ ability to employ different linguistic formulae in an appropriate way when interacting in a particular social and cultural

It is commonly assumed that the goal of language teaching is to enable learners to develop communicative competence, i.e. the ability to communicate appropriately in a given target language. Consequently, instructional practices should focus not just on the knowledge of the grammatical and lexical system of the target language but also on the “secret rules” underlying that target language (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001). These “secret rules” refer to those norms of interaction that are shared by members of a given speech community in order to establish and maintain successful communicative situations and, therefore, are related to one of the essential components of the construct of communicative competence, that is pragmatic competence (Bachman, 1990; Celce-Murcia, Dörnyei and Thurrell, 1995; Usó-Juan and Martínez-Flor, 2006). Pragmatic competence refers to the learners’ ability to employ different linguistic formulae in an appropriate way when interacting in a particular social and cultural


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context. Thus, learners need to master two types of pragmatic knowledge: one dealing with pragmalinguistics and the other dealing with sociopragmatics (Leech, 1983; Thomas, 1983). On the one hand, pragmalinguistics refers to the grammatical side of pragmatics and addresses the resources for conveying particular communicative acts. In other words, depending on the meaning learners want to express, they can choose a particular form from among the wide range of linguistic realizations they may have available in the target language. On the other hand, sociopragmatics deals with learners’ appropriate use of those linguistic forms according to the context where the particular linguistic form is produced, the specific roles the participants play within that contextual situation and the politeness variables of i) social distance i.e., the degree of familiarity between interlocutors; ii) power, i.e., the relative power of the speaker with reference to the speaker and iii) degree of imposition, i.e., the type of imposition the speaker is forcing upon someone (Brown and Levinson, 1978; 1987). These politeness factors and the way learners may use them to save face play a paramount role in successful communication (Celce-Murcia and Olshtain, 2000).

context. Thus, learners need to master two types of pragmatic knowledge: one dealing with pragmalinguistics and the other dealing with sociopragmatics (Leech, 1983; Thomas, 1983). On the one hand, pragmalinguistics refers to the grammatical side of pragmatics and addresses the resources for conveying particular communicative acts. In other words, depending on the meaning learners want to express, they can choose a particular form from among the wide range of linguistic realizations they may have available in the target language. On the other hand, sociopragmatics deals with learners’ appropriate use of those linguistic forms according to the context where the particular linguistic form is produced, the specific roles the participants play within that contextual situation and the politeness variables of i) social distance i.e., the degree of familiarity between interlocutors; ii) power, i.e., the relative power of the speaker with reference to the speaker and iii) degree of imposition, i.e., the type of imposition the speaker is forcing upon someone (Brown and Levinson, 1978; 1987). These politeness factors and the way learners may use them to save face play a paramount role in successful communication (Celce-Murcia and Olshtain, 2000).

Scholars in the research field of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) have demonstrated that instructional intervention may be facilitative for the acquisition of many aspects of pragmatics (Kasper and Roever, 2005). Although limited in scope, interventional studies on pragmatic development in a target language have focused on a variety of pragmatic features including interactional discourse markers (Yoshimi, 2001), interactional norms (Liddicoat and Crozet, 2001), sociolinguistic variation (Lyster, 1994), hedges in academic writing (Wishnoff, 2000) or a variety of speech acts such as requests (Takahashi, 2001), apologies (Tateyama, 2001), compliments (Rose and Ng Kwai-fun, 2001), refusals (Bacelar da Silva, 2003) or suggestions (Martínez-Flor, 2006), to mention but a few. On the whole, these studies have reported the benefits of adopting an explicit teaching approach on developing pragmatics in both second and foreign language settings. Therefore, considering that pragmatics is teachable, and that learners benefit from being engaged in an explicit training period on this particular competence, new techniques and different instructional approaches should be developed to explicitly teach learners a variety of pragmatic features in different educational

Scholars in the research field of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) have demonstrated that instructional intervention may be facilitative for the acquisition of many aspects of pragmatics (Kasper and Roever, 2005). Although limited in scope, interventional studies on pragmatic development in a target language have focused on a variety of pragmatic features including interactional discourse markers (Yoshimi, 2001), interactional norms (Liddicoat and Crozet, 2001), sociolinguistic variation (Lyster, 1994), hedges in academic writing (Wishnoff, 2000) or a variety of speech acts such as requests (Takahashi, 2001), apologies (Tateyama, 2001), compliments (Rose and Ng Kwai-fun, 2001), refusals (Bacelar da Silva, 2003) or suggestions (Martínez-Flor, 2006), to mention but a few. On the whole, these studies have reported the benefits of adopting an explicit teaching approach on developing pragmatics in both second and foreign language settings. Therefore, considering that pragmatics is teachable, and that learners benefit from being engaged in an explicit training period on this particular competence, new techniques and different instructional approaches should be developed to explicitly teach learners a variety of pragmatic features in different educational

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context. Thus, learners need to master two types of pragmatic knowledge: one dealing with pragmalinguistics and the other dealing with sociopragmatics (Leech, 1983; Thomas, 1983). On the one hand, pragmalinguistics refers to the grammatical side of pragmatics and addresses the resources for conveying particular communicative acts. In other words, depending on the meaning learners want to express, they can choose a particular form from among the wide range of linguistic realizations they may have available in the target language. On the other hand, sociopragmatics deals with learners’ appropriate use of those linguistic forms according to the context where the particular linguistic form is produced, the specific roles the participants play within that contextual situation and the politeness variables of i) social distance i.e., the degree of familiarity between interlocutors; ii) power, i.e., the relative power of the speaker with reference to the speaker and iii) degree of imposition, i.e., the type of imposition the speaker is forcing upon someone (Brown and Levinson, 1978; 1987). These politeness factors and the way learners may use them to save face play a paramount role in successful communication (Celce-Murcia and Olshtain, 2000).

context. Thus, learners need to master two types of pragmatic knowledge: one dealing with pragmalinguistics and the other dealing with sociopragmatics (Leech, 1983; Thomas, 1983). On the one hand, pragmalinguistics refers to the grammatical side of pragmatics and addresses the resources for conveying particular communicative acts. In other words, depending on the meaning learners want to express, they can choose a particular form from among the wide range of linguistic realizations they may have available in the target language. On the other hand, sociopragmatics deals with learners’ appropriate use of those linguistic forms according to the context where the particular linguistic form is produced, the specific roles the participants play within that contextual situation and the politeness variables of i) social distance i.e., the degree of familiarity between interlocutors; ii) power, i.e., the relative power of the speaker with reference to the speaker and iii) degree of imposition, i.e., the type of imposition the speaker is forcing upon someone (Brown and Levinson, 1978; 1987). These politeness factors and the way learners may use them to save face play a paramount role in successful communication (Celce-Murcia and Olshtain, 2000).

Scholars in the research field of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) have demonstrated that instructional intervention may be facilitative for the acquisition of many aspects of pragmatics (Kasper and Roever, 2005). Although limited in scope, interventional studies on pragmatic development in a target language have focused on a variety of pragmatic features including interactional discourse markers (Yoshimi, 2001), interactional norms (Liddicoat and Crozet, 2001), sociolinguistic variation (Lyster, 1994), hedges in academic writing (Wishnoff, 2000) or a variety of speech acts such as requests (Takahashi, 2001), apologies (Tateyama, 2001), compliments (Rose and Ng Kwai-fun, 2001), refusals (Bacelar da Silva, 2003) or suggestions (Martínez-Flor, 2006), to mention but a few. On the whole, these studies have reported the benefits of adopting an explicit teaching approach on developing pragmatics in both second and foreign language settings. Therefore, considering that pragmatics is teachable, and that learners benefit from being engaged in an explicit training period on this particular competence, new techniques and different instructional approaches should be developed to explicitly teach learners a variety of pragmatic features in different educational

Scholars in the research field of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) have demonstrated that instructional intervention may be facilitative for the acquisition of many aspects of pragmatics (Kasper and Roever, 2005). Although limited in scope, interventional studies on pragmatic development in a target language have focused on a variety of pragmatic features including interactional discourse markers (Yoshimi, 2001), interactional norms (Liddicoat and Crozet, 2001), sociolinguistic variation (Lyster, 1994), hedges in academic writing (Wishnoff, 2000) or a variety of speech acts such as requests (Takahashi, 2001), apologies (Tateyama, 2001), compliments (Rose and Ng Kwai-fun, 2001), refusals (Bacelar da Silva, 2003) or suggestions (Martínez-Flor, 2006), to mention but a few. On the whole, these studies have reported the benefits of adopting an explicit teaching approach on developing pragmatics in both second and foreign language settings. Therefore, considering that pragmatics is teachable, and that learners benefit from being engaged in an explicit training period on this particular competence, new techniques and different instructional approaches should be developed to explicitly teach learners a variety of pragmatic features in different educational


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settings (Rose, 2005). Taking this assumption into account, it is the goal of this paper to contribute to this area of research by presenting an explicit methodological proposal designed to foster learners’ pragmatic competence addressing English as the target language. Particularly, it will focus on request mitigating devices as the main pragmatic target feature addressed in the suggested approach. The rationale behind the selection of this speech act derives from the fact that, given the impositive nature that characterises it, learners need to possess considerable pragmatic expertise to be able to perform a request successfully. In relation to this pragmatic expertise, knowledge of how to mitigate it so that its impositive pragmatic force is minimised is essential (Trosborg, 1995; Sifianou, 1999). However, before describing our particular instructional approach, we will devote the next section to examining previous proposals that have been developed for teaching pragmatics in second and foreign language educational settings.

settings (Rose, 2005). Taking this assumption into account, it is the goal of this paper to contribute to this area of research by presenting an explicit methodological proposal designed to foster learners’ pragmatic competence addressing English as the target language. Particularly, it will focus on request mitigating devices as the main pragmatic target feature addressed in the suggested approach. The rationale behind the selection of this speech act derives from the fact that, given the impositive nature that characterises it, learners need to possess considerable pragmatic expertise to be able to perform a request successfully. In relation to this pragmatic expertise, knowledge of how to mitigate it so that its impositive pragmatic force is minimised is essential (Trosborg, 1995; Sifianou, 1999). However, before describing our particular instructional approach, we will devote the next section to examining previous proposals that have been developed for teaching pragmatics in second and foreign language educational settings.

2. WAYS TO INTEGRATE PRAGMATICS IN SECOND AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS

2. WAYS TO INTEGRATE PRAGMATICS IN SECOND AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS

According to Kasper (2001), second language contexts offer more advantages than foreign language settings, since in a second language context learners have rich exposure to the target language outside the classroom and a lot of opportunities to use it for real-life purposes. This fact allows them to develop their pragmatic ability, since they may get involved in situations where they are required to interpret utterances in context or interact with a variety of participants in different environments. In contrast, learners in a foreign language setting lack all these opportunities to be engaged in communicative situations in which they need to use the target language. Moreover, the chances they have to directly observe native-speakers’ interactions are also very scarce or even non-existent in this particular setting, so they do not have access to appropriate models to be followed.

According to Kasper (2001), second language contexts offer more advantages than foreign language settings, since in a second language context learners have rich exposure to the target language outside the classroom and a lot of opportunities to use it for real-life purposes. This fact allows them to develop their pragmatic ability, since they may get involved in situations where they are required to interpret utterances in context or interact with a variety of participants in different environments. In contrast, learners in a foreign language setting lack all these opportunities to be engaged in communicative situations in which they need to use the target language. Moreover, the chances they have to directly observe native-speakers’ interactions are also very scarce or even non-existent in this particular setting, so they do not have access to appropriate models to be followed.

For these reasons, it seems that creating the necessary conditions to foster learners’ pragmatic competence would only be necessary in foreign language contexts, although it has also been highly recommended in second language settings. Indeed, in spite of all the advantages that these particular settings may offer for pragmatic

For these reasons, it seems that creating the necessary conditions to foster learners’ pragmatic competence would only be necessary in foreign language contexts, although it has also been highly recommended in second language settings. Indeed, in spite of all the advantages that these particular settings may offer for pragmatic

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settings (Rose, 2005). Taking this assumption into account, it is the goal of this paper to contribute to this area of research by presenting an explicit methodological proposal designed to foster learners’ pragmatic competence addressing English as the target language. Particularly, it will focus on request mitigating devices as the main pragmatic target feature addressed in the suggested approach. The rationale behind the selection of this speech act derives from the fact that, given the impositive nature that characterises it, learners need to possess considerable pragmatic expertise to be able to perform a request successfully. In relation to this pragmatic expertise, knowledge of how to mitigate it so that its impositive pragmatic force is minimised is essential (Trosborg, 1995; Sifianou, 1999). However, before describing our particular instructional approach, we will devote the next section to examining previous proposals that have been developed for teaching pragmatics in second and foreign language educational settings.

settings (Rose, 2005). Taking this assumption into account, it is the goal of this paper to contribute to this area of research by presenting an explicit methodological proposal designed to foster learners’ pragmatic competence addressing English as the target language. Particularly, it will focus on request mitigating devices as the main pragmatic target feature addressed in the suggested approach. The rationale behind the selection of this speech act derives from the fact that, given the impositive nature that characterises it, learners need to possess considerable pragmatic expertise to be able to perform a request successfully. In relation to this pragmatic expertise, knowledge of how to mitigate it so that its impositive pragmatic force is minimised is essential (Trosborg, 1995; Sifianou, 1999). However, before describing our particular instructional approach, we will devote the next section to examining previous proposals that have been developed for teaching pragmatics in second and foreign language educational settings.

2. WAYS TO INTEGRATE PRAGMATICS IN SECOND AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS

2. WAYS TO INTEGRATE PRAGMATICS IN SECOND AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS

According to Kasper (2001), second language contexts offer more advantages than foreign language settings, since in a second language context learners have rich exposure to the target language outside the classroom and a lot of opportunities to use it for real-life purposes. This fact allows them to develop their pragmatic ability, since they may get involved in situations where they are required to interpret utterances in context or interact with a variety of participants in different environments. In contrast, learners in a foreign language setting lack all these opportunities to be engaged in communicative situations in which they need to use the target language. Moreover, the chances they have to directly observe native-speakers’ interactions are also very scarce or even non-existent in this particular setting, so they do not have access to appropriate models to be followed.

According to Kasper (2001), second language contexts offer more advantages than foreign language settings, since in a second language context learners have rich exposure to the target language outside the classroom and a lot of opportunities to use it for real-life purposes. This fact allows them to develop their pragmatic ability, since they may get involved in situations where they are required to interpret utterances in context or interact with a variety of participants in different environments. In contrast, learners in a foreign language setting lack all these opportunities to be engaged in communicative situations in which they need to use the target language. Moreover, the chances they have to directly observe native-speakers’ interactions are also very scarce or even non-existent in this particular setting, so they do not have access to appropriate models to be followed.

For these reasons, it seems that creating the necessary conditions to foster learners’ pragmatic competence would only be necessary in foreign language contexts, although it has also been highly recommended in second language settings. Indeed, in spite of all the advantages that these particular settings may offer for pragmatic

For these reasons, it seems that creating the necessary conditions to foster learners’ pragmatic competence would only be necessary in foreign language contexts, although it has also been highly recommended in second language settings. Indeed, in spite of all the advantages that these particular settings may offer for pragmatic


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development, it has been claimed that even after a long period of contact with the target language, some pragmatic aspects still continue to be incomplete (Bardovi-Harlig, 1996; 2001). In this sense, integrating pragmatics in both second and foreign language classrooms has been regarded as necessary, since through instruction learners can understand language use and be provided with knowledge of the different choices that may be employed depending on the situation they are involved in and whom they are talking to. Therefore, considering the benefits that learners in both types of settings may obtain after being engaged in an instructional period, several researchers have proposed different techniques and activities to teach pragmatic competence in these settings (Olshtain and Cohen, 1991; Rose, 1994, 1999; Bardovi-Harlig, 1996; Judd, 1999; Koester, 2002; Bardovi-Harlig and Mahan-Taylor, 2003; Eslami-Rasekh, 2005).

development, it has been claimed that even after a long period of contact with the target language, some pragmatic aspects still continue to be incomplete (Bardovi-Harlig, 1996; 2001). In this sense, integrating pragmatics in both second and foreign language classrooms has been regarded as necessary, since through instruction learners can understand language use and be provided with knowledge of the different choices that may be employed depending on the situation they are involved in and whom they are talking to. Therefore, considering the benefits that learners in both types of settings may obtain after being engaged in an instructional period, several researchers have proposed different techniques and activities to teach pragmatic competence in these settings (Olshtain and Cohen, 1991; Rose, 1994, 1999; Bardovi-Harlig, 1996; Judd, 1999; Koester, 2002; Bardovi-Harlig and Mahan-Taylor, 2003; Eslami-Rasekh, 2005).

Olshtain and Cohen (1991) were the first authors to propose a framework with different steps for teaching speech acts. According to these authors, learners first need to be exposed to the most typical realisation strategies of the particular speech act under study. After this presentation, they should be explained the factors that are involved in selecting one specific form rather than another, and finally they should be provided with opportunities to practice the use of the speech act. In order to be able to plan and implement these suggestions, Olshtain and Cohen (1991) elaborated five steps that included the three conditions for learning any aspect of the target language, namely those of input, output and feedback. The first step, the diagnostic assessment, was proposed with the aim of determining learners’ level of awareness of speech acts in general and, more particularly, the specific speech act under study. By means of acceptability rating tests and oral/written tests, the teacher could establish learners’ ability to both comprehend and produce the speech acts. The model dialog, the second step, consists of presenting learners with short natural examples of dialogues where they can observe the speech act in use. The purpose of this activity is to make learners guess whether the participants involved in the dialogues know each other and other aspects such as their age or status. In this way, learners become aware of the social and pragmatic factors that may affect speech acts. The third step, the evaluation of a situation, is regarded as a technique that reinforces learners’ awareness of the factors that affect

Olshtain and Cohen (1991) were the first authors to propose a framework with different steps for teaching speech acts. According to these authors, learners first need to be exposed to the most typical realisation strategies of the particular speech act under study. After this presentation, they should be explained the factors that are involved in selecting one specific form rather than another, and finally they should be provided with opportunities to practice the use of the speech act. In order to be able to plan and implement these suggestions, Olshtain and Cohen (1991) elaborated five steps that included the three conditions for learning any aspect of the target language, namely those of input, output and feedback. The first step, the diagnostic assessment, was proposed with the aim of determining learners’ level of awareness of speech acts in general and, more particularly, the specific speech act under study. By means of acceptability rating tests and oral/written tests, the teacher could establish learners’ ability to both comprehend and produce the speech acts. The model dialog, the second step, consists of presenting learners with short natural examples of dialogues where they can observe the speech act in use. The purpose of this activity is to make learners guess whether the participants involved in the dialogues know each other and other aspects such as their age or status. In this way, learners become aware of the social and pragmatic factors that may affect speech acts. The third step, the evaluation of a situation, is regarded as a technique that reinforces learners’ awareness of the factors that affect

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development, it has been claimed that even after a long period of contact with the target language, some pragmatic aspects still continue to be incomplete (Bardovi-Harlig, 1996; 2001). In this sense, integrating pragmatics in both second and foreign language classrooms has been regarded as necessary, since through instruction learners can understand language use and be provided with knowledge of the different choices that may be employed depending on the situation they are involved in and whom they are talking to. Therefore, considering the benefits that learners in both types of settings may obtain after being engaged in an instructional period, several researchers have proposed different techniques and activities to teach pragmatic competence in these settings (Olshtain and Cohen, 1991; Rose, 1994, 1999; Bardovi-Harlig, 1996; Judd, 1999; Koester, 2002; Bardovi-Harlig and Mahan-Taylor, 2003; Eslami-Rasekh, 2005).

development, it has been claimed that even after a long period of contact with the target language, some pragmatic aspects still continue to be incomplete (Bardovi-Harlig, 1996; 2001). In this sense, integrating pragmatics in both second and foreign language classrooms has been regarded as necessary, since through instruction learners can understand language use and be provided with knowledge of the different choices that may be employed depending on the situation they are involved in and whom they are talking to. Therefore, considering the benefits that learners in both types of settings may obtain after being engaged in an instructional period, several researchers have proposed different techniques and activities to teach pragmatic competence in these settings (Olshtain and Cohen, 1991; Rose, 1994, 1999; Bardovi-Harlig, 1996; Judd, 1999; Koester, 2002; Bardovi-Harlig and Mahan-Taylor, 2003; Eslami-Rasekh, 2005).

Olshtain and Cohen (1991) were the first authors to propose a framework with different steps for teaching speech acts. According to these authors, learners first need to be exposed to the most typical realisation strategies of the particular speech act under study. After this presentation, they should be explained the factors that are involved in selecting one specific form rather than another, and finally they should be provided with opportunities to practice the use of the speech act. In order to be able to plan and implement these suggestions, Olshtain and Cohen (1991) elaborated five steps that included the three conditions for learning any aspect of the target language, namely those of input, output and feedback. The first step, the diagnostic assessment, was proposed with the aim of determining learners’ level of awareness of speech acts in general and, more particularly, the specific speech act under study. By means of acceptability rating tests and oral/written tests, the teacher could establish learners’ ability to both comprehend and produce the speech acts. The model dialog, the second step, consists of presenting learners with short natural examples of dialogues where they can observe the speech act in use. The purpose of this activity is to make learners guess whether the participants involved in the dialogues know each other and other aspects such as their age or status. In this way, learners become aware of the social and pragmatic factors that may affect speech acts. The third step, the evaluation of a situation, is regarded as a technique that reinforces learners’ awareness of the factors that affect

Olshtain and Cohen (1991) were the first authors to propose a framework with different steps for teaching speech acts. According to these authors, learners first need to be exposed to the most typical realisation strategies of the particular speech act under study. After this presentation, they should be explained the factors that are involved in selecting one specific form rather than another, and finally they should be provided with opportunities to practice the use of the speech act. In order to be able to plan and implement these suggestions, Olshtain and Cohen (1991) elaborated five steps that included the three conditions for learning any aspect of the target language, namely those of input, output and feedback. The first step, the diagnostic assessment, was proposed with the aim of determining learners’ level of awareness of speech acts in general and, more particularly, the specific speech act under study. By means of acceptability rating tests and oral/written tests, the teacher could establish learners’ ability to both comprehend and produce the speech acts. The model dialog, the second step, consists of presenting learners with short natural examples of dialogues where they can observe the speech act in use. The purpose of this activity is to make learners guess whether the participants involved in the dialogues know each other and other aspects such as their age or status. In this way, learners become aware of the social and pragmatic factors that may affect speech acts. The third step, the evaluation of a situation, is regarded as a technique that reinforces learners’ awareness of the factors that affect


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the choice of an appropriate speech act strategy, since learners are asked to discuss and evaluate different situations. Then, learners are involved in various role-play activities that are suitable for practising the use of speech acts. An important aspect when preparing these activities is to give enough pertinent information regarding the situation and the participants intervening in it. Finally, learners should be provided with both feedback and discussion to make them realise whether any possible inappropriate expressions have been used during the role-plays. They should also be given the opportunity to express their perceptions and any differences they have noted between their mother tongue and the target language.

the choice of an appropriate speech act strategy, since learners are asked to discuss and evaluate different situations. Then, learners are involved in various role-play activities that are suitable for practising the use of speech acts. An important aspect when preparing these activities is to give enough pertinent information regarding the situation and the participants intervening in it. Finally, learners should be provided with both feedback and discussion to make them realise whether any possible inappropriate expressions have been used during the role-plays. They should also be given the opportunity to express their perceptions and any differences they have noted between their mother tongue and the target language.

By means of a careful planned implementation of these techniques, Olshtain and Cohen (1991) pointed out that learners would have opportunities to interpret different speech acts and react in a more appropriate way when faced with them. In addition, they could also be provided with chances to practise the speech acts in real communicative situations and to discuss the possible factors that affect their use in those conversations. Some of their suggested pedagogical practices involving exposure to pertinent input through the presentation of natural dialogues, opportunities to produce output by performing role-plays, and feedback on their performance have also been addressed by Judd (1999).

By means of a careful planned implementation of these techniques, Olshtain and Cohen (1991) pointed out that learners would have opportunities to interpret different speech acts and react in a more appropriate way when faced with them. In addition, they could also be provided with chances to practise the speech acts in real communicative situations and to discuss the possible factors that affect their use in those conversations. Some of their suggested pedagogical practices involving exposure to pertinent input through the presentation of natural dialogues, opportunities to produce output by performing role-plays, and feedback on their performance have also been addressed by Judd (1999).

As Judd (1999) points out, his proposed model for teaching speech acts has to be adapted to the specific conditions of each classroom. In this sense, it has to be taken into account whether it is a second or a foreign language classroom, whether the teacher is a native speaker or a non-native speaker of the language, the learners’ needs to learn the target language and the materials available for use. After considering all these aspects, the author proposes a framework that, like Olhstain and Cohen’s (1991) model, also involves five steps. First, a teacher analysis of the speech act is suggested in order to relate the content of what is to be taught with learners’ actual needs. Second, the development of learners’ cognitive awareness skills is also important so that learners have exposure to the speech act being taught in order to make them understand the appropriate linguistic realisations that can be employed to express that particular speech act. Third, receptive/integrative skills are necessary to make learners recognise the

As Judd (1999) points out, his proposed model for teaching speech acts has to be adapted to the specific conditions of each classroom. In this sense, it has to be taken into account whether it is a second or a foreign language classroom, whether the teacher is a native speaker or a non-native speaker of the language, the learners’ needs to learn the target language and the materials available for use. After considering all these aspects, the author proposes a framework that, like Olhstain and Cohen’s (1991) model, also involves five steps. First, a teacher analysis of the speech act is suggested in order to relate the content of what is to be taught with learners’ actual needs. Second, the development of learners’ cognitive awareness skills is also important so that learners have exposure to the speech act being taught in order to make them understand the appropriate linguistic realisations that can be employed to express that particular speech act. Third, receptive/integrative skills are necessary to make learners recognise the

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the choice of an appropriate speech act strategy, since learners are asked to discuss and evaluate different situations. Then, learners are involved in various role-play activities that are suitable for practising the use of speech acts. An important aspect when preparing these activities is to give enough pertinent information regarding the situation and the participants intervening in it. Finally, learners should be provided with both feedback and discussion to make them realise whether any possible inappropriate expressions have been used during the role-plays. They should also be given the opportunity to express their perceptions and any differences they have noted between their mother tongue and the target language.

the choice of an appropriate speech act strategy, since learners are asked to discuss and evaluate different situations. Then, learners are involved in various role-play activities that are suitable for practising the use of speech acts. An important aspect when preparing these activities is to give enough pertinent information regarding the situation and the participants intervening in it. Finally, learners should be provided with both feedback and discussion to make them realise whether any possible inappropriate expressions have been used during the role-plays. They should also be given the opportunity to express their perceptions and any differences they have noted between their mother tongue and the target language.

By means of a careful planned implementation of these techniques, Olshtain and Cohen (1991) pointed out that learners would have opportunities to interpret different speech acts and react in a more appropriate way when faced with them. In addition, they could also be provided with chances to practise the speech acts in real communicative situations and to discuss the possible factors that affect their use in those conversations. Some of their suggested pedagogical practices involving exposure to pertinent input through the presentation of natural dialogues, opportunities to produce output by performing role-plays, and feedback on their performance have also been addressed by Judd (1999).

By means of a careful planned implementation of these techniques, Olshtain and Cohen (1991) pointed out that learners would have opportunities to interpret different speech acts and react in a more appropriate way when faced with them. In addition, they could also be provided with chances to practise the speech acts in real communicative situations and to discuss the possible factors that affect their use in those conversations. Some of their suggested pedagogical practices involving exposure to pertinent input through the presentation of natural dialogues, opportunities to produce output by performing role-plays, and feedback on their performance have also been addressed by Judd (1999).

As Judd (1999) points out, his proposed model for teaching speech acts has to be adapted to the specific conditions of each classroom. In this sense, it has to be taken into account whether it is a second or a foreign language classroom, whether the teacher is a native speaker or a non-native speaker of the language, the learners’ needs to learn the target language and the materials available for use. After considering all these aspects, the author proposes a framework that, like Olhstain and Cohen’s (1991) model, also involves five steps. First, a teacher analysis of the speech act is suggested in order to relate the content of what is to be taught with learners’ actual needs. Second, the development of learners’ cognitive awareness skills is also important so that learners have exposure to the speech act being taught in order to make them understand the appropriate linguistic realisations that can be employed to express that particular speech act. Third, receptive/integrative skills are necessary to make learners recognise the

As Judd (1999) points out, his proposed model for teaching speech acts has to be adapted to the specific conditions of each classroom. In this sense, it has to be taken into account whether it is a second or a foreign language classroom, whether the teacher is a native speaker or a non-native speaker of the language, the learners’ needs to learn the target language and the materials available for use. After considering all these aspects, the author proposes a framework that, like Olhstain and Cohen’s (1991) model, also involves five steps. First, a teacher analysis of the speech act is suggested in order to relate the content of what is to be taught with learners’ actual needs. Second, the development of learners’ cognitive awareness skills is also important so that learners have exposure to the speech act being taught in order to make them understand the appropriate linguistic realisations that can be employed to express that particular speech act. Third, receptive/integrative skills are necessary to make learners recognise the


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speech pattern within actual language use, that is, as part of a discourse excerpt rather than as isolated forms out of context. Then, controlled productive skills enable learners to put into practice the speech act that has already been recognised and incorporated into their pragmatic knowledge. Finally, students engage in free integrated practice that makes them produce not only the particular speech act studied, but also other forms of language in a natural conversation. According to Judd (1999), this last step would be considered as the real test of learning, since at this point learners should be able to employ the speech acts appropriately not just in isolation but while engaged in actual communicative interaction.

speech pattern within actual language use, that is, as part of a discourse excerpt rather than as isolated forms out of context. Then, controlled productive skills enable learners to put into practice the speech act that has already been recognised and incorporated into their pragmatic knowledge. Finally, students engage in free integrated practice that makes them produce not only the particular speech act studied, but also other forms of language in a natural conversation. According to Judd (1999), this last step would be considered as the real test of learning, since at this point learners should be able to employ the speech acts appropriately not just in isolation but while engaged in actual communicative interaction.

Apart from these specific frameworks that present a series of steps to be implemented in the classroom, several techniques in the form of specific tasks have also been proposed for the teaching of speech acts. These include the use of transcripts of naturally occurring conversations as awareness-raising activities (Koester, 2002) or what Bardovi-Harlig (1996) has termed the culture puzzle and the classroom guest also designed to increase pragmatic awareness. In performing the culture puzzle, learners are first encouraged to think about how a particular speech act functions in their own language and culture. Then, they are made aware of the differences between the pragmatic rules that distinguish their mother tongue speech community from that of the target language they are learning. The classroom guest activity allows the incorporation of natural language samples in the classroom by preparing an interruption to the class. During this interruption, the teacher and the guest hold a conversation that includes the speech act under study and learners’ attention is directed towards this conversation. At the same time, the teacher is recording the whole conversation so that learners have the chance to listen to the exchange again. After a discussion about this exchange, two students are to prepare a role-play based on the same situation and, then, the two recorded conversations are compared and discussed. Rose (1994, 1999) has also suggested techniques for developing consciousness-raising activities, including the use of video and the design of what he calls the pragmatic consciousnessraising technique. This technique is based on an inductive approach in which learners first collect data in their mother tongue and, after becoming familiarised with the strategies employed for the specific speech act, a comparison with the target language is made.

Apart from these specific frameworks that present a series of steps to be implemented in the classroom, several techniques in the form of specific tasks have also been proposed for the teaching of speech acts. These include the use of transcripts of naturally occurring conversations as awareness-raising activities (Koester, 2002) or what Bardovi-Harlig (1996) has termed the culture puzzle and the classroom guest also designed to increase pragmatic awareness. In performing the culture puzzle, learners are first encouraged to think about how a particular speech act functions in their own language and culture. Then, they are made aware of the differences between the pragmatic rules that distinguish their mother tongue speech community from that of the target language they are learning. The classroom guest activity allows the incorporation of natural language samples in the classroom by preparing an interruption to the class. During this interruption, the teacher and the guest hold a conversation that includes the speech act under study and learners’ attention is directed towards this conversation. At the same time, the teacher is recording the whole conversation so that learners have the chance to listen to the exchange again. After a discussion about this exchange, two students are to prepare a role-play based on the same situation and, then, the two recorded conversations are compared and discussed. Rose (1994, 1999) has also suggested techniques for developing consciousness-raising activities, including the use of video and the design of what he calls the pragmatic consciousnessraising technique. This technique is based on an inductive approach in which learners first collect data in their mother tongue and, after becoming familiarised with the strategies employed for the specific speech act, a comparison with the target language is made.

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speech pattern within actual language use, that is, as part of a discourse excerpt rather than as isolated forms out of context. Then, controlled productive skills enable learners to put into practice the speech act that has already been recognised and incorporated into their pragmatic knowledge. Finally, students engage in free integrated practice that makes them produce not only the particular speech act studied, but also other forms of language in a natural conversation. According to Judd (1999), this last step would be considered as the real test of learning, since at this point learners should be able to employ the speech acts appropriately not just in isolation but while engaged in actual communicative interaction.

speech pattern within actual language use, that is, as part of a discourse excerpt rather than as isolated forms out of context. Then, controlled productive skills enable learners to put into practice the speech act that has already been recognised and incorporated into their pragmatic knowledge. Finally, students engage in free integrated practice that makes them produce not only the particular speech act studied, but also other forms of language in a natural conversation. According to Judd (1999), this last step would be considered as the real test of learning, since at this point learners should be able to employ the speech acts appropriately not just in isolation but while engaged in actual communicative interaction.

Apart from these specific frameworks that present a series of steps to be implemented in the classroom, several techniques in the form of specific tasks have also been proposed for the teaching of speech acts. These include the use of transcripts of naturally occurring conversations as awareness-raising activities (Koester, 2002) or what Bardovi-Harlig (1996) has termed the culture puzzle and the classroom guest also designed to increase pragmatic awareness. In performing the culture puzzle, learners are first encouraged to think about how a particular speech act functions in their own language and culture. Then, they are made aware of the differences between the pragmatic rules that distinguish their mother tongue speech community from that of the target language they are learning. The classroom guest activity allows the incorporation of natural language samples in the classroom by preparing an interruption to the class. During this interruption, the teacher and the guest hold a conversation that includes the speech act under study and learners’ attention is directed towards this conversation. At the same time, the teacher is recording the whole conversation so that learners have the chance to listen to the exchange again. After a discussion about this exchange, two students are to prepare a role-play based on the same situation and, then, the two recorded conversations are compared and discussed. Rose (1994, 1999) has also suggested techniques for developing consciousness-raising activities, including the use of video and the design of what he calls the pragmatic consciousnessraising technique. This technique is based on an inductive approach in which learners first collect data in their mother tongue and, after becoming familiarised with the strategies employed for the specific speech act, a comparison with the target language is made.

Apart from these specific frameworks that present a series of steps to be implemented in the classroom, several techniques in the form of specific tasks have also been proposed for the teaching of speech acts. These include the use of transcripts of naturally occurring conversations as awareness-raising activities (Koester, 2002) or what Bardovi-Harlig (1996) has termed the culture puzzle and the classroom guest also designed to increase pragmatic awareness. In performing the culture puzzle, learners are first encouraged to think about how a particular speech act functions in their own language and culture. Then, they are made aware of the differences between the pragmatic rules that distinguish their mother tongue speech community from that of the target language they are learning. The classroom guest activity allows the incorporation of natural language samples in the classroom by preparing an interruption to the class. During this interruption, the teacher and the guest hold a conversation that includes the speech act under study and learners’ attention is directed towards this conversation. At the same time, the teacher is recording the whole conversation so that learners have the chance to listen to the exchange again. After a discussion about this exchange, two students are to prepare a role-play based on the same situation and, then, the two recorded conversations are compared and discussed. Rose (1994, 1999) has also suggested techniques for developing consciousness-raising activities, including the use of video and the design of what he calls the pragmatic consciousnessraising technique. This technique is based on an inductive approach in which learners first collect data in their mother tongue and, after becoming familiarised with the strategies employed for the specific speech act, a comparison with the target language is made.


