RETHINKING BAHSILI’S PUBLIC SPACE: AN APPLICATION OF RELIEF DESIGN - MASTER THESIS

POLITECNICO DI MILANO

RETHINKING BAHSILI’S PUBLIC SPACE AN APPLICATION OF RELIEF DESIGN

a thesis by AZRA AHSEN OZYURT supervisor Prof. MATTEO MOTTI Master of Science Sustainable Architecture and Landscape Design

Author: Azra Ahsen ÖZYURT email: azraahsen.ozyurt@mail.polimi.it / azraahsen@gmail.com University: Politecnico di Milano Department: School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Programme: Sustainable Architecture and Landscape Design Supervisor: Prof. Matteo Motti, Department of Architecture and Urban Studies Date: 7th of April 2022.

All featured, texts, photos and illustrations are property of the author unless otherwise stated. Other materials are used with permission from copyright owner.

Original format: A4

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Rethinking Bahsili’s Public Space: An Application of Relief Design

RETHINKING BAHSILI’S PUBLIC SPACE: AN APPLICATION OF RELIEF DESIGN

MASTER OF SCIENCE THESIS SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN AUTHOR Azra Ahsen ÖZYURT SUPERVISOR Prof. Matteo Motti

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One of the first conditions of happiness is that the link between man and nature shall not be broken.

LEV NIKOLAYEVICH TOLSTOY

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Rethinking Bahsili’s Public Space: An Application of Relief Design

Acknowledgement I would like to express my sincere thanks to following people who helped me undertake this thesis: My supervisor Professor Matteo Motti, for providing guidance and feedback throughout this project and encouraging me to rediscover a city I thought knew.

To my family for their continuous support throughout my life. My father, Senior Architect Ersan Özyurt, for his patience, feedback and support throughout my education and my thesis. My Mother, Sükran Özyurt who always guided my mind to work in the healthiest way, to my little sister Emel Ezel ÖZYURT who always aspires me to be the best version of myself, without their support and upbringing, this accomplishment would not be possible.

To my Grandparents, Adile ORAN and Abdullah ORAN, who are locals of this thesis subject, for showing me how crucial it is to live, understand, and always be a part of nature.

To my friend Arch. Sezin Tütüncüoglu for her constant help and patience.

And to my Partner Arch. Mahmut Kagan Balcı, for his love and encouragement, gave me the courage to push my limits.

I dedicate this thesis to understanding and helping create healthy urban environments, which I thrive in and love.

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ABSTRACT The world we live in has an engraved system to it which we humans call “nature” which is the system of the planet itself. During our development as humans throughout the centuries of urban organizations, we slowly faded away from the natural elements of the world so this created mental health and physical health problems. Specifically, the urban spaces and the stress caused by them have been significantly coming to the attention of occupants increasingly which are caused by multiple layers of negative urban aspects such as lack of natural spaces and lack of systematic organization within the city.

During the Covid-19 pandemic year of 2020 and following the semi-isolation year of 2021, the world has experienced its environments more deliberatively. The urban stress elements have increased in their effects.

Under these conditions, understanding with analysis and clear representation of urban stress will help to increase awareness and design techniques of relief.

Bahsili in Turkey has been one of the districts where people have started spending more time during pandemics and lockdowns. This was caused by both the lower population density and some small-scale and privately created biophilic element typology that already exists in the place. Even though the city is a more preferable urban space, it still consists of elements of urban stress.

Therefore this thesis focuses on this district of Bahsili in mid-Turkey and aims to analyze urban stress points and create and use a plane analysis technique to represent the urban stress to visualize the strain effect. Then focuses on designing a relief system to create an urban space with minimal stress by integrating urban systems into the natural systems, creating biophilic spaces and urban acupuncture interventions while also combining the natural elements into the urban system while creating systems that can be sustainable within themselves.

Keywords: sustainability, urban design, urban stress, relief design, biophilic design, urban acupuncture

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Rethinking Bahsili’s Public Space: An Application of Relief Design

SOMMARIO Il mondo in cui viviamo ha un sistema inciso che noi umani chiamiamo “natura”, che è il sistema del pianeta stesso. Durante il nostro sviluppo come esseri umani nel corso dei secoli delle organizzazioni urbane, ci siamo lentamente allontanati dagli elementi naturali del mondo, quindi questo ha creato problemi di salute mentale e fisica. In particolare, gli spazi urbani e lo stress da essi causato hanno attirato in modo significativo l’attenzione degli occupanti, a causa di molteplici strati di aspetti urbani negativi come la mancanza di spazi naturali e la mancanza di organizzazione sistematica all’interno della città.

Durante l’anno della pandemia di Covid-19 del 2020 e dopo l’anno di semi-isolamento del 2021, il mondo ha vissuto i suoi ambienti in modo più deliberato. Gli elementi di stress urbano sono aumentati nei loro effetti.

In queste condizioni, la comprensione con l’analisi e la chiara rappresentazione dello stress urbano aiuterà ad aumentare la consapevolezza e le tecniche di progettazione del rilievo.

Bahsili in Turchia è stato uno dei distretti in cui le persone hanno iniziato a trascorrere più tempo durante pandemie e blocchi. Ciò è stato causato sia dalla minore densità di popolazione che da alcune tipologie di elementi biofili su piccola scala e creati privatamente che già esistono nel luogo. Anche se la città è uno spazio urbano più preferibile, è comunque costituita da elementi di stress urbano.

Pertanto questa tesi si concentra su questo distretto di Bahsili nel centro della Turchia e mira ad analizzare i punti di stress urbano e creare e utilizzare una tecnica di analisi piana per rappresentare lo stress urbano per visualizzare l’effetto di deformazione. Quindi si concentra sulla progettazione di un sistema di rilievo per creare uno spazio urbano con il minimo stress integrando i sistemi urbani nei sistemi naturali, creando spazi biofili e interventi di agopuntura urbana combinando anche gli elementi naturali nel sistema urbano creando al contempo sistemi che possono essere sostenibili al loro interno .

Parole chiave: sostenibilità, design urbano, stress urbano, design in rilievo, design biofilico, agopuntura urbana

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INDEX ABSTRACT

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1. METHODOLOGY 1.2. SUSTAINABILITY TODAY

CHAPTER 2 : URBAN STRESS REPRESENTATION 2.1. URBAN STRESS AND ANALYSIS 2.1.1. URBAN STRESS PLANES 2.1.2. URBAN STRESS PLANE MATRIX 2.1.3. RELIEF OF STRESS POINTS 2.1.3.1 BIOPHILIA

2.1.3.2 BIOPHILIC URBAN DESIGN 2.1.3.3.URBAN ACUPUNCTURE

2.1.3.4. SYSTEMS AND LINKS

CHAPTER 3 : BAHSILI 3.1. MAIN URBAN ELEMENTS 3.2. URBAN BIOPHILIC ELEMENTS

3.2.1. HOUSING TYPOLOGY

3.2.2. MID SCALE AGRICULTURE 3.2.2.1. IRRIGATED FARMING 3.2.2.2. DRY FARMING

3.2.3. FARMERS MARKET 3.2.4. RIVERFRONT 3.3. URBAN STRESS POINTS MAPPING 3.4. URBAN STRESS PLANE OF BAHSILI

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Rethinking Bahsili’s Public Space: An Application of Relief Design

CHAPTER 4 : RELIEF DESIGN 4.1. RELIEVING URBAN STRESS IN BAHSILI 4.1.1. SYSTEMATIZING STRESS POINTS 4.1.2. RELIEF SYSTEMS 4.2. STRESS RELIEF DESIGNS 4.2.1. MASTERPLAN 4.2.2. PUBLIC SYSTEM - MAIN AXIS 4.2.2.1. ENTRANCE 4.2.2.2. INTERSECTION

4.2.2.3. FARMERS MARKET

4.2.2.4. URBAN PLANE AFTER INTERVENTIONS 4.2.3. GREEN SYSTEM

4.2.3.1 NATURE PARK

4.2.3.2. AGRICULTURE RIVER PARK 4.2.3.3. FORESTATION

4.2.3.4. URBAN PLANE AFTER INTERVENTIONS 4.2.4. AGRICULTURE SYSTEM

4.2.4.1. CROP ROTATION SYSTEM

4.2.4.2. ZONE ORGANISATION

CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION 5. URBAN PLANE AFTER INTERVENTIONS 5.1. CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF FIGURES

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1. METHODOLOGY 1.2. SUSTAINABILITY TODAY

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1.1.METHODOLOGY

-Analysis of urban stress elements.

-Represantation of urban stress causes and spaces.

-Urban stress matrix application to urban stress plane.

-Definition of the urban stress plane of Bahsili.

-Definition of the urban stress relief techniques.

-Design of spaces with systemic design, biophilia and urban acupuncture.

fig 1. Revealed: The beauty innovations that are helping to combat urban stress, Amanda Lim, 2008

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1.2. SUSTAINABILITY TODAY

We are now living in a world where the economy and growth is the base of everything. From the basics of life styles, to the character of the living spaces in the bigger scale.

“The urban texture” to be more precise. With the industrialization the urban life has begun to take a high importance in the humankind’s culture which only grew since then. When looking to the very simple growing patterns of the urban idea, we start from centers, move to decentralization. In parallel to the urban vision changes, a concept of metabolic rift has grown significantly.

