Val Pusteria City: Rebalancing territorial pressures (Part- I)

South Tyrol

Towards a metropolitan dimension of the Alps

atlas

URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN STUDIO FALL 2021

Politecnico di Milano Scuola di Architettura Urbanistica Ingegneria delle Costruzioni Arc. Urb. Ing. Cos. (Mag.)(ord. 270) MI (1098) Urban Planning and Policy Design

Urbanization

South Tyrol

Towards a metropolitan dimension of the Alps

atlas

URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN STUDIO FALL 2021 TEACHING STAFF:

Tutors: Talita Medina, Philipp Rier, Ludovica Lasagni

Urban Planning & Design Studio

Urban Planning: prof. Matteo Motti - matteo.motti@polimi.it

2021-2022

Urbanism: prof. Antonio Longo - antonio.longo@polimi.it

Urbanization

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Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas, Zhaochen Zhang, Burhan Can Uzer, Poorva Nagesh, Ayushi Rastogi ,

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Atlas of Urbanization

Urbanization

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Val Pusteria Urban Ecologies

Introduction

Topography

Topography

Abstract

Val Pusteria as a Palimpsest

General aspects

Urbanization and Demographics

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Topography

The Linear City

The Linear City

The Linear City

Transport Infrastructure

Local ecologies

Central district

Suburban dream

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The Linear City

The Linear City

Agro-industrial paradise

Alpine utopia

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Conclusions

Bibliography

List of figures Urban Planning & Design Studio

Contents

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VAL PUSTERIA URBAN ECOLOGIES ABSTRACT

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As a result of the rugged topography and the way on which the transportation and urbanization process developed in Val Pusteria, now a days it can be stated that this valley works like a linear city, in which different sections or ecologies provide different services to the population. Nevertheless, these services are asymmetrically distributed through the territory which can affect the quality of life of people and put a lot of pressure in the transportation infrastructure.

In the previous page: View of the Drau in San Candido, Bolzano Province

Nowadays this valley is a vibrant modern territory which offers different kind of services to its population and to its visitors, making of it an up-to-date and peculiar alpine urban system, that suffers from different pressures and issues that must be address with specific planning interventions in order to continue offering a good quality of life to citizens, especially in an globalized and interconnected world which demands further and better services, infrastructure and development opportunities.

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Val Pusteria at first sight can be observed as an idyllic alpine region, with its beautiful landscapes, little towns, and villages with it characteristically architecture and culture.

For tourist this region proposes many different types of activities such as hiking, ski, and cultural heritage sites with typical food, rendering it as the perfect touristic destination during summer or winter seasons. However, if anybody starts analyzing this region, its history, its society, and its dynamics, it is possible to see that this territory has a lot more to offer than simple beautiful post-card scenes.

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01 Introduction

In this page: View of the Dolomites from the train connecting Fortezza and San Candido

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Considering the above, it is important to state that this Alpine region has always been related to human migrations and trade connections between the northern and southern Europe. In this sense, since the pre-historic period there has been traces of human activity and human settlements that have been shaping the land, but with the improvement and development of different transportation means with the arrival of the industrial revolution and the discovery of different energetic sources, the urbanization process, and the development of different human settlements in the region has been accelerated

Val Pusteria as an urban palimpsest relationships that make up a territory, it is important to understand the land as a palimpsest.

Through history, the Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige has been the main scenario of different transformations which have emerged as the result of diverse human historic relationships with the territory. Thus, if one analyzes this territory as palimpsest, it can be observed that through time this land has been configured, controlled, built, and altered in different forms according to human needs, requirements, and expectations.

Therefore, the intention of this atlas is to show the existing relation between transportation and urbanization in the Bolzano province making an emphasis in the Val pusteria, specifically from Brunnico to San Candido. This will be done in order to identify how transportation have configured different ecologies around the valley, and how citizens are relating to this spatial arrangement nowadays. To achieve this, this atlas will start presenting some general aspects of the Bolzano province in order to have a broad understanding of the land use, and latter it will start studying the different ecologies found in the mentioned valley.

