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Includessupplementarymaterial:Inthes,ParkandBurgessdevelopedadistinctiveprogramofurbanresearchattheUniversityofChicagoThistheoryhas recentlybeenrenamed“bioecologicalsystemstheory”toemphasizethatachild’sownbiologyisMichaelUngar.InprojectsfocusedonChicago,theyelaborated atheoryofurbanecologythatdrewparallelswithprocessesfoundinnaturalecosystems,leadingultimatelytothedivisionoftheurbanspaceintodistinctive ecologicalnichesor"naturalareas"inAbstractandFiguresInthispaper,wereviewtheintellectualhistoryofthehumanecodynamicsconceptoverthepast severalades,asithasemergedoutofclassicalecology,anthropology,Thistheorylooksatachild’sdevelopmentwithinthecontextofthesystemofrelationships thatformhisorherenvironmentInspiteofitspopularity,theThesocio-ecologicalmodel(SEM)wasfirstintroducedasaconceptualmodelforunderstanding humandevelopmentbyUrieBronfenbrennerinthesandlaterformalizedasatheoryinthes–TheinitialtheorybyBronfenbrennerwasillustratedbynestingcircles thatplacetheindividualinthecentersurroundedbyvarioussystemsThBronfenbrenner’sbioecologicaltheoryofhumandevelopmentisoneofthemostwidely knowntheoreticalframeworksinhumandevelopment.Includescontributionsfromrenownedinternationalscholars.ConsidersbothWesternandnon-Western approachesOffersanecologicalbasisforunderstandingresilienceProvidesacomprehensivelookathowcultureandcontextaffectpositiveoutcomestoadverse circumstancesBronfenbrenner’stheorydefinescomplex“layers”ofenvironment,eachhavinganeffectonachild’sdevelopment