“Rarely do we actually see the entire watershed that supplies the water that we drink or bathe in; nor do we see the subsurface soils that we walk on that underlie roads or regions; nor do we see he power of a coal mine from a power plant that generates the electricity when we turn the lights on. “ (Belanger, Infrastructure, Sustainability and Design) So the situation we see in the high percentage of city life is a person who has no idea where the food comes from, leaves a zone to work in another zone, spending a lot of time commuting. On the contrary, the rural life is in one way stuck in the production level of the cycle and cannot reach the end of the cycle of consuming or cultivating yet in another way in the end of the metabolic, no idea where the resources they consume are coming from. The natural basis of life, which is “the cycle”, is broken. People’s lives and the cycles of the living spaces are either a link or a point in a linear system.

The linear system of the constant growth separates the individual from the existing system of the planet we are living in. The human is disconnected from the natural elements and forever surrounded the man-made elements. The effects of the said phenomenon has increased in the latest years but was significantly more realized within the Covid-19 pandemic. We were not able to leave the man-made zone and now more aware of the effect of natural connections to our mental health. We need more of a connection to our basis as human beings and need to be a part of the Earth’s system.

fig 2.

SLOW Living, Urban and Environmental Design Studio - Group 2 - 2020

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CHAPTER 2 : URBAN STRESS REPRESENTATION 2.1. URBAN STRESS AND ANALYSIS 2.1.1. URBAN STRESS PLANES 2.1.2. URBAN STRESS PLANE MATRIX 2.1.3. RELIEF OF STRESS POINTS 2.1.3.1 BIOPHILIA

2.1.3.2 BIOPHILIC URBAN DESIGN 2.1.3.3.URBAN ACUPUNCTURE

2.1.3.4. SYSTEMS and LINKS

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2.1. URBAN STRESS and ANALYSIS Urban stress is a term that can be defined as “strain caused by junction of urban elements in an urban environment”. It effects the urban population in a negative way, as “A state of bodily or mental tension developed through city living, or the physical, chemical, or emotional factors that give rise to that tension.” defined by European Environment Agency.

Urban stress points are defined by the local characteristics of the urban space. The stress points can be defined by traditional urban analysis methods such as mapping, experiencing and surveying. It is spaces and problem areas where the urban life and the urban space problems are at its highest. Crowds, lack of organisation, noise, weather exposure, and spatial barriers are in general the main causes.

The level of urban stress can be analyzed by implementing the stress and urban characters into 2 different planes. The bottom plane will be the urban map, where the stress points are placed and the top plane is a parametrically created plane, programmed to be attracted to the stress points placed in the bottom plane which is the urban plane. The stress points attracts the urban stress plane and gives the outcome of physical view of how much strain is placed within the urban stress plane.

2.1.1. URBAN STRESS PLANES

fig. 3. urban stress plane, example with no strain

fig. 4. urban stress plane, example with 1 attraction point strain

“The urban plane”, the bottom plane, is the urban context in 2D, the mapping of the space as we know it. The urban plane mapping in this case should contain spatial information of urban spaces and should communicate the basics of the urban space. Within this plane, the basic map of the city lies.

The upper plane, called the urbans stress plane is a parallel plane over the urban plane. This plane is effected by and attracted to stress points within the urban space. If there are stress points in the urban plane, the stress plane will be attracted to those points and bend, creating stress on itself. If there are no stress points in the urban plane (image on left), the two planes exists parallel.

The urban plane and the urban stress plane are connected to each other by a matrix, called “the urban stress matrix”. This matrix is created by setting the planes to connect to each other. The bottom plane holding the urban map and the top plane having properties of a surface with attractor points.

The stress points are set as attractor points to the matrix and creates the stressed plane.

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fig. 5. urban stress plane, example with 2 attraction point strain

With the amount and placement of the stress points, the urban stress point will change, bend and create further stress by each point added.

Therefore the urban acupuncture design technique aims to remove those stress points and create parallelism between the two surfaces.

2.1.2. URBAN STRESS PLANE MATRIX

Urban Stress Plane

Stress points: attractor points of the urban stress plane. fig. 6 urban stress plane matrix, grasshopper modelling script

The urban stress plane matrix is a script of a plane created in “Grasshopper”. This script is used to define a plane over a main plain with a certain distance. There are multiple ways to create a plane in the script techniques yet in this one, the technique of connecting relative points is used. So these points on the stress plain can create a connection to points to be created in the main plane (the urban plane).

When the planes are created, the points on the urban plane are defined and loaded to create attraction to the stress plane. (Multiplication segments are added to balance the shape created by the attraction points on the attractive plane.)

The stress plane now has points attracted to, which pulls the plane in different locations, creating a strain over the plain therefore creating visual stress.

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2.1.3. RELIEF OF STRESS POINTS Since the stress is caused by junction of elements such as crowds, lack of organisation, noise, weather exposure, spatial barriers the main aim is to remove those problems.

Creating walkability, avoiding crowding by planning the paths and intersections correctly, creating buffer zones instead of spatial barriers are the first steps. Which can be achieved by the “urban acupuncture” methods. Said method should be done by a small scale, including the locals into the space and creating small scale interventions for spatial solutions.

The next step can be including biophilia into the design and, when removing the stress, also improving the spatial characteristics to even healthier levels by implementing biophilic elements to the public spaces.

The final big scale intervention should be placing these elements in a system. The urban space is a part of an environmental space and should be connected o its environment.

By linking the local activities, habitats and living styles and cultures to the existing environmental systems, the interventions will be effective, long term and beneficial in big scale.

2.1.3.1 BIOPHILIA Edward O. Wilson, entomologist and Sociobiologist defines biophilia as “the urge to affiliate with other forms of life”. The hypothesis of biophilia suggest that all humans has the tendency to seek for connections and relations to other forms of life exists in the living environment. This desire of creating natural connections can be interpreted as one of the basic needs within instincts.

About Biophilia, Wilson points out that humans evolved in a diverse environment. This creates the difference between humans with other species. So people have a deep psychological need for diverse natural environments as much as basic human companionship. Even the basis of human species can be strongly attached to the re-lationships with the environment and different species.

It is argued that biophilic design will enhance creativity with clarity of thought, improve our well-being and increase healing capacity which is supported by the ar-gument above and physical solutions. The air qualities importance can be given as a specific example to mentioned positive impacts in design. Natural air ventilation with green elements -therefore with living beings holding clorofile to their cells, creating oxygen from carbon dioxide- will create a better working and living environment. “Biophilia is humankind’s innate biological connection with nature. It helps explain why crackling fires and crashing waves captivate us; why a garden view can enhance our creativity; why shadows and heights instill fascination and fear; and why animal companionship and strolling through a park have restorative, healing effects.” (14 patterns of biophilic design Improving Health & Well-Being In The Built environ-ment).

In the light of the sociological definition, the term Biophilia in design is used to communicate the technique of creating spaces with natural elements in harmony with man-made elements. This, in theory, supports the human need for natural connection and relations therefore creates a healthy environment with mental support by fulfilling the instinct.

fig. 7. biophilic design example render

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2.1.3.2 BIOPHILIC URBAN DESIGN

Biophilic design attempts to achieve the benefits of contact between people and nature within the modern built environment by integrating nature, internally and externally, into buildings, built infrastructure and across the urban space. By adopting the strategies of this design principle, creating habitats for People, as biological organisms, that restore or enhance their physical and mental health, fitness and well-being becomes viable.

A biophilic approach to urban design will include multiple levels of intervention for maximum benefit, both for humans and the environment.

-Health: Mental and Physical well-being by balanced stimulation to the 5 senses.

-Environment: Being a part of the environmental system of the Earth by the circular systems of production and consuming such as reuse of greywaters, storm water management, and bio filtering, lowering the heat island effects and balancing the temperature.

-Economic: Creating lower maintenance costs by creating a circular system of production and consuming and creating increased productivity.

fig. 8. The High Line Park in New York City, a converted disuses elevated railroad tracks into a much loved biophilic intervention Dean Shareski via Flickr.

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2.1.3.3.URBAN ACUPUNCTURE Urban Acupuncture is a design technique that drives inspiration from the Chinese traditional medicine application which is Acupuncture. The aim of said medical procedure aims to find points of stress and built up in the nervous system of the body, then treat said points by applying point loads by needles, to create a relief, therefore, heal the said problem. his principle is adapted to design. A thorough analysis of social, economic, and ecological factors, stress points of the area is defined. As the medical procedure aims to relieve stress, by designing specific yet small interventions to the areas, the designs aim to relieve stress in the urban system. One of the urban design workshops in Tapei refers to the design technique as to “produce small-scale but socially catalytic interventions”.

The technique, in theory, aims for the participation of the users in the design. It is supposed to allow creative and multi-use spaces to be created instead of the definition of single-use designs. This also works against the modern machine the society lives in to be stretched and allows more creativity and individualism. The smaller interventions allow the design to be more realistic, inclusive, and usable instead of infrastructural changes or spatial character-defining design. The end result will be more sustainable in the social level, and if successful, will communicate to the bigger systems as a sign of life and relief in the city texture.

Urban acupuncture technique holds some resemblances to another concept called “Tactical Urbanism”. The technique depends on local behaviour and resources instead of capital-intensive municipal programs. The idea lives on the promotion of local instalment and cares for the interventions. These small changes are in hopes to boost the community morale, involvement, and jump-start revitalization.

