BAVARIAN ARCHITECTURE | A Geoclimate & Settlement Study

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BAVARIAN ARCHITECTURE GEOCLIMATE & SETTLEMENT STUDY AYSHWARYA SURESH | M.ARCH(GEN.) | 2019804003

INTRODUCTION Bavarians are a ethnographic group of Germans of the Bavaria region, a state within Germany. The group's dialect or speech is known as the Bavarian language, native to Altbayern ("Old Bavaria"), roughly the territory of the Electorate of Bavaria in the 17th century.

Bavarians are traditionally Catholic.

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o HISTORY • •

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Historically, the north has been inhabited by descendants of the Franks, the southeast by residents of old Bavarian stock, and the southwest by people of Bavarian-Swabian descent.

The majority of Bavaria’s inhabitants still live in small towns. Only about one-fifth live in cities of 100,000 or more.

After World War II there was an influx of refugees from the Sudetenland and eastern Europe, where many ethnic Germans had lived for centuries.

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Beginning in the 1960s, the industrial areas received large numbers of migrant workers from southern Europe.

Bavarii or Baiuvarii was the term for a population from the Bohemian Forest area (which had been the territory of the Boii during antiquity) from the 6th century.

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o ORIGIN •

Bavarians are first mentioned in the mid 6th century, in the foothills north of the Alps, on both sides of the Danube river.

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The tribes are reformatted by the Catholic communities, hence partly orthodox.

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The earliest mention of the Bavarians - Baiern or Baiovarii - dates from the year 551. They were the result of the intermixture of a number of different peoples: Romans, Alemannians, Ostrogoths, Franks, Langobards, Thuringians, Northern Germans and also tribes from Southern Bohemia.

○ ADMINISTRATION Their legal system shows heavy Roman influence, and their unification appears to have been under a Duke.

The Kingdom of Bavaria was established at the Peace of Pressburg (1805), in the wake of the French victory at Austerlitz. The kingdom's territory fluctuated greatly over the following years, eventually fixed at the Treaty of Paris (1814), which established most of what remain the borders of the modern state.

o LOCATION Bavarian State is the amalgamation of three provinces in Germany, namely Franconia, Swabia and Old Bavaria.

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555 AD • Oldest historical evidence of a Bavarian duchy 788

ADMINISTRATIVE CHRONOLOGY

• End of the old stem duchy 1180

1255

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In the wake of the 1st World War, events in Bavaria were first determined by a communist Räterepublik until a constitution with parliamentary democracy came into force in 1919.

• First division of the country 1506

• Reunification of the duchy 1623

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Bavaria was a kingdom for over 100 years, from January 1, 1806 to November 8, 1918. The six Bavarian kings reigned as constitutional monarchs

• End of the new stem duchy 1180 to • Reign of the Wittelsbach line 1918

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From the Middle Ages up to the beginning of the 19th century Bavaria was a powerful and mighty Dukedom under the Guelph dynasty and subsequently under the Wittelsbachs.

• Bavaria proclaimed electorate 1806

• Bavaria proclaimed kingdom 1871

• Bavaria becomes part of the newly founded Deutsche Reich 1918

Cities such as Regensburg developed into spiritual and economic centres of European importance.

• End of the monarchy, Bavaria becomes a "free state" 1949

• Bavaria made part of the new Federal Republic of Germany

TIMELINE Contoso Ltd.

GEOGRAPHY Bavaria is a country of high plateaus and medium-sized mountains.

INHABITABNTS: Today over one million of Bavaria's overall population of 12 million are foreigners. Around one third of them come from states in the European Union, primarily Italy, Austria and Greece. A majority of the non-EU foreigners comes from Turkey.

Basalt knolls and high plateaus, sandstone hills

Stratified land formations of limestone and clay

North

South

Bavarian and Bohemian forests

River draining plains

East

West

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TOPOGRAPHY •

In terms of surface area, Bavaria is the largest of Germany's federal states, and also the southernmost.

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The landscape of Bavaria can be subdivided into four major regions: the Alps, with the Zugspitze, the highest mountain in Germany at 2,962m; the Alpine foothills with their numerous lakes; the Eastern Bavarian central mountains with the first ever national park in Germany; and the Swabian-Franconian cuesta landscape.

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The longest rivers are the Danube and the Main.

Bavaria is also the most forested part of Germany.

Bavaria was the first ever region in Europe to be precisely measured.