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All these techniques, namely those of using transcripts of authentic conversations, arranging pre-planned conversations, employing video scenes or implementing the pragmatic consciousnessraising technique, are aimed at developing learners’ pragmatic awareness about the particular speech act under study (see also all the activities proposed by Eslami-Rasekh, 2006, to achieve this aim). In fact, BardoviHarlig and Mahan-Taylor (2003) claim that one of the main goals of instruction in pragmatics is to raise learners’ pragmatic consciousness in an attempt to help them become familiar with the different pragmatic features and practices in the target language. The authors present a compilation of teaching activities developed by various authors that can be employed with learners from different proficiency levels and cultural backgrounds. These proposals also involve productive activities apart from tasks dealing with pragmatic awareness. As seen above in the models proposed by Olshtain and Cohen (1991) and Judd (1999), it is important to implement not only awareness-raising activities but also tasks that allow opportunities for communicative practice. Among the tasks designed to practice different pragmatic abilities, namely those of role-play, simulation and drama, role-play has been the activity that has been most frequently recommended for use (Rose, 1994; Trosborg, 1995; Kasper, 1997; Koester, 2002; among many others). As can be observed from this review of instructional frameworks and techniques suggested by different scholars in the field of ILP, a range of activities can be adopted in our teaching practices and adapted for the teaching of a particular pragmatic issue.

All these techniques, namely those of using transcripts of authentic conversations, arranging pre-planned conversations, employing video scenes or implementing the pragmatic consciousnessraising technique, are aimed at developing learners’ pragmatic awareness about the particular speech act under study (see also all the activities proposed by Eslami-Rasekh, 2006, to achieve this aim). In fact, BardoviHarlig and Mahan-Taylor (2003) claim that one of the main goals of instruction in pragmatics is to raise learners’ pragmatic consciousness in an attempt to help them become familiar with the different pragmatic features and practices in the target language. The authors present a compilation of teaching activities developed by various authors that can be employed with learners from different proficiency levels and cultural backgrounds. These proposals also involve productive activities apart from tasks dealing with pragmatic awareness. As seen above in the models proposed by Olshtain and Cohen (1991) and Judd (1999), it is important to implement not only awareness-raising activities but also tasks that allow opportunities for communicative practice. Among the tasks designed to practice different pragmatic abilities, namely those of role-play, simulation and drama, role-play has been the activity that has been most frequently recommended for use (Rose, 1994; Trosborg, 1995; Kasper, 1997; Koester, 2002; among many others). As can be observed from this review of instructional frameworks and techniques suggested by different scholars in the field of ILP, a range of activities can be adopted in our teaching practices and adapted for the teaching of a particular pragmatic issue.

3.

3.

A PRAGMATICS-BASED EXPLICIT METHOD TEACHING REQUEST MITIGATING DEVICES

FOR

A PRAGMATICS-BASED EXPLICIT METHOD TEACHING REQUEST MITIGATING DEVICES

FOR

Considering i) the benefits that ILP empirical studies have demonstrated of adopting an explicit approach for developing pragmatics in educational settings (see section 1); and ii) the variety of techniques and tasks that can be adapted for teaching a particular pragmatic feature (see section 2), we have designed a pragmatics-based explicit method to specifically teach learners request mitigating devices and, subsequently, aid them in overcoming difficulties when making requests in communicative situations. The four stages that make up our suggested method are explained in what follows:

Considering i) the benefits that ILP empirical studies have demonstrated of adopting an explicit approach for developing pragmatics in educational settings (see section 1); and ii) the variety of techniques and tasks that can be adapted for teaching a particular pragmatic feature (see section 2), we have designed a pragmatics-based explicit method to specifically teach learners request mitigating devices and, subsequently, aid them in overcoming difficulties when making requests in communicative situations. The four stages that make up our suggested method are explained in what follows:

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All these techniques, namely those of using transcripts of authentic conversations, arranging pre-planned conversations, employing video scenes or implementing the pragmatic consciousnessraising technique, are aimed at developing learners’ pragmatic awareness about the particular speech act under study (see also all the activities proposed by Eslami-Rasekh, 2006, to achieve this aim). In fact, BardoviHarlig and Mahan-Taylor (2003) claim that one of the main goals of instruction in pragmatics is to raise learners’ pragmatic consciousness in an attempt to help them become familiar with the different pragmatic features and practices in the target language. The authors present a compilation of teaching activities developed by various authors that can be employed with learners from different proficiency levels and cultural backgrounds. These proposals also involve productive activities apart from tasks dealing with pragmatic awareness. As seen above in the models proposed by Olshtain and Cohen (1991) and Judd (1999), it is important to implement not only awareness-raising activities but also tasks that allow opportunities for communicative practice. Among the tasks designed to practice different pragmatic abilities, namely those of role-play, simulation and drama, role-play has been the activity that has been most frequently recommended for use (Rose, 1994; Trosborg, 1995; Kasper, 1997; Koester, 2002; among many others). As can be observed from this review of instructional frameworks and techniques suggested by different scholars in the field of ILP, a range of activities can be adopted in our teaching practices and adapted for the teaching of a particular pragmatic issue.

All these techniques, namely those of using transcripts of authentic conversations, arranging pre-planned conversations, employing video scenes or implementing the pragmatic consciousnessraising technique, are aimed at developing learners’ pragmatic awareness about the particular speech act under study (see also all the activities proposed by Eslami-Rasekh, 2006, to achieve this aim). In fact, BardoviHarlig and Mahan-Taylor (2003) claim that one of the main goals of instruction in pragmatics is to raise learners’ pragmatic consciousness in an attempt to help them become familiar with the different pragmatic features and practices in the target language. The authors present a compilation of teaching activities developed by various authors that can be employed with learners from different proficiency levels and cultural backgrounds. These proposals also involve productive activities apart from tasks dealing with pragmatic awareness. As seen above in the models proposed by Olshtain and Cohen (1991) and Judd (1999), it is important to implement not only awareness-raising activities but also tasks that allow opportunities for communicative practice. Among the tasks designed to practice different pragmatic abilities, namely those of role-play, simulation and drama, role-play has been the activity that has been most frequently recommended for use (Rose, 1994; Trosborg, 1995; Kasper, 1997; Koester, 2002; among many others). As can be observed from this review of instructional frameworks and techniques suggested by different scholars in the field of ILP, a range of activities can be adopted in our teaching practices and adapted for the teaching of a particular pragmatic issue.

3.

3.

A PRAGMATICS-BASED EXPLICIT METHOD TEACHING REQUEST MITIGATING DEVICES

FOR

Considering i) the benefits that ILP empirical studies have demonstrated of adopting an explicit approach for developing pragmatics in educational settings (see section 1); and ii) the variety of techniques and tasks that can be adapted for teaching a particular pragmatic feature (see section 2), we have designed a pragmatics-based explicit method to specifically teach learners request mitigating devices and, subsequently, aid them in overcoming difficulties when making requests in communicative situations. The four stages that make up our suggested method are explained in what follows:

A PRAGMATICS-BASED EXPLICIT METHOD TEACHING REQUEST MITIGATING DEVICES

FOR

Considering i) the benefits that ILP empirical studies have demonstrated of adopting an explicit approach for developing pragmatics in educational settings (see section 1); and ii) the variety of techniques and tasks that can be adapted for teaching a particular pragmatic feature (see section 2), we have designed a pragmatics-based explicit method to specifically teach learners request mitigating devices and, subsequently, aid them in overcoming difficulties when making requests in communicative situations. The four stages that make up our suggested method are explained in what follows:


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3.1 Teacher’s presentation

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3.1 Teacher’s presentation

In this first stage, learners are taught the speech act of requesting in its entirety, that is, they are given explicit information about: i) what making a request implies (i.e. an attempt to get someone to perform an action for the benefit of the speaker), ii) the types of strategies that can be used when requesting, and iii) the softening devices that accompany requests. Following Trosborg (1995), the typology of request strategies presented to learners fall into the three main categories of direct, conventionally indirect and indirect linguistic realisations. Direct forms for requests include performatives, imperatives and expressions implying obligation; conventionally indirect forms are those routinised expressions denoting polite behaviour which may be either speaker or hearer-oriented; and, finally, indirect forms or hints imply opaque language use (see Table 1 for the complete typology of request realisation strategies with examples). Table 1.

In this first stage, learners are taught the speech act of requesting in its entirety, that is, they are given explicit information about: i) what making a request implies (i.e. an attempt to get someone to perform an action for the benefit of the speaker), ii) the types of strategies that can be used when requesting, and iii) the softening devices that accompany requests. Following Trosborg (1995), the typology of request strategies presented to learners fall into the three main categories of direct, conventionally indirect and indirect linguistic realisations. Direct forms for requests include performatives, imperatives and expressions implying obligation; conventionally indirect forms are those routinised expressions denoting polite behaviour which may be either speaker or hearer-oriented; and, finally, indirect forms or hints imply opaque language use (see Table 1 for the complete typology of request realisation strategies with examples). Table 1.

REQUEST REALISATION STRATEGIES

REQUEST REALISATION STRATEGIES

Indirect:

Indirect:

-Hints: Conventionally indirect (hearer-based): -Ability: -Willingness: -Permission: -Suggestory formulae: Conventionally indirect (speaker-based): -Wishes: -Desires/needs: -Obligation: Direct: -Performatives: -Imperatives: -Elliptical phrase:

Statement

-Hints: Conventionally indirect (hearer-based): -Ability: -Willingness: -Permission: -Suggestory formulae: Conventionally indirect (speaker-based): -Wishes: -Desires/needs: -Obligation: Direct: -Performatives: -Imperatives: -Elliptical phrase:

Could you …? / Can you ….? Would you …? May I …? How about …? I would like … I want/need you to … You must … / You have to … I ask you to … Lend me your car Your car

Request realisation strategies (Source: Trosborg, 1995)

Statement Could you …? / Can you ….? Would you …? May I …? How about …? I would like … I want/need you to … You must … / You have to … I ask you to … Lend me your car Your car

Request realisation strategies (Source: Trosborg, 1995)

Following Alcón, Safont and Martínez-Flor (2005), the typology of softening devices that accompany request are classified into two groups, namely internal, that is, items that appear within the same request head act and external, that is, items that occur in the immediate linguistic context surrounding the request head act. Each group, in turn, is further classified into different subtypes. As regards internal

Following Alcón, Safont and Martínez-Flor (2005), the typology of softening devices that accompany request are classified into two groups, namely internal, that is, items that appear within the same request head act and external, that is, items that occur in the immediate linguistic context surrounding the request head act. Each group, in turn, is further classified into different subtypes. As regards internal

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3.1 Teacher’s presentation In this first stage, learners are taught the speech act of requesting in its entirety, that is, they are given explicit information about: i) what making a request implies (i.e. an attempt to get someone to perform an action for the benefit of the speaker), ii) the types of strategies that can be used when requesting, and iii) the softening devices that accompany requests. Following Trosborg (1995), the typology of request strategies presented to learners fall into the three main categories of direct, conventionally indirect and indirect linguistic realisations. Direct forms for requests include performatives, imperatives and expressions implying obligation; conventionally indirect forms are those routinised expressions denoting polite behaviour which may be either speaker or hearer-oriented; and, finally, indirect forms or hints imply opaque language use (see Table 1 for the complete typology of request realisation strategies with examples).

In this first stage, learners are taught the speech act of requesting in its entirety, that is, they are given explicit information about: i) what making a request implies (i.e. an attempt to get someone to perform an action for the benefit of the speaker), ii) the types of strategies that can be used when requesting, and iii) the softening devices that accompany requests. Following Trosborg (1995), the typology of request strategies presented to learners fall into the three main categories of direct, conventionally indirect and indirect linguistic realisations. Direct forms for requests include performatives, imperatives and expressions implying obligation; conventionally indirect forms are those routinised expressions denoting polite behaviour which may be either speaker or hearer-oriented; and, finally, indirect forms or hints imply opaque language use (see Table 1 for the complete typology of request realisation strategies with examples). Table 1.

Table 1.

REQUEST REALISATION STRATEGIES

REQUEST REALISATION STRATEGIES

Indirect:

Indirect: -Hints: Conventionally indirect (hearer-based): -Ability: -Willingness: -Permission: -Suggestory formulae: Conventionally indirect (speaker-based): -Wishes: -Desires/needs: -Obligation: Direct: -Performatives: -Imperatives: -Elliptical phrase:

Statement Could you …? / Can you ….? Would you …? May I …? How about …? I would like … I want/need you to … You must … / You have to … I ask you to … Lend me your car Your car

Request realisation strategies (Source: Trosborg, 1995) Following Alcón, Safont and Martínez-Flor (2005), the typology of softening devices that accompany request are classified into two groups, namely internal, that is, items that appear within the same request head act and external, that is, items that occur in the immediate linguistic context surrounding the request head act. Each group, in turn, is further classified into different subtypes. As regards internal

-Hints: Conventionally indirect (hearer-based): -Ability: -Willingness: -Permission: -Suggestory formulae: Conventionally indirect (speaker-based): -Wishes: -Desires/needs: -Obligation: Direct: -Performatives: -Imperatives: -Elliptical phrase:

Statement Could you …? / Can you ….? Would you …? May I …? How about …? I would like … I want/need you to … You must … / You have to … I ask you to … Lend me your car Your car

Request realisation strategies (Source: Trosborg, 1995) Following Alcón, Safont and Martínez-Flor (2005), the typology of softening devices that accompany request are classified into two groups, namely internal, that is, items that appear within the same request head act and external, that is, items that occur in the immediate linguistic context surrounding the request head act. Each group, in turn, is further classified into different subtypes. As regards internal


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modifiers, four main subtypes of devices are identified in this taxonomy, namely openers (i.e. to seek the addressee’s cooperation), softeners (i.e. to soften the impositive force of the request), intensifiers (i.e. to aggravate the impact of the request), and fillers (i.e. to fill in gaps in the interaction). Concerning external modifiers, six main subtypes of devices are identified, namely preparators (i.e. to prepare the addressee for the request), grounders (i.e. to justify the request), disarmers (i.e. to avoid a refusal), expanders (i.e. to indicate tentativeness), promise of reward (i.e. to offer a reward upon fulfilment of the request), and the word ‘please’, to signal politeness, among other functions and please (i.e. to signal politeness, among other functions (see Table 2 for a useful typology of request mitigating devices with examples).

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modifiers, four main subtypes of devices are identified in this taxonomy, namely openers (i.e. to seek the addressee’s cooperation), softeners (i.e. to soften the impositive force of the request), intensifiers (i.e. to aggravate the impact of the request), and fillers (i.e. to fill in gaps in the interaction). Concerning external modifiers, six main subtypes of devices are identified, namely preparators (i.e. to prepare the addressee for the request), grounders (i.e. to justify the request), disarmers (i.e. to avoid a refusal), expanders (i.e. to indicate tentativeness), promise of reward (i.e. to offer a reward upon fulfilment of the request), and the word ‘please’, to signal politeness, among other functions and please (i.e. to signal politeness, among other functions (see Table 2 for a useful typology of request mitigating devices with examples).

Table 2.

Table 2. REQUEST MITIGATIG DEVICES

TYPE SUB-TYPE Internal Modification Openers

REQUEST MITIGATIG DEVICES

EXAMPLE

Softeners

Understatement

Fillers

Downtoner Hedge Hesitators Cajolers Appealers Attentiongetters

TYPE SUB-TYPE Internal Modification Openers

-Do you think you could open the window? -Would you mind opening the window? -Could you open the window for a moment? -Could you possibly open the window? -Could you kind of open the window? -I er, erm, er – I wonder if you could open the window -You know, you see, I mean -OK?, Right?, yeah -Excuse me…; Hello…; Look…; Tom …; Mr. Edwards…; father… …

EXAMPLE

Softeners

Understatement

Fillers

Downtoner Hedge Hesitators Cajolers Appealers Attentiongetters

External Modification

-Do you think you could open the window? -Would you mind opening the window? -Could you open the window for a moment? -Could you possibly open the window? -Could you kind of open the window? -I er, erm, er – I wonder if you could open the window -You know, you see, I mean -OK?, Right?, yeah -Excuse me…; Hello…; Look…; Tom …; Mr. Edwards…; father… …

External Modification Preparators

-May I ask you a favour? … Could you open the window? -It seems it is quite hot here. Could you open the window? -I hate bothering you but could you open the window? -Would you mind opening the window? … Once again, could you open the window? -Could you open the window? If you open it, I promise to bring you to the cinema. -Would you mind opening the window, please?

Grounders Disarmers Expanders

Promise of reward Please

Preparators

-May I ask you a favour? … Could you open the window? -It seems it is quite hot here. Could you open the window? -I hate bothering you but could you open the window? -Would you mind opening the window? … Once again, could you open the window? -Could you open the window? If you open it, I promise to bring you to the cinema. -Would you mind opening the window, please?

Grounders Disarmers Expanders

Promise of reward Please

Typology of request mitigating devices (Source: adapted from Alcón, Safont and Martínez-Flor, 2005)

Typology of request mitigating devices (Source: adapted from Alcón, Safont and Martínez-Flor, 2005)

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modifiers, four main subtypes of devices are identified in this taxonomy, namely openers (i.e. to seek the addressee’s cooperation), softeners (i.e. to soften the impositive force of the request), intensifiers (i.e. to aggravate the impact of the request), and fillers (i.e. to fill in gaps in the interaction). Concerning external modifiers, six main subtypes of devices are identified, namely preparators (i.e. to prepare the addressee for the request), grounders (i.e. to justify the request), disarmers (i.e. to avoid a refusal), expanders (i.e. to indicate tentativeness), promise of reward (i.e. to offer a reward upon fulfilment of the request), and the word ‘please’, to signal politeness, among other functions and please (i.e. to signal politeness, among other functions (see Table 2 for a useful typology of request mitigating devices with examples).

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

modifiers, four main subtypes of devices are identified in this taxonomy, namely openers (i.e. to seek the addressee’s cooperation), softeners (i.e. to soften the impositive force of the request), intensifiers (i.e. to aggravate the impact of the request), and fillers (i.e. to fill in gaps in the interaction). Concerning external modifiers, six main subtypes of devices are identified, namely preparators (i.e. to prepare the addressee for the request), grounders (i.e. to justify the request), disarmers (i.e. to avoid a refusal), expanders (i.e. to indicate tentativeness), promise of reward (i.e. to offer a reward upon fulfilment of the request), and the word ‘please’, to signal politeness, among other functions and please (i.e. to signal politeness, among other functions (see Table 2 for a useful typology of request mitigating devices with examples). Table 2.

Table 2.

REQUEST MITIGATIG DEVICES

REQUEST MITIGATIG DEVICES

TYPE SUB-TYPE Internal Modification Openers

EXAMPLE

Softeners

Understatement

Fillers

Downtoner Hedge Hesitators Cajolers Appealers Attentiongetters

-Do you think you could open the window? -Would you mind opening the window? -Could you open the window for a moment? -Could you possibly open the window? -Could you kind of open the window? -I er, erm, er – I wonder if you could open the window -You know, you see, I mean -OK?, Right?, yeah -Excuse me…; Hello…; Look…; Tom …; Mr. Edwards…; father… …

TYPE SUB-TYPE Internal Modification Openers

EXAMPLE

Softeners

Understatement

Fillers

Downtoner Hedge Hesitators Cajolers Appealers Attentiongetters

-Do you think you could open the window? -Would you mind opening the window? -Could you open the window for a moment? -Could you possibly open the window? -Could you kind of open the window? -I er, erm, er – I wonder if you could open the window -You know, you see, I mean -OK?, Right?, yeah -Excuse me…; Hello…; Look…; Tom …; Mr. Edwards…; father… …

External Modification

External Modification Preparators Grounders Disarmers Expanders

Promise of reward Please

-May I ask you a favour? … Could you open the window? -It seems it is quite hot here. Could you open the window? -I hate bothering you but could you open the window? -Would you mind opening the window? … Once again, could you open the window? -Could you open the window? If you open it, I promise to bring you to the cinema. -Would you mind opening the window, please?

Typology of request mitigating devices (Source: adapted from Alcón, Safont and Martínez-Flor, 2005)

Preparators Grounders Disarmers Expanders

Promise of reward Please

-May I ask you a favour? … Could you open the window? -It seems it is quite hot here. Could you open the window? -I hate bothering you but could you open the window? -Would you mind opening the window? … Once again, could you open the window? -Could you open the window? If you open it, I promise to bring you to the cinema. -Would you mind opening the window, please?

Typology of request mitigating devices (Source: adapted from Alcón, Safont and Martínez-Flor, 2005)


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Apart from presenting learners with these pragmalinguistic formulae, the teacher also explains the sociopragmatic factors that affect the appropriateness of choosing one particular form over another. In such a presentation, examples from film scenes can be used as a rich source of pragmatic input that shows learners a variety of request mitigating devices in different contextualized situations (see Martínez-Flor, 2007 for contextualized samples of all possible request mitigating devices in film scenes). Moreover, the potential of using film excerpts is that it allows learners to observe aspects from the characters’ non-verbal behavior that play an important role in the successful completion of the request (e.g. tone of the voice, body language, attitudinal behavior, facial expressions, and so on). With a careful and appropriate choice of this material, this first stage can gain learners’ interest in the activities that follow.

3.2 Learners’ recognition

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Apart from presenting learners with these pragmalinguistic formulae, the teacher also explains the sociopragmatic factors that affect the appropriateness of choosing one particular form over another. In such a presentation, examples from film scenes can be used as a rich source of pragmatic input that shows learners a variety of request mitigating devices in different contextualized situations (see Martínez-Flor, 2007 for contextualized samples of all possible request mitigating devices in film scenes). Moreover, the potential of using film excerpts is that it allows learners to observe aspects from the characters’ non-verbal behavior that play an important role in the successful completion of the request (e.g. tone of the voice, body language, attitudinal behavior, facial expressions, and so on). With a careful and appropriate choice of this material, this first stage can gain learners’ interest in the activities that follow.

3.2 Learners’ recognition

For this second stage, learners are provided with practice in recognising both the pragmalinguistic forms and the sociopragmatic factors that influence the appropriateness of request mitigating devices. Such a practice is aimed at making learners aware of: i) crosslinguistic and cross-cultural differences between their native language and the target language, and ii) the crucial role pragmatic issues play in communicative situations (Usó-Juan, 2007).

For this second stage, learners are provided with practice in recognising both the pragmalinguistic forms and the sociopragmatic factors that influence the appropriateness of request mitigating devices. Such a practice is aimed at making learners aware of: i) crosslinguistic and cross-cultural differences between their native language and the target language, and ii) the crucial role pragmatic issues play in communicative situations (Usó-Juan, 2007).

In order to make learners aware of cross-linguistic and crosscultural differences between their native language and the target language, learners are asked to think of naturally occurring requests they perform daily in their mother tongue. This comparison may contribute to increase not only their awareness of the target language and culture, but also their interlanguage pragmatic ability when acquiring it (Kasper and Blum-Kulka, 1993). For this activity, learners are provided with some awareness-raising questions that involve both pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic issues to help them analyse their own samples. On the one hand, pragmalinguistic questions can include: “How many request head acts and mitigating devices can you think of?” “Can you arrange them on a directness scale?” On the other hand, sociopragmatic questions can ask learners: “Which different

In order to make learners aware of cross-linguistic and crosscultural differences between their native language and the target language, learners are asked to think of naturally occurring requests they perform daily in their mother tongue. This comparison may contribute to increase not only their awareness of the target language and culture, but also their interlanguage pragmatic ability when acquiring it (Kasper and Blum-Kulka, 1993). For this activity, learners are provided with some awareness-raising questions that involve both pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic issues to help them analyse their own samples. On the one hand, pragmalinguistic questions can include: “How many request head acts and mitigating devices can you think of?” “Can you arrange them on a directness scale?” On the other hand, sociopragmatic questions can ask learners: “Which different

Esther Usó-Juan y Alicia Martínez-Flor Learning How to Mitigate Requests through an Explicit ...

Esther Usó-Juan y Alicia Martínez-Flor Learning How to Mitigate Requests through an Explicit ...

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Apart from presenting learners with these pragmalinguistic formulae, the teacher also explains the sociopragmatic factors that affect the appropriateness of choosing one particular form over another. In such a presentation, examples from film scenes can be used as a rich source of pragmatic input that shows learners a variety of request mitigating devices in different contextualized situations (see Martínez-Flor, 2007 for contextualized samples of all possible request mitigating devices in film scenes). Moreover, the potential of using film excerpts is that it allows learners to observe aspects from the characters’ non-verbal behavior that play an important role in the successful completion of the request (e.g. tone of the voice, body language, attitudinal behavior, facial expressions, and so on). With a careful and appropriate choice of this material, this first stage can gain learners’ interest in the activities that follow.

3.2 Learners’ recognition

263

Apart from presenting learners with these pragmalinguistic formulae, the teacher also explains the sociopragmatic factors that affect the appropriateness of choosing one particular form over another. In such a presentation, examples from film scenes can be used as a rich source of pragmatic input that shows learners a variety of request mitigating devices in different contextualized situations (see Martínez-Flor, 2007 for contextualized samples of all possible request mitigating devices in film scenes). Moreover, the potential of using film excerpts is that it allows learners to observe aspects from the characters’ non-verbal behavior that play an important role in the successful completion of the request (e.g. tone of the voice, body language, attitudinal behavior, facial expressions, and so on). With a careful and appropriate choice of this material, this first stage can gain learners’ interest in the activities that follow.

3.2 Learners’ recognition

For this second stage, learners are provided with practice in recognising both the pragmalinguistic forms and the sociopragmatic factors that influence the appropriateness of request mitigating devices. Such a practice is aimed at making learners aware of: i) crosslinguistic and cross-cultural differences between their native language and the target language, and ii) the crucial role pragmatic issues play in communicative situations (Usó-Juan, 2007).

For this second stage, learners are provided with practice in recognising both the pragmalinguistic forms and the sociopragmatic factors that influence the appropriateness of request mitigating devices. Such a practice is aimed at making learners aware of: i) crosslinguistic and cross-cultural differences between their native language and the target language, and ii) the crucial role pragmatic issues play in communicative situations (Usó-Juan, 2007).

In order to make learners aware of cross-linguistic and crosscultural differences between their native language and the target language, learners are asked to think of naturally occurring requests they perform daily in their mother tongue. This comparison may contribute to increase not only their awareness of the target language and culture, but also their interlanguage pragmatic ability when acquiring it (Kasper and Blum-Kulka, 1993). For this activity, learners are provided with some awareness-raising questions that involve both pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic issues to help them analyse their own samples. On the one hand, pragmalinguistic questions can include: “How many request head acts and mitigating devices can you think of?” “Can you arrange them on a directness scale?” On the other hand, sociopragmatic questions can ask learners: “Which different

In order to make learners aware of cross-linguistic and crosscultural differences between their native language and the target language, learners are asked to think of naturally occurring requests they perform daily in their mother tongue. This comparison may contribute to increase not only their awareness of the target language and culture, but also their interlanguage pragmatic ability when acquiring it (Kasper and Blum-Kulka, 1993). For this activity, learners are provided with some awareness-raising questions that involve both pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic issues to help them analyse their own samples. On the one hand, pragmalinguistic questions can include: “How many request head acts and mitigating devices can you think of?” “Can you arrange them on a directness scale?” On the other hand, sociopragmatic questions can ask learners: “Which different


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request head acts and mitigating devices can you find depending on the social variables of power, distance and imposition?” “Are contextual factors important when selecting a particular request head act and mitigating devices?” Once they have worked on those questions, they compare their own samples with those request head acts and mitigating devices of the target language presented by the teacher in the first stage. This activity not only helps learners understand that the way in which request head acts and their mitigating devices are realised may vary across languages, but also the fact that language is inseparable from culture (Judd, 1999; Eslami-Rasekh, 2005).

request head acts and mitigating devices can you find depending on the social variables of power, distance and imposition?” “Are contextual factors important when selecting a particular request head act and mitigating devices?” Once they have worked on those questions, they compare their own samples with those request head acts and mitigating devices of the target language presented by the teacher in the first stage. This activity not only helps learners understand that the way in which request head acts and their mitigating devices are realised may vary across languages, but also the fact that language is inseparable from culture (Judd, 1999; Eslami-Rasekh, 2005).

In order to make learners aware of the crucial role pragmatic issues play in communicative situations, a variety of activities can be implemented. In an attempt to widen the scope of the request mitigating devices presented in textbooks (see Usó-Juan, 2007 for the limited range forms presented in this types of materials) learners could be presented with a language situation that involves a request with three different softeners for a particular response to that situation, and asked to rank them from the most (3) to the least (1) appropriate for the given context applying the principles discussed in the first stage. The requests can be presented on a directness scale and mitigated in a variety of ways, for example: i) internally (e.g. Do you mind opening the door?), ii) externally (e.g. It seems it is quite hot here. Could you open the door?), and iii) doubly modified, internally and externally (e.g. I hate bothering you but could you just open the door?).

In order to make learners aware of the crucial role pragmatic issues play in communicative situations, a variety of activities can be implemented. In an attempt to widen the scope of the request mitigating devices presented in textbooks (see Usó-Juan, 2007 for the limited range forms presented in this types of materials) learners could be presented with a language situation that involves a request with three different softeners for a particular response to that situation, and asked to rank them from the most (3) to the least (1) appropriate for the given context applying the principles discussed in the first stage. The requests can be presented on a directness scale and mitigated in a variety of ways, for example: i) internally (e.g. Do you mind opening the door?), ii) externally (e.g. It seems it is quite hot here. Could you open the door?), and iii) doubly modified, internally and externally (e.g. I hate bothering you but could you just open the door?).

Another simple activity is to give learners the whole context of a situation and a request, which can be mitigated or not, for response to it and then ask them to rate which they believe is the level of suitability on a scale ranging from 1 to 5, as well as give the reason why they provide that particular rating. Additionally, film excerpts can also be of great help in increasingly raising learners’ pragmatic awareness (Rose, 1999). As a way of example, learners can be invited to watch two scenes of a film in which characters are interacting in two contrasting situations depicting a suitable context for a request. After watching the two scenes, learners are asked to conduct an analysis of the pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic features of the two scenarios by responding to some questions to help them in thinking about the request realisation forms that are likely to take part between the

Another simple activity is to give learners the whole context of a situation and a request, which can be mitigated or not, for response to it and then ask them to rate which they believe is the level of suitability on a scale ranging from 1 to 5, as well as give the reason why they provide that particular rating. Additionally, film excerpts can also be of great help in increasingly raising learners’ pragmatic awareness (Rose, 1999). As a way of example, learners can be invited to watch two scenes of a film in which characters are interacting in two contrasting situations depicting a suitable context for a request. After watching the two scenes, learners are asked to conduct an analysis of the pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic features of the two scenarios by responding to some questions to help them in thinking about the request realisation forms that are likely to take part between the

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request head acts and mitigating devices can you find depending on the social variables of power, distance and imposition?” “Are contextual factors important when selecting a particular request head act and mitigating devices?” Once they have worked on those questions, they compare their own samples with those request head acts and mitigating devices of the target language presented by the teacher in the first stage. This activity not only helps learners understand that the way in which request head acts and their mitigating devices are realised may vary across languages, but also the fact that language is inseparable from culture (Judd, 1999; Eslami-Rasekh, 2005).

request head acts and mitigating devices can you find depending on the social variables of power, distance and imposition?” “Are contextual factors important when selecting a particular request head act and mitigating devices?” Once they have worked on those questions, they compare their own samples with those request head acts and mitigating devices of the target language presented by the teacher in the first stage. This activity not only helps learners understand that the way in which request head acts and their mitigating devices are realised may vary across languages, but also the fact that language is inseparable from culture (Judd, 1999; Eslami-Rasekh, 2005).

In order to make learners aware of the crucial role pragmatic issues play in communicative situations, a variety of activities can be implemented. In an attempt to widen the scope of the request mitigating devices presented in textbooks (see Usó-Juan, 2007 for the limited range forms presented in this types of materials) learners could be presented with a language situation that involves a request with three different softeners for a particular response to that situation, and asked to rank them from the most (3) to the least (1) appropriate for the given context applying the principles discussed in the first stage. The requests can be presented on a directness scale and mitigated in a variety of ways, for example: i) internally (e.g. Do you mind opening the door?), ii) externally (e.g. It seems it is quite hot here. Could you open the door?), and iii) doubly modified, internally and externally (e.g. I hate bothering you but could you just open the door?).

In order to make learners aware of the crucial role pragmatic issues play in communicative situations, a variety of activities can be implemented. In an attempt to widen the scope of the request mitigating devices presented in textbooks (see Usó-Juan, 2007 for the limited range forms presented in this types of materials) learners could be presented with a language situation that involves a request with three different softeners for a particular response to that situation, and asked to rank them from the most (3) to the least (1) appropriate for the given context applying the principles discussed in the first stage. The requests can be presented on a directness scale and mitigated in a variety of ways, for example: i) internally (e.g. Do you mind opening the door?), ii) externally (e.g. It seems it is quite hot here. Could you open the door?), and iii) doubly modified, internally and externally (e.g. I hate bothering you but could you just open the door?).

Another simple activity is to give learners the whole context of a situation and a request, which can be mitigated or not, for response to it and then ask them to rate which they believe is the level of suitability on a scale ranging from 1 to 5, as well as give the reason why they provide that particular rating. Additionally, film excerpts can also be of great help in increasingly raising learners’ pragmatic awareness (Rose, 1999). As a way of example, learners can be invited to watch two scenes of a film in which characters are interacting in two contrasting situations depicting a suitable context for a request. After watching the two scenes, learners are asked to conduct an analysis of the pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic features of the two scenarios by responding to some questions to help them in thinking about the request realisation forms that are likely to take part between the

Another simple activity is to give learners the whole context of a situation and a request, which can be mitigated or not, for response to it and then ask them to rate which they believe is the level of suitability on a scale ranging from 1 to 5, as well as give the reason why they provide that particular rating. Additionally, film excerpts can also be of great help in increasingly raising learners’ pragmatic awareness (Rose, 1999). As a way of example, learners can be invited to watch two scenes of a film in which characters are interacting in two contrasting situations depicting a suitable context for a request. After watching the two scenes, learners are asked to conduct an analysis of the pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic features of the two scenarios by responding to some questions to help them in thinking about the request realisation forms that are likely to take part between the


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interlocutors. These questions have to do with politeness issues (i.e. Brown and Levinson’s (1987) distance-power-imposition parameters), as well as aspects related to the characters’ non-verbal behaviour (i.e. tone of the voice, body language, facial expressions, and so on). Since a key aspect of this activity is to allow learners time for pragmatic reflection, the two scenes should be viewed as many times as needed. On the whole, it can be stated that the main pedagogic purpose of these two first stages is to draw learners’ attention to the connections between request pragmalinguistic patterns and sociopragmatic information. Once an understanding of this relationship is achieved, learners are ready to engage in communicative practice (Kasper, 1997), which is the aim of the third stage.

3.3 Learners’ production

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interlocutors. These questions have to do with politeness issues (i.e. Brown and Levinson’s (1987) distance-power-imposition parameters), as well as aspects related to the characters’ non-verbal behaviour (i.e. tone of the voice, body language, facial expressions, and so on). Since a key aspect of this activity is to allow learners time for pragmatic reflection, the two scenes should be viewed as many times as needed. On the whole, it can be stated that the main pedagogic purpose of these two first stages is to draw learners’ attention to the connections between request pragmalinguistic patterns and sociopragmatic information. Once an understanding of this relationship is achieved, learners are ready to engage in communicative practice (Kasper, 1997), which is the aim of the third stage.