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Taking into account what André Corboz stated in his text the land as a Palimpsest (1984), it can be determined that, through history, the land has been affected, controlled, and shaped by different human activities. As a result, the land has taken different roles which have satisfied these kinds of activities. First, it has been converted into a product, considering that it has become the object of construction.

Second, to obtain greater benefits, the humans have shaped the land as a project and third, it has become a source of symbols, definitions, and meanings. Nevertheless, to understand the current land use, compositions, dynamics, and

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01 Introduction

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In the previous page: Dobbiaco from Via Santa Maria In this page: on the top, Villabassa train station; at the bottom, Via Centrale in Brunico

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AUSTRIA

SWITZERLAND

VENETO

In this page: Bolzano province’s satelite image

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LOMBARDIA

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02 Topography

In this page: View of the Dolimites from the Braies Lake

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02 Topography

19 Second, the slope factor is one of the main factors in determining the suitable areas for human activities. Thus, in the Bolzano region distinctive slope ranges can be appreciated and can categorized as follow:

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2.1 General aspects The alps are the most important mountainous range in Europe due to its extension and its height. Within its perimeters several countries, such as Italy, Germany, France, Austria, and Switzerland share their national borders, making this region a european crossroad for economic, cultural, identity and language exchanges. However, due to its rugged geography, the land use is strictly related to the scare availability of flat or semi-flat land which is suitable to sustain diverse human activities.

Considering the above it is important to determine that topography can be analyzed from different perspectives. First the elevation or height map shows the heights curves in the region, which state that in Bolzano province there is a range of M.A.S.L from 210 up to 3890. Its distribution is the following:

In the previous page: Bolzano province’s height map In this page: Bolzano province’s slope degree

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Considering the above, a general slope’s characterisation can be determined in order to understand the type of land-use that is been giving according to the type of topography in the bolzano province. As a result, it can be stated that:

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Considering the rugged geography that composes the region, this scheme can be considered as a general section of the Val Pusteria.

Thus, in this section some characteristics can be observed. First, in the northern part of the valley, there are more bowed slopes, meanwhile, in the southern part, due to the confluence of two tectonic plates, the slopes are more pronounced.

Brunico city center Heavier land-use

Brunico outskirts

Dobbiaco agricultural setting

Dolomites natural park lighter land-use

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As a result of this peculiar topography, the valley is molded in a kind of “U-shaped” form, which starts organizing the land uses around it. For this reason, in the bottom of the valley, a more heavy or intensive land use has been developed, such as the construction of cities, infrastructure and other kind of services, meanwhile, in the upper levels of the valley, lighter uses have been established.

02 Topography

23 In this page: demographic evolution in the Bolzano province

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2.2. Urbanization and demographics The Bolzano province has been inhabited since pre-historic times; the first records of human activity has been dated from 12.000 B.C. and the archeologist have found traces of the first settlement that was established around 5.000 B.C. During the Bronze age the inhabitants started to find different settlements around the valleys, especially in those parts where the sun had a bigger reach. Nevertheless, it has been stated that during war times, the people moved to hill-top sides or areas of difficult access to look for protection.

After the war, this region was in the middle of the international gaze due to its culture heritage and identity, obliging the Italian government to recognize their statute of autonomy in 1972. Finally with the approval of the Schengen Agreement in 1998, the borders between Austria and Italy where revoked, giving once more the region its passage and exchange character between northern and southern Europe.

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With the arrival of the Fascist regime in 1922 and their intentions to accelerate the Italianization process of the Tiroleans, Mussolini order to create big industrial branches of the Lombardian and Piedmonts in the region, especially in Bolzano and its surroundings. This action had as result the relocation of many Italian speaking families into the main industrial and urbanized settlements in the province increasing the population size. Nevertheless, during the Second World War, many German-speaking population were encouraged to move to Germany, having important effect on the the local population.