So the urban acupuncture technique is focusing the design on small and bottom-up interventions that helps the community energy and experience in a positive and open way to heal and relieve the urban texture. It is an alternative to top-down and major changes and definition designs that loses their connection to space while passing through countless municipal and formal stages.

fig. 9. Paley Park New York by Aleksandr Zykov CC2.0

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2.1.3.4. SYSTEMS and LINKS In all contexts and concepts, the design needs a space. This space can never be an entity disconnected from all the surroundings or it cannot be non-affected by any surroundings. Therefore any design, intervention or touch has to be in a system hence the space of design will always be connected to something, somewhere or some effects. A piazza means nothing without the city and the city means nothing without the other cities, without the county it exists in. The city character is shaped by the environmental effects that the locals endure therefore relate to be protected from or use effectively.

A tree viewed from a balcony is connected to pollination corridor from some animals, the pollination corridor is supported by some water element somewhere in the system and more. All these elements should be considered in a system in design to achieve sustainable and long live results.

Even if an intervention is small, it needs to have meaning in a bigger system to not to be forgotten or to be usable by the communities.

fig. 10, 11. Systems of nature and urban environments.

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CHAPTER 3 : BAHSILI 3.1. MAIN URBAN ELEMENTS 3.2. URBAN BIOPHILIC ELEMENTS

3.2.1. HOUSING TYPOLOGY

3.2.2. MID SCALE AGRICULTURE 3.2.2.1. IRRIGATED FARMING 3.2.2.2. DRY FARMING

3.2.3. FARMERS MARKET 3.2.4. RIVERFRONT 3.3. URBAN STRESS POINTS MAPPING 3.4. URBAN STRESS PLANE OF BAHSILI

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3. BAHSILI

-Bahsili is a commune locate in the middle region of Turkey with an altitude of 689 m.

-Central Anatolia shows characteristics of a continental climate due to its elevation.

Averaging less than 25 centimetres per year, rainfall is sparse and typically occurs during fall and spring. Water conservation is often an issue, particularly during summer, and crops can fail during years of drought. Summers are bone dry and hot, with day temperatures averaging 29°C, falling to the midteens at night. Winters are cold and snowy, with daytime temperatures generally around 5°C and evenings at -2°C. The amount of winter snowfall is directly proportional to elevation.

fig. 12. Bahsili’s location in Turkey context.

-The cities development is based on the intersection point of natural resources from the river and the connection to the rest of the region by the road D735.

fig. 13. Bahsili’s location in Middle Anatolian Region

BAHSILI -The character of the urban development is a grid system taking the centre from the river.

-The riverfront zone is blocked and separated from the urban zone by roads.

River side lenght: Aprox 2900 metres

-Public areas of the city is limited to commercial stores and the axis of the road.

River side lenght: Aprox 3300 fig. 14. Bahsili’s road system and waterbody

fig. 15. Bahsili’s riverside lenght

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The city located in the middle region of Turkey, is a transit based developed city. It is located near the Red River where the road D735 passes, connecting the capital to the Southern and South-Eastern regions of Turkey. The intersection point of the river and the road, develops as a small town then grows into a Commune.

The general housing character of the area is one family house with more land surrounding, where the families grow their own food, in a small scale. The houses are isolated in themselves in general with high privacy values. The privacy is generally created by plantation within the property, along with production. Such as fruit trees planted around the property, grape ivy’s surrounding the fences etc. Within the said properties, small scale livestock also exists. So the city seems an urban zone with the center of it being a transit zone with a lot of commercial activities, the occupants of the city are spending most of their time in their own property. The center of the city focuses on the transit commercial use and is mostly not planned for the use of locals.

The population in the city has 4 main occupancies; first one being working for the refinery in the south, second being farming, third being; running the commercial stores. The last one is the modern worlds main occupancy, a commuter white collar. This means the time spent in the first and secondary places, being the home and the work are in a high percentage. The third space of social life barely exists.

After the pandemic, according to the Municipality, the population has increased almost by 50%, seen by the records of use of utilities such as water, sewer and electricity. The people around the area, started to move back into their summer houses or to their properties which were not in use yet. This can be connected back to the need of healthy levels of urban density, social distancing and the need to be around natural elements during lock downs.

So, the small scale of Biophilia in the city already exist and is increased by the pandemic living situations. The community of small scale natural cycle systems exists. It is in need of bigger/urban scale strategies to combine and turn them into an district scale biophilic city.

fig. 16. Bahsili satelite view

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BAHSILI, 2018

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fig. 17. Bahsili drone footage, 2018

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3.1. MAIN URBAN ELEMENTS

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fig. 18. Main urban elements map

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fig. 19. Bahsili, October 2021

1 fig. 20. Bahsili, October 2021

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fig. 21. Bahsili, October 2021

1 fig. 22. Bahsili, October 2021

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fig. 23. Bahsili, October 2021

2 fig. 24. Bahsili, October 2021

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fig. 25. Bahsili, October 2021

2 fig. 26. Bahsili, October 2021

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fig. 27. Bahsili, October 2021

3 fig. 28. Bahsili, October 2021

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fig. 29. Bahsili, October 2021

3 fig. 30. Bahsili, October 2021

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fig. 31. Bahsili, October 2021

4 fig. 32. Bahsili, October 2021

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fig. 33. Bahsili, October 2021

5 fig. 34. Bahsili, October 2021

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3.2. URBAN BIOPHILIC ELEMENTS Within the main urban elements of the city for the locals, some show biophilic space making characters. By having qualities such as creating space for community, spaces of natural stimulations and walking. These elements hold their biophilic space qualities to limited to their small limits and disconnected from the urban fabric.

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The spaces holding these qualities are: 1.

2.

3.

4.

The housing typology (The biophilic spaces and small scale agriculture and farming) Mid-scale Agriculture The farmers market and the community it creates Riverfront Green zone made of the riparian zone of Red River

fig. 35. Bahsili, Biophilic Elements map

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3.2.1. HOUSING TYPOLOGY The city has a grid system with the beginning point being the intersection of the river and the road. A commercial facade blocks the road, separating the grid from each other. This commercial zone is he main public area of the city with minimal walking possibility and minimal public areas other than commercial shops. There is no possibility of communities gathering in public spaces. Therefore people are spending time in their private residences and only use the commercial area for, as stated, commercial needs, arrive there by car and leave.

The grid is separated by a buffer zone from the river which exists because of safety reasons when the river was not properly managed.

The grid is created by module of private residences. These private residences are mostly characterized by a house close to the center of the property with farming and livestock activities surrounding. The privacy which is an important aspect of the culture hence the typology in the area, is created by plantation. These modules of residency are the existing small scale biophilic living areas of the city. These are the spaces people have been occupying more due to the pandemic.

Red River

Riverfront (riparian) Zone Housing grid Commercial Block Road

Property Boundaries Local Farming Housing

Local Farming Livestock

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fig. 36. Bahsili, Oran House, Photo: Aysenur Güney

An example of Private housing with semi open space and local agriculture activities. The space is connected with green elements. Daily life revolves around natural cycles of sun rise, watering times, eating and maintaining a natural cycle of living.

Riverfront

Leftover Space

Private Housing

fig. 37. Bahsili, Yılmaz House

An example of Private housing with being isolated from the context. The green and the cycle work is limited within the privately owned land and its boundaries. The river, public space and the housing has obvious barriers and void/leftover spaces.

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3.2.2. MID SCALE AGRICULTURE The agriculture character is a characteristic for middle Anatolian region. It mostly consists of wheat, hey, sugar beet, onion, potato, zucchini, sunflower, bean, chickpea, lentil, corn, paddy, carrot, apple, pear and tomatoes. These crops are farmed by families and the neighbours of the household, mostly without additional paid workers. Hence the surface area being in a middle scale, the products are often used by the family, second degree family members and the close community. Sometimes it is either sold in the farmers market or - if there is enough that year- to the local industries.

The character of the pattern can be described as patchy. Since there is no up level planning of specific agriculture, the lands owned by the community is used randomly, in line with the needs and the possibilities of the family.

The systems of farming can be defined under 2 categories as irrigated farming and dry farming. These farming systems are different by means of cultivation techniques yet also by means of income stability for the farmer. The dry farming technique is to cultivate 1 year and leave the area to rest for the next year. For the irrigated farming, the irrigation system is based on two different alternatives; 1. Ground water from a well located in the owners land 2. River water from the local infrastructure Red River

Riverfront (riparian) Zone Agriculture Patches Commercial Block Road

fig. 38. Bahsili, City elements map

fig. 39. Bahsili, Mid scale agriculture area highlight satelite image

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fig. 40. Bahsili, October 2021

This images dates to 10.10.2021, the products have been harvested during the summer.

In the beginning of the fall, leftover material of the crops are cleaned. By the help of tractors, the soil is turned “inside out” -as said in local terms- and left for ventilation. Waiting for the net years crops.

fig. 41. Bahsili, October 2021

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3.2.2.1. IRRIGATED FARMING

The irrigated farming technique covers the %12 of the agriculture land cover in the district of Bahsili. Irrigated agriculture practices are carried out in order to ensure that the soil and plants have access to water in regions that do not receive sufficient rainfall and have drought problems such as the mid-Anatolian region where Bahsili is. This system and technique of farming requires higher budgets for beginning development therefore in the project area, only a small percentage of farmers are using said technique. Specific Methods of irrigated farming are: • Keel irrigation method • Furrow irrigation method • Irrigation method by raising the ground water from underground • Irrigation with the sprinkler method

fig. 42. Distribution of irrigated and dry land, Kırıkkale Agriculture report, 2017

fig. 43. Local farmer, irrigated farming practice

fig. 44. Drip irrigation

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3.2.2.2. DRY FARMING

Dry agriculture is applied in places where the annual precipitation is as little as 400-500 mm or the distribution of precipitation is irregular, and 200-250 mm precipitation falls during the vegetation period. It is a method of growing plants without irrigation by accumulating precipitation water in the soil, using plants that do not require much water. This is the widely used tehnique in mid-anatolian region in turkey as well as Bahsili. %90 of the land is occupied by dry agriculte zones.