3.3 Learners’ production

In this third stage, learners are provided with written and oral opportunities to use request head acts and their mitigating devices in simulated communicative contexts. With regard to written activities, the activity of writing emails is strongly encouraged. As noted by Judd (1999), it is of paramount importance to provide learners with contrasting scenarios, that is with scenarios that differ in sociopragmatic features. Therefore, learners could be required to write an email to a friend borrowing a video game (i.e. low imposition) and/or borrowing a lot of money (i.e. high imposition); and also to send an email to a professor asking for an appointment to talk about a topic for the term paper (i.e. low imposition) and/or asking for the favor of postponing the exam date (i.e. high imposition). This activity can work even better if learners are taken to the computer lab to send authentic emails to addressees created on purpose for this activity.

In this third stage, learners are provided with written and oral opportunities to use request head acts and their mitigating devices in simulated communicative contexts. With regard to written activities, the activity of writing emails is strongly encouraged. As noted by Judd (1999), it is of paramount importance to provide learners with contrasting scenarios, that is with scenarios that differ in sociopragmatic features. Therefore, learners could be required to write an email to a friend borrowing a video game (i.e. low imposition) and/or borrowing a lot of money (i.e. high imposition); and also to send an email to a professor asking for an appointment to talk about a topic for the term paper (i.e. low imposition) and/or asking for the favor of postponing the exam date (i.e. high imposition). This activity can work even better if learners are taken to the computer lab to send authentic emails to addressees created on purpose for this activity.

With regard to oral activities, role-play activities are particularly suitable. Learners could be required to watch a video scene in which two persons (for example a receptionist and the hotel manager) are interacting and one of them is about to elicit a request. At this point, the video scene is stopped by the teacher and learners are asked to think about the social distance between the characters, the speaker’s power over the hearer, the imposition involved in the request, as well as non-verbal behaviour aspects like the tone of voice, gestures or

With regard to oral activities, role-play activities are particularly suitable. Learners could be required to watch a video scene in which two persons (for example a receptionist and the hotel manager) are interacting and one of them is about to elicit a request. At this point, the video scene is stopped by the teacher and learners are asked to think about the social distance between the characters, the speaker’s power over the hearer, the imposition involved in the request, as well as non-verbal behaviour aspects like the tone of voice, gestures or

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interlocutors. These questions have to do with politeness issues (i.e. Brown and Levinson’s (1987) distance-power-imposition parameters), as well as aspects related to the characters’ non-verbal behaviour (i.e. tone of the voice, body language, facial expressions, and so on). Since a key aspect of this activity is to allow learners time for pragmatic reflection, the two scenes should be viewed as many times as needed. On the whole, it can be stated that the main pedagogic purpose of these two first stages is to draw learners’ attention to the connections between request pragmalinguistic patterns and sociopragmatic information. Once an understanding of this relationship is achieved, learners are ready to engage in communicative practice (Kasper, 1997), which is the aim of the third stage.

3.3 Learners’ production

265

interlocutors. These questions have to do with politeness issues (i.e. Brown and Levinson’s (1987) distance-power-imposition parameters), as well as aspects related to the characters’ non-verbal behaviour (i.e. tone of the voice, body language, facial expressions, and so on). Since a key aspect of this activity is to allow learners time for pragmatic reflection, the two scenes should be viewed as many times as needed. On the whole, it can be stated that the main pedagogic purpose of these two first stages is to draw learners’ attention to the connections between request pragmalinguistic patterns and sociopragmatic information. Once an understanding of this relationship is achieved, learners are ready to engage in communicative practice (Kasper, 1997), which is the aim of the third stage.

3.3 Learners’ production

In this third stage, learners are provided with written and oral opportunities to use request head acts and their mitigating devices in simulated communicative contexts. With regard to written activities, the activity of writing emails is strongly encouraged. As noted by Judd (1999), it is of paramount importance to provide learners with contrasting scenarios, that is with scenarios that differ in sociopragmatic features. Therefore, learners could be required to write an email to a friend borrowing a video game (i.e. low imposition) and/or borrowing a lot of money (i.e. high imposition); and also to send an email to a professor asking for an appointment to talk about a topic for the term paper (i.e. low imposition) and/or asking for the favor of postponing the exam date (i.e. high imposition). This activity can work even better if learners are taken to the computer lab to send authentic emails to addressees created on purpose for this activity.

In this third stage, learners are provided with written and oral opportunities to use request head acts and their mitigating devices in simulated communicative contexts. With regard to written activities, the activity of writing emails is strongly encouraged. As noted by Judd (1999), it is of paramount importance to provide learners with contrasting scenarios, that is with scenarios that differ in sociopragmatic features. Therefore, learners could be required to write an email to a friend borrowing a video game (i.e. low imposition) and/or borrowing a lot of money (i.e. high imposition); and also to send an email to a professor asking for an appointment to talk about a topic for the term paper (i.e. low imposition) and/or asking for the favor of postponing the exam date (i.e. high imposition). This activity can work even better if learners are taken to the computer lab to send authentic emails to addressees created on purpose for this activity.

With regard to oral activities, role-play activities are particularly suitable. Learners could be required to watch a video scene in which two persons (for example a receptionist and the hotel manager) are interacting and one of them is about to elicit a request. At this point, the video scene is stopped by the teacher and learners are asked to think about the social distance between the characters, the speaker’s power over the hearer, the imposition involved in the request, as well as non-verbal behaviour aspects like the tone of voice, gestures or

With regard to oral activities, role-play activities are particularly suitable. Learners could be required to watch a video scene in which two persons (for example a receptionist and the hotel manager) are interacting and one of them is about to elicit a request. At this point, the video scene is stopped by the teacher and learners are asked to think about the social distance between the characters, the speaker’s power over the hearer, the imposition involved in the request, as well as non-verbal behaviour aspects like the tone of voice, gestures or


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attitudinal behaviour. Having reflected on all these aspects, learners are asked to work in pairs and act out in a role-play fashion how the situation is likely to follow. Finally, learners should watch the whole scene and compare it with the one they have produced. Additionally, an interesting follow-up activity requires learners to perform the same role-plays again but this time the interactional and contextual variables are diametrically opposed to the ones already watched in the film and acted out. As learners become more aware of how these situational variables affect the choice of the pragmalinguistic form, the teacher’s guidance in those aspects should be avoided to allow them to experience in free written and spoken activities (Judd, 1999).

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attitudinal behaviour. Having reflected on all these aspects, learners are asked to work in pairs and act out in a role-play fashion how the situation is likely to follow. Finally, learners should watch the whole scene and compare it with the one they have produced. Additionally, an interesting follow-up activity requires learners to perform the same role-plays again but this time the interactional and contextual variables are diametrically opposed to the ones already watched in the film and acted out. As learners become more aware of how these situational variables affect the choice of the pragmalinguistic form, the teacher’s guidance in those aspects should be avoided to allow them to experience in free written and spoken activities (Judd, 1999).

3.4. Teacher’s feedback

3.4. Teacher’s feedback

In this fourth and final stage, learners are provided with teacher’s feedback about their performance in the communicative practice activities in terms of the pragmalinguistic forms selected to express their request head acts and their mitigating devices, as well as the sociopragmatic factors considered for an appropriate requestive performance in the given situations (Olshtain and Cohen, 1991). Such a feedback and further discussion about the whole method is an essential task for the teacher in order to help learners acquire an appropriate requestive behaviour.

In this fourth and final stage, learners are provided with teacher’s feedback about their performance in the communicative practice activities in terms of the pragmalinguistic forms selected to express their request head acts and their mitigating devices, as well as the sociopragmatic factors considered for an appropriate requestive performance in the given situations (Olshtain and Cohen, 1991). Such a feedback and further discussion about the whole method is an essential task for the teacher in order to help learners acquire an appropriate requestive behaviour.

4. CONCLUSION

4. CONCLUSION

This paper has highlighted the need of integrating pragmatics in instructed language settings. To that end, a pragmatics-based explicit method has been elaborated with the aim of enabling learners to know how to mitigate requests in English as the target language and, consequently, how to build an appropriate requestive behaviour that helps them to overcome communicative difficulties. This teaching approach, divided into four stages, involves both awarenessraising and production activities in order to provide learners with the three necessary conditions for the acquisition of their pragmatic ability, namely i) exposure to appropriate and rich input (i.e. stages 1 and 2 of the approach); ii) opportunities for communicative practice (stage 3);

This paper has highlighted the need of integrating pragmatics in instructed language settings. To that end, a pragmatics-based explicit method has been elaborated with the aim of enabling learners to know how to mitigate requests in English as the target language and, consequently, how to build an appropriate requestive behaviour that helps them to overcome communicative difficulties. This teaching approach, divided into four stages, involves both awarenessraising and production activities in order to provide learners with the three necessary conditions for the acquisition of their pragmatic ability, namely i) exposure to appropriate and rich input (i.e. stages 1 and 2 of the approach); ii) opportunities for communicative practice (stage 3);

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attitudinal behaviour. Having reflected on all these aspects, learners are asked to work in pairs and act out in a role-play fashion how the situation is likely to follow. Finally, learners should watch the whole scene and compare it with the one they have produced. Additionally, an interesting follow-up activity requires learners to perform the same role-plays again but this time the interactional and contextual variables are diametrically opposed to the ones already watched in the film and acted out. As learners become more aware of how these situational variables affect the choice of the pragmalinguistic form, the teacher’s guidance in those aspects should be avoided to allow them to experience in free written and spoken activities (Judd, 1999).

3.4. Teacher’s feedback

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

attitudinal behaviour. Having reflected on all these aspects, learners are asked to work in pairs and act out in a role-play fashion how the situation is likely to follow. Finally, learners should watch the whole scene and compare it with the one they have produced. Additionally, an interesting follow-up activity requires learners to perform the same role-plays again but this time the interactional and contextual variables are diametrically opposed to the ones already watched in the film and acted out. As learners become more aware of how these situational variables affect the choice of the pragmalinguistic form, the teacher’s guidance in those aspects should be avoided to allow them to experience in free written and spoken activities (Judd, 1999).

3.4. Teacher’s feedback

In this fourth and final stage, learners are provided with teacher’s feedback about their performance in the communicative practice activities in terms of the pragmalinguistic forms selected to express their request head acts and their mitigating devices, as well as the sociopragmatic factors considered for an appropriate requestive performance in the given situations (Olshtain and Cohen, 1991). Such a feedback and further discussion about the whole method is an essential task for the teacher in order to help learners acquire an appropriate requestive behaviour.

In this fourth and final stage, learners are provided with teacher’s feedback about their performance in the communicative practice activities in terms of the pragmalinguistic forms selected to express their request head acts and their mitigating devices, as well as the sociopragmatic factors considered for an appropriate requestive performance in the given situations (Olshtain and Cohen, 1991). Such a feedback and further discussion about the whole method is an essential task for the teacher in order to help learners acquire an appropriate requestive behaviour.

4. CONCLUSION

4. CONCLUSION

This paper has highlighted the need of integrating pragmatics in instructed language settings. To that end, a pragmatics-based explicit method has been elaborated with the aim of enabling learners to know how to mitigate requests in English as the target language and, consequently, how to build an appropriate requestive behaviour that helps them to overcome communicative difficulties. This teaching approach, divided into four stages, involves both awarenessraising and production activities in order to provide learners with the three necessary conditions for the acquisition of their pragmatic ability, namely i) exposure to appropriate and rich input (i.e. stages 1 and 2 of the approach); ii) opportunities for communicative practice (stage 3);

This paper has highlighted the need of integrating pragmatics in instructed language settings. To that end, a pragmatics-based explicit method has been elaborated with the aim of enabling learners to know how to mitigate requests in English as the target language and, consequently, how to build an appropriate requestive behaviour that helps them to overcome communicative difficulties. This teaching approach, divided into four stages, involves both awarenessraising and production activities in order to provide learners with the three necessary conditions for the acquisition of their pragmatic ability, namely i) exposure to appropriate and rich input (i.e. stages 1 and 2 of the approach); ii) opportunities for communicative practice (stage 3);


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and iii) teacher’s feedback (stage 4). Through the elaboration of such an explicit approach, it has been our intention to contribute to the increasing area of ILP research that is devoted to examining which techniques and instructional treatments may help learners to develop their pragmatic competence in particular educational settings. In so doing, we believe that the suggested method presented in this paper could be considered as another proposal that may help teachers in the complex task of integrating pragmatics in their curricula and, therefore, provide learners with opportunities to appropriately communicate in a given target language.

and iii) teacher’s feedback (stage 4). Through the elaboration of such an explicit approach, it has been our intention to contribute to the increasing area of ILP research that is devoted to examining which techniques and instructional treatments may help learners to develop their pragmatic competence in particular educational settings. In so doing, we believe that the suggested method presented in this paper could be considered as another proposal that may help teachers in the complex task of integrating pragmatics in their curricula and, therefore, provide learners with opportunities to appropriately communicate in a given target language.

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Alcón, E., Safont, P. and Martínez-Flor, A. 2005. “Towards a typology of modifiers for the speech act of requesting: A socio-pragmatic approach”. RæL, Revista Electrónica de Lingüística Aplicada. 4: 1-35. Bacelar da Silva, A.J. 2003. “The effect of instruction on pragmatic development: Teaching polite refusal in English”. Second Language Studies. 22: 55-106 Bardovi-Harlig, K. 1996. “Pragmatics and language teaching: Bringing pragmatics and pedagogy together” in L.F. Bouton, ed. Pragmatics and Language Learning, vol. 7. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Bardovi-Harlig, K. 2001. “Empirical evidence of the need for instruction in pragmatics” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bardovi-Harlig, K. and Mahan-Taylor, R. 2003. Teaching Pragmatics. Washington DC: U.S. Department of State Office of English Language Programs. Available online at http:// exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/pragmatics.htm Bachman, L.F. 1990. Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1978. “Universals in language use: Politeness phenomena” in E.N. Goody, ed. Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Alcón, E., Safont, P. and Martínez-Flor, A. 2005. “Towards a typology of modifiers for the speech act of requesting: A socio-pragmatic approach”. RæL, Revista Electrónica de Lingüística Aplicada. 4: 1-35. Bacelar da Silva, A.J. 2003. “The effect of instruction on pragmatic development: Teaching polite refusal in English”. Second Language Studies. 22: 55-106 Bardovi-Harlig, K. 1996. “Pragmatics and language teaching: Bringing pragmatics and pedagogy together” in L.F. Bouton, ed. Pragmatics and Language Learning, vol. 7. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Bardovi-Harlig, K. 2001. “Empirical evidence of the need for instruction in pragmatics” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bardovi-Harlig, K. and Mahan-Taylor, R. 2003. Teaching Pragmatics. Washington DC: U.S. Department of State Office of English Language Programs. Available online at http:// exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/pragmatics.htm Bachman, L.F. 1990. Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1978. “Universals in language use: Politeness phenomena” in E.N. Goody, ed. Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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and iii) teacher’s feedback (stage 4). Through the elaboration of such an explicit approach, it has been our intention to contribute to the increasing area of ILP research that is devoted to examining which techniques and instructional treatments may help learners to develop their pragmatic competence in particular educational settings. In so doing, we believe that the suggested method presented in this paper could be considered as another proposal that may help teachers in the complex task of integrating pragmatics in their curricula and, therefore, provide learners with opportunities to appropriately communicate in a given target language.

and iii) teacher’s feedback (stage 4). Through the elaboration of such an explicit approach, it has been our intention to contribute to the increasing area of ILP research that is devoted to examining which techniques and instructional treatments may help learners to develop their pragmatic competence in particular educational settings. In so doing, we believe that the suggested method presented in this paper could be considered as another proposal that may help teachers in the complex task of integrating pragmatics in their curricula and, therefore, provide learners with opportunities to appropriately communicate in a given target language.

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Alcón, E., Safont, P. and Martínez-Flor, A. 2005. “Towards a typology of modifiers for the speech act of requesting: A socio-pragmatic approach”. RæL, Revista Electrónica de Lingüística Aplicada. 4: 1-35. Bacelar da Silva, A.J. 2003. “The effect of instruction on pragmatic development: Teaching polite refusal in English”. Second Language Studies. 22: 55-106 Bardovi-Harlig, K. 1996. “Pragmatics and language teaching: Bringing pragmatics and pedagogy together” in L.F. Bouton, ed. Pragmatics and Language Learning, vol. 7. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Bardovi-Harlig, K. 2001. “Empirical evidence of the need for instruction in pragmatics” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bardovi-Harlig, K. and Mahan-Taylor, R. 2003. Teaching Pragmatics. Washington DC: U.S. Department of State Office of English Language Programs. Available online at http:// exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/pragmatics.htm Bachman, L.F. 1990. Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1978. “Universals in language use: Politeness phenomena” in E.N. Goody, ed. Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Alcón, E., Safont, P. and Martínez-Flor, A. 2005. “Towards a typology of modifiers for the speech act of requesting: A socio-pragmatic approach”. RæL, Revista Electrónica de Lingüística Aplicada. 4: 1-35. Bacelar da Silva, A.J. 2003. “The effect of instruction on pragmatic development: Teaching polite refusal in English”. Second Language Studies. 22: 55-106 Bardovi-Harlig, K. 1996. “Pragmatics and language teaching: Bringing pragmatics and pedagogy together” in L.F. Bouton, ed. Pragmatics and Language Learning, vol. 7. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Bardovi-Harlig, K. 2001. “Empirical evidence of the need for instruction in pragmatics” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bardovi-Harlig, K. and Mahan-Taylor, R. 2003. Teaching Pragmatics. Washington DC: U.S. Department of State Office of English Language Programs. Available online at http:// exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/pragmatics.htm Bachman, L.F. 1990. Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1978. “Universals in language use: Politeness phenomena” in E.N. Goody, ed. Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


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Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Celce-Murcia, M., Dörnyei, Z. and Thurrell, S. 1995. “Communicative competence: A pedagogically motivated model with content specifications”. Issues in Applied Linguistics. 6: 5-35. Celce-Murcia, M. and E. Olshtain. 2000. Discourse and Context in Language Teaching. A Guide for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Eslami-Rasekh, Z. 2005. “Raising the pragmatic awareness of language learners”. ELT Journal. 59: 199-208. Judd, E.L. 1999. “Some issues in the teaching of pragmatic competence” in E. Hinkel, ed. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kasper, G. 1997. “Can pragmatic competence be taught?” NetWork, 6. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center. Available online at http://www.nflrc.hawaii.edu/NetWorks/NW06/ Kasper, G. 2001. “Classroom research on interlanguage pragmatics” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kasper, G. and Blum-Kulka, S. eds. 1993. Interlanguage pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press. Kasper, G. and Roever, C. 2005. “Pragmatics in second language learning” in E. Hinkel, ed, Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Koester, A.J. 2002. “The performance of speech acts in workplace conversations and the teaching of communicative functions”. System. 30: 167-184. Leech, G. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman. Liddicoat, A.J. and Crozet, C. 2001. “Acquiring French interactional norms through instruction” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lyster, R. 1994. “The effects of functional-analytical teaching on aspects of French immersion students’ sociolinguistic competence”. Applied Linguistics. 15: 263-287. Martínez-Flor, A. 2006. “The effectiveness of explicit and implicit treatments on EFL learners’ confidence in recognising

Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Celce-Murcia, M., Dörnyei, Z. and Thurrell, S. 1995. “Communicative competence: A pedagogically motivated model with content specifications”. Issues in Applied Linguistics. 6: 5-35. Celce-Murcia, M. and E. Olshtain. 2000. Discourse and Context in Language Teaching. A Guide for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Eslami-Rasekh, Z. 2005. “Raising the pragmatic awareness of language learners”. ELT Journal. 59: 199-208. Judd, E.L. 1999. “Some issues in the teaching of pragmatic competence” in E. Hinkel, ed. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kasper, G. 1997. “Can pragmatic competence be taught?” NetWork, 6. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center. Available online at http://www.nflrc.hawaii.edu/NetWorks/NW06/ Kasper, G. 2001. “Classroom research on interlanguage pragmatics” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kasper, G. and Blum-Kulka, S. eds. 1993. Interlanguage pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press. Kasper, G. and Roever, C. 2005. “Pragmatics in second language learning” in E. Hinkel, ed, Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Koester, A.J. 2002. “The performance of speech acts in workplace conversations and the teaching of communicative functions”. System. 30: 167-184. Leech, G. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman. Liddicoat, A.J. and Crozet, C. 2001. “Acquiring French interactional norms through instruction” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lyster, R. 1994. “The effects of functional-analytical teaching on aspects of French immersion students’ sociolinguistic competence”. Applied Linguistics. 15: 263-287. Martínez-Flor, A. 2006. “The effectiveness of explicit and implicit treatments on EFL learners’ confidence in recognising

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Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Celce-Murcia, M., Dörnyei, Z. and Thurrell, S. 1995. “Communicative competence: A pedagogically motivated model with content specifications”. Issues in Applied Linguistics. 6: 5-35. Celce-Murcia, M. and E. Olshtain. 2000. Discourse and Context in Language Teaching. A Guide for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Eslami-Rasekh, Z. 2005. “Raising the pragmatic awareness of language learners”. ELT Journal. 59: 199-208. Judd, E.L. 1999. “Some issues in the teaching of pragmatic competence” in E. Hinkel, ed. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kasper, G. 1997. “Can pragmatic competence be taught?” NetWork, 6. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center. Available online at http://www.nflrc.hawaii.edu/NetWorks/NW06/ Kasper, G. 2001. “Classroom research on interlanguage pragmatics” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kasper, G. and Blum-Kulka, S. eds. 1993. Interlanguage pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press. Kasper, G. and Roever, C. 2005. “Pragmatics in second language learning” in E. Hinkel, ed, Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Koester, A.J. 2002. “The performance of speech acts in workplace conversations and the teaching of communicative functions”. System. 30: 167-184. Leech, G. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman. Liddicoat, A.J. and Crozet, C. 2001. “Acquiring French interactional norms through instruction” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lyster, R. 1994. “The effects of functional-analytical teaching on aspects of French immersion students’ sociolinguistic competence”. Applied Linguistics. 15: 263-287. Martínez-Flor, A. 2006. “The effectiveness of explicit and implicit treatments on EFL learners’ confidence in recognising

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Celce-Murcia, M., Dörnyei, Z. and Thurrell, S. 1995. “Communicative competence: A pedagogically motivated model with content specifications”. Issues in Applied Linguistics. 6: 5-35. Celce-Murcia, M. and E. Olshtain. 2000. Discourse and Context in Language Teaching. A Guide for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Eslami-Rasekh, Z. 2005. “Raising the pragmatic awareness of language learners”. ELT Journal. 59: 199-208. Judd, E.L. 1999. “Some issues in the teaching of pragmatic competence” in E. Hinkel, ed. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kasper, G. 1997. “Can pragmatic competence be taught?” NetWork, 6. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center. Available online at http://www.nflrc.hawaii.edu/NetWorks/NW06/ Kasper, G. 2001. “Classroom research on interlanguage pragmatics” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kasper, G. and Blum-Kulka, S. eds. 1993. Interlanguage pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press. Kasper, G. and Roever, C. 2005. “Pragmatics in second language learning” in E. Hinkel, ed, Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Koester, A.J. 2002. “The performance of speech acts in workplace conversations and the teaching of communicative functions”. System. 30: 167-184. Leech, G. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman. Liddicoat, A.J. and Crozet, C. 2001. “Acquiring French interactional norms through instruction” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lyster, R. 1994. “The effects of functional-analytical teaching on aspects of French immersion students’ sociolinguistic competence”. Applied Linguistics. 15: 263-287. Martínez-Flor, A. 2006. “The effectiveness of explicit and implicit treatments on EFL learners’ confidence in recognising


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appropriate suggestions” in K. Bardovi-Harlig, C. FélixBrasdefer and A.S. Omar, eds. Pragmatics and Language Learning, vol. 11. University of Hawaii at Manoa: National Foreign language resource center. Martínez-Flor, A. 2007. “Analysing request modification devices in films: Implications for pragmatic learning in instructed foreign language contexts” in E. Alcón and M.P. Safont, eds. Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning. Ámsterdam: Springer. Olshtain, E. and Cohen, A.D. 1991. “Teaching speech act behavior to nonnative speakers” in M. Celce-Murcia, ed. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. Boston: Heinle and Heinle. Rose, K.R. 1994. “Pragmatic consciousness-raising in an EFL context” in L.F. Bouton, Y. Kachru, eds. Pragmatics and language learning, vol. 5. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Rose, K.R. 1999. “Teachers and students learning about requests in Hong Kong” in E. Hinkel, ed. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rose, K.R. 2005. “On the effects of instruction in second language pragmatics”. System. 33: 385-399. Rose, K.R. and Hg Kwai-fun, C. 2001. “Inductive an deductive teaching of compliments and compliment responses” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sifianou, M. 1999. Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece. A Crosscultural Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Takahashi, S. 2001. “The role of input enhancement in developing pragmatic competence” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tateyama, Y. 2001. “Explicit and implicit teaching of pragmatic routines” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thomas, J. 1983. “Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure” Applied Linguistics. 4:91-112. Trosborg, A. 1995. Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Usó-Juan, E. and Martínez-Flor, A. 2006. “Approaches to language learning and teaching: Towards acquiring communicative competence through the four skills” in E. Usó-Juan and A.

appropriate suggestions” in K. Bardovi-Harlig, C. FélixBrasdefer and A.S. Omar, eds. Pragmatics and Language Learning, vol. 11. University of Hawaii at Manoa: National Foreign language resource center. Martínez-Flor, A. 2007. “Analysing request modification devices in films: Implications for pragmatic learning in instructed foreign language contexts” in E. Alcón and M.P. Safont, eds. Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning. Ámsterdam: Springer. Olshtain, E. and Cohen, A.D. 1991. “Teaching speech act behavior to nonnative speakers” in M. Celce-Murcia, ed. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. Boston: Heinle and Heinle. Rose, K.R. 1994. “Pragmatic consciousness-raising in an EFL context” in L.F. Bouton, Y. Kachru, eds. Pragmatics and language learning, vol. 5. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Rose, K.R. 1999. “Teachers and students learning about requests in Hong Kong” in E. Hinkel, ed. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rose, K.R. 2005. “On the effects of instruction in second language pragmatics”. System. 33: 385-399. Rose, K.R. and Hg Kwai-fun, C. 2001. “Inductive an deductive teaching of compliments and compliment responses” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sifianou, M. 1999. Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece. A Crosscultural Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Takahashi, S. 2001. “The role of input enhancement in developing pragmatic competence” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tateyama, Y. 2001. “Explicit and implicit teaching of pragmatic routines” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thomas, J. 1983. “Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure” Applied Linguistics. 4:91-112. Trosborg, A. 1995. Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Usó-Juan, E. and Martínez-Flor, A. 2006. “Approaches to language learning and teaching: Towards acquiring communicative competence through the four skills” in E. Usó-Juan and A.

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appropriate suggestions” in K. Bardovi-Harlig, C. FélixBrasdefer and A.S. Omar, eds. Pragmatics and Language Learning, vol. 11. University of Hawaii at Manoa: National Foreign language resource center. Martínez-Flor, A. 2007. “Analysing request modification devices in films: Implications for pragmatic learning in instructed foreign language contexts” in E. Alcón and M.P. Safont, eds. Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning. Ámsterdam: Springer. Olshtain, E. and Cohen, A.D. 1991. “Teaching speech act behavior to nonnative speakers” in M. Celce-Murcia, ed. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. Boston: Heinle and Heinle. Rose, K.R. 1994. “Pragmatic consciousness-raising in an EFL context” in L.F. Bouton, Y. Kachru, eds. Pragmatics and language learning, vol. 5. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Rose, K.R. 1999. “Teachers and students learning about requests in Hong Kong” in E. Hinkel, ed. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rose, K.R. 2005. “On the effects of instruction in second language pragmatics”. System. 33: 385-399. Rose, K.R. and Hg Kwai-fun, C. 2001. “Inductive an deductive teaching of compliments and compliment responses” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sifianou, M. 1999. Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece. A Crosscultural Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Takahashi, S. 2001. “The role of input enhancement in developing pragmatic competence” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tateyama, Y. 2001. “Explicit and implicit teaching of pragmatic routines” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thomas, J. 1983. “Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure” Applied Linguistics. 4:91-112. Trosborg, A. 1995. Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Usó-Juan, E. and Martínez-Flor, A. 2006. “Approaches to language learning and teaching: Towards acquiring communicative competence through the four skills” in E. Usó-Juan and A.

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appropriate suggestions” in K. Bardovi-Harlig, C. FélixBrasdefer and A.S. Omar, eds. Pragmatics and Language Learning, vol. 11. University of Hawaii at Manoa: National Foreign language resource center. Martínez-Flor, A. 2007. “Analysing request modification devices in films: Implications for pragmatic learning in instructed foreign language contexts” in E. Alcón and M.P. Safont, eds. Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning. Ámsterdam: Springer. Olshtain, E. and Cohen, A.D. 1991. “Teaching speech act behavior to nonnative speakers” in M. Celce-Murcia, ed. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. Boston: Heinle and Heinle. Rose, K.R. 1994. “Pragmatic consciousness-raising in an EFL context” in L.F. Bouton, Y. Kachru, eds. Pragmatics and language learning, vol. 5. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Rose, K.R. 1999. “Teachers and students learning about requests in Hong Kong” in E. Hinkel, ed. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rose, K.R. 2005. “On the effects of instruction in second language pragmatics”. System. 33: 385-399. Rose, K.R. and Hg Kwai-fun, C. 2001. “Inductive an deductive teaching of compliments and compliment responses” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sifianou, M. 1999. Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece. A Crosscultural Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Takahashi, S. 2001. “The role of input enhancement in developing pragmatic competence” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tateyama, Y. 2001. “Explicit and implicit teaching of pragmatic routines” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thomas, J. 1983. “Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure” Applied Linguistics. 4:91-112. Trosborg, A. 1995. Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Usó-Juan, E. and Martínez-Flor, A. 2006. “Approaches to language learning and teaching: Towards acquiring communicative competence through the four skills” in E. Usó-Juan and A.


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Martínez-Flor, eds. Current Trends in the Development and Teaching of the Four Language Skills. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Usó-Juan, E. 2007. “The presentation and practice of the communicative act of requesting in textbooks: Focusing on modifiers” in E. Alcón and M.P. Safont, eds. Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning. Ámsterdam: Springer. Wishnoff, J. 2000. “Hedging your bets: L2 learners’ acquisition of pragmatic devices in academic writing and computer-mediated discourse” Second Language Studies, 19. Available online at http://www.hawaii.edu/sls/uhwpesl/on-line_cat.html Yoshimi, D.R. 2001. “Explicit instruction and JFL learners’ use of interactional discourse markers” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Martínez-Flor, eds. Current Trends in the Development and Teaching of the Four Language Skills. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Usó-Juan, E. 2007. “The presentation and practice of the communicative act of requesting in textbooks: Focusing on modifiers” in E. Alcón and M.P. Safont, eds. Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning. Ámsterdam: Springer. Wishnoff, J. 2000. “Hedging your bets: L2 learners’ acquisition of pragmatic devices in academic writing and computer-mediated discourse” Second Language Studies, 19. Available online at http://www.hawaii.edu/sls/uhwpesl/on-line_cat.html Yoshimi, D.R. 2001. “Explicit instruction and JFL learners’ use of interactional discourse markers” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Martínez-Flor, eds. Current Trends in the Development and Teaching of the Four Language Skills. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Usó-Juan, E. 2007. “The presentation and practice of the communicative act of requesting in textbooks: Focusing on modifiers” in E. Alcón and M.P. Safont, eds. Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning. Ámsterdam: Springer. Wishnoff, J. 2000. “Hedging your bets: L2 learners’ acquisition of pragmatic devices in academic writing and computer-mediated discourse” Second Language Studies, 19. Available online at http://www.hawaii.edu/sls/uhwpesl/on-line_cat.html Yoshimi, D.R. 2001. “Explicit instruction and JFL learners’ use of interactional discourse markers” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Martínez-Flor, eds. Current Trends in the Development and Teaching of the Four Language Skills. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Usó-Juan, E. 2007. “The presentation and practice of the communicative act of requesting in textbooks: Focusing on modifiers” in E. Alcón and M.P. Safont, eds. Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning. Ámsterdam: Springer. Wishnoff, J. 2000. “Hedging your bets: L2 learners’ acquisition of pragmatic devices in academic writing and computer-mediated discourse” Second Language Studies, 19. Available online at http://www.hawaii.edu/sls/uhwpesl/on-line_cat.html Yoshimi, D.R. 2001. “Explicit instruction and JFL learners’ use of interactional discourse markers” in K.R. Rose and G. Kasper, eds. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


RES EÑ A S

RE S EÑ A S

RES EÑ A S

RE S EÑ A S



Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez ...

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Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez ...

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SONSOLES SÁNCHEZ-REYES PEÑAMARÍA Y RAMIRO DURÁN MARTÍNEZ (EDS.). 2006: NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS EN LA DIDÁCTICA DE LA FONÉTICA INGLESA. SALAMANCA: EDICIONES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA. 168 PAGES* Lorena Barrera Fernández Universidad de Santiago de Compostela lorenabarrera@hotmail.com

SONSOLES SÁNCHEZ-REYES PEÑAMARÍA Y RAMIRO DURÁN MARTÍNEZ (EDS.). 2006: NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS EN LA DIDÁCTICA DE LA FONÉTICA INGLESA. SALAMANCA: EDICIONES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA. 168 PAGES* Lorena Barrera Fernández Universidad de Santiago de Compostela lorenabarrera@hotmail.com

The topic under discussion in this volume has been the object of hundreds of critical articles and book-length studies. The main purpose of the present book is to bring to light the relevance of updated pedagogical methodologies in the teaching of pronunciation. It determines the degree to which a change such as an improvement in the educational sector entails repercussions in the teaching-learning process and in the core curricular design.

The topic under discussion in this volume has been the object of hundreds of critical articles and book-length studies. The main purpose of the present book is to bring to light the relevance of updated pedagogical methodologies in the teaching of pronunciation. It determines the degree to which a change such as an improvement in the educational sector entails repercussions in the teaching-learning process and in the core curricular design.

It is well-known that with the advent of communicative approaches, writing has been relegated to a second foreground. Under this false prevalence of oral language over written language, the label ‘communication’ has been taken to mean the same as ‘oral language’ and that is not true.

It is well-known that with the advent of communicative approaches, writing has been relegated to a second foreground. Under this false prevalence of oral language over written language, the label ‘communication’ has been taken to mean the same as ‘oral language’ and that is not true.

This study tackles in depth three fundamental axes in the current educational panorama: theory, practice and research. The three of them work hand in hand. Apart from having a scientific and academic nature, the book is clearly structured. In spite of the fact that various authors have written on different sub-topics within the pronunciation field, this book is still cohesive and coherent. Besides, this volume is representative of the new technological age since a variety of suggestions, practical tips, reflections, miscellaneous approaches and creative ideas are offered so as to improve students’ pronunciation learning process.

This study tackles in depth three fundamental axes in the current educational panorama: theory, practice and research. The three of them work hand in hand. Apart from having a scientific and academic nature, the book is clearly structured. In spite of the fact that various authors have written on different sub-topics within the pronunciation field, this book is still cohesive and coherent. Besides, this volume is representative of the new technological age since a variety of suggestions, practical tips, reflections, miscellaneous approaches and creative ideas are offered so as to improve students’ pronunciation learning process.

The articles presented are homogeneous as regards difficulty and length and cover a wide spectrum of pedagogical variety. It is a contribution of 168 pages, conceived of as a blueprint of practical material dedicated to exploiting teaching factors interwoven in the

The articles presented are homogeneous as regards difficulty and length and cover a wide spectrum of pedagogical variety. It is a contribution of 168 pages, conceived of as a blueprint of practical material dedicated to exploiting teaching factors interwoven in the

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez ...

273

Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez ...