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After the annexation of this territory under the roman empire around the year 15 A.D., in the 4th and 5th centuries, the first roman roads started to being built in the main valleys around the province increasing the human activity in the region. After the fall of the roman empire, this province was divided, conquered, and invaded by different European powers, and became an important site for economical exchange, passage, and mining industry. Nevertheless, after the discovery of the American continent, this region lost its importance because the Atlantic ports become the main commercial hubs in Europe.

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In this page: On top: general urban sprawl in the region On bottom Built areas compared to the provice’s topography

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In the previous page: Current buildings in the Bolzano Province

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Following the previous idea, it is important to underline that even the human settlements and buildings are spread around the flat and semi-flat lands in the province, there is an urban hierarchy that has been configured throw time. In the region there are some main hubs such as Bolzano, Bressanone, Merano and Brunnico, which are cities that are in the crossroads of different valleys. These specific points have been developed as local and regional “hot spots” for human activities. Meanwhile there are other secondary settlements that accomplish some urban functions, and around these it is possible to find tertiary urban settlements that have specific uses such as housing, industry, or commercial purposes.

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Since the topography of the region has configured the gradient of land use around the different valleys in the Bolzano province, nowadays it can be observed that the almost all the different buildings and human settlements around the territory are in the valleys’ bottom. For this reason, as it can be observed, the current buildings in the region follow a certain pattern which matches the topographic characteristics.

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On bottom: Urbanization timeline in Valpusteria (1990-2020)

As regards the Val Pusteria, the first human settlements have been seen around 6th century BC by official sources. The settlements in the valley developed according to the topographic lines. While the towns formed structures that would strengthen the connection between them. Meanwhile development of logistics, trade and tourism is made the area attractive than the past. The developing areas formed according to the need of the region, like being near to logistics and around facilities.

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On top: Urbanization process in Val Pusteria from 1990 - 2020.

On bottom: Dobbiaco nowadays

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On bottom: Dobbiaco in the past

On top: San Candido nowadays

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On top: San Candido in the past

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02 Topography

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2.3. Transport infrastructure

It is important to mention that during the war years, as the Val Pusteria was in the combat front, almost 2500 km of roads were build and some cable cars and military installations were develop. This kind of process changed hugely the current landscape which are still visible and used today.

In the previous page: On top: Mail carriage near the Landri On bottom: Construction of the Inninchen Train Station, circa 1870 In this page: On top: Mail truck in the in-between wars’ period On bottom: Volkswagen Beatle travelling around the old military roads in the Dolomites. Circa 1960.

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In the case of Val Pusteria, before the arrival of the industrial era’s transport infrastructure, this region was characterized by its agricultural identity. However, with the construction of the first railways at the end of the XIX century, the Alta Pusteria started changing its agricultural image to a known touristic valley due to its beauty and peculiar geography. As a result, the Railway company built several grand hotels such as the one located in Dobbiaco or the one situated in the Braies Lake.

In Dobbiaco, San Candido, Villabassa, the local villagers started to change their agricultural activities to start satisfying the enormous amount of tourist that began arriving in the valley, which had an enormous impact in the cooking style, configuration of public and private spaces and in general, had an impact in the type of local urbanization process. As a result the Valley started a reconfiguration process of its land use.

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Since the Roman times there has been some basic transport infrastructures around the province, which consisted mainly of roads in the valley bottoms, and helped the exchange and passage of people and goods through the region.

Nevertheless, before the industrial era, trips were made primarily by foot or by carriage, and stayed mainly in the main commercial valleys such as the Bolzano Valley. With the arrival on industrialization and the appearance of new locomotive technologies such as the train and the combustion engine, the region saw a quick development of its transport infrastructure, improving its connectivity, and connecting areas that were difficult to access in less time and with smaller travel times. This specific development had a direct impact in some economic sectors, such as tourism, because people could start coming easily in this region.