This method includes fallowing. The fallowing technique is to cultivate the soil for one year, and then to leave the soil to rest after plowing. This is an ancient technique in the region to make the soil regain its nitrogen levels back up. During the fallowing year, while the nitrogen levels rises the water level also rises and allows for next years crops to have enough water for the following year.

Mostly cultivated crops of dry farming in the region are wheat, barley, rye and oats.

fig. 45. Irrigated and dry farmlands, satelite image

The technique of fallowing and dry farming is economical by means of lowering the cost of irrigation and saves water. Yet the farmer can only cultivate and work for one year and has to leave the area to rest for the next. Therefore the technique lowers the turnout numbers for farmers. The income is stable for 1 year and non-existent for the next year. This obviously creates financial problems for the farmer but also removes the farmer from the cycle and community for 1 year.

fig. 46. Wheatfield, Kırıkkale, Turkey

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3.2.3. FARMERS MARKET The farmers market is one of nodes of the community in the city. The market is open once a week. The locals from around the area and sometimes from further villages, gather here to sell their products. This is an opportunity for the locals to shop locally for produce instead of the chain markets.

The area once or twice a year, is used for other organised events, yet these said events have all been cancelled during the pandemic.

It is located on the main social axis with one parcel of a buffer zone. This parcel separates the market from the high speed road and creates a better environment for the community.

The effect radius of the farmers market is bigger than its built environment. When communities gather here, the effect of social gatherings and social behaviors span a bigger radius. Creating a node of community and social interactions.

Red River

Riverfront (riparian) Zone

The Farmers Market Commercial Block Road fig. 47. Bahsili, city elements map

fig. 48. Farmers market, social effect radius

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fig. 49. Bahsili, farmers market,October 2021

fall.

The structure is basic yet protective over seasonal effects such as harsh sun, rain and snow-

Social Effect Radius

The Market

fig. 50. Farmers market, social effect radius

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3.2.4. RIVERFRONT The riverfront is the main green zone of the city. The ecological character of “riparian zone” is only narrowed but still exists. The area is turned into parks at some zones, In the other zones it is left natural. The time locals are spending in both areas are equal.

Red River

fig. 51. Bahsili, city elements map

Riverfront (riparian) Zone

This area is created by the municipality over the river in order to create a safer space over the heavy flow of the river for locals to swim, spend time and experience river. This semi natural “deck” is located in the natural part of the riparian zone. fig. 52. Bahsili, October 2021, riparian zone

Natural Area

Park Area

fig. 53. Bahsili, drone footage, riverfront

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fig. 54. Bahsili, Riverfront, October 2021

fig. 55. Bahsili, Riverfront, October 2021

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3.3. URBAN STRESS POINTS MAPPING Urban stress points are defined by the local characteristics of the urban space. The stress points can be defined by traditional urban analysis methods such as mapping, experiencing and surveying. Urban stress is spaces and problem areas where the urban life and the urban space problems are at its highest. Crowds, lack of organisation, noise, weather exposure, spatial barriers are in general the main causes.

In Bahsili the method of mapping and photo analysis is used. Understanding the circulation paths of the locals, weather exposure, spatial barriers and intersection points of local systems are essential. By creating a base map intersecting the crowds, noise, spatial barriers, lack of organisation and weather exposure, 7 main stress points are defined.

Sun Path

Built

Barriers

Noise

fig. 56. Bahsili site analysis maps

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Urban stress elements over the Bahsili map. Regarding the density and organisation. The higher the lines, the

The areas effected by the high weather exposure. Caused by minimal shading and organisation.

The points of stress defined by the elements of stress in the urban

fig. 57. Bahsili stress definition maps

Intersections of urban stress factors in the area by points and effect Rethinking Bahsili’s Public Space: An Application of Relief Design

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The Stress Points

fig. 58. Bahsili stress points and effect radius

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1 - ENTRANCE

2 - INTERSECTION

3 - FARMERS MARKET

4 - NATURE RIVERFRONT

5 - AGRICULTURE RIVERFRONT

6 - AGRICULTURE ZONE fig. 59. Bahsili stress points

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3.4. URBAN STRESS PLANE OF BAHSILI

fig. 60. Bahsili stress points

fig. 61. Bahsili stress points

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Urban Stress Points

Application of urban stress elements into the urban stress plane matrix. Placing the bahsili map in the base urban plane and definition of stress points to the matrix.

Urban stress plane of Bahsili.

fig. 62. Bahsili, urban stress plane

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CHAPTER 4 : RELIEF DESIGN 4.1. RELIEVING URBAN STRESS IN BAHSILI 4.1.1. SYSTEMATIZING STRESS POINTS 4.1.2. RELIEF SYSTEMS 4.2. STRESS RELIEF DESIGNS 4.2.1. MASTERPLAN 4.2.2. PUBLIC SYSTEM - MAIN AXIS 4.2.2.1. ENTRANCE 4.2.2.2. INTERSECTION

4.2.2.3. FARMERS MARKET

4.2.2.4. URBAN PLANE AFTER INTERVENTIONS 4.2.3. GREEN SYSTEM

4.2.3.1 NATURE PARK

4.2.3.2. AGRICULTURE RIVER PARK 4.2.3.3. FORESTATION

4.2.3.4. URBAN PLANE AFTER INTERVENTIONS 4.2.4. AGRICULTURE SYSTEM

4.2.4.1. CROP ROTATION SYSTEM

4.2.4.2. ZONE ORGANISATION

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4.1. RELIEVING URBAN STRESS IN BAHSILI 4.1.1. SYSTEMATIZING STRESS POINTS

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fig. 63. Bahsili, relief systems

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4.1.2. RELIEF SYSTEMS In order to create reliefs for the stress points it is important to place them in a system and define overall strategies for the spaces. The systems are aligned with the existing urban elements of the city and the relief solutions are mainly based on the existing social chracters and existing biophilic practices.

fig. 64. Bahsili, relief system layers

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The agriculture system aims to organise the mid-scale agriculture activities in the area.

These activities are allowing the citizens to be present in the community and links the urban cycles to the nature cycles. By organising the crops, surroundings and circulation, this system intervention will provide high efficiency in crops, balance for the ecology and natural systems.

The public system aims to organise the public spaces of the city to achieve the biophilic characters of the private spaces, to increase walkability, create awareness of surroundings therefore create a quality city scape for the locals.

The green systems aims to link the urban environment to the existing environmental systems. By creating green patches, balancing covered surfaces and connecting the green spaces in a loop the city will have a natural connection to the habitat.

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fig. 65. Metaconcept

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4.2. STRESS RELIEF DESIGNS 4.2.1. MASTERPLAN

7 - AGRICULTURE RIVE

8 - AGRICULTUR 9 - FORESTATION

1 -SYSTEM INTERS

2 - EN

3 - INTERSEC

4 - FARMERS M

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ERFRONT

Improved Walkability Public Squares Safe Crossing Lineer Forestation

RE ZONE

SECTION

NTRANCE AREA 5 - EXISTING PARK

CTION

6 - NATURE RIVERFRONT

MARKET

fig. 66. Strategy Masterplan

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4.2.2. PUBLIC SYSTEM - MAIN AXIS

System Intersection Main Bus Stop

Main Bus Stop

Mosque

Mosque Public Node Municipality Building Farmers Market

Farmers Market

fig. 67. Public system strategy - Existing

EXISTING MAIN AXIS CAR DOMINANT LOW ALKABILITY

Public Node Municipality Building

fig. 68. Public system strategy

PUBLIC SYSTEM INTERVENTIONS AMONG THE MAIN AXIS

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fig. 69. Public system strategy layers

GREEN LAYER

WALKABILITY LAYER

COMMUNITY LAYER

Green Layer: Elements of biophilia and links to the greater green system is created in order to relief stress both from the greater system and the spatial experience scale. Green patches and linear vegetation following the pedestrian paths.

Walkability Layer: This layers shows the developed paths for pedestrians among the main axis. The paths are mostly existing paths but in need of improvement for real use. Existing paths contains minimum dimensions of walkability and high danger zones for pedestrian use. Among the paths, the junction zones and nodes are defined and turned into public piazzas with multiple functions. The walkability is increased by creating safe crossing zones.

Community Layer: The existing spaces dedicated to the public use and improved involvement within the locals as a form of urban acupuncture. Said buildings are using solar roofs and community activities.

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LAYERS OF PUBLIC SYSTEM - WALKABILITY LAYER

Entrance Intervention

Intersection Intervention

Farmers Market Intervention

fig. 71. Public system strategy, walkability layer

Movement and nodes layer

fig. 70. Public system strategy

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Improved Walkability

fig. 72. Public system, Street interventions

Existing Street

Improved Street

Public Squares

Public Squares fig. 73. Public system, public square interventions

Safe Crossing fig. 74. Safe crossing material interventions

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LAYERS OF PUBLIC SYSTEM - GREEN LAYER

Entrance Intervention

Intersection Intervention

Farmers Market Intervention

fig. 76. Public system strategy, green layer

Green layer

fig. 75. Public system strategy

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Lineer Trees fig. 77. Public system strategy, green layer, row trees diagram

fig. 78. Public system strategy, green layer, row trees species

Forestation

fig. 79. Public system strategy, green layer, forestation diagram

fig. 80. Public system strategy, green layer, forestation species

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4.2.2. PUBLIC SYSTEM 4.2.2.1. ENTRANCE EXISTING

fig. 81. Entrance, existing Municipality CAD 1/1000 PLAN

Entrance Riverfront

Forestation Gap

fig. 82, 83. Entrance, October 2021

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STRATEGY

fig. 84. Strategy masterplan, keymap of entrance intervention

Improved Walkability Linear Trees Public Squares Safe Crossing

Forestation

fig. 85. Strategy masterplan, strategy of entrance intervention

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2

INTERVENTION

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fig. 87. Entrance intervention, bus station

1

The area is the space where the green system overlaps with the public system and it is the entrance of the city from multiple points. Therefore the main focus in the area is to organise the entrance space of Bahsili by increasing walkability, creating a designated space for transportation, reclaiming urban spaces for pedestrians with biophilic elements.