273

SONSOLES SÁNCHEZ-REYES PEÑAMARÍA Y RAMIRO DURÁN MARTÍNEZ (EDS.). 2006: NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS EN LA DIDÁCTICA DE LA FONÉTICA INGLESA. SALAMANCA: EDICIONES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA. 168 PAGES* Lorena Barrera Fernández Universidad de Santiago de Compostela lorenabarrera@hotmail.com

SONSOLES SÁNCHEZ-REYES PEÑAMARÍA Y RAMIRO DURÁN MARTÍNEZ (EDS.). 2006: NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS EN LA DIDÁCTICA DE LA FONÉTICA INGLESA. SALAMANCA: EDICIONES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA. 168 PAGES* Lorena Barrera Fernández Universidad de Santiago de Compostela lorenabarrera@hotmail.com

The topic under discussion in this volume has been the object of hundreds of critical articles and book-length studies. The main purpose of the present book is to bring to light the relevance of updated pedagogical methodologies in the teaching of pronunciation. It determines the degree to which a change such as an improvement in the educational sector entails repercussions in the teaching-learning process and in the core curricular design.

The topic under discussion in this volume has been the object of hundreds of critical articles and book-length studies. The main purpose of the present book is to bring to light the relevance of updated pedagogical methodologies in the teaching of pronunciation. It determines the degree to which a change such as an improvement in the educational sector entails repercussions in the teaching-learning process and in the core curricular design.

It is well-known that with the advent of communicative approaches, writing has been relegated to a second foreground. Under this false prevalence of oral language over written language, the label ‘communication’ has been taken to mean the same as ‘oral language’ and that is not true.

It is well-known that with the advent of communicative approaches, writing has been relegated to a second foreground. Under this false prevalence of oral language over written language, the label ‘communication’ has been taken to mean the same as ‘oral language’ and that is not true.

This study tackles in depth three fundamental axes in the current educational panorama: theory, practice and research. The three of them work hand in hand. Apart from having a scientific and academic nature, the book is clearly structured. In spite of the fact that various authors have written on different sub-topics within the pronunciation field, this book is still cohesive and coherent. Besides, this volume is representative of the new technological age since a variety of suggestions, practical tips, reflections, miscellaneous approaches and creative ideas are offered so as to improve students’ pronunciation learning process.

This study tackles in depth three fundamental axes in the current educational panorama: theory, practice and research. The three of them work hand in hand. Apart from having a scientific and academic nature, the book is clearly structured. In spite of the fact that various authors have written on different sub-topics within the pronunciation field, this book is still cohesive and coherent. Besides, this volume is representative of the new technological age since a variety of suggestions, practical tips, reflections, miscellaneous approaches and creative ideas are offered so as to improve students’ pronunciation learning process.

The articles presented are homogeneous as regards difficulty and length and cover a wide spectrum of pedagogical variety. It is a contribution of 168 pages, conceived of as a blueprint of practical material dedicated to exploiting teaching factors interwoven in the

The articles presented are homogeneous as regards difficulty and length and cover a wide spectrum of pedagogical variety. It is a contribution of 168 pages, conceived of as a blueprint of practical material dedicated to exploiting teaching factors interwoven in the

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2007


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field of pronunciation teaching. Conceptually speaking, it is witty, entertaining and attractive for both readers and researchers. In the first chapter, Catalina Montes adduces that the distance existing between graphemes and phonemes results in incorrect pronunciation and in problems of misunderstanding. Accordingly, on page 25 she says that the major difficulties encountered by Spanish students include the existence of one spelling for various phonemes, redundant graphemes, graphemes that do not correspond to any phoneme, or the non-representation of a phoneme. These ‘hard aspects’ lay the groundwork for intelligibility problems, which are obstacles to a good pronunciation and language use. That is why Montes proposes to simplify rules as it is done in American linguistics.

field of pronunciation teaching. Conceptually speaking, it is witty, entertaining and attractive for both readers and researchers. In the first chapter, Catalina Montes adduces that the distance existing between graphemes and phonemes results in incorrect pronunciation and in problems of misunderstanding. Accordingly, on page 25 she says that the major difficulties encountered by Spanish students include the existence of one spelling for various phonemes, redundant graphemes, graphemes that do not correspond to any phoneme, or the non-representation of a phoneme. These ‘hard aspects’ lay the groundwork for intelligibility problems, which are obstacles to a good pronunciation and language use. That is why Montes proposes to simplify rules as it is done in American linguistics.

The second chapter, signed by Susan House, approaches the relationship between graphemes and phonemes from a more practical angle. She analyses a series of pronunciation problems and suggests some activities to overcome them. She tries to prevent errors rather than to tackle them ad hoc. She also offers interesting websites containing on-line learning exercises. In this respect, we shall mention Jenkins’ work (2001), which tries to make the English language more transparent and phonological, by pronouncing more words as they are written and by reducing the number of phonemes. Jenkins’s contribution, which represents a new view of pronunciation teaching, has aroused controversy and is still subject to conjecture even though everybody still complains about the gap between orthography and phonology.

The second chapter, signed by Susan House, approaches the relationship between graphemes and phonemes from a more practical angle. She analyses a series of pronunciation problems and suggests some activities to overcome them. She tries to prevent errors rather than to tackle them ad hoc. She also offers interesting websites containing on-line learning exercises. In this respect, we shall mention Jenkins’ work (2001), which tries to make the English language more transparent and phonological, by pronouncing more words as they are written and by reducing the number of phonemes. Jenkins’s contribution, which represents a new view of pronunciation teaching, has aroused controversy and is still subject to conjecture even though everybody still complains about the gap between orthography and phonology.

Elena Suárez provides us with a detailed presentation of the IPA symbols and their features, the major reasons for pronunciation errors and some tips to teach pronunciation. L1 interference as well as extended generalisation of linguistic rules are the cornerstones that make learners commit mistakes. What is taught in the pronunciation class should fulfil the requirements of actual language use and should be a faithful reproduction of oral interactions. Suarez’s problem-solving activities, role-plays and all those exercises with purposefully playful intentions take a leading role in ELT. She proposes to take especial care with homophones and homographs, which may lead to potential errors.

Elena Suárez provides us with a detailed presentation of the IPA symbols and their features, the major reasons for pronunciation errors and some tips to teach pronunciation. L1 interference as well as extended generalisation of linguistic rules are the cornerstones that make learners commit mistakes. What is taught in the pronunciation class should fulfil the requirements of actual language use and should be a faithful reproduction of oral interactions. Suarez’s problem-solving activities, role-plays and all those exercises with purposefully playful intentions take a leading role in ELT. She proposes to take especial care with homophones and homographs, which may lead to potential errors.

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field of pronunciation teaching. Conceptually speaking, it is witty, entertaining and attractive for both readers and researchers. In the first chapter, Catalina Montes adduces that the distance existing between graphemes and phonemes results in incorrect pronunciation and in problems of misunderstanding. Accordingly, on page 25 she says that the major difficulties encountered by Spanish students include the existence of one spelling for various phonemes, redundant graphemes, graphemes that do not correspond to any phoneme, or the non-representation of a phoneme. These ‘hard aspects’ lay the groundwork for intelligibility problems, which are obstacles to a good pronunciation and language use. That is why Montes proposes to simplify rules as it is done in American linguistics.

field of pronunciation teaching. Conceptually speaking, it is witty, entertaining and attractive for both readers and researchers. In the first chapter, Catalina Montes adduces that the distance existing between graphemes and phonemes results in incorrect pronunciation and in problems of misunderstanding. Accordingly, on page 25 she says that the major difficulties encountered by Spanish students include the existence of one spelling for various phonemes, redundant graphemes, graphemes that do not correspond to any phoneme, or the non-representation of a phoneme. These ‘hard aspects’ lay the groundwork for intelligibility problems, which are obstacles to a good pronunciation and language use. That is why Montes proposes to simplify rules as it is done in American linguistics.

The second chapter, signed by Susan House, approaches the relationship between graphemes and phonemes from a more practical angle. She analyses a series of pronunciation problems and suggests some activities to overcome them. She tries to prevent errors rather than to tackle them ad hoc. She also offers interesting websites containing on-line learning exercises. In this respect, we shall mention Jenkins’ work (2001), which tries to make the English language more transparent and phonological, by pronouncing more words as they are written and by reducing the number of phonemes. Jenkins’s contribution, which represents a new view of pronunciation teaching, has aroused controversy and is still subject to conjecture even though everybody still complains about the gap between orthography and phonology.

The second chapter, signed by Susan House, approaches the relationship between graphemes and phonemes from a more practical angle. She analyses a series of pronunciation problems and suggests some activities to overcome them. She tries to prevent errors rather than to tackle them ad hoc. She also offers interesting websites containing on-line learning exercises. In this respect, we shall mention Jenkins’ work (2001), which tries to make the English language more transparent and phonological, by pronouncing more words as they are written and by reducing the number of phonemes. Jenkins’s contribution, which represents a new view of pronunciation teaching, has aroused controversy and is still subject to conjecture even though everybody still complains about the gap between orthography and phonology.

Elena Suárez provides us with a detailed presentation of the IPA symbols and their features, the major reasons for pronunciation errors and some tips to teach pronunciation. L1 interference as well as extended generalisation of linguistic rules are the cornerstones that make learners commit mistakes. What is taught in the pronunciation class should fulfil the requirements of actual language use and should be a faithful reproduction of oral interactions. Suarez’s problem-solving activities, role-plays and all those exercises with purposefully playful intentions take a leading role in ELT. She proposes to take especial care with homophones and homographs, which may lead to potential errors.

Elena Suárez provides us with a detailed presentation of the IPA symbols and their features, the major reasons for pronunciation errors and some tips to teach pronunciation. L1 interference as well as extended generalisation of linguistic rules are the cornerstones that make learners commit mistakes. What is taught in the pronunciation class should fulfil the requirements of actual language use and should be a faithful reproduction of oral interactions. Suarez’s problem-solving activities, role-plays and all those exercises with purposefully playful intentions take a leading role in ELT. She proposes to take especial care with homophones and homographs, which may lead to potential errors.


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Eva Estebas concedes that suprasegmental features, which have been so marginalized for a long time, could be one starting point in the teaching of pronunciation. Resting on the assumption that the Spanish and the English prosodic systems are not as different as it was believed, she suggests that Spanish students should be aware of the similarities existing between English and Spanish to get used to English intonation and rhythm much faster.

Eva Estebas concedes that suprasegmental features, which have been so marginalized for a long time, could be one starting point in the teaching of pronunciation. Resting on the assumption that the Spanish and the English prosodic systems are not as different as it was believed, she suggests that Spanish students should be aware of the similarities existing between English and Spanish to get used to English intonation and rhythm much faster.

The role of interlanguages, positive and negative transfers must always be borne in mind when coming to terms with any language skill or sub-skill such as pronunciation. That is why Elena González and Laura Filardo devote their chapter to these disciplines. Since communicative competence has often been quoted as a focal aim in the learning of a foreign language, there needs to be global concern for the linguistic divergences and/or convergences between two or more languages. González and Filardo encourage the use of contrastive analysis methodology, which entails a pedagogically oriented comparison between the L1 and the L2, based on students’ learning habits. They claim that in order to prevent fossilized structures and to initiate comfortable intelligible situations (Kenworthy 1990: 16), teaching staff should be concerned with the intermediate stages which learners undergo, that is, their interlanguage or approximative system. Nonetheless, these authors argue that there should be more than one method to face the learning of an L2.

The role of interlanguages, positive and negative transfers must always be borne in mind when coming to terms with any language skill or sub-skill such as pronunciation. That is why Elena González and Laura Filardo devote their chapter to these disciplines. Since communicative competence has often been quoted as a focal aim in the learning of a foreign language, there needs to be global concern for the linguistic divergences and/or convergences between two or more languages. González and Filardo encourage the use of contrastive analysis methodology, which entails a pedagogically oriented comparison between the L1 and the L2, based on students’ learning habits. They claim that in order to prevent fossilized structures and to initiate comfortable intelligible situations (Kenworthy 1990: 16), teaching staff should be concerned with the intermediate stages which learners undergo, that is, their interlanguage or approximative system. Nonetheless, these authors argue that there should be more than one method to face the learning of an L2.

Christopher Moran capitalises on the importance of using a crystal-clear phonological theory to practise pronunciation in a realistic manner. In other words, what is explained should be directly related to what is practised in class. He sets out to draw attention to certain problematic aspects, such as the pronunciation of plurals and the –ed suffix or suprasegmental traits like the placement of stress. He summarises the main features of the above elements, emphasising their difficulty for the learning process.

Christopher Moran capitalises on the importance of using a crystal-clear phonological theory to practise pronunciation in a realistic manner. In other words, what is explained should be directly related to what is practised in class. He sets out to draw attention to certain problematic aspects, such as the pronunciation of plurals and the –ed suffix or suprasegmental traits like the placement of stress. He summarises the main features of the above elements, emphasising their difficulty for the learning process.

With Nuria Rodríguez, the volume enters into its most practical part. She brings forward some innovative activities and motivating techniques. After describing the typical errors that Spanish learners usually commit, she sets out to draw on the approaches to be employed in class, namely suggestopedia and neurolinguistic programming. The

With Nuria Rodríguez, the volume enters into its most practical part. She brings forward some innovative activities and motivating techniques. After describing the typical errors that Spanish learners usually commit, she sets out to draw on the approaches to be employed in class, namely suggestopedia and neurolinguistic programming. The

Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez ...

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Eva Estebas concedes that suprasegmental features, which have been so marginalized for a long time, could be one starting point in the teaching of pronunciation. Resting on the assumption that the Spanish and the English prosodic systems are not as different as it was believed, she suggests that Spanish students should be aware of the similarities existing between English and Spanish to get used to English intonation and rhythm much faster.

Eva Estebas concedes that suprasegmental features, which have been so marginalized for a long time, could be one starting point in the teaching of pronunciation. Resting on the assumption that the Spanish and the English prosodic systems are not as different as it was believed, she suggests that Spanish students should be aware of the similarities existing between English and Spanish to get used to English intonation and rhythm much faster.

The role of interlanguages, positive and negative transfers must always be borne in mind when coming to terms with any language skill or sub-skill such as pronunciation. That is why Elena González and Laura Filardo devote their chapter to these disciplines. Since communicative competence has often been quoted as a focal aim in the learning of a foreign language, there needs to be global concern for the linguistic divergences and/or convergences between two or more languages. González and Filardo encourage the use of contrastive analysis methodology, which entails a pedagogically oriented comparison between the L1 and the L2, based on students’ learning habits. They claim that in order to prevent fossilized structures and to initiate comfortable intelligible situations (Kenworthy 1990: 16), teaching staff should be concerned with the intermediate stages which learners undergo, that is, their interlanguage or approximative system. Nonetheless, these authors argue that there should be more than one method to face the learning of an L2.

The role of interlanguages, positive and negative transfers must always be borne in mind when coming to terms with any language skill or sub-skill such as pronunciation. That is why Elena González and Laura Filardo devote their chapter to these disciplines. Since communicative competence has often been quoted as a focal aim in the learning of a foreign language, there needs to be global concern for the linguistic divergences and/or convergences between two or more languages. González and Filardo encourage the use of contrastive analysis methodology, which entails a pedagogically oriented comparison between the L1 and the L2, based on students’ learning habits. They claim that in order to prevent fossilized structures and to initiate comfortable intelligible situations (Kenworthy 1990: 16), teaching staff should be concerned with the intermediate stages which learners undergo, that is, their interlanguage or approximative system. Nonetheless, these authors argue that there should be more than one method to face the learning of an L2.

Christopher Moran capitalises on the importance of using a crystal-clear phonological theory to practise pronunciation in a realistic manner. In other words, what is explained should be directly related to what is practised in class. He sets out to draw attention to certain problematic aspects, such as the pronunciation of plurals and the –ed suffix or suprasegmental traits like the placement of stress. He summarises the main features of the above elements, emphasising their difficulty for the learning process.

Christopher Moran capitalises on the importance of using a crystal-clear phonological theory to practise pronunciation in a realistic manner. In other words, what is explained should be directly related to what is practised in class. He sets out to draw attention to certain problematic aspects, such as the pronunciation of plurals and the –ed suffix or suprasegmental traits like the placement of stress. He summarises the main features of the above elements, emphasising their difficulty for the learning process.

With Nuria Rodríguez, the volume enters into its most practical part. She brings forward some innovative activities and motivating techniques. After describing the typical errors that Spanish learners usually commit, she sets out to draw on the approaches to be employed in class, namely suggestopedia and neurolinguistic programming. The

With Nuria Rodríguez, the volume enters into its most practical part. She brings forward some innovative activities and motivating techniques. After describing the typical errors that Spanish learners usually commit, she sets out to draw on the approaches to be employed in class, namely suggestopedia and neurolinguistic programming. The


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former is meant to suggest (hence its name) that positive reactions towards a fruitful learning result from learning in a relaxed atmosphere with background music, which activates pleasure in our mind. In keeping with suggestopedia, neurolinguistic programming holds that every teaching practice has to take into account learners’ five senses, on the grounds that everybody has a personal learning style which is activated through stimuli. Therefore, for Rodríguez, music and the senses represent a milestone in the teaching of pronunciation.

former is meant to suggest (hence its name) that positive reactions towards a fruitful learning result from learning in a relaxed atmosphere with background music, which activates pleasure in our mind. In keeping with suggestopedia, neurolinguistic programming holds that every teaching practice has to take into account learners’ five senses, on the grounds that everybody has a personal learning style which is activated through stimuli. Therefore, for Rodríguez, music and the senses represent a milestone in the teaching of pronunciation.

Rodríguez’s proposal works hand in hand with what Avery and Ehrlich (1999) orchestrate, that is, a teaching practice resting on movements and physical responses. The senses need to be used in learning to move around the paradigms of the tangible. These principles point the way towards knowledge and autonomy, which emerge from a balanced learning process. By offering the same ‘hardstone’ concepts of traditional linguistics, Rodríguez turns down ‘armchair’ methods in favour of movable actions, varied exercises, innovative and modern activities, which are germane to learners’ motivational orientation. Paz Framil (2001) also relies on the visual sense presenting ‘funny parallel texts’ and word maps to learners, so that students themselves recall phonological contrasts through images or through lexis.

Rodríguez’s proposal works hand in hand with what Avery and Ehrlich (1999) orchestrate, that is, a teaching practice resting on movements and physical responses. The senses need to be used in learning to move around the paradigms of the tangible. These principles point the way towards knowledge and autonomy, which emerge from a balanced learning process. By offering the same ‘hardstone’ concepts of traditional linguistics, Rodríguez turns down ‘armchair’ methods in favour of movable actions, varied exercises, innovative and modern activities, which are germane to learners’ motivational orientation. Paz Framil (2001) also relies on the visual sense presenting ‘funny parallel texts’ and word maps to learners, so that students themselves recall phonological contrasts through images or through lexis.

By advocating that phonetics is a systematically structured science, María Sonsoles Sánchez acknowledges that the disciplines of phonetics and phonology have been erratically considered and taught on the grounds that pronunciation is not static, hard and unteachable but funny and useful. She describes an array of diverse motivationoriented activities with a playful goal, such as phonetic-puns, families or riddles, tongue-twisters, bingos, jokes, alphabet, pyramids, poems and so on. All of them are fully exemplified. Students may benefit from these resources because they differ from traditional teaching, which was parrot-like and teacher-centred. Now the learner is allotted an active participation by giving an opinion and taking a leading part in exercises. This author draws the tentative conclusion that, although innovative materials are increasingly frequently offered to the scientific community, the pronunciation field is still allocated a minimalist place.

By advocating that phonetics is a systematically structured science, María Sonsoles Sánchez acknowledges that the disciplines of phonetics and phonology have been erratically considered and taught on the grounds that pronunciation is not static, hard and unteachable but funny and useful. She describes an array of diverse motivationoriented activities with a playful goal, such as phonetic-puns, families or riddles, tongue-twisters, bingos, jokes, alphabet, pyramids, poems and so on. All of them are fully exemplified. Students may benefit from these resources because they differ from traditional teaching, which was parrot-like and teacher-centred. Now the learner is allotted an active participation by giving an opinion and taking a leading part in exercises. This author draws the tentative conclusion that, although innovative materials are increasingly frequently offered to the scientific community, the pronunciation field is still allocated a minimalist place.

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former is meant to suggest (hence its name) that positive reactions towards a fruitful learning result from learning in a relaxed atmosphere with background music, which activates pleasure in our mind. In keeping with suggestopedia, neurolinguistic programming holds that every teaching practice has to take into account learners’ five senses, on the grounds that everybody has a personal learning style which is activated through stimuli. Therefore, for Rodríguez, music and the senses represent a milestone in the teaching of pronunciation.

former is meant to suggest (hence its name) that positive reactions towards a fruitful learning result from learning in a relaxed atmosphere with background music, which activates pleasure in our mind. In keeping with suggestopedia, neurolinguistic programming holds that every teaching practice has to take into account learners’ five senses, on the grounds that everybody has a personal learning style which is activated through stimuli. Therefore, for Rodríguez, music and the senses represent a milestone in the teaching of pronunciation.

Rodríguez’s proposal works hand in hand with what Avery and Ehrlich (1999) orchestrate, that is, a teaching practice resting on movements and physical responses. The senses need to be used in learning to move around the paradigms of the tangible. These principles point the way towards knowledge and autonomy, which emerge from a balanced learning process. By offering the same ‘hardstone’ concepts of traditional linguistics, Rodríguez turns down ‘armchair’ methods in favour of movable actions, varied exercises, innovative and modern activities, which are germane to learners’ motivational orientation. Paz Framil (2001) also relies on the visual sense presenting ‘funny parallel texts’ and word maps to learners, so that students themselves recall phonological contrasts through images or through lexis.

Rodríguez’s proposal works hand in hand with what Avery and Ehrlich (1999) orchestrate, that is, a teaching practice resting on movements and physical responses. The senses need to be used in learning to move around the paradigms of the tangible. These principles point the way towards knowledge and autonomy, which emerge from a balanced learning process. By offering the same ‘hardstone’ concepts of traditional linguistics, Rodríguez turns down ‘armchair’ methods in favour of movable actions, varied exercises, innovative and modern activities, which are germane to learners’ motivational orientation. Paz Framil (2001) also relies on the visual sense presenting ‘funny parallel texts’ and word maps to learners, so that students themselves recall phonological contrasts through images or through lexis.

By advocating that phonetics is a systematically structured science, María Sonsoles Sánchez acknowledges that the disciplines of phonetics and phonology have been erratically considered and taught on the grounds that pronunciation is not static, hard and unteachable but funny and useful. She describes an array of diverse motivationoriented activities with a playful goal, such as phonetic-puns, families or riddles, tongue-twisters, bingos, jokes, alphabet, pyramids, poems and so on. All of them are fully exemplified. Students may benefit from these resources because they differ from traditional teaching, which was parrot-like and teacher-centred. Now the learner is allotted an active participation by giving an opinion and taking a leading part in exercises. This author draws the tentative conclusion that, although innovative materials are increasingly frequently offered to the scientific community, the pronunciation field is still allocated a minimalist place.

By advocating that phonetics is a systematically structured science, María Sonsoles Sánchez acknowledges that the disciplines of phonetics and phonology have been erratically considered and taught on the grounds that pronunciation is not static, hard and unteachable but funny and useful. She describes an array of diverse motivationoriented activities with a playful goal, such as phonetic-puns, families or riddles, tongue-twisters, bingos, jokes, alphabet, pyramids, poems and so on. All of them are fully exemplified. Students may benefit from these resources because they differ from traditional teaching, which was parrot-like and teacher-centred. Now the learner is allotted an active participation by giving an opinion and taking a leading part in exercises. This author draws the tentative conclusion that, although innovative materials are increasingly frequently offered to the scientific community, the pronunciation field is still allocated a minimalist place.


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The perspective adopted by Sánchez bears much resemblance to those maintained by Kenworthy (1990), Laroy (1995) and Paz Framil (2001). These three authors already suggested using ‘disguised’ minimal pairs, that is, pairs in opposition introduced into activities such as games, problem-solving tasks, riddles, rhymes or other on-line tasks. In particular, Kenworthy (1990) suggests that apart from selecting alternative exercises, learners’ responses to those exercises should be properly studied. Sánchez asserts that her experience with such activities has been satisfactory and effective. Yet, it would have been desirable for her to have provided some relevant statistics which might initiate a path for future research and debate.

The perspective adopted by Sánchez bears much resemblance to those maintained by Kenworthy (1990), Laroy (1995) and Paz Framil (2001). These three authors already suggested using ‘disguised’ minimal pairs, that is, pairs in opposition introduced into activities such as games, problem-solving tasks, riddles, rhymes or other on-line tasks. In particular, Kenworthy (1990) suggests that apart from selecting alternative exercises, learners’ responses to those exercises should be properly studied. Sánchez asserts that her experience with such activities has been satisfactory and effective. Yet, it would have been desirable for her to have provided some relevant statistics which might initiate a path for future research and debate.

The sudden appearance of the Internet in the classroom and educational scenario entails a revolutionary change whose effects are yet to be critically assessed. That is why Ramiro Durán attempts to enhance the comprehensibility of the complex enterprise of teaching pronunciation through the Internet. The intricate relation of new technologies to language learning lends a certain degree of support to the claim that whenever there is a change in linguistics, this change is reflected in language pedagogy. Roughly speaking, the advent of new technological improvement entails a shift in traditional teaching and learning procedures. The author enumerates a series of web pages to familiarise students with English phonetic symbols and with samples of electronic exercises that promote individual autonomous work.

The sudden appearance of the Internet in the classroom and educational scenario entails a revolutionary change whose effects are yet to be critically assessed. That is why Ramiro Durán attempts to enhance the comprehensibility of the complex enterprise of teaching pronunciation through the Internet. The intricate relation of new technologies to language learning lends a certain degree of support to the claim that whenever there is a change in linguistics, this change is reflected in language pedagogy. Roughly speaking, the advent of new technological improvement entails a shift in traditional teaching and learning procedures. The author enumerates a series of web pages to familiarise students with English phonetic symbols and with samples of electronic exercises that promote individual autonomous work.

We are all aware of the advantages that new technologies offer: finding information quickly, an amenable learning process, intrigue, challenge and an alternative approach to traditional teaching. However, as José María Aguilera (2005: 157-162) points out, the use of new technologies also implies negative traits. They are not accessible to everybody and they generate passivity and sedentary, anti-social habits.

We are all aware of the advantages that new technologies offer: finding information quickly, an amenable learning process, intrigue, challenge and an alternative approach to traditional teaching. However, as José María Aguilera (2005: 157-162) points out, the use of new technologies also implies negative traits. They are not accessible to everybody and they generate passivity and sedentary, anti-social habits.

In general terms, this volume is praiseworthy for its use of documentary evidence and its analysis of specific selective bibliography, which may be of great help for those who wish to survey the main lines of research in the field of phonetics teaching. Apart from the editors and contributors, the publishers also deserve praise for the careful editing of this hardback, with its illustrations and useful index. This contribution offers the reader documented materials from

In general terms, this volume is praiseworthy for its use of documentary evidence and its analysis of specific selective bibliography, which may be of great help for those who wish to survey the main lines of research in the field of phonetics teaching. Apart from the editors and contributors, the publishers also deserve praise for the careful editing of this hardback, with its illustrations and useful index. This contribution offers the reader documented materials from

Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez ...

Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez ...

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The perspective adopted by Sánchez bears much resemblance to those maintained by Kenworthy (1990), Laroy (1995) and Paz Framil (2001). These three authors already suggested using ‘disguised’ minimal pairs, that is, pairs in opposition introduced into activities such as games, problem-solving tasks, riddles, rhymes or other on-line tasks. In particular, Kenworthy (1990) suggests that apart from selecting alternative exercises, learners’ responses to those exercises should be properly studied. Sánchez asserts that her experience with such activities has been satisfactory and effective. Yet, it would have been desirable for her to have provided some relevant statistics which might initiate a path for future research and debate.

The perspective adopted by Sánchez bears much resemblance to those maintained by Kenworthy (1990), Laroy (1995) and Paz Framil (2001). These three authors already suggested using ‘disguised’ minimal pairs, that is, pairs in opposition introduced into activities such as games, problem-solving tasks, riddles, rhymes or other on-line tasks. In particular, Kenworthy (1990) suggests that apart from selecting alternative exercises, learners’ responses to those exercises should be properly studied. Sánchez asserts that her experience with such activities has been satisfactory and effective. Yet, it would have been desirable for her to have provided some relevant statistics which might initiate a path for future research and debate.

The sudden appearance of the Internet in the classroom and educational scenario entails a revolutionary change whose effects are yet to be critically assessed. That is why Ramiro Durán attempts to enhance the comprehensibility of the complex enterprise of teaching pronunciation through the Internet. The intricate relation of new technologies to language learning lends a certain degree of support to the claim that whenever there is a change in linguistics, this change is reflected in language pedagogy. Roughly speaking, the advent of new technological improvement entails a shift in traditional teaching and learning procedures. The author enumerates a series of web pages to familiarise students with English phonetic symbols and with samples of electronic exercises that promote individual autonomous work.

The sudden appearance of the Internet in the classroom and educational scenario entails a revolutionary change whose effects are yet to be critically assessed. That is why Ramiro Durán attempts to enhance the comprehensibility of the complex enterprise of teaching pronunciation through the Internet. The intricate relation of new technologies to language learning lends a certain degree of support to the claim that whenever there is a change in linguistics, this change is reflected in language pedagogy. Roughly speaking, the advent of new technological improvement entails a shift in traditional teaching and learning procedures. The author enumerates a series of web pages to familiarise students with English phonetic symbols and with samples of electronic exercises that promote individual autonomous work.

We are all aware of the advantages that new technologies offer: finding information quickly, an amenable learning process, intrigue, challenge and an alternative approach to traditional teaching. However, as José María Aguilera (2005: 157-162) points out, the use of new technologies also implies negative traits. They are not accessible to everybody and they generate passivity and sedentary, anti-social habits.

We are all aware of the advantages that new technologies offer: finding information quickly, an amenable learning process, intrigue, challenge and an alternative approach to traditional teaching. However, as José María Aguilera (2005: 157-162) points out, the use of new technologies also implies negative traits. They are not accessible to everybody and they generate passivity and sedentary, anti-social habits.

In general terms, this volume is praiseworthy for its use of documentary evidence and its analysis of specific selective bibliography, which may be of great help for those who wish to survey the main lines of research in the field of phonetics teaching. Apart from the editors and contributors, the publishers also deserve praise for the careful editing of this hardback, with its illustrations and useful index. This contribution offers the reader documented materials from

In general terms, this volume is praiseworthy for its use of documentary evidence and its analysis of specific selective bibliography, which may be of great help for those who wish to survey the main lines of research in the field of phonetics teaching. Apart from the editors and contributors, the publishers also deserve praise for the careful editing of this hardback, with its illustrations and useful index. This contribution offers the reader documented materials from


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the field of Applied Linguistics, which try to help bridge the gap existing between what one teaches and what is actually learnt. It is the result of a concern to produce enriching didactic materials and to facilitate the relation between pronunciation and language use intrinsic to the acquisition process.

the field of Applied Linguistics, which try to help bridge the gap existing between what one teaches and what is actually learnt. It is the result of a concern to produce enriching didactic materials and to facilitate the relation between pronunciation and language use intrinsic to the acquisition process.

However, what appears to be missing is an exhaustive explanation of the world of pronunciation learning strategies (term coined by Oxford, 1990), which embodies a must for language learning nowadays. Paraphrasing Oxford (1990), we believe that learners’ strategic behaviour, how they go about learning, the decisions they take, the tactics they employ and their sensations require detailed, insightful and coherent close analysis. That is why we consider that the book should have reserved a chapter for learning strategies or at least made reference to them.

However, what appears to be missing is an exhaustive explanation of the world of pronunciation learning strategies (term coined by Oxford, 1990), which embodies a must for language learning nowadays. Paraphrasing Oxford (1990), we believe that learners’ strategic behaviour, how they go about learning, the decisions they take, the tactics they employ and their sensations require detailed, insightful and coherent close analysis. That is why we consider that the book should have reserved a chapter for learning strategies or at least made reference to them.

On the other hand, in spite of its Spanish title, most of the book is written in English. In fact, only three articles are written in Spanish. Because of this reason, it may easily be understood by readers from English speaking countries, which makes the volume have an international character.

On the other hand, in spite of its Spanish title, most of the book is written in English. In fact, only three articles are written in Spanish. Because of this reason, it may easily be understood by readers from English speaking countries, which makes the volume have an international character.

The interest in the field of pronunciation teaching and the need for new handbooks in the educational system both for teachers and learners have propelled the publication of a great number of studies. We would like to recommend this publication as reference material and congratulate the authors for their constructivistic pedagogy and their effort to go beyond simplistic methodologies. Therefore, we encourage language practitioners, teachers, pedagogical experts and all those interested in inaugurating a new teaching stage in the field of SLA to read this volume, which, we believe, may bring about criticism, commentary and debate on language teaching.

The interest in the field of pronunciation teaching and the need for new handbooks in the educational system both for teachers and learners have propelled the publication of a great number of studies. We would like to recommend this publication as reference material and congratulate the authors for their constructivistic pedagogy and their effort to go beyond simplistic methodologies. Therefore, we encourage language practitioners, teachers, pedagogical experts and all those interested in inaugurating a new teaching stage in the field of SLA to read this volume, which, we believe, may bring about criticism, commentary and debate on language teaching.

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Aguilera Carrasco , J.M. ‘From e-mail to Superweb Tools’. Cal, Mario; Núñez Paloma, and Palacios Martínez, I.(eds.) 2005. Nuevas Tecnologías en Lingüística, Traducción y Enseñanza de Lenguas.

Aguilera Carrasco , J.M. ‘From e-mail to Superweb Tools’. Cal, Mario; Núñez Paloma, and Palacios Martínez, I.(eds.) 2005. Nuevas Tecnologías en Lingüística, Traducción y Enseñanza de Lenguas.

278

278

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

the field of Applied Linguistics, which try to help bridge the gap existing between what one teaches and what is actually learnt. It is the result of a concern to produce enriching didactic materials and to facilitate the relation between pronunciation and language use intrinsic to the acquisition process.

the field of Applied Linguistics, which try to help bridge the gap existing between what one teaches and what is actually learnt. It is the result of a concern to produce enriching didactic materials and to facilitate the relation between pronunciation and language use intrinsic to the acquisition process.

However, what appears to be missing is an exhaustive explanation of the world of pronunciation learning strategies (term coined by Oxford, 1990), which embodies a must for language learning nowadays. Paraphrasing Oxford (1990), we believe that learners’ strategic behaviour, how they go about learning, the decisions they take, the tactics they employ and their sensations require detailed, insightful and coherent close analysis. That is why we consider that the book should have reserved a chapter for learning strategies or at least made reference to them.

However, what appears to be missing is an exhaustive explanation of the world of pronunciation learning strategies (term coined by Oxford, 1990), which embodies a must for language learning nowadays. Paraphrasing Oxford (1990), we believe that learners’ strategic behaviour, how they go about learning, the decisions they take, the tactics they employ and their sensations require detailed, insightful and coherent close analysis. That is why we consider that the book should have reserved a chapter for learning strategies or at least made reference to them.

On the other hand, in spite of its Spanish title, most of the book is written in English. In fact, only three articles are written in Spanish. Because of this reason, it may easily be understood by readers from English speaking countries, which makes the volume have an international character.

On the other hand, in spite of its Spanish title, most of the book is written in English. In fact, only three articles are written in Spanish. Because of this reason, it may easily be understood by readers from English speaking countries, which makes the volume have an international character.

The interest in the field of pronunciation teaching and the need for new handbooks in the educational system both for teachers and learners have propelled the publication of a great number of studies. We would like to recommend this publication as reference material and congratulate the authors for their constructivistic pedagogy and their effort to go beyond simplistic methodologies. Therefore, we encourage language practitioners, teachers, pedagogical experts and all those interested in inaugurating a new teaching stage in the field of SLA to read this volume, which, we believe, may bring about criticism, commentary and debate on language teaching.

The interest in the field of pronunciation teaching and the need for new handbooks in the educational system both for teachers and learners have propelled the publication of a great number of studies. We would like to recommend this publication as reference material and congratulate the authors for their constructivistic pedagogy and their effort to go beyond simplistic methodologies. Therefore, we encourage language practitioners, teachers, pedagogical experts and all those interested in inaugurating a new teaching stage in the field of SLA to read this volume, which, we believe, may bring about criticism, commentary and debate on language teaching.