As a result, many services, such as hotels, start opening in different areas, which increased the urban sprawl of human settlements.

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In this page: Main transport infrastructure in the Bolzano Province

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Nowadays it is possible to observe that the main transportation infrastructure in the Bolzano province responses to the need of the historical urbanization and demographic evolution that occurred in this region. At the same time, even though the whole region is almost accessible by road, the main transportation network, such as the train track and the highways, are in the valley bottoms as a response to the rugged regional geography.

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Brunico

As it can be seen with the location of the urban settlements, what corresponds to the transport infrastructure, it is also related to the land’s use gradient configured by the topography of the region. For this reason, almost all the main roads, tracks and paths are located in the flat or semi-flats lands. In the case of Val Pusteria, the train tracks go through the whole valley in the lowest part, connecting the different urban settlements, making it a kind of urban metro line.

Meanwhile the bicycle lanes, also have a main path in the lowest part of the valley but it spreads through secondary valleys in order to give a full service to other tertiary urban settlements or services and giving these areas a direct connection with the main services provided in the valley.

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Monguelfo

Dobbiaco

Terento

Brunico

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Monguelfo

Terento

On top: Val Pusteria railway and road network On bottom: Val Pusteria Bicycle network

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Dobbiaco

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On top: Strava walking heat map On bottom: Google maps usual traffic (saturday 11:40 am)

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Brunico

Monguelfo

Terento

Dobbiaco

Brunico

Dobbiaco Urban Planning & Design Studio

Terento

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Monguelfo

In this page: Bolzano province general land

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03 The Linear City

In this page: View of the Monguelfo from the train

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03 The linear city

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3.1. Local ecologies As it has been told before, nowadays the Val Pusteria urban pattern with its different cities, towns and villages work like a linear city in which different sectors offer diverse services for citizens and tourists. At the same time each sector of this linear city, considering their availability of public and social equipment, have different characteristics which configures the kind of economic and social dynamics and therefore the way in which the urban arrangement is been configured. Another important fact of this linear city is that according to the topography of the region and the transportation network, which are the main variables that determined the land use distribution in this city, serve as a main backbone to understand the main physical, economic and social characteristics that configure what is observable today.

suburban dream, third the agro-industrial paradise and fourth the alpine utopia. This distribution is based on the methodology used by Bahman in his book (2001) “Los Angeles: the architecture of Four ecologies”. At this point it is important to mention that this distribution was made according to the availability of different public services such as hospital, schools, and what are the main economical activities in each of the different sections stated for this analysis.

In this page: Val Pusteria’s urban ecological division

In the next page: Monguelfo’s train station

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As a result of what has been stated in the previous paragraphs, this atlas section has as a purpose the description of the main urban characteristics observed in the four determined ecologies in the Val Pusteria linear city.

It will start first with the central district, second the suburban dream, third the agro-industrial paradise and at last the alpine utopia. In each According to the above, it is important subsection it will be given a description of the to underline that considering the field trip main urban characteristics, main economic observations, it can be stated that this linear activities, and the urban pattern observed ducity is made up of four (4) different ecologies ring the field trip. which are: first the central district, second the

On top: Hospitals in Val Pusteria

On top: School bus stops in Val Pusteria

On bottom: Population per municipality

On bottom: Public transport stops in Val Pusteria

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03 The linear city

On Bottom: Valley section at Brunnico

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On top: Modern versus old architecture in Brunnico Middle school in Brunnico In the middle: Brunnico urban sprawl

3.2. Central district In every city around the world there is a main central district, in which citizens, tourist and visitors can find many kinds of services such as: stores, restaurants, cultural heritage sites, offices, retail spaces, housing spaces, among others.