The main focus is, as always, is the relief the urban stress.

Firstly the bus station area is placed for multiple busses to be able to enter, wait and transport from. The bus station is designed with bands braking in different angles, creating a rather iconic starting point for the main axis grid.

Waiting and meeting piazza follows the angles of the main axis and the character of the bus station, providing seating, protection and relief zone by the gridally placed local trees.

The public axis begins in this zone with the starting point for walkability and grid system within. fig. 86. Entrance intervention, 1/500 plan

1/500 PLAN

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SPATIAL EXPERIENCE

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fig. 88. Entrance intervention, axonometric spatial diagram

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The waiting piazza follows the grid which starts from the bus station and continuing to the public system.

Trees placed within the 5m gridal system provides protection, relief, calmness and defined space for the entrance of the city. Trees help absorb the car noise and gas smell. They also provide privacy for the building in the parcel, blocking sound and view form the outside.

A piazza for meeting, waiting and spend time. fig. 89. Entrance intervention, 1/200 plan

1/200 PLAN

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SEC

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BUS STATION CONNECTION

CTION & GROUND MATERIAL 1 - 1/200

SECTION & GROUND MATERIAL 2 - 1/200

fig. 90. Entrance intervention, 1/200 plan sections and ground materials

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fig. 91. Entrance intervention, bus station view

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4.2.2. PUBLIC SYSTEM 4.2.2.2. INTERSECTION EXISTING

fig. 92. Intersection, existing Municipality CAD 1/1000 PLAN

Mosque

Municipality Building

fig. 93, 94. Intersection, October 2021

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STRATEGY

fig. 95. Strategy masterplan, key map of intersection intervention

Improved Walkability Linear Trees Public Squares Safe Crossing

Forestation

fig. 96. Strategy masterplan, strategy of intersection intervention

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INTERVENTION

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2 Friday prayer crowd

This area is the main node of the city.

It is where the main axis intersects with the secondary axis. It consists multiple centres of commercial and municipal use. The main point is to characterise different piazzas within their own character, implement the gridal system of the public system and organise the commercial activities with walkability, fresh urban spaces and character.

The mosque piazza is designed vide enough for Friday prayers, possibility to hold great amounts of crowds yet provided protection with gridal local trees. Seating is provided with an offset of the mosque and at the ends of the piazzas not to interfere with open prayer zones. The tree grid bleeds into the neighbour reclaim zones.

A gridal green structure is placed in the in between-building piazza. Providing the continuity of the street but using green and biophilic public spaces.

And the municipality piazza holds the grid character with another iconic statue with curves and fulfilling the curves by circular seating elements.

1 fig. 97. Intersection intervention, 1/500 plan

1/500 PLAN

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fig. 98. Intersection intervention, grid system of piazza system

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Mosque piazza, tree grid and the offset seating

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Continuity piazza, wood structure.

Municipality piazza, statue.

fig. 99. Intersection intervention, character defining elements of piazzas

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SPATIAL EXPERIENCE

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fig. 100. Intersection intervention, axonometric spatial diagram

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The 1/200 plan focused on the municipality piazza with curve seating elements placed within the grid.

1/200 PLAN

fig. 101. Intersection intervention, 1/200 plan

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SECTION &

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SECTION & GROUND MATERIAL 1 - 1/200

& GROUND MATERIAL 2 - 1/200

fig. 102. Intersection intervention, 1/200 sections and ground materials Rethinking Bahsili’s Public Space: An Application of Relief Design

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fig. 103. Intersection intervention, Municipality piazza view

100

fig. 104. Intersection intervention, Municipality piazza view Rethinking Bahsili’s Public Space: An Application of Relief Design

STORM WATER MANAGEMENT BY SOFT ESTATE

Throughout the public system, the soft estate zones are equipped with local plantation. To provide buffer zones and definitions using biophilic space making. The soft estates are also used to define a storm after management system among the main axis.

fig. 105. Intersection intervention, soft estates

fig. 106. Intersection intervention, soft estate stormwater management detail drawing

fig. 107. Intersection intervention, soft estate storm water management diagrams

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4.2.2. PUBLIC SYSTEM 4.2.2.3. FARMERS MARKET EXISTING

fig. 108. Farmers market, existing Municipality CAD

Farmers Market From the backside

Farmers Market From the road

fig. 109,110. Intersection, October 2021

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STRATEGY

fig. 111. Strategy masterplan, key map of farmers market intervention

Improved Walkability Linear Trees Public Squares Safe Crossing

Forestation

fig. 112. Strategy masterplan, strategy of farmers market intervention

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2

INTERVENTION

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1

The farmers market area is defined by the existing structure. The structure is used mainly for the weekly farmers market but also serves a purpose to community gatherings. The piazza character is defined in the grid in a more flexible way relative to the other relief intervention spaces.

Children focus zones, covered seating and the continuation of the tree grids are the main points working around the entrance and the circulation of the farmers market. This is the intervention where the design focus is to support the existing community sense and involve the locals in the public spaces. fig. 113. Farmers market intervention, 1/500 plan

1/500 PLAN

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INTERVENTION SECTIONS

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1/200 SECTION & MATERIAL

1/200 SECTION & MATERIAL

fig. 114. Farmers market intervention, 1/200 sections and ground materials

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The focus 1/200 plan of the farmer’s market area shows he placement of the tree grid with fruit trees and green trees, placement of the regularly placed seating, kid playing area with water sprinkles and part of the main entrance of the farmers market.

The area is a multipurpose area for all age groups to exist with a high community understating and inclusion. The farmers market helps the farmers to be included the city’s community to be an active member of the social relationships. fig. 115. Farmers market intervention, 1/200 plan

1/200 FOCUS PLAN

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SPATIAL EXPERIENCE

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fig. 116. Farmers market intervention, axonometric spatial diagram

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fig. 116. Farmers market intervention, forestation/back view

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4.2.2.4. URBAN PLANE AFTER INTERVENTIONS

EXISTING CITY PLANE

INTERSECTION AREA RELIEVED

NUMBER OF STRESS POINTS: 6

NUMBER OF STRESS POINTS: 5

CAUSES OF STRESS -Intersection -Farmers market area -City entrance area -The natural riverfront area -Agriculture riverfront area -The agriculture zone

CAUSES OF STRESS -Farmers market area -City entrance area -The natural riverfront area -Agriculture riverfront area -The agriculture zone INTERVENTION DONE TO REMOVE STRESS POINT: -The main axis junction point organised, designed for better and biophilic experience and improved pedestrian safety.

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FARMERS MARKET AREA RELIEVED

ENTRANCE AREA RELIEVED

NUMBER OF STRESS POINTS: 4

NUMBER OF STRESS POINTS: 3

CAUSES OF STRESS -City entrance area -The natural riverfront area -Agriculture riverfront area -The agriculture zone

CAUSES OF STRESS -The natural riverfront area -Agriculture riverfront area -The agriculture zone

INTERVENTION DONE TO REMOVE STRESS POINT: -Farmers market area organised, connected to the riverfront and included in community life.

INTERVENTION DONE TO REMOVE STRESS POINT: -The city entrance area combined with green node is organised, the leftover spaces are seized and public transportation node created.

fig. 117, 118, 119, 120. Public system interventions, relief effects on urban stress plane

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4.2.3. GREEN SYSTEM

fig. 121. Relief system, Green system layer

Entrance Node Existing Park Forestation

fig. 122. Green System Strategy

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fig. 123. Green System Strategy, Green layer

The Green System consists two main elements. The plantation system being the linear plantation and the forestation and forestation patches, second the experiential system for the locals of the urban system.

The system of forestation and plantation is connected to the bigger habitat system of area by the big forestation base. This area is the heart of the whole green system, providing systematic support for the rest of the green system by stabilising soil, allowing the edges of the forestation to be thinner, creating continuous habitat for fauna and helping to fertilise and stabilise soil for the agricultural system.

The second big forestation base is created by the flora of the riparian zone space of the Red River. The whole system is in a loop without any breaks to provide pollination corridors for sustainable base of the green system and creating proper habitat for local fauna by implementing more local species to the missing green patches in improving the density of the greenery.

The riverfront forestation overlaps with a system of mobility. By connecting the existing paths and parks in the riverfront green areas. These paths are either improved or created into a biophilic space for the locals. Creating spaces for living, transit spaces and natural time spending. Most paths lead into a space created specifically for public nature experience areas.

fig. 124. Green System Strategy, Walkability layer

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LAYERS OF GREEN SYSTEM

Entrance Node Forestation

WALKABILITY LAYER

Existing Park

fig. 125. Green System Strategy

fig. 126. Green system strategy, walkability layer

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Existing Path

fig. 127. Green System, Street interventions

Improved Path

fig. 128. Green system path connection

fig. 129. Green system public spaces

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GREEN SYSTEM LAYER

Entrance Node Forestation

Existing Park

fig. 130. Green system strategy

fig. 131. Green system strategy, green layer

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Lineer Trees fig. 132. Green system strategy, green layer, row trees diagram

fig. 133. Green system strategy, green layer, row trees species

Forestation

fig. 134. Green system strategy, green layer, forestation diagram

fig. 135. Green system strategy, green layer, forestation species

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4.2.3. GREEN SYSTEM 4.2.3.1 NATURE PARK

fig. 136. Relief system, green layer, nature park

Within the green system consists uninterrupted walking paths and riverfront greenery.