WORKS CITED

WORKS CITED

Aguilera Carrasco , J.M. ‘From e-mail to Superweb Tools’. Cal, Mario; Núñez Paloma, and Palacios Martínez, I.(eds.) 2005. Nuevas Tecnologías en Lingüística, Traducción y Enseñanza de Lenguas.

Aguilera Carrasco , J.M. ‘From e-mail to Superweb Tools’. Cal, Mario; Núñez Paloma, and Palacios Martínez, I.(eds.) 2005. Nuevas Tecnologías en Lingüística, Traducción y Enseñanza de Lenguas.


Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez ...

279

Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez ...

279

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela: Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad: 155-165. Avery, P. and Ehrlich, S. 1992/1999. Teaching American English Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jenkins, J. 2001. The Phonology of English as an International Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kenworthy, J. 1990. Teaching English Pronunciation. New York and London: Longman. Laroy, C. 1996. Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press Oxford, R. 1990. Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know. New York: Heinle and Heinle Publishers. Paz Framil, A. 2001. Funny Stories for Remedial Pronunciation. Self-study and Classroom Guide. Santiago de Compostela: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Santiago.

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela: Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad: 155-165. Avery, P. and Ehrlich, S. 1992/1999. Teaching American English Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jenkins, J. 2001. The Phonology of English as an International Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kenworthy, J. 1990. Teaching English Pronunciation. New York and London: Longman. Laroy, C. 1996. Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press Oxford, R. 1990. Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know. New York: Heinle and Heinle Publishers. Paz Framil, A. 2001. Funny Stories for Remedial Pronunciation. Self-study and Classroom Guide. Santiago de Compostela: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Santiago.

Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez ...

Lorena Barrera Fernández Sonsoles Sánchez-Reyes Peñamaría y Ramiro Durán Martínez ...

279

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela: Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad: 155-165. Avery, P. and Ehrlich, S. 1992/1999. Teaching American English Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jenkins, J. 2001. The Phonology of English as an International Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kenworthy, J. 1990. Teaching English Pronunciation. New York and London: Longman. Laroy, C. 1996. Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press Oxford, R. 1990. Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know. New York: Heinle and Heinle Publishers. Paz Framil, A. 2001. Funny Stories for Remedial Pronunciation. Self-study and Classroom Guide. Santiago de Compostela: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Santiago.

279

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela: Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad: 155-165. Avery, P. and Ehrlich, S. 1992/1999. Teaching American English Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jenkins, J. 2001. The Phonology of English as an International Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kenworthy, J. 1990. Teaching English Pronunciation. New York and London: Longman. Laroy, C. 1996. Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press Oxford, R. 1990. Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know. New York: Heinle and Heinle Publishers. Paz Framil, A. 2001. Funny Stories for Remedial Pronunciation. Self-study and Classroom Guide. Santiago de Compostela: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Santiago.



Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon ... 281

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon ... 281

EVA DARIAS BEAUTELL Y MARÍA JESÚS HERNÁEZ LERENA (EDS) 2007: CANON DISORDERS: GENDERED PERSPECTIVES ON LITERATURE AND FILM IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. LOGROÑO, UNIVERSIDAD DE LA RIOJA, SERVICIO DE PUBLICACIONES Y UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA, 186 PÁGINAS* Belén Martín Lucas Universidade de Vigo bmartin@uvigo.es

EVA DARIAS BEAUTELL Y MARÍA JESÚS HERNÁEZ LERENA (EDS) 2007: CANON DISORDERS: GENDERED PERSPECTIVES ON LITERATURE AND FILM IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. LOGROÑO, UNIVERSIDAD DE LA RIOJA, SERVICIO DE PUBLICACIONES Y UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA, 186 PÁGINAS* Belén Martín Lucas Universidade de Vigo bmartin@uvigo.es

El volumen coeditado por Eva Darias y María Jesús Hernáez puede considerarse un ejercicio ejemplar de dialogismo bajtiniano, en más de un sentido. En primer lugar, por el diálogo establecido entre sus editoras, cada una de una universidad española, La Laguna y La Rioja, respectivamente; una bicefalia en la edición que tiene también su efecto en la publicación compartida. Cabe aquí felicitar a las editoras por esta colaboración, no muy frecuente en nuestro estado, entre universidades de distritos tan alejados. Los trabajos aquí recogidos, todos ellos originales, establecen asimismo un interesante diálogo entre dos cánones culturales, el estadounidense y el canadiense –que no por ser vecinos son análogos–, y entre dos disciplinas artísticas también parejas, pero no idénticas: el cine y la literatura.

El volumen coeditado por Eva Darias y María Jesús Hernáez puede considerarse un ejercicio ejemplar de dialogismo bajtiniano, en más de un sentido. En primer lugar, por el diálogo establecido entre sus editoras, cada una de una universidad española, La Laguna y La Rioja, respectivamente; una bicefalia en la edición que tiene también su efecto en la publicación compartida. Cabe aquí felicitar a las editoras por esta colaboración, no muy frecuente en nuestro estado, entre universidades de distritos tan alejados. Los trabajos aquí recogidos, todos ellos originales, establecen asimismo un interesante diálogo entre dos cánones culturales, el estadounidense y el canadiense –que no por ser vecinos son análogos–, y entre dos disciplinas artísticas también parejas, pero no idénticas: el cine y la literatura.

Si bien los entornos culturales analizados aquí podrían englobarse bajo la etiqueta paraguas de “North American”, y en algunos momentos así aparece expresado en los textos del volumen, las editoras dejan bien claro, tanto en el propio título como en la introducción, que se trata de dos sistemas culturales diferenciados. Así, aunque todos los ensayos “address a range of key issues around the relationship between gender and canon in the North American literary and filmic production of the last twenty five years”, las editoras inmediatamente añaden “The case of Canada constitutes an exception to the rule here, for the prominence of women writers and artists in the Canadian canon is unquestionable even in the earliest stages of its young history” (12), estableciendo un claro contraste entre estas dos tradiciones que, en algunos aspectos, están claramente enfrentadas. Me refiero aquí a la larga historia de descolonización cultural del Canadá anglófono respecto de su poderoso vecino del sur, que no pasa inadvertida para las dos canadianistas que coordinan este volumen. Desde la década de los 50, en la que la Comisión Massey (1949-51) detecta una “easy

Si bien los entornos culturales analizados aquí podrían englobarse bajo la etiqueta paraguas de “North American”, y en algunos momentos así aparece expresado en los textos del volumen, las editoras dejan bien claro, tanto en el propio título como en la introducción, que se trata de dos sistemas culturales diferenciados. Así, aunque todos los ensayos “address a range of key issues around the relationship between gender and canon in the North American literary and filmic production of the last twenty five years”, las editoras inmediatamente añaden “The case of Canada constitutes an exception to the rule here, for the prominence of women writers and artists in the Canadian canon is unquestionable even in the earliest stages of its young history” (12), estableciendo un claro contraste entre estas dos tradiciones que, en algunos aspectos, están claramente enfrentadas. Me refiero aquí a la larga historia de descolonización cultural del Canadá anglófono respecto de su poderoso vecino del sur, que no pasa inadvertida para las dos canadianistas que coordinan este volumen. Desde la década de los 50, en la que la Comisión Massey (1949-51) detecta una “easy

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2008

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2008

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon ... 281

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon ... 281

EVA DARIAS BEAUTELL Y MARÍA JESÚS HERNÁEZ LERENA (EDS) 2007: CANON DISORDERS: GENDERED PERSPECTIVES ON LITERATURE AND FILM IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. LOGROÑO, UNIVERSIDAD DE LA RIOJA, SERVICIO DE PUBLICACIONES Y UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA, 186 PÁGINAS* Belén Martín Lucas Universidade de Vigo bmartin@uvigo.es

EVA DARIAS BEAUTELL Y MARÍA JESÚS HERNÁEZ LERENA (EDS) 2007: CANON DISORDERS: GENDERED PERSPECTIVES ON LITERATURE AND FILM IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. LOGROÑO, UNIVERSIDAD DE LA RIOJA, SERVICIO DE PUBLICACIONES Y UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA, 186 PÁGINAS* Belén Martín Lucas Universidade de Vigo bmartin@uvigo.es

El volumen coeditado por Eva Darias y María Jesús Hernáez puede considerarse un ejercicio ejemplar de dialogismo bajtiniano, en más de un sentido. En primer lugar, por el diálogo establecido entre sus editoras, cada una de una universidad española, La Laguna y La Rioja, respectivamente; una bicefalia en la edición que tiene también su efecto en la publicación compartida. Cabe aquí felicitar a las editoras por esta colaboración, no muy frecuente en nuestro estado, entre universidades de distritos tan alejados. Los trabajos aquí recogidos, todos ellos originales, establecen asimismo un interesante diálogo entre dos cánones culturales, el estadounidense y el canadiense –que no por ser vecinos son análogos–, y entre dos disciplinas artísticas también parejas, pero no idénticas: el cine y la literatura.

El volumen coeditado por Eva Darias y María Jesús Hernáez puede considerarse un ejercicio ejemplar de dialogismo bajtiniano, en más de un sentido. En primer lugar, por el diálogo establecido entre sus editoras, cada una de una universidad española, La Laguna y La Rioja, respectivamente; una bicefalia en la edición que tiene también su efecto en la publicación compartida. Cabe aquí felicitar a las editoras por esta colaboración, no muy frecuente en nuestro estado, entre universidades de distritos tan alejados. Los trabajos aquí recogidos, todos ellos originales, establecen asimismo un interesante diálogo entre dos cánones culturales, el estadounidense y el canadiense –que no por ser vecinos son análogos–, y entre dos disciplinas artísticas también parejas, pero no idénticas: el cine y la literatura.

Si bien los entornos culturales analizados aquí podrían englobarse bajo la etiqueta paraguas de “North American”, y en algunos momentos así aparece expresado en los textos del volumen, las editoras dejan bien claro, tanto en el propio título como en la introducción, que se trata de dos sistemas culturales diferenciados. Así, aunque todos los ensayos “address a range of key issues around the relationship between gender and canon in the North American literary and filmic production of the last twenty five years”, las editoras inmediatamente añaden “The case of Canada constitutes an exception to the rule here, for the prominence of women writers and artists in the Canadian canon is unquestionable even in the earliest stages of its young history” (12), estableciendo un claro contraste entre estas dos tradiciones que, en algunos aspectos, están claramente enfrentadas. Me refiero aquí a la larga historia de descolonización cultural del Canadá anglófono respecto de su poderoso vecino del sur, que no pasa inadvertida para las dos canadianistas que coordinan este volumen. Desde la década de los 50, en la que la Comisión Massey (1949-51) detecta una “easy

Si bien los entornos culturales analizados aquí podrían englobarse bajo la etiqueta paraguas de “North American”, y en algunos momentos así aparece expresado en los textos del volumen, las editoras dejan bien claro, tanto en el propio título como en la introducción, que se trata de dos sistemas culturales diferenciados. Así, aunque todos los ensayos “address a range of key issues around the relationship between gender and canon in the North American literary and filmic production of the last twenty five years”, las editoras inmediatamente añaden “The case of Canada constitutes an exception to the rule here, for the prominence of women writers and artists in the Canadian canon is unquestionable even in the earliest stages of its young history” (12), estableciendo un claro contraste entre estas dos tradiciones que, en algunos aspectos, están claramente enfrentadas. Me refiero aquí a la larga historia de descolonización cultural del Canadá anglófono respecto de su poderoso vecino del sur, que no pasa inadvertida para las dos canadianistas que coordinan este volumen. Desde la década de los 50, en la que la Comisión Massey (1949-51) detecta una “easy

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2008

* Fecha de recepción: abril 2008


282

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

282

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

dependence on a huge and generous neighbour” (272) que dificulta enormemente el desarrollo de una cultura canadiense en inglés propia, la diferenciación respecto de la cultura estadounidense es un importante leit motif de la producción anglófona de Canadá. En su informe, la Comisión Massey apelaba al patriotismo en la defensa de la cultura en términos incluso bélicos: “Our military defences must be made secure; but our cultural defences equally demand national attention; the two cannot be separated” (275). La publicación en 1972 del ya mítico Survival de Margaret Atwood, y la posterior resistencia en el entorno artístico canadiense al tratado de libre comercio (NAFTA), y más recientemente a la actual globalización, problematizan cualquier aproximación reduccionista a una posible “cultura norteamericana”. En su contribución al volumen, “Representing Hegemonic Masculinity”, Vicente Roselló proporciona una interesante reflexión acerca de esta “US/Canadian rivalry” (p. 114) en su análisis de los documentales Project Grizzly y Murderball en términos de imperialismo cultural y resistencia nacionalista.

dependence on a huge and generous neighbour” (272) que dificulta enormemente el desarrollo de una cultura canadiense en inglés propia, la diferenciación respecto de la cultura estadounidense es un importante leit motif de la producción anglófona de Canadá. En su informe, la Comisión Massey apelaba al patriotismo en la defensa de la cultura en términos incluso bélicos: “Our military defences must be made secure; but our cultural defences equally demand national attention; the two cannot be separated” (275). La publicación en 1972 del ya mítico Survival de Margaret Atwood, y la posterior resistencia en el entorno artístico canadiense al tratado de libre comercio (NAFTA), y más recientemente a la actual globalización, problematizan cualquier aproximación reduccionista a una posible “cultura norteamericana”. En su contribución al volumen, “Representing Hegemonic Masculinity”, Vicente Roselló proporciona una interesante reflexión acerca de esta “US/Canadian rivalry” (p. 114) en su análisis de los documentales Project Grizzly y Murderball en términos de imperialismo cultural y resistencia nacionalista.

Canon Disorders se compone de siete ensayos, cada uno de autoría diferente, precedidos por la habitual introducción de las editoras, quienes a su vez contribuyen como autoras de sendos capítulos. De los ensayos, dos están dedicados al cine. En el primero, la escritora, historiadora y crítica Aritha van Herk analiza desde una perspectiva feminista el tropo de la ropa sucia y el lavado como metáforas de la moralidad misógina y del control sobre la sexualidad, en varios textos tanto fílmicos como literarios de procedencia diversa –además de EE.UU. y Canadá, incluye una película irlandesa y una novela australiana–, en un brillante ensayo que recoge todas las cualidades características de la prosa de van Herk: incisiva, irónica, y siempre subversiva. En el segundo ensayo de la colección, Vicente Rosselló estudia la representación de la masculinidad en tres documentales, dos estadounidenses y uno canadiense, desvelando los patrones de violencia, imperialismo y dominación recurrentes en las representaciones canónicas de los varones y su desprecio de la alteridad. Su ensayo es el único que analiza explícitamente la complicada relación entre ambos sistemas culturales, el canadiense y el estadounidense, como indicaba anteriorment. El resto de los capítulos se ocupan exclusivamente de textos literarios, tres de ellos a textos canadienses y dos a textos estadounidenses.

Canon Disorders se compone de siete ensayos, cada uno de autoría diferente, precedidos por la habitual introducción de las editoras, quienes a su vez contribuyen como autoras de sendos capítulos. De los ensayos, dos están dedicados al cine. En el primero, la escritora, historiadora y crítica Aritha van Herk analiza desde una perspectiva feminista el tropo de la ropa sucia y el lavado como metáforas de la moralidad misógina y del control sobre la sexualidad, en varios textos tanto fílmicos como literarios de procedencia diversa –además de EE.UU. y Canadá, incluye una película irlandesa y una novela australiana–, en un brillante ensayo que recoge todas las cualidades características de la prosa de van Herk: incisiva, irónica, y siempre subversiva. En el segundo ensayo de la colección, Vicente Rosselló estudia la representación de la masculinidad en tres documentales, dos estadounidenses y uno canadiense, desvelando los patrones de violencia, imperialismo y dominación recurrentes en las representaciones canónicas de los varones y su desprecio de la alteridad. Su ensayo es el único que analiza explícitamente la complicada relación entre ambos sistemas culturales, el canadiense y el estadounidense, como indicaba anteriorment. El resto de los capítulos se ocupan exclusivamente de textos literarios, tres de ellos a textos canadienses y dos a textos estadounidenses.

282

282

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

dependence on a huge and generous neighbour” (272) que dificulta enormemente el desarrollo de una cultura canadiense en inglés propia, la diferenciación respecto de la cultura estadounidense es un importante leit motif de la producción anglófona de Canadá. En su informe, la Comisión Massey apelaba al patriotismo en la defensa de la cultura en términos incluso bélicos: “Our military defences must be made secure; but our cultural defences equally demand national attention; the two cannot be separated” (275). La publicación en 1972 del ya mítico Survival de Margaret Atwood, y la posterior resistencia en el entorno artístico canadiense al tratado de libre comercio (NAFTA), y más recientemente a la actual globalización, problematizan cualquier aproximación reduccionista a una posible “cultura norteamericana”. En su contribución al volumen, “Representing Hegemonic Masculinity”, Vicente Roselló proporciona una interesante reflexión acerca de esta “US/Canadian rivalry” (p. 114) en su análisis de los documentales Project Grizzly y Murderball en términos de imperialismo cultural y resistencia nacionalista.

dependence on a huge and generous neighbour” (272) que dificulta enormemente el desarrollo de una cultura canadiense en inglés propia, la diferenciación respecto de la cultura estadounidense es un importante leit motif de la producción anglófona de Canadá. En su informe, la Comisión Massey apelaba al patriotismo en la defensa de la cultura en términos incluso bélicos: “Our military defences must be made secure; but our cultural defences equally demand national attention; the two cannot be separated” (275). La publicación en 1972 del ya mítico Survival de Margaret Atwood, y la posterior resistencia en el entorno artístico canadiense al tratado de libre comercio (NAFTA), y más recientemente a la actual globalización, problematizan cualquier aproximación reduccionista a una posible “cultura norteamericana”. En su contribución al volumen, “Representing Hegemonic Masculinity”, Vicente Roselló proporciona una interesante reflexión acerca de esta “US/Canadian rivalry” (p. 114) en su análisis de los documentales Project Grizzly y Murderball en términos de imperialismo cultural y resistencia nacionalista.

Canon Disorders se compone de siete ensayos, cada uno de autoría diferente, precedidos por la habitual introducción de las editoras, quienes a su vez contribuyen como autoras de sendos capítulos. De los ensayos, dos están dedicados al cine. En el primero, la escritora, historiadora y crítica Aritha van Herk analiza desde una perspectiva feminista el tropo de la ropa sucia y el lavado como metáforas de la moralidad misógina y del control sobre la sexualidad, en varios textos tanto fílmicos como literarios de procedencia diversa –además de EE.UU. y Canadá, incluye una película irlandesa y una novela australiana–, en un brillante ensayo que recoge todas las cualidades características de la prosa de van Herk: incisiva, irónica, y siempre subversiva. En el segundo ensayo de la colección, Vicente Rosselló estudia la representación de la masculinidad en tres documentales, dos estadounidenses y uno canadiense, desvelando los patrones de violencia, imperialismo y dominación recurrentes en las representaciones canónicas de los varones y su desprecio de la alteridad. Su ensayo es el único que analiza explícitamente la complicada relación entre ambos sistemas culturales, el canadiense y el estadounidense, como indicaba anteriorment. El resto de los capítulos se ocupan exclusivamente de textos literarios, tres de ellos a textos canadienses y dos a textos estadounidenses.

Canon Disorders se compone de siete ensayos, cada uno de autoría diferente, precedidos por la habitual introducción de las editoras, quienes a su vez contribuyen como autoras de sendos capítulos. De los ensayos, dos están dedicados al cine. En el primero, la escritora, historiadora y crítica Aritha van Herk analiza desde una perspectiva feminista el tropo de la ropa sucia y el lavado como metáforas de la moralidad misógina y del control sobre la sexualidad, en varios textos tanto fílmicos como literarios de procedencia diversa –además de EE.UU. y Canadá, incluye una película irlandesa y una novela australiana–, en un brillante ensayo que recoge todas las cualidades características de la prosa de van Herk: incisiva, irónica, y siempre subversiva. En el segundo ensayo de la colección, Vicente Rosselló estudia la representación de la masculinidad en tres documentales, dos estadounidenses y uno canadiense, desvelando los patrones de violencia, imperialismo y dominación recurrentes en las representaciones canónicas de los varones y su desprecio de la alteridad. Su ensayo es el único que analiza explícitamente la complicada relación entre ambos sistemas culturales, el canadiense y el estadounidense, como indicaba anteriorment. El resto de los capítulos se ocupan exclusivamente de textos literarios, tres de ellos a textos canadienses y dos a textos estadounidenses.


Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon ... 283

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon ... 283

Eva Darias analiza la novela The Cure for Death by Lightning de Gail Anderson-Gargatz como una deconstrucción de la novela de pioneras, tan característica del canon de Canadá, prestando especial atención a la reinterpretación del motivo simbólico de la wilderness, tradicionalmente asociado a la identidad femenina en esa literatura, en su translación a la época contemporánea. La aproximación ecocrítica de Darias constituye una aportación novedosa en la consideración de este motivo clásico, ya ampliamente re-visitado desde perspectivas feministas. María Jesús Hernáez también incide en la figura de la pionera y el motivo de la wilderness, si bien desde un ángulo muy diferente, al estudiar la novela de Douglas Glover, Elle, como una revisión de otro género típico en Canadá, la metaficción historiográfica, desde una perspectiva feminista y postcolonial. A través de un análisis detallado de la voz paródica de Marguerite de Roberval en la novela, Hernáez “desviste” al icono de su ropaje simbólico nacionalista. En su énfasis en la ausencia de un lenguaje para Marguerite, Hernáez se acerca a la propuesta de Mladen Kurajica en el tercer ensayo sobre Canadá, y último en la colección, también dedicado otra protagonista femenina, Rita Kleinheart, la “desaparecida” autora de The Hornbooks of Rita K en el texto así titulado de Robert Kroetsch. Es éste el trabajo más complejo y difícil del volumen –una se pregunta si es por eso que las editoras lo han situado en último lugar–, por su aproximación rotundamente filosófica a un texto netamente postmoderno. Kurajica interpreta aquí la inmersión de Rita en la totalidad del ganzfeld como una interesante crítica del nuevo método canónico en la era postmoderna, la deconstrucción derridiana, que Kurajica llega a describir como la nueva metanarrativa de la differance (168). Leyendo a Kroetsch a través de las teorías de Deleuze y Guattari –hace uso especialmente de su radical multiperspectivismo y sus conceptos de la desterritorialización y el rizoma–, Kujarica realiza, siguiendo con la metáfora de las líneas o caminos, un intenso paseo por Heidegger, Lyotard, la teoría del caos y los fractales, salpicado de ilustrativas referencias a otros ámbitos artísticos, como la música o las artes visuales.

Eva Darias analiza la novela The Cure for Death by Lightning de Gail Anderson-Gargatz como una deconstrucción de la novela de pioneras, tan característica del canon de Canadá, prestando especial atención a la reinterpretación del motivo simbólico de la wilderness, tradicionalmente asociado a la identidad femenina en esa literatura, en su translación a la época contemporánea. La aproximación ecocrítica de Darias constituye una aportación novedosa en la consideración de este motivo clásico, ya ampliamente re-visitado desde perspectivas feministas. María Jesús Hernáez también incide en la figura de la pionera y el motivo de la wilderness, si bien desde un ángulo muy diferente, al estudiar la novela de Douglas Glover, Elle, como una revisión de otro género típico en Canadá, la metaficción historiográfica, desde una perspectiva feminista y postcolonial. A través de un análisis detallado de la voz paródica de Marguerite de Roberval en la novela, Hernáez “desviste” al icono de su ropaje simbólico nacionalista. En su énfasis en la ausencia de un lenguaje para Marguerite, Hernáez se acerca a la propuesta de Mladen Kurajica en el tercer ensayo sobre Canadá, y último en la colección, también dedicado otra protagonista femenina, Rita Kleinheart, la “desaparecida” autora de The Hornbooks of Rita K en el texto así titulado de Robert Kroetsch. Es éste el trabajo más complejo y difícil del volumen –una se pregunta si es por eso que las editoras lo han situado en último lugar–, por su aproximación rotundamente filosófica a un texto netamente postmoderno. Kurajica interpreta aquí la inmersión de Rita en la totalidad del ganzfeld como una interesante crítica del nuevo método canónico en la era postmoderna, la deconstrucción derridiana, que Kurajica llega a describir como la nueva metanarrativa de la differance (168). Leyendo a Kroetsch a través de las teorías de Deleuze y Guattari –hace uso especialmente de su radical multiperspectivismo y sus conceptos de la desterritorialización y el rizoma–, Kujarica realiza, siguiendo con la metáfora de las líneas o caminos, un intenso paseo por Heidegger, Lyotard, la teoría del caos y los fractales, salpicado de ilustrativas referencias a otros ámbitos artísticos, como la música o las artes visuales.

Los dos ensayos dedicados a la literatura estadounidense comparten un mismo motivo central, la maternidad, y se ocupan de textos de autoras feministas, ofreciendo así un interesante contrapunto al análisis de Rosselló de la masculinidad y las relaciones edípicas

Los dos ensayos dedicados a la literatura estadounidense comparten un mismo motivo central, la maternidad, y se ocupan de textos de autoras feministas, ofreciendo así un interesante contrapunto al análisis de Rosselló de la masculinidad y las relaciones edípicas

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon ... 283

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon ... 283

Eva Darias analiza la novela The Cure for Death by Lightning de Gail Anderson-Gargatz como una deconstrucción de la novela de pioneras, tan característica del canon de Canadá, prestando especial atención a la reinterpretación del motivo simbólico de la wilderness, tradicionalmente asociado a la identidad femenina en esa literatura, en su translación a la época contemporánea. La aproximación ecocrítica de Darias constituye una aportación novedosa en la consideración de este motivo clásico, ya ampliamente re-visitado desde perspectivas feministas. María Jesús Hernáez también incide en la figura de la pionera y el motivo de la wilderness, si bien desde un ángulo muy diferente, al estudiar la novela de Douglas Glover, Elle, como una revisión de otro género típico en Canadá, la metaficción historiográfica, desde una perspectiva feminista y postcolonial. A través de un análisis detallado de la voz paródica de Marguerite de Roberval en la novela, Hernáez “desviste” al icono de su ropaje simbólico nacionalista. En su énfasis en la ausencia de un lenguaje para Marguerite, Hernáez se acerca a la propuesta de Mladen Kurajica en el tercer ensayo sobre Canadá, y último en la colección, también dedicado otra protagonista femenina, Rita Kleinheart, la “desaparecida” autora de The Hornbooks of Rita K en el texto así titulado de Robert Kroetsch. Es éste el trabajo más complejo y difícil del volumen –una se pregunta si es por eso que las editoras lo han situado en último lugar–, por su aproximación rotundamente filosófica a un texto netamente postmoderno. Kurajica interpreta aquí la inmersión de Rita en la totalidad del ganzfeld como una interesante crítica del nuevo método canónico en la era postmoderna, la deconstrucción derridiana, que Kurajica llega a describir como la nueva metanarrativa de la differance (168). Leyendo a Kroetsch a través de las teorías de Deleuze y Guattari –hace uso especialmente de su radical multiperspectivismo y sus conceptos de la desterritorialización y el rizoma–, Kujarica realiza, siguiendo con la metáfora de las líneas o caminos, un intenso paseo por Heidegger, Lyotard, la teoría del caos y los fractales, salpicado de ilustrativas referencias a otros ámbitos artísticos, como la música o las artes visuales.

Eva Darias analiza la novela The Cure for Death by Lightning de Gail Anderson-Gargatz como una deconstrucción de la novela de pioneras, tan característica del canon de Canadá, prestando especial atención a la reinterpretación del motivo simbólico de la wilderness, tradicionalmente asociado a la identidad femenina en esa literatura, en su translación a la época contemporánea. La aproximación ecocrítica de Darias constituye una aportación novedosa en la consideración de este motivo clásico, ya ampliamente re-visitado desde perspectivas feministas. María Jesús Hernáez también incide en la figura de la pionera y el motivo de la wilderness, si bien desde un ángulo muy diferente, al estudiar la novela de Douglas Glover, Elle, como una revisión de otro género típico en Canadá, la metaficción historiográfica, desde una perspectiva feminista y postcolonial. A través de un análisis detallado de la voz paródica de Marguerite de Roberval en la novela, Hernáez “desviste” al icono de su ropaje simbólico nacionalista. En su énfasis en la ausencia de un lenguaje para Marguerite, Hernáez se acerca a la propuesta de Mladen Kurajica en el tercer ensayo sobre Canadá, y último en la colección, también dedicado otra protagonista femenina, Rita Kleinheart, la “desaparecida” autora de The Hornbooks of Rita K en el texto así titulado de Robert Kroetsch. Es éste el trabajo más complejo y difícil del volumen –una se pregunta si es por eso que las editoras lo han situado en último lugar–, por su aproximación rotundamente filosófica a un texto netamente postmoderno. Kurajica interpreta aquí la inmersión de Rita en la totalidad del ganzfeld como una interesante crítica del nuevo método canónico en la era postmoderna, la deconstrucción derridiana, que Kurajica llega a describir como la nueva metanarrativa de la differance (168). Leyendo a Kroetsch a través de las teorías de Deleuze y Guattari –hace uso especialmente de su radical multiperspectivismo y sus conceptos de la desterritorialización y el rizoma–, Kujarica realiza, siguiendo con la metáfora de las líneas o caminos, un intenso paseo por Heidegger, Lyotard, la teoría del caos y los fractales, salpicado de ilustrativas referencias a otros ámbitos artísticos, como la música o las artes visuales.

Los dos ensayos dedicados a la literatura estadounidense comparten un mismo motivo central, la maternidad, y se ocupan de textos de autoras feministas, ofreciendo así un interesante contrapunto al análisis de Rosselló de la masculinidad y las relaciones edípicas

Los dos ensayos dedicados a la literatura estadounidense comparten un mismo motivo central, la maternidad, y se ocupan de textos de autoras feministas, ofreciendo así un interesante contrapunto al análisis de Rosselló de la masculinidad y las relaciones edípicas


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padre-hijo (107, 113-14), que les precede en la antología. Dulce María Rodríguez se propone “desmantelar” la clásica díada edípica estudiando las relaciones madre-hija en dos poemas de Anne Sexton (“The Double Image”) y Alicia Ostriker (“Listen”), respectivamente. El título de su contribución evoca la célebre cita de Audre Lorde, “The master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house” (99); si bien el objetivo de Rodríguez parece ser la crítica, feminista, al canon freudiano –a la narrativa canónica del complejo de Edipo–, su trabajo demuestra que éste ha sido un trabajo ya abordado intensa y extensivamente por numerosas teóricas del psicoanálisis y de la crítica literaria psicoanalítica, que han pasado a constituirse de hecho en un nuevo canon. La bibliografía sobre la relación madre-hija desde un punto de vista feminista es, afortunadamente, inmensa, por lo que la elección de referencias para este estudio sorprende por su clasicismo y, tratándose de una revisión del canon psicoanalítico, por su falta de referencias –con la excepción de Luce Irigaray– a la escuela feminista francesa, que presta gran atención al tema de la maternidad. Resulta especialmente chocante que el estudio citado más reciente sea del 2003, y aún así, una excepción en una bibliografía primordialmente de los años 80. A pesar de que el análisis de los poemas que nos ofrece Dulce María Rodríguez es detallado e impecable en su lectura feminista, su contribución resulta un tanto obsoleta en el contexto del resto de intervenciones del volumen. Su afirmación en la conclusión del ensayo de que “going against the current [these poets] manifest, painfully or proudly, the dynamics of maternal desire, confirming a reality to which the male canon, and art in general, have been blind in the past” (136) resulta problemática en su invisibilización de una importantísima producción teórica y artística sobre la maternidad en las últimas tres décadas que constituyen, como decía, una corriente en sí misma, de gran caudal y potencia, afortunadamente. Prueba de ello es el texto de Gloria Anzaldúa del que se ocupa el ensayo de María Henríquez, así como los estudios sobre la relación madre-hija algo más recientes manejados por ella. Henríquez proporciona una panorámica de las intervenciones más relevantes de las autoras chicanas en los años ochenta y noventa –su reconfiguración de las convenciones de la autobiografía, la re-visión subversiva de los mitos e iconos culturales femeninos del colectivo chicano, o la relación con las madres y abuelas, por ejemplo– como contextualización de la obra de Anzaldúa. Henríquez estudia la compleja relación de Anzaldúa con su madre

padre-hijo (107, 113-14), que les precede en la antología. Dulce María Rodríguez se propone “desmantelar” la clásica díada edípica estudiando las relaciones madre-hija en dos poemas de Anne Sexton (“The Double Image”) y Alicia Ostriker (“Listen”), respectivamente. El título de su contribución evoca la célebre cita de Audre Lorde, “The master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house” (99); si bien el objetivo de Rodríguez parece ser la crítica, feminista, al canon freudiano –a la narrativa canónica del complejo de Edipo–, su trabajo demuestra que éste ha sido un trabajo ya abordado intensa y extensivamente por numerosas teóricas del psicoanálisis y de la crítica literaria psicoanalítica, que han pasado a constituirse de hecho en un nuevo canon. La bibliografía sobre la relación madre-hija desde un punto de vista feminista es, afortunadamente, inmensa, por lo que la elección de referencias para este estudio sorprende por su clasicismo y, tratándose de una revisión del canon psicoanalítico, por su falta de referencias –con la excepción de Luce Irigaray– a la escuela feminista francesa, que presta gran atención al tema de la maternidad. Resulta especialmente chocante que el estudio citado más reciente sea del 2003, y aún así, una excepción en una bibliografía primordialmente de los años 80. A pesar de que el análisis de los poemas que nos ofrece Dulce María Rodríguez es detallado e impecable en su lectura feminista, su contribución resulta un tanto obsoleta en el contexto del resto de intervenciones del volumen. Su afirmación en la conclusión del ensayo de que “going against the current [these poets] manifest, painfully or proudly, the dynamics of maternal desire, confirming a reality to which the male canon, and art in general, have been blind in the past” (136) resulta problemática en su invisibilización de una importantísima producción teórica y artística sobre la maternidad en las últimas tres décadas que constituyen, como decía, una corriente en sí misma, de gran caudal y potencia, afortunadamente. Prueba de ello es el texto de Gloria Anzaldúa del que se ocupa el ensayo de María Henríquez, así como los estudios sobre la relación madre-hija algo más recientes manejados por ella. Henríquez proporciona una panorámica de las intervenciones más relevantes de las autoras chicanas en los años ochenta y noventa –su reconfiguración de las convenciones de la autobiografía, la re-visión subversiva de los mitos e iconos culturales femeninos del colectivo chicano, o la relación con las madres y abuelas, por ejemplo– como contextualización de la obra de Anzaldúa. Henríquez estudia la compleja relación de Anzaldúa con su madre

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padre-hijo (107, 113-14), que les precede en la antología. Dulce María Rodríguez se propone “desmantelar” la clásica díada edípica estudiando las relaciones madre-hija en dos poemas de Anne Sexton (“The Double Image”) y Alicia Ostriker (“Listen”), respectivamente. El título de su contribución evoca la célebre cita de Audre Lorde, “The master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house” (99); si bien el objetivo de Rodríguez parece ser la crítica, feminista, al canon freudiano –a la narrativa canónica del complejo de Edipo–, su trabajo demuestra que éste ha sido un trabajo ya abordado intensa y extensivamente por numerosas teóricas del psicoanálisis y de la crítica literaria psicoanalítica, que han pasado a constituirse de hecho en un nuevo canon. La bibliografía sobre la relación madre-hija desde un punto de vista feminista es, afortunadamente, inmensa, por lo que la elección de referencias para este estudio sorprende por su clasicismo y, tratándose de una revisión del canon psicoanalítico, por su falta de referencias –con la excepción de Luce Irigaray– a la escuela feminista francesa, que presta gran atención al tema de la maternidad. Resulta especialmente chocante que el estudio citado más reciente sea del 2003, y aún así, una excepción en una bibliografía primordialmente de los años 80. A pesar de que el análisis de los poemas que nos ofrece Dulce María Rodríguez es detallado e impecable en su lectura feminista, su contribución resulta un tanto obsoleta en el contexto del resto de intervenciones del volumen. Su afirmación en la conclusión del ensayo de que “going against the current [these poets] manifest, painfully or proudly, the dynamics of maternal desire, confirming a reality to which the male canon, and art in general, have been blind in the past” (136) resulta problemática en su invisibilización de una importantísima producción teórica y artística sobre la maternidad en las últimas tres décadas que constituyen, como decía, una corriente en sí misma, de gran caudal y potencia, afortunadamente. Prueba de ello es el texto de Gloria Anzaldúa del que se ocupa el ensayo de María Henríquez, así como los estudios sobre la relación madre-hija algo más recientes manejados por ella. Henríquez proporciona una panorámica de las intervenciones más relevantes de las autoras chicanas en los años ochenta y noventa –su reconfiguración de las convenciones de la autobiografía, la re-visión subversiva de los mitos e iconos culturales femeninos del colectivo chicano, o la relación con las madres y abuelas, por ejemplo– como contextualización de la obra de Anzaldúa. Henríquez estudia la compleja relación de Anzaldúa con su madre

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

padre-hijo (107, 113-14), que les precede en la antología. Dulce María Rodríguez se propone “desmantelar” la clásica díada edípica estudiando las relaciones madre-hija en dos poemas de Anne Sexton (“The Double Image”) y Alicia Ostriker (“Listen”), respectivamente. El título de su contribución evoca la célebre cita de Audre Lorde, “The master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house” (99); si bien el objetivo de Rodríguez parece ser la crítica, feminista, al canon freudiano –a la narrativa canónica del complejo de Edipo–, su trabajo demuestra que éste ha sido un trabajo ya abordado intensa y extensivamente por numerosas teóricas del psicoanálisis y de la crítica literaria psicoanalítica, que han pasado a constituirse de hecho en un nuevo canon. La bibliografía sobre la relación madre-hija desde un punto de vista feminista es, afortunadamente, inmensa, por lo que la elección de referencias para este estudio sorprende por su clasicismo y, tratándose de una revisión del canon psicoanalítico, por su falta de referencias –con la excepción de Luce Irigaray– a la escuela feminista francesa, que presta gran atención al tema de la maternidad. Resulta especialmente chocante que el estudio citado más reciente sea del 2003, y aún así, una excepción en una bibliografía primordialmente de los años 80. A pesar de que el análisis de los poemas que nos ofrece Dulce María Rodríguez es detallado e impecable en su lectura feminista, su contribución resulta un tanto obsoleta en el contexto del resto de intervenciones del volumen. Su afirmación en la conclusión del ensayo de que “going against the current [these poets] manifest, painfully or proudly, the dynamics of maternal desire, confirming a reality to which the male canon, and art in general, have been blind in the past” (136) resulta problemática en su invisibilización de una importantísima producción teórica y artística sobre la maternidad en las últimas tres décadas que constituyen, como decía, una corriente en sí misma, de gran caudal y potencia, afortunadamente. Prueba de ello es el texto de Gloria Anzaldúa del que se ocupa el ensayo de María Henríquez, así como los estudios sobre la relación madre-hija algo más recientes manejados por ella. Henríquez proporciona una panorámica de las intervenciones más relevantes de las autoras chicanas en los años ochenta y noventa –su reconfiguración de las convenciones de la autobiografía, la re-visión subversiva de los mitos e iconos culturales femeninos del colectivo chicano, o la relación con las madres y abuelas, por ejemplo– como contextualización de la obra de Anzaldúa. Henríquez estudia la compleja relación de Anzaldúa con su madre


Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon ... 285

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon ... 285

como “psychological borderlands” (146) y mantiene que al describir explícitamente las dificultades en esta relación íntima con su madre, Anzaldúa transgrede las fronteras marcadas por las convenciones de la autobiografía, tanto masculina como femenina, y las marcadas por el valor simbólico de la figura materna en la cultura chicana.

como “psychological borderlands” (146) y mantiene que al describir explícitamente las dificultades en esta relación íntima con su madre, Anzaldúa transgrede las fronteras marcadas por las convenciones de la autobiografía, tanto masculina como femenina, y las marcadas por el valor simbólico de la figura materna en la cultura chicana.