Central districts are well connected to public transportation, are very dense, and the plots divisions serve to different land-use purposes. In the case of the Val Pusteria’s Linear city, this central district is Brunnico.

This municipality is the most important one in the Val Pusteria not only because of its population size, but also because it serve as a main hub for services, infrastructure, public equipment, among others. If someone walks around this central district, it can feel like in any urban center of any other European city, because in this part of the linear city you have traffic, restaurants, housing, hotels, museums, libraries, schools, retail stores, between others all pack together in a dense configuration of buildings and public spaces.

At last it can be stated that Brunnico and its surroundings is the central district, due to topography, which is the cross-roads of different valleys in the Bolzano Province, which makes of it a main hub fro different areas in the territory.

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It is important to mention that in this area of the linear city there is always movement, people walking on the streets, school’s kids playing in the parks, students heading to the library to study or rent some books, white- and blue-collar workers entering and leaving different buildings. Also, the streets are full of cars, busses, and trucks, in few words, this part of the city is a vibrant, modern and rapid-pace sector.

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On top: Location of the central district ecology

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03 The linear city

On Bottom: Section of the Valley at Monguelfo

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On top: View of Monguelfo from the train View of Monguelfo from the train In the middle: Monguelfo urban sprawl

3.3. The Suburban Dream Nearby any important vibrant city in the world, there is a more relax-paced sector in which many people develop small communities of housing properties.

These communities are characterized by the vicinity to the central district of the city, they are well connected by road, public transport, and pedestrian paths to all the services provided in the central districts. In the Case of the Val Pusteria linear city, the Suburban dream are the localities nearby Brunnico.

In these localities, there exist a good public transport network, many new housing developments with modern standards, but with good spaces so families can grow and have a better quality of life than they would have in the central districts. It is important to mention that even though these areas are located nearby the city center, the urban print is less compact and there are less services. In these sectors of the city, citizens, tourist, and visitors can find daily-need services such as pharmacies and grocery’s stores among other little businesses such as bars and restaurants. At the same time, it is possible to start observing some other kinds of services and land-use types such as fabrics and industrial developments.

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Taking into account that the flat land is narrower in this section of the valpusteria valley, it can not handle a big amount of large-scale constructions suchs as factories, or other type of services, so the space is efficiently use to satisfy the different demands of the local population. W

On top:

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Location of the Suburban dream ecology

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03 The linear city

On Bottom: Section of the Valley at Monguelfo

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On top: View of Monguelfo from the train View of Monguelfo from the train In the middle: Monguelfo urban sprawl

3.4. Agro-industrial paradise In the Val Pusteria Linear city there is a section which can be considered as the productive and economical heart of the city. In this area, named the agro-industrial paradise, all the economic activities turn around the main agro-manufacturing activities.

As it can be seen in these municipalities, almost all the cities, towns and buildings are related to the agricultural nature of this zone.

Even though this section is well-connected to the city center and the suburbs through the train and the local roads, it has its own dynamics and characteristics. First, services are scarce, so there a few daily-need services such as pharmacies, supermarkets, and leisure business, nevertheless, the urban life in this part of the city, is slower, there are few people on the streets.

People in the agro-industrial paradise must take the train or the car to access other kind of services, such as middle and high schools, hospitals and to obtain other type of commercial goods. In this zone, the landscape is conquered by all type of agricultural economic development, such as traditional family barns, cooperative factories, fields, and pastures.

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In this part of the linear city, the valley is wider, with zones that receive more sunlight (especially in the northern part), as a result, farming, pasturing and crop-growing is a viable option for economic development. This fact can explain the current land-use and characteristics of this particular ecology in the linear city.

On top:

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Location of the Suburban dream ecology

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03 The linear city

On Bottom: Section of the Valley at San Candido

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On top: Saint Michael Parrish on San Candido Fun Bob in San Candido In the middle: San Candido urban sprawl

3.4. Dolomite Utopia The Alpine Utopia is the perfect post-card destination, this section of the linear city serves as the tourist trap in the region because it has beautiful landscapes, touristic attractions for summer and winter seasons and it offers top-tier services, such as international clothes brands stores, vacation residences or second homes, restaurants, and bars. The architecture in this sector of the linear city consists in typical and traditional colorful alpine buildings.