The natural riverfront area has both these qualities in the maximum level .The area is supported by plantation of local trees and shrubs, the paths are created with natural materials with minimal intervention for maximum nature experience. The area is designed for a natural experience among the river. Specific spaces for “still” experiences of nature are created on top of the river.

These spaces ensures the safety of the locals.

The Red River is an unstable and fast river which can be dangerous for swimming and risky for the edges hence the flooding risk with soft soil. The paths and the public spaces are arranged, placed and designed in order to ensure the safety of all the mentioned matters. Yet also including the safety of natural system continuity.

The green system and the nature riverfront is a continuous green system that is able to support its own habitat and cycles within. The pollination and ecosystem is intact therefore it will not require maintenance after the first support of plantation.

Entrance Node Forestation

Existing Park

fig. 137. Green system strategy, nature park key map

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Improved Walkability

Public Squares

Safe Crossing

Linear Trees

Forestation

fig. 138. Green system strategy, nature park strategy

fig. 139. Green system strategy, nature park plan

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1/200 Focus Plan fig. 140. Green system strategy, nature park, intervention focus plan 1

fig. 141. Green system strategy, nature park , intervention focus diagram 1

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fig. 142. Green system strategy, nature park , intervention 1 view before

fig. 143. Green system strategy, nature park , intervention 1 view after

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1/200 Focus Plan fig. 144. Green system strategy, nature park, intervention 2 focus plan

fig. 145. Green system strategy, nature park , intervention 2 focus diagram

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fig. 146. Green system strategy, nature park, intervention 2 view before

fig. 147. Green system strategy, nature park, intervention 2 view after

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4.2.3. GREEN SYSTEM 4.2.3.2. AGRICULTURE RIVERFRONT PARK

The agriculture riverfront area is named after the position of the area. This is the zone where the green system meets the agricultural area. The green corridor connects to the forestation, the green system walking path ends and creates a loop back.

The area is separated from the agriculfig. 148. Relief system, green layer, agriculture riverfront park tural area by a road.

The plantation is considered identical to the natural riverfront area, local plants and shrubs yet this area contains more water front species hence the narrow depth of the park. The waterfront species connects to dryland species by the linear tree lines passing from the agricultural system, loading to the forestation system.

Entrance Node Forestation

Existing Park

fig. 149. Green system strategy, agriculture riverfront park key map

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Improved Walkability

Public Squares

Safe Crossing

Lineer

Forestation

fig. 150. Green system strategy, agriculture riverfront park strategy

fig. 151. Green system strategy, agriculture riverfront park plan

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fig. 152. Green system strategy, agriculture riverfront park focus plan piazza

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fig. 153. Green system strategy, agriculture riverfront park path view before

fig. 154. Green system strategy, agriculture riverfront park path view after

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4.2.3. GREEN SYSTEM 4.2.3.3. FORESTATION

fig. 155. Relief system, green layer, forestation

Forestation can also be defined as forest restoration. It is the process of restoring damaged forests and creating spaces of forest where is none. This will help degraded forest land to recover its structure, ecological systems and biodiversity. The benefits of forestation overseen are supporting the biodiversity in the area, improving the soil health, flooding and erosion control, take advantage of the leftover spaces of urban development.

The forestation in the relief system of urban stress in Bahsili will also work as a base for the green system in the hills of the city. This area is directly connected to the Agriculture system which will help to stabilize the soil and increase outcome for the crops while stabilizing the overall habitat.

Entrance Node Forestation

Existing Park

fig. 156. Green system strategy,

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fig. 157. Bahsili, drone footage, forestation highlighted from urban context

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PLANTATION SPECIES The forestation strategy will work as a combination of both supporting exsiting plantation and creating plantation patches from none. The species are selected acording to the local ecological system, spesifically exluding invasive species and mostly selecting from durable species in order to maintain the strategy of a self sustaining forestation.

fig. 158. Green system forestation species, 5-15 meters

fig. 159. Green system forestation species, 20- 40 meters

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PLANTATION STRATEGY It is important to make sure the systems are working together and wthin the green system, the species are placed properly to achieve the sustainable and living forestation and greenery.

Forest Edges : It is the transition zone (ecotone) from an area of woodland or forest to fields or other open spaces. In this case we consider three types of margin and analyze them.

A) Tightened Margin : -Risk of eradication B) Permeable Margin:Reduces moisture C) Stepped Margin:-Protects forest ( soil , moisture , species ) Edge Effects : Edges of a forest have microclimatic changes that affect the types of vegetation that can grow there. These microclimatic changes include more direct sunlight, higher soil temperatures, differences in humidity and depth of humus, and increased wind exposure and snow loads compared with the interior of a forest.

A) Original habitat with appropriate margins.

B) Gaps form as habitation becomes fragmented.

C) Fragments become smaller and more isolated.

D) Species disappear due to habitat fragmentation.

fig. 160. Green system forestation, plantation strategy

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4.2.3.4. URBAN PLANE AFTER INTERVENTIONS

PUBLIC SPACE SYSTEM RELIEVED

NATURAL RIVERFRONT AREA

NUMBER OF STRESS POINTS: 3

NUMBER OF STRESS POINTS:

CAUSES OF STRESS -The natural riverfront area -Agriculture riverfront area -The agriculture zone

CAUSES OF STRESS -Agriculture riverfront area -The agriculture zone

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INTERVENTION DONE TO REM -The natural riverfront area; con biophilic nature park design in s

RELIEVED

2

MOVE STRESS POINT: nnected, organised, reachable, small scale.

AGRICULTURE RIVERFRONT AREA RELIEVED

NUMBER OF STRESS POINTS: 1 CAUSES OF STRESS -The agriculture zone INTERVENTION DONE TO REMOVE STRESS POINT: -Agriculture riverfront area; connected to agriculture zone, to be used by farmers, a buffer zone for water management and green organisation.

fig. 161, 162, 163. Green system interventions, relief effects on urban stress plane

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4.2.4. AGRICULTURE SYSTEM

fig. 164. Relief system, Agriculture system layer

fig. 165. Agriculture System Strategy

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fig. 166. Agriculture System Strategy, Walkability layer

fig. 167. Agriculture System Strategy, Field types layer

fig. 168. Agriculture System Strategy, Green layer

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LAYERS OF AGRICULTURE SYSTEM

fig. 169. Agriculture System Strategy

MOVEMENT AND NODES LAYER

fig. 170. Agriculture system strategy, walkability layer

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Improved Walkability

fig. 171. Agriculture System, Street interventions

Existing Street

Improved Street

fig. 172. Agriculture system, linear poplar trees

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GREEN LAYER

fig. 173. Agriculture system strategy, green layer

CROP ROTATION LAYER

fig. 174. Agriculture system strategy, field types layer

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Linear Trees

fig. 175. Agriculture system strategy, linear poplar trees

Forestation Patches

fig. 176. Agriculture system strategy, forestation patches diagram

New Crop Rotation

Irrigated Field

Dry Field Rotation year Wheat

Dry Field Rotation start with Aspir

fig. 177. Agriculture system strategy, new crop rotation

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fig. 178. Agriculture System Strategy

fig. 179. Bahsili, dry and irrigated field patterns

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4.2.4.1. CROP ROTATION SYSTEM Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, is a highly FLOWER branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant in the - Antioxidative tea sunflower famil. It is commercially cultivated for vegetable - Spice oil extracted from the seeds and is used as a substitute for saffron.

Since safflower provides aeration of the soil with its BODY - Oil: pile roots, cereals and sunflowers form a good alternation.

-Biodiesel fuel - Vegetable oil The plant has the potentail to be cultivated during the - Dye year of “void” for the fallowing echnique. It makes use of the vacant land and prevents winter erosion.

During the gap year, safflower can be planted. The plant SEED -Feed will increase or balance the nitrogen levels and retain -Milk increasing water for the soil. The fallowing intensions are met yet the gap year for the farmer is now another productive year. fig. 180. Aspir plant The cultivation technique is exactly the same with crops such as wheat, therefore the same materials and machines can be used by the farmer.

This crop rotation technique is already in use in south-east anatolia region and can be planted in bahsili since the climate allows.