Como se indica en el título, y creo que ha quedado demostrado en esta breve introducción a cada uno de ellos, el vínculo entre los siete ensayos está establecido por el diálogo entre gender y genre y sus respectivas intervenciones sobre el canon en cada uno de los dos sistemas culturales, limitado, eso sí, al ámbito anglófono en ambos países, puesto que todos los textos estudiados, tanto fílmicos como literarios, son de expresión inglesa. Tratándose en ambos casos de países multiculturales y plurilingüísticos, sorprende la ausencia en la introducción de una reflexión acerca de esta delimitación del corpus, teniendo en cuenta que, como las editoras apuntan, los feminismos norteamericanos expandieron “to the gender arena the poststructuralist approach to reality, culture, and identity as always already constructed in and by language” (11). La hegemonía del inglés en el canon cultural que este estudio aborda no debe pasarse por alto en un análisis de la relación entre canon y poder, y se hace especialmente notable al encontrarnos en el estudio de la autobiografía de Gloria Anzaldúa elaborado por Henríquez, este comentario que incide en cómo con este género las autoras chicanas “undermine linguistic norms by using a mixture of English, Spanish and Spanglish” (Torres cit. en Henríquez 139). Salvo esta cita, no encontramos en el volumen ninguna otra alusión al predominio del inglés, o a la delimitación del estudio al canon anglófono, si bien el paratexto del libro (solapa izquierda) retoma la descripción citada anteriormente, con el siguiente añadido: “This collection addresses a range of key issues around the relationship between gender and canon in the North American literary and filmic production in English of the last twentyfive years” (énfasis añadido).

Como se indica en el título, y creo que ha quedado demostrado en esta breve introducción a cada uno de ellos, el vínculo entre los siete ensayos está establecido por el diálogo entre gender y genre y sus respectivas intervenciones sobre el canon en cada uno de los dos sistemas culturales, limitado, eso sí, al ámbito anglófono en ambos países, puesto que todos los textos estudiados, tanto fílmicos como literarios, son de expresión inglesa. Tratándose en ambos casos de países multiculturales y plurilingüísticos, sorprende la ausencia en la introducción de una reflexión acerca de esta delimitación del corpus, teniendo en cuenta que, como las editoras apuntan, los feminismos norteamericanos expandieron “to the gender arena the poststructuralist approach to reality, culture, and identity as always already constructed in and by language” (11). La hegemonía del inglés en el canon cultural que este estudio aborda no debe pasarse por alto en un análisis de la relación entre canon y poder, y se hace especialmente notable al encontrarnos en el estudio de la autobiografía de Gloria Anzaldúa elaborado por Henríquez, este comentario que incide en cómo con este género las autoras chicanas “undermine linguistic norms by using a mixture of English, Spanish and Spanglish” (Torres cit. en Henríquez 139). Salvo esta cita, no encontramos en el volumen ninguna otra alusión al predominio del inglés, o a la delimitación del estudio al canon anglófono, si bien el paratexto del libro (solapa izquierda) retoma la descripción citada anteriormente, con el siguiente añadido: “This collection addresses a range of key issues around the relationship between gender and canon in the North American literary and filmic production in English of the last twentyfive years” (énfasis añadido).

Los ensayos se ocupan, como hemos visto, de una gran diversidad de textos, de diferentes géneros artísticos y procedencias. No obstante, la coherencia del volumen no se ve mermada por ello, puesto que los artículos dialogan claramente entre sí en el manejo de una metodología común, el análisis de género (incluyendo feminismo,

Los ensayos se ocupan, como hemos visto, de una gran diversidad de textos, de diferentes géneros artísticos y procedencias. No obstante, la coherencia del volumen no se ve mermada por ello, puesto que los artículos dialogan claramente entre sí en el manejo de una metodología común, el análisis de género (incluyendo feminismo,

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon ... 285

Belén Martín Lucas Eva Darias Beautell y María Jesús Hernáez Lerena (eds) 2007: Canon ... 285

como “psychological borderlands” (146) y mantiene que al describir explícitamente las dificultades en esta relación íntima con su madre, Anzaldúa transgrede las fronteras marcadas por las convenciones de la autobiografía, tanto masculina como femenina, y las marcadas por el valor simbólico de la figura materna en la cultura chicana.

como “psychological borderlands” (146) y mantiene que al describir explícitamente las dificultades en esta relación íntima con su madre, Anzaldúa transgrede las fronteras marcadas por las convenciones de la autobiografía, tanto masculina como femenina, y las marcadas por el valor simbólico de la figura materna en la cultura chicana.

Como se indica en el título, y creo que ha quedado demostrado en esta breve introducción a cada uno de ellos, el vínculo entre los siete ensayos está establecido por el diálogo entre gender y genre y sus respectivas intervenciones sobre el canon en cada uno de los dos sistemas culturales, limitado, eso sí, al ámbito anglófono en ambos países, puesto que todos los textos estudiados, tanto fílmicos como literarios, son de expresión inglesa. Tratándose en ambos casos de países multiculturales y plurilingüísticos, sorprende la ausencia en la introducción de una reflexión acerca de esta delimitación del corpus, teniendo en cuenta que, como las editoras apuntan, los feminismos norteamericanos expandieron “to the gender arena the poststructuralist approach to reality, culture, and identity as always already constructed in and by language” (11). La hegemonía del inglés en el canon cultural que este estudio aborda no debe pasarse por alto en un análisis de la relación entre canon y poder, y se hace especialmente notable al encontrarnos en el estudio de la autobiografía de Gloria Anzaldúa elaborado por Henríquez, este comentario que incide en cómo con este género las autoras chicanas “undermine linguistic norms by using a mixture of English, Spanish and Spanglish” (Torres cit. en Henríquez 139). Salvo esta cita, no encontramos en el volumen ninguna otra alusión al predominio del inglés, o a la delimitación del estudio al canon anglófono, si bien el paratexto del libro (solapa izquierda) retoma la descripción citada anteriormente, con el siguiente añadido: “This collection addresses a range of key issues around the relationship between gender and canon in the North American literary and filmic production in English of the last twentyfive years” (énfasis añadido).

Como se indica en el título, y creo que ha quedado demostrado en esta breve introducción a cada uno de ellos, el vínculo entre los siete ensayos está establecido por el diálogo entre gender y genre y sus respectivas intervenciones sobre el canon en cada uno de los dos sistemas culturales, limitado, eso sí, al ámbito anglófono en ambos países, puesto que todos los textos estudiados, tanto fílmicos como literarios, son de expresión inglesa. Tratándose en ambos casos de países multiculturales y plurilingüísticos, sorprende la ausencia en la introducción de una reflexión acerca de esta delimitación del corpus, teniendo en cuenta que, como las editoras apuntan, los feminismos norteamericanos expandieron “to the gender arena the poststructuralist approach to reality, culture, and identity as always already constructed in and by language” (11). La hegemonía del inglés en el canon cultural que este estudio aborda no debe pasarse por alto en un análisis de la relación entre canon y poder, y se hace especialmente notable al encontrarnos en el estudio de la autobiografía de Gloria Anzaldúa elaborado por Henríquez, este comentario que incide en cómo con este género las autoras chicanas “undermine linguistic norms by using a mixture of English, Spanish and Spanglish” (Torres cit. en Henríquez 139). Salvo esta cita, no encontramos en el volumen ninguna otra alusión al predominio del inglés, o a la delimitación del estudio al canon anglófono, si bien el paratexto del libro (solapa izquierda) retoma la descripción citada anteriormente, con el siguiente añadido: “This collection addresses a range of key issues around the relationship between gender and canon in the North American literary and filmic production in English of the last twentyfive years” (énfasis añadido).

Los ensayos se ocupan, como hemos visto, de una gran diversidad de textos, de diferentes géneros artísticos y procedencias. No obstante, la coherencia del volumen no se ve mermada por ello, puesto que los artículos dialogan claramente entre sí en el manejo de una metodología común, el análisis de género (incluyendo feminismo,

Los ensayos se ocupan, como hemos visto, de una gran diversidad de textos, de diferentes géneros artísticos y procedencias. No obstante, la coherencia del volumen no se ve mermada por ello, puesto que los artículos dialogan claramente entre sí en el manejo de una metodología común, el análisis de género (incluyendo feminismo,


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estudios de masculinidad y queer), en sus distintas imbricaciones con herramientas críticas próximas, como la ecocrítica, el psicoanálisis, la deconstrucción, la teoría postcolonial o las teorías de raza y etnicidad, entre otras. Este diálogo entre las contribuciones es más evidente en algunos casos en los que, claramente, encontramos un par de artículos alrededor de un tema común, como los de Darias y Hernáez sobre mitos fundacionales de la nación canadiense o los de Rodríguez y Henández sobre la maternidad en autoras estadounidenses. Las propias editoras aluden a estos paralelismos en su introducción. Sin embargo, aunque no de forma tan evidente, los ensayos de Aritha van Herk y Vicente Rosselló muestran también importantes coincidencias, no sólo en la evidencia de que son los dos ensayos que incluyen textos fílmicos como materia de estudio, sino en que ambos artículos prestan atención a elementos marginales y marginados del nuevo canon surgido tras la consolidación de la segunda ola feminista al que me refería en relación al estudio de la díada edípica. En el caso de Aritha van Herk, son las “sucias” mujeres del servicio doméstico; en el caso de Rosselló, el género del documental, atendiendo respectivamente a la construcción hegemónica de la feminidad y de la masculinidad.

estudios de masculinidad y queer), en sus distintas imbricaciones con herramientas críticas próximas, como la ecocrítica, el psicoanálisis, la deconstrucción, la teoría postcolonial o las teorías de raza y etnicidad, entre otras. Este diálogo entre las contribuciones es más evidente en algunos casos en los que, claramente, encontramos un par de artículos alrededor de un tema común, como los de Darias y Hernáez sobre mitos fundacionales de la nación canadiense o los de Rodríguez y Henández sobre la maternidad en autoras estadounidenses. Las propias editoras aluden a estos paralelismos en su introducción. Sin embargo, aunque no de forma tan evidente, los ensayos de Aritha van Herk y Vicente Rosselló muestran también importantes coincidencias, no sólo en la evidencia de que son los dos ensayos que incluyen textos fílmicos como materia de estudio, sino en que ambos artículos prestan atención a elementos marginales y marginados del nuevo canon surgido tras la consolidación de la segunda ola feminista al que me refería en relación al estudio de la díada edípica. En el caso de Aritha van Herk, son las “sucias” mujeres del servicio doméstico; en el caso de Rosselló, el género del documental, atendiendo respectivamente a la construcción hegemónica de la feminidad y de la masculinidad.

Confío en que esta breve recensión del volumen constituya una invitación al diálogo con los ensayos a través de una detallada y provechosa lectura de los mismos.

Confío en que esta breve recensión del volumen constituya una invitación al diálogo con los ensayos a través de una detallada y provechosa lectura de los mismos.

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Atwood, Margaret. 1972. Survival. A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature. Toronto: Anansi. Lorde, Audre. 1983. “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House.” This Bridge Called My Back: Writings By Radical Women of Color. Eds. Cherríe Moraga y Gloria Anzaldúa. Nueva York: Kitchen Table. 98-101. Report of the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences 1949-1951. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/2/5/h5-439-e.html

Atwood, Margaret. 1972. Survival. A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature. Toronto: Anansi. Lorde, Audre. 1983. “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House.” This Bridge Called My Back: Writings By Radical Women of Color. Eds. Cherríe Moraga y Gloria Anzaldúa. Nueva York: Kitchen Table. 98-101. Report of the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences 1949-1951. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/2/5/h5-439-e.html

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estudios de masculinidad y queer), en sus distintas imbricaciones con herramientas críticas próximas, como la ecocrítica, el psicoanálisis, la deconstrucción, la teoría postcolonial o las teorías de raza y etnicidad, entre otras. Este diálogo entre las contribuciones es más evidente en algunos casos en los que, claramente, encontramos un par de artículos alrededor de un tema común, como los de Darias y Hernáez sobre mitos fundacionales de la nación canadiense o los de Rodríguez y Henández sobre la maternidad en autoras estadounidenses. Las propias editoras aluden a estos paralelismos en su introducción. Sin embargo, aunque no de forma tan evidente, los ensayos de Aritha van Herk y Vicente Rosselló muestran también importantes coincidencias, no sólo en la evidencia de que son los dos ensayos que incluyen textos fílmicos como materia de estudio, sino en que ambos artículos prestan atención a elementos marginales y marginados del nuevo canon surgido tras la consolidación de la segunda ola feminista al que me refería en relación al estudio de la díada edípica. En el caso de Aritha van Herk, son las “sucias” mujeres del servicio doméstico; en el caso de Rosselló, el género del documental, atendiendo respectivamente a la construcción hegemónica de la feminidad y de la masculinidad.

estudios de masculinidad y queer), en sus distintas imbricaciones con herramientas críticas próximas, como la ecocrítica, el psicoanálisis, la deconstrucción, la teoría postcolonial o las teorías de raza y etnicidad, entre otras. Este diálogo entre las contribuciones es más evidente en algunos casos en los que, claramente, encontramos un par de artículos alrededor de un tema común, como los de Darias y Hernáez sobre mitos fundacionales de la nación canadiense o los de Rodríguez y Henández sobre la maternidad en autoras estadounidenses. Las propias editoras aluden a estos paralelismos en su introducción. Sin embargo, aunque no de forma tan evidente, los ensayos de Aritha van Herk y Vicente Rosselló muestran también importantes coincidencias, no sólo en la evidencia de que son los dos ensayos que incluyen textos fílmicos como materia de estudio, sino en que ambos artículos prestan atención a elementos marginales y marginados del nuevo canon surgido tras la consolidación de la segunda ola feminista al que me refería en relación al estudio de la díada edípica. En el caso de Aritha van Herk, son las “sucias” mujeres del servicio doméstico; en el caso de Rosselló, el género del documental, atendiendo respectivamente a la construcción hegemónica de la feminidad y de la masculinidad.

Confío en que esta breve recensión del volumen constituya una invitación al diálogo con los ensayos a través de una detallada y provechosa lectura de los mismos.

Confío en que esta breve recensión del volumen constituya una invitación al diálogo con los ensayos a través de una detallada y provechosa lectura de los mismos.

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Atwood, Margaret. 1972. Survival. A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature. Toronto: Anansi. Lorde, Audre. 1983. “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House.” This Bridge Called My Back: Writings By Radical Women of Color. Eds. Cherríe Moraga y Gloria Anzaldúa. Nueva York: Kitchen Table. 98-101. Report of the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences 1949-1951. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/2/5/h5-439-e.html

Atwood, Margaret. 1972. Survival. A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature. Toronto: Anansi. Lorde, Audre. 1983. “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House.” This Bridge Called My Back: Writings By Radical Women of Color. Eds. Cherríe Moraga y Gloria Anzaldúa. Nueva York: Kitchen Table. 98-101. Report of the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences 1949-1951. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/2/5/h5-439-e.html


Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 287

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 287

ESTHER VÁZQUEZ Y DEL ÁRBOL Y JOSÉ LUIS VÁZQUEZ MARRUECOS 2007: POESÍA ESCOCESA: ANTOLOGÍA BILINGÜE. GRANADA: EDITORIAL UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA. 362 PÁGINAS* Pilar Villar Argáiz Universidad de Granada pvillar@ugr.es

ESTHER VÁZQUEZ Y DEL ÁRBOL Y JOSÉ LUIS VÁZQUEZ MARRUECOS 2007: POESÍA ESCOCESA: ANTOLOGÍA BILINGÜE. GRANADA: EDITORIAL UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA. 362 PÁGINAS* Pilar Villar Argáiz Universidad de Granada pvillar@ugr.es

La reciente aparición en el mercado editorial de esta antología bilingüe sobre poesía escocesa que encabeza esta reseña es de interés tanto para el público general como para el lector especializado. Con la excepción de la antología traducida por Antonio Rivero Taravillo (2003) Canciones gaélicas: Antología de la poesía vernácula escocesa (Siglos XVI-XVIII), el público español se veía limitado a la hora de acceder a la poesía de autores escoceses, al apenas estar disponibles en traducciones españolas. Por tanto, se echaba en falta un volumen que, sin pretensiones de totalidad, elaborara una crónica amplia y bien documentada de esta vigorosa (y hasta hace bien poco ampliamente desconocida) producción.

La reciente aparición en el mercado editorial de esta antología bilingüe sobre poesía escocesa que encabeza esta reseña es de interés tanto para el público general como para el lector especializado. Con la excepción de la antología traducida por Antonio Rivero Taravillo (2003) Canciones gaélicas: Antología de la poesía vernácula escocesa (Siglos XVI-XVIII), el público español se veía limitado a la hora de acceder a la poesía de autores escoceses, al apenas estar disponibles en traducciones españolas. Por tanto, se echaba en falta un volumen que, sin pretensiones de totalidad, elaborara una crónica amplia y bien documentada de esta vigorosa (y hasta hace bien poco ampliamente desconocida) producción.

Esta traducción, realizada por Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos representa una excelente recopilación de la poesía escocesa desde el siglo XVIII hasta nuestros días. En poco más de 360 páginas, los traductores han logrado reunir una síntesis bien estructurada y sugestiva de esta dilatada empresa literaria. El volumen sigue un orden estrictamente cronológico, comenzando con Robert Burns, considerado por muchos el poeta nacional de Escocia, y finalizando con Katleen Jamie, una de las voces femeninas emergentes dentro del panorama poético de Escocia. El repertorio de poemas traducidos es sumamente exhaustivo, teniendo en cuenta que, como toda antología literaria, se ve obligada a recortar, seleccionar y editar (se encuentran ausencias como, por ejemplo, la obra de Jackie Kay). Los traductores no sólo han incluido a autores ya célebres como Robert Burns, James Hogg, Robert Louis Stevenson o Sir Walter Scott; sino que también han incorporado textos representativos de poetas menos canónicos, generalmente ignorados fuera de sus fronteras a pesar de la relevancia que ocupan en su propia área cultural y geográfica, tales como John Davidson y Andrew John. En la selección de los textos traducidos, destaca la inclusión del canto X de “Don

Esta traducción, realizada por Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos representa una excelente recopilación de la poesía escocesa desde el siglo XVIII hasta nuestros días. En poco más de 360 páginas, los traductores han logrado reunir una síntesis bien estructurada y sugestiva de esta dilatada empresa literaria. El volumen sigue un orden estrictamente cronológico, comenzando con Robert Burns, considerado por muchos el poeta nacional de Escocia, y finalizando con Katleen Jamie, una de las voces femeninas emergentes dentro del panorama poético de Escocia. El repertorio de poemas traducidos es sumamente exhaustivo, teniendo en cuenta que, como toda antología literaria, se ve obligada a recortar, seleccionar y editar (se encuentran ausencias como, por ejemplo, la obra de Jackie Kay). Los traductores no sólo han incluido a autores ya célebres como Robert Burns, James Hogg, Robert Louis Stevenson o Sir Walter Scott; sino que también han incorporado textos representativos de poetas menos canónicos, generalmente ignorados fuera de sus fronteras a pesar de la relevancia que ocupan en su propia área cultural y geográfica, tales como John Davidson y Andrew John. En la selección de los textos traducidos, destaca la inclusión del canto X de “Don

* Fecha de recepción: marzo 2008

* Fecha de recepción: marzo 2008

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 287

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 287

ESTHER VÁZQUEZ Y DEL ÁRBOL Y JOSÉ LUIS VÁZQUEZ MARRUECOS 2007: POESÍA ESCOCESA: ANTOLOGÍA BILINGÜE. GRANADA: EDITORIAL UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA. 362 PÁGINAS* Pilar Villar Argáiz Universidad de Granada pvillar@ugr.es

ESTHER VÁZQUEZ Y DEL ÁRBOL Y JOSÉ LUIS VÁZQUEZ MARRUECOS 2007: POESÍA ESCOCESA: ANTOLOGÍA BILINGÜE. GRANADA: EDITORIAL UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA. 362 PÁGINAS* Pilar Villar Argáiz Universidad de Granada pvillar@ugr.es

La reciente aparición en el mercado editorial de esta antología bilingüe sobre poesía escocesa que encabeza esta reseña es de interés tanto para el público general como para el lector especializado. Con la excepción de la antología traducida por Antonio Rivero Taravillo (2003) Canciones gaélicas: Antología de la poesía vernácula escocesa (Siglos XVI-XVIII), el público español se veía limitado a la hora de acceder a la poesía de autores escoceses, al apenas estar disponibles en traducciones españolas. Por tanto, se echaba en falta un volumen que, sin pretensiones de totalidad, elaborara una crónica amplia y bien documentada de esta vigorosa (y hasta hace bien poco ampliamente desconocida) producción.

La reciente aparición en el mercado editorial de esta antología bilingüe sobre poesía escocesa que encabeza esta reseña es de interés tanto para el público general como para el lector especializado. Con la excepción de la antología traducida por Antonio Rivero Taravillo (2003) Canciones gaélicas: Antología de la poesía vernácula escocesa (Siglos XVI-XVIII), el público español se veía limitado a la hora de acceder a la poesía de autores escoceses, al apenas estar disponibles en traducciones españolas. Por tanto, se echaba en falta un volumen que, sin pretensiones de totalidad, elaborara una crónica amplia y bien documentada de esta vigorosa (y hasta hace bien poco ampliamente desconocida) producción.

Esta traducción, realizada por Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos representa una excelente recopilación de la poesía escocesa desde el siglo XVIII hasta nuestros días. En poco más de 360 páginas, los traductores han logrado reunir una síntesis bien estructurada y sugestiva de esta dilatada empresa literaria. El volumen sigue un orden estrictamente cronológico, comenzando con Robert Burns, considerado por muchos el poeta nacional de Escocia, y finalizando con Katleen Jamie, una de las voces femeninas emergentes dentro del panorama poético de Escocia. El repertorio de poemas traducidos es sumamente exhaustivo, teniendo en cuenta que, como toda antología literaria, se ve obligada a recortar, seleccionar y editar (se encuentran ausencias como, por ejemplo, la obra de Jackie Kay). Los traductores no sólo han incluido a autores ya célebres como Robert Burns, James Hogg, Robert Louis Stevenson o Sir Walter Scott; sino que también han incorporado textos representativos de poetas menos canónicos, generalmente ignorados fuera de sus fronteras a pesar de la relevancia que ocupan en su propia área cultural y geográfica, tales como John Davidson y Andrew John. En la selección de los textos traducidos, destaca la inclusión del canto X de “Don

Esta traducción, realizada por Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos representa una excelente recopilación de la poesía escocesa desde el siglo XVIII hasta nuestros días. En poco más de 360 páginas, los traductores han logrado reunir una síntesis bien estructurada y sugestiva de esta dilatada empresa literaria. El volumen sigue un orden estrictamente cronológico, comenzando con Robert Burns, considerado por muchos el poeta nacional de Escocia, y finalizando con Katleen Jamie, una de las voces femeninas emergentes dentro del panorama poético de Escocia. El repertorio de poemas traducidos es sumamente exhaustivo, teniendo en cuenta que, como toda antología literaria, se ve obligada a recortar, seleccionar y editar (se encuentran ausencias como, por ejemplo, la obra de Jackie Kay). Los traductores no sólo han incluido a autores ya célebres como Robert Burns, James Hogg, Robert Louis Stevenson o Sir Walter Scott; sino que también han incorporado textos representativos de poetas menos canónicos, generalmente ignorados fuera de sus fronteras a pesar de la relevancia que ocupan en su propia área cultural y geográfica, tales como John Davidson y Andrew John. En la selección de los textos traducidos, destaca la inclusión del canto X de “Don

* Fecha de recepción: marzo 2008

* Fecha de recepción: marzo 2008


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Juan”, la obra maestra de Lord Byron, generalmente estudiada bajo la etiqueta de ‘literatura inglesa’, obviando que el autor descendía por línea materna de Jacobo I, rey de Escocia. El volumen recoge a su vez una importante selección de voces femeninas, como la hasta hace poco débilmente reconocida Carolina Oliphant (Lady Nairne), quién recopiló algunas de las más populares canciones folklóricas; y otras autoras más contemporáneas como Liz Lochhead, Carol Anne Duffy y Katleen Jamie, cuyos poemas manifiestan una preocupación persistente por cuestiones de género.

Juan”, la obra maestra de Lord Byron, generalmente estudiada bajo la etiqueta de ‘literatura inglesa’, obviando que el autor descendía por línea materna de Jacobo I, rey de Escocia. El volumen recoge a su vez una importante selección de voces femeninas, como la hasta hace poco débilmente reconocida Carolina Oliphant (Lady Nairne), quién recopiló algunas de las más populares canciones folklóricas; y otras autoras más contemporáneas como Liz Lochhead, Carol Anne Duffy y Katleen Jamie, cuyos poemas manifiestan una preocupación persistente por cuestiones de género.

En cuanto a la organización de la antología, ésta se inicia con una concisa y completa introducción en la que se hace un breve, pero exhaustivo, repaso de los orígenes de la poesía escocesa hasta nuestros días, haciendo especial hincapié en dos de los portavoces más representativos del Renacimiento Literario Escocés del siglo XX: Hugh MacDiarmid y Edwin Muir. Los autores explican también cómo el rumbo histórico de Escocia, como colonia perteneciente al imperio Británico, contribuyó al declive de la tradición autóctona de los “Makars” (en escocés ‘autor’ o ‘poeta’), grupo de poetas medievales ligados a la corte de Jacobo IV. No es hasta el siglo XVIII, con la aparición de patriotas como Robert Fergusson y Robert Burns, que se produce un renacido interés por la tradición oral celta. La identidad nacional y cultural se convierte en uno de los ejes más determinantes de la poesía, el género literario más cultivado en Escocia, tal y como los traductores explican.

En cuanto a la organización de la antología, ésta se inicia con una concisa y completa introducción en la que se hace un breve, pero exhaustivo, repaso de los orígenes de la poesía escocesa hasta nuestros días, haciendo especial hincapié en dos de los portavoces más representativos del Renacimiento Literario Escocés del siglo XX: Hugh MacDiarmid y Edwin Muir. Los autores explican también cómo el rumbo histórico de Escocia, como colonia perteneciente al imperio Británico, contribuyó al declive de la tradición autóctona de los “Makars” (en escocés ‘autor’ o ‘poeta’), grupo de poetas medievales ligados a la corte de Jacobo IV. No es hasta el siglo XVIII, con la aparición de patriotas como Robert Fergusson y Robert Burns, que se produce un renacido interés por la tradición oral celta. La identidad nacional y cultural se convierte en uno de los ejes más determinantes de la poesía, el género literario más cultivado en Escocia, tal y como los traductores explican.

Una parte importante de la introducción está dedicada a analizar las distintas lenguas que desde el siglo VI conviven en Escocia: el gaélico, el escocés y el inglés. Se incluyen tres esclarecedores mapas que ilustran la difusión de la lengua escocesa, el lugar en donde se hablan los distintos dialectos y la densidad de hablantes de gaélico. Dicha sección es imprescindible para captar adecuadamente la esencia de la literatura escocesa, ya que posteriormente los autores reflexionan sobre el conflicto ideológico que supuso el empleo de una u otra lengua. Autores como MacDiarmid y Burns, por ejemplo, vieron las posibilidades literarias de los dialectos regionales y reivindicaron el uso de su lengua materna. Por el contrario, poetas como Edwin Muir abogaban por concentrarse en el inglés como lengua literaria, mostrando, tal y como

Una parte importante de la introducción está dedicada a analizar las distintas lenguas que desde el siglo VI conviven en Escocia: el gaélico, el escocés y el inglés. Se incluyen tres esclarecedores mapas que ilustran la difusión de la lengua escocesa, el lugar en donde se hablan los distintos dialectos y la densidad de hablantes de gaélico. Dicha sección es imprescindible para captar adecuadamente la esencia de la literatura escocesa, ya que posteriormente los autores reflexionan sobre el conflicto ideológico que supuso el empleo de una u otra lengua. Autores como MacDiarmid y Burns, por ejemplo, vieron las posibilidades literarias de los dialectos regionales y reivindicaron el uso de su lengua materna. Por el contrario, poetas como Edwin Muir abogaban por concentrarse en el inglés como lengua literaria, mostrando, tal y como

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Juan”, la obra maestra de Lord Byron, generalmente estudiada bajo la etiqueta de ‘literatura inglesa’, obviando que el autor descendía por línea materna de Jacobo I, rey de Escocia. El volumen recoge a su vez una importante selección de voces femeninas, como la hasta hace poco débilmente reconocida Carolina Oliphant (Lady Nairne), quién recopiló algunas de las más populares canciones folklóricas; y otras autoras más contemporáneas como Liz Lochhead, Carol Anne Duffy y Katleen Jamie, cuyos poemas manifiestan una preocupación persistente por cuestiones de género.

Juan”, la obra maestra de Lord Byron, generalmente estudiada bajo la etiqueta de ‘literatura inglesa’, obviando que el autor descendía por línea materna de Jacobo I, rey de Escocia. El volumen recoge a su vez una importante selección de voces femeninas, como la hasta hace poco débilmente reconocida Carolina Oliphant (Lady Nairne), quién recopiló algunas de las más populares canciones folklóricas; y otras autoras más contemporáneas como Liz Lochhead, Carol Anne Duffy y Katleen Jamie, cuyos poemas manifiestan una preocupación persistente por cuestiones de género.

En cuanto a la organización de la antología, ésta se inicia con una concisa y completa introducción en la que se hace un breve, pero exhaustivo, repaso de los orígenes de la poesía escocesa hasta nuestros días, haciendo especial hincapié en dos de los portavoces más representativos del Renacimiento Literario Escocés del siglo XX: Hugh MacDiarmid y Edwin Muir. Los autores explican también cómo el rumbo histórico de Escocia, como colonia perteneciente al imperio Británico, contribuyó al declive de la tradición autóctona de los “Makars” (en escocés ‘autor’ o ‘poeta’), grupo de poetas medievales ligados a la corte de Jacobo IV. No es hasta el siglo XVIII, con la aparición de patriotas como Robert Fergusson y Robert Burns, que se produce un renacido interés por la tradición oral celta. La identidad nacional y cultural se convierte en uno de los ejes más determinantes de la poesía, el género literario más cultivado en Escocia, tal y como los traductores explican.

En cuanto a la organización de la antología, ésta se inicia con una concisa y completa introducción en la que se hace un breve, pero exhaustivo, repaso de los orígenes de la poesía escocesa hasta nuestros días, haciendo especial hincapié en dos de los portavoces más representativos del Renacimiento Literario Escocés del siglo XX: Hugh MacDiarmid y Edwin Muir. Los autores explican también cómo el rumbo histórico de Escocia, como colonia perteneciente al imperio Británico, contribuyó al declive de la tradición autóctona de los “Makars” (en escocés ‘autor’ o ‘poeta’), grupo de poetas medievales ligados a la corte de Jacobo IV. No es hasta el siglo XVIII, con la aparición de patriotas como Robert Fergusson y Robert Burns, que se produce un renacido interés por la tradición oral celta. La identidad nacional y cultural se convierte en uno de los ejes más determinantes de la poesía, el género literario más cultivado en Escocia, tal y como los traductores explican.

