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settings . The evidence to date indicates that economic and technical feasibili ty and environmental sustainability are achievable and are becoming more predictable.
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Acknowledgements 20 -
The study reported in this paper is a collabora1-3 100-300 > 1000 1 0 -30 tive research exercise of 3-10 30-1 00 300-1000 the Centre for Particle diameter (um) Groundwater Studies, CSIRO Land and Water, Figure 4 Particle size distribution of aquifer, storm wat er and Mines and E nergy SA, extracted groundwater sed iments Au strali an Centre for W ater Qu ali ty R esearch irrigation. It is possible that with the and the Hickinbo tham Group. The treatment provided in the aq uifer, a research was supported by the Urban drinking water supply could ultimately Water R esearch Association of be developed. As with many pilo t Australia and the CS IRO Urban Water experiments, technical problems have Systems R esearch Program. Editorial been enco untered but overcome . The assistanc e was provided by Trevor research at thi s site is co ntinuing and Pillar, CGS. includes : • m easuring the survival of pathogens References Dillon, P.J., Hickinbotham, M.R. and in groundwater Pavelic, P. (1994) R eview of interna• inferring the geochemi cal interactional experien ce in inj ecting water into tion s between stormwa ter, ambient aquifers for storage and reuse . Preprints groundwater and the aquifer matrix Water D own Under '94 (!AH XXV • quantifying and predicting the rates Congress and IEAust Int. H ydro!. and of physical clogging Water R esources Symp., Adelaide, Nov 1994) IE Au st NCP 94/ 14, Vol 2A, • modelling the mixing of wa ters in the p13-19. aquifer and the fate of contaminants. Dillon, P.J and Pavelic, P (1995) Draft guideThese will allow refinements to the lines for the quali ty of stormwater and guidelines discussed above (Dillon and treated was tewa ter for inj ec tion into Pavelic, 1996) . aquifers for storage and reuse. Centre fo r
Conclusions In arid and semi-arid reg10ns planners should allow for innovative wa ter management w h en designing new developments. This may m ea n allocating open space near creeks, urban drains and sewers to provide for passive trea tment systems or engineered trea tment plants before inj ection . An understanding of the hydrogeology of the area will be essential to determine the potential for aquifer storage and recovery. If information such as the type, thickness and depth of aquifers, current groundwater quality and storage and transmissivity is taken into account w hen planning, this can have a marked impact on the wa ter imports and stormw ater and efflu ent exports required for a new development. As we try to make urban areas more environm entally fri endly, an awareness of underlying groundwater system s will therefore be of valu e to planners. It can also lead to reduced water infrastructure and water supply costs for residents. Aquifer storage and recovery can provide a useful means of developing new water reso urces at a competitive price and enables m ore efficient use of all water resources in urban and suburban
Groundwater Studies R eport No. 63, Nov 1995 . Dillon, P.J and Pavelic, P (1996) Guidelines for the quali ty of stormwater and treated wastewa ter for inj ection into aquifers for storage and reuse . Urban Water Research Assoc. of Australia , R esearch Report No 109 . Dillon , P.J., Pavelic, P. , Ge rges, N.Z., Armstrong, D. , and Emmett, A.J. (1995) Stormwater inj ec tion effects on groundwater quali ty in South Australia. Proc. 2nd In t. Symp. on Artific ial R echarge of Groundwater, Florida, July 1994, Am. Soc . Civil Eng. New York , p 426- 435. Gerges N. Z., Si benaler, X .P . and H owles, S.R. (1996) South Australian experie nce in aquifer storage and recovery. Proc. Int. Symp . on Artific ial R ec harge of Groundwater, H elsinki , Finland , 3-5 Jun e 1996. Gerges, N .Z. (1996) Proposals for injectin g efflu ent fo r aq uife r storage and recovery sc hem e. Proc. Int. Symp. Artificial R ec harge of G roundwater, H elsinki , June 1996. No rdic H ydrologic Programme NHP R eport No 38, pp. 65-73. Ge rges, N.Z. , Sibena ler, X .P . and Armstrong, D. (1995) Experience 111 inj ec ting stormwater into aquifers to en hance irrigation water suppli es in South Australia. Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Artificial R ec harge of Groundwa ter, Florida , July 1994, Am. Soc. Civil Eng. ·New York, p. 436-445. Gerges, N.Z ., Sibenaler, X .P. , and H owles,
S.R. (1996) South Australian experience in aquifer storage and recove ry. Proc. Int. Sym p. Artificial R ec harge of Groundwater, H elsinki, Ju ne 1996 . Nordic H ydro logic Programme N HP R eport No 38, p75-83 . H ekmeijer, P. (1997) Evaluation of injection well clogging at Andrews Farm, South Australia. MSc Thesis, School of Earth Sciences , Flinders University of SA. K.inhill Metcalf and Eddy (1996) Virgi nia Pipeline Scheme Trea ted Water Study. Draft Final R eport to MFP Australia, June 1996. National Water· Qua li ty Management Strategy (1992) Australian water quali ty guidelines fo r fres h and marine wa ters . ANZECC, Ca nberra. Pavelic, P. and Dillon, P.J. (1996) T he impac t of two seasons of stormwater inj ection on groundwater quali ty in South Australia. Proc. Intl. Symp. Artificial R echarge of Gro und wa ter, H elsinki, J une 1996. Nordic Hydrologic Progra mme N HP Report No 38, p105-110 . Pavelic, P. , D illon, P.J. , Ragu sa , S.R . and T oze, S. (1996) The fa te and transport of mi croorganisms introd uced to groundwa ter through wastewater reclamation. Centre for Groundwater Studies Report No 69 . Pavelic, P. , Ragusa , S., Flower, R.L. , RinckPfeiffer, S.M. and Dillon, P.J. (1997) Diffu sion chamber method fo r in situ meas urement of pathogen inactiva tion in groundwater. Water R esearch (submitted). Rattray, K.J. , H erczeg, 'A.L. , Dillon, P.J. and Pavelic, P. (1996) Geochemi cal process in aquifers receiving injected stormwater. Centre for Groundwater Studies R eport No 65. Sinclair Knight M erz (1996) Mosman Park Sewe r Mining and Effluent R euse Proj ec t. Draft Feasibili ty R eport to W .A. Wa ter Corpo ratio n, April 1996. Stevens, R .L. , Emmett, A.J., and Howles, S.R. (1995) Stormwa ter reuse at R egent Ga rdens residential development, Northfield, South Austra lia. Proc 2nd In tl. Symp . on Urba n Stormwa ter Management, M elbourne, July 1995. T elfer, A. (1995) 100 years of stormwa ter rec harge : Mount Ga mbier, South Au stralia. Proc. 2nd In t. Symp . on Artifi cial R ec harge of Gro un dwa ter, Florida, July 1994, Am. Soc. Civil Eng. New York, p 732-741.
Authors Peter DIiion and Paul Pavellc are R esearch Scientists in the water reclamation project of CSIRO Land and Water and the Centre for Gro undwater Studies, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064. Xavier Slbenaler and Nabil Gerges are Senior H ydrogeologists in the Division of Groundwater and Environmental R esources ofMin es and En ergy, SA . Richard Clark is a Manager of Water R eform in th e Water R eso urces Gro up of th e D epartm ent of Envfronment and Natural R esources, SA. This team has been researching ASR since 1991, under the mpervision of th e SA Artificial R echarge Coordin ating Committee . The first Australian ASR Workshop was conducted by th e Centre for Gro undwater Studies in Adelaide in October 1996. WATER JULY/ AUGUST 1997
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