The system of dry agrculture is need of intervention. In order to keep the soil healty, balanced for both minerals and water, and also to achieve a sustainable cycle for the community. The crop rotation with safflower will provide an oppurtinity to use the fallowing soil for the dry farming spaces in the area. fig. 181. Crop rotation system

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fig. 182. Agriculture relief system, meta system

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4.2.4.2. ZONE ORGANISATION

fig. 183. Agriculture relief system, dry farming cycle

fig. 184. Agriculture relief system, fields connection to forestation, section spatial diagram

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fig. 185. Agriculture relief system, crop rotation axonometric diagram

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fig. 186. Agriculture relief system, view

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CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION 5. URBAN PLANE DURING & AFTER INTERVENTIONS 5.1. CONCLUSION

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5. URBAN PLANE DURING INTERVENTIONS

6 stress points

5 stress points the main axis center point intervention done

3 stress points 2 stress points the main axis entrance inter- natural green intervention vention done done

4 stress points farmers market intervention done

1 stress points agriculture green intervention done

6 stress points agriculture area intervention done fig. 187,188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193. Bahsili relief system effects summarized and finalised

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5. URBAN PLANE AFTER INTERVENTIONS

BEGINNING STESS PLANE OF BAHSILI 6 STRESS POINTS fig. 194. Bahsili relief system before the relief design

ACHIEVED STRESS PLANE OF BAHSILI NO STRESS POINTS

fig. 195. Bahsili relief system after the relief design

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5.1. CONCLUSION This thesis focused on the relief of urban stress elements with a design created in a mid-Anatolian city, Bahsili. Combined with urban stress representation, a theorotical approach to relief techniques and a system of relief, and a set of systematic small impact interventions. The relief techniques focuses on combining the natural elements into the urban system while creating systems that can be sustainable within themselves.

The intervenitons are done under the design techniques of biophilic design, urban acupuncure and systemaic design. These resulted in low-key interventions focusing on the use in daily and yearly use of the locals and simpler experience focused design. There is no large transformation to the site, more organisation, arrangement and spatial experience enhancing acupuncutures. Demolishion is minimized in order to provide realistic solutions and keep the existing urban system intact only to improve it by relieving the stress points.

The system reliefs achieved natural systems of riparian zones and semi - artificial systems of agriculture to be included in the urban space and urban life.

The design purposal, after the definiton of the relief systems, started in the large scale by the definition of the strategy, showing that the seperated systems of public and greens sstems should also be combined and included in all systems to achieve full circle in the systems. Then the spesific points of interventions of 6, one by one placed to create an urban plane that does not have any stress points and relieved.

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This research of representation of urban stress can be further used to communicate to express the “urban stress”, how it works and how it exists as a concept we experience mentally and physically but cannot always comperehend hence it is something we experience daily.

The part of the relief design in the research can lead an example to show that even though urban stress factors seems as problems of points and spesific areas, they are actually a problem that can be solved under an umberalla of a system, by using point interventions.

The urban stress factors can be highly experienced in spesific points and by only interfereing with the said points without a system will only create a relief temporarily and will create more stress points around the interveniton. Instead these points should always be placed in a system where they can work sustainably for long priods of time. The system definiton does not make the small interveniton into a bigger design but it creates continuity and permanent relief of urban stress.

fig. 196. Methodology executed

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Bibliography Handbook of Biophilic City Planning and Design, Timothy Beatley, 2016 Biophilic Cities Are Sustainable, Resilient Cities, Timothy Beatley and Peter Newman, June 2013 Biophilic streets: a design framework for creating multiple urban benefits, Agata Cabanek, Maria Elena Zingoni de Baro and Peter Newman, 2020 Biophilic urbanism: a case study on Singapore, Australian Planner, Peter Newman, 2014, 51:1, 4765, DOI: 10.1080/07293682.2013.790832 Exploring Challenges and Opportunities of Biophilic Urban Design: Evidence from Research and Experimentation, Maria Beatrice Andreucci, Angela Loder, Martin Brown and Jelena Brajkovi (2021) Biophilic Design, Restorative Environments and Well-Being, Ana Karinna Hidalgo, 2014 The river as an element of urban composition, Adam Rybka1, Rafał Mazur, 2018 Rivers as integration devices in cities, Ehsan Abshirini, Daniel Koch, 2016 The relationship between rivers and cities: influences of urbanization on the riverine zones – a case study of Red River zones in Hanoi, Vietnam, L. H. Phong, 2020 Urban Ecological Systems: Linking Terrestrial Ecological, Physical, and Socioeconomic Components of Metropolitan Areas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. Pickett, S.T.A. & Cadenasso, Mary & Grove, Morgan & Nilon, Charles & Pouyat, Richard & Zipperer, Wayne & Costanza, Robert. (2003). 32. 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114012.

Peter Newman (2014) Biophilic urbanism: a case study on Singapore, Australian Planner, 51:1, 4765 Up-to-date evaluation of the priority plant taxa and habitats of Kırıkkale province, Okan URKER, 2021 What Makes A City ‘Biophilic’? Observations and Experiences from the Wellington Nature Map Project, Maibritt Pedersen Zari, 2015 Protecting and restoring river ecosystems to support biodiversity Scoping paper on EU restoration targets for free-flowing rivers and freshwater ecosystems, March 2021 Urban Design and Rivers: A Critical Review of Theories Devising Planning and Design Concepts to Defin Riverside Urbanity, Laurence Pattacini, 2021 URBAN ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: Linking Terrestrial Ecological, Physical, and Socioeconomic Components of Metropolitan Areas, S. T. A. Pickett, M. L. Cadenasso, J. M. Grove, C. H. Nilon, R. V. Pouyat, W. C. Zipperer and R. Costanza, 2001 The long-term evolution of urban waters and their nineteenth century transformation in European cities.

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A comparative environmental history Verena Winiwarter, Gertrud Haidvogl, Severin HohensinnerFriedrich Hauer, Michael Bürkner, 2016 Energy Manual: Sustainable Architecture, Thomas Stark, Matthias Fuchs, Martin Zeumer, Manfred Hegger, 2008 Criticism of urban afforestation and urban and road afforestation in Istanbul, October 14, 2017 | Author: Direnç Erdinç | Category: N/A Urban Green Spaces A brief for Action, World Helath Organisation Water management with green infrasturcutre in ensuring sustainability of turkish cities, Birpinar, Mehmet & Tugaç, Çigdem. (2021).

Nature of the Wind, the Culture of the Landscape: Toward an Energy Sustainability Project in Catalonia Daniela Colafranceschi, Pere Sala and Fabio Manfredi

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List of Figures

fig 1. Revealed: The beauty innovations that are helping to combat urban stress, Amanda Lim, 2008 1....12 fig 2. SLOW Living, Urban and Environmental Design Studio - Group 2 – 2020..........................................15 fig. 3. Urban stress plane, example with no strain..........................................................................................18 fig. 4. Urban stress plane, example with 1 attraction point strain..................................................................18 fig. 5. Urban stress plane, example with 2 attraction point strain..................................................................19 fig. 6 Urban stress plane matrix, grasshopper modelling script.....................................................................19 fig. 7. Biophilic design example render..........................................................................................................20 fig. 8. The High Line Park in New York City, a converted disuses elevated railroad tracks into a much loved biophilic intervention Dean Shareski via Flickr...............................................................................................21 fig. 9. Paley Park New York by Aleksandr Zykov CC2.0.................................................................................22 fig. 10. Systems of nature and urban environments......................................................................................23 fig. 11. Systems of nature and urban environments......................................................................................23 fig. 12. Bahsili’s location in Turkey context.....................................................................................................26 fig. 13. Bahsili’s location in Middle Anatolian Region ...................................................................................26 fig. 14. Bahsili’s road system and waterbody.................................................................................................26 fig. 15. Bahsili’s riverside length.....................................................................................................................26 fig. 16. Bahsili satelite view............................................................................................................................27 fig. 17. Bahsili drone footage, 2018..............................................................................................................28 fig. 18. Main urban elements map.................................................................................................................31 fig. 19, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................32 fig. 20, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................32 fig. 21, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................33 fig. 22, Bahsili, October 2021 .......................................................................................................................33 fig. 23, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................34 fig. 24, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................34 fig. 25, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................35 fig. 26, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................35 fig. 27, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................36 fig. 28, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................36

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fig. 29, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................37 fig. 30, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................37 fig. 31, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................38 fig. 32, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................38 fig. 33, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................39 fig. 34, Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................39 fig. 35. Bahsili, Biophilic Elements map.........................................................................................................41 fig. 36. Bahsili, Oran House, Photo: Aysenur Güney......................................................................................43 fig. 37. Bahsili, Yılmaz House.........................................................................................................................43 fig. 38. Bahsili, City elements map................................................................................................................44 fig. 39. Bahsili, Mid scale agriculture area highlight satelite image..............................................................44 fig. 40. Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................45 fig. 41. Bahsili, October 2021........................................................................................................................45 fig. 42. Distribution of irrigated and dry land, Kırıkkale Agriculture report, 2017.........................................46 fig. 43. Local farmer, irrigated farming practice............................................................................................46 fig. 44. Drip irrigation....................................................................................................................................46 fig. 45. Irrigated and dry farmlands, satellite image......................................................................................47 fig. 46. Wheatfield, Kırıkkale, Turkey..............................................................................................................47 fig. 47. Bahsili, city elements map.................................................................................................................48 fig. 48. Farmers market, social effect radius...................................................................................................48 fig. 49. Bahsili, farmers market, October 2021..............................................................................................49 fig. 50. Farmers market, social effect radius...................................................................................................49 fig. 51. Bahsili, city elements map.................................................................................................................50 fig. 52. Bahsili, October 2021, riparian zone.................................................................................................50 fig. 53. Bahsili, drone footage, riverfront.......................................................................................................50 fig. 54. Bahsili, Riverfront, October 2021......................................................................................................51 fig. 55. Bahsili, Riverfront, October 2021......................................................................................................51 fig. 56. Bahsili site analysis maps...................................................................................................................52 fig. 57. Bahsili stress definition maps.............................................................................................................53 fig. 58. Bahsili stress points and effect radius.................................................................................................54 Rethinking Bahsili’s Public Space: An Application of Relief Design