Una parte importante de la introducción está dedicada a analizar las distintas lenguas que desde el siglo VI conviven en Escocia: el gaélico, el escocés y el inglés. Se incluyen tres esclarecedores mapas que ilustran la difusión de la lengua escocesa, el lugar en donde se hablan los distintos dialectos y la densidad de hablantes de gaélico. Dicha sección es imprescindible para captar adecuadamente la esencia de la literatura escocesa, ya que posteriormente los autores reflexionan sobre el conflicto ideológico que supuso el empleo de una u otra lengua. Autores como MacDiarmid y Burns, por ejemplo, vieron las posibilidades literarias de los dialectos regionales y reivindicaron el uso de su lengua materna. Por el contrario, poetas como Edwin Muir abogaban por concentrarse en el inglés como lengua literaria, mostrando, tal y como

Una parte importante de la introducción está dedicada a analizar las distintas lenguas que desde el siglo VI conviven en Escocia: el gaélico, el escocés y el inglés. Se incluyen tres esclarecedores mapas que ilustran la difusión de la lengua escocesa, el lugar en donde se hablan los distintos dialectos y la densidad de hablantes de gaélico. Dicha sección es imprescindible para captar adecuadamente la esencia de la literatura escocesa, ya que posteriormente los autores reflexionan sobre el conflicto ideológico que supuso el empleo de una u otra lengua. Autores como MacDiarmid y Burns, por ejemplo, vieron las posibilidades literarias de los dialectos regionales y reivindicaron el uso de su lengua materna. Por el contrario, poetas como Edwin Muir abogaban por concentrarse en el inglés como lengua literaria, mostrando, tal y como


Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 289

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 289

los autores indican, poca simpatía por el patriotismo escocés.

los autores indican, poca simpatía por el patriotismo escocés.

Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos no sólo se han limitado a traducir los textos, sino que también han incluido notas bio-bibliográficas, en la que se nos informa sobre la vida y obra de cada uno de los poetas traducidos, y se hace un breve repaso sobre sus influencias ideológicas y políticas, sus relaciones con los escritores de la época y su posición dentro del panorama literario escocés. El meticuloso conocimiento que los traductores demuestran sobre la obra de los escritores incluidos en la antología garantiza aun más la acertada selección de los textos.

Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos no sólo se han limitado a traducir los textos, sino que también han incluido notas bio-bibliográficas, en la que se nos informa sobre la vida y obra de cada uno de los poetas traducidos, y se hace un breve repaso sobre sus influencias ideológicas y políticas, sus relaciones con los escritores de la época y su posición dentro del panorama literario escocés. El meticuloso conocimiento que los traductores demuestran sobre la obra de los escritores incluidos en la antología garantiza aun más la acertada selección de los textos.

El volumen se completa con notas a los poemas, que explican los términos locales y las referencias legendarias, folklóricas e históricas de los textos traducidos. Los poemas originales también van acompañados en ocasiones de notas explicativas, que traducen al inglés términos procedentes del “Scotts”, algo sumamente útil a la hora de leer a Hugh MacDiarmid, muy dado a introducir palabras propias del escocés y su pronunciación.

El volumen se completa con notas a los poemas, que explican los términos locales y las referencias legendarias, folklóricas e históricas de los textos traducidos. Los poemas originales también van acompañados en ocasiones de notas explicativas, que traducen al inglés términos procedentes del “Scotts”, algo sumamente útil a la hora de leer a Hugh MacDiarmid, muy dado a introducir palabras propias del escocés y su pronunciación.

Lo primero que constato al leer esta antología es el florecimiento de una minoría, de tradicional y modesta calidad provinciana, silenciada por la poderosa poesía inglesa hasta el siglo XX, cuando renace de su color local e intenta incorporarse a la gran tradición de la poesía. Estamos en el siglo XXI y las minorías nacionales llaman a las puertas de las lenguas superiores, queriendo abrirse paso a codazos y reinventando su presente, su identidad nacional, su nacionalismo e incluso una lengua que nunca ha sido vista con buenos ojos ni por la lengua superior ni por los lectores. Es la rebelión de las minorías, iniciada a principios del siglo XX, a la que las grandes lenguas, y no sólo la inglesa, asisten mudas y expectantes ante palabras nuevas, perdidas, muertas, marginadas y que, de pronto, renacen como material de sentimientos secularmente silenciados. Me figuro que los padres de la poesía y del habla escocesa, desde Edwin Muir a Sir Walter Scott, presentes en la antología, verían hoy, encantados e incrédulos, este renacimiento que ni ellos mismos pudieron prever, al expresarse en una lengua que aprendieron en la escuela y que, ajena a su lengua materna, es hoy en la que brotan esos sentimientos universales que ellos hubieran querido expresar. Porque,

Lo primero que constato al leer esta antología es el florecimiento de una minoría, de tradicional y modesta calidad provinciana, silenciada por la poderosa poesía inglesa hasta el siglo XX, cuando renace de su color local e intenta incorporarse a la gran tradición de la poesía. Estamos en el siglo XXI y las minorías nacionales llaman a las puertas de las lenguas superiores, queriendo abrirse paso a codazos y reinventando su presente, su identidad nacional, su nacionalismo e incluso una lengua que nunca ha sido vista con buenos ojos ni por la lengua superior ni por los lectores. Es la rebelión de las minorías, iniciada a principios del siglo XX, a la que las grandes lenguas, y no sólo la inglesa, asisten mudas y expectantes ante palabras nuevas, perdidas, muertas, marginadas y que, de pronto, renacen como material de sentimientos secularmente silenciados. Me figuro que los padres de la poesía y del habla escocesa, desde Edwin Muir a Sir Walter Scott, presentes en la antología, verían hoy, encantados e incrédulos, este renacimiento que ni ellos mismos pudieron prever, al expresarse en una lengua que aprendieron en la escuela y que, ajena a su lengua materna, es hoy en la que brotan esos sentimientos universales que ellos hubieran querido expresar. Porque,

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 289

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 289

los autores indican, poca simpatía por el patriotismo escocés.

los autores indican, poca simpatía por el patriotismo escocés.

Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos no sólo se han limitado a traducir los textos, sino que también han incluido notas bio-bibliográficas, en la que se nos informa sobre la vida y obra de cada uno de los poetas traducidos, y se hace un breve repaso sobre sus influencias ideológicas y políticas, sus relaciones con los escritores de la época y su posición dentro del panorama literario escocés. El meticuloso conocimiento que los traductores demuestran sobre la obra de los escritores incluidos en la antología garantiza aun más la acertada selección de los textos.

Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos no sólo se han limitado a traducir los textos, sino que también han incluido notas bio-bibliográficas, en la que se nos informa sobre la vida y obra de cada uno de los poetas traducidos, y se hace un breve repaso sobre sus influencias ideológicas y políticas, sus relaciones con los escritores de la época y su posición dentro del panorama literario escocés. El meticuloso conocimiento que los traductores demuestran sobre la obra de los escritores incluidos en la antología garantiza aun más la acertada selección de los textos.

El volumen se completa con notas a los poemas, que explican los términos locales y las referencias legendarias, folklóricas e históricas de los textos traducidos. Los poemas originales también van acompañados en ocasiones de notas explicativas, que traducen al inglés términos procedentes del “Scotts”, algo sumamente útil a la hora de leer a Hugh MacDiarmid, muy dado a introducir palabras propias del escocés y su pronunciación.

El volumen se completa con notas a los poemas, que explican los términos locales y las referencias legendarias, folklóricas e históricas de los textos traducidos. Los poemas originales también van acompañados en ocasiones de notas explicativas, que traducen al inglés términos procedentes del “Scotts”, algo sumamente útil a la hora de leer a Hugh MacDiarmid, muy dado a introducir palabras propias del escocés y su pronunciación.

Lo primero que constato al leer esta antología es el florecimiento de una minoría, de tradicional y modesta calidad provinciana, silenciada por la poderosa poesía inglesa hasta el siglo XX, cuando renace de su color local e intenta incorporarse a la gran tradición de la poesía. Estamos en el siglo XXI y las minorías nacionales llaman a las puertas de las lenguas superiores, queriendo abrirse paso a codazos y reinventando su presente, su identidad nacional, su nacionalismo e incluso una lengua que nunca ha sido vista con buenos ojos ni por la lengua superior ni por los lectores. Es la rebelión de las minorías, iniciada a principios del siglo XX, a la que las grandes lenguas, y no sólo la inglesa, asisten mudas y expectantes ante palabras nuevas, perdidas, muertas, marginadas y que, de pronto, renacen como material de sentimientos secularmente silenciados. Me figuro que los padres de la poesía y del habla escocesa, desde Edwin Muir a Sir Walter Scott, presentes en la antología, verían hoy, encantados e incrédulos, este renacimiento que ni ellos mismos pudieron prever, al expresarse en una lengua que aprendieron en la escuela y que, ajena a su lengua materna, es hoy en la que brotan esos sentimientos universales que ellos hubieran querido expresar. Porque,

Lo primero que constato al leer esta antología es el florecimiento de una minoría, de tradicional y modesta calidad provinciana, silenciada por la poderosa poesía inglesa hasta el siglo XX, cuando renace de su color local e intenta incorporarse a la gran tradición de la poesía. Estamos en el siglo XXI y las minorías nacionales llaman a las puertas de las lenguas superiores, queriendo abrirse paso a codazos y reinventando su presente, su identidad nacional, su nacionalismo e incluso una lengua que nunca ha sido vista con buenos ojos ni por la lengua superior ni por los lectores. Es la rebelión de las minorías, iniciada a principios del siglo XX, a la que las grandes lenguas, y no sólo la inglesa, asisten mudas y expectantes ante palabras nuevas, perdidas, muertas, marginadas y que, de pronto, renacen como material de sentimientos secularmente silenciados. Me figuro que los padres de la poesía y del habla escocesa, desde Edwin Muir a Sir Walter Scott, presentes en la antología, verían hoy, encantados e incrédulos, este renacimiento que ni ellos mismos pudieron prever, al expresarse en una lengua que aprendieron en la escuela y que, ajena a su lengua materna, es hoy en la que brotan esos sentimientos universales que ellos hubieran querido expresar. Porque,


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aunque tenemos ejemplos excepcionales de escritores que triunfan con éxito en otro idioma al de su niñez, casos del polaco Joseph Conrad en inglés o del español Juan Larrea en francés, lo normal es que el valor poético de la palabra, lo profundo de la expresión humana, sea intraducible al verse vertidos en otra lengua. Por algo Robert Louis Stevenson, reflejando la dualidad del escritor escocés obligado a escribir en inglés por necesidades comerciales, añorara su patria escocesa al escribir en la lengua del imperio, “Mártir por un salario”, como dice en su poema “El Torrero” (Vázquez y del Árbol y Vázquez Marruecos 2007: 151); y que Lord Byron en “Don Juan”, como si hablara de sí mismo, sintiera la traición a su idioma nativo: “El jurista y el crítico no hacen sino contemplar/ Los aspectos más viles de la literatura” (123). John Davidson, por idénticas razones, pasa de ser un maestro en la balada lírica narrativa, a escribir poemas filosóficos y tragedias insustanciales, que naturalmente no tuvieron éxito. De ahí también que poetas escoceses clásicos de gran aliento, como Burns y Hogg, no fueran considerados grandes y nunca alcanzaran la universidad que su genio merecía; y que la poesía escocesa quedara anclada en costumbres y localismos, relegada a la marginalidad, a lo pequeño, a los campesinos y al habla ritual; en definitiva, al estatus de segunda clase en el siglo XVIII.

aunque tenemos ejemplos excepcionales de escritores que triunfan con éxito en otro idioma al de su niñez, casos del polaco Joseph Conrad en inglés o del español Juan Larrea en francés, lo normal es que el valor poético de la palabra, lo profundo de la expresión humana, sea intraducible al verse vertidos en otra lengua. Por algo Robert Louis Stevenson, reflejando la dualidad del escritor escocés obligado a escribir en inglés por necesidades comerciales, añorara su patria escocesa al escribir en la lengua del imperio, “Mártir por un salario”, como dice en su poema “El Torrero” (Vázquez y del Árbol y Vázquez Marruecos 2007: 151); y que Lord Byron en “Don Juan”, como si hablara de sí mismo, sintiera la traición a su idioma nativo: “El jurista y el crítico no hacen sino contemplar/ Los aspectos más viles de la literatura” (123). John Davidson, por idénticas razones, pasa de ser un maestro en la balada lírica narrativa, a escribir poemas filosóficos y tragedias insustanciales, que naturalmente no tuvieron éxito. De ahí también que poetas escoceses clásicos de gran aliento, como Burns y Hogg, no fueran considerados grandes y nunca alcanzaran la universidad que su genio merecía; y que la poesía escocesa quedara anclada en costumbres y localismos, relegada a la marginalidad, a lo pequeño, a los campesinos y al habla ritual; en definitiva, al estatus de segunda clase en el siglo XVIII.

Como los autores explican en la introducción, el siglo XIX tampoco vio el triunfo de la poesía escocesa. Las minorías todavía no habían reivindicado su lugar al sol y malvivían a base de una sentimentalidad engañosa y de ripios, tal como la define Hugh MacDiarmid, el primero quizá en romper con el pasado de esclavitud con el inglés del imperio. La poesía escocesa, en consecuencia, incapaz de incorporarse a la gran corriente general, tendría que esperar todavía un siglo para encontrar su tiempo y lugar. Porque sería efectivamente a finales del XX, como señalan los traductores, cuando ha salido a flote dicha poesía de la mano de Asociaciones para los Estudios Literarios Escoceses, de las editoriales universitarias de Aberdeen y Edimburgo, así como de The Polygon Press. Será entonces cuando los poetas sientan la necesidad de ser ellos mismos con su lengua de la infancia, regresando a sus orígenes y renunciando al mercado y al complejo de que la literatura seria y de calidad debe escribirse en el inglés de Inglaterra, como venía siendo tradicional. Gracias a ellos, los poetas hoy descienden a lo particular y a lo singular,

Como los autores explican en la introducción, el siglo XIX tampoco vio el triunfo de la poesía escocesa. Las minorías todavía no habían reivindicado su lugar al sol y malvivían a base de una sentimentalidad engañosa y de ripios, tal como la define Hugh MacDiarmid, el primero quizá en romper con el pasado de esclavitud con el inglés del imperio. La poesía escocesa, en consecuencia, incapaz de incorporarse a la gran corriente general, tendría que esperar todavía un siglo para encontrar su tiempo y lugar. Porque sería efectivamente a finales del XX, como señalan los traductores, cuando ha salido a flote dicha poesía de la mano de Asociaciones para los Estudios Literarios Escoceses, de las editoriales universitarias de Aberdeen y Edimburgo, así como de The Polygon Press. Será entonces cuando los poetas sientan la necesidad de ser ellos mismos con su lengua de la infancia, regresando a sus orígenes y renunciando al mercado y al complejo de que la literatura seria y de calidad debe escribirse en el inglés de Inglaterra, como venía siendo tradicional. Gracias a ellos, los poetas hoy descienden a lo particular y a lo singular,

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BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

aunque tenemos ejemplos excepcionales de escritores que triunfan con éxito en otro idioma al de su niñez, casos del polaco Joseph Conrad en inglés o del español Juan Larrea en francés, lo normal es que el valor poético de la palabra, lo profundo de la expresión humana, sea intraducible al verse vertidos en otra lengua. Por algo Robert Louis Stevenson, reflejando la dualidad del escritor escocés obligado a escribir en inglés por necesidades comerciales, añorara su patria escocesa al escribir en la lengua del imperio, “Mártir por un salario”, como dice en su poema “El Torrero” (Vázquez y del Árbol y Vázquez Marruecos 2007: 151); y que Lord Byron en “Don Juan”, como si hablara de sí mismo, sintiera la traición a su idioma nativo: “El jurista y el crítico no hacen sino contemplar/ Los aspectos más viles de la literatura” (123). John Davidson, por idénticas razones, pasa de ser un maestro en la balada lírica narrativa, a escribir poemas filosóficos y tragedias insustanciales, que naturalmente no tuvieron éxito. De ahí también que poetas escoceses clásicos de gran aliento, como Burns y Hogg, no fueran considerados grandes y nunca alcanzaran la universidad que su genio merecía; y que la poesía escocesa quedara anclada en costumbres y localismos, relegada a la marginalidad, a lo pequeño, a los campesinos y al habla ritual; en definitiva, al estatus de segunda clase en el siglo XVIII.

aunque tenemos ejemplos excepcionales de escritores que triunfan con éxito en otro idioma al de su niñez, casos del polaco Joseph Conrad en inglés o del español Juan Larrea en francés, lo normal es que el valor poético de la palabra, lo profundo de la expresión humana, sea intraducible al verse vertidos en otra lengua. Por algo Robert Louis Stevenson, reflejando la dualidad del escritor escocés obligado a escribir en inglés por necesidades comerciales, añorara su patria escocesa al escribir en la lengua del imperio, “Mártir por un salario”, como dice en su poema “El Torrero” (Vázquez y del Árbol y Vázquez Marruecos 2007: 151); y que Lord Byron en “Don Juan”, como si hablara de sí mismo, sintiera la traición a su idioma nativo: “El jurista y el crítico no hacen sino contemplar/ Los aspectos más viles de la literatura” (123). John Davidson, por idénticas razones, pasa de ser un maestro en la balada lírica narrativa, a escribir poemas filosóficos y tragedias insustanciales, que naturalmente no tuvieron éxito. De ahí también que poetas escoceses clásicos de gran aliento, como Burns y Hogg, no fueran considerados grandes y nunca alcanzaran la universidad que su genio merecía; y que la poesía escocesa quedara anclada en costumbres y localismos, relegada a la marginalidad, a lo pequeño, a los campesinos y al habla ritual; en definitiva, al estatus de segunda clase en el siglo XVIII.

Como los autores explican en la introducción, el siglo XIX tampoco vio el triunfo de la poesía escocesa. Las minorías todavía no habían reivindicado su lugar al sol y malvivían a base de una sentimentalidad engañosa y de ripios, tal como la define Hugh MacDiarmid, el primero quizá en romper con el pasado de esclavitud con el inglés del imperio. La poesía escocesa, en consecuencia, incapaz de incorporarse a la gran corriente general, tendría que esperar todavía un siglo para encontrar su tiempo y lugar. Porque sería efectivamente a finales del XX, como señalan los traductores, cuando ha salido a flote dicha poesía de la mano de Asociaciones para los Estudios Literarios Escoceses, de las editoriales universitarias de Aberdeen y Edimburgo, así como de The Polygon Press. Será entonces cuando los poetas sientan la necesidad de ser ellos mismos con su lengua de la infancia, regresando a sus orígenes y renunciando al mercado y al complejo de que la literatura seria y de calidad debe escribirse en el inglés de Inglaterra, como venía siendo tradicional. Gracias a ellos, los poetas hoy descienden a lo particular y a lo singular,

Como los autores explican en la introducción, el siglo XIX tampoco vio el triunfo de la poesía escocesa. Las minorías todavía no habían reivindicado su lugar al sol y malvivían a base de una sentimentalidad engañosa y de ripios, tal como la define Hugh MacDiarmid, el primero quizá en romper con el pasado de esclavitud con el inglés del imperio. La poesía escocesa, en consecuencia, incapaz de incorporarse a la gran corriente general, tendría que esperar todavía un siglo para encontrar su tiempo y lugar. Porque sería efectivamente a finales del XX, como señalan los traductores, cuando ha salido a flote dicha poesía de la mano de Asociaciones para los Estudios Literarios Escoceses, de las editoriales universitarias de Aberdeen y Edimburgo, así como de The Polygon Press. Será entonces cuando los poetas sientan la necesidad de ser ellos mismos con su lengua de la infancia, regresando a sus orígenes y renunciando al mercado y al complejo de que la literatura seria y de calidad debe escribirse en el inglés de Inglaterra, como venía siendo tradicional. Gracias a ellos, los poetas hoy descienden a lo particular y a lo singular,


Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 291

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 291

a los giros de su idioma y al mundo de pasiones y estados de ánimo, que es donde se encuentra la universalidad. Si para ello, el poeta necesita recurrir a un determinado léxico con el que trasmitir su estado de ánimo – la angustia, el amor, lo onírico e irreal – el no hacerlo, el no emplear los recursos de la lengua de su niñez, hubiera supuesto convertirse en traductores y no en creadores, en la muerte misma de su impulso creativo. Porque, por difíciles que sean los términos y expresiones escoceses – como reconoce Liz Lochhead en su poema “En algo de lo que no” (“No estamos expresándonos en términos exactos”, 309) – el poeta no puede renunciar ni a su lengua ni a los sentimientos profundos de su vida.

a los giros de su idioma y al mundo de pasiones y estados de ánimo, que es donde se encuentra la universalidad. Si para ello, el poeta necesita recurrir a un determinado léxico con el que trasmitir su estado de ánimo – la angustia, el amor, lo onírico e irreal – el no hacerlo, el no emplear los recursos de la lengua de su niñez, hubiera supuesto convertirse en traductores y no en creadores, en la muerte misma de su impulso creativo. Porque, por difíciles que sean los términos y expresiones escoceses – como reconoce Liz Lochhead en su poema “En algo de lo que no” (“No estamos expresándonos en términos exactos”, 309) – el poeta no puede renunciar ni a su lengua ni a los sentimientos profundos de su vida.

Lo primero que asombra al lector de esta Antología es la gran riqueza temática de los poemas traducidos. Muchos de ellos son de espíritu patriótico, ensalzando importantes eventos históricos como la Batalla de Bannockburn en la Guerra de la Independencia (“La Marcha de Robert Bruce hasta Bannockburn”, de Robert Burns) u otros episodios sangrientos de la historia escocesa. Otros, por el contrario, expresan abiertamente su rechazo al apasionado nacionalismo promulgado por Robert Burns, como se observa en “Escocia 1941”, en donde Edwin Muir ataca ferozmente el patriotismo subyacente en la obra de sus antecesores: “Burns y Scott, falsos bardos de una falsa nación” (205). Nos encontramos también con poemas que describen con nitidez los paisajes y la herencia folklórica de Escocia. Mientras que la obra de George Mackay Brown se nutre de la tradición cultural de leyendas y baladas, Hugh MacDiarmid alaba las bellezas paisajísticas de su tierra natal, ensalzando sus brezos, zarzamoras, presas tornasoladas, y por encima de todo, la flor de cardo (Thistle) como emblema nacional escocés. Otros autores expresan el amor por su Escocia natal desde un punto de vista más místico. Poemas como “Las Palomas Silvestres”, de Andrew Young, adquieren connotaciones claramente Emersianas, en su observación mística de las leyes de la naturaleza. El estilo de la obra de Norman MacCaig es similarmente metafísico: en “Granja Estival”, por ejemplo, el poeta, en armonía con la naturaleza, se convierte en esa especie de “transparent eye-ball” que Emerson (1836: 442) menciona en su famoso ensayo Nature, por el que circulan todo tipo de corrientes cósmicas:

Lo primero que asombra al lector de esta Antología es la gran riqueza temática de los poemas traducidos. Muchos de ellos son de espíritu patriótico, ensalzando importantes eventos históricos como la Batalla de Bannockburn en la Guerra de la Independencia (“La Marcha de Robert Bruce hasta Bannockburn”, de Robert Burns) u otros episodios sangrientos de la historia escocesa. Otros, por el contrario, expresan abiertamente su rechazo al apasionado nacionalismo promulgado por Robert Burns, como se observa en “Escocia 1941”, en donde Edwin Muir ataca ferozmente el patriotismo subyacente en la obra de sus antecesores: “Burns y Scott, falsos bardos de una falsa nación” (205). Nos encontramos también con poemas que describen con nitidez los paisajes y la herencia folklórica de Escocia. Mientras que la obra de George Mackay Brown se nutre de la tradición cultural de leyendas y baladas, Hugh MacDiarmid alaba las bellezas paisajísticas de su tierra natal, ensalzando sus brezos, zarzamoras, presas tornasoladas, y por encima de todo, la flor de cardo (Thistle) como emblema nacional escocés. Otros autores expresan el amor por su Escocia natal desde un punto de vista más místico. Poemas como “Las Palomas Silvestres”, de Andrew Young, adquieren connotaciones claramente Emersianas, en su observación mística de las leyes de la naturaleza. El estilo de la obra de Norman MacCaig es similarmente metafísico: en “Granja Estival”, por ejemplo, el poeta, en armonía con la naturaleza, se convierte en esa especie de “transparent eye-ball” que Emerson (1836: 442) menciona en su famoso ensayo Nature, por el que circulan todo tipo de corrientes cósmicas:

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 291

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 291

a los giros de su idioma y al mundo de pasiones y estados de ánimo, que es donde se encuentra la universalidad. Si para ello, el poeta necesita recurrir a un determinado léxico con el que trasmitir su estado de ánimo – la angustia, el amor, lo onírico e irreal – el no hacerlo, el no emplear los recursos de la lengua de su niñez, hubiera supuesto convertirse en traductores y no en creadores, en la muerte misma de su impulso creativo. Porque, por difíciles que sean los términos y expresiones escoceses – como reconoce Liz Lochhead en su poema “En algo de lo que no” (“No estamos expresándonos en términos exactos”, 309) – el poeta no puede renunciar ni a su lengua ni a los sentimientos profundos de su vida.

a los giros de su idioma y al mundo de pasiones y estados de ánimo, que es donde se encuentra la universalidad. Si para ello, el poeta necesita recurrir a un determinado léxico con el que trasmitir su estado de ánimo – la angustia, el amor, lo onírico e irreal – el no hacerlo, el no emplear los recursos de la lengua de su niñez, hubiera supuesto convertirse en traductores y no en creadores, en la muerte misma de su impulso creativo. Porque, por difíciles que sean los términos y expresiones escoceses – como reconoce Liz Lochhead en su poema “En algo de lo que no” (“No estamos expresándonos en términos exactos”, 309) – el poeta no puede renunciar ni a su lengua ni a los sentimientos profundos de su vida.

Lo primero que asombra al lector de esta Antología es la gran riqueza temática de los poemas traducidos. Muchos de ellos son de espíritu patriótico, ensalzando importantes eventos históricos como la Batalla de Bannockburn en la Guerra de la Independencia (“La Marcha de Robert Bruce hasta Bannockburn”, de Robert Burns) u otros episodios sangrientos de la historia escocesa. Otros, por el contrario, expresan abiertamente su rechazo al apasionado nacionalismo promulgado por Robert Burns, como se observa en “Escocia 1941”, en donde Edwin Muir ataca ferozmente el patriotismo subyacente en la obra de sus antecesores: “Burns y Scott, falsos bardos de una falsa nación” (205). Nos encontramos también con poemas que describen con nitidez los paisajes y la herencia folklórica de Escocia. Mientras que la obra de George Mackay Brown se nutre de la tradición cultural de leyendas y baladas, Hugh MacDiarmid alaba las bellezas paisajísticas de su tierra natal, ensalzando sus brezos, zarzamoras, presas tornasoladas, y por encima de todo, la flor de cardo (Thistle) como emblema nacional escocés. Otros autores expresan el amor por su Escocia natal desde un punto de vista más místico. Poemas como “Las Palomas Silvestres”, de Andrew Young, adquieren connotaciones claramente Emersianas, en su observación mística de las leyes de la naturaleza. El estilo de la obra de Norman MacCaig es similarmente metafísico: en “Granja Estival”, por ejemplo, el poeta, en armonía con la naturaleza, se convierte en esa especie de “transparent eye-ball” que Emerson (1836: 442) menciona en su famoso ensayo Nature, por el que circulan todo tipo de corrientes cósmicas:

Lo primero que asombra al lector de esta Antología es la gran riqueza temática de los poemas traducidos. Muchos de ellos son de espíritu patriótico, ensalzando importantes eventos históricos como la Batalla de Bannockburn en la Guerra de la Independencia (“La Marcha de Robert Bruce hasta Bannockburn”, de Robert Burns) u otros episodios sangrientos de la historia escocesa. Otros, por el contrario, expresan abiertamente su rechazo al apasionado nacionalismo promulgado por Robert Burns, como se observa en “Escocia 1941”, en donde Edwin Muir ataca ferozmente el patriotismo subyacente en la obra de sus antecesores: “Burns y Scott, falsos bardos de una falsa nación” (205). Nos encontramos también con poemas que describen con nitidez los paisajes y la herencia folklórica de Escocia. Mientras que la obra de George Mackay Brown se nutre de la tradición cultural de leyendas y baladas, Hugh MacDiarmid alaba las bellezas paisajísticas de su tierra natal, ensalzando sus brezos, zarzamoras, presas tornasoladas, y por encima de todo, la flor de cardo (Thistle) como emblema nacional escocés. Otros autores expresan el amor por su Escocia natal desde un punto de vista más místico. Poemas como “Las Palomas Silvestres”, de Andrew Young, adquieren connotaciones claramente Emersianas, en su observación mística de las leyes de la naturaleza. El estilo de la obra de Norman MacCaig es similarmente metafísico: en “Granja Estival”, por ejemplo, el poeta, en armonía con la naturaleza, se convierte en esa especie de “transparent eye-ball” que Emerson (1836: 442) menciona en su famoso ensayo Nature, por el que circulan todo tipo de corrientes cósmicas:


292

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

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Ser bajo ser, un montón de seres mantengo Enhebrados en el tiempo, y con mano metafísica Levanto la granja como un párpado y veo Una granja dentro de otra, y en el centro, a mí.

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Ser bajo ser, un montón de seres mantengo Enhebrados en el tiempo, y con mano metafísica Levanto la granja como un párpado y veo Una granja dentro de otra, y en el centro, a mí.

(Vázquez y del Árbol y Vázquez Marruecos 2007: 241).

(Vázquez y del Árbol y Vázquez Marruecos 2007: 241).

Dicha correspondencia entre el universo (macrocosmos) y el alma individual (microcosmos) se observa también en “Semblanzas”, poema del mismo autor. Por tanto, creemos que esta Antología es valiosa no sólo como obra introductoria al amplio espectro de la poesía escocesa, sino también como profundización a corrientes literarias afines en otros países como los EEUU.

Dicha correspondencia entre el universo (macrocosmos) y el alma individual (microcosmos) se observa también en “Semblanzas”, poema del mismo autor. Por tanto, creemos que esta Antología es valiosa no sólo como obra introductoria al amplio espectro de la poesía escocesa, sino también como profundización a corrientes literarias afines en otros países como los EEUU.

Aunque los paisajes rurales de las Highlands y Midlands resuenan en muchos de los poemas (al estilo de Douglas Dunn, quien afirma en “Amor a la tierra”: “¡Tal amor que persiste en los campos de la vida!”, 305), también lo hacen los suburbios de Riddrie y Bridgeton en Glasgow, o los barrios de Dundee y Aberdeen, reflejando la vida actual en la ciudad y la vorágine de la Escocia del siglo XXI. Dicha versatilidad de imágenes también se observa en los personajes aludidos en los poemas: no sólo nos encontramos con héroes y patriotas escoceses como Wallace y Bruce (“Escocia 1941”, Edwin Muir; “Qué panda de bellacos de una nación”, Robert Burns), sino también con personajes que sobresalen por su cotidianeidad como lo son “la hija del molinero” (“El Invierno de Escocia”, Edwin Muir, 207) o “la mujer de la pescadería” (“Escocia”, Alastar Reid, 287). El carácter provinciano que tan claramente caracteriza a muchos de los autores escoceses se recoge también en la selección de los poemas traducidos: la lengua de los campesinos, pescadores y pastores subyace claramente en poemas como “Loa a una perrita Escocesa”, de Norman MacCraig, o “Un Borracho Mira el Thistle” de Mugh MacDiarmid, en donde Hugo MacDiarmid ensalza “el adusto pensamiento provinciano/ Que distingue a la raza escocesa” (213).

Aunque los paisajes rurales de las Highlands y Midlands resuenan en muchos de los poemas (al estilo de Douglas Dunn, quien afirma en “Amor a la tierra”: “¡Tal amor que persiste en los campos de la vida!”, 305), también lo hacen los suburbios de Riddrie y Bridgeton en Glasgow, o los barrios de Dundee y Aberdeen, reflejando la vida actual en la ciudad y la vorágine de la Escocia del siglo XXI. Dicha versatilidad de imágenes también se observa en los personajes aludidos en los poemas: no sólo nos encontramos con héroes y patriotas escoceses como Wallace y Bruce (“Escocia 1941”, Edwin Muir; “Qué panda de bellacos de una nación”, Robert Burns), sino también con personajes que sobresalen por su cotidianeidad como lo son “la hija del molinero” (“El Invierno de Escocia”, Edwin Muir, 207) o “la mujer de la pescadería” (“Escocia”, Alastar Reid, 287). El carácter provinciano que tan claramente caracteriza a muchos de los autores escoceses se recoge también en la selección de los poemas traducidos: la lengua de los campesinos, pescadores y pastores subyace claramente en poemas como “Loa a una perrita Escocesa”, de Norman MacCraig, o “Un Borracho Mira el Thistle” de Mugh MacDiarmid, en donde Hugo MacDiarmid ensalza “el adusto pensamiento provinciano/ Que distingue a la raza escocesa” (213).

Aparte del interés que el libro puede tener para todos los apasionados de la poesía escocesa, estas 362 páginas representan una lectura apasionante, se conozca o no la literatura de dicho país. Tal y como los traductores indican en varias de sus anotaciones, la etiqueta

Aparte del interés que el libro puede tener para todos los apasionados de la poesía escocesa, estas 362 páginas representan una lectura apasionante, se conozca o no la literatura de dicho país. Tal y como los traductores indican en varias de sus anotaciones, la etiqueta

292

292

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Ser bajo ser, un montón de seres mantengo Enhebrados en el tiempo, y con mano metafísica Levanto la granja como un párpado y veo Una granja dentro de otra, y en el centro, a mí. (Vázquez y del Árbol y Vázquez Marruecos 2007: 241).

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Ser bajo ser, un montón de seres mantengo Enhebrados en el tiempo, y con mano metafísica Levanto la granja como un párpado y veo Una granja dentro de otra, y en el centro, a mí. (Vázquez y del Árbol y Vázquez Marruecos 2007: 241).

Dicha correspondencia entre el universo (macrocosmos) y el alma individual (microcosmos) se observa también en “Semblanzas”, poema del mismo autor. Por tanto, creemos que esta Antología es valiosa no sólo como obra introductoria al amplio espectro de la poesía escocesa, sino también como profundización a corrientes literarias afines en otros países como los EEUU.

Dicha correspondencia entre el universo (macrocosmos) y el alma individual (microcosmos) se observa también en “Semblanzas”, poema del mismo autor. Por tanto, creemos que esta Antología es valiosa no sólo como obra introductoria al amplio espectro de la poesía escocesa, sino también como profundización a corrientes literarias afines en otros países como los EEUU.

Aunque los paisajes rurales de las Highlands y Midlands resuenan en muchos de los poemas (al estilo de Douglas Dunn, quien afirma en “Amor a la tierra”: “¡Tal amor que persiste en los campos de la vida!”, 305), también lo hacen los suburbios de Riddrie y Bridgeton en Glasgow, o los barrios de Dundee y Aberdeen, reflejando la vida actual en la ciudad y la vorágine de la Escocia del siglo XXI. Dicha versatilidad de imágenes también se observa en los personajes aludidos en los poemas: no sólo nos encontramos con héroes y patriotas escoceses como Wallace y Bruce (“Escocia 1941”, Edwin Muir; “Qué panda de bellacos de una nación”, Robert Burns), sino también con personajes que sobresalen por su cotidianeidad como lo son “la hija del molinero” (“El Invierno de Escocia”, Edwin Muir, 207) o “la mujer de la pescadería” (“Escocia”, Alastar Reid, 287). El carácter provinciano que tan claramente caracteriza a muchos de los autores escoceses se recoge también en la selección de los poemas traducidos: la lengua de los campesinos, pescadores y pastores subyace claramente en poemas como “Loa a una perrita Escocesa”, de Norman MacCraig, o “Un Borracho Mira el Thistle” de Mugh MacDiarmid, en donde Hugo MacDiarmid ensalza “el adusto pensamiento provinciano/ Que distingue a la raza escocesa” (213).