Romantic Route

Nature conservation and environmental protection are of high importance, and have been an integral part of the Bavarian constitution since 1984.

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BAVARIAN CASTLE TOWN Nuremberg,

a city in northern Bavaria, is distinguished by medieval architecture such as the fortifications and stone towers of its Altstadt (Old Town).

At the northern edge of the Altstadt, surrounded by redroofed buildings, stands Kaiserburg Castle.

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CLIMATE

Snow Fall Average of 0.1” Maximum 12”

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Located in a westerly wind zone, Bavaria is constantly subjected to fluctuations in air pressure.

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The climate is continental, with four clearly distinguishable seasons.

Alongside rainy regions such as the Alpine foothills there are also unusually dry ones, such as the Danube and Main regions of Lower Franconia.

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The climate thus promotes grass growth in the Allgäu, while helping viticulture and the world-famous hop cultivation in the dryer regions.

12.7 °C

67.0%

1016 mm

Temperature

Humidity

Rainfall

The climate is warm and temperate in Bavaria. The rainfall in Bavaria is significant, with precipitation even during the driest month. The climate here is classified as Cfa by the Köppen-Geiger system.

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BAVARIA STATUE •

Bavaria is the name given to a monumental, bronze sand-cast 19th-century statue in Munich, southern Germany. It is a female personification of the Bavarian homeland, and by extension its strength and glory.

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It was commissioned by Ludwig I of Bavaria. It was cast at the Munich foundry of J.B. Stiglmair between 1844 and 1850 and is the first colossal statue since Classical Antiquity to consist entirely of cast bronze.

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An internal circular staircase leads up to a platform in the head, where four openings in the helmet provide a view of the Theresienwiese and downtown Munich.

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Nuremberg Christmas Market

TRADITION AND CULTURE •

Tradition and customs are deeply rooted in Bavaria. All across the region, long-held traditions continue to be celebrated.

World-famous events like the Oktoberfest in Munich or the Nuremberg Christmas Market attract locals and visitors in equal measure, as do the many smaller festivals and traditions such as: • • •

Viehscheid (cattle drive), the Drachenstich Festival (Slaying of the Dragon) Franconia’s Osterbrunnen (traditional well decoration).

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Customs brought to life all the year round: religious feast days see the breakneck Hornschlittenrennen (traditional sledge race) during carnival time in winter and the traditional Maypole celebrations in the spring.

Viehscheid

Drachenstich Festival

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Osterbrunnen Decorating a well for Easter honours water, essential for life, and Easter, the feast of renewed life. In addition to eggs (now often artificial, to guard against vandalism), paper ribbons called "Pensala" and garlands of evergreens are woven around well-heads or formed into crowns over them.[1] In several locations flowers are also used.

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The Oktoberfest . After 200 years of wrapping an exhilarating atmosphere around traditional dress, food and a lot of drink, Oktoberfest represents everything that a good festival aspires to be: a moment outside of the norm, which instils a lasting sense of community.

People

Place

The Oktoberfest is known as the largest Volksfest (folk festival) in the World.

In 1999 there were 6.5 million visitors to the 42 hectare Theresienwiese, Munich

72% of the people are from Bavaria.

Oktoberfest is held in the month of September. The last day of the festival is always on the first Sunday of October.

Culinary For three weeks every year, over six million people travel to Munich to drink gallons of beer and dress as if the last 300 years had never passed

Theme The Oktoberfest can rightly be termed as the celebration of autumn abundance as the various colours of Oktoberf est beers represent the shades of autumn

History In 1810, Bavarian Crown Prince Ludwig married Princess Therese, and all of the citizens were invited to the celebration.

Since then, the festival has grown to include horse races, games, rides, music, and eventually beer.

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The Oktoberfest

Then | Now 2019

1818

Pompous musicals and dining

Vogeljakob Whistle – bird noises

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GASTRONOMY BAVARIAN CUISINE Cooking traditions of Bavarian cuisine date back to medieval times, where people brought different cuisines to Bavaria along with their conquerors, including Charlemagne.

Beer Brewers since Bronze Age Paired with Pork meat and fish

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Culinary Routes The Bavarians are known for the enriched drinks and dishes that are of global significance.

Wine Routes Sommerhausen, Volkach and Iphofen are three out of a total of ten so-called terroir f sites. As far back as the 16th century, French monks used the term “terroir” in relation to regional products such as cheese, meat and herbs.