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fig. 59. Bahsili stress points............................................................................................................................55 fig. 60. Bahsili stress points............................................................................................................................56 fig. 61. Bahsili stress points............................................................................................................................56 fig. 62. Bahsili, urban stress plane..................................................................................................................57 fig. 63. Bahsili, relief systems..........................................................................................................................61 fig. 64. Bahsili, relief system layers.................................................................................................................62 fig. 65. Meta concept.....................................................................................................................................65 fig. 66. Strategy Masterplan............................................................................................................................67 fig. 67. Public system strategy – Existing.......................................................................................................68 fig. 68. Public system strategy........................................................................................................................68 fig. 69. Public system strategy layers..............................................................................................................69 fig. 70. Public system strategy........................................................................................................................70 fig. 71. Public system strategy, walkability layer............................................................................................70 fig. 72. Public system, Street interventions.....................................................................................................71 fig. 73. Public system, Public square interventions.........................................................................................71 fig. 74. Safe crossing material interventions...................................................................................................71 fig. 75. Public system strategy........................................................................................................................72 fig. 76. Public system strategy, green layer....................................................................................................72 fig. 77. Public system strategy, green layer, row trees diagram.....................................................................73 fig. 78. Public system strategy, green layer, row trees species.......................................................................73 fig. 79. Public system strategy, green layer, forestation diagram...................................................................73 fig. 80. Public system strategy, green layer, forestation species....................................................................73 fig. 81. Entrance, existing Municipality CAD.................................................................................................74 fig. 82. Entrance, October 2021....................................................................................................................74 fig. 83. Entrance, October 2021....................................................................................................................74 fig. 84. Strategy masterplan, key map of entrance intervention....................................................................75 fig. 85. Strategy masterplan, strategy of entrance intervention....................................................................75 fig. 86. Entrance intervention, 1/500 plan.................................................................................................... 77 fig. 87. Entrance intervention, bus station....................................................................................................77 fig. 88. Entrance intervention, axonometric spatial diagram........................................................................79

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fig. 89. Entrance intervention, 1/200 plan.....................................................................................................81 fig. 90. Entrance intervention, 1/200 plan sections and ground materials....................................................83 fig. 91. Entrance intervention, bus station view.............................................................................................85 fig. 92. Intersection, existing Municipality CAD............................................................................................86 fig. 93, 94. Intersection, October 2021.........................................................................................................86 fig. 95. Strategy masterplan, key map of intersection intervene....................................................................87 fig. 96. Strategy masterplan, strategy of intersection intervention................................................................87 fig. 97. Intersection intervention, 1/500 plan................................................................................................89 fig. 98. Intersection intervention, grid system of piazza system.....................................................................91 fig. 99. Intersection intervention, character defining elements of piazzas.....................................................93 fig. 100. Intersection intervention, axonometric spatial diagram...................................................................95 fig. 101. Intersection intervention, 1/200 plan..............................................................................................97 fig. 102. Intersection intervention, 1/200 sections and ground materials......................................................99 fig. 103. Intersection intervention, Municipality piazza view.......................................................................100 fig. 104. Intersection intervention, Municipality piazza view.......................................................................100 fig. 105. Intersection intervention, soft estates............................................................................................101 fig. 106. Intersection intervention, soft estate storm water management detail drawing...........................101 fig. 107. Intersection intervention, soft estate storm water management diagrams...................................101 fig. 108. Farmers market, existing Municipality CAD..................................................................................102 fig. 109,110. Intersection, October 2021...................................................................................................102 fig. 111. Strategy masterplan, key map of farmers market intervention.....................................................103 fig. 112. Strategy masterplan, strategy of farmers market intervention.....................................................103 fig. 113. Farmers market intervention, 1/500 plan.....................................................................................105 fig. 114. Farmers market intervention, 1/200 sections and ground materials.............................................107 fig. 115. Farmers market intervention, 1/200 plan......................................................................................109 fig. 116. Farmers market intervention, axonometric spatial diagram...........................................................111 fig. 117. Public system interventions, relief effects on urban stress plane...................................................115 fig. 118. Public system interventions, relief effects on urban stress plane...................................................115 fig. 119. Public system interventions, relief effects on urban stress plane...................................................115 fig. 120. Public system interventions, relief effects on urban stress plane...................................................115 Rethinking Bahsili’s Public Space: An Application of Relief Design

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fig. 121. Relief system, Green system layer..................................................................................................116 fig. 122. Green System Strategy...................................................................................................................116 fig. 123. Green System Strategy, green layer...............................................................................................117 fig. 124. Green System Strategy, walkability layer.......................................................................................117 fig. 125. Green System Strategy...................................................................................................................118 fig. 126. Green System Strategy, walkability layer........................................................................................118 fig. 127. Green System, Street interventions...............................................................................................119 fig. 128. Green system path connection.......................................................................................................119 fig. 129 Green system public spaces............................................................................................................119 fig. 130. Green system strategy....................................................................................................................120 fig. 131. Green system strategy, green layer................................................................................................120 fig. 132. Green system strategy, green layer, row trees diagram.................................................................121 fig. 133. Green system strategy, green layer, row trees species..................................................................121 fig. 134. Green system strategy, green layer, forestation diagram...............................................................121 fig. 135. Green system strategy, green layer, forestation species................................................................121 fig. 136. Relief systems strategy, green layer, nature park ..........................................................................122 fig. 137. Green system strategy, nature park key map................................................................................122 fig. 138. Green system strategy, nature park strategy..................................................................................123 fig. 139. Green system strategy, nature park plan.......................................................................................123 fig. 140. Green system strategy, nature park , intervention focus plan 1....................................................124 fig. 141. Green system strategy, nature park , intervention focus diagram 1..............................................124 fig. 142 .Green system strategy, nature park , intervention 1 view before..................................................125 fig. 143. Green system strategy, nature park , intervention 1 view after......................................................125 fig. 144. Green system strategy, nature park, intervention 2 focus plan.....................................................126 fig. 145. Green system strategy, nature park , intervention 2 focus diagram..............................................126 fig. 146. Green system strategy, nature park, intervention 2 view before..................................................127 fig. 147. Green system strategy, nature park, intervention 2 view after......................................................127 fig. 148. Relief system, green layer, agriculture riverfront park...................................................................128 fig. 149. Green system strategy, agriculture riverfront park key map..........................................................128 fig. 150. Green system strategy, agriculture riverfront park strategy...........................................................129

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fig. 151. Green system strategy, agriculture riverfront park plan.................................................................129 fig. 152. Green system strategy, agriculture riverfront park focus plan piazza.............................................130 fig. 153. Green system strategy, agriculture riverfront park path view before.............................................131 fig. 154. Green system strategy, agriculture riverfront park path view after.................................................131 fig. 155. Relief system, green layer, forestation............................................................................................132 fig. 156. Green system strategy....................................................................................................................132 fig. 157. Bahsili, drone footage, forestation highlighted from urban context..............................................133 fig. 158. Green system forestation species, 5-15 meters.............................................................................134 fig. 159. Green system forestation species, 20- 40 meters..........................................................................134 fig. 160. Green system forestation, plantation strategy................................................................................135 fig. 161. Green system interventions, relief effects on urban stress plane...................................................137 fig. 162. Green system interventions, relief effects on urban stress plane...................................................137 fig. 163. Green system interventions, relief effects on urban stress plane...................................................137 fig. 164. Relief system, Agriculture system layer..........................................................................................138 fig. 165. Agriculture System Strategy...........................................................................................................138 fig. 166. Agriculture System Strategy, Walkability layer...............................................................................139 fig. 167. Agriculture System Strategy, Field types layer..............................................................................139 fig. 168. Agriculture System Strategy, Green layer.......................................................................................139 fig. 169. Agriculture System Strategy...........................................................................................................140 fig. 170. Agriculture system strategy, walkability layer.................................................................................140 fig. 171. Agriculture System, Street interventions.......................................................................................141 fig. 172. Agriculture system, linear poplar trees...........................................................................................141 fig. 173. Agriculture system strategy, green layer.........................................................................................142 fig. 174. Agriculture system strategy, field types layer.................................................................................142 fig. 175. Agriculture system strategy, linear poplar trees.............................................................................143 fig. 176. Agriculture system strategy, forestation patches diagram.............................................................143 fig. 177. Agriculture system strategy, new crop rotation..............................................................................143 fig. 178. Agriculture System Strategy...........................................................................................................144 fig. 179. Bahsili, dry and irrigated field patterns..........................................................................................144 fig. 180. Aspir plant.......................................................................................................................................145 Rethinking Bahsili’s Public Space: An Application of Relief Design

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fig. 181. Crop rotation system......................................................................................................................145 fig. 182. Agriculture relief system, meta system..........................................................................................147 fig. 183. Agriculture relief system, dry farming cycle...................................................................................148 fig. 184. Agriculture relief system, fields connection to forestation, section spatial diagram....................148 fig. 185. Agriculture relief system, crop rotation axonometric diagram.......................................................149 fig. 186. Agriculture relief system, view.......................................................................................................151 fig. 187. Bahsili relief system effects summarized and finalized...................................................................154 fig. 188. Bahsili relief system effects summarized and finalized...................................................................154 fig. 189. Bahsili relief system effects summarized and finalized...................................................................154 fig. 190. Bahsili relief system effects summarized and finalized...................................................................154 fig. 192. Bahsili relief system effects summarized and finalized...................................................................154 fig. 193. Bahsili relief system effects summarized and finalized...................................................................154 fig. 195. Bahsili relief system after the relief design.....................................................................................155 fig. 196. Methodology executed.................................................................................................................157

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