Aunque los paisajes rurales de las Highlands y Midlands resuenan en muchos de los poemas (al estilo de Douglas Dunn, quien afirma en “Amor a la tierra”: “¡Tal amor que persiste en los campos de la vida!”, 305), también lo hacen los suburbios de Riddrie y Bridgeton en Glasgow, o los barrios de Dundee y Aberdeen, reflejando la vida actual en la ciudad y la vorágine de la Escocia del siglo XXI. Dicha versatilidad de imágenes también se observa en los personajes aludidos en los poemas: no sólo nos encontramos con héroes y patriotas escoceses como Wallace y Bruce (“Escocia 1941”, Edwin Muir; “Qué panda de bellacos de una nación”, Robert Burns), sino también con personajes que sobresalen por su cotidianeidad como lo son “la hija del molinero” (“El Invierno de Escocia”, Edwin Muir, 207) o “la mujer de la pescadería” (“Escocia”, Alastar Reid, 287). El carácter provinciano que tan claramente caracteriza a muchos de los autores escoceses se recoge también en la selección de los poemas traducidos: la lengua de los campesinos, pescadores y pastores subyace claramente en poemas como “Loa a una perrita Escocesa”, de Norman MacCraig, o “Un Borracho Mira el Thistle” de Mugh MacDiarmid, en donde Hugo MacDiarmid ensalza “el adusto pensamiento provinciano/ Que distingue a la raza escocesa” (213).

Aparte del interés que el libro puede tener para todos los apasionados de la poesía escocesa, estas 362 páginas representan una lectura apasionante, se conozca o no la literatura de dicho país. Tal y como los traductores indican en varias de sus anotaciones, la etiqueta

Aparte del interés que el libro puede tener para todos los apasionados de la poesía escocesa, estas 362 páginas representan una lectura apasionante, se conozca o no la literatura de dicho país. Tal y como los traductores indican en varias de sus anotaciones, la etiqueta


Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 293

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 293

de “poeta escocés” no es fácilmente ajustable a todos los escritores seleccionados, como Alastar Reid o Carol Ann Duffy, en cuyas obras predomina la ausencia de raíces. Dichos autores, al igual que los anteriormente mencionados, abordan los distintos temas universales inherentes al quehacer poético: la sexualidad y el amor (“La Cita”, de William Scoutar), la muerte (“En la tumba de mi padre”, de Hugh MacDiarmid), el exilio y la familia (“Intruso en un determinado paisaje”, Norman MacCaig), todos ellos vistos desde el prisma personal de cada poeta. La antología también pone de manifiesto la gran preocupación sociopolítica de muchos otros escritores, que abordan abiertamente las diferencias sociales de clase (como en “Un barrio del norte”, de John Davidson) o la dignidad silenciada de los mutilados por la guerra (como en “Ciego de Guerra”, de Douglas Dunn).

de “poeta escocés” no es fácilmente ajustable a todos los escritores seleccionados, como Alastar Reid o Carol Ann Duffy, en cuyas obras predomina la ausencia de raíces. Dichos autores, al igual que los anteriormente mencionados, abordan los distintos temas universales inherentes al quehacer poético: la sexualidad y el amor (“La Cita”, de William Scoutar), la muerte (“En la tumba de mi padre”, de Hugh MacDiarmid), el exilio y la familia (“Intruso en un determinado paisaje”, Norman MacCaig), todos ellos vistos desde el prisma personal de cada poeta. La antología también pone de manifiesto la gran preocupación sociopolítica de muchos otros escritores, que abordan abiertamente las diferencias sociales de clase (como en “Un barrio del norte”, de John Davidson) o la dignidad silenciada de los mutilados por la guerra (como en “Ciego de Guerra”, de Douglas Dunn).

Junto a esta diversidad temática, el volumen también destaca por la minuciosidad con la que los autores abordan el arduo proceso que supone la traducción poética. Soy de las que opina que sólo puede haber paralelismo entre traducción y creación poética cuando el traductor mismo es un poeta a la altura y sensibilidad artística del poeta que traduce. Así se han vertido en nuestra lengua a poetas tan complejos como Walt Whitman y Emily Dickinson (Villar Raso 2005, 2006), o a los clásicos, vertidos al español por grandes poetas o por traductores con un oficio refinado y una amplia bibliografía, como los que aquí nos ocupa. De José Luis Vázquez Marruecos sabemos que es capaz de volcar al español las más finas esencias de autores ingleses y al contrario, de llevar al inglés a autores españoles tan complejos como Antonio Carvajal (1997, 1998), Francisco Acuyo (2001a) y Elena Martín Vivaldi (2001b). Y otro tanto puede decirse de Esther Vázquez y del Árbol, coautora de similares textos y autores, con idéntica soltura a la de Vázquez Marruecos en ambas lenguas.

Junto a esta diversidad temática, el volumen también destaca por la minuciosidad con la que los autores abordan el arduo proceso que supone la traducción poética. Soy de las que opina que sólo puede haber paralelismo entre traducción y creación poética cuando el traductor mismo es un poeta a la altura y sensibilidad artística del poeta que traduce. Así se han vertido en nuestra lengua a poetas tan complejos como Walt Whitman y Emily Dickinson (Villar Raso 2005, 2006), o a los clásicos, vertidos al español por grandes poetas o por traductores con un oficio refinado y una amplia bibliografía, como los que aquí nos ocupa. De José Luis Vázquez Marruecos sabemos que es capaz de volcar al español las más finas esencias de autores ingleses y al contrario, de llevar al inglés a autores españoles tan complejos como Antonio Carvajal (1997, 1998), Francisco Acuyo (2001a) y Elena Martín Vivaldi (2001b). Y otro tanto puede decirse de Esther Vázquez y del Árbol, coautora de similares textos y autores, con idéntica soltura a la de Vázquez Marruecos en ambas lenguas.

En líneas generales, la traducción resulta muy literal y bastante fiel. La versión en castellano del poema “Scotland’s Winter” (“El Invierno en Escocia”) de Edwin Muir, por ejemplo, mantiene intacta la calidad emotiva del original en inglés, revelando en todo su esplendor la precisión lingüística y el estilo vivo y atractivo que caracteriza a dicho poeta. Y lo mismo se puede decir de la traducción de poemas como “The Little White Rose” (“La Pequeña Rosa Blanca”) de Hugh MacDiarmid, una de las más bellas manifestaciones

En líneas generales, la traducción resulta muy literal y bastante fiel. La versión en castellano del poema “Scotland’s Winter” (“El Invierno en Escocia”) de Edwin Muir, por ejemplo, mantiene intacta la calidad emotiva del original en inglés, revelando en todo su esplendor la precisión lingüística y el estilo vivo y atractivo que caracteriza a dicho poeta. Y lo mismo se puede decir de la traducción de poemas como “The Little White Rose” (“La Pequeña Rosa Blanca”) de Hugh MacDiarmid, una de las más bellas manifestaciones

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 293

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 293

de “poeta escocés” no es fácilmente ajustable a todos los escritores seleccionados, como Alastar Reid o Carol Ann Duffy, en cuyas obras predomina la ausencia de raíces. Dichos autores, al igual que los anteriormente mencionados, abordan los distintos temas universales inherentes al quehacer poético: la sexualidad y el amor (“La Cita”, de William Scoutar), la muerte (“En la tumba de mi padre”, de Hugh MacDiarmid), el exilio y la familia (“Intruso en un determinado paisaje”, Norman MacCaig), todos ellos vistos desde el prisma personal de cada poeta. La antología también pone de manifiesto la gran preocupación sociopolítica de muchos otros escritores, que abordan abiertamente las diferencias sociales de clase (como en “Un barrio del norte”, de John Davidson) o la dignidad silenciada de los mutilados por la guerra (como en “Ciego de Guerra”, de Douglas Dunn).

de “poeta escocés” no es fácilmente ajustable a todos los escritores seleccionados, como Alastar Reid o Carol Ann Duffy, en cuyas obras predomina la ausencia de raíces. Dichos autores, al igual que los anteriormente mencionados, abordan los distintos temas universales inherentes al quehacer poético: la sexualidad y el amor (“La Cita”, de William Scoutar), la muerte (“En la tumba de mi padre”, de Hugh MacDiarmid), el exilio y la familia (“Intruso en un determinado paisaje”, Norman MacCaig), todos ellos vistos desde el prisma personal de cada poeta. La antología también pone de manifiesto la gran preocupación sociopolítica de muchos otros escritores, que abordan abiertamente las diferencias sociales de clase (como en “Un barrio del norte”, de John Davidson) o la dignidad silenciada de los mutilados por la guerra (como en “Ciego de Guerra”, de Douglas Dunn).

Junto a esta diversidad temática, el volumen también destaca por la minuciosidad con la que los autores abordan el arduo proceso que supone la traducción poética. Soy de las que opina que sólo puede haber paralelismo entre traducción y creación poética cuando el traductor mismo es un poeta a la altura y sensibilidad artística del poeta que traduce. Así se han vertido en nuestra lengua a poetas tan complejos como Walt Whitman y Emily Dickinson (Villar Raso 2005, 2006), o a los clásicos, vertidos al español por grandes poetas o por traductores con un oficio refinado y una amplia bibliografía, como los que aquí nos ocupa. De José Luis Vázquez Marruecos sabemos que es capaz de volcar al español las más finas esencias de autores ingleses y al contrario, de llevar al inglés a autores españoles tan complejos como Antonio Carvajal (1997, 1998), Francisco Acuyo (2001a) y Elena Martín Vivaldi (2001b). Y otro tanto puede decirse de Esther Vázquez y del Árbol, coautora de similares textos y autores, con idéntica soltura a la de Vázquez Marruecos en ambas lenguas.

Junto a esta diversidad temática, el volumen también destaca por la minuciosidad con la que los autores abordan el arduo proceso que supone la traducción poética. Soy de las que opina que sólo puede haber paralelismo entre traducción y creación poética cuando el traductor mismo es un poeta a la altura y sensibilidad artística del poeta que traduce. Así se han vertido en nuestra lengua a poetas tan complejos como Walt Whitman y Emily Dickinson (Villar Raso 2005, 2006), o a los clásicos, vertidos al español por grandes poetas o por traductores con un oficio refinado y una amplia bibliografía, como los que aquí nos ocupa. De José Luis Vázquez Marruecos sabemos que es capaz de volcar al español las más finas esencias de autores ingleses y al contrario, de llevar al inglés a autores españoles tan complejos como Antonio Carvajal (1997, 1998), Francisco Acuyo (2001a) y Elena Martín Vivaldi (2001b). Y otro tanto puede decirse de Esther Vázquez y del Árbol, coautora de similares textos y autores, con idéntica soltura a la de Vázquez Marruecos en ambas lenguas.

En líneas generales, la traducción resulta muy literal y bastante fiel. La versión en castellano del poema “Scotland’s Winter” (“El Invierno en Escocia”) de Edwin Muir, por ejemplo, mantiene intacta la calidad emotiva del original en inglés, revelando en todo su esplendor la precisión lingüística y el estilo vivo y atractivo que caracteriza a dicho poeta. Y lo mismo se puede decir de la traducción de poemas como “The Little White Rose” (“La Pequeña Rosa Blanca”) de Hugh MacDiarmid, una de las más bellas manifestaciones

En líneas generales, la traducción resulta muy literal y bastante fiel. La versión en castellano del poema “Scotland’s Winter” (“El Invierno en Escocia”) de Edwin Muir, por ejemplo, mantiene intacta la calidad emotiva del original en inglés, revelando en todo su esplendor la precisión lingüística y el estilo vivo y atractivo que caracteriza a dicho poeta. Y lo mismo se puede decir de la traducción de poemas como “The Little White Rose” (“La Pequeña Rosa Blanca”) de Hugh MacDiarmid, una de las más bellas manifestaciones


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patrióticas, cuya versión en español es fiel reflejo de la simplicidad y estructura formal del original:

patrióticas, cuya versión en español es fiel reflejo de la simplicidad y estructura formal del original:

La rosa de todo el mundo no es para mí. Yo por mi parte Sólo quiero la pequeña rosa blanca de Escocia Que huele de forma penetrante y dulce – y rompe el corazón.

La rosa de todo el mundo no es para mí. Yo por mi parte Sólo quiero la pequeña rosa blanca de Escocia Que huele de forma penetrante y dulce – y rompe el corazón.

(Vázquez y del Árbol y Vázquez Marruecos 2007: 223)

(Vázquez y del Árbol y Vázquez Marruecos 2007: 223)

En todo momento, los traductores reflejan de forma exacta la puntuación, capitalización y uso de guiones de los originales, intentado ajustarse, dentro de las limitaciones que implica dicha labor, a la rima y métrica del verso. En ocasiones, se desvían de una traducción meramente literal para mantener la vivacidad poética del texto, tal y como se refleja en la traducción de “Intruder in a Set Scene” (“Intruso en un Determinado Paisaje”) de Norman MacCaig. En dicho poema, los autores fieles a la estructura onomatopéyica del primer verso, traducen “The Way the water goes is blink blink blink” como “El modo en que el agua fluye es plinc plinc plinc”, reteniendo así la analogía del sonido con el original (250-251). Lo mismo se puede decir de la traducción de los versos finales de “Words, Wide Night” (“Palabras, Larga Noche”) de Carol Ann Duffy, en la que los autores conservan hábilmente la aliteración y el juego de palabras del poema original: “Pues estoy enamorada de ti y esto/ Es lo que es o lo que es en palabras” (“For I am in love with you and this/ Is what it is like or what it is like in words”, 326-327). Por tanto, Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos demuestran en todo momento su seguridad al enfrentarse ante las complejidades sintácticas del verso.

En todo momento, los traductores reflejan de forma exacta la puntuación, capitalización y uso de guiones de los originales, intentado ajustarse, dentro de las limitaciones que implica dicha labor, a la rima y métrica del verso. En ocasiones, se desvían de una traducción meramente literal para mantener la vivacidad poética del texto, tal y como se refleja en la traducción de “Intruder in a Set Scene” (“Intruso en un Determinado Paisaje”) de Norman MacCaig. En dicho poema, los autores fieles a la estructura onomatopéyica del primer verso, traducen “The Way the water goes is blink blink blink” como “El modo en que el agua fluye es plinc plinc plinc”, reteniendo así la analogía del sonido con el original (250-251). Lo mismo se puede decir de la traducción de los versos finales de “Words, Wide Night” (“Palabras, Larga Noche”) de Carol Ann Duffy, en la que los autores conservan hábilmente la aliteración y el juego de palabras del poema original: “Pues estoy enamorada de ti y esto/ Es lo que es o lo que es en palabras” (“For I am in love with you and this/ Is what it is like or what it is like in words”, 326-327). Por tanto, Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos demuestran en todo momento su seguridad al enfrentarse ante las complejidades sintácticas del verso.

En definitiva, debemos felicitar a los autores por la compleja labor realizada en esta antología, que cumple sobradamente la función de acercar la poesía escocesa al público español. Si traducir poesía es de por sí una tarea bastante ardua, enfrentarse a la selección de los textos más representativos de la poesía escocesa supone un auténtico desafío. Hay que reconocer, por tanto, el valor demostrado por Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos al aceptar tal reto,

En definitiva, debemos felicitar a los autores por la compleja labor realizada en esta antología, que cumple sobradamente la función de acercar la poesía escocesa al público español. Si traducir poesía es de por sí una tarea bastante ardua, enfrentarse a la selección de los textos más representativos de la poesía escocesa supone un auténtico desafío. Hay que reconocer, por tanto, el valor demostrado por Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos al aceptar tal reto,

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patrióticas, cuya versión en español es fiel reflejo de la simplicidad y estructura formal del original:

patrióticas, cuya versión en español es fiel reflejo de la simplicidad y estructura formal del original:

La rosa de todo el mundo no es para mí. Yo por mi parte Sólo quiero la pequeña rosa blanca de Escocia Que huele de forma penetrante y dulce – y rompe el corazón.

La rosa de todo el mundo no es para mí. Yo por mi parte Sólo quiero la pequeña rosa blanca de Escocia Que huele de forma penetrante y dulce – y rompe el corazón.

(Vázquez y del Árbol y Vázquez Marruecos 2007: 223)

(Vázquez y del Árbol y Vázquez Marruecos 2007: 223)

En todo momento, los traductores reflejan de forma exacta la puntuación, capitalización y uso de guiones de los originales, intentado ajustarse, dentro de las limitaciones que implica dicha labor, a la rima y métrica del verso. En ocasiones, se desvían de una traducción meramente literal para mantener la vivacidad poética del texto, tal y como se refleja en la traducción de “Intruder in a Set Scene” (“Intruso en un Determinado Paisaje”) de Norman MacCaig. En dicho poema, los autores fieles a la estructura onomatopéyica del primer verso, traducen “The Way the water goes is blink blink blink” como “El modo en que el agua fluye es plinc plinc plinc”, reteniendo así la analogía del sonido con el original (250-251). Lo mismo se puede decir de la traducción de los versos finales de “Words, Wide Night” (“Palabras, Larga Noche”) de Carol Ann Duffy, en la que los autores conservan hábilmente la aliteración y el juego de palabras del poema original: “Pues estoy enamorada de ti y esto/ Es lo que es o lo que es en palabras” (“For I am in love with you and this/ Is what it is like or what it is like in words”, 326-327). Por tanto, Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos demuestran en todo momento su seguridad al enfrentarse ante las complejidades sintácticas del verso.

En todo momento, los traductores reflejan de forma exacta la puntuación, capitalización y uso de guiones de los originales, intentado ajustarse, dentro de las limitaciones que implica dicha labor, a la rima y métrica del verso. En ocasiones, se desvían de una traducción meramente literal para mantener la vivacidad poética del texto, tal y como se refleja en la traducción de “Intruder in a Set Scene” (“Intruso en un Determinado Paisaje”) de Norman MacCaig. En dicho poema, los autores fieles a la estructura onomatopéyica del primer verso, traducen “The Way the water goes is blink blink blink” como “El modo en que el agua fluye es plinc plinc plinc”, reteniendo así la analogía del sonido con el original (250-251). Lo mismo se puede decir de la traducción de los versos finales de “Words, Wide Night” (“Palabras, Larga Noche”) de Carol Ann Duffy, en la que los autores conservan hábilmente la aliteración y el juego de palabras del poema original: “Pues estoy enamorada de ti y esto/ Es lo que es o lo que es en palabras” (“For I am in love with you and this/ Is what it is like or what it is like in words”, 326-327). Por tanto, Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos demuestran en todo momento su seguridad al enfrentarse ante las complejidades sintácticas del verso.

En definitiva, debemos felicitar a los autores por la compleja labor realizada en esta antología, que cumple sobradamente la función de acercar la poesía escocesa al público español. Si traducir poesía es de por sí una tarea bastante ardua, enfrentarse a la selección de los textos más representativos de la poesía escocesa supone un auténtico desafío. Hay que reconocer, por tanto, el valor demostrado por Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos al aceptar tal reto,

En definitiva, debemos felicitar a los autores por la compleja labor realizada en esta antología, que cumple sobradamente la función de acercar la poesía escocesa al público español. Si traducir poesía es de por sí una tarea bastante ardua, enfrentarse a la selección de los textos más representativos de la poesía escocesa supone un auténtico desafío. Hay que reconocer, por tanto, el valor demostrado por Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos al aceptar tal reto,


Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 295

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 295

y más aún, cuando la antología que hoy reseñamos combina traducción y anotaciones críticas.

y más aún, cuando la antología que hoy reseñamos combina traducción y anotaciones críticas.

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Emerson, R.W. 1995 (1836). Nature en N. Baym et al., eds. The Norton Anthology of American Literature (4ª ed.). Nueva York & Londres: Norton. Rivero Taravillo, A. ed. y trad. 2003. Canciones gaélicas. Antología de la poesía vernácula escocesa (Siglos XVI-XVIII). Málaga: Diputación Provincial de Málaga (Colección MaRemoto). Vázquez y del Árbol E. y Vázquez Marruecos J.L. 1997. Antonio Carvajal: Winter Testimony. Granada: Método Ediciones. —— 1998. Antonio Carvajal: Soul Shining Region. Granada: Método Ediciones. —— 2001a. Francisco Acuyo: Bilingual Anthology. Granada: Método Ediciones. —— 2001b. Elena Martín Vivaldi (Selected Poems). Granada: Método Ediciones. Villar Raso, M. ed. y trad. 2005. Walt Whitman: Hojas de Hierba (Antología Bilingüe). Madrid: Alianza Editorial. —— 2006. Emily Dickinson: Crónica de Plata (Poemas Escogidos) (2ª ed.). Madrid: Hiperión.

Emerson, R.W. 1995 (1836). Nature en N. Baym et al., eds. The Norton Anthology of American Literature (4ª ed.). Nueva York & Londres: Norton. Rivero Taravillo, A. ed. y trad. 2003. Canciones gaélicas. Antología de la poesía vernácula escocesa (Siglos XVI-XVIII). Málaga: Diputación Provincial de Málaga (Colección MaRemoto). Vázquez y del Árbol E. y Vázquez Marruecos J.L. 1997. Antonio Carvajal: Winter Testimony. Granada: Método Ediciones. —— 1998. Antonio Carvajal: Soul Shining Region. Granada: Método Ediciones. —— 2001a. Francisco Acuyo: Bilingual Anthology. Granada: Método Ediciones. —— 2001b. Elena Martín Vivaldi (Selected Poems). Granada: Método Ediciones. Villar Raso, M. ed. y trad. 2005. Walt Whitman: Hojas de Hierba (Antología Bilingüe). Madrid: Alianza Editorial. —— 2006. Emily Dickinson: Crónica de Plata (Poemas Escogidos) (2ª ed.). Madrid: Hiperión.

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 295

Pilar Villar Argáiz Esther Vázquez y del Árbol y José Luis Vázquez Marruecos 2007: Poesía... 295

y más aún, cuando la antología que hoy reseñamos combina traducción y anotaciones críticas.

y más aún, cuando la antología que hoy reseñamos combina traducción y anotaciones críticas.

OBRAS CITADAS

OBRAS CITADAS

Emerson, R.W. 1995 (1836). Nature en N. Baym et al., eds. The Norton Anthology of American Literature (4ª ed.). Nueva York & Londres: Norton. Rivero Taravillo, A. ed. y trad. 2003. Canciones gaélicas. Antología de la poesía vernácula escocesa (Siglos XVI-XVIII). Málaga: Diputación Provincial de Málaga (Colección MaRemoto). Vázquez y del Árbol E. y Vázquez Marruecos J.L. 1997. Antonio Carvajal: Winter Testimony. Granada: Método Ediciones. —— 1998. Antonio Carvajal: Soul Shining Region. Granada: Método Ediciones. —— 2001a. Francisco Acuyo: Bilingual Anthology. Granada: Método Ediciones. —— 2001b. Elena Martín Vivaldi (Selected Poems). Granada: Método Ediciones. Villar Raso, M. ed. y trad. 2005. Walt Whitman: Hojas de Hierba (Antología Bilingüe). Madrid: Alianza Editorial. —— 2006. Emily Dickinson: Crónica de Plata (Poemas Escogidos) (2ª ed.). Madrid: Hiperión.

Emerson, R.W. 1995 (1836). Nature en N. Baym et al., eds. The Norton Anthology of American Literature (4ª ed.). Nueva York & Londres: Norton. Rivero Taravillo, A. ed. y trad. 2003. Canciones gaélicas. Antología de la poesía vernácula escocesa (Siglos XVI-XVIII). Málaga: Diputación Provincial de Málaga (Colección MaRemoto). Vázquez y del Árbol E. y Vázquez Marruecos J.L. 1997. Antonio Carvajal: Winter Testimony. Granada: Método Ediciones. —— 1998. Antonio Carvajal: Soul Shining Region. Granada: Método Ediciones. —— 2001a. Francisco Acuyo: Bilingual Anthology. Granada: Método Ediciones. —— 2001b. Elena Martín Vivaldi (Selected Poems). Granada: Método Ediciones. Villar Raso, M. ed. y trad. 2005. Walt Whitman: Hojas de Hierba (Antología Bilingüe). Madrid: Alianza Editorial. —— 2006. Emily Dickinson: Crónica de Plata (Poemas Escogidos) (2ª ed.). Madrid: Hiperión.



Normas para la redacción

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Normas para la redacción

297

PRESENTACIÓN DE COLABORACIONES

PRESENTACIÓN DE COLABORACIONES

BABEL a.f.i.a.l. es una revista anual de filología inglesa y alemana que publica trabajos, previo informe positivo del Comité de Redacción, sobre la siguiente temática:

BABEL a.f.i.a.l. es una revista anual de filología inglesa y alemana que publica trabajos, previo informe positivo del Comité de Redacción, sobre la siguiente temática:

lengua inglesa y alemana literatura inglesa y alemana lingüística aplicada teoría literaria traducción metodología lexicología, lexicografía

lengua inglesa y alemana literatura inglesa y alemana lingüística aplicada teoría literaria traducción metodología lexicología, lexicografía

Las colaboraciones se enviarán antes de finales del mes de marzo de cada año a nombre de la Prof. Cristina Larkin Galiñanes a la siguiente dirección: BABEL a.f.i.a.l Facultade de Ciencias da Educación As Lagoas s/n 32004 Ourense (e-mail: larkin@uvigo.es)

Las colaboraciones se enviarán antes de finales del mes de marzo de cada año a nombre de la Prof. Cristina Larkin Galiñanes a la siguiente dirección: BABEL a.f.i.a.l Facultade de Ciencias da Educación As Lagoas s/n 32004 Ourense (e-mail: larkin@uvigo.es)

NORMAS PARA LA REDACCIÓN DE ORIGINALES:

NORMAS PARA LA REDACCIÓN DE ORIGINALES:

Se enviarán por correo ordinario 3 copias en papel del artículo, sin datos referentes al autor, y una hoja aparte con el título del artículo y los siguientes datos del autor: centro de trabajo, dirección, número de teléfono y dirección de correo electrónico.

Se enviarán por correo ordinario 3 copias en papel del artículo, sin datos referentes al autor, y una hoja aparte con el título del artículo y los siguientes datos del autor: centro de trabajo, dirección, número de teléfono y dirección de correo electrónico.

El artículo ha de estar precedido por dos resúmenes: el primero en inglés y el segundo en español o gallego. No debe exceder las 150 palabras.

El artículo ha de estar precedido por dos resúmenes: el primero en inglés y el segundo en español o gallego. No debe exceder las 150 palabras.

Cada resumen debe ir seguido de las palabras clave en las que se enmarca la investigación del artículo en los dos idiomas escogidos.

Cada resumen debe ir seguido de las palabras clave en las que se enmarca la investigación del artículo en los dos idiomas escogidos.

Normas para la redacción

297

Normas para la redacción

297

PRESENTACIÓN DE COLABORACIONES

PRESENTACIÓN DE COLABORACIONES

BABEL a.f.i.a.l. es una revista anual de filología inglesa y alemana que publica trabajos, previo informe positivo del Comité de Redacción, sobre la siguiente temática:

BABEL a.f.i.a.l. es una revista anual de filología inglesa y alemana que publica trabajos, previo informe positivo del Comité de Redacción, sobre la siguiente temática:

lengua inglesa y alemana literatura inglesa y alemana lingüística aplicada teoría literaria traducción metodología lexicología, lexicografía Las colaboraciones se enviarán antes de finales del mes de marzo de cada año a nombre de la Prof. Cristina Larkin Galiñanes a la siguiente dirección: BABEL a.f.i.a.l Facultade de Ciencias da Educación As Lagoas s/n 32004 Ourense (e-mail: larkin@uvigo.es)

lengua inglesa y alemana literatura inglesa y alemana lingüística aplicada teoría literaria traducción metodología lexicología, lexicografía Las colaboraciones se enviarán antes de finales del mes de marzo de cada año a nombre de la Prof. Cristina Larkin Galiñanes a la siguiente dirección: BABEL a.f.i.a.l Facultade de Ciencias da Educación As Lagoas s/n 32004 Ourense (e-mail: larkin@uvigo.es)

NORMAS PARA LA REDACCIÓN DE ORIGINALES:

NORMAS PARA LA REDACCIÓN DE ORIGINALES:

Se enviarán por correo ordinario 3 copias en papel del artículo, sin datos referentes al autor, y una hoja aparte con el título del artículo y los siguientes datos del autor: centro de trabajo, dirección, número de teléfono y dirección de correo electrónico.

Se enviarán por correo ordinario 3 copias en papel del artículo, sin datos referentes al autor, y una hoja aparte con el título del artículo y los siguientes datos del autor: centro de trabajo, dirección, número de teléfono y dirección de correo electrónico.

El artículo ha de estar precedido por dos resúmenes: el primero en inglés y el segundo en español o gallego. No debe exceder las 150 palabras.

El artículo ha de estar precedido por dos resúmenes: el primero en inglés y el segundo en español o gallego. No debe exceder las 150 palabras.

Cada resumen debe ir seguido de las palabras clave en las que se enmarca la investigación del artículo en los dos idiomas escogidos.

Cada resumen debe ir seguido de las palabras clave en las que se enmarca la investigación del artículo en los dos idiomas escogidos.


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Si el artículo resultase aceptado, se enviará por correo electrónico en un solo archivo a la dirección arriba indicada. Este archivo debe contener: el título del artículo, el nombre del autor, la institución a la que pertenece, el correo electrónico, el resumen en inglés, las palabras clave en inglés, el resumen en español/ gallego, las palabras clave en este idioma y finalmente el texto del artículo, seguido de las notas y las obras citadas.

Si el artículo resultase aceptado, se enviará por correo electrónico en un solo archivo a la dirección arriba indicada. Este archivo debe contener: el título del artículo, el nombre del autor, la institución a la que pertenece, el correo electrónico, el resumen en inglés, las palabras clave en inglés, el resumen en español/ gallego, las palabras clave en este idioma y finalmente el texto del artículo, seguido de las notas y las obras citadas.

Las lenguas admitidas para la publicación de los artículos son: alemán, español, gallego e inglés.

Las lenguas admitidas para la publicación de los artículos son: alemán, español, gallego e inglés.

La extensión de los artículos no debe superar las 20 páginas, incluyendo en ellas notas y bibliografía.

La extensión de los artículos no debe superar las 20 páginas, incluyendo en ellas notas y bibliografía.

Tamaño de letra: 12 en todo el artículo, incluidas las notas. Interlineado: doble espacio, a excepción de los resúmenes y las notas que han de ser presentados a espacio sencillo.

Tamaño de letra: 12 en todo el artículo, incluidas las notas. Interlineado: doble espacio, a excepción de los resúmenes y las notas que han de ser presentados a espacio sencillo.

Tipo de letra: Times New Roman en todo el artículo

Tipo de letra: Times New Roman en todo el artículo

Titulo del artículo: Mayúsculas y negrilla

Titulo del artículo: Mayúsculas y negrilla

Encabezamientos de las secciones del artículo: Mayúscula, negrilla y numerados (1., 2., 3., etc)

Encabezamientos de las secciones del artículo: Mayúscula, negrilla y numerados (1., 2., 3., etc)

Subencabezamientos de las secciones: Minúscula, negrilla y numerados (1.1, 1.2., 1.3., etc)

Subencabezamientos de las secciones: Minúscula, negrilla y numerados (1.1, 1.2., 1.3., etc)

Las notas a pie de página deberán figurar inmediatamente al final del artículo (NOTAS/ NOTES/ FUßNOTEN) y, a continuación, la bibliografía en orden alfabético, bajo el encabezamiento OBRAS CITADAS/ WORKS CITED/ ZITIERTE WERKE.

Las notas a pie de página deberán figurar inmediatamente al final del artículo (NOTAS/ NOTES/ FUßNOTEN) y, a continuación, la bibliografía en orden alfabético, bajo el encabezamiento OBRAS CITADAS/ WORKS CITED/ ZITIERTE WERKE.

Las referencias bibliográficas serán elaboradas de acuerdo con los ejemplos siguientes:

Las referencias bibliográficas serán elaboradas de acuerdo con los ejemplos siguientes:

Culler, J. 1975. Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul

Culler, J. 1975. Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul

298

298

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

BABEL-AFIAL, 17/Ano 2008

Si el artículo resultase aceptado, se enviará por correo electrónico en un solo archivo a la dirección arriba indicada. Este archivo debe contener: el título del artículo, el nombre del autor, la institución a la que pertenece, el correo electrónico, el resumen en inglés, las palabras clave en inglés, el resumen en español/ gallego, las palabras clave en este idioma y finalmente el texto del artículo, seguido de las notas y las obras citadas.

Si el artículo resultase aceptado, se enviará por correo electrónico en un solo archivo a la dirección arriba indicada. Este archivo debe contener: el título del artículo, el nombre del autor, la institución a la que pertenece, el correo electrónico, el resumen en inglés, las palabras clave en inglés, el resumen en español/ gallego, las palabras clave en este idioma y finalmente el texto del artículo, seguido de las notas y las obras citadas.

Las lenguas admitidas para la publicación de los artículos son: alemán, español, gallego e inglés.

Las lenguas admitidas para la publicación de los artículos son: alemán, español, gallego e inglés.

La extensión de los artículos no debe superar las 20 páginas, incluyendo en ellas notas y bibliografía.

La extensión de los artículos no debe superar las 20 páginas, incluyendo en ellas notas y bibliografía.

Tamaño de letra: 12 en todo el artículo, incluidas las notas. Interlineado: doble espacio, a excepción de los resúmenes y las notas que han de ser presentados a espacio sencillo.

Tamaño de letra: 12 en todo el artículo, incluidas las notas. Interlineado: doble espacio, a excepción de los resúmenes y las notas que han de ser presentados a espacio sencillo.

Tipo de letra: Times New Roman en todo el artículo

Tipo de letra: Times New Roman en todo el artículo

Titulo del artículo: Mayúsculas y negrilla

Titulo del artículo: Mayúsculas y negrilla

Encabezamientos de las secciones del artículo: Mayúscula, negrilla y numerados (1., 2., 3., etc)

Encabezamientos de las secciones del artículo: Mayúscula, negrilla y numerados (1., 2., 3., etc)

Subencabezamientos de las secciones: Minúscula, negrilla y numerados (1.1, 1.2., 1.3., etc)

Subencabezamientos de las secciones: Minúscula, negrilla y numerados (1.1, 1.2., 1.3., etc)

Las notas a pie de página deberán figurar inmediatamente al final del artículo (NOTAS/ NOTES/ FUßNOTEN) y, a continuación, la bibliografía en orden alfabético, bajo el encabezamiento OBRAS CITADAS/ WORKS CITED/ ZITIERTE WERKE.

Las notas a pie de página deberán figurar inmediatamente al final del artículo (NOTAS/ NOTES/ FUßNOTEN) y, a continuación, la bibliografía en orden alfabético, bajo el encabezamiento OBRAS CITADAS/ WORKS CITED/ ZITIERTE WERKE.

Las referencias bibliográficas serán elaboradas de acuerdo con los ejemplos siguientes:

Las referencias bibliográficas serán elaboradas de acuerdo con los ejemplos siguientes:

Culler, J. 1975. Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul

Culler, J. 1975. Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul


Normas para la redacción

299

Normas para la redacción

299

Graham, J.W. 1975. “Point of view in The Waves: Some services of the style en S. Lewis, ed. Virginia Woolf. A Collection of Criticism. New York: McGraw-Hill Guiora, A., R. Brannon y C.Dull. 1972 “Empathy and second language learning”. Language Learning. 22:111-130

Graham, J.W. 1975. “Point of view in The Waves: Some services of the style en S. Lewis, ed. Virginia Woolf. A Collection of Criticism. New York: McGraw-Hill Guiora, A., R. Brannon y C.Dull. 1972 “Empathy and second language learning”. Language Learning. 22:111-130

Más información en nuestra página web http://webs.uvigo.es/babelafial

Más información en nuestra página web http://webs.uvigo.es/babelafial

Normas para la redacción

299

Normas para la redacción

299

Graham, J.W. 1975. “Point of view in The Waves: Some services of the style en S. Lewis, ed. Virginia Woolf. A Collection of Criticism. New York: McGraw-Hill Guiora, A., R. Brannon y C.Dull. 1972 “Empathy and second language learning”. Language Learning. 22:111-130

Graham, J.W. 1975. “Point of view in The Waves: Some services of the style en S. Lewis, ed. Virginia Woolf. A Collection of Criticism. New York: McGraw-Hill Guiora, A., R. Brannon y C.Dull. 1972 “Empathy and second language learning”. Language Learning. 22:111-130

Más información en nuestra página web http://webs.uvigo.es/babelafial

Más información en nuestra página web http://webs.uvigo.es/babelafial


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