For wine, the term covers all the factors that give a wine its character: origin, soil, climate, location of the vineyard and the grape variety as well as the philosophy and working method of the winemaker. The lowercase f stands for Franconia.

Allgäu Herb Routes People have long been aware of their power and used them in many forms.

Medicinal herbs still represent an important cultural asset today.

Fruit Tree Hikes Fruit tree meadows are one of the most ecologically valuable habitats and are home to many different species

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Typical dispersed settlement pattern

SETTLEMENT PATTERN The dispersed settlement pattern is evolved around the rivers based on their annual routes, inundation and source of livelihood.

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○ Language ○ Bavaria is divided up into three linguistic regions. The Bavarian dialect is only spoken in the Old Bavarian regions and the Eastern Franconian dialect is spoken in Central, Upper and Lower Franconia. ○ A total of 60 or more dialect regions can be distinguished, whereby the official language is High German. For several years now, linguistic and dialect usage in Bavaria has been scientifically studied, and published in the multi-volume "Bavarian Language Atlas". Johann Andreas Schmeller (1785-1852).

○ Clothing ○ The most famous Bavarian folk dress today is the Upper Bavarian mountain style, with Lederhosen for the men and the coloured apron or black Dirndl for the women. ○ The Trachtenvereine, or "folkwear associations", have conserved and cherished Bavarian folkwear traditions since the early 20th century.

An interesting fact is that blue jeans, one of the most common items of clothing today, were designed by a Bavarian from Buttenheim in Franconia.

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Clothing category Numerous similar forms have also survived to the present day, all enabling a traditional and clear distinction according to region, religion, social rank, marital status and also the respective occasion for wearing the clothes.

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• Etiam aliquet eu mi quis lacinia. Ut fermentum a magna ut eleifend.

Integer convallis suscipit ante eu varius.

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Traditional clothing items

Charivari on the lederhosen

Traditional hat with pins

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Traditional clothing items

Gamsbärte A Gamsbart is made by enclosing the lower end of the tuft of hair in a setting of metal or horn that allows the upper end to spread in a brush-like fashion. Traditionally, hairs are selected for a dark color at the lower end with a very light tip.

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Earliest Housing Structure •

The Bavarian early house is a longhouse - between ten and forty metres long - with pits dug along its long sides.

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Its load-bearing structure consists of uprights, grouped in cross-rows of three, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the house.

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In the majority of cases, the space in the building is divided into three sections, namely a front, a middle and a rear section, separated from each other by corridors which consist of two cross-rows close together.

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Half Timbered Houses •

Timber framing and "post-and-beam" construction are traditional methods of building with heavy timbers, creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs.

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It is commonplace in wooden buildings through the 19th century. If the structural frame of load-bearing timber is left exposed on the exterior of the building it may be referred to as half-timbered, and in many cases the infill between timbers will be used for decorative effect.

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Since this building method has been used for thousands of years in many parts of the world, many styles of historic framing have developed.

These styles are often categorized by the type of foundation, walls, how and where the beams intersect, the use of curved timbers, and the roof framing details.

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Housing Typology based on Construction

Stand construction

Floor construction

The stand, bullet or structural design is a form of half-timbered construction in which building-high stands form the supporting system of a building by continuously extending from the threshold to the roof and at the same time represent the side walls.

Each floor could project a little above the floor below, by letting the ceiling beams protrude above the Rähm. On narrow plots, one gained a little more space by pushing the upper floors over footpath or street. Also, the lower sills were protected by the projections of the facade and roof from wetting by driving rain .

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Housing Typology a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

load-bearing stand (main column stud frame eaves main beam position Cave Rafters Runner push-on

TWO POST HOUSE

THREE POST HOUSE

FOUR POST HOUSE

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Commercial Buildings

Old design – new world fast food

Typical commercial building with recessed window

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Features of Town Planning Various decorative signages and painting are done to create attractive details

The Town Halls or Common Rooms span over the roadways to add to the highly packed buildings, leaving minimum space for small vehicles.

The rural scheme of Waldlerhaus roof is enacted. The Waldlerhaus is, as a rule, a single-ridge house with a gable roof.

NOTABLE FEATURES

INTRICATE SIGNAGES

BAVARIAN WINDOWS

BAVARIAN BRONZE LIGHTS

REFERENCES 1. Portfolio of Old Bavarian Architecture 2. www.bavaria.by 3. Bavaria – History and People, Britannica

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