In the urban distribution there is a lot of many cultural heritage sites surrounded by public squares and gardens, that serve different purposes according to cultural agendas established for different touristic seasons. In the Alpine Utopia, people can find some industries and other kind of industrial scenarios but are hidden from the main roads and touristic attractions.

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Considering that this area has a more touristic emphasis, during some periods of the year, the urban areas can be left alone with almost no life at all. The few citizens that live there the whole year, must access to other services in the central district or in the other sectors of the city, and in order to do so they must take the train or the different transportation means available in the region.

On top:

San Candido 8.2 Kms

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Location of the Suburban dream ecology

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04 Conclusion

In this page: Dobbiaco Youth Hostel

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04 Conclusion

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In this page: Valdora’s Lake

The transportation system in the linear city works as a metro-line which connects the different sectors of the linear city. This transportation allows the citizens to access the different services and areas in an easy way.

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The linear city has a concentration of public equipment and services in some especial sectors, rendering the access to them difficult, because citizens, tourists and visitors must travel certain distances to attain them.

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The city faces two major threats: the first one is the climate change, which can affect the current environment in the zone. Second, the region can be the subject of mass migrations from different regions of Italy and other countries, impacting the current urban equilibrium that exists in the valley, adding pressure to the public administrations in order to provide further and better public services and equipments.

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The public administration currently are facing different pressures from activities and variables such as tourims, local population, economical demands, and other stakeholders.

This requires different types of public and social services and equipment. As a result, the local administrations must start planning the future of the different ecologies on a short and long-term perspective.

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Analyzing the current situation of the Bolzano province with special emphasis in the Val Pusteria linear city, the following can be stated:

GRAPHICS: Graphic 1: Height distribution of the Bolzano Province (pg. 18) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Graphic 2: Slope Range categories (pg. 19) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Graphic 3: General urban sprawl in the region (pg. 27) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Graphic 4: Urbanization timeline in Val Pusteria (pgs. 28-29) - Burhan Can Uzer

IMAGES: Image 1: View of the the Drau river in Dan Candido in the Bolzano Province (pg. 8) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 2: View of the Dolomites from the train connecting Fortezza and San Candido (pgs. 10-11) - Juan Mauel Mendoza Vargas Image 3: Dobbiaco from Via Santa Maria (pg. 12) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 4: Villabassa Train Station (pg. 13) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 5: Via Centrale in Brunnico (pg. 13) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 6: Dobbiaco from Via Santa Maria (pg. 13) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 7: View of the Dolimites from the Braies Lake (pgs. 16-17) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 8: Brunico City Center (pg. 20) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 9: Brunico Outskirts (pg. 20) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 10: Dobbiaco agricultural setting (pg. 21) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 11: Dolomites Natural park (pg. 21) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 12: San Candido in the past (pg. 30) - Librika Expostion - Brunico Image 13: Dobbiaco in the past (pg. 30) - Librika Expostion - Brunico Image 14: San Candido nowadays (pg. 31) - Librika Expostion - Brunico Image 15: Dobbiaco nowadays (pg. 31) - Librika Expostion - Brunico Image 16: Mail carriage near the Landri (pg. 32) - Naturparkhaus Drei Zinnen Centro visite Tre Cime (Dobbiaco) Image 17: Construction of the Inninchen train statio, circa 1870 (pg. 32) - Naturparkhaus Drei Zinnen Centro visite Tre Cime (Dobbiaco)

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Image 18: Mail truck in the in-between’s war period (pg. 33) - Naturparkhaus Drei Zinnen Centro visite Tre Cime (Dobbiaco)

Image 19: Volkswagen Beatle travelling around the old military roads in the Dolomites (pg. 33) - Naturparkhaus Drei Zinnen Centro visite Tre Cime (Dobbiaco) Image 20: View of Monguelfo from the train (pgs. 42-43) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 21: Monguelfo’s train station (pg. 45) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 22: Modern versus old architecture in Brunnico (pg. 48) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 23: Middle school in Brunnico (pg. 48) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 24: View of Monguelfo from the train (pg. 50) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 25: View of Monguelfo from the train (pg. 50) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 26: Agro-industrial compound in Villabassa (pg. 52) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 25: Saint Michael Parrish in San Candido (pg. 54) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 26: Fun Bob attraction in San Candido (pg. 54) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 27: Dobbiaco Youth Hostel (pgs. 56-57) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Image 28: Valdora’s Lake (pg. 59) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas

MAPS: Map 1: Satelite Image of the Bolzano Province (pgs. 14-15) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 2: Bolzano Province’s height Map (pg. 18) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 3: Bolzano province’s slope degree map (pg. 19) - Burhan Can Uzer Map 4: Bolzano province’s demographic evolution (pg. 24-25) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 5: Current buildings in the Bolzano province (pgs. 26-27) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 6: Built areas compared to the privince’s topography (pg, 27) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 7: Urbanization process in Val Pusteria from 1990 to 2020 (pgs. 28-29) - Burhan Can Uzer

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Map 8: Main transportation infraestructure in the Bolzano Province (pgs. 33-34) - Poorva Nagesh Map 9: Val Pusteria railway and road networkds (pgs. 36-37) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 10: Val Pusteria bicycle network (pgs. 36-37) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 11: Strava walking heat map (pgs. 38-39) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 12: Google maps usual traffic (saturday 11:40 am) (pgs. 38-39) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 13: Bolzano province general land use (pgs. 40-41) - Burhan Can Uzer

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Map 14: Val Pusteria’s urban ecological division (pg.. 44) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas

Corboz, André. 1983.“The land as Palimpsest.” In Diogenes, vol.31, issue121. ISSN: 1467-7695.

Map 15: Hospital in Val Pusteria (pg. 46) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas

Banham R., (introduction by Anthony Vidler), Los Angeles. The Architecture of Four Ecologies [1971], Editore: University of California Press, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London, Anno edizione: 2001, ISBN: 0520219244

List of figures Map 16: Population per municipality (pg. 46) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas

Bibliography

Map 17: School bus stops in Val Pusteria (pg. 47) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas

Giunta provinciale di Bolzano. 2019. “Manuale dell’Alto Adige con lo Statuto di autonomia”. Cooperativa Ex Libris, Bolzano - Italy.

Map 18: Public transport stops in Val Pusteria (pg. 47) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas

Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano. 2021. “Geoportale Alto Adige”.

Map 19: Location of the Central District ecology (pg. 48) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas

Instituto Nazionale di Statistica. 2021. “Popolazione e Famiglia”.

URBANIZATION

60

Map 20: Urban sprawl at brunnico (pg. 49) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 21: Location of the Suburban paradise ecology (pg. 51) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 22: Urban sprawl at Valdaora (pg. 51) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 23: Location of the Agro-industrial paradise ecology (pg. 53) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 24: Urban sprawl at Dobbiaco (pg. 53) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 25: Location of the Alpine Utopia ecology (pg. 54) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Map 26: Urban sprawl at San Candido (pg. 54) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas

SECTIONS Section 1: General section of the Val Pusteria (pgs. 20-21) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas Section 2: Brunico’s Valley Section (pgs. 22-23) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas

Urban Planning & Design Studio

Section 4: Dobbiaco’s Valley Section (pgs. 22-23) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas

2021-2022

Section 3: Monguelfo’s Valley Section (pgs. 22-23) - Juan Manuel Mendoza Vargas